text:
Ben-Hur (1959 film)
Original theatrical poster by Reynold Brown
Sam Zimbalist
Karl Tunberg[a]
Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ
by General Lew Wallace
Haya Harareet
Cathy O'Donnell
Miklós Rózsa
Robert L. Surtees
John D. Dunning
Loew's, Inc.[1]
November 18, 1959 (1959-11-18)
212 minutes[2]
$15.2 million[3][4]
$146.9 million (initial release)
Ben-Hur is a 1959 American epic drama film, directed by William Wyler, produced by Sam Zimbalist for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and starring Charlton Heston as the title character. A remake of the 1925 silent film with a similar title, Ben-Hur was adapted from Lew Wallace's 1880 novel Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ. The screenplay is credited to Karl Tunberg, but includes contributions from Maxwell Anderson, S. N. Behrman, Gore Vidal, and Christopher Fry.
Ben-Hur had the largest budget ($15.175 million), as well as the largest sets built, of any film produced at the time. Costume designer Elizabeth Haffenden oversaw a staff of 100 wardrobe fabricators to make the costumes, and a workshop employing 200 artists and workmen provided the hundreds of friezes and statues needed in the film. Filming commenced on May 18, 1958, and wrapped on January 7, 1959, with shooting lasting for 12 to 14 hours a day, six days a week. Pre-production began in Italy at Cinecittà around October 1957, and post-production took six months. Under cinematographer Robert L. Surtees, MGM executives made the decision to film the picture in a widescreen format, which Wyler strongly disliked. More than 200 camels and 2,500 horses were used in the shooting of the film, with some 10,000 extras. The sea battle was filmed using miniatures in a huge tank on the back lot at the MGM Studios in Culver City, California. The nine-minute chariot race has become one of cinema's most famous sequences, and the film score, composed and conducted by Miklós Rózsa, is the longest ever composed for a film and was highly influential on cinema for more than 15 years.
Following a $14.7 million marketing effort, Ben-Hur premiered at Loew's State Theatre in New York City on November 18, 1959. It was the fastest-grossing, as well as the highest-grossing film of 1959, in the process becoming the second highest-grossing film in history at the time after Gone with the Wind. It won a record 11 Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director (Wyler), Best Actor in a Leading Role (Heston), Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Griffith), and Best Cinematography – Color (Surtees). Ben-Hur also won three Golden Globe Awards, including Best Motion Picture – Drama, Best Director and Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture for Stephen Boyd. Today, Ben-Hur is widely regarded as one of the greatest films of all time, and in 1998 the American Film Institute ranked it the 72nd best American film and the 2nd best American epic film in the AFI's 10 Top 10. In 2004, the National Film Preservation Board selected Ben-Hur for preservation by the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress for being a "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" motion picture.
3.2 Writing
3.3 Casting
3.4 Cinematography
3.5 Principal photography
3.6 Production design
3.7 Editing
3.8 Musical score
4 Chariot race sequence
4.1 Set design
4.2 Preparation
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical reception
5.4 Broadcast and home video releases
5.5 Ban in China
6 Comic book adaptation
In AD 26, Judah Ben-Hur (Charlton Heston) is a wealthy Jewish prince and merchant in Jerusalem, who lives with his mother, Miriam (Martha Scott); his sister, Tirzah (Cathy O'Donnell); and their female servant Amrah (Stella Vitelleschi). The family's loyal slave, the merchant Simonides (Sam Jaffe), pays a visit with his daughter, Esther (Haya Harareet). Judah and Esther fall in love at first sight, but she is bethrothed to another. Judah's childhood friend, the Roman citizen Messala (Stephen Boyd), is now a tribune. After several years away from Jerusalem, Messala returns as the new commander of the Roman garrison, the Fortress of Antonia. Messala believes in the glory of Rome and its imperial power, while Judah is devoted to his faith and the freedom of the Jewish people. This difference causes tension between the friends, and results in their split after Messala issues an ultimatum demanding that Judah deliver potential rebels amongst the populace to the Roman authorities.
During the parade for the new governor of Judea, Valerius Gratus (Mino Doro), loose tiles fall from the roof of Judah's house. Gratus is thrown from his spooked horse and nearly killed. Although Messala knows this was an accident, he condemns Judah to the galleys and imprisons Miriam and Tirzah due to his residual anger at Judah for his refusal to help. By punishing a known friend and prominent citizen, he hopes to intimidate the Jewish populace. Judah swears to take revenge on Messala. As he and other slaves are being marched to the galleys, they stop in Nazareth to water the Romans' horses. Desperate with thirst, Judah begs for water, but the commander of the Roman detachment denies it to him. He collapses, but is revived when Jesus of Nazareth (Claude Heater) gives him water. After three years as a galley slave, Judah is assigned to the flagship of the Roman Consul Quintus Arrius (Jack Hawkins), who has been charged with destroying a fleet of Macedonian pirates. Arrius admires Judah's determination and self-discipline, and offers to train him as a gladiator or charioteer. Judah declines the offer, declaring that God will aid him in his quest for vengeance. When the Roman fleet encounters the Macedonians, Arrius orders all the rowers except Judah to be chained to their oars. Arrius' galley is rammed and sunk, but Judah unchains the other rowers and rescues Arrius. In despair, Arrius wrongly believes the battle ended in defeat and attempts to atone in the Roman way by falling on his sword, but Judah stops him. They are rescued, and Arrius is credited with the Roman fleet's victory. Arrius successfully petitions Emperor Tiberius (George Relph) to free Judah, and adopts him as his son.
Another year passes. Wealthy again, Judah learns Roman ways and becomes a champion charioteer, but still longs for his family and homeland. Judah returns to Judea. Along the way, he meets Balthasar (Finlay Currie) and an Arab, Sheik Ilderim (Hugh Griffith). After noting Judah's prowess as a charioteer, the sheik asks him to drive his quadriga in a race before the new governor of Judea, Pontius Pilate (Frank Thring). Judah declines, even after he learns that Messala will also compete. Judah returns to his home in Jerusalem. He meets Esther, and learns her arranged marriage did not occur and that she is still in love with him. He visits Messala and demands his mother and sister's freedom. The Romans discover that Miriam and Tirzah have contracted leprosy in prison, and expel them from the city. The women beg Esther to conceal their condition from Judah so that he may remember them as they were before, so she tells him that they died. This false revelation changes Judah's mind, and he decides to seek vengeance on Messala by competing against him in the chariot race. During the chariot race, Messala drives a chariot with blades on the hubs to tear apart competing vehicles. He attempts to destroy Judah's chariot but wrecks his own instead. Messala is fatally trampled on by another passing chariot, while Judah wins the race. Before dying, Messala tells Judah that "the race is not over" and, in one last act of pure hatred, tells him to search for his family in the Valley of the Lepers.
Judah visits the nearby leper colony, where he confronts Esther while she is delivering supplies for his mother and sister. Esther convinces Judah to remain hidden from them for now and not break Miriam's wishes. Blaming Roman rule for his family's fate, Judah visits Pilate and rejects his patrimony and Roman citizenship. He returns with Esther to the Leper colony, reveals himself to Miriam and finds out that Tirzah is dying. Judah and Esther take Miriam and her daughter to see Jesus of Nazareth, but the trial of Jesus has begun. As Jesus is being marched through the streets he collapses while carrying his cross. Judah recognizes him as the man who gave him water years before, and returns the gesture. Judah witnesses the crucifixion of Jesus, and Miriam and Tirzah are miraculously healed during the rainstorm following the crucifixion. Judah returns home a changed man and embraces Esther, Miriam and Tirzah.
