because they needed to be called something, if only for a moment.
Embedded in the word refugee is refuge, a place of specificities, a space like home, which includes a sense of the familiar and tangible, until these locations are also (dis)placed.
The refugees in Greece, caught in the impasse of a closed border since March 2016, have had to relocate hopes of finding their way into northern Europe; the Afghans in particular have been told they don't have the option of seeking asylum, their escape from their war-torn country not, according to the European Union (EU), analogous to those of the Syrians. The Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) was one of the first countries to reject the Afghans after the March 2016 agreement between the EU and Turkey effectively closed the borders out of Greece.
According to the Danish Refugee Council, the number of killed and wounded civilians in Afghanistan last year was the highest since 2009. In recent months, several countries that lie on the route from the outer borders of Europe to the rest of the continent have built fences or introduced border controls, which aim to reject a certain number of nationalities.
"I visited Lesvos in Greece last week and have met some of these vulnerable people that now cannot continue their search for safety," says the council's International Director, Ann Mary Olsen.
I have befriended several Afghan families in Greece. They have come, like other refugees, to occupy an abandoned school building in central Athens. Being together with Syrian, Kurdish, and some Turkish refugees, is new to them, as these groups have not mingled historically. In what was once an abandoned public school building some 400 people who would not otherwise live together are now living together. There is this about survival and its necessities in an urban metropolis: one discovers new ways to be.
The writing of political theorist Hannah Arendt, who coined the phrase "the banality of evil" in her work about the rise of Naziism, whose On Totalitarianism, provided groundbreaking observations regarding the leveling apparatuses of totalitarian regimes, reminds us intimacies are rooted at the heart of every human situation, the heart being a porous border, and a mutable location: "… the intimacy of the heart, unlike the private household, has no objective, tangible place." Unlike the constructions of nationhood and government the reality of refugees reminds us that what is built can come undone, and in the undoing, the interfaces of the devastated and possible are also sites for beginnings.
"When FYROM closed its border for the Afghans, [it was] yet another symptom of what we see happening many places in Europe. People have the right to get their asylum case processed—and not be rejected based on their nationality. It is not borders that need protection—it is the refugees," says Danish Refugee Council director Olsen.
Another language spills over in the Athens squat, where phrases are repeated that are new to me, such as tashakor, "thank you" in Farsi. Tashakor, tashakor, says Azize, who is from a village near Kabul. We communicate in gestures, half phrases, language pieced-together with nods and smiles. It makes for a space that bridges what we don't know how to say. I have brought tea bags and some honey, but Azize is especially happy for the blond hair dye. And while I am the one who has come from an apartment of my own and a full-time job—the kinds of things they have escaped their devastated land to find—I am the one who feels nurtured. I sit for the tea they offer me on the five-blanketed floor that has become a living space. But there is a surprise because Narghes, who is 13, wants to use the tea set someone gave her as a gift. She tells me to wait as the boys are playing a dart game next to us. She wants this to be a special moment between us, the girls, including Henieh, who is age four. So I sip my tea slowly, and when the boys leave, Narghes brings out the tea set.
Like cities in wartime, resources have become scarce in austerity-ravaged Athens; its gutted economy makes for a renewed appreciation of the existence of the refugee squats, of alternative and collective ways to share resources.
The city's shuttered stores and buildings, left to deteriorate as a gradual consequence of the financial crisis that began in 2009, have visibly altered the city; these are the spaces that are being reinvented by the refugee communities. People who didn't expect to be here, some of who still hope to leave, have nevertheless, out of necessity, transformed these parts of Athens. Now, too, a group who were once students in this particular school building comes each Friday to cook a hot meal for the families. They ladle out soups and stews from large black pots on burners they've set up in the playground, also thankful that their school building is no longer rotting, but is instead sheltering lives.
"I don't know what we're doing," one of the volunteers says of our small group who visit the squat. We do various activities with the children. She continues somewhat critically to say here we are with our coloring books and packets of crayon and magic markers, and here they are with their experiences of near-fatal voyages, living on handouts and floor spaces partitioned by layered blankets. It is a question of scale and perspective, of what Bhabha describes as the interstices of broken certainties. A place "in-between" what was once known and is now unknown, which will "take you 'beyond' yourself in order to return, in a spirit of revision and reconstruction," to a present which keeps changing the subject, which keeps the subject in motion.
Warsan Shire writes, "They ask me how did you get here? Can't you see it on my body? The Libyan desert red with immigrant bodies, the Gulf of Aden bloated, the city of Rome with no jacket." A city with no jacket, Rome no less, with its history of Empire, and the fact of Empire's oppressions is collapsed to the fact of someone without a jacket. The metaphor reconfigures a hierarchy of values bringing down edifices of history that make of an emblematic city a body inadequately clothed, a personification of vulnerability. The detail signifies what, in the poet's personal imaginary, is resonant, what was captured, say, in the mind's or camera's eye, of the fleeting (and fleeing) movement that got her here.
"And all rulers are the heirs of those who conquered before them," the philosopher and urban essayist Walter Benjamin wrote. "Hence, empathy with the victor invariably benefits the rulers." His famous angel of history is something of a conundrum, as he would like to "awaken the dead and make whole what has been smashed…" but he is fixated on the wreckage, the "pile of debris before him [that] grows skyward." As a storm is blowing into his open wings, pushing him forward with his back turned to the future, Benjamin famously notes, "This storm is what we call progress." This storm—"can't you see it on my body?"—has no borders, but for the names the body will give it. Radical displacement can signify presences that subvert the circumstances that have diminished its victims—the debris of devastated cities, the emptiness of abandoned spaces—which are also unexpected, porous sites. It's a question of how we name the parts that move us.
Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition, University of Chicago Press, 1958.
Walter Benjamin, "Theses On the Philosophy of History" in Illuminations. Trans. Harry Zohn, Schocken Books, New York, 1968.
Warsan Shire, "Conversations About Home (at the Deportation Centre)" in Teaching My Mother How To Give Birth; mouthmark series, U.K., 2011.
Zeina Hashem Beck, "Naming Things," in 3 Arabi Song, Rattle, 2016.
Adrianne Kalfopoulou has had work in journals such as The Broome Street Review, Hotel Amerika, Harvard Review Online, Superstition Review, and elsewhere. She's a poet and essayist who lives in Athens, Greece. Her latest book publication is Ruin, Essays in Exilic Living (2014). Her third poetry collection, A History of Too Much is forthcoming in 2018. She blogs @ "Greece, Voices Inside" and occasionally tweets @akalf1.


Dr. Hedrick attended Northern Michigan University and received her Bachelor of Science in Biochemistry. She then graduated from Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine in Kirksville, Missouri with the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree. She completed her Obstetrics and Gynecology residency at Mount Clemens General Hospital in Mount Clemens, Michigan. During her residency, she completed a teaching fellowship at Michigan State University.
Dr. Hedrick's special interests are management of abnormal uterine bleeding, minimally invasive surgery, DaVinci robotic surgery, in-office procedures, sexual dysfunction, chronic pelvic pain, and general obstetrics.
Dr. Hedrick belongs to the American Osteopathic Association, American College of Osteopathic Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and the Nebraska Medical Association, and the Metro Omaha Medical Society. She is involved with resident education as an Associate Clinical Professor at Creighton University. She is board certified in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Dr. Hedrick is married and has two children.


A professional horseman for over 40 years, Jos was born in England and grew up in the countryside. His love of things equine and canine led him to emigrate to a job in Canada at the age of 21. His photographic interests grew, having developed a love for the art while hitch-hiking around Europe for a year prior to the emigration. Over the next 15 years, photography became more important as a commercial aspect grew from the hobby. In particular, Jos became well-known in the region for photographing Eventing and Horse Trials - sports in which he himself had competed.
Times changed and as many reading this will already be aware, Jos strayed away from photography and became heavily involved in the field of equine reproduction. In 1999 he started the eponymous business and website "Equine-Reproduction.com", and was joined in that venture shortly after by his wife Kathy St. Martin. With their move to Oklahoma where they now reside, matters became more settled and photography once again became a significant activity in Jos' life, with Kathy playing an increasingly important rôle in the editing field. Digital photography had now become de facto and Jos moved from his old 35mm film Minolta "Maxuum" 7000 camera (shown with Jos in an early "selfie" photo at left from the 1980's!) to a Nikon D300s and then to a Nikon D810. These model cameras along with a variety of Nikkor lenses now represent Jos' "photographic equipment stable" while Kathy continues to work hard hidden behind the scenes doing an amazing job editing!


Quantification and structural studies of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) are an essential part of radiobiology because DSBs represent the most serious damage introduced to the DNA molecule by ionizing radiation. Although standard immunofluorescence confocal microscopy has demonstrated its usefulness in a large number of research studies, it lacks the resolution required to separate individual, closely associated DSBs, which appear after cell exposure to high linear energy transfer (high-LET) radiation and can be visualized as clusters or streaks of radiation-induced repair foci (IRIFs). This prevents our deeper understanding of DSB induction and repair. Recent breakthroughs in super-resolution light microscopy, such as the development of single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM), offer an optical resolution of approximately an order of magnitude better than that of standard confocal microscopy and open new horizons in radiobiological research. Unlike electron microscopy, SMLM (also referred to as "nanoscopy") preserves the natural structure of biological samples and is not limited to very thin sample slices. Importantly, SMLM not only offers a resolution on the order of approximately 10 nm, but it also provides entirely new information on the biochemistry and spatio-temporal organization of DSBs and DSB repair at the molecular level. Nevertheless, it is still challenging to correctly interpret these often surprising nanoscopy results. In the present article, we describe our first attempts to use SMLM to explore γH2AX and 53BP1 repair foci induced with 15N high-LET particles.
Contribution to the Topical Issue "Atomic Cluster Collisions", edited by Alexey Verkhovtsev, Andrey V. Solov'yov, Germán Rojas-Lorenzo, and Jesús Rubayo Soneira.


