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Бакинский стрелковый центр () — центр, предусмотренный для проведения соревнований и тренировок по пулевой и стендовой стрельбе. Расположен в столице Азербайджана, в городе Баку, в Баладжары. Открытый полигон вмещает 500 зрителей, а закрытый – 1200.  Площадь функциональных зон центра превышает 123 тыс. кв. м. Площадь территории центра же составляет 19,6 гектара.

Строительство и структура
На участке для пулевой стрельбы проводятся соревнования по стрельбе на дистанцию 10, 25, 50, 300 метров. В залах для пулевой стрельбы установлены электронные системы и оборудование марки «Sius Ascor» (Швейцария), автоматически регистрирующие результаты стрельб, подсчитывающие балы и направляющие их на мониторы и в центр управления. В крытом стрелковом тире установлена линия стрельбы на дистанцию 10 метров, возможно состязание одновременно 80 спортсменов. В полукрытом стрелковом тире для стрельбы на дистанцию 25 метров, установлены 346 кресел, могут одновременно состязаться 50 спортсменов. Полукрытый стрелковый тир для стрельбы на дистанцию 50 метров даёт возможность одновременно состязаться 80 спортсменам.

В Бакинском стрелковом центре расположились кафе, смотровые площадки, залы для проведения тренировок и соревнований, комнаты для судей, медицинский кабинет, кабинет допинг-контроля и др.

В Бакинском стрелковом центре проходят соревнования по стрельбе в рамках I Европейских игр 2015 года.

Во время Исламиады соревнования по стрельбе проходили в Бакинском Стрелковом Центре, в которых участвовали 210 спортсменов из 26 стран.

Примечания

См. также
Дворец ручных игр

Национальная Гимнастическая арена

Дворец водных видов спорта

Деревня Атлетов

Спортивные сооружения Баку
Здания и сооружения, построенные в 2015 году
Сооружения Европейских игр 2015 года


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import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { CommonModule } from '@angular/common';
import { ModalModule } from 'ngx-bootstrap/modal';

import { DataModalComponent } from './dataModal.component';

@NgModule({
    imports: [
        CommonModule,
        ModalModule
    ],
    exports: [ DataModalComponent ],
    declarations: [ DataModalComponent ],
    providers: [],
})
export class DataModalModule { }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


While we absolutely love Chiang Mai, Thailand, we left for burning season and decided to come to Da Nang, Vietnam. How did we choose Da Nang? It has a beach. After living in Playa del Carmen, Mexico I missed going to the beach everyday.
Housing is usually the largest expense. Da Nang is an up and coming city so many of the apartment buildings here are brand new. We have been the first tenants in two different buildings here. Depending on what you are looking for, you can find something for as low as $250 and go up to about $1000. We spend an average of $23 dollars a month for electricity. The average prices are below.
Studios - $250 - $400/ per month. Prices are based on location, size and amenities. Check out the photos below to see what you can get for $330-$400 ( price varies on lease term) This includes fast wi-fi and water, and is only a 5 minute walk to the beach. It's close to cafes, restaurants and an awesome local market with fresh fruits and veggies.
I spend a little more than the average expat as I'm health conscious and avoid most street food. I eat very well for about $7-10 dollars a day. This doesn't mean that I spend $7-10 dollars each day, some days I may only want to eat fruit or leftovers from the day before.
I also cook at home most days so on average I spend about $150 a month on food.
If you eat street food you can easily ball out on $5 a day. Here are some prices of random meals in Da Nang. I've included both street food and the "pricer" restaurants for tourist.
.64 cents - $2.16 - A street Bahn Mi is the cheapest, if you order one at a restaurant they can be as high as $2.16.
Western food is a little more expensive than local food. You can find burgers and fries for about $3.00 for veggie burgers to about $4.00 for beef burgers with fries.
Fancy dinners are cheap too, we spend about $25-40 total while dining out. That includes apps, two meals, alcoholic beverages.
Da Nang is a very walkable town. They also have Grab Bike unlike Chiang Mai, Thailand. Grab Bike is 50% cheaper than Grab car. From the beachside to the city side is about $1 on the bike and $2 on the bike.
You can also rent a bike for about $40 a month.
Our cellphone service comes to about $8-15 dollars a month.
Visa Runs $130-$300 p/p/ this depends on whether it's a land crossing or air crossing. Visa runs are very 90 days.
Did I miss something? If so, comment below & I'll be sure to add it.


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Test your vocab: The Blog
(Please also see the main blog page, with all entries.)
New results for native speakers
Over the past week, we've had a flood of participation, with over 200,000 visitors. (If you haven't taken the quiz, you can do it here.) So now it's about time we gave something back! Previously, we'd only been able to calculate a very narrow range of statistics.
But now, we've been able to produce two great new charts which give a much fuller picture of the vocabulary sizes of native English speakers. First, since we've had much more participation from both younger and older speakers, we can calculate meaningful average vocabulary sizes from native English speakers who took the test, for ages 3–71:
This is a fantastic chart, because it shows the speed at which our vocabulary really grows. Between the ages of 3 and roughly 16, our vocabulary explodes at an average rate of almost 4 new words a day (3.8, to be more exact). Then, between the ages of 16 and 50, our vocabulary growth is slower, but still fairly consistent: around 1 new word a day (0.85, to be precise). Finally, beyond 50, vocabulary size appears to remain fairly constant. (Note that the data is still a bit jagged both for younger and older participants — we still need more data at both ends to smooth things out.)
However, note that these average vocabulary sizes of our respondents are significantly higher than those of the overall population at large. How do we know this? Because our American participants' self-reported verbal SAT scores hover at around a constant 700 (out of 800 maximum) at all applicable age levels, while the median score of SAT test-takers is only 500. And these test-takers themselves are a more educated subset of the American population as a whole. To put things in perspective, it has been estimated that if the whole US population took the verbal SAT, it would have a median verbal score of around 350. Our average respondent's verbal SAT score of 700 places him or her in the 95th percentile among SAT takers, and above the 99th percentile in the American population as a whole. This means that the average American's vocabulary size would be significantly lower than the chart above shows.
But with the new data we've acquired, we've been able to produce a second chart, more limited in age range, but which shows the levels of vocabulary growth among respondents of different verbal SAT scores:
Note: V-SAT scores are as reported, and have not been adjusted to account for the 1995 test re-centering.
First, this appears to tell us that the verbal SAT really is measuring something real, which is always good to know! But more interestingly, the data so far suggests that vocabulary growth over the years is independent of SAT score—all the slopes are essentially the same, with everyone learning the same "one new word a day" of vocabulary growth. It also shows that, at least in this SAT range of 500–800, each 50-point increase in score is equivalent to knowing roughly 1,500 more words, regardless of your age. The difference between a 500-scoring adult and an 800-scoring adult is roughly an extra 10,000 words in their vocabulary.
You may notice that, while the top-scoring lines are smooth and don't touch (because we've got lots of data), the lower-scoring lines become increasingly jumpy. This is because we still need more participation at these SAT levels — in fact, we don't have enough data to draw any reliable lines for SAT scores under 500. So, we're still waiting for more participation in order to calculate the lifetime vocabulary curve of an "average" American, with a verbal SAT score of 350.
"One forgets words as one forgets names. One's vocabulary needs constant fertilizing or it will die."
— Evelyn Waugh
Home - About - FAQ - Hard Words - Nitty-Gritty - Blog - Related - Contact

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


We build electric vehicle charging solutions for home, fleet and enterprise.
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Electric vehicles help reduce our greenhouse gas emissions, but as a manufacturer we create our own impact on the environment. To help reduce this, we've designed biodegradable packaging, and for every charging station sold, we offset a tonne of CO2 through permanent native forestry projects in New Zealand.
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Why Sail a Solo at Littleton?
Littleton is a great club for Solo fleet racing. At many clubs an individual class start is something members only dream of, but at Littleton Solo on Solo racing is a regular part of the club sailing calendar.
The depth of the fleet means that you will find good competitive racing whatever level you are currently at, be it new to sailing (or new to the Solo), or an experienced campaigner. Although the Solo is not particularly fast, it is a tactically challenging boat, and the nip and tuck of racing on our lake is addictive.
Of course if racing is not your thing then the Solo also makes an ideal boat for a relaxing afternoon cruise in the sunshine.
Getting some practice in ready for our Solo Open meeting on Sunday April 2nd.
The Solo is a single handed dinghy ideally suitable for sailors between 70 and 95 Kg (thats between 11 and 15 stone in old money..) It has such a wide weight range due to the different mast options available, with bendy rigs available for the lighter sailors and stiffer rigs for the heavier.
The boat was designed by Jack Holt in 1956, which sounds like a long time ago – but the design was visionary back then. It has fully battened (powerful) sails, traveller, easy to use control lines, centre main, stayed mast, and comfortable (and easily adjustable) hiking. There is lots of information on the Class Association website about the boat if you want to find out more.
The majority of new solos are now built in an FRP construction, though composite and traditional wooden boats are also widely available from a number of suppliers. In the UK alone there are about 100 new Solos built every year. There is also a strong second hand market for the boats, so you don't lose much money in devaluation when you sail a Solo.
If you would like to see a little piece of history, then take a look at this Marketing Brochure for the Solo circa 1965.
The class captain Paul Hurn, would be delighted to answer any questions you may have about sailing Solo's at Littleton. You would also be welcome to visit the club by prior arrangement.


