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Healthcare Quarterly 18(Special Issue) January 2016 : 42-49.doi:10.12927/hcq.2016.24481
Early Intervention in Mood and Anxiety Disorders: The First Episode Mood and Anxiety Program
Elizabeth A. Osuch, Evelyn Vingilis, Sandra Fisman and Carolyn Summerhurst
Full Issue PDF
The First Episode Mood and Anxiety Program (FEMAP) was developed for youth with mood and/or anxiety concerns in London, Ontario, to provide early intervention for these disorders, similar to the first-episode psychosis programs across Ontario and Canada. The logic and causal models of the pathway to and through FEMAP are described and inclusion/exclusion criteria are delineated. Results of the process evaluation of the model and preliminary data from a treatment-effectiveness evaluation and ongoing cost-comparison evaluation are provided. Several characteristic quotes from youth utilizing the service are included, as is an overview of utilization statistics. Challenges and lessons learned are conveyed.
Many facts support early intervention. First, 75% of all mental illnesses start before the age of 25 (Kessler et al. 2007). Second, early intervention is the medical standard for chronic and/or episodic illnesses, including diabetes (Nathan et al. 2007), chronic pain (MTUS 2009), heart disease (Grady et al. 2000), arthritis (Emery 2002), multiple sclerosis (Jacobs et al. 2000) and cancer (Smith et al. 2006). Third, provincial and national initiatives for early identification and intervention of psychosis have been standard for over a decade (Ehmann et al. 2004). Finally, mood and anxiety disorders respond well to treatment, particularly if treated early (Perry et al. 1999; Kennard et al. 2009; Rapee et al. 2009; Berk et al. 2011; Otte 2011).
Given these facts, it is remarkable that, in 2006, no services were available for psychiatric help for teenagers with a mood or anxiety problem in London, Ontario, with a wait time of less than 18 to 24 months. Moreover, accessible psychiatric care was ridiculously brief – one to two visits to the hospital's urgent consultation service, usually accessed through the emergency room (ER) or other physician referral. The expense to the system determined by this care pathway, almost necessitating a visit to the ER, was equally untenable. And this situation was not unique to London, Ontario (EAO, personal communication).
The negative economic consequences of non-treatment of mental illnesses far exceed the direct costs of treatment (Hu 2006). For mood and anxiety disorders, the hidden cost of non-treatment may include youth dropping out of school, thereby not achieving their academic potential, which in turn leads to underemployment and the need for social assistance. Disturbed family and friend relationships are also common and, without intervention, there is further deterioration of youth's social supports. Some youth resort to substance abuse to manage their symptoms. Suicide, the second leading cause of death in 15- to 24-year-olds in Canada (Langlois and Morrison 2002), can be the final conclusion to untreated mood and anxiety disorders.
The Rea Chair of Affective and Anxiety Disorders was created through a generous donation from the Rea Family Foundation. Filled in late 2005, the position established a commitment to furthering research excellence in the understanding and treatment of mood and anxiety disorders. The incoming psychiatrist (EAO) was interested in brain imaging and the neurocircuitry of reward processing in major depressive disorder in the early stages, before patients have lived through years of debilitating illness. This led to the emphasis on identifying late teens and young adults with depression in 2006. What was not a surprise was that depression in youth was prevalent. What was a surprise was that after completing research protocols investigating brain pathophysiology there was nowhere to send these youth for treatment. That was the inspiration for the First Episode Mood and Anxiety Program (FEMAP).
Local Innovation
FEMAP started as one psychiatrist (EAO) with the ardent support of the then department chair (SF). FEMAP was modelled on the early psychosis program in London – the Psychosis and Early Intervention Program for Psychoses (PEPP) (Norman and Manchanda 2015). PEPP includes the ability to self-refer, emphasis on ambulatory services, short wait times, no artificial discharge dates and focus on first episode. In addition, the integration of clinical care and clinical research is standard.
With that backdrop, FEMAP took shape. Mood and anxiety disorders caught early are treatable with psychotherapy and psychopharmacology, even though they often recur (Perry et al. 1999; Morriss et al. 2007; March et al. 2009; Rapee et al. 2009). By 2011, funded by the department of psychiatry, charitable donations and research project funding, FEMAP had 1.6 full-time equivalents of psychiatrist, a full-time intake assessment clinical social worker, a one-day-per-week addictions therapist, a one-day-per-week family therapist and a receptionist. By 2013, charitable donations had supported hiring a psychologist two days per week.
In early 2009, with the help of the department chair (SF) and support of the St. Joseph's Health Care Hospital board, FEMAP moved from limited hospital space to a renovated house in the community. This provided a much friendlier, welcoming and less stigmatizing environment for youth. With guidance from our health systems evaluation expert (EV), we set about to fully describe and evaluate FEMAP.
FEMAP's goal is to catch mood/anxiety disorders early, identify youth and treat them effectively before they veer off their normal developmental trajectory. The causal and logic models, updated from previous versions (Ross et al. 2012; Osuch et al. 2015), are illustrated in Figure 1. The upper diagram reflects experiences/changes expected in youth with mood/anxiety problems on their pathway to and through care; the logic model presents program activities to effect the expected changes. The logic model includes outputs (program activities) and short-, medium- and long-term outcomes, such as a reduction in ER and inpatient psychiatric service utilization, school dropouts and suicide attempts.
Programmatic activities of Phase I involve community outreach, in-person and in-depth assessment and the establishment and communication of recommendations to youth. The recommendations include acceptance into FEMAP for treatment versus the decision that the youth would be better served in another program or, in rare cases, reassured that no specialty mental healthcare is needed. If youth are referred elsewhere, facilitation of that transition is attempted.
Phase II involves full psychiatric or psychological evaluation, treatment and recovery from illness. Two possible long-term outcomes are: 1) sustained recovery from illness or 2) eventual recurrence of illness requiring episodic care or lack of remission and the need for prolonged care. Due to the natural course of mood and anxiety disorders, some youth will have sustained recovery while others will experience repeated episodes of illness or chronic illness.
Adherence to strict inclusion/exclusion criteria has been essential to optimize scarce resource utilization. These criteria for FEMAP are as follows: mood or anxiety symptoms as the primary problem; age 16–25 (previously 16–26); no developmental delay or severe learning disability; no primary substance use that preceded the onset of mood/anxiety symptoms; no major medical problems; no ongoing legal charges; and less than 18 months of prior psychiatric medication treatment. These criteria were designed for one primary purpose – maximizing the probability that youth admitted into FEMAP could recover with the level of treatment available, given the lack of resources. Youth were screened by using a brief telephone interview.
Results of Innovation
Pathway to Care
Phase I has undergone a process evaluation to determine whether it has been meeting its goals as a pathway to care; the results indicate that the outreach was effective and the model was attracting youth in need of specialty psychiatric care, as indicated by their severity of symptoms and level of functional impairment (Ross et al. 2012; Osuch et al. 2015). Given the ability of youth to access FEMAP without a physician referral, careful screening according to FEMAP inclusion/exclusion criteria and a full in-person assessment by a skilled clinician have been important in reducing over-inclusion of inappropriate patients, a potential negative unintended consequence of open access.
In the early evaluation, approximately 73% of 548 youth who contacted FEMAP were appropriate and were accepted into the program after screening and assessment (Osuch et al. 2015). Recent, newer data indicate that this proportion has increased to 85% in a sample of 607 youth calling for services or referred by a physician, suggesting that the community is getting better at self- (and physician-) screening. Of 897 youth recently assessed, less than 5% were not accepted but only reassured that no specialty services were needed. This indicated that over-inclusion was minimal (Osuch et al. 2015) and the FEMAP telephone screening criteria were highly effective at minimizing clinician time spent with youth not needing specialty care.
The pathway evaluation also revealed that the term first episode is a misnomer in that between 60 and 70% of youth assessed at FEMAP had received prior treatment for mood and/or anxiety concerns (Osuch et al. 2015). This was also evident based on the clinical history of many youth who had not sought prior professional help, but first episode was retained in the program title to encourage youth to connect even when they are unsure if they are "sick enough" to justify reaching out for help.
Referral sources for accessing the program varied. Between 2009 and 2015, a majority of youth (63% of 1332) who came to FEMAP did so from non-physician referrals. In recent years, non-physician referrals included those from post-secondary school services such as university or college guidance (11%) and secondary school services (5%).
Treatment Effectiveness and Cost Comparison
Phase II involves full psychiatric/psychological evaluation, treatment and recovery back to baseline functioning (Figure 1A). The goal of treatment is full recovery with no artificial termination of treatment based on time. Treatment goals include stabilization so that specialty mental healthcare is no longer required; medication administration can be taken over by a family doctor (FMD), if necessary and available.
Figure 2 illustrates the course of symptom severity for depression and anxiety in the first 88 FEMAP patients to be evaluated in our ongoing longitudinal, prospective treatment-effectiveness study. It also illustrates functional improvement and life satisfaction for the same time period. Each clinical measure indicated highly statistically significant improvement over the course of treatment. Further results are pending completion of this effectiveness study. The measure shown in Figure 2A is the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) self-report version, which has 9 questions, and possible scores range from 0 to 27; high score indicates low mood/higher depression and scores greater than 10 indicate probable or undoubted need for treatment (shown by the horizontal line in Figure 2A). MADRS scores were highly significantly better at 4-month follow-up, and fell below the threshold score for need for treatment. The Reiss-Epstein-Gursky Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) (Figure 2B) has16 questions with possible scores ranging from 0 to 64; high score indicates greater anxiety. The Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS)(Figure 2C) has three Likert-scale questions resulting in a total score ranging from 0 to 30. A score of 5 on any one of the subscales indicates clinically significant functional impairment. The bar graph illustrates mean total scores at the three time points shown; there was highly significant improvement in functioning at the 4-month follow-up. The Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire – Short Form (QLESQ)(Figure 2D) has 14-item scale ranging from 14 to 70. Again, the bar graph shows that the youth in treatment at FEMAP experienced a highly significant improvement in their life enjoyment and satisfaction scores.
In spite of high rates of remission in youth with mood/anxiety disorders, there are several possible long-term outcomes. Recovery can be sustained over time or the course of illness can be marked by recurrent episodes, or, for the most ill patients, by the need for prolonged care and incomplete recovery. The probability of subsequent depressive episodes is significantly higher after one depressive episode, even when treatment is optimal (Melartin et al. 2004; Vittengl et al. 2007). Anxiety disorders also can recur (Nay et al. 2013). Thus, as with other episodic illnesses, establishing a positive working relationship with care providers is important so that repeat episodes will be captured early and long-term problems prevented. Often, the only difference between a mild-to-moderate mental illness and a chronic and persistent one is the passage of time and the absence of adequate treatment. A long-term, one-plus year follow-up study of the therapeutic effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of FEMAP is underway.
FEMAP allows youth to return to treatment for subsequent episodes of care, provided they have not drastically aged out of the program. When a youth has been highly engaged with the program, gotten better and been discharged, only to have a recurrence several years later, it is clearly most clinically and economically efficient to have FEMAP treat that individual again.
