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LIMS feature
You can find a listing of all LIMS vendors — and by extension, the features their products offer — on the LIMS vendor page.
A LIMS feature is one or more pieces of functionality that appear within a laboratory information management system (LIMS).
The LIMS is an evolving concept, with new features and abilities being introduced every year. As laboratory demands change and technological progress continues, the functions of a LIMS will also change. Yet like the automobile, the LIMS tends to have a base set of functionality that defines it. That functionality can roughly be divided into five laboratory processing phases, with numerous software functions falling under each[1]:
the reception and log in of a sample and its associated customer data
the assignment, scheduling, and tracking of the sample and the associated analytical workload
the processing and quality control associated with the sample and the utilized equipment and inventory
the storage of data associated with the sample analysis
the inspection, approval, and compilation of the sample data for reporting and/or further analysis
Of course, there are LIMS features that are difficult to categorize under any of these phases. Such features often contribute to the entire LIMS and how it's utilized. For example, multilingual support appears in LIMS like Assaynet Inc.'s LIMS2010 and Two Fold Software's Qualoupe LIMS, allowing users to interact with the LIMS in more than one language. Some functionality may also overlap several laboratory phases, making it difficult to firmly classify.
The features described below come from an analysis of freely available LIMS product information on vendor websites. An attempt was made to discover the features most utilized in vendors' LIMS products and collect information on those features for each LIMS. Not every possible feature is referenced here; some LIMS products fill specific niches, utilizing unique functionality to solve a specific problem.
That said, keep in mind the categorization of features below is very loose. It may be viable to argue a feature belongs under a different section or multiple sections. For the purposes of organizing this information in an uncomplicated manner, however, some liberty has been taken in the categorizing of features.
1 Sample, inventory, and data management
1.1 Sample login and management
1.2 Sample tracking
1.3 Sample and result batching
1.4 Task and event scheduling
1.5 Option for manual result entry
1.6 Multiple data viewing methods
1.7 Data and trend analysis
1.8 Data and equipment sharing
1.9 Customizable fields and/or interface
1.10 Query capability
1.11 Import data
1.12 Internal file or data linking
1.13 External file or data linking
1.14 ELN support or integration
1.15 Export to MS Excel
1.16 Raw data management
1.17 Data warehouse
1.18 Deadline control
1.19 Production control
1.20 Project and/or task management
1.21 Inventory management
1.22 Document creation and management
1.23 Case management
1.24 Workflow management
1.25 Specification management
1.26 Customer and supplier management
1.27 Billing management
2 Quality, security, and compliance
2.1 Regulatory compliance
2.2 QA/QC functions
2.3 Performance evaluation
2.4 Audit trail
2.5 Chain of custody
2.6 Configurable roles and security
2.7 Data normalization
2.8 Data validation
2.9 Data encryption
2.10 Version control
2.11 Automatic data backup
2.12 Environmental monitoring
3 Reporting, barcoding, and printing
3.1 Custom reporting
3.2 Report printing
3.3 Label support
3.4 Barcode support
3.5 Export to PDF
3.6 Export to MS Word
3.7 Export to HTML or XML
3.8 Fax integration
3.9 Email integration
4 Base functionality
4.1 Administrator management
4.2 Modular
4.3 Instrument interfacing and management
4.4 Mobile device integration
4.5 Alarms and/or alerts
4.6 Work-related time tracking
4.7 Voice recognition system
4.8 External monitoring
4.9 Messaging
4.10 Multilingual
4.11 Network-capable
4.12 Web client or portal
4.13 Online or integrated help
4.14 Software as a service delivery model
4.15 Usage-based cost
Sample, inventory, and data management
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Sample login and management
Sample accessioning and management is one of the core functions a modern LIMS is tasked with, whether it's in a manufacturing, water treatment, or pharmaceutical laboratory.[2] As such, researchers who work in these types of labs are unable to complete their experiment-based goals without an effective method of managing samples. The process of sample management for experiments includes, but is not limited to[2]:
storing related sample information, including aliquot numbers, dates, and external links
setting user alerts for sample status
creating and documenting viewable sample container schemas with name and status
assigning sample access rights
assigning custom sample ID numbers based on a specification
Additional functionality that could potentially fall under this feature:
utilizing a unique ID system
barcoding of samples
defining sample points and series
creating data associations for samples - such as pedigree for sample/aliquot relationships or relationships based on experiment, etc.
issuing sample receipts
Sample tracking
Where's sample 20110512_122GJH? Sample tracking functionality will let you know which lab oven it's in.
For most laboratory personnel, knowing that a sample has arrived to the lab isn't good enough; they need to know where it's located and what is being done with it. Enter the sample tracking feature. Without it, many problems arise. In the forensic world, for example, many samples are linked to a criminal investigation. In this case, misidentification, contamination, or duplication can become significant issues: a lost sample is essentially missing evidence, while a duplicated sample can render it useless as evidence.[3]
After sample reception and its initial handling procedures, many LIMS can then track sample location as well as chain of custody. Location tracking usually involves assigning the sample to a particular freezer location, often down to the granular level of shelf, rack, box, row, and column. The process of tracking a sample has become more streamlined with increasing support of 2-D barcode technology. While handwritten labels were the norm, now barcode support in a LIMS can "tie together a vast amount of information, clearly relating each sample to a specific case."[3] Other event tracking such as freeze and thaw cycles that a sample undergoes in the laboratory may also be required. As each laboratory's needs for tracking additional data points can vary widely, many modern LIMS have implemented extensive configurability to compensate for varying environments.[4]
The functionality of sample tracking strongly ties into the audit trail and chain of custody features of a LIMS.
Sample and result batching
What is batching? The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines a batch as "a group of samples which behave similarly with respect to the sampling or testing procedures being employed and which are processed as a unit."[5] This definition can be applied to many laboratories which handle large quantities of samples for some form of analysis or processing. A LIMS that has the ability to check in, link, and track groups of samples across one or multiple facilities is valuable to such laboratories. Additionally, batching the analysis results of multiple samples or groups of samples gives laboratories more flexibility with how they manage their data. Batching also offers the benefit of mimicking the production groups of samples while also capturing quality control data for the entire group.
Task and event scheduling
Within the context of a LIMS, the ability to schedule a task or event is a natural extension of how work was done in a laboratory before the advent of data management systems. Workloads are assigned to technicians, maintenance schedules are created and followed, and research deadlines must be observed. While these tasks have in the past been performed without LIMS, a modern data management system can now optimize those tasks and provide additional scheduling functionality to streamline the operation of a lab. Autoscribe Ltd., for example, offers a scheduling module for its LIMS that allows users to automatically schedule multiple jobs, data backups, alarms, and reports.[6] Some LIMS like LabWare, Inc.'s LabWare LIMS offer multiple types of schedulers that match to the particular functions of a research laboratory.[7] Additional functionality within this feature includes the ability to configure automated assignments of analysis requests, establish recurring events, and in most cases, create printable schedules.
Examples of tasks and events that can feasibly be scheduled in a LIMS include:
registration of received samples into the system
production of reports
creation and sending of e-mails and alerts
maintenance of equipment
assignment of workloads to personnel
Option for manual result entry
While many LIMS vendors tout the ability of their product to automate the entry of results into the LIMS database, the need for manual data entry of analysis results still exists. This feature is important to laboratories obtaining analysis results from multiple sources, including non-digital paper-based results and instruments that can't be connected to the LIMS. Additional functionality associated with this feature includes a customizable spell check dictionary and the ability to add comments, notes, and narratives to most anything in the LIMS.
Multiple data viewing methods
Laboratories produce data, and LIMS exist to help manage that data. Additionally, even before the existence of LIMS, scientists have had a corresponding need for visually representing data. Today a LIMS can not only collect and analyze data from samples, but it also can represent that data in reports, graphs, gradients, and spreadsheets. Depending on the LIMS, more than one way to visually represent the data may exist.
Some laboratory information management systems take a very specialized approach to data views. For example, Biomatters Ltd.'s Geneious and Geneious Pro offer multiple methods of viewing complicated sequence analysis data, including 3-D structuring and representations of plasmid vectors.[8]
Data and trend analysis
Some LIMS allow users to analyze sample data directly from the software.
Sample experimentation and analysis plays an important part of laboratory informatics, helping laboratories make better sense of their experiments and reach valuable conclusions about them. While this important phase of laboratory work has often been done externally from the LIMS, it's now more common to see basic analysis tools being included. Such tools allow raw data to be imported directly to the LIMS, which then can store, process, and report information about it. Additionally, calculations and functions used in the analysis are typically definable and editable for further flexibility.
As with the feature "multiple data viewing methods," data and trend analysis is also increasingly important in laboratories that have very specialized data management needs. When even in 2009 genetic scientists in large- and medium-sized sequencing and core centers were voicing concerns about "a lack of adequate vendor-supported software and laboratory information management systems (LIMS),"[9], today data management options like the previously mentioned Geneious Pro are starting to emerge, offering the ability to perform specialized analytical tasks for the sequencing industry.[8]
As sample experimentation and data analysis are important parts of most if not all laboratories, such functionality — which has often come in the form of a separate application or analysis device — will likely continue to merge into LIMS and other data management solutions.[2]
Data and equipment sharing
Aside from data storage and sample registration, a modern LIMS' major contribution to the laboratory is aiding in the sharing of experiment results, reports, and other data types with those who need it most. Rather than pieces of information becoming misplaced or forgotten in laboratory notebooks, the LIMS makes it easier to share sample test results and increase the efficiency of collaboration inside and outside the laboratory. Yet data is more than just sample test results; it also can come in the form of charts, reports, policy and procedure, and other documents. Additionally, the need for controlling who has access to those types of data is also an important consideration. As such, this feature is at least partially tied to other features like document management and configurable security.