For anyone that has Mac OS X Tiger and is using Boot Camp, Winclone comes in really handy. The application makes it much more simple to clone multiple partitions. In this latest version, you can finally clone Microsoft Vista or you can stick to Windows XP. One of the nice features of the program is being able to clone on a separate drive or on the one where you have your Mac OS X partition. You can effectively manage multiple partitions of different operating systems on different drives, making it ideal for programmers and games and program testers.
What's more, Winclone will allow you to create a Boot Camp partition from the application itself and create image documents that can be stored on any media. Winclone is fairly speedy and is a great tool to have in a professional environment. All in all, it's a bit odd that Apple haven't included such a feature in Boot Camp.
Winclone is an excellent utility to clone multiple Boot Camp partitions quickly.
If you are in charge of setting up a bunch of machines with both Mac OS X and Bootcamp, Winclone will make your job a breeze. Simply create an image as your would for a backup, and Winclone will create the Windows partition and restore the OS and data onto the new partition.
Deploy images with ARD: Using the included script and the image created with Winclone, you can easily send a new winclone image to a group of Intel Macs, imaging the entire lab in minutes.
Clone Windows XP or Windows Vista with ease.
Clone to your Bootcamp partition either on a separate drive or on the same that contains your Mac OS X partition.
Creates image documents that can be stored on any media and double-clicked to open in WinClone.
Built on the open source ntfstools, which are included in Winclone, so you don't have to install anything else.
Fast: Restore a 10 GB image in less than 10 minutes.
Create a Bootcamp partition from within Winclone.
Do it all from the boot drive: You don't need to boot from a Firewire drive to clone the Windows partition.
What do you think about Winclone? Do you recommend it? Why?


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From the Sun to stars - Interplay between dynamo and corona
DYNACOR
FP7-PEOPLE
Final Report Summary - DYNACOR (From the Sun to stars - Interplay between dynamo and corona)
Most of solar-like stars show magnetic field on their surfaces similar to the Sun. In the atmosphere of these stars magnetic fields are able to generate enhanced X-ray and Ca K emissions, which are often used as a stellar activity indicators. One unique feature of cool stars is the relation of their activity and rotation rate. For slow rotating stars their activity increases with their rotation rate. However, for rapid rotating stars the activity show no dependence on rotation rate. This behavior is based on the two fundamental problems in stellar astrophysics: how the stars generate their magnetic field, and how magnetic energy is transformed into stellar activity indicators.
To solve these two interlinked problems it is necessary to understand to magnetic field generation by a dynamo mechanism operating in the stellar convection zone and its interaction with the outer atmosphere of the star. In this context the main objectives of the DynaCore have been:
1. Understand fundamental properties of stellar dynamos using accurate mean-field models of the direct numerical simulations,
2. Investigate the influence of the coronal envelope on stellar dynamos and stellar interiors,
3. Determine the role of stellar dynamos for the formation and evolution of coronal structures.
Following work has been performed during the DynaCore Project:
1. Performing several global convective dynamo simulation with and without a coronal envelope in large parameter range by varying rotation rate and Prandtl number (relation between magnetic, viscose and thermal diffusion).
2. Implementing and testing the test-field method for spherical coordinates with two-dimensional test-fields to be able to determine the mean-field dynamo transport coefficients from global dynamo simulations.
3. Performing mean-field simulation using transport coefficients obtained by test-field method.
4. Using mean-field simulations with combined model of the dynamo and a simplified treatment of the solar wind to study the process of helicity transport. The helicity plays an important role to alleviate the quenching of the dynamo process at high magnetic Reynolds numbers.
5. Performing simulations of stratified forced turbulence with weak imposed magnetic field to study the spontaneous formation of flux concentrations similar to sunspots or starspots. These simulation were performed with a large range of parameters, including rotation. Also we couple these simulation with a self-consistent dynamo. Such simulation will help us to understand the magnetic structure formation at the surface of the Sun and stars.
6. Performing and analyzing simulation of the solar corona to understand the structure formation in particular the relation between the emissivity and current topology in coronal loops.
This is important to understand the relation between magnetic activity, helicity and coronal emission.
Main results obtained during this project:
1. A realistic treatment of the upper boundary in spherical dynamo simulations is crucial for the dynamics of the flow and magnetic field evolution. We find the differential rotation as well as the dynamo solution changes in the presents of coronal envelope. This can be clearly seen in the responsible angular momentum transport coefficients (Warnecke et al. 2016b)
2. The dynamo solution obtained from global convective simulation show strong dependency on diffusivities and rotation rate. Solar-like behavior seems to occur only in a narrow parameter range and there is no indication of an asymptotic behavior for low and intermediate diffusivities (Käpylä et al. 2017).
Furthermore, the for some of the simulation we found long-time variation of the magnetic activity similar as seen on the Sun during the "Maunder Minimum". This is caused by a two dynamo modes operating on different timescales and their interaction (Käpylä et al. 2016).
3. The analysis of the dynamo mechanism in terms of the mean-field coefficients with the test-field method reveal a complex behavior. Besides the alpha-Omega dynamo also an alpha^2 dynamo can be locally present. The turbulent pumping, resulting in an effective velocity, just seen by the magnetic field, completely change the effective meridional circulation. This result challenges the broadly believed flux-transport dynamo model of the Sun and stars (Warnecke et al. 2017a).
The rotational dependence of these coefficients show that the alpha effect monotonically increased with higher rotation, however also its meridional distribution changes: for higher rotation its is more alined on cylinders. The turbulent pumping is found to be directed outwards for slow and medium rotation, which is in contrast to derivation from near-surface convection simulations.
4. We found from our simulations that for high rotation rate the dynamo solution becomes highly non-axisymmetric. For slow and medium rotation, the magnetic field is dominant in the m=0 (axisymmetric) mode, where as for fast rotation the m=1 mode dominates. Currently, we cannot find any indication of a increasing magnetic activity with rotation rate. This, however, can also be related to an increase in critical Rayleigh number for larger rotation.
5. We have shown that we can produce bipolar magnetic region similar to sunspots because of an hydromagnetic instability in stratified turbulence with a coronal envelope. This instability can operate in large parameter regime as long as enough stratification and scale-separation is present (Warnecke et al. 2016a). Including rotation leads to an inclination of the bipolar region as might be related to the observed Joy's law of sunspot tilt angles. The previously observed quenching of this instability is weaker using a coronal envelope. A combined model of helical dynamo action and this instability reveals the recurrent formation of bipolar region and the associated ejection of current helicity from the surface to the coronal envelope. These results are important to understand the formation of sunspots and starspots and the transport of helicity out of the dynamo domain to alleviate the quenching mechanism.
6. Using models of the solar corona, we have demonstrated that the current structure in coronal loop above an emerging active region is of complex nature. Even though there is no ejection of net helicity into the domain, the currents form helically structures in and around the coronal loop. This behavior is caused by the interaction of magnetic field movement as well as the plasma flow in and around the loop. The helical current structure also influence the temporal evolution of the loop and seems to be crucial for the emissivity in coronal lines (Warnecke et al. 2017b).
This seems to point to a direct relation between the current helicity and the emissivity in coronal lines and therefore is a key result to understand the rotation-activity relation of stars.
Furthermore, we found that the assumption of a low plasma-beta (ratio of magnetic to gas pressure) in the corona is not always true and 3D MHD simulation, which include the back-reaction of the plasma on the magnetic field are crucial to described the structure of the coronal magnetic field and current distribution (Peter et al. 2015).
Peter et al. 2015, Astron. Astrophys., 584, A68
Käpylä et al. 2016, Astron. Astrophys., 589, A56
Warnecke et al. 2016a, Astron. Astrophys., 589, A125
Warnecke et al. 2016b, Astron. Astrophys., 596, A115
Käpylä et al. 2017, Astron. Astrophys., 599, A4
Warnecke et al. 2017a, Astron. Astrophys., under revision, arXiv:1601.03730
Boro Saikia et al. 2017, Astron. Astrophys., under revision
Warnecke et al. 2017b, Astron. Astrophys., under revision, arXiv:1611.06170
Last update: 9 May 2017


