What follows is a guide based on educated assumptions, logical conclusions, and some hard evidence. As such, the information provided may not be, or may never be entirely accurate due to lack of evidence. All information has been acquired from the internet, mostly from public forums, without explicit permission. Therefore, you might recognize a source as belonging to you and you may then request its removal. At the same time, the results of my public request for users to submit pictures of their motherboards has been disappointing and I hope this article will encourage TT owners to submit pictures as I'm willing to update this guide if new or contradicting evidence comes to light.
Longtime Atarians will remember that as long as the TT has been around, its owners have had to deal with questions as to its revision or version either to satisfy their own curiosity or finding it out for someone helping them troubleshoot it. This seems to affect the TT more than any other Atari model in my opinion. While almost every Atari 16/32bit system had several revisions of the motherboards, with probably the Mega ST having the most of them, there would never be a shroud mystery around them. STFM owners who bothered to find out their version probably only needed to know where the CPU was and that was enough for them.
Atari TT always intrigued people, right from the start. Here is why I think we pay so much attention to Atari TT revisions.
It was beyond most Atarian's grasp in terms of cost and a dream for many even today.
There were rumours and official documents acknowledging a TTX system that never saw production.
Atari had originally intended the TT to be a 16MHz unit and at the last minute decided to go with 32MHz and implementing a solution that doubled the CPU clock while keeping the bus at the original 16MHz. This implementation is what we know as the daughterboard.
Some 16MHz units were sold to the public causing owners, especially 2nd-hand owners, to want to know if they were unfortunate enough to end up with one.
As years went by Atarians started to notice that TT motherboards changed and with Atari's very confusing versioning, all kinds of naming standards were created by users that probably had no base in reality. I myself have adopted Simbo's style as, love him or hate him (I wish he was around), he was one of the leading TT experts. However, as I have gone deeper and deeper into this rabbit hole, I've come to realize that this may not be the most accurate naming scheme after all.
At this point we need to clarify and recognize a few facts about Atari's versioning system and how they themselves refer to the different motherboard models. There are industry standards to PCB manufacturing at this scale. I won't pretend to be an expert, in fact I know jack squat. I do know that there are FAB (fabrication), and ASSY (assembly) numbers and Atari used them typically in every system.
Cybercube's CaTTamaran installation guide offers some clues to identifying the various revisions but they seem to have yet another system of classifying revisions. They were, however, a very reputable company developing cutting edge TT030 specific hardware so we need to assume that they knew what they were talking about and probably saw and handled more TT's than most others. So we'll look at their instructions as well.
Silkscreen: The (usually) white writing on PCBs used to denote components, revisions etc.
Rework: Hardware patch issued by Atari to upgrade system to a higher revision.
This is the revision most of us are most familiar with. It appears on every single TT motherboard. Unfortunately, this is also the least accurate identification method since that number did not change at all since the early PGA (non daughterboard) model. Only the very first model can be identified by it but still it contains several revisions within it. Pictured below is how it appears in the various models.
Cybercube implies below, that some boards have had some handwritten REV numbers added later, perhaps after a rework procedure. I've heard of some reporting what looks to be a smudged letter but illegible.
is situated on, the right side of the board .
This sticker appeared on the bottom left corner of the component side of the board in the SMD models. Earlier FABs did not have that sticker unless authorized Atari servicemen performed the rework procedures that upgraded the system and added the sticker. More on that further below. Since this method only applies to later models and doesn't tell the whole truth, this is only a semi-accurate but quick way of trying to identify your TT. Pictured below are a couple of examples.
/// How can I find out if I can install a CyReL CaTTamaran in my TT?
which TT030 motherboard revision you have, you must open your TT030.
easy installation, you should have at least REV. G.
I personally have never seen boards that have stickers from D-G. Keep in mind, Cybercube was a Canadian company and Simbo once theorized that perhaps the TT revisions vary regionally for whatever reason. He had observed, after servicing numerous TTs in Scotland, that the boards he typically got were from Europeans and the SMD models were usually stickered H,J, or K. Something to keep in mind. Again, if anyone has pictures of these boards, please email them to me.
This is the only way of accurately determining the exact board revision (FAB) down to it's sub-revision (REV). Consequently you get the manufacture date from the same location giving you the week# and year (WWYY). It appears on every TT motherboard without exception. Unfortunately, this information is located inconveniently on the solder side (back side) on the edge of the motherboard where the rear connectors are. You would need to strip your TT completely just to get its revision number. I believe this to partly be the cause of the problem we have. We either are not aware of its existence or we don't want to (understandably) go through the risky process of dismantling the TT just to satisfy our curiosity. Pictured below is an example of this number and associated information.
The following pictures are of the same board depicting these numbers.
So it's a REV.H and a REV A? My PGA model is REV A as well but most are B1. But we call the PGA models REV.C! WTF?!
Do you now understand my primal urge to sort this once and for all?
We fortunately have plenty of material that shows us Atari using a fairly consistent naming scheme. On internal documents such as rework guides, ECOs, and schematics Atari either used the full FAB number from the back or the last letters of that same number as shown below.
Notice how Atari distinguishes REV from FAB?
For public documents we have an example below from the Atari System V release notes listing specific compatible revisions by the same FAB & REV combination.
However, I have not found documents where Atari is referring to the very first models by some revision number. All the rework procedures are for either B1 (or B.1) or D. And clearly B1 is the PGA model and D is the latest SMD model. And we know this for a fact as Atari included pictures of component placements for both revisions. But that only covers only two REV examples of the same FAB, or does it? Does this mean that the patches can't be installed on earlier than B1 revisions? But I successfully installed them on a REV A. Does it mean that later revisions from D don't need the patches? More on that later.
So I believe, from the evidence above, that the only way to accurately identify and communicate the TT revision is by following Atari's example of using the FAB & REV combination from the underside of the board. And this would be the end of this guide if it only were that easy. Since it is a massive undertaking for anyone to go through the process of dismantling the TT, there has got to be another easier way.
So already at this point I have to concede that we will have to continue to use our various ways of communicating the different revisions. And I'm totally fine with that. The point of this guide is to bring everyone to the same page. Give visual aids to help identify the board. And when the FAB & REV info is not available, use some other combination of facts to narrow it down very closely.
Wait, what? Three? Surely there are more. Well, these are FABs and they have REVs. This is a logical conclusion and please prove me wrong if you can. But I believe Atari only had three major TT board FABs.
Don't worry about the other ASSY numbers. They are irrelevant but we can use their position on the board to help identify the different revisions. The REV.# on the sticker after the ASSY # is helpful but can be misleading as I'll show later.
So let's break down each of the three FABs and try to drill into their REVs.
This is the very first TT motherboard FAB.
This board was not designed for 32MHz, hence the daughterboard that plugs into the CPU socket.
As the only FAB that can be identified by the ASSY#, it's ironically hidden under the daughterboard. But the daughterboard in itself is enough to identify the board as FAB C300720-001.
Other than the PALs and other circuitry that the subsequent FAB had, it appears that the rest of the board layout is pretty much identical.
If your TT has two fans at the back, you most likely have this FAB.
Almost certainly you have metal shielding in your case.
It's bad quality but I assure you it's a C300720-001 REV A. So if this REV A has a daughterboard, maybe the REV 5 is the earlier 16MHz model? Could be, but according to this post, Eddy, who was one of the TT owners questioning his TT's performance, provides us with a very detailed description of his board.
At this time I do not know of any other REV than the one pictured. If someone has more information, please share it and I will update this guide. At this time I would like to discuss one issue relating to our current naming standard where A-C are the daughterboard and PGA models and D-K are the SMD models. We can safely assume that if REV A is in fact C300720-001 REV A and REV C is the PGA model we will talk about next, where does that leave REV B?
So not sure what to make of this. Simbo is basically saying REV B does not exist and has mentioned elsewhere that he has never seen one. Cybercube, on the other hand, speak of REV B as what we call PGA or REV C. They don't acknowledge a REV C at all.
There are only two different schematics available for the TT despite there being all kinds of seemingly different versions. There is Revision 1, which is the one above and mistakenly referred to as Revision I. The other one is Revision G. That's it, that's all.
TOP TIP: When searching for components in schematics you will typically find them in Sheet = 1st number of component. So RP42 will be found in Sheet 4. R888 is a small resistor connected between CPU U100 and component U112, so we will likely find it in Sheet 1.
Note that I highlighted the FAB C301763-001. This is further proof that the C300720-001 is very similar to the C301763-001. This schematic includes the daughterboard schematics so clearly meant to be used for that model. Also this schematic refers to REV D at times so this is a relatively late schematic for being our earliest.
Although we usually hear and read of REVs B1 and D in this series, logically there has to be a REV A. My current TT happens to be one. Here are pictures of it prior to any mods.
Notice how the daughterboard circuitry is now located between the CPU and the TT-RAM connector? That's where the ASSY# was located in the C300720-001 FAB and that designation has moved to right above the VME circuitry. This is one way of telling the two FABs apart.
I was surprised to find out I had, what perhaps is the first model of this FAB. Obviously one starts to think of what crucial change, that spawned REV B1, is missing from this board? Is it the rework shown above on the solder side? I've cleaned it up since by the way. So I don't know what to think of this.
I have very successfully made all the patches according to my Atari TT030 REV.C Rework Guide and outlined here: My TT Gets Some Love. Even though they were meant for B1. I have never had issues with this model. All upgrades (Thunder, Storm, Lightning, NetUSBee, Nova Mach64, ECL2VGA, PicoPSU, Parcp-USB) have performed flawlessly. The same could not be said of my previous B1 model. Thunder never worked on it, all kinds of weird issues. I actually bought this TT to replace that because of these issues I didn't want to deal with at the time.
Please excuse the glare from the flash. Visually no discernable differences between A and B1 that I can see. Manufacture dates are within four weeks of each other.
One immediate question comes to mind; where is REV B? I assume that as REV B was about to go into production some last minute changes were done that warranted the B1 designation and REV Bs were never manufactured. However, with other models both revisions have been produced like Mega ST C103544-001 REV 1 & REV 1.1.
Now comes the part where you will think I have gone nuts. I am including an SMD model in the same FAB as the PGA revision. This is the educated assumption part but I have good reasons to do it and I will provide compelling arguments for it. First we look at a picture of what I believe is a C301763-001 REV D.
Yes, that's right. It says REV.H on the sticker. But, I believe, that if you were to turn this board around it would say C301763-001 REV D on the back instead of the C302406-001 REV A we saw on a REV.H earlier. I know this overlaps with the next FAB but it's important to set the record straight at this point. Here is a board view of a REV.H on a C302406-001 REV A FAB.
Let's look at key differences.
The REV.H on the bottom looks greener where the top one has metal plated areas and a darker overall appearance.
The top one has wires on the board which seem to be all of Atari's known rework procedures whereas the bottom one only has one next to the CPU.
The top board clearly has the RTC Fix done to it by removing U402 as per Atari TT030 REV.D Rework Guide.
After rework the board essentially was upgraded to a higher revision, which is why our example C301763-001 REV D above can be a REV.H at the same time.
We have here a board view of what clearly is meant to be a REV F. The top right shows the steps to get to REV F. Most important clue here is that REV D is the production release. This can be understood to mean that there weren't separate FABs for each revision. That would be ridiculous. So the base board to apply the patches was either C301763-001 REV B1 or REV D and then mark the revision on the board. The ASSY would be CA400961 compared to REV.H CA401146.
I think that Atari first marked the revisions as described above. This would confirm Cybercube's instructions. But apparently, as reported by users, the mark got smudged and became illegible. Atari at some point, I believe in the beginning of 1992, began using stickers on the bottom half starting with REV.H.
REV E & REV F are the same revisions but on different board layouts?
There is no SMD model REV E or PGA model REV F?
This is Sheet 1 of the latest schematics known to exist. More on that in the next segment. Notice that the board revision is now G. Also note that this is still FAB C301763-001. Notice also that there are steps to get to REV G. But something is not right. REV D now has an ECO# for it, 1308. I do not have information about that procedure. But look at the rest of the REVs. They have different ECOs to the previous ones. Also, now they read Revised per ECO instead of Release. So in the less than two months between these two sheets there were further revisions.
Let's try figure out the rest of the REVs.
The ECO got changed for this REV. We don't have information about 1305. Seeing that this ECO precedes the ECO# 1308 for REV D, we could assume that it still only applies to the PGA model REV B1.
Interestingly this is the same ECO# 1322 as the REV E had earlier. Meaning that REV F is in fact only for the PGA REV B1 and therefore there probably is no SMD REV F in existence. That is, unless they managed to mark a few PCBs in the less than two month period.
The last of the C301763-001 FAB. I mean it has to be. Otherwise we wouldn't see REV.H on C302406-001 FABs as we clearly do. This also is same as the previous REV F. Atari apparently nudged a rework procedure in the middle and bumped REVs E & F to F & G.
For REV D & G you will want to consult the REV G schematic found on dev-docs.org.
This is a lot of information to handle and condense. As to what we should call this FAB, we have to go by several names as there are two significant board layouts for this FAB.
Using REV E or F is not recommended unless there is sufficient evidence and you are prepared to explain a lot.
My REV A has all available rework done to it and exceeds REV F by far.
Using REV G if applicable is recommended if you can.
Notice the lack of wires on the bottom part of the board unlike the previous REV D models. I do not have any pictures of a REV K but I would assume that it would probably have the same rework on it as we see in these two as these two as I explained in the previous section, I doubt that Atari would make another FAB REV to fix the changes.
I believe this to be the only revision of the C302406-001 FAB and as such, the very last TT board. I base this simply on the manufacturing dates shown above. We are well into 1992 at this point and Atari was starting to focus whatever little interest it had left on computers to the Falcon. And we know that it waned quite dramatically where Atari all but abandoned the Falcon and the computer line to go all in on the Jaguar.
We also haven't heard of any later revisions than REV.K and most of what I know of them is from Simbo's observations having worked on several of them.
Again, I'd like to be proven wrong so please send me pictures of boards that are not included here.
I'm inserting this part here as it has severe implications to the sections ahead. There are no known schematics for this FAB. I don't even have to prove that as both known schematics clearly indicate they are for C301763-001 and dated much earlier than these to REV.H models. You can verify this yourself by locating U402 next to the battery. It is the IC that gets removed in the RTC Fix. All boards prior to this need the chip to be removed. Since this FAB never had this chip, it's safe to assume that it would also not appear in the schematic. Just like we saw with the subtle differences between the two schematics from the same FAB earlier.
So the implications of not having schematics is that we cannot rely 100% on current schematics meant for another FAB as even within a FAB there can be changes. We can overcome this by being careful and logical.
The other problem is that we don't have a listing of revisions and the ECOs to get there as with the REV D-G.
I like to include a period between REV and the letter so as to distinguish it from the FAB revision. Well, we have plenty of pictures of this particular board leading me to believe that this is likely the most sold version of the SMD models, if not the entire line.
If REV G was the last of the C301763-001, this being H must be the first of the C302406-001. And since we have two examples of C302406-001 REV A being REV.H we can 100% trust this.
With all this evidence, we have no choice but to accept, that the other REV.H is an upgraded REV D. And because none of the REV A REV.H models have the patches on the bottom of the board we have to conclude that if ECO# 1323, which is part of that wiring, upgrades to REV G, that only leaves one possible outcome. REV.H is achieved through the VME Bus Fix. If only that rework guide could have had the ECO# or date.
Looking at the date above, we're well past the manufacturing dates of the C302406-001 REV A boards. Also, this fix is meant for REV B1 & REV D boards that we now know without a doubt to be C301763-001 FABs. This confirms my conclusions that REV.H and later boards, or in other words all C302406-001 boards have this fix and all pre ECO #1369 patches. This also confirms that B1 PGA boards can attain this prestigious level.
This variant of the fix is outlined and illustrated in my Atari TT030 REV.D Rework Guide.
Never seen or heard of REV.I, so we move to REV.J. And that's all I have to say about REV.J.
Seriously, I had nothing on J. REV.K on the other hand is supposedly the very last TT. As I mentioned earlier, I doubt that REV.K is free of rework. If it were, it would mean that it would be C302406-001 REV B or something and I find that highly unlikely due to reasons already stated. I think it's simply a small fix that got applied after REV.J's fixes.
How about the REV.K board settings schematics floating around? It doesn't seem to pertain to this REV.K. The date is wrong, the ASSY is wrong and, quite frankly, even if they were correct, it gives absolutely no helpful information. I'm not even going to post a picture of it.
So, just like my 1 month summer vacation is about to, we have reached the end of this saga. What to call your C302406-001?
REV.J or REV.K is fine as there is no room for interpretation there.
If you managed to read this far, congratulations, you deserve a/your TT. Treat it well.
If you have more information, suggestions or corrections, contact info is on the bottom of the page. Or you can reply to the threads that this gets posted to. I will update this guide as needed. When enough time had past, I will compile a PDF of it.