Formal cost effectiveness studies of FEMAP are pending, but data using several relevant cost comparisons have proven illustrative. In the United Kingdom, the London School of Economics found that paying for non-physician mental healthcare providers (social workers, psychologists) to conduct treatment through the National Health Service provided an overwhelming savings compared with the cost of social assistance (Layard 2006). To conduct a similar but simpler analysis, we compared the cost of 4 months of treatment at FEMAP to several other common mental healthcare–related costs.
The average cost of 4 months of treatment at FEMAP for the first 63 patients in our study was determined by chart review. These costs included all clinician sessions (psychiatrist, psychologist, addictions worker; all group or individual therapy sessions), laboratory tests ordered, and medications prescribed by FEMAP clinicians. This averaged $1634 per patient. In contrast, the cost of compelling an individual to a psychiatric evaluation in an ER using Form 1 of the Mental Health Act in Ontario, plus the cost of the ER visit, was approximately $2188 per patient, based on 330 such cases at the London Health Sciences Centre in fiscal year 2013–2014. Further, the cost of being on the Ontario Disability Support Program for 4 months, based on the pay-out costs to the provincial budget as of September/October of 2014, was $4392 per patient. From these estimated cost comparisons, it is reasonable to suspect that effective, early, outpatient treatment of youth with mood/anxiety disorders may be a much wiser investment of social dollars than failing to treat these illnesses in the early stages and paying the longer-term consequences.
In the context of a research project, we interviewed patients about their past experiences with mental healthcare in general and with FEMAP in particular. Responses revealed how youth experienced the mental healthcare system and the path to receiving care within it. Illustrative quotes are below.
Comparing previous mental healthcare services to FEMAP, one young man stated:
…outside of FEMAP, trying to find an appointment with a psychiatrist was freaking ludicrous, like it was unreal, and I can't even begin to imagine the situation I would have been in if I wasn't supported by my parents. Like I don't even know, man, what people must be going through. It was insane. So that like blew my mind, especially when we talk about how this is Canada and universal healthcare and all that, and it's completely inaccessible. (male, age 25)
About getting help at FEMAP: "It has gotten easier. The first couple of times … it's the hardest thing in the world trying to open up to a complete stranger, [to tell them] something you've never told another living soul."
About his treatment provider at FEMAP this individual stated:
She really does seem to care, and uhh, [is] talking a lot more than any other doctor I've had. Like I was afraid of it at first, but I've really started to – I don't think 'enjoy' is the right word – but it's good…. This is the first place I've come to where I've actually felt a proper patient–doctor dynamic. I'm more than just a chart. They actually want to find out what's wrong and deal with that.
In contrast, regarding prior treatment in other settings, he stated: "And, yeah, just the in and out, the in and out like, 'Just take these pills,' just doesn't work." (male, age 26)
There is an expectation that FMDs will be the major providers of mental healthcare for youth with mood and anxiety concerns. However, some youth had strong opinions about that model:
I was uncomfortable especially because a family doctor to me doesn't … like you go there for physical things. That's what was in my mind and I was like, 'How am I supposed to tell him what's going on? Like, he's probably going to judge me and stuff like that, because I'll have to go back to him later to talk about physical things and it might be awkward' …. It was very awkward, yeah. Umm, he is definitely more of, like, a medical kind of guy and I didn't feel comfortable telling him my feelings at all and umm, I just wanted to get out of there as soon as possible. (female, age 18)
The need to have an empathic treatment provider who cared emerged repeatedly.
Well, I was treated like a person, not a … just some experiment or study. I sort of expected having [the treatment providers at FEMAP] just be there to help me get better, but I didn't think that they would necessarily invest all the time and emotion that they did into me…. But they still did because they genuinely cared about me, and I wasn't expecting that. (female, age 17)
Challenges and Ongoing Need
There have been challenges along the way. FEMAP has assumed care for several patient groups that it was not specifically designed for. This was done to provide care for youth who would have otherwise gone untreated. This has included youth with posttraumatic stress disorder; youth with eating disorders (ED) not ready to accept specialized ED treatment but who had substantial mood/anxiety symptomatology; and youth with substance use disorders, mostly isolated to cannabis and/or alcohol use. Secondary substance use is quite common in youth presenting with mood/anxiety symptoms and we have found cannabis use to be associated with lower functioning in this population (Osuch et al. 2013).
Conversely, a feature that FEMAP intended to maintain but has not been able to is rapid response. There was a 65% increase in requests for service between March 2013 and May 2015, with over 35 new contacts per month, over 80% of whom are appropriate for the service. With no resources forthcoming for stable clinical salaries and no way to hire new clinical staff, this has led to long wait times. The wait for entry into FEMAP has gone from 2 weeks to over five months – a wait that is truly unacceptable for an early intervention program. This should be rectified without compromising the quality of service delivered by the program, and the most effective way to do so would be to add psychiatric support.
The complementary challenge is the discharge of youth from the program, as specified as an unintended consequence in the logic model (Figure 1B). While the average youth is substantially improved in only 4 months of treatment or less, some need more. Generally, this is not a matter of determining who will prescribe stable doses of medications to youth who are doing well. Even without a FMD, such youth are not a substantial expenditure to the system because renewing a prescription once or twice per year is not an onerous cost. The problem arises when youth do not get better quickly with treatment.
While some mental healthcare systems address the challenge of treatment refractoriness by placing limits on duration of treatment, such an approach is not consistent with the medical model or best practice (McIntyre and O'Donovan 2004). It would not be considered acceptable for the treatment of other episodic/chronic medical illnesses to terminate treatment based on a certain number of sessions. Consider a clinic for diabetes where people with unstable diabetes are discharged to no care after 10 sessions even when their blood sugar is poorly controlled. Oddly, mental healthcare appears to be unique within the medical model in deciding on end of treatment based on factors other than the patient's condition.
FEMAP provides an example of a well-characterized healthcare delivery model for early intervention for mood and anxiety disorders in transition-aged youth. The model's pathway to care, treatment effectiveness and cost-effectiveness have all been studied or are under research investigation.
The program has been able to engage the population it aims to help – youth in the early stages of dysfunction from mood and/or anxiety disorders, with or without secondary addiction issues. Symptom severity and level of function of the youth studied were highly significantly improved with treatment. Youth appear to have a positive experience with the service and feel comfortable with the clinicians they receive care from.
Self-referral did not result in the over-inclusion of inappropriate patients and appeared to make little difference when discharging youth who no longer needed psychiatric expertise.
Some youth with other related mental health challenges found help at FEMAP, where alternatives were not otherwise accessible in the community.
A preliminary cost comparison of FEMAP appeared excellent — the cost of treating mood/anxiety disorders effectively in their early stages is far less than the cost of waiting until youth require ER visits, hospitalization or social assistance. Mood and anxiety disorders with or without comorbid addiction issues account for a large component of mental illnesses with their onset in youth and are highly treatable, making programs such as FEMAP a clear benefit to the overall mental healthcare system design. We conclude that this is an appropriate use of specialty psychiatric resources.
Provincial commitment to fund programs like FEMAP is imperative. With a wait time now growing from two weeks several years ago to over five months currently, FEMAP is destined to collapse as it fails to meet the rapid response needed for an early intervention strategy, even while the need/demand for its services increases.
Next steps could include incorporation of this model into a test site of province-wide hubs to provide comprehensive care to transition-aged youth, as inspired by the Boeckh Foundation and related advocates for youth mental healthcare (Snowdon 2014).
On the contrary, as long as a young person is continuing to make even small progress and there is no better, alternative place for the youth to get treatment, she or he can continue at FEMAP. Therefore, FEMAP clinicians have had to become sensitive to when youth are not motivated to change and create incentives for them to do so or abandon efforts at treatment and discharge them until such motivation is forthcoming.
Funding and Conflict of Interests
Dr. Osuch holds an investigator initiated award from Pfizer. There is no conflict of interest with that award and any contents of this manuscript. No conflict of interest exists for this study for any of the authors. This project was funded by grants from the Academic Health Services Centres Alternate Funding Plan Innovation Fund. Support also came from the Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London Health Sciences Centre, the St. Joseph's Health Care System, and the Lawson Health Research Institute.
Elizabeth A. Osuch, M.D., University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Psychiatry, London Health Sciences Centre; Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario. Dr. Osuch can be reached by email at: Elizabeth.osuch@lhsc.on.ca.
Evelyn Vingilis, Ph.D, University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry: Department of Family Medicine; The Western Centre for Public Health and Family Medicine
Sandra Fisman, M.D., University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Psychiatry, London Health Sciences Centre; University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Departments of Psychiatry, Pediatrics and Family Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre
Carolyn Summerhurst, M.S.W., University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Psychiatry, London Health Sciences Centre
The authors would like to thank the FEMAP team during the time of the project. Results of this work were also presented at the Innovation Fund (AMOSO) Showcase; Toronto, ON; 28 November 2013 poster presentation and the Innovation Fund (AMOSO) Showcase; Toronto, ON; 18 November 2010 poster presentation.
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Royal Mail have become "incredibly uncompetitive", says MyParcelDelivery.com founder
Here's how Smarta 100 winners MyParcelDelivery.com are looking to use this to grab a bigger market share.
"The new prices the Royal Mail has introduced make it incredibly uncompetitive in the parcel delivery market," said David Grimes, founder of MyParcelDelivery.com. "Business customers don't fare any better, with the same size parcel costing just as much for them, regardless of the amount of parcels sent."
Royal Mail contract prices increased by an average of 5% on 2 April and a 2.5% fuel surcharge was placed on small businesses. The decision sent instant ripples around the parcel delivery industry.
With private companies now a more cost effective option than ever before, MyParcelDelivery.com has taken full advantage of the situation.
Closer competition
"We saw an immediate jump," Grimes said. "We ran a big email campaign highlighting our services and saw a great response in orders."
Until recently, private companies have found it very difficult to compete on price with the Royal Mail but that's changed. Now, the Royal Mail is relying on its market position within parcel delivery to remain the biggest brand.
"Their branding is still a problem for us," Grimes said. "Not enough people are aware of what we do. Our biggest challenge is getting small businesses to realise they don't have to tread down to the post office."
Grimes doesn't believe Royal Mail will stop being a prominent player in the market. Their heritage and competitiveness in letter delivery will keep their name growing.
"However, when it comes to parcels," Grimes continues, "their high prices and the alternative options that can be utilised by small businesses mean they will struggle to compete with the rest of the market."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This Month's edition of the monthly unplugged acoustic showcase will be a benefit for the Japan relief effort. All the proceeds will go to the Hands for Japan project which will match the money made at the event and send it straight to the Red Cross. Please come out for an amazingly intimate night at the Red Room for a great cause and wonderful performers.