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Marako0406
About Marako0406
Steam ID
OS/Software
Marako0406 replied to wallet's topic in General Chat
Even if I'm busy playing I really need some snacks and drinks beside me so that I never have to get up just to get some food or drink, it looses the momentum to play the game haha
Marako0406 replied to Martinsx1's topic in General Chat
My favorite would be my laptop and headphones on. I tend to listen music while working online so that I would not get bored plus it helps set you in a good mood.
What is your favorite Gaming Snack?
Marako0406 replied to Kakashi2020's topic in General Chat
What I eat during games are chips and dips, like one would be Doritos with cheesy dip and sometimes Cheetos blazing hot! I really like something with cheese when it comes to snacks. I just make sure to drink lots of water.
Not yet, just chat and phone interview. It's really okay to be nervous but be professional, just say your thoughts because there's no other person sees you besides the one behind the camera. Be yourself! Promote yourself in a simple way you would think that's okay with you if you are the one whose interviewing another person. Maybe practice in the mirror, It helps.
In upwork, interview varies and depends on the client. Some prefer a phone interview or just chat in there. Others clients want to see you so video interview is required. It's up to you where you're comfortable with, hope you find a good one.
I think I just got lucky for passing in gotranscription. Actually I really thought that I have good listening skills, I think that 's the one thing I got from having an experience in a contact center but that's ages ago haha. Every audio in gotranscript is different. You will be paid depending on the duration of the audio for example if it's 10 minutes long, you will get $2.50 sometimes higher or lower.
It took most of my time transcribing audio using gotranscription site and upwork as well. there's really a lot of online jobs when I started and so far I these are the two who eats up my time at least it's worth it and it's free subscription but for gotranscript you need to take an exam to test your expertise on transcribing audios.
What is your longest surf on the net?
I would say 20 hours watching Youtube videos, searching for songs and also movies to watch, chatting as well, reading articles and stuff about cryptocurrency, TV series that I need to finish til the end of one season, replying to emails and some games.
Favorite Browser
My favorite browser of all time is Google Chrome Browser. I really like the minimalist design and the overall look of it. It's simple and easy to use, user-friendly and can be customizable. It's the browser I currently use across on all my devices, the synchronization and loading of web pages are fast. Personally, I really can't think of any browser to top what's Chrome has to offer. Definitely satisfied of what it can do.
What to you is the best Gaming Movie?
For me it's Ready Player One as well. It's a good one I guess and probably best one up to date. I like the futuristic approach in to it and how the story goes. The game is built by a gamer as well and revolves around his life when he was still alive. I watched it in 4D which is really amazing! I will recommend it ad probably watch it again on a big TV screen.
Bitcoin Investment
Marako0406 replied to Superman2727's topic in General Chat
It's really not safe to invest on Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies because I think that 80% of them has scammed most people. I prefer to claim in faucets and airdrop from ICO's rather than investing because most of the time they are scamming you. One should really do a thorough research before deciding on investing on cryptocurrencies even if someone knows one or two legit sites, still the rest just want to take advantage of your time and hard earned money.
What is your favorite Gaming Drink? (Non Alcoholic)
Mine is the Gatorade because most of the time, I play for hours skipping a meal just to finish a game so I prefer to have a drink beside me while playing even if I skipped a meal or forget to eat it's best just to hydrate yourself.
Do you have a Motorcycle?
Marako0406 replied to a topic in General Chat
I really don't own a motorcycle and definitely have no plans on getting one. I mean it's too accident prone type of vehicle for me even when you're a professional driver you can't really tell when the danger could be just right around the corner. I would rather be riding in a bicycle than in a motorcycle because because of leg exercise purposes. I would choose a car over a motorcycle and i'ts much safer sitting comfortably with you ac on.
Playing games without eating
Whenever the game gets really intense and everything is going great, I really forget to eat a lot of times. But I make sure I already eaten a lot before I start playing one. Sometimes It can't be unavoidable because were too much excited and hooked up to the game itself. I know that it's not a good habit but surely everyone gets hungry when they finish a game.
Marako0406 changed their profile photo June 15, 2018
Poor Internet Connection
Marako0406 replied to Annejk18's topic in General Chat
It's really frustrating with whatever I'm doing on the net whenever I have slow internet connection. It really annoys me when playing games just stops or keeps on lagging and your choice is to lower down graphics. I too have a slow internet connection from where I am currently living. Lucky for those who really don't experience slow connection. Hoping to be on that same place.


Crater Mountain volcano is a curved volcanic chain of 3000 m and higher peaks located in the highlands of New Guinea. The volcanoes are deeply eroded, but there are young flows covering the steep-sided valleys to the north and east, which might be of Holocene age. The easternmost Agotu Valley contains several small craters, cinder cones, and maars.
Crater Mountain is part of the 2700 km2 Crater Mountain Wildlife Management Area, known for its spectacular scenery and traditional villages.


At Cogo Labs, we build startup companies from scratch. We're not venture capitalistswe're a collaborative team of engineers,analysts, and entrepreneurs using innovative tools, big data, and intellectualcuriosity to build a platform that spins up successful online businesses, fast.
As a Cogo LabsManager, Analytics, you'll manage a team of 5-10 to implement marketing programs, analyze performance metrics, and use the insights you gain to drivegrowth inaudience engagement and revenue. Your expertise, ideas, and hard work willhave a direct and immediate impact on the success of your project.
Nearobsessive use of data to inform business decisions. We believe thatefficient growth happens when we make every decision based on solid, welldirected analysis.
Unmatched opportunity. We believe in mentoring people to grow as quickly asthey can. Today's newgrad hires are tomorrow's leaders.
Flexibility and novelty. Your role will define itself over time, as you identify theproblems that you are uniquely capable of solving.
A fun, supportive culture. Happy employees are the most successful. We takecare of our own, and not just because it's good business.
Focused on results:biased for action; focused on specific goals and resistantto distraction.
An owner:What happens or doesn't happen within your project is yourresponsibility.
Entrepreneurial:Track record of good decision-making and eager to take on awide variety of analytical and business roles and responsibilities.
A coach: You empower your team through mentorship and encouragement.
Enthusiastic: Passionate about work; brings a can-do attitude to all activities.
Articulate: Clearly states project missions, update, decisions, and rationalesverbally and in writing.
Analytically minded: Data-driven; believes in the value of making decisions on the basis of rigorous, empirical processes.
Organized: Capable of categorizing complex projects into its digestible, surmountable part.
Transparent: Makes work and progress clear to outside observers without politics or distortion of the underlying data.
Proactive: Acts without being told what to do when appropriate; develops new ideas and self-guides within broader mission.
Open to Feedback: Actively asks for advice; eager to receive performance feedback and responds positively to suggestions and constructive criticism.
Supportive: Actively helps fellow team members and treats them with respect and kindness.
Flexible: Adjusts quickly to changing priorities and conditions; enjoys working in and thrives in a rapidly changing environment.
Hard-working: Possesses a strong willingness to work hard and sometimes to work long hours to get the job done.
Self-reflective: Considers work in the context of the entire organization; thinks about self-improvement.
Aggressive: Moves quickly and takes a forceful stand without being overly abrasive.


VEEM is constantly pursuing innovation throughout its integrated design and manufacturing processes. One of the most visible innovations at VEEM is the patented Interceptor™ technology. VEEM Interceptor™ technology has revolutionized high-powered shaft-line propeller applications.
The Interceptor™ design is an adjustable protrusion on the trailing edge of the pressure face of the blade to produce a surface discontinuity. The protrusion is arranged with an included angle equal to or less than 90 degrees which causes a 'wedge' of circulating fluid to be captured. This 'wedge' of fluid induces a local increase in lift in this region of the foil section, without the associated frictional drag from alternative foil sections. Furthermore, the effective pitch of the blade foil section is dependent on the relative height of the interceptor strip.
Interceptor™ fitted propellers are at the forefront of fixed pitch propeller technology around the world, allowing users to 'Splash and Forget™' their boats by providing adjustments to the relative pitch of their installed propellers whilst the boat is in the water, removing the costly need to lift the boat to have the propellers changed or modified.
Interceptor™ strips come in different heights and shapes, adjusting the relative pitch of each propeller blade and in turn, changing its performance. This means that you can use all the engine power of your vessel regardless of varying conditions like load weight or changing water temperatures.
The cost of lifting a vessel and re-pitching a propeller is very high and is a cost that has to be absorbed by many vessel builders and operators that want to maximize performance and meet class and engine manufacturers requirements. VEEM Interceptor™ technology eliminates this significant cost because pitch can be changed whilst the boat is in the water.
The cost of lifting and re-pitching a propeller can often be higher than the cost of a VEEM propeller. Some of our leading OEM customers report that they save more by avoiding vessel lifts than they spend on our propellers. So when the whole cost of ownership is considered, VEEM propellers are essentially free!
High accuracy 5 Axis CNC machines are used to create the patented 'dove-tail' groove which accepts the Interceptor strip.
The new strip is cut to length and inserted. They are long lasting and cheap to replace.
A specifically designed entry point is provided at one end of the groove to facilitate the installation of the Interceptor strip.
The strips can be easily removed using hand tools. The procedure is so easy it can be done under water.


