I draw your attention to this excellent overview of the changing situation in publishing vs self-publishing. Libby Fischer Hellmann has used both avenues, and therefore knows of what she speaks. She compares how things were eighteen months ago with how things are now, listing changing pros and cons of each route to publication.
My message has always been, "Whatever you do, do it with eyes wide open" and that blog post will really help clarify things, I believe. It also has links to other useful posts.
I think she speaks great sense and I like her calm analysis.
As you know, I have been published many times (around 90) by trade publishers - publishers whose role is to take all the financial risk (apart from my considerable time) of production and distribution and invest in the editing, copy-editing, proof-reading and marketing of my books.
However, a) most trade publishers now invest far less in all of those roles for most authors, including me b) published authors are expected to do more and more for less and less return and c) some books are eminently suitable for self-published, at least by clued-up authors.
Therefore, as you know, I am also doing some self-publishing, under Crabbit Publishing. I have so far published Tweet Right, am about to republish Mondays are Red (details very soon!) and then will publish my in-progress ebook on how to write a great synopsis.
However, I still want to be published by trade publishers for some of my work. I think I am very well-placed to know which is the better form for each book of mine.
And I want to continue to share that knowledge with you and help you make the right decisions, too. Through Pen2Publication, I am also currently helping a client who intends to self-publish a novel.
Oh and one more thing: I don't care about my sales as much as perhaps I should. I care many times more about putting out books I can be proud of. Commercially, I care very much that my books sell enough to keep a decent publisher happy - because otherwise I won't stay published - but riches? You can stick them.
Thanks for pointing me over to Libby's blog - though i'm now agitated and will need a head-clearing walk before i start writing (I really MUST avoid blogs before writing!!!!).
My question though (and i posed it to her blog too): Two years ago i'd have said that to start out by self-publishing might have created another hurdle between me and getting a trad publisher. Now i'm not sure. Is there any wisdom emerging on this? I'd not self-pub unless i got some independent confirmation and help that it wasn't all error filled and generally wonky, but given that i'd only be doing it if agents and publishers had rejected it i'd be putting something out there that hadn't got the gold standard mark of approval. And i want a career. I want to see my books on shelves etc., but i mainly want a career (even if it is a low paid one and might need supplementing with a bit of shelf stacking at Scotmid (scottish version of Walmart-ish ;-) ).
What's the feeling out there?
I agree, there has to be room for both.
But I also think that self-published writers have a particular responsibility to ensure that their book is the best it can possibly be - to pay for editorial help etc. Just because we can self-publish everything we write doesn't mean we should - much of it is eel vomit (your term, Nicola). Self-publishing should not be self-indulgence.
And yes, I also agree that sales are not the point. Writing work that somehow touches other people - even only one person - makes it all worthwhile.
aargh, blogger seems to have eaten my comment. I was asking your thoughts, in the light of recent high-profile hooha, about the mix of self- and traditional publishing. In particular, whether you had tales from the publisher's side, and any advice. My assumption was that the best advice is talk everything through with your agent and publisher in advance, but I was wondering, as more and more people look at a more portfiolio approach to their writing, if you had publishers' anecdotes - whetehr they will grudgingly accept authors doing this if the titles are not in competition, or whether some activel ebcourage it because it raises an author's profile, or whether even some want an author to do it a certain way - to put links to their trad published books in the introduction to the self-pubslished one, for example?
It's amazing (and a little scary!) how quickly views and opinions shift and change. Over the past few months I have been trying to clue myself up as to what to expect in the publishing world, and it's been a real eye opened.
One decision I have absolutely shelved for the time being though is the great 'to self publish or not to self publish' debate.
Because as it stands my novel will not be fit for anyone's viewing for a good few months yet, and certainly not ready for publishing for much longer.
And who knows which way the wind will be blowing by then!
Excellent advice to keep a foot in both camps I think.
Thanks, Nicola, for the eye-opening post.
99 cents works for iTunes. That seems to be an amount customers are willing to pay. Above that they think twice.
In our computer age a new trend emerged: 'If I can't get it free, I don't want it.' 99 cents still looks next to nothing in most people's eyes.
What do you guys think? Is there truth in this?
It's silly when you stop and think about it, but I find there is often a lot of truth in silliness.
Louise - it depends. It depends on: whether you've maintained your professional attitude, whether you've avoided bad-mouthing trade publishing, whether you've written a great book, whether it has been sufficiently successful, and basically how well and for what reasons you self-published.
You say "if agents and publishers had rejected it i'd be putting something out there that hadn't got the gold standard mark of approval" - not necessarily. If they'd rejected it because the market wasn't big enough, that's a good reason for you to s-publish and no reason to feel rejected as such. Follow Catherine Ryan Howard's attitude.
Jo - I agree with all that but need to take issue with this bit: "... I also agree that sales are not the point. Writing work that somehow touches other people - even only one person - makes it all worthwhile." Thing is, it might make it feel worthwhile but it cannot be a route to publication, because we need *enough* sales to satisfy a publisher. So, for me, sales *are* important but just not purely as volume, as long as there are "enough".
Dan - I know the hoohah to which you refer and I found it so extraordinary that I feel there must have been something else to it. Other than that, I see no reason why a publisher should object to a writer doing a mixture, as long as the books were not in competition, which is already the case: for example, I've written two books on the young/teenage/learning brain for Walker Books. If I had another brain title I wished to do for another publisher, if it would be in compeition Walker would have a right to stop me. Our contracts say that. But when it's not in direct competition and doesn't include the same material, I can't see a problem. Publishers do not own us - though they do have certain rights. That's why I found that story so strange. And you're right: a sensible publisher should welcome an author increasing profile through other writing, whether s-pubbed or other. I easily got permission from Snowbooks to include an extract of WTBP in my s-pubbed Tweet Right. And when i come to do the synopsis book I fully expect the same permission to be granted - the books will help each other.
Laura Mary - "my novel will not be fit for anyone's viewing for a good few months yet, and certainly not ready for publishing for much longer" - good for you! keep working!
Katalin and Laura Mary - I won't buy books for 99p (unless a temporary promotion) because it makes me thinnk it's likely to be rubbish. Price IS important, I agree, but I'll stick to something more respectable. Purely my personal view, but one I know is widely shared. (Though so is the "Keep it really cheap" view). Dan's assessment is right - including it's a thorny issue. But at least with s-pubbing we can set our own price and make our own mistakes. I like that.
Katalin - Libby's story of how her sales tanked when she put the price up to 2.99 is interesting and not uncommon. But I'd rather have a few sales at 2.99, of people who really wanted to buy the book, than many more at .99, of people who might not even read it. That's another sense in which I'm not fixated on sales.
Interesting post, Nicola. Is it down to which "fish lake" I want to be in, I think to myself? I'd prefer to be with the traditional publishing model, with the benefit of promotion by the publisher as well as much more possibly of reviews in well-regarded media. At least that way a writer has more chance to catch people's eye, "competing" with millions of other traditionally published authors, rather than with the tens of millions self-published authors, where the vast majority of writers get lost in the teeming masses.
For me, it's all about being read – and I've said it before – I've a real thirst for readers and I know that goes for almost all writers, self-published or professionally published. I understand totally your comment, Nicola: "…but riches? You can stick them"; I'm certain you mean in the way that you write to enjoy writing, and wanting to give enjoyment (and information/education) to your readers, which is the primary goal; any money made, decent or not, is always secondary.
My reasoning is that if a professional writer such as yourself, Nicola, have been traditionally published and have established more than just a "foot in the door" then self-publishing is another arrow for your bow. And providing that your publishers' interests aren't compromised, it can only surely help strengthen your platform.
But for those of us who aren't professionally published, especially those who wish to make writing a serious career (or at least, taking off rose-tinted glasses, those who wish to make writing a career in tandem with another career/creative pursuits) I really believe that to self-publish isn't the way to go unless or until all professional publishing possibilities have been exhausted.
Then and only then should self-publishing be considered for the unpublished, in my opinion; when you can safely say: "I've tried, tried and tried to be professionally published but now all doors have been knocked on and none opened"; only then should an unpublished author admit defeat and self-publish.