Customizable fields and/or interface
As thorough as some user interface (UI) developers may be in adding relevant fields and interface options for LIMS end users, there are at times options that are either omitted or unanticipated. This has traditionally required the end user to contact the vendor and ask if the needed option(s) can be added in the next release. However, some modern LIMS vendors have responded instead by adding functionality that gives end users and/or LIMS administrators more control over the user interface.
Aspects of the LIMS' user interface that are becoming more customizable by the end user include:[10][11][12]
system nomenclature
equations used in calculations
data and universal fields
appearance of the interface and/or menus
primary system language
the LIMS source code, especially if in a non-proprietary format
Query capability
Advanced query tools allow researchers to better complete project objectives.
As was the case before the advent of databases and electronic data management solutions, today researchers must search through sample results, experiment notes, and other types of data to better draw conclusions about their research. Whereas this used to mean browsing through laboratory notebooks, Excel spreadsheets, or Access databases, now powerful query tools exists within data management tools like a LIMS. Not only can data be searched for based on name, number, or vendor, LIMSs like eBioSys' eLab and Mountain States Consulting's MSC-LIMS allow for queries of attached meta-data like user ID, project number, task number, sample type, location, and collection date.[13][14] Finally, as LIMS continue to include both sample management and experimental data management functionality, queries become more powerful in general as now sample and experiment can be matched together in one database.[2]
Query functionality often includes the ability to:
search both transactional data and archived data tables
search multiple databases via an application programming interface (API) or open database connectivity (ODBC) connection
filter and sort data
create ad-hoc queries
Data can originate from numerous places in the laboratory. The ability to import that data into a LIMS can be beneficial, especially when an instrument can't be connected or an external client provides a data feed independent of the LIMS. Some LIMS like Bridge-Soft's QMS even allow to cross-reference laboratory nomenclature from received data sources with the recipient's.[15] And of course instrument interfacing allows for even more importation options. Additional data validation procedures may be applied to the imported data to guarantee information homogeneity. Additionally, some LIMS may allow for the import and integration of non-normalized legacy data tables with LIMS data tables into a single database.
Internal file or data linking
This feature allows LIMS users to link together reports, protocols, sample results, and more, providing greater contextual clarity to projects. Examples include:
linking a sample batch to a test or sample preparation methodology
linking a test process to a particular customer
linking a report to a sample batch
linking a group of test results to a raw data file
linking an image to a work order
linking all lab results with the correct reporting test method
External file or data linking
This feature allows LIMS users to link together data and files in the LIMS with data, files, and customers outside the scope of the LIMS. Examples include:
linking data files from chromatography equipment to synthesis data[16]
linking equipment ID with an external annotation database[17]
linking external standard operating procedure documents with an internal test specification[18]
ELN support or integration
As a software replacement for more traditional paper laboratory notebooks, the electronic laboratory notebook (ELN) has been important to laboratory functions. Yet the lines between ELN and LIMS began to blur in the 2000s, with both types of software incorporating features from the other.[19][20] The result today is some LIMS either include traditional ELN functionality or link physical laboratory notebook references to data in the LIMS.[21]
Export to MS Excel
While Microsoft Excel has long been used within the laboratory setting, a slow shift towards relational databases and LIMS occurred in the late 1990s and early 2000s.[22] Additional concerns with the difficulties of Excel's validation and compliance with FDA 21 CFR Part 11 and other regulations have led many labs to turn to data management solutions that are easier to validate.[23] Nevertheless, laboratories continue to use Excel in some fashion, and thus Excel integration or data exportation in Excel format is a real need for LIMS customers. LIMS with this feature allow raw, processed, or imported data to be exported in the Excel format for further analysis and dissemination.
Raw data management
While not described as a feature on most LIMS vendor websites, a few indicate that their LIMS is capable of managing (import, export, editing, etc.) data in its raw format for future analysis.
A LIMS' data warehouse serves the important function of storing, extracting, and managing the data that laboratories crank out for the purposes or analysis, reporting, and process management, typically separate from the primary storage database. Data warehouses also offer the benefit of speeding up queries, making queries and data mining more user-friendly, and smoothing out data gaps.[24]
Deadline control
Deadline control is functionality within a LIMS that allows users to manage and be notified of events that occur within the laboratory. With this functionality users can also be notified of upcoming deadlines on anything from sample analysis to license renewal.
Note that this functionality may also feasibly fall under the task and event scheduling or alarms features. As deadline control seems to be advertised as a notable feature by only a few vendors, it seems even more likely that this functionality is considered part of scheduling or alarms.
There are many types of businesses that produce goods, and in most cases there is a research laboratory involved at some point in the process. This is especially true in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries, where production measurements such as yield, volume, activity, and impurity are vital. As LIMSs have already recorded such information during tests and analysis, the addition of production control functionality seems natural. Some LIMS take a very active approach to this. For example, 2nd Sight Solutions' OhNo! features production control as major functionality for the synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals.[25] Other LIMS may have less pronounced production functionality, while still offering the ability to track the production process in and out of the lab. And yet other LIMSs like dialog's diaLIMS offer robust production-based functionality but as a module or add-on to the base LIMS software.[26]
The types of functionality that may fall under this feature include:
consumable tracking
batch traceability
Project and/or task management
Project and task management within a LIMS typically involves the scheduling of tasks to workers and organizing associated tasks into a more cohesive unit for better tracking and management. While the functionality of task and event scheduling can also be found in project and task management, many LIMS include functionality beyond scheduling that warrants the addition of the project and/or task management feature. This functionality includes:
job allocation and rescheduling
instrument workload tracking
pending workload verification
project-based workflow management
sample, batch, and document linking
work list sharing
recurring event management
LIMS can help laboratories keep track of their stock of reagents and even streamline reordering of them.
Laboratories use a wide array of inventory, from reagents to glassware, from radiopharmaceuticals to laboratory baths. With that comes the need to know how much/many and the frequency of use. For this, most LIMS products now include some sort of inventory management functionality.
register origin, demographics of incoming materials
track used and in-use items via barcodes
track inventory reduction based on usage and shipping out of the lab
create alerts for when items reach a certain stock level
calculate inventory cost and fluctuation
manage transportation and routing
manual incrementing/decrementing of items
track location and usage of laboratory equipment
assign storage locations
track forensic evidence
It should be noted that samples and electronic equipment may also be considered inventory, and thus there is likely some functionality crossover with the sample management and instrument management features.
Document creation and management
Standard operation procedures, (SOPs), specifications, reports, graphs, images, and receipts are all collected and used in the average laboratory. With a LIMS already designed to manage and store sample and experiment data, it makes sense to include functionality to create, import, export, and manage other sorts of data files. As sample and experimental data can be indexed, queried, and linked, so too can document data. Functionality of a typical document management system includes the ability to:
upload and index documents
enforce version control
provide full text search
export to PDF or other relevant format
The laboratory information system (LIS) has played an important role in the case management tasks of patient-centric and clinical laboratories. However, some LIMS have gained case management functionality, effectively blurring the lines between LIS and LIMS.[27]. Self-proclaimed LIMS products have emerged in the clinical, public health, and veterinary industries, areas that have historically been served by LIS software. When also considering the fields of law enforcement and forensic science, case management has an increasingly important role in some LIMS. Functionality seen in the case management feature includes:
case accessioning and assignment
disease tracking
clinical history follow-up
out-of-range result alerts
document and result association
evidence control
Capturing workflow in the lab is becoming more commonplace for the LIMS.
Workflow management is common in the laboratory, acting as a graphical representation of planned sequential steps to either fully or partially automate a process within the lab. Separate standards-based workflow management systems (in the form of a software component) have traditionally performed this task.[28] However, in the 2000s LIMS vendors began incorporating workflow management functionality into their LIMS software, reducing the headaches that customization of a LIMS often brought.[29]
Modern commercial and open-source LIMS solutions often feature workflow management functionality, including[30][31][29]:
attribute definition of activities
definition of inputs and outputs of activities
assignment of documentation to activities
setting of quality control limits
dynamically modify workflow in case of future changes
receive notification of changes to the workflow
sending user-defined messages during the process
Specification management
Specification (spec) management is vital to not only the manufacturing and research industries but also to a host of other laboratories requiring precise measurements and infallible test methods. Just as the ASTM offers standards and specs for LIMS[32], so too do LIMS users have standards and specs for their laboratory. With spec management in place within the LIMS, laboratories can then:
enforce standard operating procedures and business rules
create specs down to a project or sample level
validate recipes and procedures
accept or reject sample batches
document internal and external spec history
Note that some of the functionality of spec management may cross over into the realm of quality control and data validation.
Customer and supplier management
Unless a laboratory is conducting internalized independent research, in most cases it will do business with external entities such as contract labs, sample providers, equipment providers, and reagent suppliers. In some cases, even internal employees may be considered a customer, necessitating documentation of who is using the system and in what ways. For a veterinary lab, the customer may be the animal and handler. For a forensic lab the customer may be more complex: internal staff, university staff, police departments, and maintainers of nationwide crime databases may all at some point act as customers. In these cases, documenting these various points of contact and linking them to samples, equipment, and tests becomes vital. Managing demographics, complaints, correspondence, and history are all feasible with customer management functionality. This process is often made simpler through the use of a more context-neutral entity creation system, which allows for more flexible management of contacts.
This feature may also be referred to as contact management, an address book module, or a customer service module.