Charlton Heston as Judah Ben-Hur
Jack Hawkins as Quintus Arrius
Haya Harareet as Esther
Stephen Boyd as Messala
Hugh Griffith as Sheik Ilderim
Martha Scott as Miriam
Cathy O'Donnell as Tirzah
Sam Jaffe as Simonides
Finlay Currie as Balthasar
Frank Thring as Pontius Pilate
Terence Longdon as Drusus
George Relph as Tiberius Caesar
André Morell as Sextus
Laurence Payne as Joseph
Claude Heater as Jesus Christ (uncredited)[5]
José Greci as Mary, mother of Jesus (uncredited)[6]
Main article: Production of Ben-Hur (1959 film)
Ben-Hur filming site near Lifta, intended to represent Jerusalem
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) originally announced a remake of the 1925 silent film Ben-Hur in December 1952, ostensibly as a way to spend its Italian assets.[b][7] Stewart Granger and Robert Taylor were reported to be in the running for the lead.[7] Nine months later, MGM announced it would make the film in CinemaScope, with shooting beginning in 1954.[8] In November 1953, MGM announced it had assigned producer Sam Zimbalist to the picture and hired screenwriter Karl Tunberg to write it.[9] Sidney Franklin was scheduled to direct, with Marlon Brando intended for the lead.[10] In September 1955, Zimbalist, who continued to claim that Tunberg's script was complete, announced that a $7 million, six-to-seven month production would begin in April 1956 in either Israel or Egypt in MGM's new 65mm widescreen process, MGM Camera 65.[11] MGM, however, suspended production in early 1956, following Franklin's resignation.[12]
By the late 1950s, the consent decree of 1948 forcing film studios to divest themselves of theater chains[13] and the competitive pressure of television had caused significant financial distress at MGM.[14] In a gamble to save the studio, and inspired by the success of Paramount Pictures' 1956 Biblical epic The Ten Commandments,[14] studio head Joseph Vogel announced in 1957 that MGM would again move forward on a remake of Ben-Hur.[15] Filming started in May 1958 and wrapped in January 1959, and post-production took six months.[16] Although the budget for Ben-Hur was initially $7 million,[17] it was reported to be $10 million by February 1958,[18] reaching $15.175 million by the time shooting began—making it the costliest film ever produced up to that time.[19] When adjusted for inflation, the budget of Ben Hur was approximately $130 million in constant dollars.[20]
One notable change in the film involved the opening titles. Concerned that a roaring Leo the Lion (the MGM mascot) would create the wrong mood for the sensitive and sacred nativity scene, Wyler received permission to replace the traditional logo with one in which Leo the Lion is quiet.[21]
Lew Wallace's 1880 novel, Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ, ran to about 550 pages. Zimbalist hired a number of screenwriters to cut the story down and turn the novel into a script. According to Gore Vidal, more than 12 versions of the script had been written by various writers by the spring of 1958.[22] Vidal himself had been asked to write a version of the script in 1957, refused, and been placed on suspension for his decision.[22] According to Vidal, Karl Tunberg was one of the last writers to work on the script. Other sources place Tunberg's initial involvement much earlier. Tunberg cut out everything in the book after the crucifixion of Jesus, omitted the sub-plot in which Ben-Hur fakes his death and raises a Jewish army to overthrow the Romans, and altered the manner in which the leperous women are healed.[c][23] According to Wyler, Vidal, their biographers (see bibliography below) and the sources that follow them, Zimbalist was unhappy with Tunberg's script, considering it to be "pedestrian"[23] and "unshootable".[24]
The writing effort changed direction when director Sidney Franklin fell ill and was removed from the production. Zimbalist offered the project to William Wyler, who had been one of 30 assistant directors on the 1925 film,[25] in early 1957.[26] Wyler initially rejected it, considering the quality of the script to be "very primitive, elementary" and no better than hack work.[27] Zimbalist showed Wyler some preliminary storyboards for the chariot race and informed him that MGM would be willing to spend up to $10 million, and as a result Wyler began to express an interest in the picture.[28] MGM permitted Wyler to start casting, and in April 1957, mainstream media outlets reported that Wyler was giving screen tests to Italian leading men, such as Cesare Danova.[29]
Wyler did not formally agree to direct the film until September 1957,[28] and MGM did not announce his hiring until January 3, 1958.[30] Even though he still lacked a leading man, Wyler took the assignment for many reasons: He was promised a base salary of $350,000 as well as 8 percent of the gross box office (or 3 percent of the net profits, whichever was greater),[31] and he wanted to work in Rome again (in Hollywood on the Tiber, where he had filmed Roman Holiday).[14][17] His base salary was, at the time, the largest ever paid to a director for a single film.[14] Professional competitive reasons also played a role in his decision to direct, and Wyler later admitted that he wished to outdo Cecil B. DeMille,[17] and make a "thinking man's" Biblical epic.[32] In later years, William Wyler would joke that it took a Jew to make a good film about Christ.[33]
Writing[edit]
Wyler felt Tunberg's draft was too much of a morality play overlaid with current Western political overtones, and that the dialogue was too modern-sounding.[34] Zimbalist brought in playwright S. N. Behrman (who also wrote the script for Quo Vadis) and then playwright Maxwell Anderson to write drafts.[17] Gore Vidal biographer Fred Kaplan states that British poet and playwright Christopher Fry was hired simultaneously with Vidal, although most sources (including Vidal himself) state that Vidal followed Anderson, and that Fry did not come aboard until Vidal was close to leaving the picture.[35] Vidal arrived in Rome in early March 1958 to meet with Wyler.[22][d] Vidal claimed that Wyler had not read the script, and that when he did so (at Vidal's urging) on his flight from the U.S. to Italy, he was upset with the modernist dialogue.[22][36] Vidal agreed to work on the script for three months so that he would come off suspension and fulfill his contract with MGM,[17][22] although Zimbalist pushed him to stay throughout the entire production.[35] Vidal was researching a book on the 4th century Roman emperor Julian and knew a great deal about ancient Rome.[37]
Vidal's working style was to finish a scene and review it with Zimbalist. Once Vidal and Zimbalist had come to agreement, the scene would be passed to Wyler.[35] Vidal said he kept the structure of the Tunberg/Behrman/Anderson script, but rewrote nearly all the dialogue.[38] Vidal admitted to William Morris in March 1959 that Fry rewrote as much as a third of the dialogue which Vidal had added to the first half of the script. Vidal made one structural change which was not revised, however. The Tunberg script had Ben-Hur and Messala reuniting and falling out in a single scene. Vidal broke the scene in two, so that the men first reunite at the Castle Antonia and then later argue and end their friendship at Ben-Hur's home. Vidal also added small character touches to the script, such as Messala's purchase of a brooch for Tirzah and Ben-Hur's purchase of a horse for Messala.[38] Vidal claimed that he worked on the first half of the script (everything up to the chariot race), and scripted 10 versions of the scene where Ben-Hur confronts Messala and begs for his family's freedom.[33][39]
Vidal's claim about a homoerotic subtext is hotly debated. Vidal first made the claim in an interview in the 1995 documentary film The Celluloid Closet, and asserted that he persuaded Wyler to direct Stephen Boyd to play the role as if he were a spurned homosexual lover.[40] Vidal said that he believed that Messala's vindictiveness could only be motivated by the feeling of rejection that a lover would feel, and claimed to have suggested to Wyler that Stephen Boyd should play the role that way, and that Heston be kept in the dark about the Messala character's motivations.[33] Whether Vidal wrote the scene in question or had the acting conversation with Wyler, and whether Wyler shot what Vidal wrote, remain issues of debate.[23][33][41] Wyler himself said that he did not remember any conversation about this part of the script or Boyd's acting with Gore Vidal,[33] and that he discarded Vidal's draft in favor of Fry's.[17] Morgan Hudgens, publicity director for the film, however, wrote to Vidal in late May 1958 about the crucial scene, and implied there was a homosexual context: "... the big cornpone [the crew's nickname for Heston] really threw himself into your 'first meeting' scene yesterday. You should have seen those boys embrace!"[42] Film critic F. X. Feeney, in a comparison of script drafts, concludes that Vidal made significant and extensive contributions to the script.[43]
The final writer on the film was Christopher Fry. Charlton Heston has claimed that Fry was Wyler's first choice as screenwriter, but that Zimbalist forced him to use Vidal.[33] Whether Fry worked on the script before Vidal or not, sources agree that Fry arrived in Rome in early May 1958 and spent six days a week on the set, writing and rewriting lines of dialogue as well as entire scenes, until the picture was finished.[44] In particular, Fry gave the dialogue a slightly more formal and archaic tone without making it sound stilted and medieval.[44] A highly publicized bitter dispute later broke out over screenplay credits to the film, involving Wyler, Tunberg, Vidal, Fry and the Screen Writers' Guild.[e][45] In 1996, the Los Angeles Times published a brief letter from Charlton Heston taking issue with Vidal's claims which, he wrote, "irritates the hell out of me".[46] Three months later the paper published a 1,200 word response from Vidal, which included the statement that, with regard to the controversial scene's subtext, he had been delegated to inform Boyd (who was "delighted"), but that Wyler had warned "don't tell Chuck because he'll fall apart".[47]
The final script ran 230 pages.[48] The screenplay differed more from the original novel than did the 1925 silent film version. Some changes made the film's storyline more dramatic. The role of Esther was greatly expanded from that of the novel to provide a strong onscreen love interest throughout the film. Other changes included incorporating an admiration for the Jewish culture and people (historical and modern), as well as representing the more pluralistic society of 1950s America rather than the "Christian superiority" view of Wallace's novel (though the movie retained a strongly positive religious portrayal of Early Christianity).[49]
Casting[edit]
Charlton Heston and Marina Berti in Ben-Hur
MGM opened a casting office in Rome in mid-1957 to select the 50,000 people who would act in minor roles and as extras in the film,[50] and a total of 365 actors had speaking parts in the film, although only 45 of them were considered "principal" performers.[51] In casting, Wyler placed heavy emphasis on characterization rather than looks or acting history.[52] He typically cast the Romans with British actors and the Jews with American actors to help underscore the divide between the two groups.[19][53] The Romans were the aristocrats in the film, and Wyler believed that American audiences would interpret British accents as patrician.[54]
Several actors were offered the role of Judah Ben-Hur before it was accepted by Charlton Heston. Burt Lancaster stated he turned down the role because he found the script boring[55] and belittling to Christianity.[f] Paul Newman turned it down because he said he didn't have the legs to wear a tunic.[56] Marlon Brando,[56] Rock Hudson,[g] Geoffrey Horne,[h] and Leslie Nielsen[57] were also offered the role, as were a number of muscular, handsome Italian actors (many of whom did not speak English).[58] Kirk Douglas was interested in the role, but was turned down in favor of Heston,[i] who was formally cast on January 22, 1958.[60] His salary was $250,000 for 30 weeks, a prorated salary for any time over 30 weeks, and travel expenses for his family.[36]
Stephen Boyd was cast as the antagonist, Messala, on April 13, 1958.[61] William Wyler originally wanted Heston for the role, but sought another actor after he moved Heston into the role of Judah Ben-Hur.[62] Because both Boyd and Heston had blue eyes, Wyler had Boyd outfitted with brown contact lenses as a way of contrasting the two men.[63] Marie Ney was originally cast as Miriam, but was fired after two days of work because she could not cry on cue.[54][64] Heston says that he was the one who suggested that Wyler cast Martha Scott as Miriam, and she was hired on July 17, 1958.[j][65][66] Cathy O'Donnell was Wyler's sister-in-law, and although her career was in decline, Wyler cast her as Tirzah.[52]
More than 30 actresses were considered for the role of Esther.[67] The Israeli actress Haya Harareet, a relative newcomer to film, was cast as Esther on May 16, 1958,[67] after providing a 30-second silent screen test.[68] Wyler had met her at the Cannes Film Festival, where she impressed him with her conversational skills and force of personality.[69] Sam Jaffe was cast as Simonides on April 3, 1958,[70] and Finlay Currie was cast as Balthasar on the same day.[70] Wyler had to persuade Jack Hawkins to appear in the film, because Hawkins was unwilling to act in another epic motion picture so soon after The Bridge on the River Kwai.[34] Hugh Griffith, who gained acclaim in the post-World War II era in Ealing Studios comedies, was cast as the colorful Sheik Ilderim.[71] The role of Jesus was played by Claude Heater (uncredited), an American opera singer performing with the Vienna State Opera in Rome when he was asked to do a screen test for the film.[72]
Cinematography[edit]
The chariot race scene, illustrating the extremely wide aspect ratio used (2.76:1).
