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Comparative study of the content and profiles of macronutrients in spelt and wheat, a review
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Emmanuelle Escarnot, Jean-Marie Jacquemin, Richard Agneessens & Michel Paquot
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Received on March 15, 2011; accepted on December 8, 2011.
Étude comparative des teneurs et profils des macronutriments de l'épeautre et du blé. L'épeautre (Triticum spelta) est un blé hexaploïde, vêtu, au rachis cassant qui présente des caractéristiques agronomiques d'intérêt. Il est utilisé en alimentation animale et humaine et se développe particulièrement sur le segment des produits naturels. L'épeautre se distingue du froment par ses teneurs supérieures en protéines (15,6versus 14,9 %) et lipides (2,5 versus 2,1 %) et ses teneurs inférieures en fibres insolubles (9,3 versus 11,2 %) et fibres totales (10,9 versus 14,9 %). Les teneurs en amidon, sucres et fibres solubles ne présentent pas de différences importantes. Une diversité qualitative au niveau des protéines, des arabinoxylanes et des acides gras est observée.
Mots-clés : amidon, protéine, composition chimique, teneur en lipides, fibre
Spelt (Triticum spelta) is a hexaploid wheat, hulled and with a brittle rachis, and it has interesting agronomic properties. It is used in feed and food, and is becoming more widely used in the growing natural foods market. Spelt differs from wheat in that it has a higher protein content (15.6% for spelt, 14.9% for wheat), higher lipid content (2.5% and 2.1%, respectively), lower insoluble fiber content (9.3% and 11.2%, respectively) and lower total fiber content (10.9% and 14.9%, respectively). There are no important differences in starch, sugar and soluble fiber content, and there is a qualitative diversity at the protein, arabinoxylan and fatty acid levels.
Keywords : starch, chemical composition, Triticum spelta, Triticum spelta, lipid content, fibers, proteins
2. Non-fiber carbohydrates
2.1. Starch
2.2. Sugars
3. Fibers
3.1. Fibers in whole grain
3.2. Fibers in grain milling fractions
4. Proteins
4.1. Total content
4.2. Fractional composition and nutritional quality
5. Lipids
5.1. Fatty acid content and profiles
5.2. Sterols
1Spelt (Triticum spelta) is a hexaploid cereal belonging to the Triticum genus in the Gramineae family. Spelt grains are hulled and the hull represents 21-32% of the harvested product (Percival, 1921). Spelt spikes are pyramidal and the rachis is brittle (Luo et al., 2000). The relationship between spelt and wheat has been investigated extensively, with most studies postulating that they belong to the same species, but to separate gene pools. The literature continues to consider them as distinct species, more from the point of view of use rather than genetics (Abdel-Aal et al., 2005). The most recent studies on the phylogenic origin of spelt support the hypothesis that spelt results from several hybridizations between club wheat and a hulled tetraploid emmer (Yan et al., 2003; An et al., 2005). It has been established that spelt originated from the Middle-East and migrated northwards along the Black Sea and the Danube from East to West, reaching Austria, Southern Germany and Northern Switzerland (Andrews, 1964). In Europe, during a period of climatic cooling (750-15 BC), spelt replaced einkorn (Triticum monococcum) and emmer (Triticum dicoccum) and then, in turn, was replaced by free-threshing wheat almost throughout Europe during the first millennium (Nesbitt et al., 1996).
2In terms of agronomic characteristics, spelt displays high resistance to environmental factors such as diseases and stress, and can produce good yields under disadvantageous growing conditions such as wet, cold soils and high altitudes (Campbell, 1997). In addition, as the hull covers the seed, chemical treatment before sowing is not always necessary and, because of its long straw, spelt cannot withstand a high level of nitrogen fertilization (Bonafaccia et al., 2000). It is suitable for organic farming and contributes to agro-biodiversity, thus meeting the objectives of the European Union with regard to growing practices. Spelt is now cultivated in Europe, Asia (Iran), North Africa, the USA and Canada (Abdel-Aal et al., 1998a; Dvoracek et al., 2002). It is used mainly in animal feed in order to provide a balanced intake for animals fed primarily on grass silage (Lecomte et al., 1996). As an ancient crop, however, spelt occupies a niche market in North America and Europe in the natural, organic, health and specialty-food markets (Abdel-Aal et al., 2005). It has the potential for a variety of uses, including bread, pasta and breakfast cereals (Abdel-Aal et al., 1998b; Bonafaccia et al., 2000). These uses are similar to those associated with wheat, although the characteristics differ. The composition of the two cereals has been investigated for several decades and over the past five years a number of studies have produced more detailed information. The renewed interest in spelt requires an update on its composition. This paper discusses the macronutrients of spelt and wheat and highlights the differences between these cereals. The focus is on non-fiber carbohydrates, fibers, proteins and lipids.
3Carbohydrates provide 40-75% of total energy intake, constituting the most important energy source in human diets (Gray, 2003). They are usually classified according to their degree of polymerization: sugars, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides (FAO, 1998). For both spelt and wheat, carbohydrates are the main components (59-71%) of the grain kernel (Belitz et al., 1999). Various studies have indicated that there is no great difference in total carbohydrate, starch and sugar content between spelt and wheat whole flour (Abdel-Aal et al., 1995; Ranhotra et al., 1995; Grela, 1996; Ranhotra et al., 1996) (Table 1).
4Starch is the main storage carbohydrate in spelt and wheat kernels, accounting for 61-68% of the grain, whereas sugars account for 2-3% (Abdel-Aal et al., 2005). According to Abdel-Aal et al. (1999a) and Abdel-Aal et al. (1999b), spelt has a lower amylose content than wheat, but Wilson et al. (2008) reported a higher amylose content (2-21%) in spelt starch than in the hard red winter wheat control. Amylose and amylopectin are two components of the starch granule, accounting for 26-28% and 72-74%, respectively; amylose is a linear glucose homopolymer of glucose, and amylopectin is a branched homopolymer of glucose (Feillet, 2000).
5Gelatinization is the transformation of starch granules in four stages: loss of crystallinity (fusion of the crystalline phase, due mainly to amylopectin); water absorption (swelling); bursting of the granules; and amylose solubilization. This phenomenon is irreversible and results in increased viscosity and starch jellification when temperatures fall (Feillet, 2000). Jorgensen et al. (1997) reported that the gelatinization temperature, measured with a Brabender amylograph, was higher in spelt (87-93.2°C) than in common wheat (84.6°C) varieties. Abdel-Aal et al. (1999b) found a wide range of transition temperatures for spelt starches compared with wheat, but the difference in the enthalpy of the gelatinization of spelt starch was very similar to that of common wheat starch.
6With regard to starch size distribution, Abdel-Aal et al. (1999a) observed little difference. Wilson et al. (2008) studied the relationship between the granules and technological characteristics in spelt. Negative correlations were observed between the large A-type granules and breadcrumb score, amylose level, pasting viscosity for cultivars grown in 1999 and pasting temperature for those grown in 1998. Positive correlations were found between the small B- and C-type granules and crumb score, loaf volume, amylose, Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) final pasting viscosity for cultivars grown in 1999 and RVA pasting temperature for those grown in 1998.
7Intra-species variability in starch content has been observed, which could be explained by the genotype and growing season conditions, as reported in Massaux et al. (2008) for wheat.
8Sugar content in spelt samples has been found to be more variable than in wheat samples, but the number of samples that have been investigated is limited (Abdel-Aal et al., 1995; Ranhotra et al., 1995; Grela, 1996; Ranhotra et al., 1996). With regard to free sugars, there is no difference in the total concentration between spelt and modern wheat (Zorb et al., 2007).
9Dietary fiber has beneficial physiological effects, such as laxation. Specifically, insoluble dietary fiber reduces transit time and increases fecal bulk and defecation frequency (AACC, 2001). Dietary fiber fermentation results in the production of short-chain fatty acids conducive to bowel health (Moore et al., 1998). In addition, high dietary fiber intake reduces the risk of diverticular disease, hemorrhoids and colorectal cancer (AACC, 2001). Reduced blood cholesterol and/or blood glucose has also been attributed to dietary fiber, which is linked to a reduced risk of cardiac disease through reduced blood cholesterol and the prevention of the development of type 2 diabetes (AACC, 2001; Gray, 2006). Fibers help control body weight, mainly through inducing satiety (Gray, 2006).
10According to several studies (Bognar et al., 19941 cited in Ruibal-Mendieta, 2004; Abdel-Aal et al., 1995; Ranhotra et al., 1995; Ranhotra et al., 1996; Bonafaccia et al., 2000; Escarnot et al., 2010), the range of total dietary fiber content is greater in spelt than in wheat. This was not the finding in one study, however, conducted by Gebruers et al. (2008), but this could have been due to the higher number of wheat genotypes (131) considered (Table 2). Most studies have found that common wheat is richer in dietary fiber than spelt, and the same is true for insoluble fiber (Abdel-Aal et al., 1995; Ranhotra et al., 1995; Ranhotra et al., 1996; Escarnot et al., 2010). Escarnot et al. (2010) attributed this difference to hemicellulose and cellulose. For soluble fiber, the range is similar in spelt and wheat. Uniform values have been reported by most authors, including Bonafaccia et al. (2000), Abdel-Aal et al. (1995) and Ranhotra et al. (1996); Escarnot et al. (2010) found no statistical difference between spelt and wheat for soluble fiber content. Work done by Gebruers et al. (2008) shows that the total arabinoxylan content is 1.75% (1.60-2.25) for spelt and 1.90% (1.35-2.75) for wheat, and the water-extractable arabinoxylan content is 0.35% (0.30-0.45) for spelt and 0.50% (0.30-1.40) for wheat. The large range for wheat may be due to the high number of samples analyzed (131). The average arabinose/xylose ratios for total and water-extractable arabinoxylans are identical: spelt 0.60 (0.55-0.60) and 0.50 (0.45-0.55); and wheat 0.60 (0.50-0.70) and 0.50 (0.40-0.55).