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text:
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Diagnostics.Contracts;
using System.IO;
using System.Threading;

using Microsoft.Win32.SafeHandles;
using Internal.Cryptography;

namespace System.Security.Cryptography
{
    public sealed class ECDsaOpenSsl : ECDsa
    {
        public ECDsaOpenSsl()
            : this(521)
        {
        }

        public ECDsaOpenSsl(int keySize)
        {
            KeySize = keySize;
            _key = new Lazy<SafeEcKeyHandle>(GenerateKey);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Create an ECDsaOpenSsl from an existing <see cref="IntPtr"/> whose value is an
        /// existing OpenSSL <c>EC_KEY*</c>.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// This method will increase the reference count of the <c>EC_KEY*</c>, the caller should
        /// continue to manage the lifetime of their reference.
        /// </remarks>
        /// <param name="handle">A pointer to an OpenSSL <c>EC_KEY*</c></param>
        /// <exception cref="ArgumentException"><paramref name="handle" /> is invalid</exception>
        public ECDsaOpenSsl(IntPtr handle)
        {
            if (handle == IntPtr.Zero)
                throw new ArgumentException(SR.Cryptography_OpenInvalidHandle, "handle");

            SafeEcKeyHandle ecKeyHandle = SafeEcKeyHandle.DuplicateHandle(handle);

            int nid = Interop.libcrypto.EcKeyGetCurveName(ecKeyHandle);
            int keySize = 0;
            for (int i = 0; i < s_supportedAlgorithms.Length; i++)
            {
                if (s_supportedAlgorithms[i].Nid == nid)
                {
                    keySize = s_supportedAlgorithms[i].KeySize;
                    break;
                }
            }
            if (keySize == 0)
            {
                string curveNameOid = Interop.libcrypto.OBJ_obj2txt_helper(Interop.libcrypto.OBJ_nid2obj(nid));
                throw new NotSupportedException(SR.Format(SR.Cryptography_UnsupportedEcKeyAlgorithm, curveNameOid));
            }