text:
package org.slc.sli.modeling.xmi.comp;

import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
import java.io.Closeable;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.List;

import javax.xml.namespace.QName;
import javax.xml.stream.XMLInputFactory;
import javax.xml.stream.XMLStreamConstants;
import javax.xml.stream.XMLStreamException;
import javax.xml.stream.XMLStreamReader;

import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
import org.slc.sli.modeling.xml.XMLStreamReaderTools;

/**
 * Read an XMI file.
 */
public final class XmiMappingReader {

    /**
     * A programmatic assertion that we have the reader positioned on the
     * correct element.
     *
     * @param expectLocalName
     *            The local name that we expect.
     * @param reader
     *            The reader.
     */
    private static final void assertName(final QName name, final XMLStreamReader reader) {
        if (!match(name, reader)) {
            throw new AssertionError(reader.getLocalName());
        }
    }

    private static final <T> T assertNotNull(final T obj) {
        if (obj != null) {
            return obj;
        } else {
            throw new AssertionError();
        }
    }

    private static final void assertStartDocument(final XMLStreamReader reader) {
        if (XMLStreamConstants.START_DOCUMENT != reader.getEventType()) {
            throw new AssertionError(reader.getLocalName());
        }
    }

    private static final void assertStartElement(final XMLStreamReader reader) {
        if (XMLStreamConstants.START_ELEMENT != reader.getEventType()) {
            throw new AssertionError(reader.getLocalName());
        }
    }

    private static final void closeQuiet(final Closeable closeable) {
        IOUtils.closeQuietly(closeable);
    }

    private static final boolean match(final QName name, final XMLStreamReader reader) {
        return name.getLocalPart().equals(reader.getLocalName());
    }

    public static final XmiComparison readDocument(final File file) throws FileNotFoundException {
        final InputStream istream = new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(file));
        try {
            return readDocument(istream);
        } finally {
            closeQuiet(istream);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Reads XMI from an {@link InputStream}.
     *
     * @param stream
     *            The {@link InputStream}.
     * @return The parsed {@link Model}.
     */
    public static final XmiComparison readDocument(final InputStream stream) {
        final XMLInputFactory factory = XMLInputFactory.newInstance();
        try {
            final XMLStreamReader reader = factory.createXMLStreamReader(stream);
            try {
                return readDocument(reader);
            } finally {
                reader.close();
            }
        } catch (final XMLStreamException e) {
            throw new XmiCompRuntimeException(e);
        }
    }

    private static final XmiComparison readDocument(final XMLStreamReader reader) throws XMLStreamException {
        assertStartDocument(reader);
        XmiComparison dm = null;
        while (reader.hasNext()) {
            reader.next();
            switch (reader.getEventType()) {
                case XMLStreamConstants.START_ELEMENT: {
                    if (match(XmiMappingConstants.DOCUMENT_ELEMENT, reader)) {
                        dm = assertNotNull(readMappingList(reader));
                        return dm;
                    } else {
                        XMLStreamReaderTools.skipElement(reader);
                    }
                    break;
                }
                case XMLStreamConstants.END_DOCUMENT: {
                    return validateNotNull(dm, "Missing root element: " + XmiMappingConstants.DOCUMENT_ELEMENT);
                }
                case XMLStreamConstants.PROCESSING_INSTRUCTION: {
                    break;
                }
                default: {
                    throw new AssertionError(reader.getEventType());
                }
            }
        }
        throw new AssertionError();
    }

    private static final String readStringContent(final QName elementName, final XMLStreamReader reader)
            throws XMLStreamException {
        assertStartElement(reader);
        assertName(elementName, reader);
        final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        boolean done = false;
        while (!done && reader.hasNext()) {
            reader.next();
            switch (reader.getEventType()) {
                case XMLStreamConstants.START_ELEMENT: {
                    throw new AssertionError(reader.getLocalName());
                }
                case XMLStreamConstants.END_ELEMENT: {
                    assertName(elementName, reader);
                    done = true;
                    break;
                }
                case XMLStreamConstants.CHARACTERS: {
                    sb.append(reader.getText());
                    break;
                }
                default: {
                    throw new AssertionError(reader.getEventType());
                }
            }
        }
        return sb.toString().trim();
    }

    private static final boolean readBooleanContent(final QName elementName, final XMLStreamReader reader,
            final boolean defaultValue) throws XMLStreamException {
        final String s = readStringContent(elementName, reader);
        return (s != null && s.length() > 0) ? Boolean.valueOf(s) : defaultValue;
    }

    private static final XmiFeature readFeature(final QName elementName, final XMLStreamReader reader)
            throws XMLStreamException {
        assertStartElement(reader);
        assertName(elementName, reader);
        String className = null;
        String name = null;
        boolean exists = true;
        boolean classExists = true;
        boolean done = false;
        while (!done && reader.hasNext()) {
            reader.next();
            switch (reader.getEventType()) {
                case XMLStreamConstants.START_ELEMENT: {
                    if (match(XmiMappingConstants.NAME, reader)) {
                        name = readStringContent(reader.getName(), reader);
                    } else if (match(XmiMappingConstants.OWNER_NAME, reader)) {
                        className = readStringContent(reader.getName(), reader);
                    } else if (match(XmiMappingConstants.EXISTS, reader)) {
                        exists = readBooleanContent(reader.getName(), reader, true);
                    } else if (match(XmiMappingConstants.OWNER_EXISTS, reader)) {
                        classExists = readBooleanContent(reader.getName(), reader, true);
                    } else {
                        throw new AssertionError(reader.getLocalName());
                    }
                    break;
                }
                case XMLStreamConstants.END_ELEMENT: {
                    assertName(elementName, reader);
                    done = true;
                    break;
                }
                case XMLStreamConstants.CHARACTERS:
                case XMLStreamConstants.COMMENT: {
                    // Ignore.
                    break;
                }
                default: {
                    throw new AssertionError(reader.getEventType());
                }
            }
        }
        return new XmiFeature(name, exists, className, classExists);
    }

    private static final XmiMapping readMapping(final XMLStreamReader reader) throws XMLStreamException {
        assertStartElement(reader);
        assertName(XmiMappingConstants.MAPPING, reader);
        XmiFeature lhs = null;
        XmiFeature rhs = null;
        XmiMappingStatus status = null;
        String comment = null;
        String tracking = "";
        boolean done = false;
        while (!done && reader.hasNext()) {
            reader.next();
            switch (reader.getEventType()) {
                case XMLStreamConstants.START_ELEMENT: {
                    if (match(XmiMappingConstants.LHS_FEATURE, reader)) {
                        if (lhs == null) {
                            lhs = readFeature(reader.getName(), reader);
                        } else {
                            throw new XMLStreamException("duplicate " + XmiMappingConstants.LHS_FEATURE + " tag.");
                        }
                    } else if (match(XmiMappingConstants.RHS_FEATURE, reader)) {
                        rhs = readFeature(reader.getName(), reader);
                    } else if (match(XmiMappingConstants.STATUS, reader)) {
                        status = readStatus(reader);
                    } else if (match(XmiMappingConstants.COMMENT, reader)) {
                        comment = readStringContent(reader.getName(), reader);
                    } else if (match(XmiMappingConstants.TRACKING, reader)) {
                        tracking = readStringContent(reader.getName(), reader);
                    } else if (match(XmiMappingConstants.LHS_MISSING, reader)) {
                        XMLStreamReaderTools.skipElement(reader);
                    } else if (match(XmiMappingConstants.RHS_MISSING, reader)) {
                        XMLStreamReaderTools.skipElement(reader);
                    } else {
                        throw new AssertionError(reader.getLocalName());
                    }
                    break;
                }
                case XMLStreamConstants.END_ELEMENT: {
                    assertName(XmiMappingConstants.MAPPING, reader);
                    done = true;
                    break;
                }
                case XMLStreamConstants.CHARACTERS:
                case XMLStreamConstants.COMMENT: {
                    // Ignore.
                    break;
                }
                default: {
                    throw new AssertionError(reader.getEventType());
                }
            }
        }
        return new XmiMapping(lhs, rhs, status, tracking, comment);
    }

    public static final XmiComparison readMappingList(final String fileName) throws FileNotFoundException {
        final InputStream istream = new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(fileName));
        try {
            return readDocument(istream);
        } finally {
            closeQuiet(istream);
        }
    }