11According to Marconi et al. (1999), the β-glucan content of spelt is similar to that of common wheat, with a mean value of 1.2%. Gebruers et al. (2008), however, found a higher content in wheat (0.75%) than in spelt (0.65%), with ranges of 0.55-0.70% and 0.50-0.95%, respectively, displaying a higher diversity in spelt despite the low number of genotypes (5). These values accord with those noted by Loje et al. (2003), who reported 0.7% in spelt and 0.8% in wheat (based on different years of harvest, three spelt cultivars and one wheat cultivar). The concentration of fructans, such as 1-kestose and kestotetraose, is higher in spelt than in wheat (Zorb et al., 2007).
12With regard to crude fibers, the range is wider for wheat than spelt (Grela, 1996; Jorgensen et al., 1997; Moudry et al., 1999), but no general rule can be established on content (Table 3). The two studies on hemicellulose (Grela, 1996; Escarnot et al., 2010) produced contradictory results.
13Lignins are non-polysaccharide cell wall substances derived mainly from the three monolignols: p-coumaryl, coniferyl, and synapyl alcohols. The monolignols are targeted to different and distinct regions of various cell wall types, where they are polymerized to form wall-reinforcing biopolymers with distinctive biophysical properties (Davin et al., 2005). Lignin content is similar in spelt and wheat (Grela, 1996; Escarnot et al., 2010). The Klason lignin was evaluated by Gebruers et al. (2008), with similar levels being observed for spelt and wheat (2.25% and 2.20%, with ranges of 1.85-2.90% and 1.40-3.25%, respectively). Cellulose content is lower in spelt than in wheat (Grela, 1996; Escarnot et al., 2010).
14These studies were based on enzymatic-gravimetric methods derived from Prosky for insoluble, soluble and total fiber and from Van Soest for cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. A minor part of the variability can therefore be attributed to the evolution of the method over the years. Intra-species variability is not surprising as it has been demonstrated that genotype and environment (including management practices), and the interaction between them, have influenced the pentosan content of wheat (Li et al., 2002; Jiang et al., 2007).
15Escarnot et al. (2010) observed that spelt bran is richer than wheat in soluble fibers and lignin, but less rich in hemicellulose and cellulose (Table 3). In the bran, total-arabinoxylan content is much higher in wheat than in spelt (18% [13.2-22.1] and 12.7% [11.1-13.9], respectively), and the same is true for water-extractable arabinoxylan content (0.40% [0.30-0.85] and 0.30% [0.30-0.35]). The average arabinose/xylose ratio for total arabinoxylans is similar (spelt 0.50% [0.45-0.55] and wheat 0.60% [0.55-0.70]), but the average arabinose/xylose ratio for water-extractable arabinoxylans is higher for spelt (1.40% [1.20-1.6]) than for wheat (1.00% [0.70-1.65]) (Gebruers et al., 2008). Escarnot et al. (2011) extracted 55% of the arabinoxylans in spelt bran; 13% were water-extractable and 87% were water-unextractable. The populations of water-extractable arabinoxylans were 7-8 kDa and 28 kDa, and of water-unextractable arabinoxylans they were 7-8 kDa and 310-415 kDa.
16In hulled grain, Lecomte et al. (1996) reported absolute higher values of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, unlike those reported by Escarnot et al. (2010). The analysis of the whole spikelet flour displayed great diversity among the several genotypes studied (Escarnot et al., 2010).
17Xylanase and xylanase-inhibitors affect grain quality, production parameters and, consequently, product quality. The only study conducted on enzymatic activity (Gebruers et al., 2010) indicates that spelt white flour and bran do not display high xylanase activity. Spelt and wheat have similar Triticum aestivum xylanase inhibitor activity and display high xylanase-inhibiting protein activity. In addition, inhibitor activity is much higher in spelt bran than in spelt flour (Gebruers et al., 2010).
18Proteins are a source of energy and provide essential amino acids. The wheat and spelt proteins are albumins, globulins, glutenins and gliadins. Most of the physiologically active proteins (enzymes) are albumins and globulins. They are concentrated in the cells of the aleurone layer, the pericarp and the germ, with a lower content in the endosperm. Glutenins and gliadins are storage proteins known as prolamins. They are limited to the endosperm, including the aleurone layer, and are therefore absent from the pericarp and the germ (Hoseney, 1994a).
19Most literature data indicate higher protein content in spelt than in wheat (Abdel-Aal et al., 1995; Ranhotra et al., 1995; Codianni et al., 1996; Grela, 1996; Piergiovanni et al., 1996; Ranhotra et al., 1996; Jorgensen et al., 1997; Marconi et al., 1999; Moudry et al., 1999; Bonafaccia et al., 2000; Matuz et al., 2000a; Abdel-Aal et al., 2002; Marconi et al., 2002) (Table 4). This has been confirmed under low nitrogen fertilization: Oliveira (2001) found higher protein content in spelt than in wheat, and Dvoracek et al. (2002) observed that spelt grains had 0.5% more nitrogen than common wheat grain, but this difference was not statistically significant. For white flour, Pruska-Kedzior et al. (2008) found significantly higher protein content in spelt flour (14.7%) than in common wheat flour, and Wilson et al. (2008) reached the same conclusion about spelt and a hard winter wheat control. Wilson et al. (2008) also noted highly variable protein content in spelt white flour (from five cultivars after three years of cultivation). As the degree of nitrogen absorption from the soil and its conversion into proteins depend greatly on genotype and cultivation conditions, Gräber et al. (1992) recommended comparing samples grown under the same conditions. The general attribution of high protein content in spelt could be a consequence of the low grain yield. When comparing protein yields (kg·ha-1), the values for spelt are lower than those for conventional durum wheat, with a difference of up to 25% (Piergiovanni et al., 1996). In addition, a negative heterosis effect has been observed for spelt-common wheat crosses in terms of protein content (Schmid et al., 1994).
20Intra-species protein content varies widely in the different studies. All analyses were performed using the Kjeldhal method, and therefore the variability could be explained by the growing conditions (environment and nitrogen fertilization) and genetic background that influence protein content (Dupont et al., 2003).
21Albumins and globulins account for about 20% of the protein content in spelt (Pruska-Kedzior et al., 2008). Reversed Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) has revealed a much higher content of total gliadins and a lower content of total glutenins in spelt than in wheat. The gliadin/glutenin ratio is significantly higher in spelt than in wheat (Wieser, 2000): 3.5 for spelt and 2 for common wheat (Koenig et al., 2009). In spelt, α-gliadins and γ-gliadins are predominant, whereas low and high molecular weight (LMW and HMW) glutenin subunits and ω-gliadins are generally minor components (Wieser, 2000). Acetic acid soluble prolamins accounted for 94.1% of total gluten protein in spelt flours and 85-87% of the total gluten protein in wheat flours (Pruska-Kedzior et al., 2008).
22Gliadins and glutenins in spelt differ in structure from those in common wheat (Abdel-Aal et al., 1996; Harsch et al., 1997; Radic et al., 1997; Von Büren et al., 2000) and spelt storage proteins form gluten in which the properties and quality differ from those of common wheat (Abdel-Aal et al., 1995; Schober et al., 2002).
23The in vitro digestibility of spelt and wheat proteins is similar (86.7% on average), but it is 97.6% for casein (Abdel-Aal et al., 2002). Ranhotra et al. (1995) observed a protein digestibility of 80.1% for spelt, 78.9% for wheat and 91.6% for casein, and concluded that this could suggest that spelt grain is better digested than common wheat, but the differences are minor.
24Gliadins. Through hydration, gliadins form the gluten network that makes wheat and spelt unique bread-making cereals (Hoseney, 1994b). The MW of spelt gliadins is between 34 and 75 kDa (Abdel-Aal et al., 1996). Abdel-Aal et al. (1996) and Harsch et al. (1997) found that the gliadin profile for common wheat and spelt differed. Spelt gliadins do not have slow-moving ω-gliadin or strong-staining fast-moving ω-gliadin, but these are present in common wheat. Spring and winter spelt were characterized by a large number of slow-moving α-gliadins. A γ-gliadin band was also observed in spring spelt, but not in winter spelt or wheat, and this could be a useful point of distinction. Von Büren et al. (2000) discovered an unknown γ-gliadin gene in 18 spelt and spelt-wheat crosses and in the cultivar Chinese Spring, whereas the 16 wheat cultivars had a previously documented allele. In 2001, Von Büren et al. (2001) developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method on the allelic difference in the γ-gliadin gene GAG56D to determine the proportion of wheat in spelt flour and products, with a minimal detection level of 5%. Piergiovanni et al. (2003) found that lines belonging to the same species could be differentiated mainly by comparing the pattern of β- and ω-gliadins. Federmann et al. (1992) reached the same conclusion and recommended slow-moving ω-gliadins for discriminating spelt flour. Using RP-HPLC and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) electrophoresis, Koenig et al. (2009) observed that spelt was deficient in the so-called ω-bound gliadins (a minor portion of the ω-gliadins with a MW of 50-55 kDa) that are present in the glutenin fraction due to one cysteine residue in the amino acid sequence. This group of proteins could therefore be used to detect and quantify small amounts of common wheat in spelt and spelt products.
25Glutenins. Most of the LMW-glutenin subunits of spelt seem acetic acid soluble. Spelt flour has been found to contain half as many NaOH-soluble glutenins (5.1% of total gluten protein) as common wheat flour (about 10% of total gluten proteins) (Pruska-Kedzior et al., 2008). HMW and LMW glutenins have been associated with bread and pasta-making quality in common and durum wheat, respectively (Pogna et al., 1990; Shewry et al., 1995). From a cross between Triticum aestivum and Triticum speltoides, Moonen et al. (1985) found that two HMW glutenin subunits (5 and 9) of common wheat coded by a gene locus on the arm of chromosome 1B (Glu-B1c) are associated with good baking quality and that the replacement of these subunits by two others derived from T. speltoides (S1 and S2) led to poorer quality in the backcrossed lines examined. Radic et al. (1997) found differences in glutenin between spelt and common wheat using SDS polyacrylamide gel on 28 spelt samples, 16 spelt-wheat crosses and 10 winter wheat samples. Radic-Miehle et al. (1998) studied SDS soluble protein with and without a pre-extraction method, where typical bands could be identified for each species. Caballero et al. (2004c) showed that variability in the LMW-glutenin subunits in spelt is higher than in other species. Alleles Glu-A3h and Glu-B3d coding LMW-glutenin subunits are present in spelt, but rare or absent in common wheat (Yan et al., 2003).