Robert L. Surtees, who had already filmed several of the most successful epics of the 1950s, was hired as cinematographer for the film.[73] Early on in the film's production, Zimbalist and other MGM executives made the decision to film the picture in a widescreen format. Wyler strongly disliked the widescreen format, commenting that "Nothing is out of the picture, and you can't fill it. You either have a lot of empty space, or you have two people talking and a flock of others surrounding them who have nothing to do with the scene. Your eye just wanders out of curiosity."[74] The cameras were also quite large, heavy, and difficult and time-consuming to move.[74] To overcome these difficulties, Surtees and Wyler collaborated on using the widescreen lenses, film stocks, and projection technologies to create highly detailed images for the film.[75] Wyler was best known for composition in depth, a visual technique in which people, props, and architecture are not merely composed horizontally but in depth of field as well. He also had a strong preference for long takes, during which his actors could move within this highly detailed space.[75]
The movie was filmed in a process known as "MGM Camera 65". 1957's Raintree County was the first MGM film to use the process.[76] The MGM Camera 65 used special 65mm Eastmancolor film stock with a 2.76:1 aspect ratio.[77] 70mm anamorphic camera lenses developed by the Mitchell Camera Company were manufactured to specifications submitted by MGM.[78] These lenses squeezed the image down 1.25 times to fit on the image area of the film stock.[79] Because the film could be adapted to the requirements of individual theaters, movie houses did not need to install special, expensive 70mm projection equipment.[80] Six of the 70mm lenses, each worth $100,000, were shipped to Rome for use by the production.[81][82][k]
Principal photography[edit]
I spent sleepless nights trying to find a way to deal with the figure of Christ. It was a frightening thing when all the great painters of twenty centuries have painted events you have to deal with, events in the life of the best-known man who ever lived. Everyone already has his own concept of him. I wanted to be reverent, and yet realistic. Crucifixion is a bloody, awful, horrible thing, and a man does not go through it with a benign expression on his face. I had to deal with that. It is a very challenging thing to do that and get no complaints from anybody.
–Wyler on the difficulty of shooting the crucifixion scene.[83]
Pre-production began at Cinecittà Studios around October 1957.[18] The MGM Art Department produced more than 15,000 sketches and drawings of costumes, sets, props, and other items needed for the film (8,000 alone for the costumes); photostatted each item; and cross-referenced and catalogued them for use by the production design team and fabricators.[84] More than a million props were ultimately manufactured.[85] Construction of miniatures for the entrance of Quintus Arrius into Rome and for the sea battle were under way by the end of November 1957.[86] MGM location scouts arrived in Rome to identify shooting locations in August 1957.[87] Location shooting in Africa was actively under consideration, and in mid-January 1958, MGM said that filming in North Africa (later revealed to be Libya) would begin on March 1, 1958, and that 200 camels and 2,500 horses had already been procured for the studio's use there.[88] The production was then scheduled to move to Rome on April 1, where Andrew Marton had been hired as second unit director and 72 horses were being trained for the chariot race sequence.[88] However, the Libyan government canceled the production's film permit for religious reasons on March 11, 1958, just a week before filming was to have begun.[l][89][90] It is unclear whether any second unit filming took place in Israel. A June 8, 1958, report in The New York Times said second unit director Andrew Marton had roamed "up and down the countryside" filming footage.[91] However, the American Film Institute claims the filming permit was revoked in Israel for religious reasons as well (although when is not clear), and no footage from the planned location shooting near Jerusalem appeared in the film.[86]
Principal photography began in Rome on May 18, 1958.[92] The script was still unfinished when cinematography began, so that Wyler had only read the first 10 to 12 pages of it.[93] Shooting lasted for 12 to 14 hours a day, six days a week. On Sundays, Wyler would meet with Fry and Zimbalist for story conferences. The pace of the film was so grueling that a doctor was brought onto the set to give a vitamin B complex injection to anyone who requested it (shots which Wyler and his family later suspected may have contained amphetamines).[94] To speed things up, Wyler often kept principal actors on stand-by, in full costume and make-up, so that he could shoot pick-up scenes if the first unit slowed down. Actresses Martha Scott and Cathy O'Donnell spent almost the entire month of November 1958 in full leprosy make-up and costumes so that Wyler could shoot "leper scenes" when other shots didn't go well.[95] Wyler was unhappy with Heston's performances, feeling they did not make Judah Ben-Hur a plausible character, and Heston had to reshoot "I'm a Jew" 16 times.[96] Shooting took nine months, which included three months for the chariot race scene alone.[97] Principal photography ended on January 7, 1959, with filming of the crucifixion scene, which took four days to shoot.[16][83]
Production design[edit]
Italy was MGM's top choice for hosting the production. However, a number of countries—including France, Mexico, Spain, and the United Kingdom—were also considered.[98] Cinecittà Studios, a very large motion picture production facility constructed in 1937 on the outskirts of Rome, was identified early on as the primary shooting location.[18] Zimbalist hired Wyler's long-term production supervisor, Henry Henigson, to oversee the film, and art directors William A. Horning and Edward Carfagno created the overall look of the film, relying on the more than five years of research which had already been completed for the production.[99] A skeleton crew of studio technicians arrived in the summer of 1956 to begin preparing the Cinecittà soundstages and back lot.[98]
Costumes used in Ben-Hur
The Ben-Hur production utilized 300 sets scattered over 148 acres (60 ha) and nine sound stages.[100] Several sets still standing from Quo Vadis in 1951 were refurbished and used for Ben-Hur.[100] By the end of the production more than 1,000,000 pounds (450,000 kg) of plaster and 40,000 cubic feet (1,100 m3) of lumber were used.[51][101] The budget called for more than 100,000 costumes and 1,000 suits of armor to be made, for the hiring of 10,000 extras, and the procurement of hundreds of camels, donkeys, horses, and sheep.[19][48] Costume designer Elizabeth Haffenden oversaw a staff of 100 wardrobe fabricators who began manufacturing the costumes for the film a year before filming began. Special silk was imported from Thailand, the armor manufactured in West Germany, and the woolens made and embroidered in the United Kingdom and various countries of South America. Many leather goods were hand-tooled in the United Kingdom as well, while Italian shoemakers manufactured the boots and shoes. The lace for costumes came from France, while costume jewelry was purchased in Switzerland.[102] More than 400 pounds (180 kg) of hair were donated by women in the Piedmont region of Italy to make wigs and beards for the production,[103] and 1,000 feet (300 m) of track laid down for the camera dollies.[51] A workshop employing 200 artists and workmen provided the hundreds of friezes and statues needed.[48] The mountain village of Arcinazzo Romano,[103] 40 miles (64 km) from Rome, served as a stand-in for the town of Nazareth.[44] Beaches near Anzio were also used,[85] and caves just south of the city served as the leper colony.[95] Some additional desert panoramas were shot in Arizona, and some close-up inserts taken at the MGM Studios, with the final images photographed on February 3, 1958.[92]
One of the miniature Roman triremes used in Ben-Hur in 1959.