Protocol is pleased to be working alongside a leading Further Education provider to recruit for an experienced Construction and Built Environment Lecturer.
This is a fantastic opportunity to pass on your skills at Further Education level and inspire the next generation. Working in a vibrant and positive learning environment, you will be responsible for delivering the following units Unit 1 Health and Safety, Unit 2 Sustainable Construction, Unit 4 Science and Materials, Unit 5 Construction Technology and Design, Unit 8 Graphical Detailing, Unit 11 Economics and Finance in Built Environment, Unit 21 Project in Built Environment and Unit 2 Sustainable Construction. The level 4 units would include teaching: Unit 1 Design Principles and Application for Construction and Unit 6 Health, Safety and Welfare for Construction Built Environment.
*Hold a minimum level 4 qualification in specialist area.


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If the certificate is in the local certificate store of the device, Cisco Jabber trusts the certificate.
Cisco Jabber connects to the service without prompting the user to accept or decline the certificate.
As I mentioned, there is no easy, or pretty, way to get a list, but at least the above method will get you full versions as RTMT might not. If someone tries the query and lets me know the results they have, and if they had any CPU spikes and how many users they got / have, I can update this with more accurate data.Go to Jabber FAQ Content Table Yes, but SRST will be supported in Phone-Only mode or Full UC mode on UC manager 9.x and later.Jabber client will failover to SRST as long as it was already logged in.You can get the info in RTMT using Device Search, and you can limit the search for CSF devices, and you'll get the list of ALL devices and the version.I found about another alternative, right now I only have Jabber for Windows registered, but I believe this might work with ALL Jabber options.


TV Mount - Plasma / LCD / LED - Super Slim Fixed 52"-65"
Or 6 payments from $24.73 incl. GST What's this?
The SFSS03 super slim is one of the world's slimmest brackets at only 24mm from the wall. Makes the TV look like its almost stuck on the wall. With Plasma, LCD and LED TVs getting slimmer, the super slim is a real statement in looks and quality. Also comes with a locking bar for added security. Comes with full mounting kit for wall and TV fixing.


Orange Marmalade Cinnamon Rolls - Hi, friend Popular Recipes, in this article entitled Orange Marmalade Cinnamon Rolls, we have prepared this article well and concise to be easy to understand for you to read and can be taken inside information. hopefully the contents of the post Article baking, Article food, Article recipe, Article rolls, that we write this you can understand and useful. okay, happy reading.
Ever since I took part in the Willow Bird Baking challenges this past fall, I've been wanting to make orange sweet rolls. There was something about them that intrigued me and I definitely wanted to see what they were all about. This Sunday I had some free time so I gave them a try! When it came down to the recipe I decided to use as much orange flavor as possible while still trying to incorporate a traditional filling into the rolls. Turns out that was a great idea! The cinnamon flavor was subtle but really complimented the sweet and citrusy flavor of the marmalade inside. To finish them off I topped the rolls with a zesty cream cheese frosting which melted nicely over them. They were fluffy, full of citrus flavor and dripping with a gooey creamy frosting- absolutely delicious! Stephen was a huge fan and so was I! These will definitely go into my "must make again soon" pile!
1. In a glass 2-cup measuring cup, warm milk in the microwave for 45 seconds on high. Sprinkle in yeast and 2 tbsp. of sugar (subtract it from the ½ c. of sugar listed above) and mix gently. Let mixture stand for 5 minutes or until bubbly and foamy.
2. Meanwhile, combine remaining sugar, butter, eggs, salt, extract and zest into the bowl of a stand mixer fitted with the paddle attachment. Mix for 15 seconds or until mixture is just combined. Once yeast/milk mixture is bubbly, with mixing speed on low, alternate liquid and flour (use 4½ c. and then add the extra ½ c. if needed) until combined.
3. Switch to the hook attachment and "knead" dough on the lowest speed for 6-8 minutes or until smooth and firm. Remove dough from bowl and place into a large lightly greased metal or glass bowl. Cover tightly with plastic wrap and allow to rise for 1½ hours.
4. Once dough has risen, roll out into a large rectangle. Spread butter on top, then marmalade. In a small mixing bowl combine brown sugar, cinnamon, vanilla and orange zest. Sprinkle on top of butter/marmalade mixture. Roll the dough lengthwise into a large log. Using dental floss cut in half, then continue by cutting each section in half and repeating (I do it this way to get even cuts and an even amount of rolls).
5. Place rolls into a large 9x13 pan or two 9" pie pans (you will want to use baking spray to prevent them from sticking to the bottoms and sides) leaving at least an inch around each roll. Cover with plastic wrap and allow to rise for 30 more minutes. Once rolls have risen, place in the oven at 400 degrees for 18-20 minutes or until golden brown on top. While rolls bake, prepare the glaze by combining all ingredients in a large bowl and mixing until smooth.
6. Remove rolls from oven and allow to cool for 15 minutes before pouring the frosting over top. Spread the frosting evenly. Allow to sit for an additional 10 minutes before serving.
Thank You and Good article Orange Marmalade Cinnamon Rolls this time, hopefully can benefit for you all. see you in other article postings.


Energy Fuels Inc. and Ur-Energy Inc. (the petitioners) have jointly submitted a petition to the U.S. Department of Commerce for relief under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 from imports of uranium products from state-owned and state-subsidized enterprises in Russia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. According to the petition, such imports now supply nearly 40 percent of U.S. demand and threaten U.S. national security. Despite uranium's critical role in the United States supporting clean electricity and the national defense, "imports of cheap, foreign state-subsidized uranium have swelled in recent years to the point that domestic suppliers currently provide less than 5% of our nation's demand." As recently as 1980, the petitioners argue, "U.S. producers supplied nearly 100% of our domestic uranium needs, and in 1989 the DOC initiated a Section 232 investigation at the request of the U.S. Department of Energy ("DOE") because of concerns that uranium imports exceeded 37.5% at that time. The problem is far worse now." The petition also notes that China is significantly growing its state-owned nuclear enterprises and intends to penetrate the U.S. market with nuclear fuel that will directly compete with U.S. uranium miners. Under U.S. law, the petitioners argue that the warheads in U.S. nuclear weapons must be manufactured from uranium sourced from U.S. mines; tritium (an essential component of nuclear weapons) must be produced in a U.S. reactor using domestic uranium; and highly-enriched and fabricated uranium fuel for the U.S. Navy must be U.S. in origin. If this import trend continues and the condition of the U.S. uranium mining industry continues to worsen, the petitioners contend that the United States will lose the ability to supply these essential national security requirements with domestic sources. The petition seeks remedies that will set a quota to limit U.S. uranium imports, effectively reserving 25 percent of the U.S. nuclear market for U.S. uranium production. It also seeks implementation of a requirement for U.S. federal utilities and agencies to buy U.S. uranium in accordance with President Trump's Buy American policy.
Once the Department of Commerce initiates the investigation, it will have 270 days to prepare a report for the president. Following receipt of that report, the president will have 90 days to act on any recommendations and take action if necessary to "adjust the imports of an article and its derivatives" and/or pursue other lawful non-trade related actions necessary to address the threat. A full copy of the petition is available on Energy Fuels' website.