26Amino acids. Generally, cereal proteins are known for their low essential amino acid content, especially lysine (the first most deficient amino acid) (Kies et al., 1970) and threonine (the second most deficient amino acid), but they are rich in glutamic acid and proline, the major functional amino acid in dough formation (Abdel-Aal et al., 2005). Spelt contains 38.2% of essential amino acids, as does wheat (Grela, 1996); the percentage of essential amino acids over total amino acids in protein is similar for wheat and spelt, indicating equivalent protein quality (Grela, 1996; Jorgensen et al., 1997; Abdel-Aal et al., 2002; Ruibal-Mendieta, 2004) (Table 5) and equivalent biological value of proteins (indicated by the ratio of amino acid over protein) (Matuz et al., 2000a).
27The spelt amino acid composition of proteins differs slightly from that of wheat (Ranhotra et al., 1995; Cubadda et al., 1996; Grela, 1996; Bonafaccia et al., 2000; Abdel-Aal et al., 2002). Even if there is no statistical difference between spelt and common wheat in terms of amino acid content, there is evidence of higher values (except for isoleucine, leucine and glycine) in spelt than in common wheat (Dvoracek et al., 2002). This was confirmed by Matuz et al. (2000a), who observed that wholemeal and flour from spelt had a higher content of most amino acids than some recently developed common wheat.
28According to Grela (1996), the average lysine content is considerably higher in spelt (3.19 g per 16 gN) than in wheat (2.91 g per 16 gN), but most studies show that lysine content is lower in spelt than in wheat (Matuz et al., 2000a; Abdel-Aal et al., 2002), with a difference of up to 28% (Ranhotra et al., 1995). Jorgensen et al. (1997) reported that lysine content was 2.72 g per 16 gN (2.58-2.89) in spelt and 2.97 g per 16 gN in wheat. Clamot (1984) found considerable genetic differences in protein and lysine content among 164 spelt samples, including 77 breeding lines from old Belgian landraces, 72 introductions from various countries and 15 induced mutants over a 3-year period.
29Two studies found a higher methionine content in spelt than in common wheat (Ranhotra et al., 1995; Bonafaccia et al., 2000), but Matuz et al. (2000a) found the opposite. Jorgensen et al. (1997) found no significant differences for methionine content among the spelt varieties.
30Within the group of essential amino acids, no significant differences were found for isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine and valine content among the spelt varieties. In the group of non-essential amino acids, spelt had significantly more proline and less alanine and arginine than wheat (Jorgensen et al., 1997). Spelt had also significantly more glutamic acid, significantly and negatively correlated with lysine (Jorgensen et al., 1997; Abdel-Aal et al., 2002) and more tyrosine than wheat (Ranhotra et al., 1995; Jorgensen et al., 1997). Aspartic acid was higher in spelt than in wheat (Ranhotra et al., 1995).
31Lipids are minor grain constituents, accounting for about 3% of the wheat kernel. They are more concentrated in the germ (which contains 28.5% of lipids) and in the aleurone layer (8.0%) than in the endosperm (1.5%) (Delcour et al., 2010). Whole-wheat lipids are made up of about 70% non-polar lipids, 20% glycolipids and 10% phospholipids (Delcour et al., 2010), to which small percentages of sterols, tocopherols and other fat-soluble vitamins are added (Abdel-Aal et al., 2005). In flour from the starchy endosperm, some lipids are associated with starch granules (1.0%), but others are not (1.4%). Among the non-starch lipids, free lipids (with non-polar and polar lipids) and bound lipids are distinct, and among the starch lipids the non-polar and polar lipids are separated (Chung et al., 2009). Starch lipids are made up of 9% non-polar lipids, 5% glycolipids and 86% phospholipids (Delcour et al., 2010). Starch lipids are contained within starch granules as inclusion complexes and located between amylose and monoacyl lipids, such as lysophosphatidylcholines (Feillet, 2000). Non-starch lipids are made up of 60% non-polar lipids, 25% glycolipids and 15% phospholipids (Delcour et al., 2010). Non-starch lipids are dispersed inside the albumen and can react with other flour constituents. In the germ and the aleurone layer, lipids are assembled into spherosomes that are triglycerides surrounded by polar lipids and proteins (Feillet, 2000). In cereals, lipid content is usually determined by extraction with non-polar solvents. Bound lipids (to starch) are not taken into account because their extraction requires the use of polar solvents. Free lipid content is a practical estimate of total content and allows the comparison of data from different laboratories (Chung et al., 2000).
32Most studies on free lipids show that spelt is richer in lipids than wheat (Abdel-Aal et al., 1995; Ranhotra et al., 1995; Grela, 1996; Piergiovanni et al., 1996; Ranhotra et al., 1996; Moudry et al., 1999; Ruibal-Mendieta et al., 2002; Ruibal-Mendieta et al., 2005) (Table 6). Ruibal-Mendieta et al. (2002) found that total lipid content was also higher for spelt than wheat and true spelt might contain more lipids than hybrid spelt, although this difference was significant in two out of three harvest years. These observations suggest that germ is present in higher proportions in spelt kernels than in common wheat kernels (Marconi et al., 1999).
33With regard to fatty acids, studies show that the major fatty acids in spelt and wheat wholemeal are linoleic, palmitic, oleic and linolenic acids (Grela, 1996; Ruibal-Mendieta et al., 2004b; Ruibal-Mendieta et al., 2005). The proportion of oleic acid in fatty acids is higher in spelt than in common wheat, but the proportion of linoleic and linolenic acids are lower in spelt than in common wheat. More saturated fatty acids have been observed in wheat than in spelt (averages of 19.8% and 18.9%, respectively; table 7).
34Most results have been obtained using extraction with ether or petrolether, so the variation in content can be attributed partly to the change of method. However, it is known that lipid content and composition are influenced by genetic variation (including wheat class and cultivar), environmental effects during growth (including location, year, weather and soils) and the effects of the genetic x environment interaction (Chung et al., 2009). For fatty acids, Ruibal-Mendieta et al. (2004b), Ruibal-Mendieta et al. (2005) and Grela (1996) used different methods, respectively from Stoldt (1952) and from Folch et al. (1957) but there was variability among studies that used the same method. Method, environment, genotype and their interaction therefore all contribute to the variability.
35Phytosterols are known to reduce serum cholesterol and could offer protection against several cancer types (Nurmi et al., 2008). The range in phytosterol content in 16 spelt genotypes (9 cultivars and 7 landraces) was broader in a study conducted by Ruibal-Mendieta et al. (2004a) than for 5 cultivars in a study by Nurmi et al. (2008). Ruibal-Mendieta et al. (2004a) observed no difference in sterol content in spelt and winter wheat, but Nurmi et al. (2008) found higher average content in spelt than in wheat (928 [893-963] µg·g-1 [D.M.] and 841 [670-959] µg·g-1 [D.M.]). This latter finding was confirmed by Iafelice et al. (2009), who reported 717 (628-819) µg·g-1 (D.M.) total sterol, on average, for spelt, and 634 (600-677) µg·g-1 (D.M.) for wheat. The free sterol content, however, was higher in wheat 324 (288-387) µg·g-1 (D.M.) than in spelt 252 (191-294) µg·g-1 (D.M.), and esterified sterol content was slightly higher in spelt 267 (251-291) µg·g-1 (D.M.) than in wheat 258 (219-330) µg·g-1 (D.M.) (Iafelice et al., 2009). This accords with the amount of free and esterified sterols measured by Ruibal-Mendieta et al. (2004a) of 527 µg·g-1 (D.M.) in spelt and of 528 µg·g-1 (D.M.) in wheat.
36Ruibal-Mendieta et al. (2004a) found that spelt and wheat display a similar sterol profile and content. The ∆7- avenasterol content is an exception; it is 45% higher in spelt than in wheat (Ruibal-Mendieta et al., 2004a). For spelt, Ruibal-Mendieta et al. (2004a) reported that sitosterol and campesterol accounted for about 70 and 20% of the total sterols, respectively, and stanols for 5%, which differed from the results reported by Nurmi et al. (2008) where sitosterol, campesterol and stanols accounted for 49%, 14% and 26%, respectively. In the Nurmi et al. (2008) study, the proportions for wheat were sitosterol 52%, campesterol 15% and stanols 24%. These differences in sterol profiles appear to have resulted from analytical differences (Nurmi et al., 2008). The results reported by Iafelice et al. (2009) confirmed the earlier ones, with 59% sitosterol, 18% campesterol and 17% stanols in wheat and 56%, 16% and 19% in spelt, respectively, among the total sterols. For the free sterols, the proportions were similar in spelt and wheat, with slightly more sitosterol (by 2%) in wheat. For the esterified sterols, the proportion of sitosterol was higher in spelt than in wheat (59% and 56%, respectively), but that of campesterol and sitostanol was lower in spelt (16% and 15%, respectively) than in wheat (18% and 17%, respectively) (Iafelice et al., 2009).
37This paper has highlighted differences in the macronutrient content and profiles of spelt and wheat. It has shown that spelt has a higher protein and lipid content and a lower insoluble and total fiber content than wheat, and that there is no significant difference between them in starch, sugar and soluble fiber content (Table 8). The differences can affect the techno-functional properties of spelt. Bread-making and pasta making from spelt requires adapted techniques, and the evaluation procedures used for wheat and wheat products should not be directly applied to spelt and spelt products (Abdel-Aal et al., 2005). This study should be followed by one on micronutrient content – ashes, minerals, vitamins and bioactive compounds – for which differences between spelt and wheat have also been reported. In addition, research on the applications of spelt should continue to look for new ways of using this crop in order to sustain its development. Exhaustive biochemical, nutritional and clinical research should be undertaken to assess claims for the pro-health properties of spelt grain and products that have not yet been scientifically proved.