The sea battle was one of the first sequences created for the film,[104] filmed using miniatures in a huge tank on the back lot at the MGM Studios in Culver City, California, in November and December 1957.[60][100] More than 40 miniature ships[85] and two 175-foot (53 m) long Roman galleys, each of them seaworthy, were built for the live-action segment.[48] The ships were constructed based on plans found in Italian museums for actual ancient Roman galleys.[99] An artificial lake with equipment capable of generating sea-sized waves was built at the Cinecittà studios to accommodate the galleys.[51] A massive backdrop, 200 feet (61 m) wide by 50 feet (15 m) high, was painted and erected to hide the city and hills in the background.[51] To make the scene bloodier, Dunning sought out Italian extras who had missing limbs, then had the makeup crews rig them with fake bone and blood to make it appear as if they had lost a hand or leg during the battle.[104] When Dunning edited his own footage later, he made sure that these men were not on screen for so long that audiences would be upset.[104][m] The above-decks footage was integrated with the miniature work using process shots and traveling mattes.[106]
One of the most lavish sets was the villa of Quintus Arrius, which included 45 working fountains and 8.9 miles (14.3 km) of pipes.[99] Wealthy citizens and nobles of Rome, who wanted to portray their ancient selves, acted as extras in the villa scenes.[50][100] To recreate the ancient city streets of Jerusalem, a vast set covering 0.5-square-mile (1.3 km2) was built,[14] which included a 75-foot (23 m) high Joppa Gate.[100] The sets were so vast and visually exciting that they became a tourist attraction, and various film stars visited during production.[14][107] The huge sets could be seen from the outskirts of Rome, and MGM estimated that more than 5,000 people were given tours of the sets.[51]
Dismantling the sets cost $125,000.[51] Almost all the filmmaking equipment was turned over to the Italian government, which sold and exported it.[51] MGM turned title to the artificial lake over to Cinecittà.[51] MGM retained control over the costumes and the artificial lake background, which went back to the United States.[51] The chariots were also returned to the U.S., where they were used as promotional props.[51] The life-size galleys and pirate ships were dismantled to prevent them from being used by competing studios.[51] Some of the horses were adopted by the men who trained them, while others were sold.[51] Many of the camels, donkeys, and other exotic animals were sold to circuses and zoos in Europe.[51]
Editing[edit]
A total of 1,100,000 feet (340,000 m) was shot for the film.[92] According to editor John D. Dunning, the first cut of the film was four and a half hours long.[104][n] William Wyler stated that his goal was to bring the running time down to three and a half hours.[108] The most difficult editing decisions, according to Dunning, came during scenes which involved Jesus Christ, as these contained almost no dialogue and most of the footage was purely reaction shots by actors.[109] Dunning also believed that in the final cut the leper scene was too long and needed trimming. Editing was also complicated by the 70mm footage being printed. Because no editing equipment (such as the Moviola) existed which could handle the 70mm print, the 70mm footage would be reduced to 35mm and then cut. This caused much of the image to be lost.[110] When the film was edited into its final form, it ran 213 minutes and included just 19,000 feet (5,800 m) of film.[92] It was the third-longest motion picture ever made at the time, behind Gone With The Wind and The Ten Commandments.[92]
Musical score[edit]
The film score was composed and conducted by Miklós Rózsa, who scored most of MGM's epics,[111] although Zimbalist had previously commissioned and then set aside a score from William Walton.[112] Rózsa researched Greek and Roman music, incorporating this work into his score for authenticity. Rózsa himself directed the 100-piece MGM Symphony Orchestra during the 12 recording sessions (which stretched over 72 hours). The soundtrack was recorded in six-channel stereo.[102] More than three hours of music were composed for the film,[113] and two-and-a-half hours of it were finally used, making it (as of 2001[update]) the longest score ever composed for a motion picture.[114] The score contains no leitmotifs for the main characters. While not a leitmotif, the score does transition from full orchestra to pipe organ whenever Jesus Christ appears.[102]
Rózsa won his third Academy Award for his score. As of 2001[update], it is the only musical score in the ancient and medieval epic genre of film to win an Oscar.[114] Like most film musical soundtracks, it was issued as an album for the public to enjoy as a distinct piece of music. The score was so lengthy that it had to be released in 1959 on three LP records, although a one-LP version with Carlo Savina conducting the Symphony Orchestra of Rome was also issued. In addition, to provide a more "listenable" album, Rózsa arranged his score into a "Ben-Hur Suite", which was released on Lion Records (an MGM subsidiary which issued low-priced records) in 1959.[113][115] This made the Ben-Hur film musical score the first to be released not only in its entirety but also as a separate album.[114]
The Ben-Hur score has been considered the best of Rózsa's career.[116] The musical soundtrack to Ben-Hur remained deeply influential into the mid 1970s, when film music composed by John Williams for films such as Jaws, Star Wars, and Raiders of the Lost Ark became more popular among composers and film-goers.[117] Rózsa's score has since seen several notable re-releases, including by the Nuremberg Symphony Orchestra on Capitol Records in 1967, several of the tracks by the United Kingdom's National Philharmonic Orchestra and Chorus on Decca Records in 1977 and a Sony Music reissue as a two-CD set in 1991.[118] In 2012, Film Score Monthly WaterTower Music issued a limited edition five-CD set of music from the film. A two-CD set was released by Tadlow Music in 2017 of the complete motion picture score by The City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra and Chorus.
Chariot race sequence[edit]
Chariot wreckage in Ben-Hur
The chariot race in Ben-Hur was directed by Andrew Marton and Yakima Canutt,[119] filmmakers who often acted as second unit directors on other people's films. Each man had an assistant director, who shot additional footage.[120] Among these were Sergio Leone,[121] who was senior assistant director in the second unit and responsible for retakes.[122] William Wyler shot the "pageantry" sequence that occurs before the race, scenes of the jubilant crowd, and the victory scenes after the race concludes.[123] The "pageantry" sequence before the race begins is a shot-by-shot remake of the same sequence from the 1925 silent film version.[124] Knowing that the chariot race would be primarily composed of close-up and medium shots, Wyler added the parade in formation (even though it was not historically accurate) to impress the audience with the grandeur of the arena.[54]
Set design[edit]
The chariot arena was modeled on a historic circus in Jerusalem.[100] Covering 18 acres (7.3 ha), it was the largest film set ever built at that time.[125] Constructed at a cost of $1 million, it took a thousand workmen more than a year to carve the oval out of a rock quarry.[99][100] The racetrack featured 1,500-foot (460 m) long straights and five-story-high grandstands.[100] Over 250 miles (400 km) of metal tubing were used to erect the grandstands.[51] Matte paintings created the illusion of upper stories of the grandstands and the background mountains.[126] More than 40,000 short tons (36,000 t) of sand were brought in from beaches on the Mediterranean to cover the track.[127] Other elements of the circus were also historically accurate. Imperial Roman racecourses featured a raised 10-foot (3.0 m) high spina (the center section), metae (columnar goalposts at each end of the spina), dolphin-shaped lap counters, and carceres (the columned building in the rear which housed the cells where horses waited prior to the race).[126][128] The four statues atop the spina were 30 feet (9.1 m) high.[48] A chariot track identical in size was constructed next to the set and used to train the horses and lay out camera shots.[128]
Preparation[edit]
Lipizzan horses, like this one in Vienna, were used for chariot teams in Ben-Hur.
Planning for the chariot race took nearly a year to complete.[100] Seventy-eight horses were bought and imported from Yugoslavia and Sicily in November 1957, exercised into peak physical condition, and trained by Hollywood animal handler Glenn Randall to pull the quadriga (a Roman Empire chariot drawn by four horses abreast).[85][100] Andalusian horses played Ben-Hur's Arabians, while the others in the chariot race were primarily Lipizzans.[129] A veterinarian, a harness maker, and 20 stable boys were employed to care for the horses and ensure they were outfitted for racing each day.[85] The firm of Danesi Brothers[130] built 18 chariots,[131] nine of which were used for practice,[130] each weighing 900 pounds (410 kg).[19] Principal cast members, stand-ins, and stunt people made 100 practice laps of the arena in preparation for shooting.[97]
Heston and Boyd both had to learn how to drive a chariot. Heston, an experienced horseman, took daily three-hour lessons in chariot driving after he arrived in Rome and picked up the skill quickly.[o][44][133] Heston was outfitted with special contact lenses to prevent the grit kicked up during the race from injuring his eyes.[133] For the other charioteers, six actors with extensive experience with horses were flown in from Hollywood, including Giuseppe Tosi, who had once been a bodyguard for Victor Emmanuel III of Italy.[50]
Filming[edit]
The chariot scene took five weeks (spread over three months) to film at a total cost of $1 million[134] and required more than 200 miles (320 km) of racing to complete.[125] Marton and Yakima Canutt filmed the entire chariot sequence with stunt doubles in long shot, edited the footage together, and showed the footage to Zimbalist, Wyler, and Heston to show them what the race should look like and to indicate where close-up shots with Heston and Boyd should go.[134] Seven thousand extras were hired to cheer in the stands.[14][125][p] Economic conditions in Italy were poor at the time, and as shooting for the chariot scene wound down only 1,500 extras were needed on any given day. On June 6, more than 3,000 people seeking work were turned away. The crowd rioted, throwing stones and assaulting the set's gates until police arrived and dispersed them.[135] Dynamite charges were used to show the chariot wheels and axles splintering from the effects of Messala's barbed-wheel attacks.[126] Three lifelike dummies were placed at key points in the race to give the appearance of men being run over by chariots.[136]
The cameras used during the chariot race also presented problems. The 70mm lenses had a minimum focusing distance of 50 feet (15 m), and the camera was mounted on a small Italian-made car so the camera crew could keep in front of the chariots. The horses, however, accelerated down the 1,500-foot (460 m) straight much faster than the car could, and the long focal length left Marton and Canutt with too little time to get their shots. The production company purchased a more powerful American car, but the horses were still too fast, and even with a head start, the filmmakers only had a few more seconds of shot time. As filming progressed, vast amounts of footage were shot for this sequence. The ratio of footage shot to footage used was 263:1, one of the highest ratios ever for a film.[136]
One of the most notable moments in the race came from a near-fatal accident when stunt man Joe Canutt, Yakima Canutt's son, was tossed into the air by accident; he incurred a minor chin injury.[137] Marton wanted to keep the shot, but Zimbalist felt the footage was unusable. Marton conceived the idea of showing that Ben-Hur was able to land on and cling to the front of his chariot, then scramble back into the quadriga while the horses kept going.[138] The long shot of Canutt's accident was cut together with a close-up of Heston climbing back aboard, resulting in one of the race's most memorable moments.[139] Boyd did all but two of his own stunts.[16] For the sequence where Messala is dragged beneath a chariot's horses and trampled, Boyd wore steel armor under his costume and acted out the close-up shot and the shot of him on his back, attempting to climb up into the horses' harness to escape injury. A dummy was used to obtain the trampling shot in this sequence.[137]