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Scientists visualise cellular handmaiden that restores shape to proteins
A gigantic protein complex responsible for looking after bent out of shape proteins has been visualised by scientists working in Japan and the UK.
The structure of the chaperonin complex of the bacteria Thermus thermophilus reveals clues about how the important molecule may do its job of folding new or damaged proteins within cells.
Led by Professor So Iwata of Imperial College London, the team of scientists announce their findings in this month's edition of the journal Structure (August 2004).
The complex comprises three separate parts - two identical 'cage' units lashed back to back, and a 'cap' unit that sits atop the cage, acting as a stopper. The cage contains the unwound, or denatured, protein, while the chaperonin goes about refolding its shape using the cellular energy source, ATP.
The structure of the chaperonin complex is one of the largest and most difficult solved by scientists. Each unit of the cage or cap is made up of seven separate polypeptide chains.
"It's huge," said Professor Iwata. "The cavity can accommodate even very large proteins inside. It makes the perfect environment for the protein to fold."
It is the second structure of a chaperonin complex to be reported by scientists, and is visualised at a resolution of 2.8 Angstroms. The first was published in 1997 by the group of the late Professor Paul Sigler at Yale University, USA.
Unlike the first structure, taken from the chaperonin of gut bacterium Escherichia coli, the Thermus thermophilus structure is a more natural structure revealing the irregular oval interior of the cage's subunits.
Thermus thermophilus is a highly thermophilic bacteria, first found living in deep-sea hot vents. It contains proteins thought to be very similar to those found in the energy powerhouses of plant and animal cells, the mitochondria.
Immediately, the largest users of this new knowledge are biochemists working on the protein and bioinforma
2. Scientists sequence genome of kind of organism central to biospheres carbon cycle
3. Scientists find nanowires capable of detecting individual viruses
4. Scientists discover potential new way to control drug-resistant bacteria
5. Scientists explore genome of methane-breathing microbe
6. Scientists decipher genetic code of biothreat pathogen
7. Stuck on you: Scientists lay bare secrets of bacterial attachment proteins
8. Scientists discover proteins involved in spread of HIV-1 infection
9. Scientists fear new Ebola outbreak may explain sudden gorilla disappearance
10. Scientists reinvent DNA as template to produce organic molecules
11. Scientists identify compounds that mimic calorie restriction

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Aurem Palace is an incomparable spa resort, set amidst 27 acres of tropical landscaped gardens and a haven of ultimate luxury that is brimming with antiques and local artifacts. Located within Bagan Archaeological Preservation Zone, you can experience wonderful panoramas of the amazing ancient temples of Bagan. Each of the large en suite rooms are elegantly and lavishly equipped with luxurious amenities. Feast on indoor or al fresco wining and dining experiences. Pamper yourself at the huge Aureum Nature Spa, which resembles an 11th century temple, or in the pool area or sun terraces. There's also a gym, and a golf course nearby.
Excellent! Wonderful experience! We loved everything about this part of our trip! The mopeds the scenery the hotel - all excellent - we would have loved to extend this part by a day.


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Ekebol is een plaats in de gemeente Bengtsfors in het landschap Dalsland en de provincie Västra Götalands län in Zweden. De plaats heeft 60 inwoners (2005) en een oppervlakte van 25 hectare.

Plaats in Västra Götalands län

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Luke Bryan Previews New Deluxe Album in Livestream Set
Luke Bryan has a little bit of new coming coming this spring. He'll release a deluxe edition of his 2020 album Born Here, Live Here, Die Here in April, and he shared a couple of its brand-new tracks during a livestream performance on Thursday evening (Feb. 4).
Of the six new tracks on his new deluxe album, Bryan shared two of them. "Country Does" is an uptempo track about small-town life with Dr. Seuss-like tongue-twister lyrics that had the country star chuckling as he tried to get them all out during what he described as a "highly, highly unrehearsed" performance.
"It's just about the way I was brought up … It's just about my small-town way of life," Bryan says. He didn't write the song — he didn't share who did — but noted that he knew from first listen he wanted to record it.
"Waves," meanwhile, is a summertime love story. Bryan didn't write this one, either, but he calls it a "big ol' summer song" and notes that he's "crazy excited" about it.
The deluxe edition of Born Here, Live Here, Die Here is due out on April 9 and will be available to pre-order on Friday (Feb. 5); this story will be updated with additional information about the album as it's made available. Bryan says all of his downtime during the COVID-19 pandemic led him back into the studio to record the new material.
"With COVID and everything, we had some extra songs that we were able to write and record," Bryan shared, adding to his fans, "We miss you, we love you."
"Down to One" is Bryan's current single from Born Here, Live Here, Die Here, and he performed it during his Thursday livestream as well. It's the album's fourth single, and follows three chart-toppers: "Knockin' Boots," "What She Wants Tonight" and "One Margarita."
Bryan has more big career moments in store for the coming weeks, too: The singer returns for yet another stint judging American Idol on ABC alongside Katy Perry and Lionel Richie on Valentine's Day (Feb. 14).
See 10 Things You Didn't Know About Luke Bryan:


Emily Black is a portrait and dance photographer who loves collaborating with other women to produce her work. Prior to starting her photography business, she worked in oil paint, ceramics, and basket making.
"I was definitely a solitary artist," she says. "I would go into my studio with an idea and torture myself until it was done. I didn't realize how lonely it was." Now, however, her artwork is collaborative. She works with portrait clients, makeup artists and dancers to bring a shared vision to life.
Author Bio: Emily Black is a recent transplant to Scottsdale, Arizona, where she specializes in dance photography. She is originally from Mississippi, holds a Master's Degree in Humanities from the University of Houston Clear Lake and most recently lived in the village of Lymington, England, for four years. She enjoys travel, sewing and reading mystery novels.


I refuse to confide and don't like it when people write about art.
Balthasar Klossowski, best known as Balthus, was an esteemed but controversial Polish-French modern artist. Throughout his career, Balthus rejected the usual conventions of the art world. He insisted that his paintings should be seen and not read about, and he resisted any attempts made to build a biographical profile. A telegram sent to the Tate Gallery as it prepared for its 1968 retrospective of his works read: NO BIOGRAPHICAL DETAILS. BEGIN: BALTHUS IS A PAINTER OF WHOM NOTHING IS KNOWN. NOW LET US LOOK AT THE PICTURES. REGARDS. B. In 1921 Mitsou, a book which included forty drawings by Balthus, was published. It depicted the story of a young boy and his cat, with a preface by Balthus's mentor, Rilke. The theme of the story foreshadowed his lifelong fascination with cats, which resurfaced with his self-portrait as The King of Cats 1935. In 1926 he visited Florence, copying frescos by Piero della Francesca, which inspired another early ambitious work by the young painter: the tempera wall paintings of the Protestant church of the Swiss village of Beatenberg 1927. From 1930 to 1932 he lived in Morocco, was drafted into the Moroccan infantry in Kenitra and Fes, worked as a secretary, and sketched his painting La Caserne 1933.


Arthritis is a potentially crippling degenerative joint condition that causes pain, inflammation, lost mobility, and depression in dogs with the condition. Unfortunately, arthritis is fairly common in aging dogs, and there is no guaranteed path to prevention. However, by understanding the risk factors and by taking proven preventive measures, you can lower your dog's risk of developing joint disease.
Understanding major risk factors for canine arthritis is key to prevention. Unfortunately, certain risk factors, such as genetics, are out of your control. Some dogs have inherited a greater risk for developing arthritis. And, while all breeds can develop the condition, larger animals are the prone. Congenital joint deformities, developmental abnormalities, and immune system irregularities also increase the risk of arthritis. Moreover, arthritis is considerably more common in aging dogs.
Although aging is a significant risk factor for arthritis in dogs, some injuries make the condition considerably more likely in younger animals. These include bone and joint trauma, ruptured ligaments, and dislocation of the kneecap. You can't always prevent a pet from getting hurt, but you can definitely take steps to make major injuries less likely.
Make sure your dog can't get out of the yard, that she's on a leash when you go for walks, and that she is otherwise not put at unnecessary risk of being struck by a vehicle. Talk to your veterinarian about appropriate exercises and adhere to recommendations for frequency, duration, and level of strenuousness. Dogs can easily get hurt with overexertion.
Also, bacterial infections that affect the bones and joints elevate a dog's risk for developing arthritis later down the line. Treat infections aggressively and without delay, even when they're superficial. Without proper treatment, infections do spread.
Keeping your dog safe from ticks will also help prevent arthritis. Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and other diseases spread by ticks increase an animal's chances of becoming arthritic. Consult your veterinarian for advice on products that repel and kill ticks. Keep foliage in your yard trimmed to limit the presence of ticks. Check your dog thoroughly and often, especially during warmer weather and after she goes through tall grass or wooded areas. Remove ticks right away with proper technique.
Obesity is the risk factor for canine arthritis most under your control as a pet parent. It also happens to be one of the most significant risk factors. Excess pounds put undue stress on the joints, promote physical deterioration, and otherwise undermine your pet's health.
Ask your veterinarian how many calories your dog should be eating every day. Remember, this number changes as your dog grows and ages. Buy quality, nutritionally balanced dog food and keep a close eye on how many extra calories you provide in treats, table scraps, and other food outside of regular meals. Also, talk to your veterinarian about physical activity. See to it your dog gets enough exercise to be properly stimulated and to maintain a healthy weight, toned muscles, and strong joints.
Thank you for this informative article. It has been very helpful.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Blake Shelton released the new video for his current single, "Every Time I Hear That Song," and it just might leaving you pining for your lost love.
The video has The Voice judge longing for an ex as he stands in a cold warehouse in the pouring rain. It may be raining in the video, but Blake isn't getting wet. The rain surrounds him, keeping him at arm's length from the girl he can't get off his mind. Throughout the video, the girl appears as Blake reaches out to her, but alas, she's just a figment of his imagination that the song conjures up.
"Every time I hear that song / I'm standing in the pouring rain / On your front lawn and oh-oh-oh / I still think about you oh-oh-oh / Every time I hear that song / It's like the first time it came on and oh-oh-oh / I still think about you oh-oh-oh / I still think about you," Blake sings in the chorus.