38Abbreviations
39HMW: High Molecular Weight
40LMW: Low Molecular Weight
41PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction
42RP-HPLC: Reversed Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography
43RVA: Rapid Visco Analyser
44SDS: Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate
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To cite this article
Emmanuelle Escarnot, Jean-Marie Jacquemin, Richard Agneessens & Michel Paquot, «Comparative study of the content and profiles of macronutrients in spelt and wheat, a review», BASE [En ligne], volume 16 (2012), numéro 2, 243-256 URL : https://popups.uliege.be:443/1780-4507/index.php?id=8700.
About: Emmanuelle Escarnot
Centre wallon de Recherches agronomiques. Département Sciences du Vivant. Unité Amélioration des Espèces et Biodiversité. Bâtiment Émile Marchal. Rue de Liroux, 4. B-5030 Gembloux (Belgium). E-mail: escarnot@cra.wallonie.be
About: Jean-Marie Jacquemin
Centre wallon de Recherches agronomiques. Département Sciences du Vivant. Unité Amélioration des Espèces et Biodiversité. Bâtiment Émile Marchal. Rue de Liroux, 4. B-5030 Gembloux (Belgium).
About: Richard Agneessens
Centre wallon de Recherches agronomiques. Département Valorisation des Productions. Bâtiment Haute-Belgique. Rue de Serpont, 100. B-6800 Libramont (Belgium).
About: Michel Paquot
Univ. Liege - Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech. Unité de Chimie biologique industrielle. Passage des Déportés, 2. B- 5030 Gembloux (Belgium).
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The UNHRC Doesn't Really Care For A Country Facing A Top-Down Humanitarian Crisis, Do 'U'? ›
The UNHRC Doesn't Really Care For A Country Facing A Top-Down Humanitarian Crisis, Do 'U'?
Ignoring the rights of children and families that we have jurisdiction over is disgusting.
Meghna Kamath
https://static01.nyt.com/images/2018/06/21/us/21tenderage-01ALT/merlin_139921515_bde98760-a712-4a14-9654-b9178a151f9c-superJumbo.jpg
Co-written by Henry Gallagher and Meghna Kamath
Xenophobia is certainly not a new occurrence from President Donald Trump. He ran his presidential campaign on building a wall and shutting people of other backgrounds out behind his incredibly expensive (but still hypothetical) wall. Since he has entered office, President Trump has tried his utmost to enact his alienating policies despite push-back from his own party as well as the Democrats in Congress. His latest adaptation is enacting his "zero tolerance" policy.
This zero tolerance policy incarcerates and plans to try every person, regardless of age or circumstance, who tries to cross the border in from Mexico illegally. President Trump and his Attorney General Jeff Sessions have said that this policy is necessary due to Obama-era Congressional laws. They proceeded to create several new ones and started to use established detention centers to detain kids of "tender age," older children and adults separately, regardless of breaking up families.
These children range in age from 8 to 9 months to around 13-years-old and are placed in "tender age" shelters, where they are detained while their parents are prosecuted. What's even more horrifying is that some detention shelters have hundreds of children locked up in cages of fencing and wire, like animals, to prevent them from escaping.
While the children in more permanent youth shelters are reportedly fed, clothed and taken good care of, they are often not allowed to communicate with their parents and are left traumatized as a result of the separation. Some of them may never see their parents again. Apart from being separated from the only people they were familiar with in a new country and being placed in a shelter with children and other caretakers they have never seen before, these children are even prohibited from hugging one another, a rule which caused immigrant shelter worker Antar Davidson to quit his job in protest.
A 16-year-old immigrant from Guatemala, Edmilson Aguilar Punay, described life in an ICE (Immigration and Customs Enforcement) detention facility. He spoke of the "children crying all the time," the single toilet to which he had limited access and the crowded rooms with no windows. ICE officers reportedly often lied to the children, stating that they would be reunited with their parents even when said parents had already been deported. Even the food they were given was unhealthy and processed (fruit juice and chicken soup from the can), and the children often did not even know if it was night or day.
The conditions of the separated families is markedly similar to that of the internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II. In fact, Japanese-American actor, director and activist George Takei has said that the conditions in which these children are being kept in are in fact worse than that of the Japanese internment. With hindsight at our side, this is now seen as one of the darkest periods of America's history as xenophobia swept the country as conflicts escalated overseas. The Japanese internment camps have been compared to the concentration camps of Nazi Germany during the Holocaust.
The current Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) Director James Homan reacted to the accusations of Nazi actions by saying that the department is "simply following orders." What Mr. Homan failed to realize is that this is the exact defense Nazi generals used when being tried in Nuremberg for their crimes. Nuremberg is also where we established the Nuremberg Code, a set of rules for respectful and humane research practices.
Despite the parallels, Attorney General Jeff Sessions also insists that our current policy is not the same as the Holocaust because the zero-tolerance policy is meant to deter people from coming into our country, and "they were keeping the Jews from leaving." Mr. Sessions, just because they are not our children does not mean we can treat them as poorly as your judgement functions.
Apart from the inhumane policy itself, on Fox News, Republican representative Corey Lewandowski publicly mocked a 10-year-old child with Down syndrome who was separated from her mother due to the policy. His nonchalance and lack of empathy for the situation at hand truly paints a picture of what some Republican politicians feel about the issue at hand. Moreover, the Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security, Kirstjen Nielsen, was seen dining at a Mexican restaurant where protesters shamed her for eating in peace while having made a decision that led to the tearing apart of thousands of families.
Amid the chaos of detaining the children and parents of immigrant families separately, America's UN Ambassador Nikki Haley announced America's withdrawal from the UN Human Rights Council due to perceived bias. She cited countries such as China and Venezuela violating human rights but continued to defend Israel despite their continuous persecution of Palestinians in permanent occupation and apartheid. She did not mention Saudi Arabia because, like Israel, they are our allies, so we can overlook their violations just as we do our own.
The United States has had a history of sidling up to not only general rights-violating countries but also their dictators.
President Donald Trump has kept this trend. He has dedicated money toward arming Saudi Arabia, despite their involvement in the bombing of women, children and families in Yemen. He recently had a summit with Kim Jong Un of North Korea. This in itself was not a poor move as diplomacy is always preferable to escalation, but Trump then proceeded to praise Kim Jong Un's choke-hold on power. Considering that Kim Jong Un traps the citizens of his country in poor, censored conditions in one of the biggest hostage situations in history, and the praising of his fascist ways is very concerning coming from one who is also willing to scrap human rights.
In late June, first lady Melania Trump visited the Upbring New Hope Children's Center in McAllen, Texas, a shelter that had reports of 12 health and safety violations. On her journey to the center, she wore the controversial coat from Zara with graphics that said "I Don't Really Care, Do U?" Her choice of clothing was considered deeply insensitive and disrespectful to the issue at hand. President Trump commented on it later, saying that it was simply a coat, and people should not look too far into things such as one's choice of clothing.
However, critics still deem that the wardrobe of a president and his first lady is chosen very carefully, and each piece is styled for a certain purpose, causing many to wonder what message the first lady was trying to convey.
The public has rightly been outraged at the measures taken by the Trump administration. Trump has since backed down from his stance in that he has instead decided that families will no longer be separated and then that those already separated would be made whole again.
While this is a good reversal, damage has already been done, and rights have been violated. Innocent children have been traumatized and the United States is further isolating itself from the discussion of global human rights. The fact that both this whole ordeal was allowed to occur and that top officials defended and still continue to defend these actions should cause Americans to worry about the state of their country and the beliefs representatives are portraying through their recent actions.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Aaron Alter, Composer
Solar Rays for Jazz Big Band
The title "Solar Rays" came from an idea of two people in love, lying down in a vast green field, looking up at the sun in the clear sky, feeling the heat and seeing the clear light of the sun, which reinforced the love that they had for each other.
Solar Rays epitomizes the terms "genre-busting" and "crossover." The original version was for a classical piano trio of Piano, Violin and 'Cello (click here to jump to the Classical Piano Trio version of Solar Rays) and now we have the Big Band version of the same piece. Both versions bring out different aspects of the music. Both versions also received Silver Medals (Outstanding Achievement) at the Global Music Awards.
Below is the video of the World Premiere of the Big Band version of "Solar Rays", performed as part of the Composers Concordance 'CompCord Big Band' concert, March 5th, 2018 at The Cutting Room in New York. The video is by Eddie Papetti.