Several urban legends exist regarding the chariot sequence. One claims that a stuntman died during filming, which Nosher Powell claims in his autobiography,[140] and another states that a red Ferrari can be seen during the chariot race. The book Movie Mistakes claims this is a myth.[141] Heston, in a DVD commentary track for the film, mentions that a third urban legend claims that he wore a wristwatch during the chariot race, but points out that he wore leather bracers up to the elbow.[142]
Release[edit]
Haya Harareet promoting the film in Amsterdam in October 1960
A massive $14.7 million marketing effort helped promote Ben-Hur.[143] MGM established a special "Ben-Hur Research Department" which surveyed more than 2,000 high schools in 47 American cities to gauge teenage interest in the film.[144] A high school study guide was also created and distributed.[144] Sindlinger and Company was hired to conduct a nationwide survey to gauge the impact of the marketing campaign.[145] In 1959 and 1960, more than $20 million in candy; children's tricycles in the shape of chariots; gowns; hair barrettes; items of jewelry; men's ties; bottles of perfume; "Ben-Her" and "Ben-His" towels; toy armor, helmets, and swords; umbrellas; and hardback and paperback versions of the novel (tied to the film with cover art) were sold.[97][111]
Ben-Hur premiered at Loew's State Theatre in New York City on November 18, 1959. Present at the premiere were William Wyler, Charlton Heston, Stephen Boyd, Haya Harareet, Martha Scott, Ramon Novarro (who played Judah Ben-Hur in the 1925 silent film version), Spyros Skouras (president of the 20th Century Fox), Barney Balaban (president of Paramount Pictures), Jack L. Warner (president of Warner Bros.), Leonard Goldenson (president of the American Broadcasting Company), Moss Hart (playwright), Robert Kintner (an ABC Television executive), Sidney Kingsley (playwright), and Adolph Zukor (founder of Paramount Pictures).[146]
Box office[edit]
During its initial release the film earned $33.6 million in North American theater rentals (the distributor's share of the box office), generating approximately $74.7 million in box office sales. Outside of North America, it earned $32.5 million in rentals (about $72.2 million at the box office) for a worldwide total of $66.1 million in rental earnings, roughly equivalent to $146.9 million in box office receipts.[143] It was the fastest-grossing film[14] as well as the highest-grossing film of 1959,[147] in the process becoming the second-highest-grossing film of all-time (at that time) behind Gone with the Wind.[148][149] Ben-Hur saved MGM from financial disaster,[150] making a profit of $20,409,000 on its initial release,[4] and another $10.1 million in profits when re-released in 1969.[14] By 1989, Ben-Hur had earned $90 million in worldwide theatrical rentals.[151]
Critical reception[edit]
Ben-Hur received overwhelmingly positive reviews upon its release.[152] Bosley Crowther, writing for The New York Times, called Ben-Hur "a remarkably intelligent and engrossing human drama".[153] While praising the acting and William Wyler's "close-to" direction, he also had high praise for the chariot race: "There has seldom been anything in movies to compare with this picture's chariot race. It is a stunning complex of mighty setting, thrilling action by horses and men, panoramic observation and overwhelming use of dramatic sound."[153] Jack Gaver, writing for United Press International, also had praise for the acting, calling it full of "genuine warmth and fervor and finely acted intimate scenes".[154] Philip K. Scheuer of the Los Angeles Times called it "magnificent, inspiring, awesome, enthralling, and all the other adjectives you have been reading about it."[155] He also called the editing "generally expert" although at times abrupt.[155] Ronald Holloway, writing for Variety, called Ben-Hur "a majestic achievement, representing a superb blending of the motion picture arts by master craftsmen," and concluded that "Gone With the Wind, Metro's own champion all-time top grosser, will eventually have to take a back seat."[156] The chariot race "will probably be preserved in film archives as the finest example of the use of the motion picture camera to record an action sequence. The race, directed by Andrew Marton and Yakima Canutt, represents some 40 minutes [sic][q] of the most hair-raising excitement that film audiences have ever witnessed."[156]
There was some criticism, however. Crowther felt the film was too long.[153] Scheuer, whilst mostly praising the film, felt that its biggest fault was "overstatement", and that it hammered home at points long after they had been made. He singled out the galley rowing sequence, Jesus' journey to the place of crucifixion, and nearly all the sequences involving the lepers. He also lightly criticized Charlton Heston for being more physically than emotionally compelling.[155] John McCarten of The New Yorker was more critical of Heston, writing that he "speaks English as if he'd learned it from records."[157] Even William Wyler later privately admitted he was disappointed with Heston's acting.[16] Film critic Dwight Macdonald also was largely negative.[152] He found the film so uninvolving and lengthy that he said, "I felt like a motorist trapped at a railroad crossing while a long freight train slowly trundles by."[158] British film critic John Pym, writing for Time Out, was equally dismissive, calling the film a "four-hour Sunday school lesson".[159] Many French and American film critics who believed in the auteur theory of filmmaking saw the film as confirmation of their belief that William Wyler was "merely a commercial craftsman" rather than a serious artist.[27]
In December 1959, in her review for the London Sunday Times, the veteran English film critic Dilys Powell expressed many serious reservations about the film. (A lover of Classical culture, in her 1953 review of The Robe she voiced her sorrow at 'yet another film fostering the popular notion that great Rome was just a collection of Nazis in short skirts'.) But she still lavished praise on the film:
It is the best chariot race in the world, and no mistake. By now everybody has said so, and ... [my] only hope is that admiration may have special force when it is extorted from somebody who dislikes chariot races, shrinks from Biblical fiction and detests films ... which include the Crucifixion ...
... of the parts of this long, opulent film with its colour, its bright, sharp images, its stunning spectacle and its size ... I cannot complain. I still find that the whole is alien from me ... ... Nevertheless, if we must have films of this kind this is the one to have. After all, the spectacular scenes remain: the sea-fight, the Triumph, a magnificent storm and, of course, the chariot race - a scene superbly shot, superbly edited, superb in every way. I have never seen anything of its sort to touch it for excitement.[160]
32nd Academy Awards
1. Best Picture – Sam Zimbalist (posthumous award)
2. Best Director – William Wyler
3. Best Actor in a Leading Role – Charlton Heston
4. Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Hugh Griffith
5. Best Art Direction-Set Decoration – Color – Edward C. Carfagno and William A. Horning (posthumous award) (art direction); Hugh Hunt (set decoration)
6. Best Cinematography – Color – Robert L. Surtees
7. Best Costume Design – Color – Elizabeth Haffenden
8. Best Special Effects – A. Arnold Gillespie, Robert MacDonald, and Milo Lory
9. Best Film Editing – John D. Dunning and Ralph E. Winters
10. Best Music – Scoring of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture – Miklós Rózsa
11. Best Sound Recording – Franklin Milton, MGM Studio Sound Department
17th Golden Globe Awards
1. Best Motion Picture – Drama
3. Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture – Stephen Boyd
The film currently has an 87% "Certified Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 46 critic reviews collected with an average score of 7.8/10. The consensus reads, "Uneven, but in terms of epic scope and grand spectacle, Ben-Hur still ranks among Hollywood's finest examples of pure entertainment."[161]
Ben-Hur was nominated for 12 Academy Awards and won an unprecedented 11. As of 2018[update], only Titanic in 1998 and The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King in 2004 have matched the film's wins.[162][163] The only category that Ben-Hur did not win was for Best Adapted Screenplay (losing to Room at the Top), and most observers attributed this to the controversy over the writing credit.[16][164] MGM and Panavision shared a special technical Oscar in March 1960 for developing the Camera 65 photographic process.[165]
Ben-Hur also won three Golden Globe Awards – Best Motion Picture – Drama, Best Director, Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture for Stephen Boyd – and received a Special Achievement Award (which went to Andrew Marton for directing the chariot race sequence).[166] Heston was nominated for a Golden Globe in the Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama category, but did not win. The picture also won the BAFTA Award for Best Film,[167] the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Film,[168] and the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in a Motion Picture for William Wyler's masterful direction.[169]
Ben-Hur also appears on several "best of" lists generated by the American Film Institute, an independent non-profit organization created by the National Endowment for the Arts in 1967. The "AFI 100 Years... series" were created by juries consisting of over 1,500 artists, scholars, critics, and historians, with movies selected based on the film's popularity over time, historical significance, and cultural impact. Ben-Hur appeared at #72 on the 100 Movies, #49 on the 100 Thrills, #21 on the Film Scores, #56 on the 100 Cheers and #2 on the AFI's 10 Top 10 Epic film lists. In 2004, the National Film Preservation Board selected Ben-Hur for preservation by the National Film Registry for being a "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" motion picture.[170] It was listed as number 491 on Empire's 500 Greatest films of all time.[171]
Broadcast and home video releases[edit]
The film's first telecast took place on Sunday, February 14, 1971.[172] In what was then a television first for a Hollywood film, it was broadcast over five hours (including commercials) during a single evening by CBS,[173][r] preempting all of that network's regular programming for that one evening. It was watched by 85.82 million people for a 37.1 average rating.[174] It was one of the highest rated movies ever screened on television at the time (behind the broadcast premiere of Bridge on the River Kwai).[175]
Ben-Hur has been released on home video on several occasions. Recent releases have all been on DVD and Blu-ray Disc. A two-sided single disc widescreen release occurred in the United States on March 13, 2001.[142] This release included several featurettes, including a commentary by Charlton Heston, a making-of documentary (made for a laserdisc release in 1993), screen tests, and a photo gallery.[142] This edition was released soon thereafter as a two-disc set in other countries. The film saw another DVD release on September 13, 2005.[176] This four-disc edition included remastered images and audio, an additional commentary, two additional featurettes, and a complete version of the 1925 silent version of Ben-Hur.[176] A boxed "Deluxe Edition", issued in the U.S. in 2002, included postcard-sized reprints of lobby cards, postcard-sized black-and-white stills with machine-reproduced autographs of cast members, a matte-framed color image from the film with a 35mm film frame mounted below it, and a 27-by-40-inch (69 by 102 cm) reproduction film poster.[177]
In 2011, Warner Home Video released a 50th anniversary edition on Blu-ray Disc and DVD, making it the first home video release where the film is present on its original aspect ratio.[178] For this release, the film was completely restored frame by frame from an 8K scan of the original 65mm negative. The restoration cost $1 million, and was one of the highest resolution restorations ever made by Warner Bros.[179] A new musical soundtrack-only option and six new featurettes (one of which was an hour long) were also included.[180]
Ban in China[edit]
The movie was banned in China under the regime of Mao Zedong for containing "propaganda of superstitious beliefs, namely Christianity."[181]
Comic book adaptation[edit]
Dell Four Color #1052 (November 1959)[182][183] • 32 pages in full color, plus covers • Published by Dell Publishing Co., Inc. • Designed and produced by Western Printing and Lithographing Co. • Copyright © 1959 by Loew's Incorporated • (Cover painting by Sam Savitt • Drawn by Russ Manning) [ Authorized movie tie-in ]
List of American films of 1959
List of historical drama films
List of films set in ancient Rome
List of films featuring slavery
List of Academy Award records
^ Although Tunberg received sole credit for the screenplay, Maxwell Anderson, S. N. Behrman, Gore Vidal and Christopher Fry worked on the script in the course of development. See the Writing section for more details.