Hi Nicola, reading my comment above again, it's sounding a bit arrogant to me now and assumes too much of other unpublished writers' thoughts. I've come to those conclusions recently so they were a bit "hot in the mind"; I should have been more careful in my wording to explain they were decisions for me only, and I have no right to speak for others; I'm sure there are many unpublished writers who consider self-publishing their first and a viable option and I wish them all the luck in the world.
Dan, i read your comments as 'your decision' rather than 'the only sane decision' so suspect others will have too.
And thanks Nicola, i'll keep the 'write like a professional , present like a professional, act like a professional' mantra in mind if i go down the inde route and keep my fingers crossed.


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Blog Opinion November 4, 2019 December 8, 2019
Choice Feminism: New and Hip, but Not Necessarily Good
As a young and impressionable fifteen-year old, I spent a lot of time looking for cheap, inspirational quotes that I could tape up onto my bedroom wall. I was scrolling through Etsy one day, and my gaze immediately gravitated towards a graphic of a pink banner interlaced with roses. On it, printed in bubbly font, were the words: EYELINER SHARP ENOUGH TO KILL A MAN.
As pretty as these slogans are, printed on rose-colored throw pillows or pasted onto signs at a Women's March, they really only hold aesthetic value and don't provide anything beyond that. As much as we wish the "heels of our stilettos will stomp out the patriarchy" or "our resting bitch faces will scare off sexists," it simply won't happen.
All of these generic confectionary phrases fall under one blanket term: choice feminism. Many are unfamiliar with the term, as it is a rather new phenomenon that rose up with media culture and the ideology of post-feminism.
Choice feminism is the belief that the individual choices of a woman are inherently feminist.
According to choice feminism, a stay-at-home mother and a business woman are equally feminist, because they both have exercised the right of choice and therefore expressed their individual freedom.
Likewise, whether you choose to wear makeup, shave your legs, or opt out of such beauty routines, your decisions are still considered feminist, as long as it was a choice. At first glance, this reads as an agreeable kind of feminism, appealing to the broadest constituency possible. After all, the feminist movement suffers greatly from the terrible reality of women bringing each other down. Patriarchal society has led women to believe that their source of strength derives from male validation, which leads them to compete toxically with other women and weaken female solidarity.
Choice feminism, on the other hand, seems to promote the antithesis of in-fighting within the feminist community by uniting women under the pretense of choice. Ironically, the positive impacts of choice feminism don't reach all women. Instead, choice feminism really only benefits a small minority of extremely vocal privileged women, particularly white feminists.
Choice feminism's fatal flaw lies within its name: the assumption that choice is a liberty that everyone has.
The spectrum of choice is completely different between an affluent white woman and a low-income woman of color. When an affluent white woman chooses not to buy expensive brands of clothing or put on makeup, she is often praised for her nonconformity. A low-income woman of color cannot do the same, because she was not born with the cushion of privilege. Low-income Black and Brown women buy cheap knockoffs of expensive brands and put on makeup in order to stay afloat in a society structurally built to constantly antagonize them. In their situation, there is no choice, this is only a matter of survival.
Women who suffer from additional injustices as a result of their race, class, sexuality, or ability have little time to worry about whether or not they are buying into the patriarchy. If a low-income Black woman were to choose to abandon societally-expected makeup and clothing choices, she could be ridiculed for looking unpresentable and lacking social stature.
White women are fortunate in their ability to worry about nit-picky, tiny expressions of feminism, while women of color are struggling around institutional roadblocks. As such, obsession with choice feminism neglects intersectionality and conflicts with POC (person of color) feminist narratives by ignoring the inability of some women to 'buy' into the narrative of choice. In a harsh society that systematically discriminates against queer women and women of color, individual choice does not push real political change—only policy does. Focusing exclusively on exercising individual choice is actually radically depoliticizing. Choice feminism's leniency towards a woman's choice diverts attention and discourse away from the oppression that drove women towards those choices in the first place.
For example, choice feminism tends to champion performative femininity as a form of self-empowerment. If a woman decides to get a makeover, according to choice feminism, she draws power from her own choice as it was her decision and only her decision to reinvent herself in terms of appearance and lifestyle habits. But in fact, this isn't true at all. The very essence of makeover culture implies that there was something wrong with the woman to begin with, that there was some flaw that could only be fixed by a complete transformation. Choice feminism stifles discourse on this, and instead focuses on congratulating the woman for the expression of her choice.
Another example is the contemporary celebration of the sexually-autonomous woman, who claims her sultry behavior and scandalous clothing are emblematic of her individual choice. Though this new figurehead of feminism may not feel external pressure from men to look attractive, she has, in fact, internalized the male gaze and external pressures of expected femininity and re-purposed it as her own. She constantly has to rely on her own femininity for power, and has to partake in the rigorous upkeep of her own appearance. Her experience is similar to the popular trope of the femme fatale found in media, where a woman derives her value and power solely from her sex appeal to men.
Additionally, the figurehead of the sexually-autonomous woman does not even represent the majority of women. In reality, it probably only resonates with an extremely small portion of women that fit into socially accepted standards of beauty.
As an Asian-American woman, I find that I do not fit in that niche. I am not as confident as I want to be, and I am extremely insecure in some areas, especially my appearance. Under the philosophy of choice feminism, I should have the choice of what to do with my body, such as whether or not I want to shave or put makeup on. The disheartening reality is that I feel less confident when I do not shave or put effort into my appearance, which leaves me little to no choice in this situation, contrary to what choice feminism advocates for. Even if I am given the individual freedom to do what I want, it does not change how society believes I, as a woman, should dress, appear, and act.
Is there really choice when it comes to my appearance if I only feel good when I invest resources, time, and money in it?
Again, choice feminism takes a leap of faith when it assumes all women have the same accessibility to choose. Choice feminism glosses over issues, preferring to re-brand real, contentious problems that have not been fully solved into the illusion of choice. Back to my cheerful eyeliner slogan that I found when I was fifteen, I may believe that my eyeliner is sharp enough to slice the patriarchy to shreds, but my money is lining the pockets of a man who has told women that they look more acceptable with eyeliner on.
Choice feminism has been heavily commodified in recent years, with companies profiting off of T-shirts that regurgitate quirky feminist slogans or self-help books. Choice feminism does nothing to address the increasing commodification of feminism that results in only superficial change that solely benefits the minority of women who enjoy accessibility to such brands and resources. Today, feminism is used as fuel for capitalism, where companies hide their exploitative consumerist tendencies behind feminist ideology.
Knowing these implications of choice feminism is important, but it shouldn't be all-consuming. Being a good feminist shouldn't be about denouncing all makeup and swearing off razors for life. Being a good feminist should also not feel like a constant burden that inhibits you from doing the things you love. It is entirely okay to feel confident in a revealing dress or a full face of makeup. Indulging in buying clothes or makeup and feeling good about yourself does not make you a bad feminist. It has become increasingly difficult to always make feminist choices when feminism is hardly ingrained in today's society.
It's okay to be feminine and enjoy feminine things, as long as you don't religiously believe that things such as makeup can actually be weaponized to enforce real political change. Good feminist practice does not require you to drop makeup for social justice. Instead, you can continue to buy your favorite eye shadow palettes and lip liners while staying educated on which politicians stand for women's issues. You can still enjoy a nice feminist Etsy sticker—but make sure it doesn't perpetuate the false claims of choice feminism.
Diversity and social justice work is about thinking about someone other than yourself, and choice feminism is marked by its tendency to only focus on the individual.
If you are able to go out without a bra comfortably, or exercise any kind of control over your femininity without feeling the leering pressure of society, that is commendable in its own right. Just be sure to remember and think about those who can't do the same. Feminism is about making strides for all women, not just yourself, and the most important thing you can do as a good feminist is to allow these different narratives of different women to guide your feminist actions in the future.
Illustration: Diane Lin
Posted in Blog Opinion and Tagged choice feminism white feminism
Posted by:Vicki Li
Vicki Li is a blog staff writer for F-Word Magazine. She is a sophomore at UPenn studying Biology with a concentration in Mathematics.