ow! I'm astounded! Speechless! Dumbfounded! My mouth's agape! My jaw's on my sternum! My eyes are poppin'! My heart's afire! My whole body is paralyzed in fascination! Exultation! Jubilation!
I ... have ... just ... seen ... the ... new ... Film Vault.
Deep breath -- ahhh -- allow me to relax for a moment. OK.
My comrades at Weekly Wire have really done it this time. They've created a site that is actually helpful for Film Bums like me. I can't tell you how many times I've gone to the video store's "new release" section, only to be rendered a drooling idiot by the all the titles I've never heard of. Duh, which ones are good? How can I find out? I don't want to risk renting a bad one. Film Vault solves that problem. All I have to do is look up all the recent movies and locate a couple I might like that have positive reviews. Everything from big releases to 100% obscure stuff is included -- and the smart links connect me to other, older flicks I might enjoy too. I love the Film Vault! It's a godsend!
Okay, let me just settle down again. I'd better change subjects lest I become hysterical. Godsend, godsend, hmm... oh yeah, let's talk about that new David Duchovny movie, "Playing God." I haven't seen it, but I'm really confused by these reviews. I mean, this one says it's a bomb, another says it's THE bomb. I decided to get a third opinion, and ended up believing this reviewer, who seemed to have a good, calm, sober-as-a-surgeon head on his shoulders. Unlike Duchovny's character. Or myself.
Or this writer. She's all, like, addicted to "The Real World." She even interviewed one of its cast members. Which is great if you're a "Real World" addict, but I'm totally not even close. Totally. I'd rather watch old monster movies, or films full of hookers, or hell, even a Joe Eszterhas thing. Or go to the Film Vault. Woo hoo!


Was I waiting for the skies to open and the universe to yell out to me, "It is time! Do it now and it will be the right decision!" Was I waiting for 100 percent reassurance that what I was hoping and yearning to do would be the absolute right choice for me?
Yes, of course I was.
But here is the thing. That was not going to happen. No Divine announcement from the sky. No absolute reassurances from the universe.
But there were whispers; there were signs that I was moving in the right direction. When I slowed down enough and began to notice the many signs and messages that were being sent from all around me that I was in fact moving in the right direction, I knew without a doubt that I had to take the risk. The risk to fail, the risk to succeed.
Messages came in all forms. The priest who told me that I did not have a marriage to hold on to; the eligible men that I met but promptly ran away from; the tribe of people who always came to me to ask for guidance as they too struggled with a bad relationship; the great ideas that popped into my mind which could have turned into a blog, if I hadn't talked myself out of it.
Signs and support from the universe were always there, ready to encourage and support me — but more often than not, I dismissed them. I had too much FEAR and not enough TRUST.
Steve Jobs once said that while we are living, we cannot see the brilliant path that our lives are taking; it is only in retrospect that we can see that all the dots connect — all of the experiences that we have had, the relationships that we've had, all of the crazy courses that we took in college that we thought were irrelevant, all of the jobs that seemed to make no sense at the time — it all connects in a beautiful script of our life. Everything has purpose and everything is divine.
Now, I don't wait as long to ponder my next move. I follow the passion, the joy. I trust that I am exactly where I need to be.
Life is Short and Life is Precious. Listen for the Whispers. Follow the Fun.


When you visit our website, information about you is collected that is used to customize and improve our content and to increase the value of the content displayed on the page. If you do not want data to be collected, delete your cookies ( see instructions ). Below we have elaborated on what information is collected, their purposes and which third parties have access to them.
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The Delaware Supreme Court's recent decision in Gatz v. Ponsoldt (1) provides further clarification in a developing line of cases on what suits may be filed directly on behalf of shareholders or derivatively on behalf of a corporation. The procedural posture of this case is lengthy (2), but the decision before the Supreme Court on appeal dealt with the Chancery Court's dismissal of the case based on the plaintiffs' failure to meet the Rule 23.1 demand requirement for derivative actions. The transactions generating the issues on appeal are also complex, but essentially involve a large minority shareholder using his de facto control to engineer transactions that, in two simultaneous steps, transferred majority voting control to him and then sold that voting control to a third party (3). The end result was that the company's public shareholders – who previously had held the company's majority stock interest – became minority shareholders in an enterprise controlled by the third party (4).


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Google Is Pushing Enterprises To Ditch Windows And Try Chrome OS
Julie Bort
Jun. 21, 2012, 7:03 PM
The rumors of Chrome OS's death have been greatly exaggerated.
Top Chrome dude Sundar Pichai says the company is getting ready to really push devices running Google's Web-centric operating system to enterprises in the next six months, GigaOM reports.
Google is prepared to be patient about it, too, knowing that enterprises are slow to make such major changes.
But Pichai believes that all of the companies that chose Google Apps over Microsoft Office could be talked into getting rid of their PCs altogether.
"The thing that will seed the market for us is Google Apps," the Google VP said to a crowd at GigaOM Structure conference Wednesday in San Francisco.
Google Apps is growing like crazy at "triple-digit-percentage" rates Pichai said. It's hard to tell how many that is in actual numbers. Google has been claiming Apps has 4 million customers for the better part of a year. Last September, Charmian Eric Schmidt said that Apps had 40 million individuals using it and was adding users at a rate of 5,000 a day, TechCrunch reported.
All of those companies might be willing to jump into the post-PC era right now with a Chromebook. Or with Google's first-ever desktop PC for the enterprise. That's the new Chromebox, released last month.
The Chromebox is a "thin client." That means you plug in your own monitor and keyboard and use it to access applications stored elsewhere, in the cloud.
Clearly, Chrome OS won't kill the PC and become an enterprise smash in the next six months.
But over the next five or more years, it could. Enterprises will increasingly yank out their Windows PCs and deliver their applications over the cloud. They'll let employees chose the device, or they'll buy them a thin client like a Chromebox or one made by Wyse (now owned by Dell) or Pano Logic.
It's already starting to happen.
Don't miss: The PC, As We've Come To Know It, Has Become Obsolete
Get the latest Google stock price here.
More: Mobile Chrome OS Chromebox ChromeBook


text:
Menipo, , foi um cínico e escritor sarcástico e burlesco que existiu por volta da primeira metade do século III a.C. Seu nome inspirou a criação do gênero literário chamado de Sátira menipeia. Suas obras, que estão todas perdidas, seu estilo e escolha de assuntos influenciaram importantes escritores da antiguidade, os dois únicos escritores antigos que explicitamente ligam as suas obras à Menipo são Varro, que escreveu o que São Jerônimo rotula como Satirarum Menippearum Libros CL, e Luciano, que escreveu vários diálogos com Menipo sendo um personagem.

Vida
Pouco se sabe sobre a vida de Menipo. Ele era natural de Gadara em Cele-Síria. As fontes antigas concordam que ele era um escravo. Ele estava a serviço de um cidadão de Ponto, mas, de alguma forma obteve sua liberdade e viveu em Tebas. Diógenes Laércio relata uma história duvidosa que ele acumulou uma fortuna como agiota, a perdeu e então se matou.

Obras
Sua obras, todas perdidas, incluem:

 Νέκυια – Necromancia
 Διαθῆκαι – Desejos
 Ἐπιστολαὶ κεκομψευμέναι ἀπὸ τῶν θεῶν προσώπου – Cartas Espirituosas Escritas como que pelos Deuses
 Πρὸς τοὺς φυσικοὺς καὶ μαθηματικοὺς καὶ γραμματικοὺς – Respostas aos filósofos naturais, matemáticos e gramáticos
 Γονὰς Ἐπικούρου – O nascimento de Epicuro
 Τὰς θρησκευομένας ὑπ' αὐτῶν εἰκάδας – A reverência da Escola do vigésimo dia (comemorado na escola epicurista)

Filósofos do século III a.C.
Poetas da Grécia Antiga
Cínicos
Escritores do século III a.C.


text:
Q: fiber sequence of principal bundles Let $G$ be a group, either a Lie group or a discrete group. Let a principal $G$-bundle
$$
G\to E\to B,$$
then $B=E/G$, the orbit space under action of $G$.
Let $BG$ be the classifying space of $G$.
My question:
How to get the fiber sequence
$G\simeq \Omega BG\to E\to B\to BG$?