Billing management
While the finances of a laboratory are important, they've typically been handled separately as a business process. However, some LIMS include additional functionality to make handling financial transactions and documentation of all sorts possible within the LIMS. In theory, such functionality brings the possibility of keeping more of a laboratory's data centrally located and queryable. This feature may include:
workload tracking of billable hours
Quality, security, and compliance
The topic of whether or not a LIMS meets regulatory compliance is often a complex one. While Title 21 CFR Part 11 has arguably had the largest influence on a electronic data management system's compliance, other influential standards have shaped the way LIMS and other systems handle and store data. Other compliance-based codes, standards, and regulations include:
ASCLD/LAB
Classified data
Freedom of information legislation (various)
GALP and GAMP
Health Level 7
TNI and NELAP
Title 40 CFR Part 3
With so many codes, standards, and regulations, LIMS consumers are advised to contact vendors with their user requirements and ask how the vendor's software meets and/or exceeds those requirements.
QA/QC functions
The quality management functions of a LIMS allow users to maintain a level of necessary quality across many of the functions in a laboratory. From running quality assurance tests to ensuring employed researchers are proficient at certain tasks, the QA/QC functionality of a LIMS is largely responsible for the output of consistent data and manufactured products in and out of the lab.
Common functionality includes[33][34]:
single or batch QA/QC tests
quality control charts and reports
instrument maintenance
data acceptance/rejection
certificates of analysis (COA)
data types defined by QC analysis
As document management becomes increasingly prevalent in LIMS, it only makes sense to also collate and store all the documentation associated with employee training and certification. Changes to laboratory techniques, scientific understanding, and business practices force researchers to learn, reevaluate, and demonstrate competency in order to maintain quality levels in the laboratory. Evaluations can frequently extend beyond staff members, however. Clinics, visit types, vendors, or test species can also be tracked and evaluated based on custom criteria. The performance evaluation functionality of a LIMS makes this possible.
That functionality typically includes the ability to maintain training records and history, and also to link that training to a technique or piece of equipment. Afterwards, the staff member, vendor, etc. can be marked as competent or certified in the equipment, knowledge, or process. Periodical assessment of the training and its practical effectiveness can later be performed. Productivity of an entity or process can also be gauged over a certain date range based on tracked time, pre-determined milestones, or some other criteria.
Whether validating sample data or an entire LIMS, maintaining an audit trail is an important part of 21 CFR Part 11 compliance.
As codes and regulations like Title 21 CFR Part 11 mandate "computer systems (including hardware and software), controls, and attendant documentation" utilize electronic signatures and audit trails[35], LIMS developers must put serious thought into how their software handles audit trail functionality. The audit trail — documentation of the sequence of activities that have affected an action — must be thorough and seamlessly integrated into the software.
Information recorded in the audit trail typically includes:
operator code
amount and quantity prior to change
user notes
The chain of custody (COC) of an item is of varying importance, depending on the type of laboratory. A highly regulated laboratory that works under Code of Federal Regulation or other guidelines makes tracking COC a vital part of its operations. This is especially true in forensic labs, which depend on continuous accountability of their evidence collection, retention, and disposal procedures.[36] As with an audit trail, a laboratory depends on recorded information like user ID, time stamp, and location ID to maintain a robust and accurate COC. Barcodes, inventory management, and configurable security roles all play an important part in maintaining chain of custody.
Configurable roles and security
Many roles exist within the laboratory setting, each with its own set of responsibilities. And just as the role an individual plays within the laboratory may change, so may the responsibilities associated with each role. This sort of change necessitates a flexible and configurable security system, one that allows for the placement of individual LIMS users into standardized security roles which provide role-specific access to certain LIMS functionality. Additionally, as responsibilities change within roles, that same flexible configuration is necessary for assigning or restricting access to certain LIMS functionality for each existing or newly created role.
Of course, roles aren't always assigned on an individual level. Often large groups of individuals may need to be assigned to roles, necessitating group assignments for security purposes. For example, a group of laboratory trainees may only be given read-only access to the sample login and sample tracking functionality of the system through a custom "Trainees" group role, while the head researcher of the lab may be given the "Administrator" role, which allows that individual to access most if not all of the LIMS' functionality.
For the purposes of describing LIMS functionality, "data normalization" specifically refers to the process of ensuring incoming/imported data into the LIMS is standardized to the same format of existing LIMS data.
Here's an example to better explain this issue. When a LIMS is initially configured, in most if not all cases a clear standard can be set for how logged samples and their associated measurements pre- and post-analysis are recorded in the system. Perhaps all temperatures will be recorded in Celsius to two decimal places. If temperature data imported from a spreadsheet or a lab instrument is not in this format, the LIMS can normalize the incoming data to match the standard already set for existing LIMS temperature data. This ensures consistency within the LIMS database and typically leads to better data validation efforts later on.
Note: Some LIMS developers may include data normalization functionality within what they may refer to as data validation functionality. The line between these two may be blurred or not exist at all.
For the purposes of describing LIMS functionality, "data validation" specifically refers to the process of ensuring existing data in the LIMS — either pre-analysis or post-analysis — sufficiently meets any number of standards or thresholds set for sample login, sample analysis, or any other data management process in the LIMS. This validation process may be completely automatic and system-based, or it may also include additional steps on the part of the user base utilizing additional LIMS functionality, including verification of standard operating procedures (SOPs), QC samples, and QA approval.[37][38]
Note: This functionality shouldn't be confused with the process of validating the LIMS itself, which is an entirely different process partially falling under regulatory compliance and involves the process of ensuring "the software is performing in a manner for which it was designed."[39]
The existence of this functionality in LIMS software generally indicates the LIMS has the ability to protect the integrity and authenticity of its housed data through the use of a variety of technologies which makes data unreadable except to those possessing a key/right/etc. to unlock/read the data. This functionality is especially vital to the Web-enabled LIMS, which transfers information over the Internet in a client-server relationship. As a wide variety of encryption technologies exist, it's generally a good idea to consult with the developers of a LIMS to determine the strengths and weaknesses of their employed encryption methods.
Version control is a form of safeguard which helps preserve data integrity. This is typically done by creating a modifiable new version of a piece of information rather than allowing the original to be modified. Such versioning may be applied to a wide variety of digital information housed in the LIMS, including test methods, training certifications, instrument logs, specifications, and process and procedure (P&P) documentation. In LIMS like LabWare LIMS, reference data can also be versioned while also retaining the original relationship between samples and test results, including the version of reference data current at the time lab testing is performed.[40] Information tracked with such revisions includes attributes like user name, time the edit was made, and what exactly was edited. This also benefits those managing audit trails and chains of custody.
The temperature of an open cryopreservation container may be monitored on a computer via a connection to a LIMS with environmental monitoring functionality.
Other LIMS may employ a different form of version control called file locking, which simply puts the affected information into a read-only mode for users while someone else is busy editing it. Another popular strategy is to, rather than locking the file, allow multiple people edit to a piece of information, later merging the various edits. Potential LIMS buyers may need to inquire with developers to determine what type of versioning scheme is used in the vendor's software.
Automatic data backup
The existence of this piece of functionality in a LIMS usually means information contained in one or more associated databases or data warehouses can be automatically preserved in an additional backup file. The save location for that file as well as the scheduled backup time is configurable, typically through the administrative module of the LIMS.
Some LIMS like Core LIMS and Oracle Health Sciences LabPas allow users to monitor the environmental conditions of not only sample storage containers but also the entire laboratory itself.[41][42] Attributes like humidity, air quality, and temperature may be monitored to ensure sample storage units and experiments maintain desired conditions. Alarms may be able to be configured to notify staff if a storage container's environmental attributes go beyond a certain threshold. Manufacturers utilizing a LIMS like NOVA-LIMS may also be able to employ more advanced environmental tracking features in the plant to guarantee a more consistent, higher quality product is created.[43]
Reporting, barcoding, and printing
Reporting is a vital part of a LIMS, as it allows users to gain a clearer picture of collected data and potential trends. At a minimum a number of pre-configured report styles come standard with a LIMS. However, some LIMS are more flexible than others, offering the ability to customize reports in numerous ways. The most popular attributes of custom reporting include custom headers, custom information placement, charts, pivot tables, and multiple output formats.
Note: Some LIMS vendors will offer custom reporting as an option as an added cost, depending on the level of customization required.
Report printing
Today's LIMS software almost universally offers the ability to print reports and other materials, so this feature may seem a bit redundant to list. Nonetheless, printer support is a feature worth confirming when considering a piece of LIMS software.
Label support
The label — typically affixed to a sample container — is a vital part of the sample tracking process.[44] Identifying information such as sample number, batch number, and barcodes are printed on such labels to ensure optimized sample management and more precise sample data. As such, some LIMS allow users to design and print labels directly from the software.
The word "Wikipedia" encoded in Code 128 and Code 39
Barcode support
Barcodes offer many advantages to laboratory techs handling samples, including more accurate data input, tighter sample/instrument associations, tighter sample/study associations, and more room for human-readable information on a label.[44] Given such advantages, many LIMS developers have integrated barcode support into their laboratory information management systems, including support for symbologies like Code 128, Code 39, and Interleaved 2 of 5. Aside from printing options, a LIMS may also offer support for a variety of bar code readers.
Barcode support and label support are typically found together in LIMS software, but not always, thus their separation into two features of a LIMS.
A LIMS with this feature is able to collect and save information into a Portable Document Format (PDF).
Export to MS Word
A LIMS with this feature is able to collect and save information into a Microsoft Office Word format.
Export to HTML or XML
A LIMS with this feature is able to collect and save information into a HyperText Markup Language (HTML) and/or Extensible Markup Language (XML) format.