    private static final XmiComparison readMappingList(final XMLStreamReader reader) throws XMLStreamException {
        assertStartElement(reader);
        assertName(XmiMappingConstants.DOCUMENT_ELEMENT, reader);
        XmiDefinition lhsModel = null;
        XmiDefinition rhsModel = null;
        final List<XmiMapping> mappingList = new LinkedList<XmiMapping>();
        while (reader.hasNext()) {
            reader.next();
            switch (reader.getEventType()) {
                case XMLStreamConstants.START_ELEMENT: {
                    if (match(XmiMappingConstants.MAPPING, reader)) {
                        mappingList.add(assertNotNull(readMapping(reader)));
                    } else if (match(XmiMappingConstants.LHS_MODEL, reader)) {
                        lhsModel = assertNotNull(readModel(reader));
                    } else if (match(XmiMappingConstants.RHS_MODEL, reader)) {
                        rhsModel = assertNotNull(readModel(reader));
                    } else {
                        throw new AssertionError(reader.getLocalName());
                    }
                    break;
                }
                case XMLStreamConstants.END_ELEMENT: {
                    assertName(XmiMappingConstants.DOCUMENT_ELEMENT, reader);
                    return new XmiComparison(lhsModel, rhsModel, mappingList);
                }
                case XMLStreamConstants.CHARACTERS:
                case XMLStreamConstants.COMMENT:
                case XMLStreamConstants.PROCESSING_INSTRUCTION: {
                    // Ignore.
                    break;
                }
                default: {
                    throw new AssertionError(reader.getEventType());
                }
            }
        }
        throw new AssertionError();
    }

    private static final XmiDefinition readModel(final XMLStreamReader reader) throws XMLStreamException {
        assertStartElement(reader);
        final QName elementName = reader.getName();
        assertName(elementName, reader);
        String name = null;
        String version = null;
        String xmi = null;
        boolean done = false;
        while (!done && reader.hasNext()) {
            reader.next();
            switch (reader.getEventType()) {
                case XMLStreamConstants.START_ELEMENT: {
                    if (match(XmiMappingConstants.NAME, reader)) {
                        name = readStringContent(reader.getName(), reader);
                    } else if (match(XmiMappingConstants.VERSION, reader)) {
                        version = readStringContent(reader.getName(), reader);
                    } else if (match(XmiMappingConstants.FILE, reader)) {
                        xmi = readStringContent(reader.getName(), reader);
                    } else {
                        throw new AssertionError(reader.getLocalName());
                    }
                    break;
                }
                case XMLStreamConstants.END_ELEMENT: {
                    assertName(elementName, reader);
                    done = true;
                    break;
                }
                case XMLStreamConstants.CHARACTERS:
                case XMLStreamConstants.COMMENT: {
                    // Ignore.
                    break;
                }
                default: {
                    throw new AssertionError(reader.getEventType());
                }
            }
        }
        return new XmiDefinition(name, version, xmi);
    }

    private static final XmiMappingStatus readStatus(final XMLStreamReader reader) throws XMLStreamException {
        assertStartElement(reader);
        assertName(XmiMappingConstants.STATUS, reader);
        final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        boolean done = false;
        while (!done && reader.hasNext()) {
            reader.next();
            switch (reader.getEventType()) {
                case XMLStreamConstants.START_ELEMENT: {
                    throw new AssertionError(reader.getLocalName());
                }
                case XMLStreamConstants.END_ELEMENT: {
                    assertName(XmiMappingConstants.STATUS, reader);
                    done = true;
                    break;
                }
                case XMLStreamConstants.CHARACTERS: {
                    sb.append(reader.getText());
                    break;
                }
                default: {
                    throw new AssertionError(reader.getEventType());
                }
            }
        }
        // Intentionally make the coupling loose between the serialization and
        // the enumeration.
        final String value = sb.toString().trim();
        if (XmiMappingValues.STATUS_MATCH.equals(value)) {
            return XmiMappingStatus.MATCH;
        } else if (XmiMappingValues.STATUS_IGNORABLE.equals(value)) {
            return XmiMappingStatus.IGNORABLE;
        } else if (XmiMappingValues.STATUS_ALIGN.equals(value)) {
            return XmiMappingStatus.ALIGN;
        } else if (XmiMappingValues.STATUS_UNKNOWN.equals(value)) {
            return XmiMappingStatus.UNKNOWN;
        } else if (XmiMappingValues.STATUS_TRANSIENT.equals(value)) {
            return XmiMappingStatus.TRANSIENT;
        } else if (XmiMappingValues.STATUS_BUG.equals(value)) {
            return XmiMappingStatus.BUG;
        } else if (XmiMappingValues.STATUS_FINANCIAL.equals(value)) {
            return XmiMappingStatus.FINANCIAL;
        } else {
            throw new AssertionError(XmiMappingConstants.STATUS + " : " + value);
        }
    }

    private static final <T> T validateNotNull(final T obj, final String msg) {
        if (obj != null) {
            return obj;
        } else {
            throw new XmiCompRuntimeException(msg);
        }
    }

}


Press and hold the "Code Search" button until the LED lights, then release. LED will stay light.
Press and release the device key to be programmed. LED will go off when button is pressed and back on when released. LED remains on.
Press and release the remote On/Off (power) button as many times as required to turn your device OFF.
When device turns OFF, press and release the ENTER button.
Test remote on device, if ALL functions do not work, repeat above procedure.
Count how many times you press the On/Off button. If ALL funtions do not work and you need to repeat, you don't want to stop at the same non-working code. For instance, if it takes 23 times to turn your device off and after testing, the remote does not control all functions, repeat steps 1-3 BUT when the device turns off at the 23rd time, turn it back on using the power button ON THE ACTUAL DEVICE then continue with step 3 and 4 from above.
Thereafter, the light will stay lit and every couple to three seconds it will blink twice indicating it is trying another code.
When the TV turned off, I pressed enter. Thereafter the unit worked.


text:
Dine with Emilia...
Dine with Emilia Clarke by donating for coronavirus relief
Want to dine with "Game Of Thrones" star Emilia Clarke? The actress is auctioning off a virtual dinner with her in exchange for donations for coronavirus relief.
The actress is asking people around the world to donate money to SameYou, her charity that assists people recovering from brain injuries and strokes. The organisation's new initiative aims to make beds for coronavirus patients and help people recover from brain injuries at home in order to free up more beds, reports variety.com. Twelve donors will be randomly selected for a virtual dinner with Clarke.
"We'll cook it together and eat it together. And we will discuss lots of things — isolation and fear and also funny videos. And, you know, the fact that I can't really cook. So it's going to be fun," Clarke said in an Instagram post.
The Mother of Dragons star is hoping to raise 250,000 pounds ($309,358) for the cause. The new initiative is in partnership with the Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital in Massachusetts and the University College London Hospital.
"We are creating a virtual rehabilitation clinic so brain injury survivors have somewhere to go and somewhere to feel safe and somewhere to not feel so alone and isolated, which I think is a good thing. We need to do all we can to release as many beds as possible to free up our hardworking NHS," Clarke said.
Clarke founded SameYou after revealing that she had suffered from two brain aneurysms in the early days of "Game of Thrones". (IANS)
Also Read: Is queen of dragons Emilia Clarke in India?
Also Watch: Quick Shoppe in Guwahati takes precautionary measures against the spread of Coronavirus
Tags: coronavirus Emilia Clarke


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General additional information such as livery changes (When known) is not listed here , but can be found on the respective airlines page.
easyJet UK 20 Apr Airbus A319-111 20 a/c fr disp - Onward to United.
Loganair GRJXG Embraer EMB 145EP 145.390 Regd 09 Apr 19.
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text:
Birzeit University strike: students win major concessions on fee increase
By Matt Matthews - September 27, 2016
Tags: [birzeit] [Birzeit University] [students]
After losing 27 consecutive days of income to striking students, Birzeit University has agreed to scale back a proposed hike in tuition fees.
Fees for new students will now increase by only 1 Jordanian Dinar (JD- $1.40) per hour of teaching, while returning students will pay no more than before. The crisis-resolving deal was announced by the university on September 22.
Initially, the administration of Palestine's most prestigious body of higher education intended to ramp up fees by 4 JD ($6) for new students and 3 JD ($4.20) for those already studying.
"Year after year, they rise up the prices and the students can't pay them," English student Miriam Eini told the Palestine Monitor while the strike was still in effect. "So this year the Student Council closed the university in order to force the university to find another solution than their students' pockets."
The terms of the deal, agreed between the Student Council and the University, stipulate a freeze on fee increases until at least 2020. In-need students will also receive an additional one JD of financial support per tuition hour.
It is a major victory for the striking students, who have been camping, chanting and waving placards outside the gates of the university, demonstrating since the first day of the new semester on August 25.
Also announced is "a combined effort headed by Palestinian university student councils, workers' unions and university administrations [to] address the Palestinian government vis-à-vis its responsibilities to higher education."
While the university's deficit has reached almost three million JD ($4.2 million), in the last year the Palestinian government has reportedly slashed its annual funding in half.
In a statement, the university condemned "the deterioration in subsidies from the Palestinian government in supporting higher education."
Birzeit, which is ranked in the top 30 universities in the Arab world, receives 419,392 JD ($587,148) each year in government funding.
By way of contrast, a typical university in Saudi Arabia receives around 500,000 JD ($700,000) in public funding for each individual member of staff.
And student strikers agreed that the real cause of their problems was not to be found on campus, but 10km away, in the Ministry of Education in Ramallah.
"I think that the main target must be the state," law student Fouad Massad told the Palestine Monitor. "It's the responsibility of the state to provide free learning."