Originally conceived as both a regulation library and a research heart, the Barco Law Library is located on the third, fourth, and fifth floors of Barco Regulation Building. Use of the library is restricted to attorneys and law students only and is open Monday – Friday from eight:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Paralegal studies and/or college college students can get hold of access to the library by showing earlier than the executive choose and requesting permission.
Mercer's highly certified regulation librarians/legal analysis college have law degrees and are among the best at delivering skilled instruction within the required Introduction to Authorized Research course and the popular elective, Superior Authorized Research.
Wheat Regulation Library is an integral a part of the University of Kansas Faculty of Law, serving the law faculty and college community in legal and interdisciplinary scholarly pursuits and providing entry to legal data for legal professionals and the general public.
Giant regulation libraries might comprise many further materials protecting subjects akin to: authorized training , analysis , and writing ; the historical past of the American legal system and occupation; the historical past behind sure high-profile instances; methods of oral argument; and the legislative history of necessary federal and state statutes.
Ratified throughout Reconstruction a century and a half ago, the 14th Modification serves as the cornerstone of landmark civil rights legislation, the inspiration for quite a few federal court docket selections defending fundamental rights, and a supply of inspiration for all those that advocate for equal justice beneath regulation.


Let nothing block your view across iconic lakes, starry skies and magnificent mountains.
The Nevada landscapes – and locals – know all about adventure; this is Cowboy Country, after all. Whether you're seeking glittering alpine lakes, rugged mountains, national parks where stars twinkle in the night skies, or state parks where dinosaurs once roamed, you'll find it all here – and you'll make plenty of your own discoveries along the way..
The jewel of Nevada, Lake Tahoe is the nation's largest alpine lake, 22 by 12 miles of sparkling water surrounded by 72 miles of pristine shoreline. During the summer months, it's a water-sports paradise and when it snows, Diamond Peak on the north shore and Heavenly Peak in the South shore are alive with winter-sports enthusiasts. Head to the Lake Tahoe State Park in the north for Sand Harbor, one of Lake Tahoe's most striking sandy beaches, with Instagram-worthy scenery, peaceful picnic areas and a handy information centre. Nestled on the shores of South Lake Tahoe is Edgewood Tahoe's new luxury lodge set in amongst their acclaimed 18-hole golf course. South Lake Tahoe is also home to large casino resorts with 24-hour restaurants and gaming, keeping guests entertained throughout the day and night.
The thriving northeastern city of Elko is bordered by the towering, snow-capped Ruby Mountains. There's no shortage of outdoor activities to enjoy, from ATV-ing to heli-skiing. Privately owned yurts can be rented by guests all year round; your eco-conscious accommodation will come with camp cookery and kitchen gear, plus stunning vistas of Conrad and Talbot Creek. Come for summer hiking and winter skiing (both beckon on your doorstep, after all).
Home to some of the last remaining dark skies in the US, Nevada offers incredible stargazing. On a moonless, clear night, astronomy aficionados can take part in the holy grail of stargazing at the Great Basin National Park, in eastern Nevada near the Utah border. The area is beautifully remote, with no light pollution, making thousands of stars, galaxies and planets visible to the naked eye. By day, walk among ancient bristlecone pine trees and discover the Lehman Cave's mysterious subterranean passages.
'Valley of Fire State Park' isn't just the oldest and largest state park in Nevada – it's also one of the most impressive. The park is named for its photogenic 40,000 acres of flame-red Aztec sandstone outcrops nestled amid grey-and-tan limestone, formed back when dinosaurs roamed the earth; many of its petrified trees and petroglyphs are more than 2,000 years old. This is one Silver State experience you can't miss.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Intracellular patch electrochemistry: Regulation of cytosolic catecholamines in chromaffin cells.
Lindau, M.
Research Group of Nanoscale Cell Biology, MPI for Biophysical Chemistry, Max Planck Society;
http://www.jneurosci.org/content/23/13/5835.full.pdf+html
Mosharov, E. V., Gong, L. W., Khanna, B., Sulzer, D., & Lindau, M. (2003). Intracellular patch electrochemistry: Regulation of cytosolic catecholamines in chromaffin cells. Journal of Neuroscience, 23(13), 5835-5845.
Cite as: http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-001M-0000-0027-AAD7-D
Alterations in the cytosolic pool directly affect neurotransmitter synthesis and release and are suggested to be key factors in various neurodegenerative disorders. Although this cytosolic pool is the most metabolically active, it is miniscule compared with the amount of vesicular transmitter and has never been quantified separately. Here, we introduce intracellular patch electrochemistry (IPE), a technique that for the first time provides direct measurements of cytosolic oxidizable molecules in single mammalian cells. In amperometric mode, IPE detects total catechols, whereas in cyclic voltammetric mode, it preferentially measures catecholamines. In cultured chromaffin cells, the total cytosolic catechol concentration was 50-500 muM, of which similar to10% were catecholamines. Reserpine, a vesicular monoamine transporter inhibitor, had no effect on the catecholamine pool but increased total catechols by fourfold to fivefold. Combined with pargyline, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, reserpine increased catecholamine levels in the cytosol by approximately sixfold. Amphetamine induced a transient approximately fivefold accumulation of cytosolic catecholamines and a slow increase of total catechols. In cells incubated with 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-DOPA), catecholamines increased by similar to2.5-fold and total catechols increased by approximately fourfold. Cytosolic catecholamines returned to control levels less than or equal to10 min after L-DOPA withdrawal, whereas total catechols remained approximately twofold elevated even after a 1.5 hr incubation in L-DOPA-free media. Our data indicate that cytosolic catecholamines are strictly maintained at a defined level, and drug-induced increases in their concentrations lead to the accumulation of other catecholamine derivatives, such as DOPAC and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol. These derivatives reside in the cytosol for hours after treatment and may be an underlying cause of drug-related cytotoxicity.