This post is based on organising life, which is one of my favourite topics to write on. It speaks about managing your life when you work in a full-time job. You are so occupied that you find it difficult to squeeze in time for yourself and your friends and family. You can't even accommodate to do your basic tasks in your daily hustle.
I received a request from a friend who solemnly cribbed about how she faces this problem. She further added how she cannot make time for staying fit, meeting her friends or managing her tasks due to the overpacked schedule. If you relate with my friend and have a similar issue, then continue reading.
I think the biggest concern, especially after understanding how passive we've become and the kind of junk we eat is losing fats and staying fit. We sit at our desks the whole day, casually munching on chips or doughnuts. We do try to burn down fats by having a cup of green tea religiously, however, under the rose, we know that it's not going to suffice alone; we know that we need to get our bodies working. Therefore, we try our best to join a gym or probably, unsystematically perform yoga in the morning before we leave.
The top of the heap way to tackle this problem is to work out at home. You don't require fancy gym-wear or a gym membership or an accomplice for a jog. All you need is about 15 minutes of your morning time.
On weekdays, instead of waking up at the usual 6 o'clock, wake up at 5:45 am and exercise. You need to cover all your body parts. Firstly, start with stretching, followed by 12 Suryanamaskars. Then, work on those abs: Go for 30 situps and three more sets of other stomach exercises. Next, cardio exercises: 200 jumps would be enough. Lastly, work on your arms: Do push-ups depending on how much is your capacity. And then, reverse push-ups and mountain-climbers, again depending on your capacity. By following this 15-minute workout, you concentrate on your entire body. And, I always believe that it is better to work out a little regularly than to not move your body at all.
Apart from that, on weekends, you can go for a jog in a nearby park with your friends. This could be a perfect dose of refreshment as you combine working out and finding a solution to problem number 2 at the same time.
If you haven't been bugged even once by your friends saying how busy you are and how you don't have enough time for them, then I wonder, are they even your friends? All of us are taunted by our buds every now and then. Few of us religiously make time every weekend for drinks, but not everyone is a regular drinker. And, when you're working in a full-time job, I'm assuming you're already in your mid-20s, where you don't have just one set of friends. You have school friends, society friends, junior college friends, grad and postgrad friends, work colleagues, and your better halves to spend your weekends with. And, on top of that, if a friend from abroad is visiting your city, then an impromptu meet is added to the already long list of the catch-ups.
On weekdays, if for once you are free by 8:00 pm, you can meet your partner for a date, a movie or just binge-eating chaat. Once a week, you can catch up with your friends instead of your partner.
On weekends, according to the number of groups you're a part of, prioritise. You can meet your fast friends every month, you can meet your casual friends once every two months, and so on. The best way to rebound could be going on weekend trips. You can camp, trek, or simply rewind in a resort; hire a villa, or once every three months, go to Goa! The best way, eh?
Doing a full-time job, meeting friends and spending time with your partner is relatively done easily, but you know what you're missing out on? Your family. We're so used to the idea of weekends and finally chilling after a week of work, that we feel we're ought to have fun every weekend. But, when you're out, partying or simply having coffee with friends, your parents are in the dire need of spending time with their children. Just sit down and reflect, how many weekends have you spent with your family? Having breakfast or lunch together is fine, but then, have you been giving yourself to the family lately? If the answer is yes, you're doing a great job in balancing life, my friend; but if you're not, then, time to alter your schedule a bit.
When you plan for a weekend getaway trip, don't forget to include family getaways too. Once every six months, you can do a family outing. Put a leave of five days, and go on a family vacation somewhere. It's a nice way to gel up with them. You learn so many new things and understand that they have developed new habits over the months. You also realise they're getting old as they're not as active as they used to be. Another great way is to sit down with them every night and share your day and ask them about theirs as well.
So now, in a gist, if I have to divide my problems and make a schedule, then this is how it would be.
Since one of the two days of the weekends you have a job to go to, it means you only have one day––which is a Sunday––in a week to crunch in all the things.
This section basically tells you how you can manage your weekdays and your Sunday in such a way that you are able to kill all your problems.
So let's talk about weekdays first: What can you do on weekdays that can help you make the most of them?
Firstly, carry a diary every day to the office. And, I suggest you carry a diary that you would really be using; something you would love using. For instance, if you adore cute hearts, then go for a pretty diary. If you're a Potter Head, go for a Harry Potter themed diary and so on. The second thing while choosing a diary is its length, breadth, and the weight. The thicker the diary, the more reluctant you will be to carry it. So pick a diary that has lesser pages.
If you're not a fan of the blue and black inks, then you can use coloured-ink pens. I really love those by Uni-Ball brand; they're brilliant!
So once you're sorted with a pen and a diary, you can start noting down the tasks. You can also divide them according to the priorities: The topmost would be the highly important ones followed by not so important and then the least important that you know are not timely. When you keep a little diary and a pen with you every day, you are aware of your game; you know what is supposed to be done when.
Again on weekdays, as I mentioned in the first section, you can work out and stay fit by utilising the mornings. I don't care if you leave your house at 7 o'clock, you must work out for 10 to 15 minutes in the morning. It's so easy; you don't need to join a gym for that. Honestly, it's all about moving your body which you were not able to because of your overpacked schedule.
Next, to keep up with your water intake or to ensure that you're not eating anything junk, you need to avoid eating outside food. Even if you do, make sure it's a healthy dish. The best way is to carry tiffin from your home––and no, it's not uncool at all! If due to some reason, you're not able to carry a tiffin, then join a tiffin service. Every day, a guy delivers you a lunch box which has rotis, rice, sabzis, dals, etc.
And when it comes to drinking water, keep a one-litre bottle at your desk. It doesn't matter how many times you're visiting the loo. Just screw what others think and drink as much water as possible.
Last but not the least is keeping your outfits ready the night before work. It's simple; just keep out the top, the bottom, the accessories and the lipstick, and you have a little extra time next morning, which you can utilise for working out.
I am aware that Sunday mornings are usually spent sleeping. There's no harm in doing that and I say, continue sleeping till 10:00 am on Sundays. Once you're awake and back to your senses, you can dedicate the slot after for self-pampering. You can paint your nails, wash your hair, put on a face mask, and so on. Then, once you're fresh after a nice shower, it is time to help your parents with the household chores. Make sure that every Sunday, you cook lunch. I know your mom makes delicious non-veg food on Sundays, but then, you're an adult now; you need to take over responsibilities. Learn your mom's secret ways of all the chicken and fish recipes, and who knows? You might beat her in that?
Next, in the afternoons, you can organize your life. Well, just turn on the air conditioner and start organising your room. You can declutter your closet, your bag or whatever clean-up you need in the house. You can dedicate each Sunday afternoon according to these chores. And after all this, you can take a nap for an hour, followed by having tea with parents.
As mentioned earlier, you can spend your evenings meeting friends and your partner. You can club two things together: meet your friends and partner at once, or shop with your friends, or jog with your partner, or run errands with your friends, and so on.
How do you manage your time when working full-time?
Matheran – The Forgotten Hill Station?