A: The bundle $E \rightarrow B$ is classified by a map $B \rightarrow BG$, which means that we have a pullback
$$ \require{AMScd}
\begin{CD}
E @>{}>> EG\\
@VVV @VVV \\
B @>{}>> BG
\end{CD}
$$
As $EG$ is contractible, this gives us a fiber sequence $E \rightarrow B \rightarrow BG$. As $E \rightarrow B$ is a $G$-principal bundle, its fiber is $G$ which is  homotopy equivalent to $\Omega BG$. This can be seen from the fibrations $G \rightarrow EG \rightarrow BG$ and $\Omega BG \rightarrow PBG \rightarrow BG$ where $PBG$ is contractible.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


NEW DELHI: Zenuity, the 50:50 joint venture between Volvo Cars and Autoliv, has started its operations from Tuesday, informed the Swedish automaker in a statement.
It marks the first time a premium car maker has joined forces with a tier one supplier to develop leading advanced driver assist systems (ADAS) and autonomous driving (AD) technologies, claims the automaker.
"Volvo Cars combined its know-how with Autoliv's to create a world leader in autonomous driving safety systems. With Zenuity starting operations we move a step closer to delivering this exciting technology," said Hakan Samuelsson, President and Chief Executive Officer of Volvo Cars.
"The combined experience of Autoliv, the worldwide leader in automotive safety systems, and Volvo Cars, the premium car maker, will ensure solutions that meet the needs of car occupants in real life road conditions," said Jan Carlson, Chairman, President & CEO of Autoliv.
"In the last nine months we have worked hard to get Zenuity started and I am very pleased that we are now ready to start operations. The initial interest from automakers in Zenuity is very encouraging and we look forward to being a leader in the development of the next generation of safer and more automated cars," said Dennis Nobelius, CEO of Zenuity.
Autoliv will make a total investment of around 1.1 billion SEK into the joint venture, the large majority of which is an initial cash contribution, but it also includes intellectual property, know-how and personnel.
At the same time Volvo Cars will contribute intellectual property, know-how and personnel into the joint venture. The formation of the joint venture was first announced in September 2016.


Search by destination is a feature to search by destinations codes in the Search query. To use it, codes must be sent in 'CriteriaSearch'. Destination codes will be converted to hotel codes, then merged with the hotel codes sent in criteria if any, and finally the request will be sent to the supplier. In order to achieve the destination to hotel conversion, a source must be specified in a plugin.
The conversion must be done at the 'REQUEST' step, either in type 'PRE_STEP' or 'POST_STEP'. The parameter with key "accessID" is mandatory and is the access used to convert destinations to hotel from its hotel list, which means that the hotel codes obtained are in the same context as the access.
First of all, you need to know destinations by access.


text:
I Love Radio Rock (The Boat That Rocked) è un film del 2009 scritto e diretto da Richard Curtis.

La pellicola, interpretata da un cast corale che vede, tra gli altri, Philip Seymour Hoffman, Bill Nighy, Rhys Ifans, Nick Frost e Kenneth Branagh, è dedicata al fenomeno delle radio pirata inglesi degli anni 60 del XX secolo, ispirandosi in particolare alla vicenda di Radio Caroline. Anche alcuni personaggi del film, come il Conte, "Simple" Simon Swafford, e Sir Alistair Dormandy sono basati su persone realmente esistite, rispettivamente: il DJ di Radio Caroline Emperor Rosko, i presentatori mattutini Tony Blackburn e Larry Gogan, e il politico laburista Tony Benn.

Trama
Regno Unito, 1966. Nonostante il Paese sia nel pieno della Swinging London, BBC Radio trasmette appena tre quarti d'ora di musica leggera al giorno, deludendo le aspettative degli ascoltatori, soprattutto i più giovani, i quali sopperiscono a questa mancanza sintonizzandosi sulle tante radio pirata che trasmettono illegalmente i successi pop e rock del tempo. In questo contesto, l'adolescente Carl viene fatto imbarcare — apparentemente per punizione — dalla madre Charlotte su Radio Rock, una nave ancorata nel mare del Nord e trasformata in una stazione pirata attiva ventiquattr'ore al giorno.

L'emittente è gestita dal suo padrino Quentin, il quale lo introduce a bordo e lo presenta a tutti i deejay: "Il Conte", l'allegro Simon, "Dottor" Dave, l'affascinante e misterioso "Midnight" Mark e il taciturno "Tessitore dell'Alba" Bob. Sulla nave, Carl fa le prime esperienze sessuali con Marianne, la bella nipote di Quentin, partecipa alla vita in mare fatta prevalentemente di svago e divertimento, e intuisce il vero motivo della sua presenza su Radio Rock, ovvero che lì potrebbe esserci il padre che non ha mai conosciuto. Le giornate proseguono, con Quentin intento a districarsi tra problemi legali, visite di fan (soprattutto femminili) e la crescente rivalità fra "Il Conte" e il nuovo collega Gavin, star appena tornata in patria dopo il successo ottenuto oltreoceano.

Nel frattempo il ministro Sir Alistair Dormandy, uomo ottuso e decisamente all'antica, affida al segretario Pirlott l'incarico di ostacolare in tutti i modi le trasmissioni delle stazioni pirata, in particolar modo di Radio Rock, iniziando una vera e propria crociata personale. Sempre alla ricerca di cavilli burocratici a cui appellarsi per far chiudere l'emittente, dapprima i due tentano di bloccarne i finanziamenti da parte degli inserzionisti pubblicitari, e successivamente riescono a ottenere l'attuazione del Marine Broadcasting Offences Act, che dichiara le navi-radio illegali poiché a rischio di occupare le frequenze di soccorso.

Ormai fuorilegge a tutti gli effetti, i membri dell'imbarcazione decidono di sfidare comunque il governo e proseguono imperterriti le trasmissioni, per la gioia dei loro fan. L'unico sistema per continuare a trasmettere senza venire arrestati è però quello di disancorare l'imbarcazione e salpare: questa versa però in pessime condizioni, tali da impedirle di reggere il mare, e presto inizia a imbarcare acqua. Dalle loro frequenze i deejay lanciano un SOS, sperando che qualcuno li salvi da una morte ormai certa. Pirlott vorrebbe rispondere alla richiesta di aiuto, ma Dormandy è irremovibile e lo costringe a desistere. Proprio quando la nave sta per affondare e tutti credono di essere perduti, Simon scorge decine di barche, tutte di fan che hanno ascoltato il loro messaggio e che stanno arrivando a salvarli.

Produzione

Working Title Films si è occupata della produzione della pellicola, con Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner e Hilary Bevan Jones come produttori e Debra Hayward, Liza Chasin e il regista Richard Curtis come produttori esecutivi. Il budget del film è stato di oltre 30 milioni di sterline.

La lavorazione del film è cominciata il 3 marzo 2008 ed è terminata a giugno dello stesso anno. Le riprese principali si sono tenute su una ex nave ospedale olandese, ancorata a Portland Harbour, Dorset; le scene ambientate nel mare del Nord sono state invece girate a Dunbar, East Lothian. Le scene all'interno della nave sono state girate in un magazzino a Osprey Quay, nell'Isola di Portland e agli Shepperton Studios. Squerryes Court in Kent è stata la location scelta per l'abitazione del ministro Alistair Dormandy.

Colonna sonora
Il film può essere considerato una dichiarazione d'amore per la musica rock. Tutta la pellicola infatti è accompagnata da diverse canzoni, principalmente di gruppi musicali degli anni 60 del XX secolo, tra i quali figurano anche i Beach Boys, i Kinks e gli Who. Non inclusi nella colonna sonora, ma presenti nel film, sono i brani strumentali Per qualche dollaro in più, La resa dei conti, Vizio di uccidere e Addio colonnello di Ennio Morricone, tratti dalla pellicola Per qualche dollaro in più, e Let's Spend the Night Together e Jumpin' Jack Flash dei Rolling Stones.

Album
La colonna sonora del film, intitolata The Boat That Rocked, è stata pubblicata da Mercury nel 2009.

Tracce
Disco 1
Stay with Me Baby - Duffy - 3:52
All Day and All of the Night - The Kinks - 2:23
Elenore - The Turtles - 2:30
Judy in Disguise (With Glasses) - John Fred and His Playboy Band - 2:52
Dancing in the Street - Martha Reeves and the Vandellas - 2:36
Wouldn't It Be Nice - The Beach Boys - 2:23
Ooo Baby Baby - Smokey Robinson - 2:45
This Guy's in Love with You - Herb Alpert & The Tijuana Brass - 4:01
Crimson and Clover - Tommy James & The Shondells - 5:24
Hi Ho Silver Lining - Jeff Beck - 2:53
I Can See for Miles - The Who - 4:07
With a Girl Like You - The Troggs - 2:07
The Letter - The Box Tops - 1:54
I'm Alive - The Hollies - 2:25
Yesterday Man - Chris Andrews - 2:32
I've Been a Bad Bad Boy - Paul Jones - 2:20
Silence Is Golden - The Tremeloes - 3:09
The End of the World - Skeeter Davis - 2:39

Disco 2
Friday on My Mind - The Easybeats - 2:53
My Generation - The Who - 3:19
I Feel Free - Cream - 2:54
The Wind Cries Mary - Jimi Hendrix - 3:21
A Whiter Shade of Pale - Procol Harum - 4:00
These Arms of Mine - Otis Redding - 2:33
Cleo's Mood - Jr. Walker & The All Stars - 2:42
The Happening - The Supremes - 2:50
She'd Rather Be with Me - The Turtles - 2:21
98.6 - The Bystanders - 3:19
Sunny Afternoon - The Kinks - 3:34
Father and Son - Cat Stevens - 3:42
Nights in White Satin - The Moody Blues - 4:26
You Don't Have to Say You Love Me - Dusty Springfield - 2:49
Stay with Me Baby - Lorraine Ellison - 3:33
Hang On Sloopy - The McCoys - 3:52
This Old Heart of Mine (Is Weak for You) - The Isley Brothers - 2:51
Let's Dance - David Bowie - 4:06

Distribuzione
La première del film si è tenuta a Londra il 29 marzo 2009.