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9 replies on "Choice Feminism: New and Hip, but Not Necessarily Good"
Amy Liu says:
Love this article! So many good points. Thank you!
yume says:
Your article is contraditory. Choice feminism is based in the idea that femininity is not harmfull for women when it is really is.Femininity was created by men to dehumanizing and sexually objectifing us,why in the end of your article you say that´s ok for us to embrace it in any way? it´s terrible just because it "costs money for women who don´t have it"? How about the terrible consequences of self-sexual objectification like male violence and women tarficking? how about the terrible consequences of beauty stantards? We women all over the world get nothing performing femininity,only male violence,exploiation and discrimination.
You sounded hypocrital to me. You complain about something and in the end you get into this post-modern crap: "you do whateve make you happpy" .
Femininity was not created by men. There is plenty of evidence to show that women have groomed since ancient times and had sacred practices to preserve their feminine energy and female sexuality / health.
Eventually men evolved to like the way women groomed and expected it as a standard (as with many other forms of sexually attractive behavior), but just because the patriarchy has tainted many realms of life, doesn't and shouldn't take away from women.
You are equating male violence on women to women's beauty choices which is a harmful ideology. Violence against women hurts all women whether she wears eyeliner / gets a tummy-tuck, or not. That means the source of that violence is coming from entitlement and a culture of blaming women for their own suffering, instead of addressing toxic masculinity as the source of the abuse.
There is no 'performing' of femininity unless the woman isn't conscious about the patriarchy to begin win. The author was simply saying that it isn't a choice for many WOC around the world to adopt their cultures beauty standards to successfully get by (be it work, or finding a mate).
There is currently an entire online community of femininity that has helped empower women into having high-standards for who they date, how to care for themselves (externally and internally), and how to date better men.
I'm a sociologist and I've studied women, and feminism closely the last four years. I can tell you there is no black and white answer to the impacts of choice-feminism. Sometimes it helps the individual, and sometimes it doesn't, the key is being aware of why you do what you do as a woman and if it is helping you.
Some women who feel pressured to behave in the style of their cultures "male-gaze", often take out their personal frustrations on other women for doing so – as if it would suddenly make their lives easier if all women stopped, rather than seeing the larger picture and being understanding.
The patriarchy is old, it has been around before us and it will likely be around after us. You can either make it work for you, suffer under it, or live somewhere in between.
leeeaswood says:
the divide between feminists regarding choice isn't new though is it. I'm in my early 60s and I can remember feminists, they were called women's libbers back then, having stand-up rows about choice back in the middle 1970s!
in the 1980s I saw women get mortally offended if they were referred to as feminists. that was because the most prominent feminists were Clare short and Andrea Dworkin. they were looked upon as fat, hairy and ugly. that wasn't men talking, that was women. granted certain men took advantage of the way the vast majority of women thought about feminism, but it was, and still is women thinking that way!
feminism, if it is going to mean anything to women in the future, will have to accept that the choices women make, are the choices the original feminists fought for the right of women to make. you may not like it, but you don't have the right to take those choices away from women!
functionalmillennial says:
I've been struggling emotionally between the choice feminism that has allowed me to finally give myself permission to self-care and indulge in make up / my appearance, and the radical feminism that tells me none of my choices are my own but instead for the male-gaze.
I feel cross-eyed between the two.
As a WOC with mental health challenges, this struggle has been harmful to my identity of late.
Thank you for writing such a validating and informative piece, I feel seen for the first time in a while on the feminist web. Hope this finds you well!
BB Allen says:
This is kind of unrelated to this article but it provoked a thought in me. If you're still checking comments here I'm interested in your thoughts on the intersection between choice feminism and creator-based porn platforms such as Onlyfans. I hear feminists left and right sticking up for Onlyfans creators, often rightly so in the face of unignorable misogyny, and essentially touting OF creators as girlbosses (for a serious lack of a better term). Yet I can't help but feel that OF and platforms like it are just about the least feminist thing you can do.
For one, most creators are forced into sex work by extenuating circumstances, especially WOC. For two, OF culture seems to be having a negative effect on society with regards to female objectification and especially the grooming of young women due to it's accessibility. And three, a lot of women don't realize just how extensive the negative effects of having such a platform are, including but not limited to sex aversion, exploitation, and boundary crossing. There's also the aspect of external validation from producing such content. Online validation from men has recently become a huge self esteem booster for young women, from posting thirst traps, to online dating, and so on, which women seek out under the attitude of "I'm just using men for this so really I'm the one in power", an age-old, widely applicable adage from my personal experience. But I digress.
It basically feels as though OF culture has repackaged objectification under the male gaze and sold it back to women as a free and independent choice (#girlboss). Almost all of my female friends have considered making an OF account and not one of them has had the reason of "I want to explore my sexuality". It's always "Money's tight and I could use some extra income", which relates to the idea of choice.
Anyway. I feel like this is a subject ripe for discussion, yet no one wants to potentially be accused of slut shaming, for good reason. I don't, however, believe addressing the structures that coerce women into potentially harmful work constitutes as slut shaming.
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The first half of this mix I didn't think was all that great. Stuff that Oaky had been playing to death that year. I thought the second half of the mix was really strong. It was the first time I had heard "Darker" before everyone was playing it, but was fresh when this mix played.
I agree with the above comment. Very very tired of Jan Johnston in his mixes. Second half sounds much less like just putting the same old tunes in sequence.
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We have a very limited supply of berries so are implementing a 20 box (200 lb) limit per customer.
We are still doing pre-picked Bluecrop and u-pick Berkeley as of this morning (7/18).
Next up on our schedule (after we run out of the previous) is pre-picked Nelson and u-pick Bluecrop.


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HomeAbout Press Room 2020 Press Releases Two African Male Lions have New Home at Brookfield Zoo
Two African Male Lions have New Home at Brookfield Zoo
Brookfield, Ill. – The Chicago Zoological Society (CZS), which manages Brookfield Zoo, is bursting with pride to announce the arrival of its newest additions—two male African lions named Brutus and Titus. While the zoo has been closed to the public due to the current state of the country, animal care staff proceeded with its plan to have the two 4-year-old brothers transferred to Brookfield Zoo from Utah's Hogle Zoo in Salt Lake City. They arrived on March 17.
Even though the zoo is currently closed, the public can tune in on Thursday, April 2, at 11:00 a.m. CST, to Brookfield Zoo's Facebook Live chat of "Bringing the Zoo to You." During the segment, Bill Zeigler, senior vice president of animal programs for CZS, will talk about Brutus and Titus, share facts about African lions, and answer questions from the public. Those who miss the live chat, will be able to watch it on the zoo's Facebook page or YouTube channel.
"Before we had to close the zoo, guests were inquiring as to when we would be getting lions again following the devastating loss of our previous pair," said Zeigler. "We wanted to share some happy news during this trying time and are looking forward to when guests can visit the zoo to see Brutus and Titus."
When the zoo reopens, guests will be able to see Brutus and Titus along the Big Cat walkway. Born on February 24, 2016, the two lions each have distinguishing features to tell them apart. Brutus's mane is long, dark, and straight. Titus's mane is shorter than his brother's as well as lighter in color and slightly frizzier. In addition, Titus is a few inches taller than Brutus. Animal care specialists are still getting to know the lions, but have noticed slight differences in their personalities—Brutus seems to be the calmer of the two, while Titus is more active with enrichment items. The brothers are very bonded and often sleep next to one another.
Brutus and Titus came to Brookfield Zoo based on a recommendation from the Association of Zoos and Aquariums' African Lion Species Survival Plan (SSP), in which the zoo is a participating institution. An SSP is a cooperative population management and conservation program for select species in accredited North American zoos and aquariums. Each plan manages the species to maintain a healthy and self-sustaining population that is both genetically diverse and demographically stable. Some recommendations are for breeding a pair. In other situations, like in Brutus and Titus's case, there is a need to locate a zoo that is willing to provide a home for an animal(s) until the SSP program makes a breeding recommendation.
Those interested in helping care for Brutus and Titus at Brookfield Zoo can contribute to the Animal Adoption program. Two options are available. For $35, a recipient receives the Basic Package, which includes a 5-inch x 7-inch color photograph of either Brutus or Titus, a personalized certificate of adoption, an African lion fact sheet, Animal Adoption program decal, and an invitation to the annual Animal Adoption Evening (ticket purchase necessary). The $60 Plush Package includes all the benefits of the Basic Package, plus an 8-inch plush lion, and four free tickets to the annual Animal Adoption Evening. To purchase one of the packages, visit CZS.org/FeaturedCreature.