^ MGM had extensive amounts of income in Italian lira. In the wake of World War II the Italian government banned the movement of lira out of Italy as a means of stabilizing the inflation-plagued Italian economy. Finding a way to spend this money in Italy would free up resources elsewhere for the studio.
^ Instead of being healed as Christ carries His cross, the women are healed after accidentally soaking in rainwater stained by the blood of Jesus after the crucifixion.
^ Vidal says he worked on the script for three months. Fry did not arrive in Rome until May 1958 and Vidal says he did not leave Rome until mid or late June, so Vidal's arrival in Rome can be deduced with some accuracy. See: Vidal, p. 73; Herman, pp. 400–01.
^ See: Production of Ben-Hur (1959 film)
^ Buford also says MGM offered Lancaster $1 million to star in the picture, and to pay off $2.5 million in debts owed by Lancaster's production company. Still Lancaster refused. See: Buford, p. 190.
^ Hudson's agent, Henry Willson, refused to allow Hudson to take the role, believing that historical costume epics were not right for his client. See: Bret, p. 95; Gates and Thomas, p. 125.
^ Industry columnist Louella Parsons claimed that Horne was all but cast in the film, due to his performance in The Bridge on the River Kwai. See: Hofler, p. 320.
^ This inspired Douglas to make Spartacus a year later.[59]
^ Martha Scott had played the mother of Heston's Moses in The Ten Commandments, and he'd worked with her previously on Broadway
^ Most sources agree that the lenses were worth $100,000 each. But at least one source puts the value of each lens at $250,000. See: Herman, p. 406.
^ The Libyan government learned that the production was scheduled to shoot in Israel. Libya, which was at war with Israel, had enacted legislation in 1957 banning any individual or company from doing business with Israel or Jews.
^ There was so much footage of the sea battle left over that Charlton Heston used it in his 1972 film Antony and Cleopatra.[105]
^ A mass media report in March 1959 indicated the running time was actually closer to five hours.[108]
^ Heston also learned swordfighting, how to throw a javelin, camel riding, and rowing.[132]
^ There is dispute over the number of extras used in the chariot race scenes. At least one non-contemporary source puts the number at 15,000. See: Cyrino, p. 73.
^ The chariot race lasts just over 8-and-a-half minutes. The entire circus sequence lasts just over 28-and-a-half minutes.
^ Victor Davis Hanson erroneously states it was telecast over four nights. See: Cowley, p. ii.
^ "Ben-Hur". The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures. American Film Institute. Retrieved July 6, 2013. Production Company: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Corp. (Loew's Inc.); Distribution Company: Loew's Inc.
^ "Ben Hur". British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
^ Sheldon Hall, Epics, Spectacles, and Blockbusters: A Hollywood History Wayne State University Press, 2010 p. 162
^ a b The Eddie Mannix Ledger, Los Angeles: Margaret Herrick Library, Center for Motion Picture Study
^ https://www.claudeheater.com
^ https://westernboothill.blogspot.com/2017/06/rip-jose-greci.html
^ a b Pryor, Thomas M. "Ben-Hur to Ride for Metro Again." The New York Times. December 8, 1952.
^ Pryor, Thomas M. "Metro to Produce 18 Films in '53–'54." The New York Times. October 8, 1953.
^ Pryor, Thomas M. "Bank of America Wins Movie Suit." The New York Times. November 4, 1953.
^ Pryor, Thomas M. "Hollywood Dossier: New Market Analysis Is Set Up." The New York Times. December 5, 1954.
^ "Six Books Bought for Fox Films." The New York Times. September 10, 1955.
^ Pryor, Thomas M. "Sidney Franklin Resigns at M-G-M." The New York Times. June 17, 1958.
^ United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc., 334 US 131 (1948)
^ a b c d e f g h i Block and Wilson, p. 411.
^ Eagan, pp. 558–59.
^ a b c d e Eagan, p. 560.
^ a b c d e f Eagen, p. 559.
^ a b c Hawkins, Robert F. "Viewed on the Bustling Italian Film Scene." The New York Times. February 16, 1958.
^ a b c d Solomon, p. 207.
^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved January 2, 2019.
^ Schumach, Murray. "Metro Stills Leo for the First Time." The New York Times. November 26, 1959.
^ a b c d e Vidal, p. 73.
^ a b c Morsberger and Morsberger, p. 482.
^ Kaplan, p. 440.
^ Freiman, p. 24.
^ "Wyler Weighs Offer." The New York Times. February 5, 1957.
^ a b Herman, p. 394.
^ Makiewicz, Don. "Tour Around the Lot." The New York Times. April 7, 1957.
^ Pryor, Thomas M. "Debbie Reynolds Is Cast By M-G-M." The New York Times. January 4, 1958.
^ Herman, p. 393.
^ Eldridge, p. 15.
^ a b c d e f Herman, p. 400.
^ a b Madsen, p. 342.
^ a b c Kaplan, p. 442.
^ a b Kaplan, p. 445.
^ Giddins, p. 247.
^ Joshel, Malamud, and McGuire, pp. 37–38.
^ "Chuck Roast." The Advocate. June 25, 1996, p. 82. Retrieved December 25, 2011.
^ Quoted in Kaplan, p. 444.
^ Feeney, pp. 66–73.
^ a b c d Herman, p. 401.
^ "'Ben-Hur' Credit Is Urged for Fry." The New York Times. October 29, 1959.
^ Vidal, Gore (June 17, 1996). "Counterpunch: Gore Vidal responds to Charlton Heston". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
^ a b c d e Hudgins, Morgan. "'Ben-Hur' Rides Again." The New York Times. August 10, 1958.
^ Hezser, pp. 136–38.
^ a b c Freiman, p. 25.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Hawkins, Robert F. "Answer to a Question: Quo Vadis, 'Ben-Hur'?" The New York Times. January 11, 1959.
^ a b Parish, Mank, and Picchiarini, p. 27.
^ Magill, p. 150.
^ a b c Herman, p. 402.
^ Alexander, p. 84–85.
^ a b Right, Gordon (May 2006). "Getting It Right the Second Time". British Lights Film Journal. Retrieved December 25, 2011.
^ Giddins, pp. 247–48.
^ Herman, p. 395–96.
^ Rode, p. 132.
^ a b Pryor, Thomas M. "Heston Will Star in M-G-M 'Ben-Hur'." The New York Times. January 23, 1958.
^ Pryor, Thomas M. "Goetz to Produce 3 Columbia Films." The New York Times. April 14, 1958.
^ McAlister, p. 324, n. 59.
^ "An Actor to Watch," Coronet, January 1, 1959, p. 22.
^ Pryor, Thomas M. "Frenke Signs Pact With Seven Arts." The New York Times. August 4, 1958.
^ Heston, p. 196.
^ Pryor, Thomas M. "Seven Arts Unit Joins Paramount." The New York Times. July 18, 1958.
^ a b Pryor, Thomas M. "Israeli Actress Cast in 'Ben-Hur'." The New York Times. May 17, 1958.
^ Pratt, p. 135.
^ a b Pryor, Thomas M. "Seven Arts Group Teaming With U.A." The New York Times. April 4, 1958.
^ Monush, p. 296.
^ Opera News. Metropolitan Opera Guild. 1960. p. 79.
^ Sultanik, p. 299.
^ a b Hall and Neale, p. 145.
^ Haines, p. 114.
^ Eyman, p. 351.
^ Block and Wilson, p. 333.
^ Hall and Neale, p. 153.
^ Cyrino, p. 74.
^ Freiman, pp. 26, 30.
^ a b c d e Freiman, p. 27.
^ a b "Ben-Hur." AFI Catalog of Feature Films. American Film Institute. 2014. Accessed March 13, 2014.
^ Hawkins, Robert F. "Observations on the Italian Screen Scene." The New York Times. August 4, 1957.
^ a b Pryor, Thomas M. "Hollywood's Varied Vistas." The New York Times. January 12, 1958.
^ Pryor, Thomas M. "Libya Cancels U.S. Film Permit." The New York Times. March 12, 1958.
^ "Ben-Hur," AFI Catalog of Feature Films, American Film Institute, 2014, accessed March 13, 2014; Otman and Karlberg, p. 33.
^ Schiffer, Robert L. "Israel Screen Scene." The New York Times. June 8, 1958.
^ a b c d e "'Ben-Hur to Race for 213 Minutes." The New York Times. October 7, 1959.
^ a b c Solomon, p. 213.
^ a b Freiman, p. 26.
^ a b c d Freiman, p. 29.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Cyrino, p. 73.
^ a b Freiman, p. 7.
^ a b c d Dunning, p. 253.
^ Rothwell, p. 156.
^ Brosnan, p. 28.
^ Raymond, p. 31.
^ a b Pryor, Thomas M. "Extras Negotiate for Pay Increases." The New York Times. March 15, 1959.
^ Dunning, pp. 253–54.
^ Dunning, p. 255.