Il film è uscito nelle sale del Regno Unito il 1º aprile 2009, mentre in Italia è stato distribuito da Universal Pictures il 12 giugno dello stesso anno.

Adattamento
In seguito al flop del film al botteghino britannico, Focus Features, che ne curava la distribuzione negli Stati Uniti e in Canada, ha commissionato una versione modificata della pellicola per il mercato nordamericano. Intitolata Pirate Radio, questa contiene circa venti minuti di scene in meno, scelta fatta in seguito alle critiche sulla lunghezza dell'opera, ritenuta eccessiva. Sempre nel tentativo di non bissare l'insuccesso in madrepatria, la promozione del film in Nord America ne ha distorto la trama e il contesto storico; il rock 'n' roll e le radio pirata vengono immediatamente presentate come illegali, sicché la nascita di Radio Rock diventa una conseguenza di tali provvedimenti, mentre viene dato maggiore rilievo al protagonista statunitense, "Il Conte". Inoltre, in molto del materiale promozionale come trailer o poster viene evidenziato come il film sia «ispirato a una storia vera», espressione mai utilizzata né dalla casa di produzione né dallo sceneggiatore.

Doppiaggio italiano
Nella versione originale, il personaggio interpretato da Jack Davenport si chiama Dominic Twatt, storpiatura del termine «twat» che in lingua inglese indica, volgarmente, la vagina. Nell'impossibilità di rendere in lingua italiana tale calembour, nella versione destinata al pubblico italofono il doppiaggio ha cambiato il cognome in Pirlott, con evidente assonanza al termine dialettale «pirla».

Accoglienza

Incassi
I Love Radio Rock è stato un fiasco al botteghino, incassando in tutto il mondo circa 36 milioni di dollari, a fronte di un budget di più di 30 milioni di sterline (equivalenti a 50 milioni di dollari).

Nel Regno Unito, il film ha incassato 6,1 milioni di sterline in 12 settimane, meno di un quarto del proprio costo di produzione. Negli Stati Uniti, la pellicola ha incassato meno di 3 milioni di dollari nel suo primo fine settimana di programmazione, scendendo a 1,46 nel secondo. Il film ha incassato al botteghino nordamericano appena 8 milioni di dollari (circa 5 milioni di sterline).

Critica
I Love Radio Rock ha ricevuto giudizi misti; i critici ne hanno lodato l'interpretazione degli attori e la colonna sonora, mentre è stata oggetto di numerose critiche la durata della pellicola e la sua narrazione. La critica è stata divisa sul considerare la comicità del film un aspetto positivo o negativo. Sull'aggregatore di recensioni online Rotten Tomatoes, detiene una percentuale del 61% di giudizi positivi, basati su 158 recensioni.

The Daily Telegraph scrive che il film ha «dei momenti magici», ma ne critica la narrazione «confusa» e l'eccessiva durata. Anche The Hollywood Reporter si scaglia contro il minutaggio, definendolo «semplicemente troppo lungo per interessare lo spettatore». Andrew Neil di The Observer si è dichiarato invece scontento della trama «nebulosa» e «gratuitamente pervertita». Al contrario, Channel 4 è più positivo nei confronti del film, definendolo «emozionante e toccante [...] un viaggio piacevole», pur trovandolo debole dal punto di vista della trama.

In seguito all'uscita della versione statunitense, Manohla Dargis del New York Times ha scritto:

Al contrario, Robert Wilonsky, comparando entrambe le versioni, ha dichiarato di aver preferito quella originale:

Note

Voci correlate
 Radio Caroline
 Radio pirata

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Film commedia musicale
Film ambientati nel Regno Unito
Film ambientati negli anni 1960
Film sceneggiati da Richard Curtis


In Manchester and more specifically the city's' university to read up on the amazing new Joule Library facilities.
Focus on 10 years of successful product and furniture design.
Mix in London to learn about the spectacular new client-facing offices of leading software solutions company Bentley systems.


The is the go to board for pushing through the streets or carving transitions. Its a wide 9.5" x 33" so you feel comfortable in the concave. This deck and ride was before (a little wider and longer) our Pool Love boards (in picture) made to shred the skateparks, pools and ditches. Comes complete with custom "Gripart" Hardware, 1/4" Risers, Tracker Trucks, Abec 5 Bearings, and medium hard Wheels. To give you the all around best ride on the most surfaces. I have them made with natural wood. Let's make yours to be a 1-of a-Kine with some custom name/word drop hand painted artwork.


text:
The 'rewilding' of a century-old cranberry bog
via The New York Times
Glorianna Davenport
Tidmarsh Sensor Data Visualization
The alewife, a type of river herring, wriggled against the current, a 10-inch streak that disappeared from view as it rounded a bend in the stream.
It was a normal springtime pilgrimage for the fish, which lives in the ocean but swims upstream to spawn. But this time it was happening in a surprising place — a waterway that was not here two years ago.
For more than a century, this place, called Tidmarsh Farms, was the site of a cranberry bog, a thick carpet of the fruit's vines atop a bed of sand with straight water channels. But commercial cranberry farming, which began in Massachusetts, has flagged here in recent years as prices dropped and different farming methods emerged elsewhere. Unfolding here now is an ambitious project: turning a cranberry bog back into the coastal wetland it once was.
Economic shifts have left landowners and communities around the country trying to figure out what to do with fallow industrial space, from abandoned farmland to empty factories and warehouses. Experts say the project here shows one path for dormant cranberry bogs; four similar, smaller efforts already are underway in Massachusetts.
But they say this could also be a broader template for bringing back disappearing habitat that scientists say could be useful in an age of climate change.
"Lands like this can store floodwater or storm surges," said Alex Hackman, a restoration specialist with the state who has overseen much of the work at Tidmarsh. "The ocean is going to push inland, and it's lands like this — if we can protect them and re-naturalize them — that make for good places to receive that water in the future."
After more than a year of intensive work, including seven earthen dam removals and a project to rebuild the stream that had not flowed uninterrupted since the 1800s, new life is returning to Tidmarsh after a century of industrial use. A walk through the property is a stroll back in time. Tadpoles and kestrels are turning up. Cranberries are withering. And the changes offer clues to a crucial question: What does it take for nature to come back?
In 1989, this was a thriving cranberry bog that produced 1 percent of Ocean Spray's entire harvest. But technological changes enabled more efficient farming to take place elsewhere, including on dry land, and southeastern Massachusetts is now dotted with struggling cranberry bogs. Some farmers are seeking tax credits to renovate their bogs; a state report suggested ways to take advantage of the green space for those who choose to leave the bogs behind.
The owners of this land — Glorianna Davenport, a visiting scientist at M.I.T. Media Lab, and her husband, Evan Schulman, a financial services entrepreneur — decided to end the farming operation in 2010. They had already begun the process of getting protections for the land and finding state resources and federal money to pay for restoration.
Yet they had no idea, Ms. Davenport said, "what it would take to restore this to a natural, functioning wetland."
In Europe, there have been efforts to bring back much older landscapes, called "rewilding." And in the United States, the 1988 farm bill created incentives for preserving and restoring wetlands on former farmland. But Jeanne Christie, the executive director of the Association of State Wetland Managers, a nonprofit organization based in Maine, said it had been a difficult learning process.
Projects like the one at Tidmarsh, Ms. Christie said, could not come at a better time. Coastal wetlands — which she called "natural infrastructure" — have disappeared quickly under the pressures of development and agriculture.
But climate change has raised new questions about what precisely land should be restored to. A bevy of research unfolding here, through a project called the Living Observatory that has put sensors on the property to gather climate and environmental data, could help answer them.
"With changing average temperatures and precipitation, species moving in that weren't there historically, folks are often wrestling with and pretty divided about, 'How do we figure out what to do?'" Ms. Christie said.
Read on The New York Times
Joseph Paradiso on Learning, etc.
in Responsive Environments
#environment #perception #sensors +1 more
Tidmarsh Farms Ecological Restoration and Living Observatory
Cranberry bogs are often thought of as an iconic element of Massachusetts' historical, cultural and natural landscapes. Yet, today, due t...
Glorianna Davenport · Gershon Dublon +2 more
#ecology #environment #sensors
Live-streaming a marshland for fun—and science
Researchers live-stream data in Tidmarsh Wildlife Sanctuary with the hopes of better understanding wildlife restoration techniques.
via AP News · Nov. 8, 2018
#virtual reality #augmented reality #ecology +2 more
The Networked Sensory Landscape Meets the Future of Documentary
At its heart, documentary cinema has always been an experimental medium. Its evolution has been driven on the one hand by the creativity ...
#environment #sensors