African lions are listed as "vulnerable" according to the Red List of the IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature). The population continues to decline primarily due to hunting, loss of habitat due to residential, commercial, and agricultural development, and the bushmeat trade. Also, according to the Species Survival Commission, one of the latest threats is the rising demand by traditional Asian medicine. With the decline in tiger populations, the illegal trade for bones and body parts is shifting to lions as an alternative. More than half of the remaining lions, which experts estimate to be between 20,000 and 30,000 individuals, reside in only 11 key populations contained within protect areas.
The mission of the Chicago Zoological Society is to inspire conservation leadership by engaging people and communities with wildlife and nature. The Chicago Zoological Society is a private nonprofit organization that operates Brookfield Zoo on land owned by the Forest Preserves of Cook County. The Society is known throughout the world for its international role in animal population management and wildlife conservation. Its Center for the Science of Animal Care and Welfare is at the forefront of animal care that strives to discover and implement innovative approaches to zoo animal management. Brookfield Zoo is the first zoo in the world to be awarded the Humane Certified™ certification mark for the care and welfare of its animals, meeting American Humane Association's rigorous certification standards. The zoo is located at 8400 31st Street in Brookfield, Illinois, between the Stevenson (I-55) and Eisenhower (I-290) expressways and also is accessible via the Tri-State Tollway (I-294), Metra commuter line, CTA and PACE bus service. For further information, visit CZS.org.
Photo Captions (photo credit Jim Schulz/Chicago Zoological Society)
1399: Brutus, a 4-year old African lion at Brookfield Zoo
1500: Titus, a 4-year-old African lion at Brookfield Zoo
1515, 1566, 1658, and 1665: Titus and Brutus, two 4-year-old African lions arrived at Brookfield Zoo on March 17. Once the zoo reopens, guests will be able to see them in their outdoor habitat.


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Flames rise from Notre Dame cathedral as it burns in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. Massive plumes of yellow brown smoke is filling the air above Notre Dame Cathedral and ash is falling on tourists and others around the island that marks the center of Paris. (AP Photo/Thibault Camus)
Notre Dame cathedral is burning in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. Massive plumes of yellow brown smoke is filling the air above Notre Dame Cathedral and ash is falling on tourists and others around the island that marks the center of Paris. (AP Photo/Lori Hinant)
People watch Notre Dame cathedral burning in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. Massive plumes of yellow brown smoke is filling the air above Notre Dame Cathedral and ash is falling on tourists and others around the island that marks the center of Paris. (AP Photo/Lori Hinnant)
People watch Notre Dame cathedral burning in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. Massive plumes of yellow brown smoke is filling the air above Notre Dame Cathedral and ash is falling on tourists and others around the island that marks the center of Paris. (AP Photo/Oleg Cetinic)
A firefighter tackles the blaze as flames and smoke rise from Notre Dame cathedral as it burns in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. Massive plumes of yellow brown smoke is filling the air above Notre Dame Cathedral and ash is falling on tourists and others around the island that marks the center of Paris. (AP Photo/Thibault Camus)
Flames and smoke rise from Notre Dame cathedral as it burns in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. Massive plumes of yellow brown smoke is filling the air above Notre Dame Cathedral and ash is falling on tourists and others around the island that marks the center of Paris. (AP Photo/Thibault Camus)
RECROP FROM TH132
Firefighters tackle the blaze as flames and smoke rise from Notre Dame cathedral as it burns in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. Massive plumes of yellow brown smoke is filling the air above Notre Dame Cathedral and ash is falling on tourists and others around the island that marks the center of Paris. (AP Photo/Thibault Camus)
Firefighters tackle the blaze as flames and smoke rise from Notre Dame cathedral as it burns in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. Massive plumes of yellow brown smoke is filling the air above Notre Dame Cathedral and ash is falling on tourists and others around the island that marks the center of Paris. (AP Photo/Thibault Camus), APTOPIX
In this photo taken from inside a cafe, a police car patrol while Notre Dame cathedral isburning in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. A massive fire engulfed the roof of Notre Dame Cathedral in the heart of the French capital Monday, toppling its spire and sending thick plumes of smoke high into the blue sky as tourists and Parisians looked on aghast from the streets below. (AP Photo/Lori Hinnant)
A firefighter tackles the blaze as flames and smoke rise from Notre Dame cathedral as it burns in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. Massive plumes of yellow brown smoke is filling the air above Notre Dame Cathedral and ash is falling on tourists and others around the island that marks the center of Paris. (AP Photo/Michel Euler)
People watch as flames and smoke rise from Notre Dame cathedral as it burns in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. Massive plumes of yellow brown smoke is filling the air above Notre Dame Cathedral and ash is falling on tourists and others around the island that marks the center of Paris. (AP Photo/Thibault Camus)
Firefighters tackle the blaze as flames and smoke rise from Notre Dame cathedral as it burns in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. Massive plumes of yellow brown smoke is filling the air above Notre Dame Cathedral and ash is falling on tourists and others around the island that marks the center of Paris. (AP Photo/Michel Euler)
A polcie car and fire brigade vehicles park while Notre Dame cathedral is burning in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. Massive plumes of yellow brown smoke is filling the air above Notre Dame Cathedral and ash is falling on tourists and others around the island that marks the center of Paris. (AP Photo/Francois Mori)
Firefighters use hoses as Notre Dame cathedral burns in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. A catastrophic fire engulfed the upper reaches of Paris' soaring Notre Dame Cathedral as it was undergoing renovations Monday, threatening one of the greatest architectural treasures of the Western world as tourists and Parisians looked on aghast from the streets below. (AP Photo/Francois Mori), APTOPIX
Firefighters use hoses as Notre Dame cathedral burns in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. A catastrophic fire engulfed the upper reaches of Paris' soaring Notre Dame Cathedral as it was undergoing renovations Monday, threatening one of the greatest architectural treasures of the Western world as tourists and Parisians looked on aghast from the streets below. (AP Photo/Francois Mori)
Notre Dame cathedral is burning in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. A catastrophic fire engulfed the upper reaches of Paris' soaring Notre Dame Cathedral as it was undergoing renovations Monday, threatening one of the greatest architectural treasures of the Western world as tourists and Parisians looked on aghast from the streets below. (AP Photo/Francois Mori)
A firefighter uses a hose as Notre Dame cathedral burns in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. A catastrophic fire engulfed the upper reaches of Paris' soaring Notre Dame Cathedral as it was undergoing renovations Monday, threatening one of the greatest architectural treasures of the Western world as tourists and Parisians looked on aghast from the streets below. (AP Photo/Francois Mori), APTOPIX
People watch as flames and smoke rise from Notre Dame cathedral as it burns in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. Massive plumes of yellow brown smoke is filling the air above Notre Dame Cathedral and ash is falling on tourists and others around the island that marks the center of Paris. (AP Photo/Michel Euler)
A fire fighter sprays a liquid into Notre Dame cathedral while the monument is burning in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. A catastrophic fire engulfed the upper reaches of Paris' soaring Notre Dame Cathedral as it was undergoing renovations Monday, threatening one of the greatest architectural treasures of the Western world as tourists and Parisians looked on aghast from the streets below. (AP Photo/Francois Mori)
People watch as flames and smoke rise from Notre Dame cathedral as it burns in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. Massive plumes of yellow brown smoke is filling the air above Notre Dame Cathedral and ash is falling on tourists and others around the island that marks the center of Paris. (AP Photo/Thibault Camus), APTOPIX
A fire fighter uses a hose as Notre Dame cathedral is burning in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. A catastrophic fire engulfed the upper reaches of Paris' soaring Notre Dame Cathedral as it was undergoing renovations Monday, threatening one of the greatest architectural treasures of the Western world as tourists and Parisians looked on aghast from the streets below. (AP Photo/Francois Mori), APTOPIX
A speedboat travels down the river Seine as flames and smoke rise from Notre Dame cathedral as it burns in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. Massive plumes of yellow brown smoke is filling the air above Notre Dame Cathedral and ash is falling on tourists and others around the island that marks the center of Paris. (AP Photo/Thibault Camus)