            // Set base.KeySize rather than this.KeySize to avoid an unnecessary Lazy<> allocation.
            base.KeySize = keySize;
            _key = new Lazy<SafeEcKeyHandle>(() => ecKeyHandle);
        }

        public override int KeySize
        {
            set
            {
                if (KeySize == value)
                {
                    return;
                }

                FreeKey();
                base.KeySize = value;
                _key = new Lazy<SafeEcKeyHandle>(GenerateKey);
            }
        }

        public override KeySizes[] LegalKeySizes
        {
            get
            {
                KeySizes[] legalKeySizes = new KeySizes[s_supportedAlgorithms.Length];
                for (int i = 0; i < s_supportedAlgorithms.Length; i++)
                {
                    int keySize = s_supportedAlgorithms[i].KeySize;
                    legalKeySizes[i] = new KeySizes(minSize: keySize, maxSize: keySize, skipSize: 0);
                }
                return legalKeySizes;
            }
        }

        public override byte[] SignHash(byte[] hash)
        {
            if (hash == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("hash");

            SafeEcKeyHandle key = _key.Value;
            int signatureLength = Interop.libcrypto.ECDSA_size(key);
            byte[] signature = new byte[signatureLength];
            if (!Interop.libcrypto.ECDSA_sign(0, hash, hash.Length, signature, ref signatureLength, key))
                throw Interop.libcrypto.CreateOpenSslCryptographicException();
            Array.Resize(ref signature, signatureLength);
            return signature;
        }

        public override bool VerifyHash(byte[] hash, byte[] signature)
        {
            if (hash == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("hash");
            if (signature == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("signature");

            SafeEcKeyHandle key = _key.Value;
            int verifyResult = Interop.libcrypto.ECDSA_verify(0, hash, hash.Length, signature, signature.Length, key);
            return verifyResult == 1;
        }

        protected override byte[] HashData(byte[] data, int offset, int count, HashAlgorithmName hashAlgorithm)
        {
            return OpenSslAsymmetricAlgorithmCore.HashData(data, offset, count, hashAlgorithm);
        }

        protected override byte[] HashData(Stream data, HashAlgorithmName hashAlgorithm)
        {
            return OpenSslAsymmetricAlgorithmCore.HashData(data, hashAlgorithm);
        }

        protected override void Dispose(bool disposing)
        {
            if (disposing)
            {
                FreeKey();
            }

            base.Dispose(disposing);
        }

        private void FreeKey()
        {
            if (_key != null && _key.IsValueCreated)
            {
                SafeEcKeyHandle handle = _key.Value;

                if (handle != null)
                {
                    handle.Dispose();
                }
            }
        }

        private SafeEcKeyHandle GenerateKey()
        {
            int keySize = KeySize;
            for (int i = 0; i < s_supportedAlgorithms.Length; i++)
            {
                if (keySize == s_supportedAlgorithms[i].KeySize)
                {
                    int nid = s_supportedAlgorithms[i].Nid;
                    SafeEcKeyHandle key = Interop.libcrypto.EC_KEY_new_by_curve_name(nid);
                    if (key == null)
                        throw Interop.libcrypto.CreateOpenSslCryptographicException();

                    if (!Interop.libcrypto.EC_KEY_generate_key(key))
                        throw Interop.libcrypto.CreateOpenSslCryptographicException();

                    return key;
                }
            }

            // The KeySize property should have prevented a bad KeySize from being set.
            Debug.Fail("GenerateKey: Unexpected KeySize: " + keySize);
            throw new InvalidOperationException();  // This is to keep the compiler happy - we don't expect to hit this.
        }

        private Lazy<SafeEcKeyHandle> _key;

        private struct SupportedAlgorithm
        {
            public SupportedAlgorithm(int keySize, int nid)
                : this()
            {
                KeySize = keySize;
                Nid = nid;
            }

            public int KeySize { get; private set; }
            public int Nid { get; private set; }
        }

        private static readonly SupportedAlgorithm[] s_supportedAlgorithms =
            new SupportedAlgorithm[]
            {
                new SupportedAlgorithm(keySize: 224, nid: Interop.libcrypto.NID_secp224r1),
                new SupportedAlgorithm(keySize: 384, nid: Interop.libcrypto.NID_secp384r1),
                new SupportedAlgorithm(keySize: 521, nid: Interop.libcrypto.NID_secp521r1),
            };
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
FREIBURG IM BREISGAU, city in Baden, Germany. Jews were imprisoned there in 1230 by the town's overlord, and released by King Henry VII. Rudolf I of *Hapsburg levied taxes from the Jews there in 1281. In 1300 the counts of Freiburg ratified the ancient rights of Freiburg Jewry. The rights to their taxes, which had been given for a short time to a Basle burgher, were restored in 1310 to the counts' authority, who granted the Jews a privilege in 1338. About this time the Jews owned 15 houses, near the synagogue and in other streets, shared by several families. The community, except pregnant women and children, was massacred by burning after one month's imprisonment, during the Black Death (January 1349). Emperor *Charles IV permitted the counts to resettle Jews in Freiburg in 1359. In 1373 a physician, master Gutleben, was admitted. In 1394 the Austrian overlord ordered that Jews should wear a special garb, with a coat and cap in dull shades; prohibited them from leaving their houses during Holy Week and from watching the religious procession; and set the weekly interest rate at 0.83%. In 1401 the Jews were expelled from the city although individual Jews were admitted from 1411 to 1423; the expulsion became final in 1424 but Jews continued to live in the nearby villages and towns. In 1453 they were prohibited from doing business in the city.
Some Hebrew works were printed in Freiburg in the 16th century as the result of difficulties with Hebrew printing in Basle. Israel *Ẓifroni printed a number of Hebrew books for Ambrosius Froben, among them Benjamin of Tudela's Massa'ot (1583), Jacob b. Samuel Koppelman's Ohel Ya'akov, and the first edition of Aaron of Pesaro's Toledot Aharon (1583–84). In 1503 and 1504, editions were issued of Gregorius Reisch's Margarita Philosophica including a page with the Hebrew alphabet in woodcut.
By the early 17th century Jews were able to enter Freiburg on business, accompanied by a constable. The first Jew received a medical degree from Freiburg University in 1791. There were 20 Jews living in Freiburg in 1846. Following the Baden emancipation law of 1862 a congregation was formed in Freiburg in 1863, and a synagogue was consecrated in 1885. It was burned down under the Nazis in 1938. The first rabbi, Adolf *Lewin, the historian of Baden Jewry, was succeeded by Max *Eschelbacher and Julius Zimmels. The legal historian Heinrich Rosen (1855–1927) was active in Jewish community life. Also of note at Freiburg University were the philosopher Edmund *Husserl, the economist Robert Liefmann, the jurist Otto Lenel, Fritz Pringsheim, the classical papyrologist, and the biochemist Siegfried Tannhauser. From 1933 to 1935, along with six other professors, they were dismissed (Pringsheim returned from England in 1945). The Jewish population numbered 1,013 in 1903; 1,320 in 1910 (1.58% of the total), 1,399 in 1925 (1.44%), and 1,138 in June 1933 (1.5%).
After the Nazi rise to power many Jews left the city. All 21 Jewish members of the faculty at the university were dismissed from their positions in 1933–35. Among those dismissed were Hans Adolf *Krebs, who later won the Nobel Prize for medicine in 1953. Jewish students were reduced in number from 183 to 54. Most Jewish businesses were Aryanized by November 1938. Polish Jews were expelled to the Polish border in October 1938 and on Kristallnacht the synagogue was destroyed and 100 Jewish men were sent to Dachau. In May 1939, 474 Jews remained. In 1940, 350 Jews were expelled from Germany and interned by the French in the *Gurs camp; another 30 were deported to Theresienstadt on August 23, 1942, as were almost all survivors from Gurs. After the war 15 survivors returned to Freiburg, and 78 displaced persons lived there in 1945. There were 58 Jews living in Freiburg in 1950, 111 in 1960, and 225 in 1968. A new prayer hall was consecrated in 1953. The university acquired the grounds where the synagogue once stood; it is commemorated by a memorial plaque. The Freiburger Rundbrief, a journal dedicated to Christian-Jewish understanding, was published in Freiburg. A new community center with a synagogue and a mikveh was inaugurated in 1987. A door from the old synagogue was integrated into the building, which was sponsored by the City of Freiburg and the Land (federal state) of Baden-Wuerttemberg. The community numbered 214 in 1989. Owing to the immigration of Jews from the former Soviet Union it increased to 700 in 2005. In 1998 the egalitarian Jewish Chawurah Gescher was founded in Freiburg. It was a member of the Union of Progressive Jews in Germany from 2004. Its membership numbered 30 in 2004.
T. Oelsner, The Economic and Social Conditions of the Jews in Southwestern Germany (1931); Germ Jud, 1 (1963), 108; 2 (1968), 253–7; S.W. Baron, Social and Religious History of the Jews, 11 (1965); A. Lewin, Juden in Freiburg i. B. (1890); A. Marx, Studies in Jewish History and Booklore (1944), 318; G. Kisch, Zasius und Reuchlin (1961), 1–2, 59–60; B. Schwinekoeper and F. Laubenberger, Geschichte und Schicksal der Freiburger Juden (1963); A.G. von Olenhausen, in: Vierteljahreshefte fuer Zeitgeschichte, 14 (1966), 175–206; F. Taddey and G. Hundsknurscher, Die juedischen Gemeinden in Baden (1967); P. Sauer, Dokumente ueber die Verfolgung der juedischen Buerger Baden-Wuerttembergs 1933–1945 (1965). ADD. BIBLIOGRAPHY: R. Boehme, H. Haumann, Das Schicksal der Freiburger Juden am Beispiel des Kaufmanns Max Mayer und die Ereignisse des 9.–10. November 1938, Stadt und Geschichte, vol. 13 (1983); A. Maimon, M. Breuer, and Y. Guggenheim (eds.), Germania Judaica, vol. 3, 1350–1514 (1987), 395–8; F. Hundsnurscher, "Die juedische Gemiende Freiburg im Breisgau," in: J.B. Paulus (ed.), Juden in Baden 1809–1984 (1984), 243–7.