Below you find a list of useful resources for environmental monitoring and analysis within and around Delaware. If you have any suggestions, please feel free to contact us.
This mapping application shows current and some past environmental monitoring efforts throughout the State of Delaware and the surrounding states. A focus of this application is to show meteorological, groundwater, tidal, and water quality monitoring sites. Most sites are linked to a page that will either provide data for that site or further contact information.
Delaware aerial photography collection dates back to the 1930's. Through a collaborative effort, DEMAC provides a mechanism for aerial photography downloads.
This page is an effort to bring all of the basic mapping layers used in environmental research together on one page. This list will be updated and modified as information is available.
As part of a cooperative effort between the University of Delaware and several Delaware State Agencies to better monitor conditions along the Delaware coastline and to provide advance warning of impending coastal flooding events, a climatology of coastal storms and coastal storm damage along the Delaware coast for the period 1871 through 2009 was completed. A major thrust of this project has been to determine areas of the State most susceptible to damage from coastal storms and the type and magnitude of damage associated with these events.
The GAP Analysis defines the present state of coastal data collection efforts across the state, suggests an "optimum" data collection network for coastal flood monitoring and research, identifies "gaps" in the present network of stations and recommends data that need to be added to the current network configuration.


text:
Danielle Hechavarria and Jacqueline Caraballo
Safe- protected from or not exposed to danger or risk
Such a simple word with such a powerful meaning, and always accommodated especially in the hallways of Hawthorne High School. School safety is of the utmost importance at HHS. With the assistance of Mr. Mazzacca, HHS assistant vice principal/athletic director the school has certainly been upgraded impressively. Improvements such as replacing doors, with more efficient locking mechanisms in case of a lock-down drill or emergency, along with new rules in place to ensure not only the students' safety, but the staffs' as well. For the details The Clarion interviewed Mr. Mazzacca on the vision he has to keep our school safe.
The Clarion: What drove you and the other administrators to update the school's security?
Mr. Mazzacca: Being that a lot of new protocols were put out by the state, as well as Mr. Spirito and myself attending numerous meetings discussing school security, we felt we wanted to make sure all of the students (as well as teachers in the district) to be and feel safe at Hawthorne High school.
The Clarion: Curiosity is natural, and seeing as new security measures have been put into place to make the school safer, students and teachers were wondering what they are?
Mr. Mazzacca: We brought in more security guards, a new phone system, we began banning headphones in the hallways, we put new safety procedures in place when you come into school, along with the flashing lights in all of our main areas, including the cafeteria, the gym and outside the building so people outside know what's going on in case of an emergency. Plus a 911 app, that alerts the police immediately when an emergency occurs.
The Clarion– What encouraged you to implement new phones in all classrooms? Along with the heightened rules involving the hallway?
Mr. Mazzacca– Students and staff safety is always a concern, but open lines of communication from the teachers straight to us is paramount. Making sure everyone feels safe enough that if they see something they say something. Not allowing headphones in the hallway is simple…if an alarm goes off, it needs to be heard…with headphones on, this might not happen.
The Clarion– Should we (as staff and students) be expecting anymore additions to the security at HHS?
Mr. Mazzacca– We're always growing and looking at the safety of everyone who enters Hawthorne High School, so if we need to change something we'll do it to protect everyone.
The Clarion– With all the safety protocols you have put into this school do you feel like you have achieved easing the minds of parents that their child is safe at school?
Mr. Mazzacca– I like to think so…as a parent who has children who learn in this district it eases my mind, so I would hope that parents feel their children are safe. We truly just try our hardest to achieve safety for our bear community.
Danielle Hechavarria, Staff Writer
Jacqueline Caraballo, Staff Writer


text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Driven by the practical need to deploy speech and audio models to new languages and domains, there has been a surge in research work utilizing self-, semi-, and weakly-supervised approaches for speech and audio representation learning achieving impressive results on a wide variety of tasks.

The contrastive loss, which has been utilized extensively in self-supervised computer vision and speech applications~\cite{he2020momentum, cpc, w2v, w2v2}, centers around distinguishing one or more positive examples from negative ones given an anchor sample. It has also been utilized for supervised learning of visual objects~\cite{khosla2020supervised}.

Pseudo-labeling is the most adopted approach of semi-supervised learning in speech recognition since the late 1990s and more recently for modern end-to-end neural approaches~\cite{Kemp1999, Zavaliagkos_98, ma_bbn_06, wessel05, Bhuvana_05, wang_ICASSP07, singh2020large, gab_19, kahn2019self,park2020improved, tara_sslearning}. A 'teacher' model uses a small amount of supervised data for training, then transcribes a larger volume of unlabeled audio data. A 'student' model then utilizes the teacher-generated pseudo-labels for its training. Depending on the downstream task, the student model can be smaller~\cite{NIPS2014_5484} or larger~\cite{park2020improved} than the teacher model. A critical ingredient of pseudo-labeling is filtering the teacher-generated data by removing implausible, low-quality hypotheses through confidence filtering~\cite{hank2013}, which reduces the possibility of the student model copying the teacher's mistakes. The whole pseudo-labeling process stalls when the initial labeled data is not large enough to train a reliable teacher model.

In this paper, we introduce a Contrastive Semi-supervised Learning (CSL) approach that benefits from a contrastive loss for improving the stability of learned speech representations. Precisely, we use a contrastive loss to replace the cross-entropy loss in the standard pseudo-labeling pre-training (CE-PL). Contextual representations of audio segments are optimized to get closer to others with similar pseudo-labels (positive examples) and further away from ones that are different (negative examples). Such soft constraint during learning allows the CSL to be more resilient to teacher labeling noise.
To demonstrate its resilience to pseudo-labeling noise, we apply CSL pre-training in a low-resource setup with only 10hr of labeled data, where it reduces WER by 8\% compared to the standard cross-entropy pseudo-labeling (CE-PL). This WER reduction increase to 19\% with a teacher trained only on 1hr of labels and 17\% for out-of-domain conditions.

\section{Related Work}

Our paper builds upon previous research work in ASR pre-training using semi-supervised and self-supervised techniques. Pseudo-labeling, a semi-supervised method, where a supervised 'teacher' model is used to label a large volume of unlabeled data, is a widely adopted pre-training method for ASR. Similar approaches with slight variations exist in the literature as teacher-student training, knowledge distillation, and self-training. Since the 1990s, pseudo-labeling showed improvements to classical HMM/GMM systems as well as hybrid-NN systems~\cite{Kemp1999, Zavaliagkos_98, ma_bbn_06, Bhuvana_05, wessel05, wang_ICASSP07}, and also for end-to-end ASR approaches~\cite{singh2020large, gab_19, kahn2019self,park2020improved, tara_sslearning}. Our work inherits the same setup of utilizing a (small) set of supervised data for the teacher model learning similar to pseudo-labeling. However, we introduce a contrastive pre-training loss to deal with low-quality teacher pseudo-labels.

Recently, self-supervised ASR pre-training achieved impressive performance, especially with minimal amounts of labeled data~\cite{cpc, w2v, effectiveness2019, APC, liu2020mockingjay, ling2020deep, w2v2, hubert}. Given unlabeled audio data, self-supervised methods rely primarily on pretext pre-training tasks that acquire their labels either from the input signal itself, e.g., predicting future frames~\cite{APC} or via unsupervised means, e.g., feature clustering~\cite{w2v2, hubert}.
Many self-supervised methods boil down to contrasting positive and negative samples for a particular anchor sample. Depending on the downstream application in mind, positive samples could be near-by frames to the current time step or random samples for the same speaker. Negative samples could be further-away frames or samples for a different speaker~\cite{cpc, w2v2}. After pre-training, a supervised fine-tuning stage optimizes the model performance for one or more downstream tasks, e.g., ASR.

Our approach relies on pseudo-labels from a supervised teacher model for positive and negative example selection. This work draws inspiration from the recent application of contrastive learning for supervised learning of visual object classification~\cite{khosla2020supervised}.

\section{Method}
\subsection{Pseudo-Labeling}
The pseudo-labeling approach uses a supervised teacher ASR model to decode a large volume of unlabeled audio data $X$ and generate pseudo-labels $Y$.
The model training proceeds by using these pairs in a supervised learning setup. Following a hybrid-NN training approach, we align the labels to the input feature vectors to get a sequence of frame-level pairs: ${(x_1, y_1), (x_2, y_2), (x_3, y_3), ...,(x_T, y_T)}$, where $y_i$ are represented as chenone units~\cite{le2019senones}.

Let the model be composed of two functions $F_{enc}$ and $G_{pred}$. $F_{enc}(X_{1:T})$ encodes the full input sequence and returns a sequence of contextualized representations $Z_{1:T}$. The predictor network $G_{pred}(Z)$ produces a sequence of frame-level probability distributions over the chenone output units $p(\hat{Y}_{1:T}|X)$. In this paper, $G_{pred}$ is chosen to be a linear layer followed by a softmax function.

Our training objective is the cross-entropy loss of predicting frame-level chenones:
  \vspace{-0.1cm}
 \begin{align*}
    CE &= -\frac{1}{\sum_{i=1}^B T_i} \sum_{i=1}^B \sum_{t=1}^{T_i} \log p(\hat{y}_{ti} = y_{ti}|X_i)
 \end{align*}
  \vspace{-0.1cm}
Where $B$ is the batch size, $T_i$ the length of utterance $i$, and $y_{ti}$ is the chenone target for utterance $i$ at frame $t$.