Notre Dame cathedral is seen burning in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. A catastrophic fire engulfed the upper reaches of Paris' soaring Notre Dame Cathedral as it was undergoing renovations Monday, threatening one of the greatest architectural treasures of the Western world as tourists and Parisians looked on aghast from the streets below. (AP Photo/Francois Mori)
Flames and smoke rise from Notre Dame cathedral as it burns in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. Massive plumes of yellow brown smoke is filling the air above Notre Dame Cathedral and ash is falling on tourists and others around the island that marks the center of Paris. (AP Photo/Thibault Camus), APTOPIX
ALTERNATE CROP OF TH148
Fire fighters try to extinguish the fire as Notre Dame cathedral is burning in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. A catastrophic fire engulfed the upper reaches of Paris' soaring Notre Dame Cathedral as it was undergoing renovations Monday, threatening one of the greatest architectural treasures of the Western world as tourists and Parisians looked on aghast from the streets below. (AP Photo/Christophe Ena)
People watch Notre Dame cathedral burning from the Seine river banks in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. A catastrophic fire engulfed the upper reaches of Paris' soaring Notre Dame Cathedral as it was undergoing renovations Monday, threatening one of the greatest architectural treasures of the Western world as tourists and Parisians looked on aghast from the streets below. (AP Photo/Francois Mori)
People standing on the banks of the river Seine watch as flames and smoke rise from Notre Dame cathedral as it burns in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. Massive plumes of yellow brown smoke is filling the air above Notre Dame Cathedral and ash is falling on tourists and others around the island that marks the center of Paris. (AP Photo/Thibault Camus)
Flames illuminate the night sky as Notre Dame cathedral burns in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. Massive plumes of yellow brown smoke is filling the air above Notre Dame Cathedral and ash is falling on tourists and others around the island that marks the center of Paris. (AP Photo/Thibault Camus)
People pray as Notre Dame cathedral is burning in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. A catastrophic fire engulfed the upper reaches of Paris' soaring Notre Dame Cathedral as it was undergoing renovations Monday, threatening one of the greatest architectural treasures of the Western world as tourists and Parisians looked on aghast from the streets below. (AP Photo/Christophe Ena)
People pray as Notre Dame cathedral is burning in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. A catastrophic fire engulfed the upper reaches of Paris' soaring Notre Dame Cathedral as it was undergoing renovations Monday, threatening one of the greatest architectural treasures of the Western world as tourists and Parisians looked on aghast from the streets below. (AP Photo/Christophe Ena), APTOPIX
A fire fighter gestures as a hose as Notre Dame cathedral is burning in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. A catastrophic fire engulfed the upper reaches of Paris' soaring Notre Dame Cathedral as it was undergoing renovations Monday, threatening one of the greatest architectural treasures of the Western world as tourists and Parisians looked on aghast from the streets below. (AP Photo/Francois Mori)
Firefighters spray water onto the facade of Notre Dame cathedral to stop the spread of a fire in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. Massive plumes of yellow brown smoke is filling the air above Notre Dame Cathedral and ash is falling on tourists and others around the island that marks the center of Paris. (AP Photo/Michel Euler)
Flames and smoke rise as the spire on Notre Dame cathedral collapses in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. Massive plumes of yellow brown smoke is filling the air above Notre Dame Cathedral and ash is falling on tourists and others around the island that marks the center of Paris. (AP Photo/Diana Ayanna)
A view from inside Notre Dame cathedral during the fire in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. A catastrophic fire engulfed the upper reaches of Paris' soaring Notre Dame Cathedral as it was undergoing renovations Monday, threatening one of the greatest architectural treasures of the Western world as tourists and Parisians looked on aghast from the streets below. (AP Photo/Michel Euler)
Smoke and flames fill the sky as a fire burns at the Notre Dame Cathedral during the visit by French President Emmanuel Macron in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. A catastrophic fire engulfed the upper reaches of Paris' soaring Notre Dame Cathedral as it was undergoing renovations Monday, threatening one of the greatest architectural treasures of the Western world as tourists and Parisians looked on aghast from the streets below.(Philippe Wojazer/Pool via AP)
French President Emmanuel Macron walks by Notre Dame Cathedral during his visit to the site in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. A catastrophic fire engulfed the upper reaches of Paris' soaring Notre Dame Cathedral as it was undergoing renovations Monday, threatening one of the greatest architectural treasures of the Western world as tourists and Parisians looked on aghast from the streets below.(Philippe Wojazer/Pool via AP)
French Prime Minister Edouard Philippe, left, and French President Emmanuel Macron walk by Notre Dame cathedral in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. A catastrophic fire engulfed the upper reaches of Paris' soaring Notre Dame Cathedral as it was undergoing renovations Monday, threatening one of the greatest architectural treasures of the Western world as tourists and Parisians looked on aghast from the streets below.(Philippe Wojazer/Pool via AP)
French Prime Minister Edouard Philippe, left, French President Emmanuel Macron, and Archbishop of Paris, Michel Aupetit, right, answer reporters after watching the fire at Notre Dame cathedral in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. A catastrophic fire engulfed the upper reaches of Paris' soaring Notre Dame Cathedral as it was undergoing renovations Monday, threatening one of the greatest architectural treasures of the Western world as tourists and Parisians looked on aghast from the streets below.(Philippe Wojazer/Pool via AP)
Flames and smoke are seen as the interior at Notre Dame cathedral in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. A catastrophic fire engulfed the upper reaches of Paris' soaring Notre Dame Cathedral as it was undergoing renovations Monday, threatening one of the greatest architectural treasures of the Western world as tourists and Parisians looked on aghast from the streets below. (Philippe Wojazer/Pool via AP)
French President Emmanuel Macron, center, and his wife Brigitte walk away from Notre Dame cathedral in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. A catastrophic fire engulfed the upper reaches of Paris' soaring Notre Dame Cathedral as it was undergoing renovations Monday, threatening one of the greatest architectural treasures of the Western world as tourists and Parisians looked on aghast from the streets below.(Philippe Wojazer/Pool via AP)
Smoke is seen in the interior of Notre Dame cathedral in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. A catastrophic fire engulfed the upper reaches of Paris' soaring Notre Dame Cathedral as it was undergoing renovations Monday, threatening one of the greatest architectural treasures of the Western world as tourists and Parisians looked on aghast from the streets below. (Philippe Wojazer/Pool via AP)
Smoke is seen around the alter inside Notre Dame cathedral in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. A catastrophic fire engulfed the upper reaches of Paris' soaring Notre Dame Cathedral as it was undergoing renovations Monday, threatening one of the greatest architectural treasures of the Western world as tourists and Parisians looked on aghast from the streets below. (Philippe Wojazer/Pool via AP)
General view from the entrance of Notre Dame cathedral in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. A catastrophic fire engulfed the upper reaches of Paris' soaring Notre Dame Cathedral as it was undergoing renovations Monday, threatening one of the greatest architectural treasures of the Western world as tourists and Parisians looked on aghast from the streets below. (Philippe Wojazer/Pool via AP)
Flames and smoke rise as the spire on Notre Dame cathedral starts to collapse in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. Massive plumes of yellow brown smoke is filling the air above Notre Dame Cathedral and ash is falling on tourists and others around the island that marks the center of Paris. (AP Photo/Diana Ayanna)
Flames and smoke rise on Notre Dame cathedral in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. A catastrophic fire engulfed the upper reaches of Paris' soaring Notre Dame Cathedral as it was undergoing renovations Monday, threatening one of the greatest architectural treasures of the Western world as tourists and Parisians looked on aghast from the streets below. (AP Photo/Dominique Bichon)
Flames and smoke rise as the spire of Notre Dame cathedral collapses in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. A catastrophic fire engulfed the upper reaches of Paris' soaring Notre Dame Cathedral as it was undergoing renovations Monday, threatening one of the greatest architectural treasures of the Western world as tourists and Parisians looked on aghast from the streets below. (AP Photo/Dominique Bichon)
Flames and smoke rise as the spire of Notre Dame cathedral is on fire in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. A catastrophic fire engulfed the upper reaches of Paris' soaring Notre Dame Cathedral as it was undergoing renovations Monday, threatening one of the greatest architectural treasures of the Western world as tourists and Parisians looked on aghast from the streets below. (AP Photo/Dominique Bichon)