Fax integration
A LIMS with this feature is able to connect with a fax machine and send information to it via manual input, automatically, and/or at scheduled intervals.
A LIMS with this feature is able to integrate with and use the electronic mail information exchange method to send reports, alerts, and more via manual input, automatically, and/or at scheduled intervals.
Base functionality
Administrator management
The administrator management tools of a LIMS allow lab technicians to set up the LIMS most optimally for the laboratory. Through the administrator management interface of a LIMS, other features may be accessed like setting up user roles and scheduling automatic data backups.
Like report printing, administrator management is nearly ubiquitous in LIMS software, generally considered a mandatory feature. However, for the purposes of being thorough, it's important to point out its existence.
This feature indicates that a LIMS has an intentional modular design, which separates some functionality into manageable components of the overall system. Generally speaking, a modular design allows for 1. the structured addition of new functionality to a LIMS and 2. the limiting of overall effects on the system design as new functionality is added.
Instrument interfacing and management
An entire room of gas chromatography instruments could potentially be connected to a LIMS via instrument interfacing.
In laboratories there are instruments, and with those instruments comes scientific measurements which produce data. It's therefor natural a lab technician would want to connect those instruments to a laboratory information management system, which is already organizing and storing laboratory data. This sort of interfacing is typically handled with instrument-to-LIMS interfaces, which started out as merely data-transfer mechanisms. Later that interface mechanism became much more robust as a data management tool, though often at great expense with heavy involvement from third parties.[45] Today, "many LIMS vendors can act as single source providers of the entire instrument interfacing solution,"[46], providing a cheaper and smoother solution to LIMS customers. The ability to calibrate and schedule maintenance for interfaced instruments may also be included in this category.
Mobile device integration
While not incredibly common, a few LIMS developers are including support for mobile devices in their laboratory information management system. LabCollector, for example, extends its LIMS' functionality to Pocket PC or Windows CE devices equipped with wireless barcode scanners, allowing users to read or collect sample information while on the move.[47] Future Technologies' DNA LIMS, designed for labs performing DNA analysis, has its own mobile version for technicians who need access but can't be in the lab.[48]
Alarms and/or alerts
Alarms and alerts are an integral part of a LIMS. They can be automatic or scheduled, and they can come in the form of an e-mail, a pop-up message, or a mobile text message. When the results for a sample analysis go out out of range, an automatic warning message can appear on the screen of the technician responsible for the analysis. A scheduled alert can be e-mailed to a lab technician every month indicating a piece of laboratory equipment needs routine maintenance. If the LIMS is equipped with environmental monitoring, an alert can be sent in the form of an SMS text message to the head researcher if the temperature inside a freezer unexpectedly rises. All of these scenarios represent a tiny fraction of the possible implementation of alarms and alerts in a LIMS, highlighting how powerful (yet easy to take for granted) this feature is.
Work-related time tracking
This feature specifically refers to a LIMS' ability to track the amount of time an employee spends at work in general (for payroll purposes) or on more specific projects and tasks (as part of an employee work evaluation program).
Voice recognition system
A LIMS with this feature allows some functions of the LIMS (for example, accessing sample analysis results) to be accessed via voice commands.
External monitoring
This feature allows clients outside the laboratory to monitor the status of sample batches, test results, and more via an online Web portal or, less commonly, as activity alerts sent via e-mail, fax, or SMS.
Instant messaging clients built into a LIMS often make it easier to collaborate.
The messaging feature of a LIMS may refer to one (or both) of two things:
a built-in instant messaging system that allows users to converse with each other through text messages real-time
an SMS text messaging integration that allows the users or the LIMS itself to send messages or alerts to a user's mobile or smart phone
If a LIMS is listed as multilingual, its an indication the LIMS interface can be configured to display more than one language depending on the preference a user or administrator chooses. Some LIMS interfaces can only be displayed in one of two languages (English or German, for example), while others come configured with support for dozens of languages.
Network-capable
This feature is perhaps archaic and/or obvious, but it is mentioned nonetheless. It's generally applied to a non-Web-based LIMS installed over a local or wide-area computer network, essentially indicating the LIMS is not an isolated application, but rather one that can interface with other instances of the LIMS or other networked instruments.
Web client or portal
A LIMS with a Web client or portal is either a Web-based LIMS (one that is not installed on every computer, but rather is hosted on a server and accessed via a Web browser) or a non-Web-based LIMS with an included portal to access it via the Internet.
Online or integrated help
This indicates a LIMS has help infrastructure integrated into the software, support documentation via the LIMS vendor's website, or both.
Software as a service delivery model
This indicates the software can be licensed and utilized via the software as a service (SaaS) delivery model.
Usage-based cost
While rare, some LIMS vendors allow potential clients to license and utilize the vendor's software under a usage-based cost model. An example of this model in use is Bytewize AB's O3 LimsXpress, which has a cost directly related to the amount of samples processed each month.[49]
↑ Skobelev, D.O.; T.M. Zaytseva; A.D. Kozlov; V.L. Perepelitsa; A.S. Makarova (2011). "Laboratory information management systems in the work of the analytic laboratory" (PDF). Measurement Techniques 53 (10): 1182–1189. doi:10.1007/s11018-011-9638-7. http://www.springerlink.com/content/6564211m773v70j1/.
↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Macneil, Rory (2011). "The benefits of integrated systems for managing both samples and experimental data: An opportunity for labs in universities and government research institutions to lead the way". Automated Experimentation 3 (2). doi:10.1186/1759-4499-3-2. http://www.aejournal.net/content/3/1/2.
↑ 3.0 3.1 Murthy, Tal; Brian Hewson (01 September 2010). "Effective Forensic Sample Tracking and Handling". American Laboratory. http://new.americanlaboratory.com/914-Application-Notes/506-Effective-Forensic-Sample-Tracking-and-Handling/. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
↑ Muntean, Edwarda; Nicoleta Munteanb; Tania Mihăiescua; Radu Mihăiescuc (2008). "LIMS use in laboratory data management" (PDF). ProEnvironment/Promediu 1 (2): 19–23. http://journals.usamvcluj.ro/index.php/promediu/article/download/2835/2696.
↑ "Batch Sizes And QC Questions". U.S. EPA. 27 July 2011. http://www.epa.gov/osw/hazard/testmethods/faq/faqs_qc.htm. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
↑ "Matrix Gemini - Scheduler". Autoscribe Ltd.. http://www.autoscribe.co.uk/matrix-gemini/additional-modules/scheduler. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
↑ "LabWare LIMS - Scheduler". LabWare Inc.. http://www.labware.com/LWWeb.nsf/lp/en040102. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
↑ 8.0 8.1 "New Features in Geneious Pro 5.5" Biomatters Ltd.. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
↑ Richter, Brent G.; David P. Sexton (2009). "Managing and Analyzing Next-Generation Sequence Data". PLoS Computational Biology 5 (6). doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000369. http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1000369.
↑ "The UNIFlow Difference - Customized" UNIConnect LC. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
↑ "Five ways that our LIMS software is different from other LIMS" Promium, LLC. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
↑ "LabSoft LIMS - Toolbars / Tasklists" Computing Solutions, Inc.. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
↑ "Products - eLab - Sample Management" eBioSys Pty. Ltd.. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
↑ "MSC-LIMS Product Summary" Mountain States Consulting, LLC. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
↑ "Water and Wastewater Solutions" Bridge-Soft, LLC. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
↑ "Get OhNo! for Radiopharmaceutical Control" 2nd Sight Solutions. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
↑ "RealTime StatMiner for Real-time qPCR Data Analysis" (PDF) Integromics SL. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
↑ "LabWare External Links and Document Management" LabWare, Inc.. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
↑ Elliot, Michael H. (December 2006–January 2007). "The state of the ELN Market". Scientific Computing World. http://www.scientific-computing.com/features/feature.php?feature_id=50. Retrieved 04 May 2011.
↑ Elliot, Michael H. (October 2011). "Informatics Convergence Presents Opportunities and Challenges". Scientific Computing. http://www.scientificcomputing.com/articles-IN-Informatics-Convergence-Presents-Opportunities-and-Challenges-111111.aspx. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
↑ "LabWare Electronic Lab Notebooks" LabWare, Inc.. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
↑ Williams, Robert W. (2003). "Managing Your Lab Data Flux: Getting Beyond Excel" (PDF). The Bioinformatics of Brains: From Genes and Proteins to Behaviors. Washington, DC: Society for Neuroscience. http://www.sfn.org/skins/main/pdf/ShortCourses/2003/sc1_9.pdf. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
↑ Howard, David A.; David Harrison (2007). "A Pragmatic Approach to the Validation of Excel Spreadsheets – Overview" (PDF). Pharma IT 1 (2): 30–35. http://www.spreadsheetvalidation.com/pdf/Excel_Spreadsheet_Validation_Overview.pdf.
↑ Vannest, Jeff (11 February 2011). "Advantages of a Data Warehouse". LABVANTAGE Solutions, Inc.. http://www.labvantage.com/blog/?p=79. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
↑ "Use OhNo! for complete control" 2nd Sight Solutions. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
↑ "Standardlösung für die Produktion" dialog EDV Systementwicklung GmbH. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
↑ Hice, Randy (01 July 2009). "Swimming in the Clinical Pool: Why LIMS are supplanting old-school clinical LIS applications". STARLIMS' Laboratory Informatics Blog. http://blog.starlims.com/2009/07/01/swimming-in-the-clinical-pool-why-lims-are-supplanting-old-school-clinical-lis-applications/. Retrieved 09 May 2011.