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The biennial publishing feeding frenzy that accompanies a new Harry Potter book release is almost upon us once again. Billionaire J.K. (Jo) Rowling's sixth installment in the Potter phenomenon, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, goes on sale worldwide on July 16, but there has already been trouble up north, with the horses busting down the stall door a bit ahead of schedule.
Canadian Potter publishers Raincoast Books was granted an injunction preventing anyone disclosing all or part of the plot to Potter number six ahead of its official publication date after a Vancouver book store "mistakenly" put the book on sale July 7 and a "small number" of the books were sold.
Customers who turn in their copy of the book will have it returned to them at 00:01 on July 16, along with an autographed bookplate and limited edition T-shirt. Book retailers worldwide have had to sign an agreement not to sell the book before that time.
Though I love the movies, I have thus far resisted the global tide of Potter-in-print. But my wife has just devoured numbers four and five, so with vacation approaching I feel my resolve wavering.


Pulitzer NC: The Power of Words, a multifaceted public program presented by the North Carolina Humanities Council, highlights the way Pulitzer Prize-winning journalism, literature, and drama influence our world. The project is part of The Pulitzer Prizes Centennial Campfires Initiative, a joint venture of the Prizes Board and the Federation of State Humanities Council, in celebration of the 2016 centennial of the Prizes. This initiative illuminates the impact of journalism and the humanities on American life today, to imagine their future and to inspire new generations to consider the values represented by Pulitzer Prize-winning work.
The North Carolina Humanities Council invites your organization to join us as we celebrate Pulitzer NC: The Power of Words, a multifaceted public program to highlight the influence of Pulitzer Prize-winning journalism, literature, and drama on our world.


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Timothy Winter was born in an elite British family, his dad was an architect and his mom an artist. He attended Westminster School and graduated from Cambridge university with a degree in Arabic in 1983. He says about his journey towards Islam:

“In my teens I was sent off by my parents to a cottage in Corsica on an exchange with a very vigorous French Jewish family with four daughters. They turned out to be enthusiastic nudists. I remember being on the beach and seeing conjured up before my adolescent eyes every 15-year-old boy’s most fervent fantasy. There was a moment when I saw peach juice running off the chin of one of these bathing beauties and I had a moment of realisation: the world is not just the consequence of material forces. Beauty is not something that can be explained away just as an aspect of brain function. That was the first time I became remotely interested in anything beyond the material world… So I can say, I think, that I was validly converted to Islam by a teenage French Jewish nudist.”

He had already grown dissatisfied with Christianity, in part because his “school chaplain failed to explain to our sneering, skeptical young minds the basic teachings of Christianity, the incarnation and the Trinity, the blood atonement. None of it made any sense, and [the chaplain] admitted that it was something that should just be accepted on faith and didn't have any biblical or rational basis.”

His strong interest in understanding the nature of God and humanity, took him on a journey to study the world's religions. He first
explored the religions of “the Far East” then turned to Judaism in search of something that “aimed ultimately to embrace the world.” Finally, Winter came across Islam, which at the time, was “something you'd encounter when you were serving with the colonial office or as a missionary, but otherwise not there on the English radar, for good or for ill.” He was familiar with the faith due to his Arabic course, and when he began to study Islam, “things started to snowball.” Winter says he quickly realised Islam does “check the boxes” that Christianity did not. Islam even made him feel closer to Jesus than when he was a Christian. He became Muslim in 1979, at 19 years old while still a student at Cambridge University.

After becoming Muslim Winter moved to the Middle East and lived in a few Muslim countries. He studied at Al-Azhar University in Egypt before finally coming home to England in the late 80s to study Persian and Turkish. After so many years abroad he says he found his home country had changed a lot but he was more comfortable with his identity than ever, “Despite all the stereotypes of Islam being the paradigmatic opposite to life in the west, the feeling of conversion is not that one has migrated but that one has come home… I feel that I more authentically inhabit my old identity now that I operate within Islamic boundaries than I did when I was part of a teenage generation growing up in the 70s who were told there shouldn’t be any boundaries.”

Timothy Winter is now known as Shaykh Abdal Hakim Murad, he is a Lecturer of Islamic Studies at Cambridge University. He is also the secretary of the Muslim Academic Trust, director of The Anglo-Muslim Fellowship for Eastern Europe, and director of the Sunna Project, which has published the most respected versions of the major Sunni Hadith collections. In 2010 he was named one of the world’s most influential Muslims by the Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre which wrote about him as “one of the most well-respected Western theologians his accomplishments place him amongst the most significant Muslims in the world”.

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Policy Solutions and the Greens/EFA Group in the European Parliament cordially invite you to their joint conference on the Russian presence in the European Energy Market.
The objective of the event is to investigate and debate Russian energy investments in the EU and their overall impact.
The conference starts with an opening address by MEP Benedek Jávor, followed by the presentation of a related study by Policy Solutions. The conference will feature two 1-hour panels. The first panel involves policy experts with knowledge of the role of Russian-EU ties in the area of energy. The second panel includes prominent representatives of the European Council, the European Commission and the European Parliament bringing different perspectives to the debate. The event is closed by the speech of Rebecca Harms, Co-President of the Greens/EFA group.
Conference date: 16 February 2016 (Tuesday), 3 pm.


Most of us know Windows 7 as being a remarkable rebound from the prior Windows Vista that was commonly known as a full-featured failure. Since Windows 95 there hasn't been a generational chance until now - Windows 8.
The consumer preview is much more polished than the buggy developer preview released last year in September, which was mainly to get the APIs out to developers. Since the developer preview, over 100,000 code changes have been made, making the Windows 8 platform much more polished and refined.
Windows 8 is set to "re-imagine Windows" being half desktop, half mobile, utilizing a tile-based Metro user interface. It will be a parting with what we are used to experience with Windows. Most likely you'll either love it, hate it, or learn to love it - much like how Microsoft Office 2007 changed everything for Office 2003 lovers back in the day, but on a much larger scale.
Today, we have to choose between consumption or productivity, battery life verses functionality, form factor - tablet or laptop, touch interface or keyboard and mouse - how do you want to be mobile?
Microsoft is looking to solve this dilemma with the Windows 8 platform, an operating system that scales with you allowing you to be productive with any device form-factor. The goal of Windows 8 is to deliver 'Desktop' without any compromise, completely immersing 3 key elements - the Operating system, apps / dev platform, and hardware - for a unified operating system experience across multiple devices. From the hardware chip-set to the applications and the user interface (UI) experience, bringing the best of mobility together with the best of the desktop with a fast and fluid interface, better power management, and more functions for safety and reliability.
The new operating system gives users the ability to find out what's going on by just glancing at the screen; much like the "glance-and-go" approach of the Windows Phone's tile user interface. From scaling to different screen resolutions to user needs of consumption verses productivity. From the moment of logon, uses of apps, accessing files - all brought together via the Metro style tabs. The experience of the operating system and apps working together more harmoniously - fast - fluid - modern, making Apple OSX look outdated.
At the moment, all apps are available for free. Take advantage of them while you can. Many Windows 8 homegrown apps include Bing Maps, Bing Weather, Calendar, Mail, Messaging, Music, People, SkyDrive, XBOX Live, etc. Make sure you sign-in with your Microsoft account ID to take advantage of these applications. Otherwise you will most likely get an error screen when attempting to get to the Windows Store.
Greater support for HTML5 for developers and those who use their apps.
One huge benefit for many users is the integration of Windows 8 and Microsoft Cloud Services. Users sign-in with their Microsoft account ID, making new applications live connected via the cloud. This allows a user to start a project on one Windows 8 machine and finish it on another. This also applies to user settings and themes that roam with the user's profile via the cloud.
The tiles are a little overwhelming, I find it more common to be easier to see and use it on an actual mobile device than having the metro interface on the desktop. It seems to be a working operating system for a phone or tablet that has been ported to the desktop. At least we don't have to fully part ways with the normal desktop user interface that we are all accustomed to. Everything you want to still do in Windows you still can under the hood. It's just a pretty Metro interface (tiles) on top - a 'tablet-ified' Windows 7.
If you seem to get stuck in the normal desktop mode wanting to get back to the metro 'tiles' interface then we figured out you have to hit the Windows key (looks like a flag next to the 'alt' key on your keyboard). Many users might miss the epic Windows Start button on the lower left of the desktop. This has been removed in Windows 8. Much of the normal desktop feel much like Windows 7; it's just going to take time to get used to the metro interface. Overall we are pretty impressed with Windows 8 despite all of the initial negative hype. Unless Microsoft messes up along the way - it could be the year of the PC desktop again; or they will at least give Apple a run for their money with the introduction of Windows tablets.
The full version of Windows 8 will be available later this year. Most likely it will be released to manufactures end of summer just in time for Windows 8 device sales this holiday season.
Pre-release software is not supported by Microsoft. However, they do provide a Windows 8 Forum for users and a Windows 8 FAQ with system requirements and other useful information.
When Windows 8 desktops, laptops, and tablets are released later this year, we will support your Windows 8 needs with Digital Designs LLC Computer Repair Grand Rapids MI. Around the holiday season release, we will most likely run a special for upgrading your Windows XP, Vista, or Windows 7 machine to the new Windows 8 platform. Follow Digital Designs Computer Repair for the latest news, updates, and coupons.