\subsection{Contrastive Semi-supervised Learning}
Contrastive losses, e.g., InfoNCE~\cite{cpc}, are at the heart of many self-supervised representation learning approaches, where two groups of samples, positive and negative, are selected for a specific anchor data point within a pretext task—the training phase proceeds by iteratively improving the model's ability to distinguish samples in each group. Negative samples are selected randomly from a mini-batch or a memory bank of previous experiences, while positive samples could be augmented versions of the anchor, nearby frames, or samples from the same speaker. Data points' designation as positive and negative samples determines the learned representation nature and performance on downstream tasks.

Our proposed Contrastive Semi-supervised Learning (CSL) approach synthesizes pseudo-labeling and self-supervised methods while solving some of their weaknesses. It bypasses the challenge of positive and negative sample selection of self-supervised methods by utilizing a supervised teacher. Using a large volume of unlabeled data and given the teacher's pseudo-labels, we select audio segments within one mini-batch as positive pairs if they share the same label and as negative pairs otherwise. Compared to standard pseudo-labeling methods, CSL is resilient to errors in teacher-generated targets since it utilizes relative distance between label classes as a learning signal.

More precisely, during the CSL pre-training, our model consists of two functions: The encoder $F_{enc}(X_{1:T}) = Z_{1:T}$ which encodes input audio into latent representations, and a projection network $M_{proj}(Z_{1:T})=H_{1:T}$ that maps encoder representations into a new space suitable for applying the contrastive loss. We normalize the projected features $H_{1:T}$ to unit length. A hybrid-NN supervised teacher generates aligned pseudo-labels $Y_{1:T}$ to guide the selection of positive and negative samples for the contrastive loss.

Given the speech signal's local smoothness, each positive or negative sample is an audio segment with a specific label. Concretely, let's define a span $[i:j]$ as a segment if all its pseudo-labels $[y_i:y_j]$ are equal, and it is not contained in a larger span with the same pseudo-label. We then randomly sample a single time step $k$ to represent this segment with label $y_k$ in the loss function. Assuming $S$ segments in all utterances in the mini-batch, a total of $S$ representative latent vectors are selected $\{z_1,..,z_i,..,z_S\}$, then projected using $M_{proj}$ into unit length vectors $\{h_1,..,h_i,..,h_S\}$. Given the corresponding pseudo-labels $\{y_1,..,y_i,..,y_S\}$ for sampled vectors, our training objective is:
 \vspace{-0.1cm}
 \begin{equation*}
     {\cal L} = \frac{1}{S} \sum_{i=1}^{S} \frac{1}{|P(i)|} \sum_{h_{p} \in P(i)} -\log \frac{\exp(h_i \cdot h_{p} / \tau)}{\sum_{h \in N(i) \cup \{h_p\}} \exp(h_i \cdot h / \tau)}
 \end{equation*}
$P(i)$ is the set of samples in the mini-batch with the same pseudo-label as $i$. The rest of the mini-batch samples belong to $N(i)$ as negative examples. $\tau$ is a tunable temperature hyperparameter.

Following the InfoNCE loss, the CSL objective function adjusts the encoder $F_{enc}$ to bring its features of similar pseudo-labels closer and other negative samples further away. After the CSL pre-training, the prediction network $G_{pred}$ replaces the projection network $M_{proj}$ for supervised fine-tuning of the whole network, including the encoder network $F_{enc}$.

In this paper, we apply frame-level cross-entropy fine-tuning, but other loss functions, e.g., the Connectionist Temporal Classification (CTC)~\cite{ctc} loss, can also be used. Our formulation is an adaptation of the previous work in computer vision~\cite{khosla2020supervised} which applies a contrastive loss in a supervised setup. The CSL pre-training offer many benefits:
\begin{itemize}
    \item Utilizing teacher pseudo-labels for selecting positive and negative samples, CSL is more stable than self-supervised pre-training methods, which are sensitive to the diversity and the criterion for choosing positive and negative samples. Moreover, CSL enables reliable sampling of positive examples within and across utterances in the mini-batch.
    \item Unlike the standard pseudo-labeling pre-training methods, which forces the model to predict the teacher targets, CSL applies a softer constraint on learned representations through the contrastive loss. Such formulation improves robustness to noisy teacher pseudo-labels.
    \item Applying the contrastive loss over normalized representations emphasizes hard positives and negative examples, as shown analytically in~\cite{khosla2020supervised}, which enables the pre-trained model to generalize better under out-of-domain conditions.
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Label-Aware Batching (LAB)}
Large mini-batch sizes are critical for contrastive losses to ensure a diverse set of negative samples. For CSL, it also brings several positive realizations of speech sounds. Given the CSL loss formulation, we require at least two positive instances of each label class in the mini-batch. Some rare sounds might not form positive pairs for small randomly sampled mini-batches, leading to poor representations. To account for this problem, we propose Label-Aware Batching (LAB). LAB incrementally builds each mini-batch considering the number of segments representing label $k$ in the current partially-created mini-batch, $C(k)$. First, it samples a rare label $r$ with probability $(\frac{1}{C(r)})^\alpha / \sum_{i=1}^{n} (\frac{1}{C(i)})^\alpha$, and then samples without replacement two random utterances containing the class $r$ to add to the current mini-batch. LAB updates the counts $C(k)$ for all labels appearing in these two utterances and repeats until it reaches the maximum number of utterances in a mini-batch. We use $\alpha=2$ in our experiments. For stable learning, we aggregate gradients over multiple mini-batches to perform a single model update and scale the learning rate accordingly~\cite{goyal2017accurate}.

\section{Experiments}

\subsection{Data}
We use two in-house de-identified data sources with no personally identifiable information (PII). The first source contains de-identified public five-minute videos on Facebook in British English and Italian.
During training, we segment all videos to a maximum of 10 seconds. To simulate a low-resource condition, we use 10hr labeled data for both teacher training and the final fine-tuning stage. We also test a more extreme setup with merely 1hr worth of labels. We use 75,000hr of unlabeled videos for pre-training and evaluate performance on 14hr of human-labeled videos for each language. As an upper bound, we compare performance against a fully supervised setting with 650hr and 3,700hr labeled data for British English and Italian, respectively. We sample 23hr general English videos to test accent generalization.
The second source contains recordings of crowd-sourced workers responding to artificial prompts with mobile devices. We collect two evaluation datasets to test out-of-domain generalization: 15hr of short message dictation and 13hr of long-form conversations of up to 144 second long. The language model (LM) for British English uses the 650hr transcripts plus an additional 13,000hr of general English video transcripts, while the Italian LM uses only the 3,700hr transcripts.

\subsection{Model Details}
$F_{enc}$ has a VGG front-end and 12 transformer blocks (dim=768, FFN=3072, 8 heads, stride 4) following~\cite{wang2020} (~90M parameters). For CSL pre-training, $M_{proj}$ is a single hidden layer network of size 1024 and 128 output dimension. Input and output representations of $M_{proj}$ are length normalized.
Our input speech features are 80 dimensional, speed perturbed~\cite{kaldi_augment} Mel-scale log filterbank coefficients computed every 10ms over 25ms windows. We report the results of a single pass decoding using a 5-gram LM.

\subsection{Training Details}
For the pseudo-labeling baseline and CSL pre-training, the teacher model is a hybrid-NN ASR system trained on the initial 10hr of labeled data. Given the small number of supervised labels, we use 368 and 424 chenone outputs~\cite{le2019senones} for the British English and Italian systems, respectively. A supervised frame-level cross-entropy (CE) fine-tuning stage follows pre-training for all baseline and CSL models presented using the same amount of labels used for the respective teacher (either 10hr or 1hr depending on the experiment).

We use the Adam optimizer~\cite{adam} with mixed-precision training~\cite{fp16} and gradient norm clipping at 10. We tune the learning rate (lr) for best performance on each task: lr=1e-4 for all supervised and pseudo-labeling baselines, lr=5e-5 for fine-tuning CSL pre-trained models.
We apply 320k model update steps with a tri-stage lr schedule for pre-training: ~13k warm-up steps, and the remaining steps are split evenly between constant lr and linear decay. We use 16 GPUs for pre-training, with about 320sec of audio per GPU. We apply 60 epochs of updates on a single GPU with a 0.8 multiplicative decay every epoch after the 40th epoch for fine-tuning. Using the CSL loss introduced a 15\% increase in training time compared to baseline pseudo-labeling due to the pairwise similarity score computations, which can be further optimized by reducing the number of positive and negative examples used for frequent units.