↑ "Workflow Management Coalition Terminology & Glossary" (PDF). Workflow Management Coalition. February 1999. pp. 9. http://www.wfmc.org/standards/docs/TC-1011_term_glossary_v3.pdf. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
↑ 29.0 29.1 Maxwell, Glen (1 November 2003). "Using Workflows in LIMS to Reduce Customization". Scientific Computing and Instrumentation. http://www.scientificcomputing.com/using-workflows-in-lims-to-reduce.aspx. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
↑ Melo, Alexandre; Alessandra Faria-Campos; Daiane M DeLaat; Rodrigo Keller; Vinícius Abreu; Sérgio Campos (2010). "SIGLa: an adaptable LIMS for multiple laboratories". BMC Genomics 11 (Suppl 5): S8. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-11-S5-S8. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/11/S5/S8.
↑ "My laboratory has unique processes, Can X-LIMS work for me?". EthoSoft, Inc.. http://www.ethosoft.com/LIMS/XLIMSProductInfo/XLIMSFAQ/tabid/69/Default.aspx. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
↑ "ASTM E1578 - 06 Standard Guide for Laboratory Information Management Systems (LIMS)". ASTM International. http://www.astm.org/Standards/E1578.htm. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
↑ Paszko, Christine; Carol Pugsley (2000). "Considerations in selecting a laboratory information management system (LIMS)". American Laboratory 32 (18): 38–42. doi:10.1016/0169-7439(94)90006-X. http://www.mendeley.com/research/considerations-selecting-laboratory-information-management-system-lims/.
↑ Hull, Carl; Bruce Wray; Ford Winslow; Mark Vilicich (2011). "Tracking and Controlling Everything that Affects Quality is the Key to a Quality Management System" (PDF). Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening 14 (9): 772–780. doi:10.2174/138620711796957125. http://www.uniconnect.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/CCHTS-LIMS-Article.pdf.
↑ "Electronic Code of Federal Regulations - Title 21: Food and Drugs - Part 11: Electronic Records; Electronic Signatures". U.S. Government Printing Office. http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=5ff3a0efed913ef8fae9e225869688a2&rgn=div5&view=text&node=21:1.0.1.1.7&idno=21. Retrieved 02 March 2012.
↑ Jones, Andrew; Craig Valli (2008). "Chapter 1: An Introduction to Digital Forensics". Building a Digital Forensic Laboratory: Establishing and Managing a Successful Facility. Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 11. ISBN 1856175103. http://books.google.com/books?id=F5IU7XXKwCQC.
↑ "Quality Assurance - Data Management". Stable Isotope Ratio Facility for Environmental Research (SIRFER) at the University of Utah. http://sirfer.utah.edu/qaqc.pdf. Retrieved 07 May 2012.
↑ Hitchcock, Noel (2005). "Chapter 10: Efficient utilization of LIMS data and integration with mining process management systems". In Dessureault, Sean D.; Rajive Ganguli; Vladislav Kecojevic; Jami Girard Dwyer. Application of Computers and Operations Research in the Mineral Industry. Taylor & Francis. pp. 85–88. doi:10.1201/9781439833407.ch10. ISBN 9780415374491. http://www.crcnetbase.com/doi/abs/10.1201/9781439833407.ch10.
↑ Turner, Elizabeth; Jojean Bolton (2001). "Required steps for the validation of a Laboratory Information Management System". Quality Assurance 9 (3–4): 217–224. PMID 12553085. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12553085.
↑ "LabWare - Table Explorer". LabWare, Inc.. http://www.labware.com/LWWeb.nsf/lp/en041001. Retrieved 07 May 2012.
↑ "Core LIMS Features & Components". Core Informatics, LLC. http://www.corelims.com/features.htm. Retrieved 07 May 2012.
↑ "Oracle Health Sciences LabPas" (PDF). Oracle Corporation. 2011. http://www.oracle.com/us/industries/life-sciences/health-sciences-labpas-ds-396097.pdf. Retrieved 07 May 2012.
↑ "Environmental Monitoring Program". Novatek International. http://ntint.com/prod-envmon.shtml. Retrieved 07 May 2012.
↑ 44.0 44.1 Gilles, Clarence (1 July 2008). "Bar Code and Sample Tracking: It All Starts with the Label". Scientific Computing. http://www.scientificcomputing.com/bar-code-and-sample-tracking.aspx. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
↑ Pavlis, Robert (May/June 2004). "Trends in instrument-to-LIMS interfacing". Scientific Computing World. http://www.scientific-computing.com/features/feature.php?feature_id=88. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
↑ DeHeer, Larry (1 October 2009). "Instrument Interfacing - The Great Paradox of LIMS?". LIMSfinder.com. http://www.limsfinder.com/BlogDetail.aspx?id=33851_0_2_0_C. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
↑ "LabCollector - Features in detail". AgileBio. http://labcollector.com/index.php/labcollector-on-pdahtml. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
↑ "Biometrics and DNA Laboratory Information Management and Analysis System Development". Future Technologies, Inc.. http://www.ftechi.com/dna_biometric.shtml. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
↑ "Modern web based Lims from 10 Euro cent/sample". Bytewize AB. http://www.bytewize.com/o3lims-xpress/prices/?lang=en. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
Retrieved from "https://www.limswiki.org/index.php?title=LIMS_feature&oldid=12049"
Laboratory informatics


An individual – this will give you the full personal set. If you decide to run this with others you can order as many individual copies from this product page as you require.
Running a business is challenging. The life cycle of a product can be much shorter than originally expected. The challenges of management. Cash flow. Staff. Marketing. Business ethics. Overwhelming legislation. Technology. Winning and losing customers. Do you sometimes feel that your faith does not have all the answers?
Invest in Business by the Book and discover that the Bible has much more to say about managing a business than you perhaps realise. This study covers seven major topics.


Campingpark Oberammergau si trova a Oberammergau, Baviera, è situato fiume/torrente. Questo campeggio dispone di piazzole delimitate, senza ombra e piazzole poco ombreggiate. È possibile affittare appartamenti e bungalow. Il campeggio dispone di un parco giochi al coperto e di un campo sportivo.
Ogni anno un ispettore visita il Campingpark Oberammergau, controllando oltre 200 tra attrezzature e altri punti di interesse del campeggio. L'ispettore è un dipendente ACSI e non lavora per il campeggio.
Really friendly and helpful welcome at reception in good English.
Toilets and showers modern and very clean. Pitches vary in size, some being quite small and the surface is mainly gravel, some quite large. Tent area is grass. Some road noise. ACSI discount EHU is limited to 4kw/hrs/day.
Interesting town and supermarkets are an easy walk along the river path and bus stops close to the entrance, seniors get a free bus pass from reception. Lovely area with many walks from the site. With ACSI discount, great value and our stay extended to several nights more then planned.
Beware this site charges for electricity usage on top of the ACSI site fee. The surroundings were sublime with the 1342 metre Kofel mountain dominating. A fifteen minute walk alongside a crystal clear stream takes you into the centre of Oberammergau, a tourists' haven. The Hexenstube restaurant at the entrance to the site provides quality meals at very reasonable prices. The reception staff were very friendly and most helpful. The shower/toilet block was first class. Bread and buns could be odered daily.
ACSI Eurocampings invia la tua richiesta di informazioni al "Campingpark Oberammergau".


Welcome to the home of the OCS API!
What is the OCS API?
The Open Collaboration Services (OCS) API is a standardized REST API specification for a client - server communication to implement the Social Desktop functionality on open source desktops.
It serves as backend of the Social Desktop. Aim of the Open Collaboration Services API (OCS API) is the integration of web communities and web based services into desktop and mobile applications. It's free, open, scalable, secure, privacy protected and vendor independent. It was designed by openDesktop.org and was defined as an independent standard by freedesktop.org. Therefore everyone is encouraged to integrate OCS API on his website. If you have questions concerning OCS feel free to contact us.
Where can I find the OCS specs?
The API specs can be found in the freedesktop.org wiki.
OCS 2.0 draft 1 can be found here.
Is the Open Collaboration Services API already somewhere in use?
ownCloud.org: An open source self hosted cloud service.
Great. And how does the Social Desktop relate to OCS?
The Open Collaboration Services API is the backend of the Social Desktop. Everyone can become a provider and key enabler of the Social Desktop by implementing OCS on his own site.
I have a question! How can I contact you?
If you have questions or criticim concerning the Open Collaboration Services API feel free to contact us.


So surprise! I did not stay pregnant forever. Our little girl, Ursula Joy, was born after a little medical prompting on Monday, April 27 at 1:15 p.m., 16 days after her due date. She's named after my late Oma (German for Grandma) and we call her Ulla for short, pronounced oo-la. The fact that she's a girl remains the biggest shock of my life.
What I can tell you now is that being a mom is absolutely everything I thought it would be. It's deliciously exhausting and I spend the majority of my day with her on my chest. I've heard too often that this time passes too quickly, so I'm savoring every second. To-do's can be done later. And showers? That's what dry shampoo is for. And that little peri-bottle they give you at the hospital... It does the job.
Watching my big, bearded husband- the guy that swore up and down before she was born that he'd NEVER baby talk- speak in the highest, baby-talkiest voice continues to melt my heart. We're so in love with her.
John's family came down a few days after she was born and his sister brought her camera. This is the result.


text:
Best call center software of 2019
By Brian Turner 2019-05-29T13:58:15Z Web
Managing communications, from sales to customers
Best call center software
1. VICIdial
2. CrazyCall
3. Freshcaller
4. Five9
5. Avaya Contact Center
6. ZenDesk Talk
Read on for our detailed analysis of each app
Once your business begins to grow, handling communications can become an increasing challenge. There are varying degrees of solutions available to help in this endeavor, beginning with call handling and virtual assistants. However, at some point it may become necessary to employ a call center solution to handle a larger volume of communications, especially where the business works with a large customer base and/or sales team.