Over the course of these summer holidays, 12 of our pupils were lucky enough to attend the summer schools of professional dance colleges, Urdang Academy in London and Phil Winston's Theatreworks in Blackpool.
We had a warm up every morning, which killed me! Then every day, everyone in the class one by one had to do a triple pirouette on each leg… by the end of the week we mastered it! We did corner work and freestyle/improv every lesson. I loved it. My teacher, Regan Shepherd was amazing.
My favourite part was the whole aura of London life, when we weren't dancing in class, we were in the studios just dancing around – it was so easy to just be yourself and everyone was so friendly.
This week was so good, I enjoyed every minute of it and it gave me a chance to see what it was like before I audition next year, and now I can see myself training there. I loved it, I made so many new friends and it made me very excited for the future.
Maddie Dunn, Maisie Ganley, Lucy Holcroft, Eleanor Jackson, Megan Moore, Gabriel Sharrock, Charlotte Stones, Megan Thorpe & Aliyah Xaba attended Phil Winston's Theatreworks.
I had a great time in Blackpool sharing a hotel with around 80 kids from all over, including Greece. I loved commercial and contemporary as I had never tried these before. We travelled to the class on a private double decker bus and we had so much fun together. My body ached like never before and I felt exhausted but I can't wait for next year!
It was a very busy week!! We went from 9 in the morning until 4 at night, starting with warm up, corner work, stretching and then a routine in these workshops. We'd then start rehearsing for our show dances which were featured in our end of week production of 'The Works – Summer School'! My favourite dance would have to be the ballet – I got specially chosen by the Ballet teacher (as well as Gabriel!) and we danced to a slow violin version of Robert Miles! I also really enjoyed the commercial dance because it's not something we do often – a nice challenge.
All the summer school went to the south pier on Thursday night and went on the rides! It was the best week ever, we all learned so much and it was very inspiring.
We stayed in a hotel in Blackpool and the owners put on a disco two of the nights we were there. They even took us to the circus and south pier, it was really nice!
We're very glad all our pupils enjoyed their times at summer school so much. We were particularly delighted that Gabriel Sharrock and Aliyah Xaba were awarded scholarships for the holiday school at Phil Winston's next year! We're looking forward to seeing what you've all learned.


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Roger NeelRoger Neel
Hemp Processing Development Seeks Payment In Lieu of Taxes Deal
A public hearing is to be scheduled for a proposal to give the developers of a hemp processing plant in Broome County a Payment in Lieu of Taxes deal.
Officials Consider Top Westover Redevelopment Proposals
The Agency and the Town of Union over the next several months will review ideas for the redevelopment of the former BAE site in Westover.
Partners Wanted for Rebirth of Westover Factory Site
Broome County's development group is looking for proposals to develop the site that was home to several factory operations in Westover for decades.
Workers' Transportation Issues to be Discussed
A panel discussion is planned to talk about physically getting people to work in Broome County.
Kevin McLaughlin Announced Retirement from The Agency
Executive Director of The Agency, formerly the Broome County Economic Development Agency, Kevin McLaughlin has announced he will retire.
Broome Talent Task Force Launches Broome is Good
The Broome Talent Task Force has announced the creation of a multi-media marketing program designed to lead job seekers quickly to available positions.
BAE Westover Site Development Planning Begins
Elan Planning, Design and Landscape Architecture of Saratoga Springs is being paid to figure out what to do with the former BAE Systems site in Westover.
Westover Lot Turned Over to The Agency
The vacant lot in Westover that once housed the likes of General Electric and BAE Systems is taking a step forward toward redevelopment after being destroyed in the 2011 flood.
The Agency Steps Up to Fill Hundreds of Available Jobs
The Agency, formerly the Industrial Development Agency, says there are hundreds of jobs in the Binghamton area waiting to be filled.
Made in Broome County, The Agency on Southern Tier Close Up
The Agency is encouraging residents to buy locally made products and services and is featured on Southern Tier Close Up.


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Our signature hammocks are 100% hand-woven by highly skilled artisans. The flexible net consists of over 500 suspension cords made of pure cotton, which are traditionally handcrafted to form a breathable Mayan hammock. The arms and loops are made with nylon cord for added strength and durability. On exceptionally hot days, you will appreciate it for its cooling effect. This cotton hammock makes the perfect addition to your garden or pool. The Sunrise Pelican Hammock is perfect for one or two adults. It is made with orange, red, and yellow cords.
Our Hammocks Make A Difference!
We work with people in small remote villages who otherwise would not have access to any employment opportunities or any way to make a living for themselves. At Pelican Hammocks, we strive to create a sustainable culture in which everyone can benefit. You receive a comfortable 100% hand-woven hammock from a highly skilled weaver, while we help our weavers escape generational poverty, receive cultural vitality, and a social equality previously unavailable to them. With the help of our customers, our socially conscious efforts have created over one hundred jobs in marginalized remote villages throughout Central America. These jobs have increased family incomes by over 600% which have elevated our weavers and their families out of generational poverty.


You will join a team of Dream Africa Care Foundation volunteers and local people constructing and renovating simple buildings in the local communities.
you will also help with landscaping the surrounding area, painting local schools, and renovating classrooms. In the past, volunteers built schools, library, orphanages and hospitals for rural communities.
The buildings are usually made from mud bricks that are produced by using a press, some mud and water, and then left to harden in the sun. Volunteers help in this process and also with building walls, plastering, and painting. Each building takes an average of one month to construct but if you and friends are staying for two weeks you can still be of great help to this project.
This is a great opportunity to get involved in a rural project and become an integral part of the local community.
An ideal project for short term volunteers, no skills are required and you are able to make a significant contribution even you are only staying one week.
Volunteers should bring gloves, flashlight, and light weight scarf for sun protection or hat, insect repellent, working boots and water bottle. Please also note, projects and volunteer roles will vary from community to community.
This project focuses on the construction and renovation of orphanages, clinics, community centers, toilet facilities, libraries and building of classrooms (schools), roads and drainage system and digging of wells. Volunteers also have the opportunity to meet chiefs and community elders, and learn about the various cultures of the different communities through drumming, music and dance.
Volunteers work closely with the local people and Dream Africa Care Foundation Ghana staff on tasks which include painting, brick laying, plastering, digging, block shaping, carpentry, steel bending, mortar mixing, etc. If you're a keen outdoors person with a good level of fitness, this will be a perfect project for you. The Construction and Renovation project offers volunteers the special opportunity to work alongside local people to help improve the infrastructure in small, rural communities.
Construction usually start in the morning, you will be working with a group of other volunteers and people from the community. Helping mix concrete, painting, brick laying, plastering, digging, block shaping, carpentry, steel bending, mortar mixing, etc. You will work from 9am to 2pm in the afternoon. You the the rest of the day to explore the community or help out in some of our other evening projects.
Our projects run throughout the year so you can choose to volunteer with us anytime of the year that is suitable for you. You can volunteer for a minimum of two weeks and a maximum of one year. You have to send us your application at least one month before your intended date to come and volunteer with in Africa. This will give us enough time to send you all the necessary information and documents you will need for your visa. And guide you throughout the process.
You need to be able to do physical work under the hot sun of africa. You dont need to have a special kind of training, but musst be willing to learn from the native workers.
The costs also covers your three meals a day, accommodation, airport pick up, laundry service, drinking water, toiletries and wireless internet access 24-hours a day in the volunteer house so that you can keep in touch with friends and family back home, Our aim is to provide cheap and affordable volunteer opportunity to people like you so that you can help make a difference in the lives of the less fortunate in Africa.
There is no any hidden cost, apart from the 350 dollars which covers your three meals a day and other expenses. 30% of the money you are paying for food goes to feeding and educating the children in our orphanages.
After you have book your flight let me know your arrival date, time, flight name and flight number so that we can send our driver to pick you up at the airport. The airport is 35 minutes drive from our Accra volunteer house. Our driver will pick you up from the airport. There is only one international airport in Ghana call Kotoka international airport or Accra international airport so you will be flying into this airport. Our driver will pick you up from the airport whatever time or day you arrive at the airport.
You can volunteer at the project site in Accra/Ghana between 2 weeks and 50 weeks. Please note that the above shown program fees are estimated and subject to exchange rate fluctuations. Dream Africa Care Foundation will let you know about the final price during your application process.