text:
CandlesCandles
Room DiffusersRoom Diffusers
Eau de ParfumEau de Parfum
Linen SprayLinen Spray
For the BodyFor the Body
Having previously had an illustrious career as a chef in the UK to the Duchess of York, Sarah Ferguson, Lucy Hagerty now has an equally colourful one as an expert perfumer. After she married an Irish man, had children and eventually settled here after a life abroad, what she wanted to do was create the perfect candle.
"I think taste and smell are quite similar," she says. The perfume world is a closely guarded one, but she spent 7 years learning its secrets and a further 2 learning how to create the candles herself.
La Bougie launched in the summer of 2012 and is now stocked across Ireland. These artisan products are hand-poured and have a devout following with candle connoisseurs and perfume lovers. Her working life is non-stop, with the launch of new perfumes, custom fragrances for luxurious properties and Hollywood royalty, and introducing La Bougie to exclusive retailers across the US and UK. However, you will often find her working in her Perfumery in Kinsale and this is where she is at her happiest.
About La Bougie
There is a world of difference between a La Bougie perfume and the mass produced fragrances of the High Street. Created entirely by Lucy Hagerty in our West Cork perfumery using prized aromatics and botanical oils from around the world.
Subscribe to receive updates, access to exclusive offers, and more.
Unit 4, Barrack Hill, Kinsale, Co Cork P17 P466
Telephone +353 (0)21 477 3220
© La Bougie


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Marcus Lattimore, a native of Duncan, South Carolina, graduated from Byrnes High School in May 2010.
In high school, Lattimore earned USA Today's high school All-American honors and was named South Carolina's "Mr. Football" his senior year. He also played in the 2010 U.S. Army All-American Bowl and earned several other accolades throughout his high school career. Marcus Lattimore remains one of the most decorated players in South Carolina high school football history.
After graduating from Byrnes High School, Marcus signed with the University of South Carolina to play football for Coach Steve Spurrier. Marcus was a three year letterman for the Gamecocks and led the team to their first Southeastern Conference championship game in 2010 as the starting running back.
decided to forego his senior year.
The Xtra-Inch LLC, where he operates sports camps and trains athletes throughout the state of South Carolina. His main focus of philanthropic service is growing the image of The Marcus Lattimore Foundation. The mission of the foundation is to provide assistance to high school athletes who may not have sufficient insurance to obtain quality rehabilitation from sports-related injuries.
Carolina accompanied by their beloved Poodle Mocha.


Organisation is the structure of employees, experts and professionals. All do their specialize work. Whole work is divided into small parts. We can explain the organisation of business as the organisation of human body. We see that there are lots of organs in the human body. All operate the human body with the co-ordination and co-operation. Every organ is perfect in his work. Hand is perfect in handling. Foot is perfect in walking. Braining is perfect in decision making. Like this, board of directors make the planning of business. They control the business. Managers manage their departments. Employees do their duties.
No Comment to " What is Organisation "


text:
Stories in 2016
Achievements (88)
Addiction and Recovery (1)
Alumni (30)
Chess program (4)
College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (59)
College of Architecture (18)
College of Arts and Sciences (114)
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College of Human Sciences (86)
College of Media and Communication (62)
College of Visual and Performing Arts (45)
Experts (47)
Feature Stories (155)
Honors College (19)
Hospitality Services (1)
Institute of Environmental and Human Health (6)
National & International Scholarships & Fellowships (1)
National Ranching Heritage Center (5)
Provost (382)
Rawls College of Business Administration (47)
School of Law (54)
Texas Tech in the Community (36)
Texas Tech in the News (297)
Texas Tech Press (6)
Veterinary School (2)
Vice President for Research (138)
2016 Research Expenditures
tags: Academics, General, Provost, Research, Stories, Vice President for Research
Looking Back: Most Viewed Stories of 2016
From the establishment of a new Texas Tech campus to the discovery of ripples in spacetime, these are our top ten most viewed stories of 2016.
tags: Academics, College of Visual and Performing Arts, Feature Stories, Stories
'The Beat Goes On' Thanks To Texas Tech Alumni Court Jesters
Band alumni will perform with the Court Jesters at 10 home basketball games during winter break.
tags: Alumni, Feature Stories, Stories, Videos
Hollywood Star's Storied Career Started At Texas Tech
(VIDEO) Barry Corbin, who has appeared in countless movies and television shows, studied theater at Texas Technological College in the early 1960s.
© 2022 Texas Tech UniversityMar 2, 2018 2:25 PM


Scytosiphonales (division Phaeophyta) An order of algae in which the thallus is parenchymatous and growth is mostly diffuse. Scytosiphon lomentaria is a common British species, consisting of loosely tufted, tubular fronds. Petalonia has flat, leaf-like fronds and is found mainly on rocks on the lower shore. Colpomenia has a thallus consisting of thin-walled hollow spheres. See also OYSTER THIEF.
"Scytosiphonales." A Dictionary of Plant Sciences. . Encyclopedia.com. 26 Apr. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.