While traditionally a call center would handle telephone calls, these days the call center is just as likely to provide email support as well as live chat facilities for web visitors to the business website, and can even work with social media.
It used to be the case that call centers were the preserve of multinational corporations, but these days there are software solutions tailored to small business use, so don't think you need to be an enterprise company to use one. Even better, pricing is generally based on usage, so call center services can be very accessible to businesses of any size.
There is a perhaps bewildering variety of call center software out there, and what solution you require depends on the degree to which the customer/client or sales experience needs to be managed. So to help you choose, here are five of the best packages to allow a business of any size to manage its own call center solution.
The best small business software you can buy today
The best accounting software of 2019
Want your company or services to be added to this buyer's guide? Please email your request to desire.athow@futurenet.com with the URL of the buying guide in the subject line.
VICIdial
The biggest open source call center platform
Lots of features
May take a while to explore all features
VICIdial is the most widely used open source call center platform, and it's free to use. This solution is also very feature-rich and undergoing constant development. You can either download and install it on your own server network, or else opt to use VICIdial's own hardware and have the company manage everything for you.
To describe VICIdial as comprehensive would be an understatement. It covers the fundamentals such as inbound and outbound calls, email, and website chat, but centralizes everything into a Unified Agent Screen for easy management.
There are settings for predictive dialing, forecasting reports, call recording, and call balancing. It's simple to operate from the outset, with no complicated configuration settings. And because it's open source, every aspect of the software is available for editing and customization.
Updates and new features are constantly being pushed out, but you don't have to use them if you don't want to. There are also no hardware-specific demands, and because VICIdial is open source, you're not locked in to a vendor.
You can download VICIdial directly from SourceForge here
Image credit: CrazyCall
(Image credit: CrazyCall)
Local call center for sales
Uses local numbers from 75+ countries
Good reporting suite
Strong focus on sales
Sales focus may be too narrow for some
CrazyCall is a cloud-based service that can be easily managed through an app. You can make calls both through an automatic dialer as well as using a click-to-call browser extension.
A unique feature of CrazyCall is that it allows you to route outgoing calls through local phone numbers, which may increase response rates for sales calls. Call recording comes as standard to help monitor agent results, and reporting is included to allow you to organize and analyze calls and manage success rates.
Rather than providing general customer/client support, CrazyCall is more focused on being a sales-calling platform and doing that well, especially in terms of improving conversions and increasing ROI.
Pricing starts at $11 per month per user for up to three projects, with 200 minutes free per user per month, going up to $45 per user per month for unlimited projects and unlimited data storage with 1,250 free minutes per user.
You can sign up to CrazyCall here
Image credit: Freshcaller
(Image credit: Freshcaller)
Easy to use call center software
Cloud hosted PBX
No hardware required
Designed for small businesses
Need to purchase numbers
Freshcaller is an all-round call center platform that runs from the cloud and is simple to use. Everything can be managed from a single control panel, and calls can be made with nothing more than a click.
The fact that it doesn't require any hardware makes it an obvious solution for small businesses, but it still includes a lot of features, such as call masking, routing, recording/monitoring, forwarding, and conferencing calling. Although it allows for global use, local numbers still have to be bought through the Freshcaller management inventory.
Overall, it's a good general platform for integrated call purposes, and that it's internet-based makes it both very accessible and affordable. The starter level is free to use for unlimited agents, with the only cost being call charges. There are paid versions at $19 to $40 per month per agent, with more advanced features available, not the least of which are call routing after business hours and metrics.
You can sign up to Freshcaller here
Image credit: Five9
(Image credit: Five9)
Focus on productivity savings
Focus on increased productivity
Pricing isn't as competitive as some rivals
Five9 is an all-in-one call center solution that enables management of customer support and sales through a single dashboard. Aside from all the usual features you'd expect, it also includes a predictive AI to maximize efficiency among teams.
This means that if there's a surge in inbound calls, agents normally involved in outbound calls will be diverted to handle the extra workload, and vice-versa. There are various settings and features involved with this, all focused on improving efficiency.
If that wasn't enough, this solution also integrates with a number of major CRM software platforms, such as Salesforce, Zendesk, and Oracle. Five9 is also a cloud-based solution, making it easy to access without the need for telecoms hardware. Built for anything from small business to enterprise needs, pricing is customized according to need.
You can sign up for Five9 here
Image credit: Avaya
The big daddy of IP telephony
Major player in telephony
Fully comprehensive features
Priced for enterprise rather than SMB
Avaya is one of the heavyweights of telecommunications, providing hardware and software solutions for business networks. The Avaya Aura platform has been constantly evolving and growing over the years and continues to mature.
As expected, the Avaya Contact Center software provides a comprehensive range of advanced features as standard, whether it's through automation, call routing, or performance management. It doesn't just work with voice calls, but can intelligently manage and route communications through website sales chats, instant messengers, email, SMS texts, voicemail, fax, scanned documents, video, and even company social media accounts.
However, Avaya's main focus remains on telephony and the extensive management of communications through that channel. For the array of features and advanced settings here, though, you can expect to pay enterprise-level prices.
You can sign up for the Avaya Contact Center platform here
Image credit: Zendesk
(Image credit: ZenDesk Talk)
CRM with call center
Customer-focused solution
While many cloud call-center providers build customer relations management (CRM) into their product, ZenDesk has done it the other way around by building a cloud contact center around customer relations management. The result is ZenDesk Talk, a smooth and sleek solution that really does put the customer first.
Customer service teams now have the ability to provide telephone support from the same place they manage other channels, with the customer information and history provided as the call is taken. The aim here is to maximize efficiency and workflows by presenting everything together. However, as well as calls Zendesk Talk also has built in SMS, with texts automatically working to raised tickets, making it easy to keep track of communications.
Additionally, there are all the features you'd normally expect with a call center solution, not least call recording, IVR, routing, and real-time monitoring. As a cloud-based system it can be set up within minutes, and analytics allows for KPI to be tracked and monitored.
There is a free tier available for a single landline number, which allows for basic call features. The Team plan costs $20 (£15) a month per agent and opens up most features, while the full set are available with the Professional plan at $45 (£39) per month per agent. An enterprise edition allows for more data controls to be implemented.
You can signup to ZenDesk Talk here

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Archive for category: Exhibitions
You are here: Home1 / Exhibitions
Current, Exhibitions
Breathing Places: Parks & Recreation in Richmond
In 1851, Richmond's Committee on Public Squares acknowledged the region's rapid residential and commercial growth and recommended "securing breathing places in the midst of the city or convenient to it." Over the last 170 years, the city and surrounding counties have secured land, engineered, and maintained "breathing places" for some of the region's residents while limiting and denying access to others. Breathing Places: Parks & Recreation in Richmond explores the design, use and change of Richmond's carefully crafted parks, recreation areas and natural spaces and their effect on the region's residents today.
Breathing Places will also include a slideshow of rotating images featuring community-submitted photos. Richmonders (both individuals and organizations) can submit images of themselves, their families or their friends enjoying greenspaces across the region HERE.
https://thevalentine.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/V_2019_04_621-jpg633849029040000000.jpg 469 720 Valentine Staff https://thevalentine.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/VAL-logo-update.png Valentine Staff2021-03-11 13:04:152021-05-04 22:15:09Breathing Places: Parks & Recreation in Richmond
Exhibitions, Past Exhibitions
Edith Shelton's Richmond Revisited
Following the Valentine's popular 2015 exhibition, explore mid-20th Century Richmond neighborhoods through a new selection of imagery by amateur photographer Edith Shelton.
https://thevalentine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/I_V_91_42_1448-jpg635489793040000000.jpg 491 627 Valentine Staff https://thevalentine.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/VAL-logo-update.png Valentine Staff2020-11-05 12:20:092021-09-07 10:50:05Edith Shelton's Richmond Revisited
The Valentine Studio Project
In response to calls for cultural institutions to provide an unvarnished history of Richmond's past, the Valentine has adopted an ambitious plan: completely reinterpret Edward Valentine's sculpture studio, where he conceived many significant Lost Cause artworks. In 2020, the Valentine sought community input from the greater Richmond region via a public survey on how to reimagine the space. Edward Valentine was one of the founders of the museum and played a central role in creating and disseminating Lost Cause iconography. The newly reimagined studio will provide visitors a space to confront and reckon with the painful history of Richmond's and the Valentine's early role in the development and spread of the harmful Lost Cause mythology.
In 2021, the Valentine engaged award-winning architecture and design firm Studio Joseph to produce concept designs for the Studio space. In 2022, the Valentine will collect feedback from the Richmond community on these designs.
Relatedly, the Valentine is working with Reclaiming the Monument as well as the Black History Museum and Cultural Center of Virginia to engage directly with the Richmond community around the issues of monuments and public art. Feedback gathered through these partnerships will also inform the final Valentine Studio design. Your input will help the Valentine understand how our community thinks and feels about these topics and how we can best serve the Richmond region in the future.