text:
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text:
Last edited by Dir
1 edition of Macbeth (Picture This! Shakespeare) found in the catalog.
Macbeth (Picture This! Shakespeare)
Published February 2005 by Tandem Library .
Graphic Novels - General,
Shakespeare,
Literature - Classics / Criticism
Contributions Philip Page (Editor, Illustrator), Marilyn Petit (Editor)
Format Unknown Binding
Macbeth study guide contains a biography of William Shakespeare, literature essays, a complete e-text, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. Hamish Macbeth is a character and mystery series by Scottish author Marion Chesney (as M.C. Beaton). The series is set in the Scottish Highlands and follows the Hamish Macbeth character in his adventures as a cop. He is lazy and an underachiever who purposely sabotages any chance of a promotion.
Book Summary. On an abandoned place, in the middle of a storm, three witches appeared and agreed to meet again after a battle in which Macbeth will be. In the military camp, the Scottish King Duncan gets a report about the fight with the Irish from a wounded officer. He reported that the Irish were led by Macdonwal but that Macbeth and Banquo. About Macbeth. A NEW YORK TIMES NOTABLE BOOK OF Shakespeare's dark and tragic play retold in a heart-pounding New York Times bestselling thriller from the author of The Snowman and The Thirst. Set in the s in a run-down, rainy industrial town, Jo Nesbo's Macbeth centers around a police force struggling to shed an incessant drug problem.
Macbeth is among the best known of William Shakespeare's plays, as well as his shortest surviving tragedy. It is frequently performed at professional and community theatres around the world. The play, loosely based upon the historical account of King Macbeth of Scotland by Raphael Holinshed and the Scottish philosopher Hector Boece, is often seen as an archetypal tale of the dangers of the. Macbeth. 83, likes · talking about this. From the Academy Award® winning producers of The King's Speech and acclaimed director Justin Kurzel, comes a visceral and visually breath-taking Followers: 83K.
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Macbeth (Picture This! Shakespeare) Download PDF EPUB FB2
Macbeth, set primarily in Scotland, mixes witchcraft, prophecy, and pacificwomensnetwork.com "Weïrd Sisters" appear to Macbeth and his comrade Banquo after a battle and prophesy that Macbeth will be king and that the descendants of Banquo will also reign.
Shakespeare's play about a Scottish nobleman and his wife who murder their king for his throne charts the extremes of ambition and pacificwomensnetwork.com staged inMacbeth's three witches and other dark imagery have entered our collective pacificwomensnetwork.com a character analysis of Macbeth, plot summary, and important quotes.
Online shopping from a great selection at Books Store. Macbeth Translated Macbeth book Modern English: The most accurate line-by-line translation available, alongside original English, stage directions and historical notes (Shakespeare Translated).
Aug 09, · Macbeth is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare, and is considered one of his darkest and most powerful works. Set in Scotland, the play dramatizes the corrosive psychological and political effects produced when evil is chosen as a way to fulfil the ambition for pacificwomensnetwork.com play is believed to have been written between andand is most commonly dated /5().
Macbeth (The Tragedy of Macbeth) is a tragedy by William Shakespeare; it is thought to have been first performed in A brave Scottish general named Macbeth receives a prophecy from a trio of witches that one day he will become King of Scotland/5.
Jan 21, · Macbeth - William Shakespeare - Edited by Sylvan Barnet Samuel Johnson: Macbeth A. C It contains many motifs, symbols, and themes such as the theme of unchecked ambition. This book is great for the strong intellectual to the teen-age ambition to read violent and entertaining text but with actually lessons that can teach and grow in the /5.
Macbeth Facts Intwo competing productions of Macbeth were held on the same night in New York. The result was the worst disaster in theatre history.
The action of the play takes place over nine pacificwomensnetwork.com historical events chronicled in the play actually took place over the period of about eighteen years. Unlike many of Shakespeare's plays, Macbeth did not appear in quarto or any other.
One of Shakespeare's greatest, but also bloodiest tragedies, was written around / Many have seen the story of Macbeth's murder and usurpation of the legitimate Scottish King Duncan as having obvious connection to contemporary issues regarding King James I (James VI of Scotland), and the Gunpowder Plot of King James was particularly fascinated with witchcraft, so the appearance of /5(5).
Macbeth, tragedy in five acts by William Shakespeare, written sometime in –07 and published in the First Folio of The play chronicles Macbeth's seizing of power and subsequent destruction, both his rise and his fall the result of blind ambition.
Free download or read online Macbeth pdf (ePUB) book. The first edition of the novel was published inand was written by William Shakespeare. The book was published in multiple languages including English, consists of pages and is available in Mass Market Paperback format.
The main characters of this classics, plays story are Caithness, Fleance. The book has been awarded with, and /5. Get free homework help on William Shakespeare's Macbeth: play summary, scene summary and analysis and original text, quotes, essays, character analysis, and filmography courtesy of CliffsNotes.
In Macbeth, William Shakespeare's tragedy about power, ambition, deceit, and murder, the Three Witches foretell Macbeth's rise to King of Scotland but also prophesy that future kings will descend from. Apr 15, · Macbeth is a brave soldier that is fooled by some witches into thinking of himself as more deserving than he actually is.
In an effort to make the witches prophesies come true Macbeth kills the king to take his title and a series of unfortunate events occur in which half the characters in the book die/5.
Macbeth is Shakespeare's shortest tragedy, and tells the story of a brave Scottish general named Macbeth who receives a prophecy from a trio of witches that one day he will become King of Scotland.
Consumed by ambition and spurred to action by his wife, Macbeth murders King Duncan and takes the throne for himself.
A play about regicide and its tragic aftermath in the case of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. The line is blurred between Macbeth's evil and his opponents' good, and there are new attitudes toward both witchcraft and gender. The authoritative edition of Macbeth from The Folger Shakespeare Library, the trusted and widely used Shakespeare series for students and general readers, includes:Released on: October 08, Jan 29, · This feature is not available right now.
Please try again later. Shakespeare's Macbeth delves into the world of darkness, chaos, and conflict that arises when one's lust for power usurps the moral order. Titular-character Macbeth decides to murder the beloved King Duncan when three witches prophesize that he will one day take the throne.
Oct 15, · The authoritative edition of Macbeth from The Folger Shakespeare Library, the trusted and widely used Shakespeare series for students and general readers, includes: The exact text of the printed book for easy cross-reference-Hundreds of hypertext links for instant navigation-Freshly edited text based on the best early printed version of the play/5(31).
Book Description Macbeth is among the best-known of William Shakespeare's plays, and is his shortest tragedy, believed to have been written between and It is frequently performed at both amateur and professional levels, and has been adapted for opera, film, books, stage and screen.
William Shakespeare: Macbeth Table of Contents. Macbeth (Play,73 pages). This title is not on Your Bookshelf.[Add to Shelf] (0 / 10 books on shelf). Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District (Russian: Леди Макбет Мценского уезда Ledi Makbet Mtsenskovo uyezda) is an novella by Nikolai pacificwomensnetwork.com was originally published in Fyodor Dostoyevsky's magazine Epoch.
Among its themes are the subordinate role expected from women in 19th-century European society, adultery, provincial life (thus drawing comparison with Flaubert.The Tragedy of Macbeth Shakespeare homepage | Macbeth You can buy the Arden text of this play from the pacificwomensnetwork.com online bookstore: Macbeth (Arden Shakespeare: Second Series) Entire play in one page.
Act 1, Scene 1: A desert place. Act 1, Scene 2: A camp near Forres.Macbeth tells of a man who is deceived by himself and his wife.
The play opens with thunder and lightning and the appearance of three witches--supernatural beings. Due to the fact that this is the beginning of the play, the opening Act, it foreshadows the central theme of the play--evilSubmitted by Shanika Fan of this book?
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Neocons Red-Faced Over "Red Line"
Jeffrey Goldberg of The Atlantic has penned an opus on President Barack Obama's foreign policy which starts with a long segment dissecting Obama's supposed failure to enforce his "red line" against Syrian President Bashar al-Assad using sarin gas to kill hundreds of civilians outside Damascus on Aug. 21, 2013. For Official Washington's foreign-policy elite, Obama's flinching from a bombing campaign against Assad was a historical inflection point for which Obama deserves hearty condemnation.
But if you read far enough into this story of Obama's "feckless" behavior, you encounter a curious admission from Goldberg: that U.S. intelligence was unsure whether Assad was responsible for the attack.
"He chose the term carefully. Clapper, the chief of an intelligence community traumatized by its failures in the run-up to the Iraq War, was not going to overpromise, in the manner of the onetime CIA director George Tenet, who famously guaranteed George W. Bush a 'slam dunk' in Iraq."
What I was told by intelligence sources at the time was that the evidence against Assad was anything but a slam dunk. It was not even "robust," as Goldberg insists. There were serious doubts among intelligence professionals about many of the "certainties" that Official Washington's neocon-dominated foreign policy establishment had quickly accepted as true about the sarin attack, blaming Assad.
In the face of that "group think," Clapper surely did not want to go too much against the grain -- he's far too timid a bureaucrat for that -- but his analysts were balking at once again being pushed into justifying another hasty war.
This resistance from the U.S. intelligence community should have been easy to spot, except that the neocons were whipping Official Washington into another war stampede. They saw the sarin attack as the catalyst for another "regime change," so the last thing they wanted was a sober analysis of the evidence. They wanted a "group think" to take hold and to bait a reluctant Obama into action by portraying him as a wimp if he didn't start bombing right away.
The neocon strategy almost worked. Across Official Washington and the mainstream U.S. news media, there was a classic rush to judgment. However, when Secretary of State John Kerry made a bellicose case for war on Aug. 30, 2013, and released a supporting "government assessment," what was most remarkable to me was that there was not a shred of verifiable evidence implicating Assad.
The fact that Kerry had to rely on a new confection, called a "government assessment" prepared by political operatives rather than the traditional "intelligence assessment" expressing the consensus judgment of the 16 intelligence agencies, was a further tip-off that the U.S. intelligence community was not onboard. After Kerry's speech, I reported on the startling lack of evidence in the "dodgy dossier."
It's now clear that if Obama had launched a major bombing campaign against the Syrian military, he might have inadvertently cleared a path for Al Qaeda's Nusra Front or the Islamic State to seize control of Damascus, touching off an even more devastating human catastrophe. But "regime change" in Syria was a neocon obsession, even if it carried the risk of terrorist groups gaining control of a major Middle Eastern nation.
In the weeks and months after the sarin attack, the case against Assad continued to crumble. The U.N. inspectors recovered only one rocket carrying sarin and it was incapable of traveling the distance that would have indicated it was fired by the Syrian military. Then, investigative reporter Seymour Hersh reported in 2014 that intelligence officials had traced the attack to radical jihadists in apparent collaboration with Turkish intelligence. More recently, I've been told that U.S. intelligence now agrees with Hersh's reporting.
In other words, Clapper's recognition that there was no "slam dunk" case implicating Assad has been vindicated by subsequent evidence. But Official Washington's foreign-policy elite simply can't accept these findings, instead maintaining the myth that Assad flouted Obama's "red line" and that Obama lost his nerve and thus undermined U.S. "credibility." This myth is so beloved among neocons and their liberal-interventionist allies that it can't be surrendered regardless of its lack of evidentiary support.