The spire and parts of Notre Dame cathedral is on fire in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. A catastrophic fire engulfed the upper reaches of Paris' soaring Notre Dame Cathedral as it was undergoing renovations Monday, threatening one of the greatest architectural treasures of the Western world as tourists and Parisians looked on aghast from the streets below. (AP Photo/Dominique Bichon)
In this combination of photos, flames and smoke rise as the spire on Notre Dame Cathedral collapses during a fire in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. (AP Photo/Diana Ayanna)
COMBINATION OF PHOTOS, PROGRESSION FROM TOP LEFT
In this combination of photos, flames and smoke rise as the spire on the Notre Dame Cathedral collapses during a fire in Paris, Monday, April 15, 2019. (AP Photo/Diana Ayanna)
Flames and smoke are seen billowing from the roof at Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris on April 15, 2019. - A fire broke out at the landmark Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris, potentially involving renovation works being carried out at the site, the fire service said.Images posted on social media showed flames and huge clouds of smoke billowing above the roof of the gothic cathedral, the most visited historic monument in Europe. (Photo by Pierre Galey / AFP)
Smokes ascends as flames rise during a fire at the landmark Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris on April 15, 2019 afternoon, potentially involving renovation works being carried out at the site, the fire service said. (Photo by FRANCOIS GUILLOT / AFP)
Flames rise during a fire at the landmark Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris on April 15, 2019 afternoon, potentially involving renovation works being carried out at the site, the fire service said. (Photo by FRANCOIS GUILLOT / AFP)
Smoke and flames rise during a fire at the landmark Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris on April 15, 2019, potentially involving renovation works being carried out at the site, the fire service said. (Photo by FRANCOIS GUILLOT / AFP)
Flames and smoke are seen billowing from the roof at Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris on April 15, 2019. - A fire broke out at the landmark Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris, potentially involving renovation works being carried out at the site, the fire service said. (Photo by FRANCOIS GUILLOT / AFP)
Seen from across the Seine River, smoke and flames rise during a fire at the landmark Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris on April 15, 2019, potentially involving renovation works being carried out at the site, the fire service said. (Photo by FRANCOIS GUILLOT / AFP)
Plumes of smoke and flames rise during a fire at the landmark Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris on April 15, 2019, potentially involving renovation works being carried out at the site, the fire service said. - A major fire broke out at the landmark Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris sending flames and huge clouds of grey smoke billowing into the sky, the fire service said. The flames and smoke plumed from the spire and roof of the gothic cathedral, visited by millions of people a year, where renovations are currently underway. (Photo by FRANCOIS GUILLOT / AFP)
Flames burn the roof of the landmark Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris on April 15, 2019, potentially involving renovation works being carried out at the site, the fire service said. - A major fire broke out at the landmark Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris sending flames and huge clouds of grey smoke billowing into the sky, the fire service said. The flames and smoke plumed from the spire and roof of the gothic cathedral, visited by millions of people a year, where renovations are currently underway. (Photo by FRANCOIS GUILLOT / AFP)
Flames burn the roof of the landmark Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris on April 15, 2019, during a fire. - A major fire broke out at the landmark Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris sending flames and huge clouds of grey smoke billowing into the sky, the fire service said. The flames and smoke plumed from the spire and roof of the gothic cathedral, visited by millions of people a year, where renovations are currently underway. (Photo by FRANCOIS GUILLOT / AFP)
Flames and smoke are seen billowing from the roof at Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris on April 15, 2019. - A fire broke out at the landmark Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris, potentially involving renovation works being carried out at the site, the fire service said. (Photo by Geoffroy VAN DER HASSELT / AFP)
Flames burn the roof of the landmark Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris on April 15, 2019. - A major fire broke out at the landmark Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris sending flames and huge clouds of grey smoke billowing into the sky, the fire service said. The flames and smoke plumed from the spire and roof of the gothic cathedral, visited by millions of people a year, where renovations are currently underway. (Photo by FRANCOIS GUILLOT / AFP)
Smoke billow and flames burn from the roof of the landmark Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris on April 15, 2019. - A major fire broke out at the landmark Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris sending flames and huge clouds of grey smoke billowing into the sky, the fire service said. The flames and smoke plumed from the spire and roof of the gothic cathedral, visited by millions of people a year, where renovations are currently underway. (Photo by FRANCOIS GUILLOT / AFP)
Smoke billows as flames destroy the roof of the landmark Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris on April 15, 2019. - A major fire broke out at the landmark Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris sending flames and huge clouds of grey smoke billowing into the sky, the fire service said. The flames and smoke plumed from the spire and roof of the gothic cathedral, visited by millions of people a year, where renovations are currently underway. (Photo by FRANCOIS GUILLOT / AFP)
Smoke and flames rise during a fire at the landmark Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris on April 15, 2019, potentially involving renovation works being carried out at the site, the fire service said. - A major fire broke out at the landmark Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris sending flames and huge clouds of grey smoke billowing into the sky, the fire service said. The flames and smoke plumed from the spire and roof of the gothic cathedral, visited by millions of people a year, where renovations are currently underway. (Photo by FRANCOIS GUILLOT / AFP)
Bystanders look on as flames and smoke bilow from Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris on April 15, 2019. - A fire broke out at the landmark Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris, potentially involving renovation works being carried out at the site, the fire service said.Images posted on social media showed flames and huge clouds of smoke billowing above the roof of the gothic cathedral, the most visited historic monument in Europe. (Photo by Edouard MAGRINO / AFP)
Smoke and flames rise during a fire at the landmark Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris on April 15, 2019, potentially involving renovation works being carried out at the site, the fire service said. - A major fire broke out at the landmark Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris sending flames and huge clouds of grey smoke billowing into the sky, the fire service said. The flames and smoke plumed from the spire and roof of the gothic cathedral, visited by millions of people a year, where renovations are currently underway. (Photo by Geoffroy VAN DER HASSELT / AFP)
Flames and smoke are seen billowing from the roof at Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris on April 15, 2019. - A fire broke out at the landmark Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris, potentially involving renovation works being carried out at the site, the fire service said.Images posted on social media showed flames and huge clouds of smoke billowing above the roof of the gothic cathedral, the most visited historic monument in Europe. (Photo by Patrick ANIDJAR / AFP)
Bystanders look on as flames and smoke billow from Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris on April 15, 2019. - A major fire broke out at the landmark Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris sending flames and huge clouds of grey smoke billowing into the sky, the fire service said. The flames and smoke plumed from the spire and roof of the gothic cathedral, visited by millions of people a year, where renovations are currently underway. (Photo by ludovic MARIN / AFP)
People watch the landmark Notre-Dame Cathedral burns in central Paris on April 15, 2019. - A huge fire swept through the roof of the famed Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris on April 15, 2019, sending flames and huge clouds of grey smoke billowing into the sky. The flames and smoke plumed from the spire and roof of the gothic cathedral, visited by millions of people a year. A spokesman for the cathedral told AFP that the wooden structure supporting the roof was being gutted by the blaze. (Photo by Philippe LOPEZ / AFP)
People watch the landmark Notre-Dame Cathedral burning in central Paris on April 15, 2019. - A huge fire swept through the roof of the famed Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris on April 15, 2019, sending flames and huge clouds of grey smoke billowing into the sky. The flames and smoke plumed from the spire and roof of the gothic cathedral, visited by millions of people a year. A spokesman for the cathedral told AFP that the wooden structure supporting the roof was being gutted by the blaze. (Photo by Philippe LOPEZ / AFP)