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Dual Antibody Treatment Knocks Down HIV Viral Loads in HIV-Infected Patients
According to two early-stage clinical trials reported in the journals Nature and Nature Medicine, a combination of two different antibodies against the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) have successfully diminished the virus levels in patients not taking anti-HIV medications. Infusions of these antibodies kept virus levels low in the blood of a percentage of these patients for two-three months, after which, blood quantities of HIV in these patients rebounded to their previous levels.
HIV is a member of a special class of viruses called "retroviruses." Retroviruses receive their name from their ability to take an RNA copy of their genome and make a DNA copy of it. This process, called "reverse transcription," is backwards from the way cells normally do things. In cells, genetic information is stored by DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), and enzymes called RNA polymerases make an RNA copy of stretches of DNA. The process by which RNA copies are made from DNA is called "transcription." In retroviruses, an enzyme called "reverse transcriptase" makes a double-stranded DNA copy of a single-stranded RNA genome. This transcriptional process reverses the direction of transcription; hence the name "retroviruses."
Below is a picture of a HIV particle. The virus is surrounded by an envelope that is derived from the membranes of the host cell from which it budded. Inserted into those membranes are viral proteins that are decorated by sugars. These sugar-coated proteins are called "glycoproteins." The HIV surface glycoproteins are called gp120, which means that the glycoprotein weighs 120 kilodaltons (a Dalton is the weight of a hydrogen atom and a kilodalton is the weight of 1,000 hydrogen atoms), and this viral glycoprotein is anchored to the viral membrane by means of another protein called gp41.
These two glycoproteins are the first thing that the acquired immune response responds to. Unfortunately, the viral reverse transcriptase is extremely error-prone and makes lots of mistakes as it copies its viral RNA genome into DNA copies. This means that when HIV infects cells, it produces progeny virus particles that vary tremendously. When these variant viruses particles are put under intense selective pressure, as in the case when the immune system makes antibodies against it or when the viruses is brushed back by means of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the variant viruses that survive the best (and show the highest levels of resistance to the treatment of immune system-based attack) will emerge as the dominant strain of virus in the infected person and as the treatment strategies change, so will the virus in adaptation to the latest attempts to eradicate it. It is an insidiously efficient mode of evading antiretroviral drugs and the immune system. HIV also infects and destroys T4 lymphocytes (T-helper lymphocytes), which are essential for activating B lymphocytes. Thus, HIV not only evades the immune response, but it permanently hamstrings it as well.
When a patient makes antibodies against the HIV surface glycoproteins, the virus simply changes the amino acid sequence of the protein and those neutralizing antibodies no longer prevent the virus from infecting cells. Therefore, scientists have worked very hard to make custom antibodies that neutralize the virus in such a way that would make it difficult for the virus to adapt.
Michel Nussenzweig, an immunologist at the Rockefeller University who led these studies and his colleagues, have made custom ("monoclonal" antibodies against specific pieces of gp120. Specifically, their custom antibodies target the base of the so-called "V3 loop" and the surrounding sugars. Past work shows these antibodies (3BNC117 and 10-1074) that target this one spot reduces virus levels in human patients infected with HIV (Caskey, M. and others, Nature 522, 487–491 (2015); Lynch, R. M. and others, Sci. Transl. Med. 7, 319ra206 (2015); and Caskey, M. and others, Nat. Med. 23, 185–191 (2017). Infusions of the antibody called 3BNC117 reduced virus levels of about 28 days in HIV-infected patients and 10-1074 reduced virus levels for one week in HIV-infected patients after which antibody-resistant viruses began to emerge. Nussenzweig and his group then had the novel idea of treatment patients with both antibodies and not just one of them. This way, the virus would have more hurdles to jump in order to adapt to this treatment.
In one of the clinical trials, 15 HIV-infected patients who had stopped taking all antiretroviral medications received three infusions of both monoclonal antibodies. Of these 15 patients, nine of them showed a significant reduction in viral load for 15 – 30 weeks, after which, virus levels in the blood rebounded.
In the second clinical trial, seven HIV-infected patients who had never taken antiretroviral drugs were given infusions of the two monoclonal antibodies. Initially, patients received infusions of 30 mg kg−1 of each of the antibodies and these infusions were very well tolerated. In those four patients whose HIV viral profile showed sensitivity to the dual antibody treatment in laboratory tests, this therapy reduced HIV-1 viral load by two factors of ten. This viral load reduction continued for three months following the first of up to three infusions. Additionally, and this is potentially the most exciting part of this study, none of these individuals developed resistance to both antibodies. According to The Scientist, the viral loads of these patients rebounded; it is possible that these patients stopped receiving the antibody treatments (I only have access to the abstract of the Nature Medicine article). However, the fact that the sensitive viruses stayed susceptible to the dual antibody treatment is quite encouraging.
Antibody treatments are diabolically expensive because making hybridoma cell lines that create the monoclonal antibodies is ridiculously labor- and resource-intensive. For this reason, Nussenzweig said, "Ultimately, this may not be good for everybody, and it's expensive."
When HIV-infected patients are placed on HAART, they must take those drugs daily, for the rest of their lives. These drugs have some potentially serious side effects, but they do tend to reduce progression of HIC infection to full-blown AIDS and reduce HIV-induced mortality ( Kitahata, MM and others (2009), New England Journal of Medicine. 360 (18): 1815–1826; Lundgren, JD and others (2015), New England Journal of Medicine. 373 (9): 795–807; Danel, Christine and others (2015), The New England Journal of Medicine. 373 (9): 808–822). Neutralizing antibodies against the virus may provide longer-lasting treatments, but, to date, HIV quickly adapts to experimental antibody treatments (for example, see Trkola, A. and others, Nature Medicine 11, 615–622 (2005).
"Antibodies can be used as a safe, new treatment to allow people to go 'off' of drugs for several months," Nancy Haigwood, an AIDS researcher at Oregon Health & Science University who was not part of these studies.
Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, said that this work represents an "early step" toward antibody-based HIV interventions.
Both these studies are small, and only included a few patients. What we can glean from there, therefore, is limited. However, there are some definite bright spots from them. First of all, the dual antibody treatment was well tolerated in these patients. This suggests that antibody treatments might be rather safe. Again, larger studies are needed, but this is a potential bright spot of this study. Secondly, the dual antibody treatment did significantly reduce viral loads for some time in a percentage of both groups of patients. Thus, if the right antibody combination is found, it could potentially do some real damage to HIV levels in patients with susceptible viral populations. Third, the antibody-based treatment strategy might actually work in some cases.
The caveats are many. One is the cost. Such mass treatments of HIV patients around the world will prove horribly expensive and third-world countries with the largest HIV load will simply not be able to sustain such costs. Secondly, how long can such treatments give relief to patients when the virus simply adapts after a few weeks or months. Therefore, feasibility of antibody-based treatments are a second problem. Once potential use for antibody-based treatments that occurs to me are for those patients whose toxicity from HAART is just too onerous and the antibody-based treatments can give them a drug holiday to heal. Such patients would need to be pre-screened to ensure that their virus population is susceptible to the antibody treatment before starting it. Such HAART holidays may also cause a shift in their viral population to strains that are more susceptible to the HAART regimen they are taking. Therefore, such drug holidays/dual antibody treatments might (a big might) have knock-off benefits.
In any case, this early, preliminary data is hopeful, but it is just the beginning if antibody-based treatments are to make it to the clinic.
Posted on September 27, 2018 Categories Stem Cell Biology


Auckland's leading kitchen designer & cabinetry. Manufacturing traditional, contemporary and modern type cabinetry for residential and commercial needs. Whether you are building a brand new home or renovating your existing home, Magic designer kitchens is the place for your new custom built dream kitchen and cabinetry, We can design to suit your home lifestyle and budget. Contact us for a free quote! "You Dream It, We Build It!".


What makes At Home Property different to other estate agents..?
Without doubt the main concern for prospective sellers is finding an agent that they can be assured has their interest as the number one priority. At Home Property's vendors are our biggest advocates and because this is 'our' business we have to provide a selling experience that meets the expectations of its clients.
At Home Property offer a bespoke agency service to its sellers with the emphasis on communication, attention to detail and delivering the selling experience that every vendor desires when they are looking for an agency to market their home or investment property.
At Home Property sees each seller as a valued client. We build rapport with our client's which is vital to the success we deliver. Clear straight forward marketing advice from a property professional with over 17 years experience. Providing a complete start to finish personal service, you can be assured that you will only deal with one person, who is contactable at times to meet your busy schedule and who provides a personable customer service experience.
In-depth property and area knowledge enables our client's to trust At Home Property to a achieve the best possible price for their property, in the prevailing market, ensuring that no opportunity is wasted or detail over looked; a first class experience where communication and courtesy are guaranteed.
In today's market, utilising the selling tools that assist the sale of your home, are provided as standard to our clients. Every property regardless of price are provided floor plans, quality high resolution photographs, property brochures and prominent 'For Sale' flag showing our innovative At Home Property company design which expresses the simplicity of the service we offer – we find buyers for our client's properties!
With over 80% of buyers starting their search for a property on-line and more often via a mobile device, our stunning athomeproperty.co.uk mobile friendly website ensures that your prospective buyers can find your property details with ease alongside useful purchase advice. Every means to contact the sales team and receive quick responses is available to prospective buyers, including the major social media platforms. Furthermore we ensure all our clients are listed on Rightmove.co.uk which ensures the widest possible coverage for your property on the most prominent of property portals.
We will arrange and conduct accompanied viewings for your property and provide comprehensive and price related feedback which will assist the regular updates you receive on the marketing of your property to ensure you are informed and able to make informed decisions.
We understand that client's want choice and may also want the freedom to enhance the marketing of their property. At Home Property can provide Professional Photography, increased property press inclusion and 'advert style' property tours to increase buyer interest.
Every property marketed 'for sale' requires an energy performance certificate (EPC); At Home Property can source this legal requirement for you with no delay to the marketing of your property.
You really can be assured that when you select At Home Property to handle the sale of your property that you will have chosen an agent that provides estate agency of the highest quality; just like it should be!