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If you never know what a woman is thinking and feel a disconnect with them. You'll learn how to talk to women on a level that resonates with their personality and connects you on the deepest level, so she just won't be able to shake you from her thoughts.
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text:
Recomendación nº R (88) 18, de 20 de octubre de 1988
Home / Recomendación nº R (88) 18, de 20 de octubre de 1988
RECOMMENDATION No. R (88) 18 OF THE COMMITIEE OF MINISTERS TO MEMBER STATES CONCERNING LIABILITY OF ENTERPRISES HAVING LEGAL PERSONALITY FOR OFFENCES COMMITIED IN THE EXERCISE OF THEIR ACTIVITIES
Para descargar el documento original de la Recomendación 18 (1988) pinche aquí.
Para leer el documento en francés pinche aquí.
Para leer el documento en español pinche aquí.
(Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 20 October 1988 at the 420th meeting of the Ministers Deputies)
The Committee of Ministers, under the terms of Article 15.b of the Statute of the Council of Europe,
Considering the increasing number of criminal offences committed in the exercise of the activities of enterprises which cause considerable damage to both individuals and the community;
Considering the desirability of placing the responsibility where the benefit derived from the illegal activity is obtained;
Considering the difficulty, due to the often complex management structure in an enterprise, of identifying the individuals responsible for the commission of an offence;
Considering the difficulty, rooted in the legal traditions of many European states, of rendering enterprises which are corporate bodies criminally liable;
Desirous of overcoming these difficulties, with a view to making enterprises as such answerable, without exonerating from liability natural persons implicated in the offence, and to providing appropriate sanctions and measures to apply to enterprises, so as to achieve the due punishment of illegal activities, the prevention of further offences and the reparation of the damage caused;
Considering that the introduction in national law of the principle of criminal liability of enterprises having legal personality is not the only means of solving these difficulties and does not exclude the adoption of other solutions serving the same purpose;
Having regard to Resolution (77) 28 on the contribution of criminal law to the protection of the environment, Recommendation No. R (81) 12 on economic crime and Recommendation No. R (82) 15 on the role of criminal law in consumer protection,
Recommends that the governments of member states be guided in their law and practice by the principles set out in the appendix to this Recommendation.
Appendix to Recommendation No. R (88) 18
The following recommendations are designed to promote measures for rendering enterprises liable for offences committed in the exercise of their activities, beyond existing regimes of civil liability of enterprises to which these recommendations do not apply.
They apply to enterprises, whether private or public, provided they have legal personality and to the extent that they pursue economic activities.
I. Liability
1. Enterprises should be able to be made liable for offences committed in the exercise of their activities, even where the offence is alien to the purposes of the enterprise.
2. The enterprise should be so liable, whether a natural person who committed the acts or omissions constituting the offence can be identified or not.
3. To render enterprises liable, consideration should be given in particular to:
a. applying criminal liability and sanctions to enterprises, where the nature of the offence, the degree of fault on the part of the enterprise, the consequences for society and the need to prevent further offences so require;
b. applying other systems of liability and sanctions, for instance those imposed by administrative authorities and subject to judicial control, in particular for illicit behaviour which does not require treating the offender as a criminal.
4. The enterprise should be exonerated from liability where its management is not implicated in the offence and has taken all the necessary steps to prevent its commission.
5. The imposition of liability upon the enterprise should not exonerate from liability a natural person implicated in the offence. In particular, persons performing managerial functions should be made liable for breaches of duties which conduce to the commission of an offence.
II. Sanctions
6. In providing for the appropriate sanctions which might be imposed against enterprises, special attention should be paid to objectives other than punishment such as the prevention of further offences and the reparation of damage suffered by victims of the offence.
7. Consideration should be given to the introduction of sanctions and measures particularly suited to apply to enterprises. These may include the following:
– warning, reprimand, recognisance;
– a decision declaratory of responsibility, but no sanction;
– fine or other pecuniary sanction ;
– confiscation of property which was used in the commission of the offence or represents the gains derived from the illegal activity;
– prohibition of certain activities, in particular exclusion from doing business with public authorities;
– exclusion from fiscal advantages and subsidies;
– prohibition upon advertising goods or services;
– annulment of licences;
– removal of managers;
– appointment of a provisional caretaker management by the judicial authority;
– closure of the enterprise;
– winding-up of the enterprise;
– compensation and/or restitution to the victim ;
– restoration of the former state;
– publication of the decision imposing a sanction or measure.
These sanctions and measures may be taken alone or in combination, with or without suspensive effect, as main or as subsidiary orders.
8. When determining what sanctions or measures to apply in a given case, in particular those of a pecuniary nature, account should be taken of the economic benefit the enterprise derived from its illegal activities, to be assessed, where necessary, by estimation.
9. Where this is necessary for preventing the continuance of an offence or the commission of further offences, or for securing the enforcement of a sanction or measure, the competent authority should consider the application of interim measures.
10. To enable the competent authority to take its decision with full knowledge of any sanctions or measures previously imposed against the enterprise, consideration should be given to their inclusion in the criminal records or to the establishment of a register in which all such sanctions or measures are recorded.
1. Recommendation No. R (88) 18 which is the subject of this explanatory memorandum was prepared by the Select Committee of Experts on the Criminal Liability of Corporate Bodies (PC-R-CL), created in 1982 to examine the possibility and advisability of introducing the principle of criminal liability of corporate bodies, or other institutions serving the same purpose, in the legislation of member states.
2. The select committee was composed of experts from seven Council of Europe member states (Cyprus, Denmark, Italy, Liechtenstein, Portugal, Spain and Sweden). Finland and the International Association of Penal Law were represented by observers. In addition, the following scientific experts assisted the committee at different stages of its proceedings: Professor G. Kellens (Belgium), Professor L.H. Leigh (United Kingdom), Professor K. Tiedemann (Federal Republic of Germany) and Judge R.A. Torringa (Netherlands).
3. The select committee, which was chaired by Mr H. J. Stotler (Liechtenstein), held seven meetings (2-4 November 1983, 9-11 May 1984, 7-9 November 1984, 29-31 May 1985, 26-28 November 1986, 3-5 June 1987 and 2-4 December 1987).
4. The draft recommendation which it had prepared during these meetings was approved by the European Committee on Crime Problems (CDPC) at its 37th plenary session in June 1988 and adopted by the Committee of Ministers at the 420th meeting of their Deputies on 20 October 1988.
5. The increase in economic crime has accentuated the problem of bringing to justice those responsible for committing offences in connection with economic activities. A large number of these offences are committed in the course of activities pursued by enterprises. The often complex management structure of enterprises frequently makes it difficult, if not impossible, to identify the persons who are truly responsible for the commission of offences. Even where it is possible to identify an officer of an enterprise as the actual author of an offence, it may not be possible to prove directly that higher management is implicated in the offence. Furthermore, each offence may be the result of separate decisions, acts and omissions by different persons, albeit corresponding to a general ethos, generated by management, in the enterprise. In such cases, it may well be impossible to hold any one person liable, and even if this is possible, true responsibility may be more diffused. A sanction imposed on an individual person may, in such cases, be neither deterrent enough to prevent the enterprise from committing further offences, nor induce the management or members of the enterprise to reorganise its supervisory structure. To overcome these difficulties, legislators in many European countries have sought to render the enterprise itself criminally liable.
6. In this context, a major problem arises concerning the attribution of guilt to an enterprise having legal personality: how can guilt- mens rea or negligence – be attributed to a corporate body? In many legal systems the notion of culpability includes an element of blame which, in classical penal theory, is necessarily addressed to a physical person.
7. When ascertaining the position in Council of Europe member states, the select committee noted that in the common law countries the problem does not exist in relation to corporate bodies: the general rule is that a corporate body can be criminally liable in the same way as a natural person. The rule is based on the theory that the directors or high managerial agents acting for the corporation are – legally speaking – the corporation: they are, so to speak, the corporation's alter ego, with the result that their fault is attributed to the corporation rendering it criminally liable. Several European legal systems, however, do not provide, or do not fully provide for the criminal liability of legal persons: they adhere to the traditional rule that only physical persons can be guilty of an offence.
8. But the select committee also noted a trend in several countries towards departing from this traditional concept of guilt and rendering the legal person as such liable: by creating offences which do not require proof of guilt, or by deducing the corporation's guilt from the guilt of the individuals responsible for the criminal activity, or by providing for accessory liability of the enterprise, or by establishing a special liability for certain offences which carry only a pecuniary sanction such as a fine, a GeldbuBe (Germany), a coima (Portugal) or a toretagsbot (Sweden) – a system which is not based on the traditional concept of guilt and is therefore applicable to legal persons.
9. Recommendation No. R (88) 18 seeks to encourage this development. It is based on the conviction that the control of economic crime requires the imposition of liability on the enterprise itself if offences committed in the exercise of its activities are not to remain unpunished.
The Recommendation does not deal with questions of procedure. It is for each member state to establish the procedures best suited to its legal system, it being understood that enterprises should enjoy rights and guarantees equivalent to those accorded to physical persons accused of an offence.
10. To that end, it sets out, in an appendix, ten principles grouped in two chapters, one dealing with the principle of liability, the other with the sanctions and measures to be applied to enterprises.
11. It is recommended that the governments of member states be guided by these principles in their law and practice. The expression "to be guided by" has been used in order to leave governments as much freedom as possible in choosing the means for ensuring that enterprises are made answerable for offences committed in the course of their activities. For that same reason, the term "principle" has been preferred to the term "rule" since the aim of the Recommendation is not to achieve the adoption of uniform rules but rather to promote general recognition, in the law and practice of member states, of the concept of liability underlying the different recommendations.
Comments on the appendix
12. The principles set out in the appendix are preceded by an introductory note which delineates the Recommendation's scope of application.
13. The first paragraph of the introductory note states the Recommendation's objective, which is to promote measures for rendering enterprises liable for offences committed in the course of their activities, and it makes it clear that the principles set out in the appendix leave existing regimes of civil liability unaffected.
14. According to the second paragraph of the introductory note, the Recommendation only applies to enterprises which are corporate bodies, that is entities on which domestic law has conferred legal personality.
15. It was not considered either appropriate or necessary to define the term "enterprise". Its meaning is that normally given to the term in the domestic law of member states as well as in international treaties (for instance, in Articles 85 and 86 of the EEC Treaty).
16. The distinction which is made between private and public enterprises is meant to refer to the law of those member states where the constitution and the activities of enterprises may be governed by either private law or public law provisions. It is therefore not to be confused with the term used, for instance, in English law where the notion "public limited company" describes a company whose shares may be traded at a stock exchange. In so far as the Recommendation applies to public enterprises, member states might find it necessary to implement it under certain conditions, particularly with regard to the sanctions which might be imposed against such enterprises.
17. The principles apply only to enterprises pursuing economic activities. Bodies exercising governmental functions or vested with sovereign powers de iure imperii are outside the Recommendation's scope of application.
I.1
18. Recommendation 1.1 sets out the general objective: enterprises should be made liable for offences committed in the exercise of their activities. It applies irrespective of whether the activity constituting the offence has been pursued in furtherance of the enterprise's purposes or whether it is alien to these purposes. It therefore applies where the activities of an enterprise are used as a cover for the commission of offences. It is to be read in conjunction with recommendation 1.4 which deals with exoneration from liability.
19. According to recommendation 1.2, the enterprise's liability should be established regardless of whether a natural person can be identified as the perpetrator of the acts or omissions constituting the offence. The absence of any personal guilt does not necessarily exclude holding the enterprise liable. Where identification is possible, recommendation 1.5 applies: the enterprise's liability should be cumulative; it should not exonerate the individual person responsible for the offence.
20. Extending criminal liability to enterprises is but one of the means for achieving the Recommendation's aim. There are others, outside the application of criminal law, as for instance a non-criminal – or quasicriminal – liability along the lines of the German Ordnungswidrigkeiten or the EEC cartel offences, or liability based on a system of sanctions not dependent on the traditional concept of guilt. Recommendation 1.3 mentions two which the select committee considered particularly appropriate. They are mentioned by way of example, thus leaving member states the widest possible freedom to choose the type of liability best suited to their legal system.
21. Sub-paragraph a refers to the application of criminal liability and sanctions. It is recommended for cases where the nature of the offence, the nature and degree of fault, the consequences for society and the need to prevent further offences require the imposition of criminal sanctions. It might be necessary to depart from traditional concepts of fault or guilt and to approach a regime of liability based on social fault.
22. Sub-paragraph b has been modelled on the German system of Ordnungswidrigkeiten, that is a system of quasi criminal liability and sanctions imposed by administrative authorities and subject to judicial control. Its application is recommended in particular for illicit behaviour which, irrespective of its seriousness, does not require the imposition of criminal sanctions.
23. Recommendation 1.4 should be read in conjunction with that in I.1: in principle, an enterprise should incur liability even where the offence is alien to its purposes. Only where it would be manifestly unjust to hold the enterprise liable should it be exonerated from liability. An enterprise may be exonerated provided that two minimum conditions are made out: the first is that management, either the management as a whole or one or several of its members, was not implicated in the offence. The term "implicated" should be understood in a wide sense so as to include cases where the management, while not itself directly involved in the commission of the offence, knowingly accepts the profits made as a result of it. The second is that management has taken all the necessary steps to prevent the commission of the offence (for example where an employee pursues an illegal activity in violation of instructions given and effectively enforced by management with a view to preventing the illegal activity in question).
24. Recommendation 1.5 deals with the relationship between the enterprise's liability and that of any individual implicated in the offence. Both are, in principle, liable for the offence: thus, if a natural person can be identified as the perpetrator of the offence, that person remains criminally liable, irrespective of any liability which the enterprise might incur.
25. Individual liability should be provided in particular for persons performing managerial functions such as managers, directors and executives: in particular, they should be made liable for breaches of supervisory duties which conduce to the commission of an offence. The wording chosen is intended to allow legislatures a choice whether to establish a requirement of causality or not.
II.6
26. With regard to the sanctions which might be imposed against enterprises, recommendation 11.6 states that retribution should not necessarily be the main objective; special attention should be paid to other objectives such as the prevention of further offences and the reparation of damage suffered by victims of the offence. This recommendation is the consequence of that made under 1.3: the application of criminal liability and sanctions to enterprises is but one of the options open to governments to give effect to the Recommendation.
27. Recommendation 11.7 gives examples of sanctions and measures particularly suited to apply to enterprises. In drawing up this list, the select committee endeavoured to attain a large degree of flexibility enabling states to adopt the sanctions best suited to the system of liability chosen.
28. Among the traditional criminal sanctions, only fines and the confiscation of property can be applied to enterprises. It appears doubtful, however, whether pecuniary sanctions – be they criminal or quasicriminal – are sufficiently effective to produce the desired deterrent effect. The list therefore contains a number of other sanctions and measures which are specifically designed to apply to enterprises: they affect either their assets, or the exercise of their activities, or even their very existence. The select committee considered in fact that measures other than pecuniary sanctions- such as compensation to victims, the prohibition or suspension of certain activities, the annulment of licences, or the closure of the enterprise – could be more effective, provided that the interests of others, for instance the workforce or creditors, are adequately safeguarded. The compensation of victims was considered a particularly appropriate sanction as it would relieve persons having suffered damage of the necessity of pursuing their claims in a separate procedure. Another particularly appropriate measure is the order for restitutio in integrum.
29. Two of the recommended measures – removal of managers and appointment of caretaker managements – are directed against the management responsible for the offence rather than the enterprise in whose name the offence was committed. Such orders may be applied as an alternative to prosecuting the enterprise which may itself be a victim of the management's illegal activity. The appointment of a caretaker management would enable the enterprise to carry on its activities, thus ensuring that employees, shareholders and creditors are not penalised.
30. None of the recommended sanctions and measures are meant to be mutually exclusive; they may be taken alone or in combination. Moreover, they may be the subject of a main or of a subsidiary order. Where, for instance, the authority considers it appropriate to take a measure other than a pecuniary sanction, it may impose that measure either as an alternative to a fine or as a complementary sanction in addition to a fine, and it may impose that measure with suspensive effect.
31. Recommendation 11.8 seeks to provide guidance on the appropriate sanction or measure to be imposed in a given case, emphasising that account should be taken of the economic benefit the enterprise derived from its illegal activities. This applies particularly to fines and other pecuniary sanctions: they should be fixed having regard to any economic benefit and not only according to the seriousness of the offence. In order to overcome procedural difficulties, the benefit could, where necessary, be assessed by estimation.
32. In order to prevent the continuation of an offence or the commission of further offences, or to prevent the enterprise from taking action which would make the enforcement of a sanction or measure difficult or impossible, the authority should consider ordering appropriate interim measures, pending its decision on the sanction or measure to be imposed. It might, for instance by an injunction, prevent the enterprise from disposing of the assets necessary to pay a fine or to compensate the victim for the damage caused by the offence.
II.10
33. Criminal records are intended to provide the authorities responsible for criminal justice with information on the defendant's antecedents, to enable them to "individualise" the punishment. Knowledge of such antecedents is equally essential with regard to sanctions imposed against enterprises, irrespective of the criminal or non-criminal nature of the sanctions. It is therefore suggested that governments consider including these in the criminal records or establishing registers in which all such sanctions and measures are recorded.