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Are buy-to-let investors being pushed out of the market by tax-hike?
Around 200,000 landlords plan to quit the market following George Osborne's plans to increase taxes for buy-let-let properties, a survey by Kent Reliance suggests.
At the moment, landlords with buy-to-let mortgages can offset the interest on their monthly repayments against their income tax bills on the rent they receive. But George Osborne plans to limit this relief to those who fall into the basic rate of income tax from 2017.
"The worrying thing about the tax hike is that we could see buy-to-let investors continuing to invest after April, but increasing their tenants' rent to offset their own increased costs," says David Blake of Which? Mortgage Advisers. "I hope we don't see this happen, because it would have the opposite impact that the government is trying to achieve with this tax hike by making it harder for first-time buyers to save for a deposit."
The survey also mentions that the private rented sector has grown by 16% in a single year, making it worth around £1.2 trillion.
David adds: "We may see a surge in buy-to-let property purchases before the new tax hike, and I think it's important that people looking to invest in the rental market understand their options as soon as they possibly can."
More on buy-to-let:
Buy-to-let calculator
Buy-to-let stamp duty calculator
How to be a landlord: a step-by-step guide


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The Little Things (John Lee Hancock): Violence and Forensics as Porn
Where is #MeToo when we need it. Director John Lee Hancock's "The Little Things" opens with a young woman driving alone on a lonely dark California desert highway (homage to Janet Leigh in Hitchcock's Psycho, maybe) singing along to the B52s' "Roam" on the car radio. It's "Roam" specifically, so we, the audience, get the sense that the movie may be set in circa 1989/1990. However, we have no idea why the movie might be set in 1989/1990 and 128 minutes later, as the closing credits role, we still have no idea. This, shall we say, careless attitude, is typical of the movie as a whole which, at it's best, has no respect for it's audience, and at at it's worst, is a sleazy piece of porn masquerading as a whodunit. Back to the young woman in question. She is menaced by another driver (homage to Spielberg's "Duel", maybe), stops the car at a deserted (of course) filling station, and is now chased on foot by the still unseen driver until she sees a truck coming. She flags it down in the nick of time. Or is it? CUT. To police officer Denzel Washington doing some small town police action in what would appear to be somewhere in the Inland Empire, that vast desert and semi-desert running from the suburbs of east Los Angeles to the Coachella Valley (Palm Springs and the other "Desert Cities") and the Arizona border. Washington's character lives in what can only be described as a shack with only his dog for companionship. He is, however, quickly dispatched to LA for some reason, that's also not entirely clear, but is obviously a plot device so he can check out, and then become a sort of partner with, an up-and-coming young buck played by fellow Oscar winning actor Rami Malek. Malek is investigating a series of murders in the LA area that may be the work of a serial killer, and, we are informed that Washington's character, years earlier, was on the trail of possibly the same killer in Northern California, and that his obsession with the killer, and the pressure to break the case destroyed him. Once the film has set up the Washington-Malek dynamic however, it self-destructs.
Yes, we are presented with two potential suspects, played by Jared Leto and in a smaller but more impressive role Frederick Koehler, but the director is not really interested in them as characters and we quickly loose interest. There is no female character of note in this movie. We do, however, see lots and lots of female bodies in various stages of undress and decomposition. At the crime scene, on the forensic pathologist's table and in Washington's character's recurring flashbacks. These women have no past and no character to latch on to so after a while you begin to feel unclean. The naked and decomposing female bodies pile up serving no purpose except to give a background to two cops who, we slowly realize – everything in this movie is slow – have little or no moral standing. You come away from this film without any sense whatsoever, that a series of young women were tortured and murdered. You come away feeling sorry for a bunch of actresses who had to appear semi-naked, in non speaking roles, in a bad movie. I had to take a shower afterwards
"The Little Things" is available for streaming at HBOMax, Amazon Prime Video and Apple TV