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Happy Birthday, Montclair Native Christina Ricci!
by Alice Magdziak • February 12, 2016 • Essex, Holiday, Jersey Folk • Comments (0) • 2519
[image via fanpop.com]
Christina Ricci was born on February 12, 1980 in Santa Monica, CA but her family moved to Montclair soon after she was born. Christina is the youngest child of Sarah and Ralph Ricci. In Montclair, she attended Edgemont Elementary School, Glenfield Middle School and Montclair High School. She left Montclair High to attend the Morristown-Beard School but left that after only one year to study at the Professional Children's School in New York City.
A critic for the Bergen Record discovered Ricci at age eight in a school play (The Twelve Days of Christmas) at Edgemont Elementary. Another child was originally cast in the role, but Ricci got him to hit her and told on him; he lost the role to her as part of his punishment. Apparently, she's been feisty her whole life!
Christina got her start on TV when she appeared in a couple of parody commercials in the late night sketch variety show Saturday Night Live. The first of these featured Ricci as a child at a birthday party in which medical waste fell out of a burst piñata, parodying the then-topical dumping of medical waste in the rivers of the United States' east coast.
Ricci's big screen debut was in 1990's Mermaids as Cher's character's younger daughter. The following year, she starred as Wednesday Addams in the feature film adaptation of The Addams Family. She reprised the role for the film's 1993 sequel, Addams Family Values.
The rest is Hollywood history!
[bio via Wikipedia.org]
Sunrise Luncheonette, Trenton – Review Next Post:
Movie Review – Ride Along 2


YouGames.eu - Ice Queen Beauty Makeover, play online for free!
The Ice queen had long ride in the country. Now she is very much tired and needs some skin care. This is the chance to take care of ice queen and give amazing makeover for her. Would you be interested to join to give the makeover and beautiful outfits for the ice queen? Here you go!


In the past drivers in Northern Ireland often found it more difficult to find cheap car insurance than their English, Scottish and Welsh neighbours, but in recent years premiums have been fairly comparable across all four parts of the UK.
The number of British insurance providers serving motorists in Northern Ireland is also continuing to grow, making it even more likely you'll get a good deal when you compare insurance quotes from a wide range of providers.
Why was car insurance more expensive in Northern Ireland?
There are a number of reasons why insuring your vehicle in Northern Ireland was once much more expensive than it was elsewhere in the UK.
According to the Office of Fair Trading the province's differing legal system was one of the causes, because the courts in Northern Ireland have generally been seen as more generous with compensation pay-outs, which in turn forced insurers to increase their premiums to offset the risk of a higher claim.
Another explanation is that motorists in Great Britain have historically had a greater tendency to shop around for a better deal compared to drivers in Northern Ireland. In fact, an OFT omnibus survey in 2011 found that two thirds of motorists in Northern Ireland stayed with their existing car insurance company when their policy was due for renewal, compared with just over half of drivers in Great Britain.
Lastly, Northern Ireland Transport Statistics from 2010-2011 found that Northern Ireland had more road traffic accidents per capita and per vehicle, which in turn led to increased insurance premiums.
Is car insurance in Northern Ireland now cheaper than the rest of the UK?
In the past many British insurance companies specifically excluded coverage for drivers in Northern Ireland, which meant there were less options to choose from. As a growing number of providers are now extending their coverage to the province the cost of Northern Ireland car insurance is beginning to fall, and some estimates suggest it may even be cheaper to insure a car in Northern Ireland now than it is in Great Britain.
That's a very generalised interpretation, though, and shouldn't be taken as a sign that you'll be guaranteed a cheaper quote because a lot will depend on your vehicle, your local neighbourhood, your occupation and other personal details, and your driving record.
No matter where you live the best plan is to compare car insurance quotes from a wide range of providers and then go with the firm that offers the best policy at the lowest price.
Does UK car insurance cover Northern Ireland?
Cars that visit Northern Ireland from England, Scotland or Wales will automatically be insured to drive anywhere in the province (provided the motorist already has appropriate insurance in place, of course).
If you're moving to Northern Ireland from another part of the UK, though, you will need to contact your insurance provider and inform them of your change of address. This is something you are obligated to do even if you're only moving to another house on the same street, but when you're going further afield there's a greater likelihood that your premium might have to be adjusted to reflect possible changes to your risk profile.
Of course, this adjustment may be upward or downward depending on the crime rates and road traffic accident rate for your new location and how that compares to the statistics for your old neighbourhood.
Are there any car insurance companies in Belfast?
Yes, a number of insurance providers have operations in Belfast, including Hughes Insurance, Allianz NI, Apricot Insurance and Abbey Insurance.
You could contact each of those local insurance providers one at a time in order to compare quotes, but using a dedicated insurance comparison website like Quotezone.co.uk could save you a lot of time because you'll only have to complete one short form to compare quotes from hundreds of different providers.
Whether you're a student driver that has only recently passed your driving test, or an older, more experienced motorist in your 60s or 70s, it probably goes without saying that local insurance companies like Hughes and Abbey can provide you with suitable car insurance if you live in Northern Ireland. However, a growing number of insurance providers in other parts of the UK are now willing to insure motorists here too, so you stand a better chance of finding a great deal if you use Quotezone.co.uk to compare quotes from local and other UK-based providers simultaneously.
You'll only be shown quotes from providers that are willing to cover drivers in Northern Ireland, which means you won't waste your time on unsuitable providers.
When you're a younger driver it can be tricky to find a good deal on your car insurance, because insurance companies usually charge a higher premium to offset the higher insurance risk inexperienced motorists represent.
Comparing car insurance quotes through our price comparison service, which can help you find a suitable policy at a competitive price.
Considering black box insurance, which involves fitting a black box to your car to track your driving habits. If you're a safe driver and follow the rules of the road your policy could be as much as 20% cheaper.
Opting for a car with a smaller engine, which usually means it will fall into a lower insurance group.
Taking the 'Pass Plus' test, which can help to reduce your premiums because it demonstrates you're a safe driver.


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The 5 Most Impactful Findings From National Geographic's 'Science of Sleep' Issue
Written by Rebecca Muller on August 21, 2018
If you're used to finding photographs of far-flung landscapes in National Geographic, you may be surprised to discover that the magazine's August issue is focused on a topic closer to home: the science of sleep.
An estimated 35 percent of adults do not get enough sleep.
The National Geographic cover story is a deep look into sleep and its effect on our well-being.
The magazine's editors liken sleep to a place we go, rather than a state of being.
"Sleep is an undiscovered country that each one of us travels to every night, but we really don't understand it very well," said senior editor Robert Kunzig in an interview with CBS This Morning.
"It's hugely important for our health in our daily lives." Here are 5 things we learned from this month's cover story:
1. The epidemic of sleep is costing us
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has found that 35 percent of adults are not getting the recommended seven hours of sleep, and one in three adults are suffering from lack of sleep. Most Americans sleep less than 7 hours a night, about 2 hours less than a century ago.
Needless to say, the epidemic of sleep is costing us, both economically and physically. Sleep-deprived consumers are paying over $66 billion on devices, medications, and sleep studies — a figure that could rise to $85 billion by 2021.
According to Kunzig, we're also spending more than $411 billion to make up for the accidents and loss of productivity caused by lack of sleep.
2. We weren't built to skimp on sleep
We've always been told that getting sufficient sleep is good for us, but the recent science cited in the NatGeo spread is inspiring us to hit the pillow earlier.
"Every animal, without exception, exhibits at least a primitive form of sleep" writes Michael Finkel. "It's evidently natural law that a creature, no matter the size, cannot go full throttle 24 hours a day." The biology doesn't lie, and the stress of staying awake is taking its toll on our bodies.
"There's all sorts of health effects that are linked to sleeplessness: heart disease, diabetes… even obesity," Kunzig explained.
3. Sleep is a spiral journey
Did you know one night of sleep actually consists of a series of cycles? In the first stage, we fall into sleep, which takes about 5 minutes. Then, our brain stays active in the second stage, as it fires into its editing process, deciding which memories to hold onto from the day.
Since sleep reinforces memory, exhausted soldiers are actually advised not to go directly to bed if they just returned from a disturbing mission. In the third and fourth stages, we enter a deep sleep — a "physiological housekeeping" for our bodies.
Then, in REM sleep, we experience dreams. Some scientists say our dreaming state is a psychotic state, as we can experience hallucinations and delusions.
4. When sleep is interrupted, the whole day can feel different
The magazine issue includes an interview with Thrive founder and CEO Arianna Huffington, who spoke to editor-in-chief Susan Goldberg about what happens when sleep cycles are interrupted.
As it turns out, an interrupted night of sleep can make the difference between an energized morning or an exhausted one.
"One of the metaphors I use is that sleep is like the laundry," Huffington explained. "You're not going to take out the laundry 10 minutes early to save time. You have to complete all the cycles in the washing machine. Our sleep cycles have to be completed too; otherwise we wake up and feel like wet and dirty laundry."
5. We're starting to realize the value of sleep, but we need to take action
"We're at a moment of transformation," said Huffington on the prioritization of sleep. It seems that people want to go to sleep, but with addictive devices, intrusive sources of blue light, and the glamorization of long, productive days, our sleep-thwarting habits are making it difficult to reach our sleep goals.
"The war on sleep began when incandescent bulbs first made it easy to banish night," reports Finkel. "The problem is that in the modern world, our ancient, innate wake-up call is constantly triggered by non-life-threatening situations," he writes.
"A full night's sleep now feels as rare and old-fashioned as a handwritten letter," Finkel writes. But it shouldn't, and putting down our phones earlier is a huge step in getting more restorative shuteye. The importance of setting boundaries with our devices is more relevant than ever before, and the time to set those boundaries is now.
Written by Rebecca Muller and originally published on Thrive Global.