text:
Animals in the News
in Animals, News
It's time once more for a look into the animal kingdom and our interactions with the countless other species that share our planet. Today's photos include a fiery Spanish festival, a frightening encounter with a leopard in India, a flamingo undergoing laser treatment, a new species named in honor of entertainer Beyonce, and the plight of Ukraine's "vodka bears". These images and many others are part of this roundup of animals in the news from recent weeks, seen from the perspectives of their human observers, companions, captors, and caretakers. [42 photos total]
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A man rides a horse through a bonfire on January 16, 2012 in the small village of San Bartolome de Pinares, Spain. In honor of San Anton, the patron saint of animals, horses are ridden through the bonfires on the night before the official day of honoring animals in Spain. (Jasper Juinen/Getty Images) #
A veterinarian places a monkey on the table for sterilization inside an operation theatre at a monkey rescue center run by forest and wildlife department Tutikandi in the northern Indian hill town of Shimla November 14, 2011. The Himachal Pradesh state government is offering a reward of 500 Indian Rupees ($9.50) for every monkey caught by a member of the public in an effort to control their numbers. Monkeys are increasingly seen as a nuisance in places like the capital Shimla, where they harass people and other animals on the roads and rifle through garbage bins looking for food. Monkeys caught are taken to one of four sterilization centres, where they are neutered before being released back into the same area where they were trapped. (Reuters/Mukesh Gupta) #
A leopard (Panthera pardus) attacks and wounds Pintu Dey, an Indian laborer in a residential neighborhood of Silphukhuri area in Guwahati, India, on January 7, 2012. Three people were seriously injured in the leopard attack before the cat was tranquilized and taken to Assam state zoo. Pintu Dey, in his 40s, is recovering in a hospital in India's northeastern state of Assam after being badly mauled outside his house. (AFP/Getty Images) #
Dew drops gather on a spider as it rests on its web during the early morning in Lalitpur, India, on October 11, 2011. (Reuters/Navesh Chitrakar) #
Horses rear on a frosted field in Quorn, England, on January 16, 2012. (Reuters/Darren Staples) #
The reflection of fish farmer Aurelien Bergeron, standing in front of silver bream in a tank at the Frioul fish farm near the southern French city of Marseille, on January 12, 2012. 60 tons of organic fish are raised each year in this aquaculture facility, with 50% of the production being sold to local supermarkets, 25% sent to Switzerland, 20% sent to Parisian restaurants and 5% for local restaurants. (Boris Horvat/AFP/Getty Images) #
A reveler runs from a bull with flaming horns during a festival in honor of Saint Anthony, the patron saint of animals, in the streets of Gilet, a town near Valencia, Spain, in the early hours of Sunday, January 15, 2012. (AP Photo/Alberto Saiz) #
From left, Busch Gardens senior veterinarian Alex Cole and zoo educators Missy Brazle and Anthony Augello prepare to perform a laser treatment on the feet of a flamingo named Brownie at Busch Garden's new animal care center Thursday, January 12, 2011 in Tampa, Florida, (AP Photo/Tampa Bay Times, Edmund D. Fountain) #
Mushers and their dogs wait for the mass start of the eighth stage of the La Grande Odyssee sled dogs race in Bessans, France, on January 16, 2012. The race crosses the French Alps, covering over 1000 km (621 miles) over 11 days. (Reuters/Denis Balibouse) #
A bullfrog hops on the field as Carlos Costly #13 of Honduras brings the ball up in the rain against the USA at Sun Life Stadium on October 8, 2011 in Miami Gardens, Florida. (Marc Serota/Getty Images) #
A horse fly species found in northern Australia named "Scaptia (Plinthina) beyoncea" due to its golden lower abdomen is shown in this handout image in Canberra made available January 13, 2012. The previously un-named species has been named in honor of American entertainer Beyonce by Australian scientist Bryan Lessard according to the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization's (CSIRO) blog. (Reuters/CSIRO/Bryan Lessard) #
Deer carcases hang from a swingset after being cleaned in Ladora, Iowa, on December 27, 2011. (Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images) #
Rats for sale wait to be slaughtered in Canh Nau village, 40 km (25 miles) west of Hanoi, Vietnam, on December 25, 2011. Canh Nau is known as rat meat village where people eat rats as well as other kinds of meat from animals such as pigs, cows, chickens. One kilogram of slaughtered rats costs 80,000 dong ($3.80). (Reuters/Kham) #
A boy and his pony make their way to church to be blessed by priests on St. Stephens day in Srednja Vas, Slovenia, on December 26, 2011. (Reuters/Srdjan Zivulovic) #
Ozark hellbenders, just after hatching at the St. Louis Zoo, on November 11, 2011 in St. Louis, Missouri. The rare Ozark hellbender, an endangered amphibian found only in a few Missouri and Arkansas counties, has been successfully bred in captivity for the first time, offering new hope for the animal's survival, scientists involved in the breeding effort said Wednesday, November 30, 2011. (AP Photo/St Louis Zoo, Mark Wanner) #
Mahouts ride an elephant after collecting food from Chitwan National Park at Sauraha in Chitwan, about 170 km (106 miles) south of Kathmandu, on December 27, 2011. (Reuters/Navesh Chitrakar) #
Daniel, a cat with two extra toes on each of his feet, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on November 17, 2011. The genetic mutation is called polydactylism and even though Daniel is two toes shy of a Guinness World Record, he's helping Milwaukee shelter officials raise money to buy a new home after they learned their rent was being doubled. (AP Photo/Carrie Antlfinger) #
Adrian Walls, Team Leader of Birds poses in the Penguin Beach area as he participates in the annual stock take at London Zoo in central London January 4, 2012. The annual number count of over 16,000 mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, invertebrates and amphibians is a compulsory part of the zoo license renewal. (Reuters/Toby Melville) #
Animals rights activists carry dead animals in a demonstration to protest the treatment of animals, in Madrid's Puerta del Sol square December 10, 2011. The activists, holding up some 400 animal carcases, were marking International Animal Rights Day, according to animal rights organization Animal Equality. (Reuters/Juan Medina) #
A swan swims on the Strelasund arm of the Baltic Sea near Stralsund and the island of Ruegen, Germany, as dark clouds hang on the horizon on January 9, 2012. (Stefan Sauer/AFP/Getty Images) #
The sun shining through a fabric barrier gives a rippled effect on a horses coat at Plumpton racecourse in Plumpton, England, on January 02, 2012. (Alan Crowhurst/Getty Images) #
A firefighter rescues a dog from a fire in the shantytown Favela do Moinho in Sao Paulo, Brazil, on December 22, 2011. The fire started in a vacant building and spread to the shantytown where about 200 homes were destroyed and one person was found dead, according to local media reports. (AP Photo/Andre Penner) #
A monkey plays with a discarded piece of plastic in New Delhi, India, on January 10, 2012. Discarded plastics kill thousands of animals worldwide, some suffocating, and others ingesting them mistakenly as food. (AP Photo/Saurabh Das) #
Volunteers give treatment to dogs after rescuing them at a disused pig farm in Chongqing municipality, China, on January 17, 2012. The dogs, among which some are pet dogs, were to be transported to Guangdong to be slaughtered before being rescued by local volunteers at the highway in Chongqing on Monday. Volunteers estimate that the total sum of the dogs has reached 1,000, local media reported. (Reuters/Stringer) #
A zookeeper poses with a Jungle Nymph stick insect during a media event for the annual stocktake at Whipsnade Zoo in Bedfordshire, England, on January 10, 2012. (Reuters/Olivia Harris) #
A moose calf stands next to its mother after she had been hit by a vehicle in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, on December 16, 2011. The mother moose, whose right rear leg was shattered, was shot by wildlife officials to put it out of its misery. The incident comes as Jackson Hole's moose population continues to plummet due to a combination of vehicle accidents, disease, predators and loss of habitat. (AP Photo/Courtesy of Wyoming Game and Fish Department via the Jackson Hole News and Guide, Jerry Longobardi) #
A panda cub looks at a toy dragon, a New Year gift, in a nursery room at China's Giant Panda Protection and Research Center in Ya'an, southwest China's Sichuan province December 31, 2011. (Reuters/China Daily) #
A black rhino is transported by helicopter in South Africa. The seventh black rhino population established by the WWF Black Rhino Range Expansion Project was released after an epic trip across the country. Nineteen of the critically endangered animals were moved from the Eastern Cape to a new location in Limpopo province. (AP Photo/Green Renaissance-World Wildlife Fund) #
Two wrestling camels fight at the Pamucak arena during the Selcuk-Efes Camel Wrestling Festival in the town of Selcuk, near the western Turkish coastal city of Izmir, on January 15, 2012. Hundreds of wrestling camels competed in the annual event watched by thousands of enthusiasts in western Turkey. (Reuters/Murad Sezer) #
An Asian short-clawed otter eats a fish in its enclosure at Chester Zoo in Chester, England, on January 5, 2012. The smallest of the world's otter species are part of a breeding programm at the zoo as they are classed as being vulnerable in the wild. (Reuters/Phil Noble) #
Triston Katic, 12, of Houston, spends some time with a kitten in its cage during the SPCA's winter "Critter Camp", on December 19, 2011, in Houston, Texas. The camp gives kids hands-on time with shelter dogs, cats and farm animals. Kids get a chance to learn fun and new facts about the animals and do animal-themed crafts, activities and games. (AP Photo/Houston Chronicle/Nick de la Torre) #
A man is thrown by a bull during a traditional "Corraleja" or bullfight in Turbaco, Bolivar, Colombia, on January 1, 2012. (Blas Cervantes/AFP/Getty Images) #
A giraffe licks its lips at the Houston Zoo, on December 1, 2011. (AP Photo/Houston Chronicle, Johnny Hanson) #
Rosa, a 5-year-old female bear, lives in a cage near a gas station in Lityn, 400 km (245 mi) away from Kiev, Ukraine, seen on December 15, 2011. The Vier Pfoten (Four Paws) Animal Welfare Foundation started a bear rescue project together with the Ukrainian Ministry of Environment Natural Resources and the Rehabilitation Bears Center in Synvyr, Ukraine. According to the Vier Pfoten, unofficial statistics count more than 100 bears kept in captivity by private owners in restaurants, hotels and gas stations as tourist attractions. They are known as vodka bears as customers give them alcohol drinks for fun. (Reuters/Mihai Vasile/Vier Pfoten/Handout) #
A cat plays with a mouse on December 8, 2011 in Arnsberg, Germany. (Julian Stratenschulte/AFP/Getty Images) #
A Belarussian hunter carries a beaver he caught in a trap in a canal, near the village of Khatenchitsy, some 60 km (37 miles) north of Minsk, on December 7, 2011. (Reuters/Vasily Fedosenko) #
Dogs wait to be slaughtered in a cage for sale as food in Duong Noi village, outside Hanoi, Vietnam, on December 16, 2011. While animal rights activists have condemned eating dog meat as cruel treatment of the animals, it is still an accepted popular delicacy for some Vietnamese, as well in some other Asian countries. (Reuters/Kham) #
The hand of a mahout rests on his elephant as he prepares for a beauty contest during the Elephant Race event at Sauraha in Chitwan, about 170 km (106 mi) south of Kathmandu, on December 28, 2011. (Reuters/Navesh Chitrakar) #
Siberian tigers approach a keeper's car as they wait to be fed at the Siberian Tiger Forest Park in Harbin, China, on December 27, 2011. More than 800 Siberian tigers are currently living in the park, which is also a breeding center for this endangered species, local media reported. (Reuters/Sheng Li) #
Hadley is pictured inside Sarah Uzarski's apartment in Michigan, on December 1, 2011. Hadley was brought back to health by the Humane Society of West Michigan after it was doused with gasoline and set on fire in 2009. (AP Photo/The Grand Rapids Press, Cory Morse) #
A stag's breath is visible in the morning light in Richmond Park, London, on January 14, 2012. (Leon Neal/AFP/Getty Images) #
Watson, a 5-year-old American bald eagle, takes flight in Long Branch State Park in Macon, Missouri, on January 8, 2012. Near center, in red, is 82 year old Ruth Payton, terminally ill with hemolytic anemia. Payton said she had always wanted to see a bald eagle. Her hospice worker, Randi Petre, contacted the University of Missouri's Raptor Rehabilitation Project, which arranged for Payton to come see Watson be released back into the wild. The eagle was brought to to the Raptor Rehabilitation Project last month after being found in Randolph County with severe lead poisoning, likely the result of ingesting contaminated fish or deer. (AP Photo/Columbia Daily Tribune, Matthew Cavanah) #
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text:
Q: Instream and Stream Whats the difference between the two? Are they the same thing ?
In Stream API
Filter
Stream<T> filter(Predicate<? super T> predicate)
Returns a stream consisting of the elements of this stream that match the given predicate.
This is an intermediate operation.
mapToInt
IntStream mapToInt(ToIntFunction<? super T> mapper)
Returns an IntStream consisting of the results of applying the given function to the elements of this stream.
This is an intermediate operation.
Filter returns a stream and mapToInt returns an IntStream.