Smoke and flames rise during a fire at the landmark Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris on April 15, 2019, potentially involving renovation works being carried out at the site, the fire service said. - A major fire broke out at the landmark Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris sending flames and huge clouds of grey smoke billowing into the sky, the fire service said. The flames and smoke plumed from the spire and roof of the gothic cathedral, visited by millions of people a year, where renovations are currently underway. (Photo by LUDOVIC MARIN / AFP)
Flames and smoke are reflected in a bystanders sunglasses as fire burns at Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris on April 15, 2019. - A fire broke out at the landmark Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris, potentially involving renovation works being carried out at the site, the fire service said.Images posted on social media showed flames and huge clouds of smoke billowing above the roof of the gothic cathedral, the most visited historic monument in Europe. (Photo by Patrick ANIDJAR / AFP)
Bystanders look on as flames and smoke billow from Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris on April 15, 2019. - A fire broke out at the landmark Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris, potentially involving renovation works being carried out at the site, the fire service said.Images posted on social media showed flames and huge clouds of smoke billowing above the roof of the gothic cathedral, the most visited historic monument in Europe. (Photo by Patrick ANIDJAR / AFP)
Smoke rises as people watch the landmark Notre-Dame Cathedral burning in central Paris on April 15, 2019. - A huge fire swept through the roof of the famed Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris on April 15, 2019, sending flames and huge clouds of grey smoke billowing into the sky. The flames and smoke plumed from the spire and roof of the gothic cathedral, visited by millions of people a year. A spokesman for the cathedral told AFP that the wooden structure supporting the roof was being gutted by the blaze. (Photo by Philippe LOPEZ / AFP)
The steeple of the landmark Notre-Dame Cathedral collapses as the cathedral is engulfed in flames in central Paris on April 15, 2019. - A huge fire swept through the roof of the famed Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris on April 15, 2019, sending flames and huge clouds of grey smoke billowing into the sky. The flames and smoke plumed from the spire and roof of the gothic cathedral, visited by millions of people a year. A spokesman for the cathedral told AFP that the wooden structure supporting the roof was being gutted by the blaze. (Photo by Geoffroy VAN DER HASSELT / AFP)
A man watches the landmark Notre-Dame Cathedral burn, engulfed in flames, in central Paris on April 15, 2019. - A huge fire swept through the roof of the famed Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris on April 15, 2019, sending flames and huge clouds of grey smoke billowing into the sky. The flames and smoke plumed from the spire and roof of the gothic cathedral, visited by millions of people a year. A spokesman for the cathedral told AFP that the wooden structure supporting the roof was being gutted by the blaze. (Photo by Geoffroy VAN DER HASSELT / AFP)
The landmark Notre-Dame Cathedral is engulfed by flames in central Paris on April 15, 2019. - A huge fire swept through the roof of the famed Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris on April 15, 2019, sending flames and huge clouds of grey smoke billowing into the sky. The flames and smoke plumed from the spire and roof of the gothic cathedral, visited by millions of people a year. A spokesman for the cathedral told AFP that the wooden structure supporting the roof was being gutted by the blaze. (Photo by Geoffroy VAN DER HASSELT / AFP)
The landmark Notre-Dame Cathedral, engulfed in flames, burns on April 15, 2019, in central Paris. - A huge fire swept through the roof of the famed Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris on April 15, 2019, sending flames and huge clouds of grey smoke billowing into the sky. The flames and smoke plumed from the spire and roof of the gothic cathedral, visited by millions of people a year. A spokesman for the cathedral told AFP that the wooden structure supporting the roof was being gutted by the blaze. (Photo by Geoffroy VAN DER HASSELT / AFP)
Bystanders look on as flames and smoke are seen billowing from the roof at Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris on April 15, 2019. - A fire broke out at the landmark Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris, potentially involving renovation works being carried out at the site, the fire service said.Images posted on social media showed flames and huge clouds of smoke billowing above the roof of the gothic cathedral, the most visited historic monument in Europe. (Photo by ludovic MARIN / AFP)
Flames and smoke are seen billowing from the roof at Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris on April 15, 2019. - A fire broke out at the landmark Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris, potentially involving renovation works being carried out at the site, the fire service said.Images posted on social media showed flames and huge clouds of smoke billowing above the roof of the gothic cathedral, the most visited historic monument in Europe. (Photo by LUDOVIC MARIN / AFP)


Class includes basic positions, posture, stretching, and coordination games, musicality, choreography, confidence and discipline in a supportive and positive class. Jenny has over 35 years of experience in dance. Former training at The National Ballet of Canada.


I have some shocking news: despite the astonishing growth of Linux, there is a whole new generation of Linux users who have never, ever compiled a kernel. How to account for this sad state of affairs? Perhaps it's because the distribution maintainers are doing such fine jobs it's not necessary. Maybe users just don't know that they can. Whatever the reasons, today we're taking a tour of some of the different ways to customize the Linux kernel. First we'll learn the old reliable generic way, and then take a tour of the Fedora Way and the Debian Way of customizing kernels.
A word of warning: while building a custom kernel isn't all that difficult, it is complex and time-consuming, and when you're all finished you might be the proud parent of a non-booting kernel. The good news is you can have as many do-overs as you want without hurting your system. Any Linux system can have any number of kernels and you can choose which one to boot to, so never delete old kernels until you're certain your new one works correctly. Your system will not try to boot to a new kernel until you explicitly configure it to do so, so it can't sneak up on you. So you can go on a wild spree and build and test a whole army of new kernels if you like.
Give yourself a couple of gigabytes of disk space to play with. You'll need it to hold your kernel sources and build tools and other utilities, plus you'll need 500 megabytes just for the interim files created during the build process, and you'll need a place to keep your nice new kernels and kernel modules.
You should have the lshw and lspci commands installed in case you need to look up hardware information. Run the update-pciids command first to bring them up-to-date. cat /proc/cpuinfodisplays your CPU specs.
Why would you even want to do this? For a number of reasons: to get extra functionality, to weed out unneeded features, to try for better performance, to help with testing new patches, or just because you want to know how. The last two reasons are the best ones. I wish everyone had curiosity and a desire to tinker and improve things.
Most general-purpose Linux distributions ship with kernels and sets of modules that try to please everyone and support all the hardware in the world, so you end up with a couple hundred megabytes of kernel + modules fattening your system. This raises security concerns, and some things are just plain silly such as support for infrared, ham radio, and bales of laptop-specific crud on a desktop system, to name my three personal favorite useless features. And why have all that lard in the first place? It's fun to build a kernel customized for your CPU and that supports only the hardware and other features that you want it to. You might even see a performance gain.
The Documentation/Changesfile in your unpacked source tarball gives you a basic list of applications that you need for a build environment. In fact you should invest a lot of time exploring the documentation that comes in the kernel tarball- there is a wealth of knowledge squirreled away in there.


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Getting Somalia Wrong?
Mary Harper is a BBC journalist specializing in Africa. She has reported from Somalia since the outbreak of civil war in 1991 and from other war zones across Africa, including Sudan, Liberia and the Democratic Republic of Congo. She has written for several publications including The Economist and The Washington Post.
Faith, War and Hope in a Shattered State
Somalia is a failed state, representing a threat to itself, its neighbours and the wider world. In recent years, it has become notorious for the piracy off its coast and the rise of Islamic extremism, opening it up as a new 'southern front' in the war on terror. At least that is how it is inevitably portrayed by politicians and in the media.
In Getting Somalia Wrong? Mary Harper presents the first comprehensive account of the chaos into which the country has descended and the United States' renewed involvement there. In doing so, Harper argues that viewing Somalia through the prism of al-Qaeda risks further destabilizing the country and the entire Horn of Africa, while also showing that though the country may be a failed state, it is far from being a failed society. In reality, alternative forms of business, justice, education and local politics have survived and even flourished.
Provocative in its analysis, Harper shows that until the international community starts to 'get it right' the consequences will be devastating, not just for Somalia, but for the world.