There's no doubt that a simple mug as a promotional item has millions of fans, since it's one of the most useful items used in homes and offices for drinking tea or coffee. Moreover, people usually don't like to get rid of their beloved cups, even when they are chipped; instead they turn it into a pen holder.
In fact, this is the very reason why they are still so popular amongst campaigners and promoters. Besides, they come in so many styles and designs that it becomes totally impossible to remove it from the list of promotional gift items. Since quite long, ceramic items have been the first choice in promotional goods industry due to their usefulness and affordability. Those who get these as gifts find it quite easy to handle them, as they are simple to wash and can be used in microwave and a dishwasher.
Moreover, the USB warming plate that can be connected with your PC has made it easier to keep your coffee warm. In fact, today employees in several offices can be seen using this system as it saves time and allows them to enjoy their coffee while working in their desk without taking a break for coffee. Apart from this, today spill proof designs are available in the market that protect the documents, PC and keyboards for getting damaged due to spilled coffee, tea or water.
Mostly, spill proof mugs are made out of stretched metal or aluminium. Although, they are not microwave safe, they come with insulators that keep the beverage warm or cold in the mug. The best feature about these mugs is that you can carry them with you, especially while driving where you can enjoy your coffee while on your way to a meeting or office. Furthermore, you can select from different colors and sizes, and order mugs with classic metal polish finish, or crystal finish.
Today, thermal versions of mugs that work on the traditional thermos flask principle can also be seen in the market. They have more capacity and can hold more beverages in them. Besides, regardless of their built (plastic or metal exterior) they can keep the liquid warm or cold for longer duration, as they feature an insulated interior part. Most of the companies are using these kinds of mugs for their promotions and campaigns as they are quite cheap and serve their purpose well.
From this we can conclude that the beverage holders, regardless of their design, material or style are still quite popular as promotional gift items. In fact, there's enough space on them to print your logo, company name or details, and since they are the items which people use on daily basis, it's for sure that whenever your client will drink a coffee from it, he will immediately remember about you, your generosity and the company you represent.


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MusicBrainz е проект, който цели да създаде свободна музикална база данни, сходна на проекта FreeDB. MusicBrainz е създадена в ответ на ограниченията, наложени върху базата данни на компактдискове (CDDB), база данни за софтуерни апликации, с които се идентифицират аудио CD в интернет.

MusicBrainz цели да бъде не само място за търсене на метаданни (информация за изпълнители, артисти, автори на текстове и т.н.) за дискове, а и структурирана свободна онлайн база данни за музика.

Характеристика
MusicBrainz съхранява информация за изпълнители, техните творби и връзките помежду им. Записаните произведения се отчитат в базата данни, като се вписват заглавието на албума, имената на песните и продължителността на всяка песен. Отчетите са поддържани от редактори доброволци, които следват насоки и правила, предварително приети от обществото на MusicBrainz. Записите могат също да съдържат информация за дата на издаване и държава, идентификационен номер на CD, обложка и др. До 26 юли 2016 г. MusicBrainz съдържа информация за около 1.1 милиона изпълнители, 1.6 милиона албума и 16 милиона записа.

Източници

Външни препратки

 Making Metadata: The Case of MusicBrainz. Jess Hemerly. Master's project at UC Berkeley. 2011.

Онлайн бази данни
Сайтове за музика
Сайтове в САЩ
Основани в САЩ през 2001 година

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I think this ice cream speaks for itself. It's vegan–made with coconut milk–and has chunks of candied ginger and ginger cookie dough. It's ridiculously creamy, spicy, and delightful. I got the idea for the ginger cookie dough from my friend Josie, who, upon tasting this particular dough, declared that it would be fantastic in ice cream. She was absolutely correct.
Adapted from Pumpkin Ice Cream, by Williams-Sonoma and Ginger Sparkle Cookies from Vegan With A Vengance.
Whisk together all ice cream ingredients except bourbon and candied ginger. Cover and refrigerate as long as you can stand, up to 24 hours. The longer the better. Admittedly I was impatient and only let it cool for about a half hour. It was still good.
This is a good time to make and roll the cookie dough (see below).
Freeze the ice cream according to your ice cream maker's directions. In the last five minutes of freezing, add the bourbon and candied ginger. When it's done freezing, gently fold in the cookie dough balls. Transfer to a container and freeze in the freezer for another 12 hours. You can eat it now, but it will be really soft and much tastier after it's hardened a bit.
Sift together flour, salt, ginger, cinnamon, and cloves.
In a separate bowl, whisk together the canola oil, molasses, soymilk, sugar, and vanilla.
Roll into small (dime-sized) balls of dough.
*Note: This cookie dough won't bake into proper cookies because it doesn't have any leaveners in it.
If you prefer real dairy ice cream, just substitute 2 cups (1 pint) of heavy cream for the coconut milk. It will be divine, I promise.
Everything else remains the same.


Qatar's Asian Cup-winning coach Felix Sanchez is unperturbed about the uncertainty surrounding his future before the 2022 World Cup.
The Oil rich nation made a huge statement of intent in the World of soccer by stunning Japan 3-1 to secure their first ever Asian Cup title.
Qatar alongside Japan will also take part in the Copa America this year as they continue to build towards hosting the World Cup in three years.
Qatar made history and won their maiden @afcasiancup trophy, defeating four-time champions Japan in the #AsianCup2019 decider.
Reports were rife Arsene Wenger has been targeted as a replacement for Sanchez, but the gaffer who is basking in the euphoria of Qatar's historical landmark brushed aside those speculations.
"I'm very proud to be the Qatar national team coach," he said via FourFourTwo. "Today we made history. I'm only thinking about today. It's a great day for me and the players and the country.
President Gianni Infantino says that the geography and politics surrounding Qatar are the problems that they have to address.
"There's always news about this person and that person but we're focused on our work and we have the full support of the Qatar Football Association.
Almoez Ali was named the 2019 Asian Cup MVP after his nine goals while Saad Al Sheeb took the top goalkeeper prize after conceding just once at the finals.
But for the Japanese coach Hajime Moriyasu, it was only a case of disappointment as he was unable to lead his country to glory after winning the competition as a player in 1992.


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2 Young
Beast Stalker
Gallants
Spotlight on Hong Kong Cinema
Due to its autonomy from mainland China prior to 1997, Hong Kong developed a robust movie industry free from interference, becoming the world's third largest producer of films and minting many superstars. Martial Arts masters like Bruce Lee and Chow Yun-Fat have kicked their way to Western audiences, making themselves household names the world over. But the national cinema has made a distinct artistic impact as well, with auteurs like Wong Kar-wai, who turns 57 this week, producing stylishly influential films that embody Hong Kong's rich movie tradition.
In this dazzling combination of documentary and short film directed by and starring Robin Shou (star of MORTAL KOMBAT), the death-defying feats performed by the world's greatest stuntmen are profiled through interviews and clips that showcase their work. Intercutting with the documentary footage...
Robin Shou
Directed by Mortal Kombat star Robin Shou, Red Trousers showcases some of Hong Kong's greatest movie stuntmen and the dangerous, jaw-dropping acts they perform.
International action superstar Chow Yun Fat (BULLETPROOF MONK) stars in this action adventure shot entirely on location in China's famous Shaolin Temple and co-starring legendary kung fu star Gordon Liu. CIA agent Jeff Chang (Chow) is assigned to China to bring a mysterious treasure back to the...
Jeff Lau
This Martial Arts comedy shot at the famed buddhist Shaolin Temple boasts Hong Kong action stars Chow Yun-Fat (Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon) and Chia Hui Liu (Kill Bill ).
In a remote village, Dragon (Chen Kuan Tai) and Tiger (Leung Siu-Lung) run Law's Teahouse, which was once a celebrated martial arts school. The middle-aged pair's skills have diminished in the thirty years they have waited for their Kung Fu master to awaken from his coma. When real estate...
Clement Cheng, Derek Kwok
Martial Arts comedies are a staple of Hong Kong cinema and the hilariously entertaining Gallants is a particularly exceptional example, winning Best Picture at the 2011 Hong Kong Film Awards.
Unsurpassed action-packed set pieces, dazzling direction and one of Chow Yun-Fat's most explosive performance fuel FULL CONTACT, a first-rate, high-octane tale of revenge and retribution. To help his buddy Sam (Anthony Wong) settle a gambling debt, Jeff (Chow Yun-Fat) reluctantly agrees to join...
Ringo Lam
Chow Yun-Fat stars in this action-packed tale as a career criminal who seeks revenge on the friends who betrayed him and left him for dead.