A: IntStream -> Stream of only int
Stream   -> Stream of Objects (any objects including Integer, Double, Long, String, etc.)

A: Are they the same thing ?
Both are extendingBaseStream. Thus they have a common interface. But the methods filter and mapToInt don't belong to this interface.
Whats the difference between the two?
Stream<T> is a Stream of T where T is a generic type parameter of Stream. Since a generic type parameter cannot have a primitive type as type argument there is no way to declare a Stream<int>. To have a stream of primitive integers a dedicated type IntStream has been defined.
If you have a Stream<Integer> and want to use the methods the type IntStream offers (i.e. min(), toArray()) you need first to convert the Integer elements to int elements. This is the task of the method mapToInt which applied on a Stream<T> will return an IntStream. To convert the elements to int this method takes a Function which does the actual mapping/conversion.
For example:
    int[] arrayOfPositiveInts = Stream.of(0, 1, 2, 3, 4)
            .filter(i -> i > 0)
            .mapToInt(Integer::intValue)
            .toArray();

This shows the filter method which is applied on Stream<Integer> but uses unboxing to compare the Integer elements with int 0. The method mapToInt uses the method Integer.intValue() to explicitly return for an Integer the corresponding int value.
Because of unboxing you could also use:
.mapToInt(i -> i)

But Function.identity() whose implementation does the same will not work:
.mapToInt(Function.identity()
because it (JavaDoc):

always returns its input argument.

The type of the Stream is Integer whereas mapToInt expects an int.
Summarizing:
The difference between Stream and IntStream (according to the title of this question) is the type of the streamed elements. Stream handles arbitrary reference types. IntStream is a dedicated type dealing with elements of primitive int type. And of course both types offer different methods.

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Home University News Jain (Deemed-to-be-University) to commence its School of Creative and Liberal Education
Jain (Deemed-to-be-University) to commence its School of Creative and Liberal Education
New Delhi: Ranked consistently among the top universities in India, Jain (Deemed-to-be University) announced the commencement of its School of Creative and Liberal Education under the mentorship of Dr. Indira Parikh (Former Founder President of FLAME University and Former Dean of IIM-Ahmedabad).
The University also announced the launch of Dr. Chenraj Roychand scholarship for students considering opting for graduation courses in creative and liberal education. A total of Rs. 2.25 Lakh will be awarded to the top 3 scorers of the scholarship assessment as part of an annual event.
In this endeavour, Jain (Deemed-to-be University) has partnered with Great Place to Study – a global education research and technology firm. Conceptualized with the mission to revolutionize existing education models and promote best practices and benchmarks among educational institutions worldwide. It has also recently launched a first of its kind career discovery platform, focusing on visual content designed and engineered to help students navigate the ever-evolving and dynamic career landscape. Gradually it is becoming the 1st ever video career library platform offering solution to school students.
Jain (Deemed-to-be-University), is one of the prominent institutions of the JGI Group with more than 77 institutions under its umbrella It is widely regarded as one of the top universities based out of Bengaluru specializing in UG, PG and Research Programs focusing on humanities, engineering, management, to name a few. JGI Group is well known for having a rich history of encouraging outstanding talent who have emerged as renowned personalities in the sports, art, entrepreneurship fields. The group has groomed 6 Olympians and 1 Paralympian and more than 500 high-level players to national level Indian teams.
Speaking on the occasion, Dr. Chenraj Roychand, Founder Chairman JGI Group & President of Jain (Deemed-to-be University), said, "The University believes in helping students to explore innate talents apart from providing quality education, intellectual capital, entrepreneurship & leadership skills to fuel the next wave of economic growth powered by superior human capital. We have introduced Dr. Chenraj Roychand Scholarship in collaboration with Great Place to Study, to facilitate fairness in the process of identifying and nurturing the new wave of talent to propel the adoption of a creative and liberal education to new heights. This collaboration will be an important milestone in the education sector for students who are willing to become leaders in their respective careers.
Jain (Deemed-to-be-University)
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This project was conducted within more than 19 sites (including some opportunistic sites) in Kathmandu Valley. Phase I habitat survey was conducted for the SWOT analysis of each sites. Monitoring survey deploying mist nets was conducted. In total, 14 bat species were captured from seven sites in first phase in summer and 16 species of bats were recorded from 11 sites in second phase in winter. Three days "Bat Acoustics and Handling Training" was conducted at Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University for the capacity building of project team members and other enthusiasts. This baseline monitoring was successful to document three first records: Hypsugo sp., Barbastella leucomelas, Rhinolophus lepidus and Eptesicus serotinus to Kathmandu Valley and two new records: Myotis frater and Nyctalus aviator to the country. Rhinolophus luctus was recorded from new locations in Kathmandu Valley after Hinton and Fry (1923) and Fry (1925). Echolocation calls of 13 captured bat species were recorded. These calls have been uploaded as reference calls in the Nepal Bat Calls Library in the website of SMCRF. Local Bat Conservation Action Plan for long term conservation of bats in Kathmandu Valley has been drafted and the sharing workshop is targeted next.


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Die Columbia Mountains sind eine Gruppe von Bergketten im Südosten von British Columbia sowie teilweise in den US-Bundesstaaten Montana, Idaho und Washington.

Sie erstrecken sich über eine Fläche von 135.952 km² bei einer maximalen Nord-Süd-Ausdehnung von rund 770km. Drei Viertel des Gebirges liegt in Kanada und das restliche Viertel in den Vereinigten Staaten. Das Gebirge wird durch den Grabenbruch Rocky Mountain Trench im Osten und den Kootenay River im Süden begrenzt, die westliche Grenze ist der Rand des Interior Plateau. Von US-Geographen wird das Gebirge zu den Rocky Mountains gezählt, kanadische Autoren betrachten es als eigenständigen Gebirgszug. Zusammen mit der südwestlich anschließenden nördlichen Kaskadenkette durchbrechen sie die zwischen den östlich und westlich verlaufenden Kordillerenketten liegenden innermontanen Plateaus.

Mit einer Höhe von  ist der in den Selkirk Mountains gelegene Mount Sir Sandford der höchste Berg in der Gebirgskette.

Mit dem Columbia Lake und dem angrenzenden Columbia Wetlands liegt das Quellgebiet des Columbia River in den Mountains.

Gebirgszüge innerhalb der Gebirgskette
Die Columbia Mountains werden unterteilt in:
 Cariboo Mountains
 Mowdish Range
 Premier Range
 Wavy Range
 Monashee Mountains
 Adams-Seymour Area
 Christina Range
 Gold Range
 Jordan Range
 Kettle River Range
 Midway Range
 Northern Monashee Mountains
 Rossland Range
 Whatshan Range
 Selkirk Mountains
 Bonnington Range
 Duncan Ranges
 Far North Selkirk Mountains
 Glacier National Park Selkirks
 Nelson Range
 Priest Lake Selkirks
 Revelstoke Ranges
 Slocan Ranges
 Southwest Selkirks
 Valhalla Ranges
 Purcell Mountains
 Bugaboos Area
 Farnham-Horsethief Area
 Central Purcell Mountains
 Northern Purcell Mountains
 Southern Canada Purcell Mountains
 United States Purcell Mountains

Außerdem gehören zur Gebirgskette noch:
 das Shuswap Highland und
 die Okanogan Highlands.