To provide your thoughts on monuments, click HERE.
https://thevalentine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/DSC_0335-scaled.jpg 1700 2560 Valentine Staff https://thevalentine.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/VAL-logo-update.png Valentine Staff2020-10-01 16:07:132022-01-04 09:24:15The Valentine Studio Project
DONT TOUCH MY HAIR rva
Based on footage collected during a Richmond-based documentary directed by Dr. Chaz Antoine Barracks, PhD, DONT TOUCH MY HAIR rva explores diverse African American identity through stories of Black hair experiences. Featuring images by DeAudrea 'Sha' Rich and Nicholas Taylor, this media-arts project looks at Black identity by both centering and creating spaces that embody Black cultural production—and understanding everyday Black life as fine art. Beauty salons and other Black-owned locations are included as spaces of community and uninhibited joy. Look through the camera lens to explore nuanced and imaginative concepts of Black homes, which provide space to exist freely and authentically. Originally planned for a gallery space, the project paused as the creators considered how to present an art exhibition in the pandemic era. Now, experience DTMHrva at the Valentine as an exterior installation and through new film presented at the Afrikana Independent Film Festival.
Artists work featured in this current exhibition project are: DeAudrea 'Sha' Rich, Nicholas Taylor, NontsiKelelo Mutiti, Wes Taylor, Dr. Pamela Lawton, Tawnya "Dr. T" Pettiford-Wates, Nicholas Vega, Sasha Williams, Johannes Barfield, Christine Wyatt, Christina Nicole Miles, and many more from the Richmond Black arts community.
https://thevalentine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Copy-of-DLR-3362.jpg 1365 2048 Valentine Staff https://thevalentine.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/VAL-logo-update.png Valentine Staff2020-09-14 19:02:022021-01-19 08:54:32DONT TOUCH MY HAIR rva
Ain't Misbehavin': 1920s Richmond
In celebration of the 100th anniversary of the Roaring Twenties, the Valentine presents Ain't Misbehavin': 1920s Richmond, an exhibition of costume, textiles, art and artifacts in the Nathalie L. Klaus and Reynolds Family Galleries. The 1920s are remembered in America as a decade that "roared" with change, including urban expansion, equal suffrage, social integration, jazz music, fast dancing and short hemlines. In Richmond, the decade's seismic social shifts unfolded against a backdrop of conservative values. Like the popular 1929 tune of the same name, Ain't Misbehavin': 1920s Richmond presents a playful commentary on Richmond's mixed reaction to the Roaring Twenties amid a sparkling display of some of the 1920s fashions worn in the city.
https://thevalentine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/AB-image-3-scaled.jpg 1839 2560 Valentine Staff https://thevalentine.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/VAL-logo-update.png Valentine Staff2020-01-23 16:20:522021-04-06 11:52:44Ain't Misbehavin': 1920s Richmond
The Wickham House
A dialogue-based guided tour of the Wickham House, a National Historic Landmark built in 1812, challenges guests to explore aspects of life in the early 19th century. The Wickham House was purchased by Mann Valentine Jr. and in 1898 became the first home of the Valentine Museum. This historic home allows us to tell the complicated story of the Wickham family, the home's enslaved occupants, sharing spaces, the realities of urban slavery and more. Starting April 6, 2021, visitors can enjoy a self-guided visit to the first floor of the historic Wickham House as part of general admission. You can experience a 360 virtual tour of the house here.
https://thevalentine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Wickham-House-e1573507001653.jpg 499 960 Valentine Staff https://thevalentine.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/VAL-logo-update.png Valentine Staff2019-10-11 20:24:272021-04-06 11:57:29The Wickham House
#BallotBattle: Richmond's Social Struggle for Suffrage
To highlight the 100th anniversary of the ratification of the 19th Amendment, #BallotBattle: Richmond's Social Struggle for Suffrage uses modern social media platforms to profile five Richmond viewpoints and the racial and generational tensions that each exposed. Between 1909 and 1920, both pro-suffrage and anti-suffrage advocates battled tenaciously, using all the platforms available to persuade both the legislature and the general public. While they could not use Twitter or Facebook, they did rely on newspapers, broadsides, pamphlets, postcards, banners, and personal accessories to proclaim their viewpoints. Just like our complicated social media battles today, the final political and legal outcome was never a foregone conclusion.
https://thevalentine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/1916-Suffrage-Rally-X_49_37_43.jpg 575 757 Valentine Staff https://thevalentine.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/VAL-logo-update.png Valentine Staff2019-07-22 18:16:102020-12-14 13:30:16#BallotBattle: Richmond's Social Struggle for Suffrage
Voices from Richmond's Hidden Epidemic
Despite years of medical and social progress, misconceptions about HIV/AIDS persist today. The disease is viewed by many as a scourge of the past that is now easily treatable and primarily impacting gay white men. However, the numbers reveal a more complicated story—one in which gay African-American men have a 1 in 2 chance of acquiring HIV/AIDS.
Richmond's rate of HIV infection, currently ranked 19th nationally, is exacerbated by high concentrations of poverty, lack of sex education in public schools and the continuing opioid epidemic. Featuring oral histories collected by Laura Browder and Patricia Herrera with accompanying photographic portraits by Michael Simon, Voices from Richmond's Hidden Epidemic offers a nuanced look at the HIV/AIDS crisis through the stories of survivors, caregivers, activists and health care workers on the front lines.
This project is funded in part by Virginia Humanities.
Support is also provided by University of Richmond, Office of the Provost and Dean's Office, School of Arts & Sciences and the following generous sponsors.
https://thevalentine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Voices_RodneyLofton2.jpg 3600 3200 Valentine Staff https://thevalentine.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/VAL-logo-update.png Valentine Staff2019-07-15 20:59:392021-08-06 11:53:29Voices from Richmond's Hidden Epidemic
Dressing Identity: Caring for Collections and Understanding Ourselves
Dressing Identity is a one-of-a-kind exhibition that presents a working Costume and Textiles Collections Lab as well as a gallery of objects which present powerful symbols of identity. Taken together, these galleries provide a glimpse into how both the Valentine and the larger community claim, interpret and share identity through dress.
Dressing Identity: Caring for Collections features a Collections Lab on view where visitors can watch as members of the museum's Costume and Textile team catalog, mount, photograph, label and prepare artifacts for storage in the museum's collection. The lab will provide museum attendees with an inside-look at how the Valentine's historic objects are protected for generations to come.
In the second adjacent gallery and a companion to Dressing Identity: Caring For Collections, Dressing Identity: Understanding Ourselves presents visible manifestations of grief, pride, honor, ambition, fear and joy. These objects from our collection speak in a broad array of symbolic languages that reflect the rich diversity of Richmond but also communicate a message that is shared by us all.
April 1, 2019 /
https://thevalentine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/DressingIdentity_big_black.png 513 1200 Valentine Staff https://thevalentine.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/VAL-logo-update.png Valentine Staff2019-04-01 21:39:392020-01-28 17:15:27Dressing Identity: Caring for Collections and Understanding Ourselves
Developing Richmond: Photographs from the Cook Studio
When photographer George S. Cook relocated with his family to Richmond in 1880, he arrived in a city caught between the old and the new: Richmond bustled with post-Civil War construction and economic enterprise even while it held onto the antebellum social and political order.
Acquired by the Valentine Museum in 1954, the Cook Studio's more than 10,000 negatives and prints visually document Richmond at the turn of the 20th century. Experience imagery taken by George and his son Huestis Cook of this conflicted and changing city.
https://thevalentine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/I_Cook1384_African_American_Picnic.jpg 1512 2400 Valentine Staff https://thevalentine.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/VAL-logo-update.png Valentine Staff2019-01-04 19:26:172019-11-11 21:14:01Developing Richmond: Photographs from the Cook Studio


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Wolfenstein: Youngblood players have already figured out how to get unlimited coins
By Andy Chalk 26 July 2019
You can buy every cosmetic item in the game without killing a single Nazi or buying gold bars.
(Image credit: Bethesda Softworks)
Wolfenstein: Youngblood has a collectible in-game currency that can be used to purchase items like character skins, weapon upgrades, pep boosts, and consumables. Some of the skins can also be purchased with gold bars, a premium currency available for separate purchase if you don't feel like waiting for the coins to build up. Or, as redditor Calibrono discovered, you can use a cheat to give yourself an unlimited coins and buy every damn thing in the game before you kill your first Nazi.
It's a hassle and I wouldn't recommend it as it breaks the EULA, but if you're determined to give this a go, Cheat Engine is what you need, along with a cheat table for the game. With that, you can grant yourself unlimited coins and/or unlimited skill points. Health, armor, and ammo values are apparently either encrypted or kept server-side, but come on, you don't want to completely spoil the experience, do you?
I don't have a sense of how plentiful coins are in Youngblood yet, but the presence of optional side missions means that they shouldn't be too hard to come by. That also appears to be the consensus among the discussions on Steam. Upgrading weapons isn't an overly expensive process: Replacing every component of the shotgun, for instance, will cost well under 1,500 coins, which is considerably less than most individual character skins. The mid-priced Red Devil power suit skin goes for 2,000 coins, and if you want to top that off with a thematically appropriate Devil helmet, that's another 2,000—but that's all strictly cosmetic, and so easily ignored.
And yes, I have tried this cheat, solely for the purposes of testing (please don't ban my Steam account), and can confirm that it works. There's no telling how long it will remain that way, though—future patches could presumably disable the cheat, at least until someone whips up a new cheat table—and of course you play with these things entirely at your own risk.
I'd strongly recommend sticking to offline mode if you use the cheat, but even that's an iffy proposition: The Youngblood EULA says that you will not, "under any circumstances ... use cheats, automation software (bots), hacks, mods or any other unauthorized third-party software designed to modify the Game or adversely impact any other persons playing of the Game or his/her experience of playing the Game." Clearly you aren't meant to do this. I've reached out to Bethesda for more information, and will update if I receive a reply.
If you haven't seen it yet, don't miss out on our Wolfenstein: Youngblood review. It's very good (the game, that is, but the review too): Not without its flaws, but "a great time, [and] even better with friends."