It was sometime in the early nineties that I remember a couple of radical pro-abortion groups holding a funeral march in downtown San Francisco. Most were dressed in black, if they had on any clothes at all. They started with a party of sorts at a Unitarian "church." Once they had worked themselves up, they tramped down the street yelling slogans like, "Racists, Sexist, Anti-gay - Operation Rescue go away!" or "Keep your rosaries off my ovaries", a chant that seemed more amusing than threatening since over half the procession was male.
In this manner they prattled on in their funeral protest while carrying a banner draped coffin, with the name "Operation Rescue" written on the white sheet.
Operation Rescue was dead, or so they claimed.
The rabble was comprised of two different organizations. One group was BACAOR, an acronym for Bay Area Coalition Against Operation Rescue. The second throng was ACTUP, which was an acronym for AIDS Coalition To Unleash Power. These groups had two things in common. They loved abortion and hated Operation Rescue.
Today, BACAOR no longer exists and ACTUP is little more than an outdated website. Most of their members have literally died off, and the rest just lost interest and faded away.
Operation Rescue, on the other hand, continues as the leading pro-life activist organization in the nation. Our dedication and single-minded determination to save babies from abortion has never wavered.
Recently, the Associated Press, along with their willful accomplices in the left-stream print media, feverishly pronounced Operation Rescue's doom. A reporter seized upon one of my letters to our supporters and concocted a story that made it seem as if I was about to leave the pro-life movement and begin a new career flipping burgers at McDonalds.
As is common in letters of this sort, our financial needs were laid out and an appeal for donations was made so that we would have the resources to continue our projects. Operation Rescue, like many other organizations, subsists month to month on the good graces of our supporters. So critical are our life-saving projects that I am not ashamed to ask for funds. Without financial support from our faithful and dedicated benefactors, our doors close, the Truth Trucks go into mothballs, and abortionists who are committing illegal activity are more likely to continue to violate the law and place the lives of women at risk.
As has been the case each month for twenty years, the generous supporters of Operation Rescue answered my letter, and our vital pro-life campaigns continue in full swing. We have since launched the national "I AM 71" project in opposition to tax-funded abortion. We have exposed three botched abortions at Southern California Planned Parenthoods, and called for their investigation. We are applying pressure to the California Medical Board to revoke the license of a San Diego area abortionist caught red-handed violating terms of his probation. Meanwhile, the criminal investigation of Nebraska late-term abortionist LeRoy Carhart, launched at our request, is continuing. Our yet-to-be-published investigations of other abortionists in several other states are active and ongoing. Our office is as busy as it ever has been.
In the coming weeks I will be announcing an exciting new project that will rock the abortion cartel back on their collective heels.
So there is little of substance to support the wishful thinking of the militant guardians of "choice" like the Kansas City Star, the Washington Post, the New York Times, or others, who like BACAOR and ACTUP so many years ago, were overly anxious to announce our demise.
Operation Rescue is alive and well and determined more than ever to continue our work until pre-born babies once again enjoy the protection of law, and abortion is relegated to an ugly footnote in our nation's past.


Gayatri Jayanti is the birth anniversary of Goddess Gayatri, who is worshipped as the mother of Four Vedas. Gayatri Jayanti believed to be the day when sage Vishwamitra first uttered Gayatri Mantra. In 2018, Gayatri Jayanti is August 26. This day is observed as Gayatri Jayanti Day. She is also considered as the mother of the all gods and embodiment of Goddess Parvathi, Goddess Saraswati and Goddess Lakshmi. Goddess Gayatri is also referred as Adi Shakti by Gayatri Mata Worshippers. Devotees observe Gayatri Jayanti by prayer and perform puja to Gayatri Mata and be repeated chanting Gayatri Mantra.
Chanting the Gayatri mantra can Increases concentration and learning.
It is also helpful strengthens the mind and keeps depression at bay.
Family and other problems can also be resolved by chanting the Gayatri Mantra.
These mantras will help to do away with your bad habits, reckless behavior and restless thoughts.
Chant the Gayatri Mantra will help you minimize the deleterious effects of the "Grahas" and boost happiness in your life.


text:
Women's World Cup: England boss Phil Neville provides Steph Houghton fitness update
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