^ Rózsa in a Today (BBC Radio 4) interview, BBC Sound Archives
^ a b "On the Sound Track." Billboard. July 20, 1959, p. 19. Accessed December 27, 2011.
^ a b c Winkler, p. 329.
^ "Discourse." Billboard. November 23, 1959, p. 24. Accessed April 21, 2012.
^ MacDonald, p. 1966.
^ Winkler, pp. 329–30.
^ DeWald, Frank K. (2012). "Ben-Hur. Online Liner Notes". Film Score Monthly. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
^ Wyler, p. 216.
^ Dunning, p. 252
^ Solomon, p. 15.
^ Frayling, p. 97.
^ Brownlow, p. 413.
^ a b c Coughlan, p. 119.
^ Pomerance, p. 9.
^ Solomon, pp. 207, 210.
^ Ben-Hur Rides a Chariot Again. Life magazine. January 19, 1959. p. 71.
^ Raymond, pp. 32–33.
^ a b Solomon, p. 129.
^ a b Herman, p. 405
^ "Romans in Mob Scene Not in 'Ben Hur' Script." United Press International. June 7, 1958.
^ a b Didinger, p. 157
^ a b Raymond, p. 32.
^ Herman, p. 407
^ Canutt and Drake, pp. 16–19.
^ Powell, p.254.
^ Sandys, p. 5.
^ a b c Nichols, Peter M. "Home Video: All of 'Ben-Hur' and Its Secrets." The New York Times. March 16, 2001.
^ a b Block and Wilson, p. 324.
^ a b Doherty, p. 189.
^ Dowdy, p. 6.
^ "Notables at Premiere." The New York Times. November 19, 1959.
^ Stempel, p. 23.
^ Thomas, Bob (August 1, 1963). "Movie Finances Are No Longer Hidden From Scrutiny". The Robesonian. p. 10.
^ Scott Mendelson (March 16, 2016). "'Ben-Hur,' Summer's Last Tentpole, Gets A Trailer". Forbes. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
^ Malone, p. 23.
^ Ross, pp. 278–79.
^ a b Wreszin and Macdonald, p. 13.
^ a b c Crowther, Bosley. "The Screen: 'Ben-Hur,' a Blockbuster." The New York Times. November 19, 1959.
^ Gaver, Jack. "Ben-Hur' Grandiose, Gripping Spectacle." United Press International. November 20, 1959.
^ a b c Scheuer, Philip K. "Magnificent 'Ben-Hur' Inspiring in Premiere." Los Angeles Times. November 25, 1959.
^ a b Holloway, Ronald. "Ben-Hur." Variety. November 17, 1959.
^ McCarten, John. "The Children's Hours." The New Yorker. December 5, 1959, p. 153.
^ Wreszin and Macdonald, p. 16.
^ Pym, p. 91.
^ Dilys Powell (Ed George Perry): The Golden Screen: Fifty Years of Films (Pavilion Books • London • 1989) p119 [The Robe] / pp158-159 [Ben-Hur]
^ "Ben-Hur (1959)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved December 4, 2018.
^ "The 32nd Academy Awards (1960) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
^ Dirks, Tim. "Academy Awards Summaries". Filmsite.org. AMC Networks. Retrieved June 24, 2012.
^ Clark, p. 151.
^ "Ben-Hur." Hollywood Foreign Press Association. GoldenGlobes.org. Accessed March 18, 2014.
^ "Film Nominations 1959." British Academy of Film and Television Arts. BAFTA.org. 2010. Accessed December 31, 2011.
^ Weiler, A.H. "'Ben-Hur,' Stewart, Audrey Hepburn Cited by Critics." The New York Times. December 29, 1959.
^ Sennett, p. 289.
^ Van Gelder, Lawrence. "Arts, Briefly." The New York Times. December 29, 2004.
^ "500 Greatest films of all time". Empire. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
^ Cowley, p. ii.
^ The Alfred I. Du Pont-Columbia University Survey of Broadcast Journalism, p. 98; Segrave, p. 82.
^ "'GWTW' Knocks ABC Out of First for Week, Sets Modern Nielsen Record." Broadcasting. November 13, 1976, p. 8.
^ Kramer, p. 45.
^ a b Kehr, Dave. "New DVD's." The New York Times. September 13, 2005.
^ Nichols, Peter. "Home Video: Old Favorites in a New Format." The New York Times. January 4, 2002.
^ Taylor, Charles. "Other New Releases." The New York Times. September 18, 2011.
^ "Ben-Hur (50th Anniversary Ultimate Collector's Edition) [Blu-ray]". Amazon. Retrieved March 18, 2014.
^ "'Ben-Hur (50th Anniversary Ultimate Collector's Edition)'". CNET. CBS Interactive. December 22, 2013. Archived from the original on March 19, 2014. Retrieved March 18, 2014.
^ Parker, Mike (November 1, 2015). "Hollywood fears sales slump as China BANS ghost movies". Daily Express. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
^ "Dell Four Color #1052". Grand Comics Database.
^ https://stephenboydblog.com/2016/05/11/ben-hur-dell-movie-classic-comic-book-from-1959/
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ben-Hur (1959 film).
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Ben-Hur (1959 film)
Webpage BenHur Writing
Ben-Hur on IMDb
Ben-Hur at the American Film Institute Catalog
Lew Wallace's Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ
Judah Ben-Hur
Messala
Quintus Arrius
Ben Hur (1907)
Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (1925)
Ben-Hur (play)
Ben Hur Live
Ben Hur (miniseries)
Films directed by William Wyler
The Stolen Ranch (1926)
Lazy Lightning (1926)
Straight Shootin' (1927)
The Border Cavalier (1927)
Desert Dust (1927)
Hard Fists (1927)
Anybody Here Seen Kelly? (1928)
Thunder Riders (1928)
The Shakedown (1929)
The Love Trap (1929)
Hell's Heroes (1930)
The Storm (1930)
A House Divided (1931)
Her First Mate (1933)
Counsellor at Law (1933)
The Good Fairy (1935)
The Gay Deception (1935)
These Three (1936)
Dodsworth (1936)
Come and Get It (1936)
Dead End (1937)
Jezebel (1938)
The Westerner (1940)
The Letter (1940)
The Little Foxes (1941)
Memphis Belle: A Story of a Flying Fortress (1944)
Thunderbolt (1947)
The Heiress (1949)
Detective Story (1951)
Roman Holiday (1953)
The Desperate Hours (1955)
The Big Country (1958)
The Children's Hour (1961)
The Collector (1965)
How to Steal a Million (1966)
Funny Girl (1968)
The Liberation of L.B. Jones (1970)
Awards for Ben-Hur
BAFTA Award for Best Film
from Any Source
Bicycle Thieves (1949)
La Ronde (1951)
The Sound Barrier (1952)
Forbidden Games (1953)
Richard III (1955)
Gervaise (1956)
Room at the Top (1958)
Ballad of a Soldier (1961)
Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964)
Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1970)
Sunday Bloody Sunday (1971)
Cabaret (1972)
Lacombe, Lucien (1974)
Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1975)
Julia (1978)
Manhattan (1979)
The Elephant Man (1980)
The Killing Fields (1984)
The Purple Rose of Cairo (1985)
A Room with a View (1986)
Jean de Florette (1987)
Dead Poets Society (1989)
The Commitments (1991)
Howards End (1992)
Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994)
The Full Monty (1997)
The Queen (2006)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ben-Hur_(1959_film)&oldid=904807595"
American epic films
Religious epic films
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American Christmas films
Films about Christianity
Portrayals of Jesus in film
Films about revenge
Films about miscarriage of justice
Films about atonement
Portrayals of the Virgin Mary in film
Cultural depictions of Tiberius
Cultural depictions of Pontius Pilate
Films set in classical antiquity
Films set in ancient Rome
Films set in the Roman Empire
Films set in the 1st century
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Sound film remakes of silent films
Films whose director won the Best Directing Academy Award
Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award-winning performance
Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award
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Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award
Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award
Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award
Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award
Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe winning performance
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Films that won the Best Costume Design Academy Award
Films scored by Miklós Rózsa
Ben-Hur films
Best Film BAFTA Award winners
Films set in the Mediterranean Sea
Films adapted into comics
1950s chase films
Works banned in China


text:
Staff Post
Project spotlight: Linkerd
We're shining a spotlight on the Linkerd project for its participation in Google Summer of Code and the Linux Foundation's CommunityBridge. For several years now, Linkerd has sponsored intern projects that can impact the community at large, and last year, the project had a great success story with GSoC intern Tarun Pothulapati, who ended up getting a job with Buoyant, the company behind Linkerd.
We chatted with Tarun and project co-creator Oliver Gould about the great benefits of internships, for both Linkerd and the students.
Why did Linkerd decide to participate in GSoC and CommunityBridge?
Oliver: Way back in 2007, I had the opportunity to participate in Summer of Code as a student. It was transformative to get paid to work on open source software. It opened up career opportunities and helped give me the confidence to start an OSS-centric company (Buoyant). I love that we are able to give students that opportunity today.
How would you describe Linkerd's philosophy around internships? What do they have to offer both the intern and Linkerd?
Oliver: When we sponsor an intern project, the goal is for their work to end up shipping. If we're all going to spend time on this together, it should produce concrete results that benefit the community. This means that you have to work with the team to make incremental, reviewable changes. This is a big shift for many interns whose experience is more oriented around delivering complete assignments. This helps our project grow a broader, more diverse ecosystem of contributors.
What is it like to be an intern with Linkerd?
Oliver: The process usually starts by writing a project plan that outlines the goals of the project, and ideally, multiple deliverables. Again, we want to maximize the chance of code being merged to the main branch, so we try to collaborate extensively via Pull Requests. We also try to feature intern contributions and experiences at our monthly community meetings.