Weblinks

 Columbia Mountains in der Canadian Mountain Encyclopedia auf bivouac.com (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Gebirge in Nordamerika
Gebirge in Kanada
Gebirge in Montana

Gebirge in Idaho
Gebirge in Washington

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Top Airbnb Canada coupon code: $75 off $100+. Save on vacation rentals with 41 Airbnb Canada coupons and discounts for April 2019.
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text:
layout: default
title: Tiled List
vendorScripts: ['foundation/foundation.alerts']
---

Tiled List

        ×

What to watch for:

Notice how the images are wide and positioned above the text on desktop, but smaller and nested on mobile.

New York City

New York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. The city is referred to as New York City or the City of New York to distinguish it from the State of New York, of which it is a part. A global power city, New York exerts a significant impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment. The home of the United Nations Headquarters, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural capital of the world.

Buffalo

Buffalo is the second most populous city in the state of New York, after New York City. Located in Western New York on the eastern shores of Lake Erie and at the head of the Niagara River across from Fort Erie, Ontario, Buffalo is the seat of Erie County and the principal city of the Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area, the largest in Upstate New York. Buffalo itself has a population of 261,310 (2010 Census) and the Buffalo–Niagara–Cattaraugus Combined Statistical Area is home to 1,215,826 residents.

Rochester

Rochester is a city in Monroe County, New York, south of Lake Ontario in the United States. Known as The World's Image Center, it was also once known as The Flour City, and more recently as The Flower City, annually hosting the Lilac Festival. It is the county seat for Monroe County. Rochester's city population according to the 2010 census is approximately 210,565, making it New York's third most populous city after New York City and Buffalo.

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text:
Inovalon and NextGen Healthcare Partner to Connect Advanced Analytics With The Point Of Care
Technology Innovation Joins Health Plan and Physician Initiatives through the Electronic Health Record Platform to Improve Quality, Outcomes and Financial Performance in the Clinical Environment
Inovalon, Inc.
Jan 17, 2014, 07:00 ET
BOWIE, Md., Jan. 17, 2014 /PRNewswire/ -- Inovalon, Inc., a leading technology company providing advanced analytics and data-driven solutions to the healthcare industry, today announced that NextGen Healthcare Information Systems, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Quality Systems, Inc. (NASDAQ: QSII) and a leading provider of healthcare information systems and connectivity solutions, has entered into a multi-year engagement to integrate Inovalon's advanced healthcare data analytics with NextGen® Share, an interoperability platform that allows providers to safely, securely, accurately and quickly exchange clinical data and provide referrals without leaving their Electronic Health Record (EHR) system, further enabling improvements in clinical and quality outcomes, and financial performance.
(Logo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20120605/MM17779LOGO )
Inovalon's partnership with NextGen Healthcare creates interoperability that efficiently automates medical record data extraction without burden to any onsite clinical resources. Utilizing the latest in interoperability standards and transport mechanisms, NextGen Share will provide Inovalon a mechanism whereby structured and unstructured data may be analyzed for all participating NextGen Healthcare clients. Powered by Inovalon's big data analytics leveraging 8.3 billion medical events within its Medical Outcomes Research for Efficiency and Effectiveness Registry (MORE2 Registry®), interoperability with NextGen® Share enables more rapid value creation through the resolution of care, quality, utilization, and disease status accuracy gaps.
As capitated managed care continues to expand its membership through Medicare Advantage, Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs), managed Medicaid, and now the commercial Health Insurance Exchange (HIX), health plans are seeking a more efficient physician collaboration model to advance quality and risk score accuracy initiatives. Enabled by technological innovation, clinical healthcare data can more efficiently be abstracted and analyzed, and patient-specific healthcare gaps can be integrated directly into the physician's workflow through their Electronic Health Record (EHR).
"This partnership empowers a valuable capability for NextGen Healthcare users, the health plans with which they work and the patients that they serve," said Michael Lovett, executive vice president and general manager for NextGen Healthcare. "By leveraging Inovalon's advanced quality improvement and risk score accuracy analytics, we can provide our clients with the tools necessary to deliver more efficient and effective care."
"To succeed in today's value-based healthcare environment, both payers and providers must have a highly informed understanding of their patients' needs, so they may direct attention and resources appropriately to address gaps in quality and improve performance," said Dan Rizzo, chief innovation officer at Inovalon. "The combination of our analytics with NextGen Healthcare's EHR platform allows us to better support providers and the payers. We are pleased to be working with NextGen Healthcare and provide access to the healthcare insights and capabilities needed to improve patient care and further enhance their EHR platform for clinicians across the country."
About NextGen Healthcare and NextGen Share
NextGen Healthcare Information Systems, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Quality Systems Inc. (NASDAQ: QSII) provides integrated clinical, financial and interoperability solutions for delivering accountable, coordinated care, managing population health and making evidence-based clinical decisions; all important elements of healthcare reform initiatives. NextGen Share is the interoperability platform built upon the integration of solutions from NextGen Healthcare and Mirth Corporation, a leader in health information technology, acquired by Quality Systems in September 2013. For more information, please visit www.nextgen.com and www.qsii.com. Follow NextGen on Twitter at www.twitter.com/nextgen, Facebook at www.facebook.com/NextGenHealthcare or LinkedIn at www.linkedin.com/company/nextgen-healthcare-information-systems.
About Inovalon, Inc.
Inovalon is a leading technology company that combines advanced data analytics with highly targeted interventions to achieve meaningful impact in clinical and quality outcomes, utilization, and financial performance across the healthcare landscape. Inovalon's unique achievement of value is delivered through the effective progression of Turning Data into Insight, and Insight into Action®. Large proprietary datasets, advanced integration technologies, sophisticated predictive analytics, and deep subject matter expertise deliver a seamless, end-to-end platform of technology and nationwide operations that bring the benefits of big data and large-scale analytics to the point of care. Driven by data, Inovalon uniquely identifies gaps in care, quality, data integrity, and financial performance – while also bringing to bear the unique capabilities to resolve them. Touching more than 540,000 physicians, 220,000 clinical facilities, and more than 140 million Americans, this differentiating combination provides a powerful solution suite that drives high-value impact, improving quality and economics for health plans, ACOs, hospitals, physicians, patients, and researchers. Please visit www.inovalon.com for more information.
SOURCE Inovalon, Inc.


text:
  Circourt est
       un village
       localisé dans le département des Vosges en Lorraine. Elle totalisait 93 habitants en 2008.

Si vous envisagez de emmenager à Circourt, vous pourrez facilement trouver une maison à vendre.

La ville offre quelques  aménagements, elle propose entre autres une boucle de randonnée.

À coté de Circourt sont positionnées géographiquement les communes de
Mazeley à 4 km, 245 habitants,
Madegney située à 3 km, 71 habitants,
Gigney localisée à 4 km, 67 habitants,
Saint-Vallier localisée à 3 km, 91 habitants,
Bouxières-aux-Bois située à 2 km, 120 habitants,
Vaubexy localisée à 4 km, 111 habitants,
 entre autres. De plus, Circourt est située à seulement 15 km de Épinal.

Le parc d'habitations, à Circourt, était réparti en 2011 en deux appartements et 43 maisons soit
 un marché relativement équilibré.


European business is extremely disturbed by yesterday's developments in the UK.
The withdrawal agreement that includes a transition period is the only available option to avoid major disruption for citizens and businesses. It provides a stable framework to allow time for citizens and companies to properly prepare for the UK exit and the future relation.
BusinessEurope Director General Markus J. Beyrer said: "Yesterday's vote has unfortunately significantly increased the risk of no-deal. No-deal is absolutely unacceptable for the European business community. It will create chaos and disarray and must be avoided.
Nevertheless preparations for no-deal must be fast-tracked. Considering the short delay, both sides should focus on areas that are key to mitigate major disruption. Among others, ensure that supply of food and medicines is not disrupted, transport and key infrastructure operate normally, citizens' rights are safeguarded (including residence, working and travelling), data continues to flow, customs are operational, financial markets remain stable and Irish peace and stability are protected. During this process a close cooperation and dialogue between competent authorities and business is of critical importance.


A pioneer of mountain bike free ride, Richie Schley has been pinnacle to the progression of the sport for many decades now. A professional free-skier in his earlier years, Richie took to freeride MTB with ease, competing in five years of Red Bull Rampage and starring in many a New World Disorder Film. Originally from Whistler, Richie is now located in sunny Laguna Beach, California, where he continues to play a huge role in the mountain bike world.
Elite-level aluminum wheels for enduro.


Issue: AVBA self-reported, as a TOP, that it did not have a sufficient plan in place that provides for the continuation of operation when there is a loss of control room functionality. Instead, AVBA called for the plant to shut down if the plant control room became inoperable.
Finding: WECC found that the EOP-008-1 violation only constituted a minimal risk to BPS reliability. Constellation Energy Control and Dispatch (CECD), in its role as AVBA's BA Service Agent, had a plan that AVBA would follow in the event of the loss of control room functionality. The duration of the EOP-008-1 R1 violation was from November 5, 2007 through March 1, 2009. AVBA stipulated to the violations. In approving the settlement agreement, the NERC BOTCC considered the fact that these violations were AVBA's first violations of the relevant Reliability Standards; the violations were not intentional and were promptly mitigated once discovered; and AVBA was cooperative during the enforcement process and did not conceal the violations. In addition, all but one of AVBA's violations did not constitute a serious or substantial risk to BPS reliability.