Andy Chalk
Andy covers the day-to-day happenings in the big, wide world of PC gaming—the stuff we call "news." In his off hours, he wishes he had time to play the 80-hour RPGs and immersive sims he used to love so much.


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Forever Reminder: Abortion Until Birth Is Not A Thing
Well it's that time of year again where everyone kinda gets cabin fever from staying in because of the frigid temperatures and people start just spewing, the worst propaganda. Like, we expect nonsense from these zygote lovers but, boy oh boy things have gone into overdrive of late. Enter the whole "they're killing living babies" argument. Yes, you read that right, the other side is saying that we want a baby to be born and then want to kill it. Just like… what??? No, obviously not. That's OBVIOUSLY not what we stand for.
See, this Ben Shapiro tweet:
Now you're saying we murder babies outside the womb? Feel like you need to stick on message. Like we all agree born babies are babies. You're fighting against a nonexistent enemy here.
The trouble started with — well just these guys' general radical ideology and un-empathetic viewpoint and rigidity to the point of cruelty, but probably specifically with — the Reproductive Health Act in New York and a similar act in Virginia.
So let's address RHA. Tomorrow on Operation Save Abortion we'll have a full breakdown of both!
When we kept reading these sensational headlines like "New York Wants You to Be Able to Kill Your Toddler" we were like "Even for them, it seems extreme." We maybe even kinda wondered if we… read the RHA wrong. BUT NOPE obviously not. As Jia Tolentino pointed out, the RHA doesn't even GO AS FAR as some people wanted it to. The RHA just means that abortion is not under the criminal code any more (yeesh, a BARE minimum thing) and that providers can provide abortion up to 24 weeks (which is NOT the third trimester, my guys) and "after the 24th week of pregnancy if a woman's health or life is in danger, or if a fetus is not viable."
So this brings up an interesting reality of what abortions we choose to talk about and which we choose to be sympathetic too. Basically, a lot of RHA advocates have acknowledged that people can be more sympathetic if they see that like, hey look, a lot of the women who gets an abortion after 24 weeks, USUALLY desperately wants their baby, but have been given terrible news about the fetus' ability to survive outside of the womb. The stories are often heartbreaking and devastating and you'd literally have to be a monster to not feel sympathy for them.
But guess what, the other side is in fact full of a bunch of monsters that JUST COMPLETELY IGNORE STORIES LIKE THIS! Like you know the idiot anti-vaxxers that are killing kids… that's kinda what these anti-abortion extremists are like. They're like "You know, a doctor who has years of medical experience says your baby will live a short extremely painful life, but I, person who knows nothing, believe you can just pray a lot and things will be OK."
OK OK, so we've established, a lot of people are making a crushing decision. But what a lot of advocates also acknowledge is that establishing this kind of story where abortion is the very last option… isn't always how the world works. And, you know, it's really a decision between a patient and her doctor, at the end of the day. Like, you can have whatever opinion you want on the subject, but… you're not the one carrying the fetus or the one taking care of the patient.
This is all to say that although YES a majority of abortions this late are because of devastating diagnosis (and yes it is the majority don't let the fucking other side try to argue otherwise), we just can't know everyone's stories. So that's why we try to offer some grace, in saying that the laws shouldn't be designed to rigidly judge what is a "good" abortion and what kinda abortion should be shameful. Because we don't think any abortion should be shameful.
And that's where the other side gets us. Because we're not willing to sell our side out and be like "Ok, in this case, she prob shouldn't have gotten an abortion" they trap us and say we're for infanticide.
But again, because they're so stupid, they don't realize that we're talking about DIFFERENT THINGS HERE. And they can never, really, actually trap us. Because again.. there is no world in which a GOOD doctor would help a woman give birth to a live healthy baby and then be like, "You want me to just kill this real quick?" And if the doctor DID do that, OF COURSE WE WOULD WANT HIM/HER to go to jail.
And jesus christ, we can't believe we're still talking about this.
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Vladislaus II of Hungary - Wikipedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislaus_II_of_Bohemia...
Vladislaus II, also known as Vladislav, Władysław or Wladislas, was King of Bohemia from 1471 to 1516, and King of Hungary and Croatia from 1490 to 1516. As the eldest son of Casimir IV Jagiellon, he was expected to inherit Poland and Lithuania. George of Poděbrady, the Hussite ruler of Bohemia, offered to make Vladislaus his heir in 1468. Poděbrady needed Casimir IV's support against the rebellious Catholic noblemen and their ally, Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary. The Diet of Bohemia ...
Coronation: 22 August 1471
Predecessor: George of Poděbrady
Reign: 1471–1516
Successor: Louis
Vladislaus II, Duke and King of Bohemia - Wikipedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislaus_II,_Duke_of_Bohemia
Vladislaus II or Vladislav II (c.1110 – 18 January 1174) was the Duke of Bohemia from 1140 and then King of Bohemia from 1158 until his abdication in 1173. He was the second Bohemian king after Vratislaus II, but in neither case was the royal title hereditary. Vladislav was the son of Vladislav I and Richeza of Berg.
Reign: February 1140 – 11 January 1158
Father: Vladislaus I, Duke of Bohemia
Successor: himself is king
Mother: Richeza of Berg
Who was King Louis II of Hungary?
Louis II (Czech: Ludvík, Croatian: Ludovik, Hungarian: Lajos, Slovak: Ľudovít; 1 July 1506 – 29 August 1526) was King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia from 1516 to 1526. He was killed during the Battle of Mohács fighting the Ottomans, whose victory led to the Ottoman annexation of Hungary.
Louis II of Hungary - Wikipedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_II_of_Hungary
What is Vladislaus II?
Vladislaus II took steps to ensure a smooth succession by arranging for the boy to be crowned in his own lifetime; the coronation of Louis as king of Hungary took place on 4 June 1508 in Székesfehérvár Basilica, and his coronation as king of Bohemia was held in 1509 in St. Vitus Cathedral .
Who was king of bohemia killed in 1526?
Her brother Louis was killed in the Battle of Mohács against Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire on 29 August 1526. This left the thrones of both Bohemia and Hungary vacant. Ferdinand claimed both kingdoms and was elected King of Bohemia on 24 October of the same year, making Anna Queen of Bohemia.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/anne_of_bohemia_and_hungary
Where was vladislaus born?
Vladislaus was the eldest son of Casimir IV, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, and Elizabeth of Habsburg. She was the daughter of Albert, King of the Romans, Hungary and Bohemia. Vladislaus was born in Kraków on 1 March 1456.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/vladislaus_ii_of_bohemia_and_hungary
Talk:Vladislaus II of Hungary - Wikipedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Vladislaus_II_of_Hungary
For example, Charles II of England, not Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland." The article was moved in 2009 from Vladislaus II of Hungary to Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary with an edit summary describing it as "egnlish name". That being nonsense, the article should be moved back.
Vladislaus II of Opole - Wikipedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Władysław_Opolczyk
Vladislaus II of Opole (Polish: Władysław Opolczyk, German: Wladislaus von Oppeln, Hungarian: Oppelni László, Ukrainian: Владислав Опольчик) (ca. 1332 – 18 May 1401) was a Duke of Opole from 1356 (as a Bohemian vassal), Count palatine of Hungary during 1367–1372, ruler over Lubliniec since 1368, Duke of Wieluń during 1370–1392, ruler over Bolesławiec from 1370 (only for his life), Governor of Galicia–Volhynia during 1372–1378, ruler over Pszczyna during 1375 ...
Native name: Władysław Opolczyk
Successor: Emeric Lackfi
Predecessor: Nicholas Kont
Anne of Bohemia and Hungary - Wikipedia
Anne was born in Buda (now Budapest).The death of Vladislaus II on 13 March 1516 left both siblings in the care of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilan I.It was arranged that Anna marry his grandson, Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, second son of Queen Regnant Joanna of Castile and her late husband and co-ruler, Philip I of Castile.
Father: Vladislaus II of Hungary
Mother: Anne of Foix-Candale
House: Jagiellon
Religion: Roman Catholicism
Vladislav - Wikipedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislaus
Vladislav II, ruler of Wallachia 1447–1456; Vladislaus II of Hungary, king of Bohemia 1471–1516, king of Hungary and Croatia 1490–1516; František Vladislav Hek (1769–1847), Czech national revivalist; Władysław Horodecki (1863–1930), Polish architect; Vladislav Artemiev (born 1998), Russian Chess Grandmaster
Language(s): Slavic
Meaning: possessor of the glory, fame
Word/name: Slavic
Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary - Encyclopedia
encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Vladislaus...
(o͞o'lä`dĭslous), Hung. Ulászló II, c.1456–1516, king of Hungary (1490–1516) and, as Ladislaus II, king of Bohemia (1471–1516); son of Casimir IV Casimir IV, 1427–92, king of Poland (1447–92). He became (1440) ruler of Lithuania and in 1447 succeeded his brother Ladislaus III as king of Poland.
Louis II of Hungary - Wikipedia | WordDisk
www.worddisk.com/wiki/Louis_II_of_Hungary
Louis II (Czech: Ludvík, Croatian: Ludovik, Hungarian: Lajos, Slovak: Ľudovít; 1 July 1506 – 29 August 1526) was King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia from 1516 to 1526. He was killed during the Battle of Mohács fighting the Ottomans, whose victory led to the Ottoman annexation of Hungary. [1] He had no legitimate issue.
Kingdom of Hungary - Wikipedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Empire
Coordinates. The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed from the Middle Ages into the 20th century (1000–1946 with the exception of 1918–1920). The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the coronation of the first king Stephen I at Esztergom around the year 1000; his family (the Árpád dynasty) led the monarchy for 300 years.
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