We apply two types of input feature masking: Double masking policy (LD)~\cite{spec_augment} and a Short Time Masking (STM) policy which follows LD in frequency masking and increases the number of time masks to 15 with lengths uniformly sampled between 16 and 32 timesteps.

\begin{table}[htb]
\centering
\setlength\tabcolsep{2.0pt}
 \begin{tabular}{cccc}
\toprule
 & & \textbf{British English} & \textbf{Italian}\\
 \midrule\midrule
 \multicolumn{4}{c}{\emph{\textbf{Supervised Baseline}}} \\
 \midrule\midrule
 A1&Full supervised data & 23.1 (650hr) & 11.9 (3,700hr)  \\
 A2& 10hr of labels & 50.7 & 31.8  \\
 \midrule\midrule
 \multicolumn{4}{c}{\emph{\textbf{CE Pseudo-labeling (CE-PL) with 10hr of labels}}}\\
\midrule\midrule
 B1&Initial policy & 37.5& 19.6  \\
 B2& B1 + STM masking & 34.2 &  18.1  \\
 B3& B1 + C9 settings & 32.0 & 17.2  \\
 \midrule\midrule
\multicolumn{4}{c}{\emph{\textbf{Contrastive Semi-supervised Learning (CSL) with 10hr of labels}}} \\
\midrule\midrule
 C1&Initial policy & 36.4 & 19.1 \\
 C2& C1 + 420 seconds batch & 35.5 & 18.9 \\
 C3& C1 + 600 seconds batch & 34.8& 18.6 \\
 C4& C2 + 8 random negatives  & 35.9& 19.1  \\
 C5& C2 + 8 same uttt. negatives  & 35.3 &  18.7  \\
 C6& C5 + LAB  & 34.8& 18.3 \\
 C7& C5 + 4x grad accumulation & 34.1 & 18.1 \\
 C8& C5 + STM masking & 31.9 &  17.6 \\
 C9&  \textbf{C3+C5:C8}  & \textbf{29.4}& \textbf{16.0}  \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{WER of supervised, pseudo-labeling, and CSL systems.}
\label{tab1}
\end{table}

\begin{table}
\centering
\setlength\tabcolsep{6.0pt}
 \begin{tabular}{cc}
\toprule
 & \textbf{British English (WER)}  \\

 \midrule\midrule

 100\% CSL & 35.3 \\
50\% CSL + 50\% CE-PL & 36.6 \\
25\% CSL  + 75\% CE-PL & 36.8 \\
10\% CSL  + 90\% CE-PL  & 37 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{The effect of mixing the CSL and CE-PL losses.}
\label{tab2}
\vspace{-3mm}
\end{table}

\section{Results and Discussion}

\subsection{The main results}
Table \ref{tab1} presents the main results of our experiments. The best CE pseudo-labeling (CE-PL) pre-training strategy improves the respective supervised baseline by about 36\% and 46\% for both languages using 10hr of labels. CSL provides a relative improvement of 8\% and 7\% over the best CE-PL system bringing the overall WER closer to the fully supervised case, which utilizes orders of magnitude more labeled data. We observe performance degradation without normalizing the projected features. The $M_{proj}$ output dimension can be reduced to 128 without significant performance loss. Unlike the supervised case in~\cite{khosla2020supervised}, high values for the contrastive loss temperature ($\tau$=1) consistently provided the best performance since it reduces the harm of noisy teacher pseudo-labels. The proposed Short Time Masking (STM) policy improves both CE and CSL by a 6-9\% relative (B2, C8) compared to the baseline policy. Fine-tuning the whole network after pre-training offered better performance than freezing the $F_{enc}$ subnetwork.

\subsubsection{Effect of large and label-aware batching}
Increasing the per-GPU batch size from 320 seconds to 600 seconds improves WER by 3-4\% relative (C3), supporting our hypothesis that incorporating more positive and negative examples improves learned representations during the CSL pre-training.
Gradient accumulation, which comes at no extra GPU memory cost, improves learning stability as each update observes more speech units. It provides a 3-6\% relative WER improvement (C7) and points to a potential future direction of adding a memory bank to hold extra positive and negative samples. Label-Aware Batching (LAB) provides a small but consistent boost in performance (C9) and provides the best performance both for the CSL and CE-PL systems when combined with all other improvements (C9 and B3).

\subsubsection{Effect of positives and negatives sampling policy}
In line with findings in self-supervised speech representation learning~\cite{w2v2, cpc}, using negative samples from the same utterance offers better WER compared to a random sampling of negative examples across utterances. The model learns to marginalize the speaker identity information while focusing on the speech content, which is preferable for an ASR downstream task but not necessarily for other speech applications. Using eight samples for both negative and positive comparisons was enough to reach the best performance. Limiting positives samples to be from the same or different utterances did not make a significant difference.

\subsubsection{Effect of best policy on CE-PL}
The last row of Table \ref{tab1} presents the best CSL results by combining all the improvements above. Applying the same improvements to cross-entropy pseudo-labeling (CE-PL) offers about a 15\% and a 12\% relative WER reduction (B3) compared to the original policy (B1).

\subsection{Combining CE-PL and CSL}
Table \ref{tab2} shows the experiments to test potential complementarity between CE pseudo-labeling (CE-PL) loss and the contrastive loss.  Using the setup of (C3) from Table \ref{tab1}, the two loss functions are applied to mini-batches using shown percentages in Table \ref{tab2}. Applying the CE-PL to some mini-batches does not improve the learned representation for the downstream ASR task than the CSL case.

\begin{table}
\centering
\setlength\tabcolsep{6.0pt}
 \begin{tabular}{cccc}
\toprule
  & \textbf{CE-PL} &\textbf{CSL} & \textbf{WERR} \\
  \midrule\midrule
British English Videos & 32.0 & 29.4 & 8.1 \\
General English Videos & 37.2 & 32.8  & 11.8\\
Message Dictation & 21.6 & 17.8  & 17.3\\
Long-form Conversation & 26.0 & 22.0  & 15.4 \\

\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{Relative WERR (WER reduction) of using CSL and CE-PL for out of domain conditions}
\label{tab3}
\end{table}
\subsection{Out of Domain Generalization of CSL}

Table \ref{tab3} examines the generalization performance to out-of-domain test sets for British English. We compare two models pre-trained using CE-PL and CSL then fine-tuned in a low-resource condition using only 10hr labels. Although CSL offers about an 8\% relative improvement under matching training and testing conditions, it brought more significant improvements 11-17\% when tested in out-of-domain conditions. The CSL pre-training discovers more stable representations compared to CE-PL, which confirms our initial intuition.
\begin{table}
\centering
\setlength\tabcolsep{6.0pt}
 \begin{tabular}{cccc}
\toprule
  & \textbf{CE-PL} &\textbf{CSL} & \textbf{WERR} \\
  \midrule\midrule
Generation 1 & 37.5 & 34.8 & 7.2 \\
Generation 2 & 33.1 & 30.9 & 6.6 \\
Generation 3 & 31.5 & 29.4 & 6.7 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{Effect of three iterations of data re-labeling on CSL pre-training.}
\label{tab4}
\end{table}
\subsection{Effect of iterative labeling}
Using multiple rounds of pseudo-labeling for model pre-training was found very effective for the classical GMM/HMM systems in the mid 2000s~\cite{wessel05} and more recently for neural systems~\cite{park2020improved, xu2020iterative, singh2020large}. Table \ref{tab4} examines if the gain observed using CSL diminishes under an iterative labeling scheme due to the improved baseline CE-PL performance. Each generation starts by generating new teacher pseudo-labels for the unlabeled videos using the previous generation's model. A CE fine-tuning step is performed for all experiments reported in Table \ref{tab4}. Both CE-PL and CSL improve using iterative re-labeling. The gains from CSL pre-training are complementary to iterative re-labeling.

\begin{table}
\centering
\setlength\tabcolsep{6.0pt}
 \begin{tabular}{cccc}
\toprule
  & \textbf{British English (WER)} \\
  \midrule\midrule
  Supervised 1hr & 80.5 \\
  \midrule\midrule
CE-PL & 53.1 \\
CSL & 42.8 \\
CSL Generation 2 & 32.3 \\
\midrule\midrule
  Supervised 650 Hours & 23.1 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{Ultra low-resource condition using 1hr of labels.}
\label{tab5}
\vspace{-3mm}
\end{table}

\subsection{Ultra low-resource condition with 1hr of labels}

To confirm CSL pre-training resilience to teacher pseudo-labeling errors, we test CSL and CE-PL under an ultra low-resource condition using only 1hr of labeled data for teacher training. Table \ref{tab5} shows the WER on British English with about 19\% relative improvement achieved by CSL compared to CE-PL, which suffers from teacher label noise. Using 1hr of labels and two iterations of CSL, we can close about 80\% of the performance gap with 650hr of supervised data in the challenging domain of social media video transcription.

\section{Conclusion}

Inspired by the impressive performance of self-supervised representation learning in computer vision and speech, we introduced Contrastive Semi-supervised Learning (CSL), which applies a contrastive loss for semi-supervised ASR pre-training. For the challenging task of social media video transcription, using 75,000hr of unlabeled videos and only 10hr of labeled data, CSL offers an 8\% relative WER reduction compared to the strongest Cross-Entropy pseudo-labeling (CE-PL) baseline. CSL pre-training proved more resilient under out-of-domain conditions and even using 1hr of labeled data.

\bibliographystyle{IEEEbib}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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2 edition of evaluation of debris avalanches in the central Cape Breton Highlands, Nova Scotia found in the catalog.
evaluation of debris avalanches in the central Cape Breton Highlands, Nova Scotia
P. W. Finck
by P. W. Finck
Published 1993 by Nova Scotia, Dept. of Natural Resources, Mines and Energy Branches in Halifax, N.S .
Mass-wasting -- Nova Scotia -- Cape Breton (County).,
Avalanches -- Nova Scotia -- Cape Breton (County).
Statement P.W. Finck.
Series Mines and Energy Branches paper -- 93-1
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