'This has done what books on Somalia rarely do — it outlines the hidden Somalia that has survived the decades of turmoil. Accessible and enlightening, this is an important book not just for the international reader but also those shaping global policy.' – Rageh Omaar, journalist and broadcaster
'The most accessible and accurate account available of the contemporary Somali world – pirates and all.' – Ioan Lewis, author of Understanding Somalia and Somaliland
'Somalia is one of the most neglected and misunderstood casualties of the war on terror. If you want to understand more, this is your book: succinct, perceptive, judicious, it traces a compelling narrative which brings vividly to life an extraordinary country and its turbulent history. Its scope is wide, ensuring that there are many questions here relevant to places far beyond Somalia: issues of how a people and culture adapt to the challenges of globalisation with ingenuity, as well as how they suffer from its impact; of how Western interventions pursue their own agenda. This was a book which urgently needed writing.' – Madeleine Bunting, The Guardian
'Mary Harper's informed, perceptive and empathetic book on Somalia could not be coming out at a more apt time. A work that demonstrates the importance of engaged but impartial journalism and clear, uncluttered thought and writing, it should make a big impact on the understanding of what is happening in Somalia and why.' – Keith Somerville, lecturer in journalism at Brunel University, BBC World Service from 1988 to 2005.
'Mary Harper has written a brilliant book that will completely change the way you look at not just modern Somalia but also much contemporary journalism. So much reporting today divides the world beyond Britain into goodies and baddies. Mary Harper's book cuts through that simplistic naivety in a fantastic way. She vividly shows how the cartoon nightmare vision of Somalia as a failed state is wrong. It's like being lifted up in a helicopter and looking at something you thought you knew in a completely new way.' – Adam Curtis, maker of The Power of Nightmares
'The best contemporary introduction to Somali politics and humanitarian issues on the market.' – African Affairs
'Mary Harper has done a great service to students and the general public who really want to know what has gone so tragically wrong with Somalia. There now is a readable, well-argued book that one can refer to students and colleagues when peppered with the common question: 'why is contemporary Somalia such a troubled nation?" – Peter D. Little in Journal of Modern African Studies


Series funded by the Louisa and Patrick Emmett Murphy Foundation managed by the Public Trust.
Freemans Bay GP Christine Forster and her patient Jess talk about dealing with the rare lung disease Lymphangioleiomyomatosis, also known as LAM.
To find out more about Dr Forster and LAM view the LAM webisodes.
Dr John Kolbe sees several patients with LAM. In this video from the NZ LAM Trust's web series LAM for GPs, Dr Kolbe talks about presenting symptoms and treatment.
To find out more see the full interview with Dr John Kolbe.
LAM affects almost exclusively women of child-bearing age so it's not surprising that pregnancy is an issue that needs careful consideration. This video sets out what is known about pregnancy for women with LAM, including a study conducted by Professor Simon Johnson from the UK National Centre for LAM.
Auckland doctor Christine Forster briefs her colleagues about LAM. Speaking at the Goodfellow Symposium, Dr Forster said it was essential that doctors are aware of the disease.
Lung Transplantation is an option for women with Lymphangioleiomyomatosis. In this video from the NZ LAM Trust's web series LAM for GPs, key members of Auckland's lung transplant team explain what is involved.
LAM affects almost exclusively women of child-bearing age. It can be treated, especially if diagnosed early, so it's essential that GPs are aware of the disease. In this video from the NZ LAM Trust's web series LAM for GPs, people who know about LAM the key facts that doctors should know about LAM.
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare lung disease that results in diffuse cystic changes in the lung parenchyma. LAM has been found to be caused by growth promoting mutations in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) genes. LAM is associated with recurrent pneumothoraces, chylous pleural effusions, progressive respiratory failure and abdominal tumors including lymphangiomyomas or angiomyolipomas which can spontaneously hemorrhage resulting in pain, anemia and hypotension.
A pneumothorax in a LAM patient should generally be managed with chest tube drainage followed by pleurodesis on the first event. Cystic changes due to LAM are often not apparent on chest x-ray. High resolution CT scanning of the chest is the most definitive imaging test for LAM.
Pleural effusions in patients with LAM usually represent chylothorax. If necessary, this may be verified by thoracentesis and assessment of pleural fluid triglycerides and cholesterol.
Renal angiomyolipomas may bleed spontaneously, producing flank pain, hematuria, hypotension, and anemia. Lymphangiomyomas may present as low density abdominal lesions that mimic lymphoma or other malignancies.
If the patient is to undergo anesthesia - the anesthesiologist should be advised that the patient is at risk for a pneumothorax with positive pressure ventilation.
Many LAM patients are on sirolimus, a drug that can impair wound healing in the event of urgent surgery. Sirolimus should usually be held in situations where optimal wound healing is necessary. Sirolimus can also produce lung injury, immunosuppression, mouth ulcers, peripheral edema, acne like lesions and elevations of cholesterol.
CINCINNATI – Researchers at the University of Cincinnati and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center have found that a certain blood test can successfully identify lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) in some patients, eliminating the need for surgical lung biopsy to make a diagnosis.
These findings are being published in the July 6, 2010, edition of the journal CHEST.
LAM is a rare but serious lung disease that affects women, causing shortness of breath and lung collapse, called a pneumothorax. The disease occurs when an unusual type of cell invades the lungs and causes tissue destruction by creating holes or cysts in the lung. It can be fatal.
Lisa Young, MD, lead author on the study and researcher at UC and Cincinnati Children's, says that these findings will help with diagnosing LAM and may also be helpful in screening for LAM in women with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC), a genetic disorder that causes tumors to form in many different organs. TSC is a risk factor for the development of LAM.
In this study, the test was used to analyze the amount of a specific protein—vascular endothelial growth factor-D, or VEGF-D—in patients' blood. VEGF-D promotes the growth of lymphatic vessels and blood vessels and can be involved in the spread of cancer.
Researchers performed VEGF-D testing in 195 women and found that serum VEGF-D levels were significantly greater in women with LAM than in women with other lung diseases or healthy individuals. When they prospectively evaluated the VEGF-D test performance in women prior to knowing their diagnosis, the test showed high accuracy for diagnosis of LAM.
"We concluded that a serum VEGF-D level of greater than 800 pg/mL (picograms, or one-trillionth of a gram, per milliliter) in women with typical cystic changes on a high-resolution computed tomography (CT) scan is diagnostically specific for sporadic LAM and identifies LAM in women with TSC," Young says. "However, negative VEGF-D results do not exclude the diagnosis of LAM."
"This was a team effort by clinicians around the world to collect blood samples and clinical data from patients with very rare lung diseases," he says. "Through their efforts and the generosity of patients who participated, we are optimistic that serum VEGF-D will join the ranks of diagnostic tests for lung disease, reduce the need for surgical lung biopsy and allow for intervention and trial recruitment earlier in the disease course."
To learn more about LAM and ongoing research, visit thelamfoundation.org.


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Home/District/Departments/Teaching, Learning & Assessment/English as a Second Language
Educating Students About English
Williamson County Schools (WCS) provides English as a Second Language (ESL) instruction for students who qualify as English Learners. Federal and State laws, as well as WCS School Board policies, guide the purpose, structure and content of this program.
The purpose of the ESL program is reflected in the Student Programming Goal of the WCS School Board's Strategic Plan: to offer high-quality, equitable student programming and facilities to produce graduates prepared to further study and compete in a global society by being fluent in English.
The mission of the WCS ESL Department is to meet the language needs of English Learners and help them achieve the high academic standards expected of all students.
Program Goals and Content
The ESL program educates English Learners in a way that respects individual diversity, ability, intellect and character. The ESL Department provides English classes to non-native English speakers who qualify for services. The department supports students and teachers through a variety of services including:
pull-out programs
scheduled ESL classes
inclusion support
other appropriate resources
All of these services are available to any WCS student who has been identified as an English Learner by the approved Tennessee Department of Education language proficiency screener or assessment.
The curriculum is designed to meet the needs of students at each level of English proficiency through:
English reading, writing, grammar, listening and speaking skills
one-on-one or small group instruction
daily ESL classes for credit in high schools
curriculum that corresponds to WCS Scope and Sequence
close collaboration with classroom teachers
vocabulary building and communication techniques
materials and strategies according to student needs
Tennessee Department of Education: English Learners
For adults who need English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL), please contact:
Adult ESOL Classes
Workforce Essentials Adult Education
118 Seaboard Lane, Suite 109
English as a Second Language Staff Directory
For additional information or questions about ESL in Williamson County Schools, contact our staff members below.
Joseph Whinery English as a Second Language, Teaching Learning and Assessment
ESL Supervisor
Teaching, Learning & Assessment
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