As the 'world's easiest place to do business' (World Bank's Doing Business 2013 Report), Singapore has cemented herself as a strategic base for global advisory services leader PwC. Experts in the Asia Pacific, the company has been at the forefront of the region's economic emergence, and continues to lead the market here.
Witnessing the growth of the industry first–hand has been Australian expat Mark Jansen, based in Singapore since 2004.
A successful partnership, "I fell in love with the city on my first visit, even as we drove through the lush greenery from Changi Airport to the Central Business District!" exclaims Mark Jansen. It's an affection that has not abated in the ten years since he's called Singapore home. In that time, Mark has played a leading role in PwC's Risk Assurance Group, and seen the local accounting services industry grow from strength to strength.
As a PwC Risk Assurance partner, Mark sees being in Singapore as a good strategy, and having led many Asia–wide projects for top-tier institutions, he highlights several advantages the country holds over traditional competitors like Hong Kong.
He notes, "Firstly, one of the greatest things in Singapore is the ethnic diversity. At PwC we have well over 20 nationalities, and having teams with such diverse backgrounds enables us to work better across the region.
"The opportunities here are boundless," Mark asserts. With Singapore already hosting so many international financial institutions, the prospects for accounting professionals is fair. As the country surges towards the goal of being a leading global accountancy hub for the Asia–Pacific region by 2020, Mark thinks that the introduction of the Singapore Qualification Programme is a great step forward.
Accounting professionals who want to ride this growth will do well to familiarise themselves with the fundamentals of business. Mark commented, "In today's world too many people get caught up in the hype of 'what could be' without understanding the basic fundamentals." This hinders the ability of the accounting professionals from providing sound advice to their clients.
Mark reflects, "The industry is always very dynamic." Among the changes in the practice he has seen is a growing focus digital technology and data analytics, an area which PwC helps their clients understand and manage the risks presented in this new environment.
Mark came to Singapore with his wife after two years in Japan, and his son was born here. A fan of the greenery and open spaces around Singapore, the Canberra native spends much of his free time exercising, though it is his four–year–old who exhausts him most at the weekends. That's no mean feat given that Mark is a seasoned triathlete who has competed in the Hawaii Ironman World Championship four times, finishing third in his age group in 2010.
"It's easy to go running, bike riding or swimming all year round, with the weather good almost every day," the die-hard sportsman says.
So, has the last decade been good to him?
Singapore has been consistently acknowledged as a global business hub - one that features developed infrastructure, political stability, open business policies, a skilled workforce, the use of English as the main working language and respect for intellectual property rights. Many multinational companies have chosen to set up their bases in Singapore, next to 154,000 small and medium enterprises. Business owners all over the world regard Singapore as an ideal location to grow their businesses, with many of them using the country as a springboard to tap into other emerging markets in Asia.
Besides being ranked in the World Bank 2013 Report as the world's easiest place to do business (out of 185 countries), Singapore has, among its many accolades, the top ranking in the Global Competitiveness Report 2013-2014 by the World Economic Forum as being the most competitive economy in Asia. Singapore was also ranked by the Mercer 2012 Quality of Living Survey as the top Asian country for its quality of life.
For information on working, investing and living in Singapore, please visit http://www.contactsingapore.sg/ or contact our worldwide offices.


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Sportsmen cheer reintroduction of Northwest California Wilderness, Recreation, and Working Forests Act
Contact: Sam Davidson sdavidson@tu.org, 831-235-2542
Rep. Jared Huffman and Sen. Kamala Harris champion legislation that will better protect and restore habitat and water quality in steelhead and salmon strongholds
(April 10, 2019) HEALDSBURG, Calif—Trout Unlimited (TU) today praised the reintroduction of legislation from California Senator Kamala Harris and Representative Jared Huffman (an avid angler) that will help protect and restore famous steelhead and salmon fisheries in northwest California.
The Northwest California Wilderness, Recreation and Working Forests Act covers some of California's most unique public lands and waters, will improve the resiliency of the landscape to uncharacteristic wildfire, and helps reduce hazardous fuels in the wildland-urban interface. It will also help local communities capitalize on the region's reputation as one of the best areas for fishing, hunting and other outdoor recreation in the West.
This bill was built on years of discussion and feedback from local counties, timber companies, outdoor recreation and hospitality businesses, conservation groups, fire and resource agencies, and communities. The bill includes measures to restore forest health, protect rivers, reduce the risk of uncharacteristic wildfire, rehabilitate habitat degraded by illegal marijuana grows, and improve and construct new trails and other infrastructure for recreational use.
"For anglers, there is no substitute for good habitat," said Charlie Schneider, president of TU's Redwood Empire Chapter. "Some of the best salmon and steelhead habitat in California is found in the public lands that will be better protected and restored under this bill. TU and our partners have worked for years to improve habitat conditions in the iconic Trinity and Eel Rivers and other waters that will benefit from this legislation. We are grateful to Sen. Harris and Rep. Huffman for their leadership in conserving our legendary steelhead and salmon runs and to supporting the robust recreational fishing economy of our region."
This area is renowned for its steelhead angling opportunities. Steelhead are the great freshwater sport fish of the Pacific Northwest, have one of the most diverse life histories of any species, and are a good bellwether for the health of a watershed. TU's Wild Steelhead Initiative, through our North Coast river restoration program, actively works in partnership with private timber companies and other private and public landowners to lead restoration projects in this region that improve streamflows, fish passage, water quality and habitat conditions.
Cindy Noble, chair of TU's California Council, said, "TU's 10,000 members in California salute Senator Harris and Representative Huffman for their commitment to conserving and restoring our public lands and the sporting opportunities these lands provide. The world-class salmon and steelhead fisheries of northwest California have been hard hit by a witches' brew of climate change, drought, wildfire and previously unregulated water diversions for marijuana cultivation, so this legislation is vital and timely. TU and our partners in public lands conservation look forward to helping advance this bill in both the House and the Senate."
Photo: South Fork Trinity River
Trout Unlimited is the nation's oldest and largest coldwater fisheries conservation organization dedicated to conserving, protecting and restoring North America's trout and salmon and their watersheds. Follow TU on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram and our blog for all the latest information on trout and salmon conservation.


text:
Q: Given that the Cartesian equations for two spheres? How to find the Cartesian equation of the circle they intersect? For example, how to find the Cartesian equation for those two spheres?
$$(x-1)^2+(y-2)^2+(z-3)^2=64$$ and $$(x-2)^2+(y-3)^2+(z-5)^2=36$$?

A: It seems that you don't have the proper idea of what's going on here. "How to find the Cartesian equations of these two spheres?" Heavens, you write them down in the next two lines yourself!
Now it can be that these two spheres intersect. If this is the case the intersection  is (a point or) a circle $\gamma$. This circle is lying in a certain plane. But as $1$-dimensional manifold in $3$-space it does not have "an equation". It can be given by two equations in many ways, e.g., by the two equations you wrote down yourself, or by the equation of said plane and one of the two given equations.
The most useful way to present $\gamma$ is a parametric representation. To obtain it you have to determine the center ${\bf c}$ of $\gamma$, the radius $r>0$, and two orthogonal unit vectors ${\bf u}$, ${\bf v}$ in the plane of $\gamma$. The parametric representation would then be
$$\gamma:\quad \phi\mapsto{\bf x}(\phi)={\bf c}+r \>\cos\phi\>{\bf u}+r\>\sin\phi\>{\bf v}\qquad(0\leq \phi\leq 2\pi)\ .$$

A: Substract second equation from the first one:
$$2x-3+2y-5+4z-16=28\implies x+y+2z=26$$
and we get a plane with normal $\;(1,1,2)\;$ , and now you only have to find out what circle this plae cuts on the first (or second: it doesn't matter) sphere.
For example, with the first sphere and substituting $\;x=26-y-2z\;$ :
$$(25-y-2z)^2+(y-2)^2+(z-3)^2=64\iff$$
$$625-50y-100z+y^2+4yz+4z^2+y^2-4y+4+z^2-6z+9=64\iff\ldots$$
The last one is a very ugly equation of a circle in three dimensions...Try to simplify things here.
Observe that this is basically the same method used by Watson in the other answer...but I used other parameters for the circle. It's up to you to show these two parametrizations (Watson's and mine) yields the same object.


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Job interview, interview questions and answers, job interview tips, interview technique, sample interview questions, job interview questions, interview answers, mock interviews | Assume that you've been hired as a Warehouse Worker and you're in charge of the toolroom. All tools must be checked out.
wwwsdoor›InterviewsJun 12, 2012Warehouse interview questions shared by candidates. Top Interview Questions. Warehouse Worker at Army and Air Force Exchange was asked.. Nov 17, 2015. Answer the following questions: What would be your course of action to address these situations? What are some key questions you need to ask and consider when resolving these situations?


Re: Darwinistic or ancient strata?
how many cases is too many?
Re: how many cases is too many?
New language grammar--what needs work?
Re: Test for middle voice?
THEORY: Information Structure; Topic/Comment, Focus/Background, Given/New.
Re: THEORY: Information Structure; Topic/Comment, Focus/Background, Given/New.
Re: what is the difference?