Tarun: The best part of the internship was definitely the people, hands down. I feel really fortunate that I had the opportunity to be mentored, and ask questions to people whose technology experience was sometimes >= my age. :p As they worked/built similar tools previously, it also gave me a historical context on why certain things are built in a specific manner. Most of the Linkerd maintainers also made sure I had a very comfortable contribution process. One other thing that stood out was that they considered me more than a student intern and made me feel confident enough to not only contribute code but also answer user questions, write blog posts, etc.
Attending KubeCon + CloudNativeCon 2019 is another highlight of my internship, as I was able to meet all the people that I was talking to online in-person. Talking to the Linkerd users and the wider CNCF community also made me understand the kind of impact that the technologies I was working on had. Also, it felt really great to meet and talk to people whose work I've been fascinated about, during college. (P.S. It was really great meeting Eric Brewer in person. 😉 )
Can you give any specific examples of valuable contributions Linkerd has gotten from interns?
Oliver: I'm really thrilled with how this summer's internships are going. Ali Ariff has modified the project's entire build and release system across multiple repos so that we can support ARM hardware. Matei David has dug deep into our discovery system to add support for new Kubernetes features like EndpointSlices and ServiceTopologies. And Mayank Shah has started porting our integration tests to Sonobuoy so that they can be used as a conformance suite. All of these projects make direct improvements for the community at large.
During his internship, what made Tarun stand out to you as someone you wanted to keep working on the project full-time?
Oliver: Tarun's got one of the best attitudes of anyone I've worked with. He's super eager to ask questions, share ideas, and give constructive feedback. It was awesome watching him grow into a full-time contributor, and I'm thrilled that we were able to continue funding his growth at Buoyant.
Tarun, what made you decide to take a job working on Linkerd full-time?
Tarun: It's definitely the people again. From all previous interactions with Buoyant folks during my Linkerd internship, they have been very friendly and always encouraged and pushed me to do more. It's been the same even after I joined the company. Most of the folks are really passionate about the project and enjoy working on it, answering questions, helping users, etc. It feels great to have co-workers who are excited about the work they are doing. It also makes you motivated. 🙂
Also the Project. People really love Linkerd, because of its focus on simplicity and user experience. Whenever I talk to users, It's really rare to not get a mention about the simplicity of the project and how easy it has been for them to not only get started but also maintain. What's more awesome than getting an opportunity to work on a project that people love and care about? 🙂
How has this year's internship program been different in the time of Covid-19?
Oliver: We've done these all as full-remote internships. This is the really wonderful thing about building an open source community: We get to work with folks all over the world, bringing a diverse set of experiences to the table.
So, we've been pretty business-as-usual. I mean, as much as anyone can be this year, at least. In a way, we all have this experience to bond over, comparing how our lives have been affected across the globe.
What advice would you give to prospective interns?
Oliver: I think the biggest hurdle is learning how the project communicates. Each project has its own style, and so it's important to get familiar with how people communicate in issues, pull requests, etc. The more you can do to make it easier for maintainers to say "yes," the easier your application and internship will be.
Tarun: It's really important to continue contributing even after GSoC if you are interested. Contributions are not just code. For students early in their career, it's important to volunteer and take up various other non-code aspects involved in running a project, like testing out a use case, writing blog posts, etc. This will help in building a variety of skill sets that would help your career down the road. It's also really important to showcase the work that you've done. Even if you feel like an imposter, try fighting it. Never feel shy to apply at conferences, or write blog posts and documentation.
One other thing that made my whole internship process more fun was bonding together with GSoC Interns/Alumni from CNCF. In most cases, they are going through a similar path as you, and it helps tremendously in learning what they are doing better and what you can take away. Also, it should be a great group to have fun! 😀

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Living a life filled with creativity makes it infinitely interesting and fulfilling. Fostering this skill at an early age leads to so many rewards in the long run, but how we as parents and caregivers foster this skill makes a world of difference.
We each have the ability to be creative because it comes in so many forms. From engaging in dramatic play to scoring a goal to making a snack or rearranging furniture, you're embracing originality and making unique connections. When you begin to open your mind to all of the possibilities, you are using what is called "divergent thinking" – looking for many possible solutions, rather than choosing between predetermined ones. The most creative people find ways around obstacles because they see them not just as roadblocks, but also as opportunities.
A young boy wants to write a story, just like his big sister. But there's a problem, he tells her. Though he knows his letters, he doesn't know many words. "Every story starts with a single word and every word starts with a single letter," his sister explains patiently. "Why don't you start there, with a letter?" So the boy tries. He writes a letter. An easy letter. The letter I. And from that one skinny letter, the story grows, and the little boy discovers that all of us, including him, have what we need to write our own perfect story.
The story is vividly and warmly illustrated by renowned, award-winning artist, Pierre Pratt. This book would work well for character education lessons on perseverance, teamwork and initiative. It also provides an excellent example of caring for the environment by reusing salvaged materials, making it a terrific pick for Maker Spaces and STEAM lessons.
All of the above titles are recommended for guided reading, grade level 2.


In case you thought that betting entails merely buying a ticket and checking out if you have won or perhaps lost then you should understand that the gambling business is really a huge industry with various facets. The gambling business involves plenty of money, offers employment to thousands of people, gives large amounts of money as taxes, winnings and charitable contributions, and in addition provides you with an opportunity to have a great time and win big bucks at the same time.
The gambling industry was previously consisting of land casinos as well as gambling rooms that made it possible for individuals to bet upon numerous sports including the game of basketball, baseball, baseball, horse racing, etc. However, with the advent of the internet gambling options have reached a good deal into the living rooms as well as http://19casino.com bedrooms of potential bettors as all you need is really a computer system having an internet connection to begin enjoying various games on different gambling websites. This specific move has allowed the betting industry to develop beyond geographical boundaries and you too have got a chance to check out fascinating gambling games like poker, blackjack, lotto, craps, roulette, etc while sitting comfortably on your own chair at home.
The betting business permits ample business job opportunities since land centered casinos require a large amount of personnel to help keep their own business running smoothly at all times. Their gambling craps games as well as numerous slot machines also require a large amount of staff to operate and maintain. Likewise, online sports betting sites along with online gambling casinos too call for programmers and other support personnel to make sure that the website operates flawlessly at all times. If you wish to enter into the business of betting over a large scale then you can certainly opt for starting up any land casino or else a online enterprise would definitely be your very best wager.
The gambling industry furthermore pays a lot of taxes and even donates part of its profits to charitable organizations as well as towards the therapy involving betting addicts. Thus, the complete gambling business offers a well-rounded solution to problems faced by society by offering you to have fun on one side while paying out taxes as well as donating income for the needy conversely, all simultaneously. You as well can be a part of this business by playing as an avid gambler merely out to have a pleasurable moment whilst attempting your own luck at huge winnings with your extra money or establishing your own gambling website full of electronic machines and online games.
Several nations and states which had earlier banned betting including online gambling too have understood that assisting this business can provide them with a bundle of money with regards to taxes and also throw open new job opportunities. The result is actually more and more of them are now reviewing these bans and also reversing them whilst also attempting to make certain that folks gamble in a very responsible way. In case you plan to gamble with online sites then you also should make certain that gamble prudently and also end up gambling merely on ethical websites that shell out winnings to winners without any delays.
The betting industry has frequently been misunderstood and also the rewards this industry offers have also been overlooked by a few countries. However, many governments have finally realized that the betting business does offer numerous direct and indirect benefits to men and women all over the world and have begun taking another look at this multi-faceted industry.


Autism is a neuro-developmental problem that leads to impairment in social interaction, development of language and communication skills, and behavioral skills. The signs and symptoms of this phenomenon tend to show up at an early age of 2-3 years in a child. As of yet the exact cause of Autism is yet to be determined.
One of the few important aspects that may be used to identify language trouble in autism is motor theory. It is characterized by several symptoms like arm flapping, grimacing, failing to imitate skilled actions / expressions, response to name, and many more. Children affected with autism are generally incapable of immediate responses and lack the standard awareness of surroundings.
What is the Motor Theory?
Before delving deep into the subject it is pertinent to understand the concept and importance of motor theory. The motor theory assumes that people identify gestures of vocal cord for words more than they actually do for sound perceptions. And this is possible because there already remains a complex mechanism of motor system in a human being which serves as the foundation for the development of skills.
Language acquisition, which is the basis of communication, also falls under this system to be generated as a complete communicative potential in future. This is more of a cognitive function, which helps to determine the perceptive power of speech. The invariant commands of the motor made to track the vocal cord articulators are in turn also a signal of how competent the receiver is.
How Does Difficulty in the Motor System Affect Autistic Individuals?
Both motor system and language development is considered to grow hand in hand. Thus, any difficulty in one, invariably affects the other. The difficulty in motor system challenges the child's perception of catching a speech. The poor comprehension of emotions, arising due to the lack of gestures and their severely affected facial expression hinders speech development to a great extent in autistic individuals. A conversation with an autistic child may involve ritualistic patterns and echolalia.
One of the major setbacks that arise in Autism cases is the lack in the cognitive power of learning a language. The Autism Spectrum Disorder leads to several imparities, which slow down the power of speech perception significantly. Naturally it becomes difficult for a child to learn a language at the normal pace. Not just in learning the speech, this would be similar in case of other perceptive aspects too like gestures, the matching of facial expressions with that of the speech. Motor development greatly depends on the primitive motor elements in a human being. However when a child has autism, the primitive motor elements are limited.
In other words what practically does not sink in, in case of the autistic children are three things: their perception, their primitive motor elements and articulation of expressions, and emotion. It is this disjuncture, which hinders an autistic child or even an adult from developing normal speech.
Developing motor abilities in a child is however not impossible as some of them show traces of improvement later in life to learn other skills. But this needs to be carefully dealt with awareness, love, and care.


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