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Боксёрская груша — кожаный снаряд для совершенствования ударов бокса (прямые и боковые удары). Предназначен для развития точности и быстроты ударов. Подвешивается на уровне груди боксёра. Наряду с боксерской грушей для тренировки ударов используются другие похожие снаряды: боксерский мешок, напольный мешок, «груша на растяжках».

Существуют разные упражнения с боксёрской грушей. Можно наносить удары на скорость, стараясь бить как можно чаще и сильнее. Можно также наносить удары в движении, максимально приспосабливаясь к условиям боксёрского ринга. Лёгкие груши (5-30 кг) лучше всего подходят для отработки техники удара в голову но можно отрабатывать и удары ногами.

Пневматическая груша

Пневматическая груша — груша с особым механизмом, которая позволяет отработать боксёрам скорость и выброс руки при ударе. Такая груша была в залах всех знаменитых боксёров мира. Груша вешается на специальную платформу. От неимоверной скорости даже профессиональные боксёры не всегда могут попасть по груше.

Fight ball — разновидность пневматической груши.

Другое применение
Боксерская груша (другое название — ударный мешок) может применяться не только в боксе, но и в различных видах боевых искусств (кикбоксинг, карате, крав мага и др.) для ударов как рукой (и не только кулаком), так и ногой.

Примечания

Литература

Боевые искусства
Боксёрская экипировка и инвентарь
Спортивные снаряды

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I've been working in international development for many years — over 20 years — both in developing countries, based in Zambia, and with other international organisations. I was ready for a role that combined my faith and my quest for social justice, and work to change the power imbalances that cause poverty and vulnerabilities.
The really pleasant surprise for me has been discovering the number of people out there who really want to be part of a movement for justice, dignity, and equality.
Every working day for me is different. My job entails travelling to our country offices to see our programmes, meeting with my directorate or trustees, and meeting high-level influencers in Parliament and in the Church.
In my first six months, I've had to do more travelling, to bring myself up to speed. I also travel in the UK, preaching in sponsoring churches, and sitting down with supporters and listening to their concerns. Connecting the people who really care, give, and pray, and the people they help in other countries, is the sweet spot.
I like to think of us as one big family with different skills, gifts, and parts to play — but all part of this global movement looking for justice, equality, and dignity.
One thing I've learned is that there's a broad definition and understanding of poverty, but each community is different. In Brazil or Bolivia, people live in extreme poverty, but the cultural exclusion is greater for ethnic minorities. In other countries, there might be extreme poverty because of different issues: drought, no control of land, or generational poverty.
If you're the person who experiences relative poverty for one reason or another, and don't have access to what is considered the norm in that country, your dignity is affected. Every human being is important before God, and deserves a life of dignity. Christian Aid's mandate is to work outside the UK: the difference is that, here, something can be done about it; but, in countries where the government is corrupt or dysfunctional, you really need help from outside.
We've spent the past few months planning our next seven years' strategy, and believe we have to look at decision-making structures and speak truth to power. We have to build local agencies who empower people to speak up against governments. Our work isn't just about meeting immediate need but supporting sustainable transformational change. We've done a lot of work on taxation and tax justice — identifying where money for alleviating poverty is going.
Putting human flourishing as the end goal in our world would help us tackle many wider issues, such as climate change. If our driver is always the accumulation of wealth, our policy decisions will be always at the expense of others.
Speaking truth to power has its risks, because there's the danger that you could be kicked out, or some donor might withdraw their money. We have to do a risk-analysis, but, above all, be true to what Christian Aid is. We need to be bold and brave, but not reckless. One of the things I'd really encourage is to increase the level of support from the British public, because that gives us more freedom to act. And other governments who provide money have to be part of that conversation.
The hardest thing that Christian Aid does is trying to speak prophetically and truthfully about safeguarding and the protection of the most vulnerable. Recent scandals in our sector have made this difficult, but made us more committed to doing all we can to protect the people we serve.
We're proud to work well with the Department for International Development [DfID] on dozens of projects around the world, tackling climate change, gender injustice, displaced people, and responding to emergencies. We're particularly glad that the DfID, working with us, has launched a rapid response START fund to release money to emergency situations faster. It's a world first.
We're concerned about how the Government is changing the use of aid: blurring it with military, trade, and business interests. DfID is the best department at spending aid, and the Government should ensure that it is fully independent and focused on alleviating poverty.
The real measure of success in this work is when affected communities can speak up for themselves, and have the opportunity to live a life of dignity. As we walk towards it, though, there are other, smaller milestones that keep us going and help us to retain the belief that this is a winnable war.
A community that we worked with for five years with DfID in Malawi is now independent. They support themselves, have solar-powered irrigation facilities, grow their own food, and market their produce; they are not only saving money, but also looking for small investment opportunities.
Agnes took me to her old house: a tiny one-room ruin, and then to her new house — not big, two rooms, but spacious. "Come and see. This is my new house, and I'm so proud. And now I've got some goats and some chickens, and can send my child to school." We would still think she was poor, but it was her confidence in her accomplishments, and her self-belief that she could make this work that was exciting. That's dignity. That's what it's about.
I was raised in a Catholic home; so God has always been a part of my life. My father used to lead us in prayer in the evenings, and we'd all go to church as a family, but perhaps it felt routine. My first in-depth engagement with what it means to be in a relationship with God fully emerged while I was at university doing my undergraduate degree. I'd visit my aunt in the holidays and go to her Seventh-Day Adventist church, reading and searching the scriptures for myself, and joining in their Bible studies, and preparing some of the discussions. I was baptised into the Seventh-Day Adventist Church in 1989, and haven't looked back.
My faith in God is what opens doors for me, sees me through, is what's necessary for my life.
I enjoy sharing and listening to others, but preaching is daunting. People don't come to church for the fun of it: they want to be spiritually fed. You have to pray that these are the right words, the right message. I'm not a qualified preacher; so, to overcome my anxiety, I gravitate to the stories I like, unless I'm given a particular text.
I was brought up first in Zambia. We went to school, and came home and played outdoors a lot. We had singing, dancing, and other games, and a very strong family circle.
We moved to Italy when I was in my teens, because my father was a diplomat. That international environment was much less carefree. I loved sport, and was a very good sprinter for many years. I played field hockey really well, and loved rounders. I did a Master's degree at Warwick in international economic law.
When I'm not working now, I'm happiest just being at home. I was working with the UN in Germany last year; so this Christmas will be our first year back, living in a village in Surrey. It's just the four of us. We're just going to be at home, playing all the games — Scrabble, Monopoly — and watching the Christmas movies. At least, I am. The others will say: "Oh, Mum, not again!" I never get tired of them.
I love the sound of gospel music, and the sound of rain gently falling on to the roof when I am indoors.
I continue to see fountains of hope: individuals, communities, groups of people, churches, and other partners challenging the odds by just doing what needs to be done. It fills me with hope that sometimes overflows. In times of difficulty in the history of our world, hope has always emerged like a light on a hill. We are resilient.
I most often pray for understanding.
If I found myself locked in a church, and could choose anyone to be my companion, it would be Jesus.


Have you ever found yourself sitting in a project planning meeting where everyone around the table is discussing completion dates they know can't be met, yet no one ever says so? Or have you ever spent hours trying to work out some technical aspect of a design, even though you know another aspect of the design has a serious flaw that isn't being addressed? Unfortunately, these surreal experiences are familiar to most engineers, and they take place more often than many of us would like to admit.
How does this happen? How do engineers, who pride ourselves on our rationality and individualism, get caught up in a collective denial of reality? Most importantly, how do we live up to our professional responsibility to speak out?
Groupthink is a concept that was introduced by William H. Whyte in a 1952 Fortune magazine article and later developed by the psychologist Irving Janis in the 1970s and 1980s. It refers to the tendency to suspend independent critical thinking in favor of group consensus. The result is poor decision making.
The loss of the space shuttle Challenger and the lives of its crew, and the loss of the space shuttle Columbia and its crew 17 years later, are often given as examples of engineering groupthink. More recently, the stubborn insistence by the truck and engine manufacturer Navistar that its diesel emission reduction strategy would eventually work, despite evidence to the contrary, cost that company hundreds of millions of dollars and cost more than 700 people their jobs.
In all of these examples, it's probably fair to say the denial of reality was more on the part of managers than engineers. But why weren't engineers successful in winning their managers over to the side of reality?
The insidious thing about groupthink is that it builds on some of the best aspects of our character, including our ability to work together toward common goals and our unwillingness to give up in the face of a challenge. Despite the stereotype of engineers as solitary misanthropes, teamwork is central to the engineering profession. Engineers often have deep loyalty to their teammates. This is a good thing, but loyalty should never mean self-censorship of criticism. Engineers also often have a tendency to believe they can solve any problem with hard work and ingenuity. This can sometimes lead to ever-increasing expenditures of effort toward a difficult task without questioning the value of the task itself.
The first rule in Dale Carnegie's well-known book How to Win Friends and Influence People is "Don't criticize, condemn, or complain." It's certainly true that negativity rarely leads to popularity, but it can sometimes play an important role in making good decisions.
During my senior design project in engineering school, one of my classmates distinguished herself by criticizing nearly every group decision and constantly complaining about the hopeless state of our project. Needless to say, the rest of the group found this behavior annoying. As the semester progressed, however, I realized that it was important to take her criticisms seriously. If they were wrong, explaining why they were wrong increased our own understanding. If they were right, they helped keep us from going in the wrong direction.
Keep that in mind the next time a project leader asks you for a positive piece of information to help him sell a project to his managers.