text:
De teugelijsvogel (Halcyon malimbica) is een ijsvogel die voorkomt in Afrika.

Beschrijving
De teugelijsvogel is een middelgrote ijsvogelsoort met een lengte van 25 cm. Het is een vergrote uitvoering van de senegal-ijsvogel, met een veel zwaardere snavel die van boven rood en van onder zwart is. Een volwassen exemplaar heeft een turquoise-blauwe borst, wangen en rug en is ook blauw op de staart. De kop is van boven grijsbruin en er loopt een brede zwarte oogstreep tot aan de snavel (de "teugel").

Verspreiding en leefgebied
Er worden vier ondersoorten onderscheiden:
 H. m. torquata: van Senegal en Gambia tot Guinee-Bissau en westelijk Mali.
 H. m. forbesi: van Sierra Leone tot westelijk Kameroen en op het eiland Bioko.
 H. m. dryas: Principe in de Golf van Guinee.
 H. m. malimbica: van Kameroen tot Oeganda en Zambia.

Het leefgebied bestaat uit gebieden met bos en water, waaronder ook mangrovebos. Het is een luidruchtige vogel die zich voedt met ongewervelde dieren zoals grote insecten en krabben verder met vis, kikkers maar ook met noten van de oliepalm.

Status
De grootte van de populatie is niet gekwantificeerd. Er is aanleiding te veronderstellen dat de soort in aantal achteruit gaat. Echter, het tempo ligt onder de 30% in tien jaar (minder dan 3,5% per jaar). Om die redenen staat deze ijsvogel als niet bedreigd op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN.

IJsvogels
Dier uit het Afrotropisch gebied
IUCN-status niet bedreigd

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Nginx giving 404 Not Found (ubuntu) I'm trying to configure nginx to display a page (index.html) inside my folder /var/www/Exercises/PHP/taskList but it's only displaying 404 Not Found. This is my configuration file inside sites-enabled folder:
server {
  listen localhost:80;

  server_name taskList.dev *.taskList.dev;

  root /var/www/Exercises/PHP/taskList;

  access_log /var/log/taskList.access.log;
  error_log /var/log/taskList.error.log warn;

  add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=2592000; includeSubdomains";
  add_header X-Frame-Options DENY;
  add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' '*';

  include conf.d/server/remove-trailing-slash.conf;
  include conf.d/server/symfony2.conf;
  include conf.d/server/fastcgi.conf;
  include conf.d/server/chromeframe.conf;
  include conf.d/server/deny.conf;
}

And I've got this in my host file:
127.0.0.1   localhost
127.0.0.1 taskList.dev

I'm not sure what I'm doing, I did some research but I'm stuck with the 404 error page.

A: Add a location block, you'll probably want to use try_files as well, something like this:
location / { try_files $uri =404; }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The first two things you need to know about Kara Dolce: she's a fighter, and she's a cancer survivor.
In 2008, Dolce was diagnosed with Stage 3 breast cancer. She was 26 at the time, living in New York City, working at a French PR company, and about to be promoted.
She was also falling in love. Nate, whom she describes as "the creative guy on the 11th floor with the long hair," had asked her out on multiple occasions. But each time she said yes, she received disappointing test results from her doctor. She wasn't ready to face Nate, let alone the world.
His response was an affirming reminder that he wasn't going anywhere anytime soon.
The two spent five years enduring radiation, chemotherapy, and procedures including a double mastectomy. When the doctors saw no sign of any existing cancer cells after that, Dolce received the go ahead signal to stop treatment. She felt relieved, afraid, and strong—all at the same time.
And that's the message she wants to send, literally, through her nonprofit Fighting Pretty. Through delivering care packages, Dolce hopes to send cancer-fighting women beauty products, including makeup and accessories, that empower them to fight and not give up. Dolce recalls how important it was to feel beautiful and boost her confidence.
In 2013, the couple moved out to Portland where Dolce is a WeWork Custom House member. These past few months, she's been ramping up support for her nonprofit by partnering with industry giants in campaigns to give women a confidence booster.
Each care package includes Fighting Pretty's iconic product: mini pink boxing gloves.


whether it is the Authorised Officer under that Act or the Magistrate under the CrPC who is vested with the power to order interim release of forest produce seized under the Act. = Our analysis of the amendments brought by MP Act 25 of 1983 to the Indian Forest Act 1927 leads to the conclusion that specific provisions have been made for the seizure and confiscation of forest produce and of tools, boats, vehicles and articles used in the commission of offences. Upon a seizure under Section 52(1), the officer effecting the seizure has to either produce the property before the Authorised Officer or to make a report of the seizure under sub-section (2) of Section 52. Upon being satisfied that a forest offence has been committed, the Authorised Officer is empowered, for reasons to be recorded, to confiscate the forest produce together with the tools, vehicles, boats and articles used in its commission. Before confiscating any property under sub-section (3), the Authorised Officer is required to send an intimation of the initiation of the proceedings for the confiscation of the property to the Magistrate having jurisdiction to try the offence. Where it is intended to immediately launch a criminal proceeding, a report of the seizure is made to the Magistrate having jurisdiction to try the offence. The order of confiscation under Section 52(3) is subject to an appeal under Section 52-A and a revision under Section 52-B. Subsection (5) of Section 52-B imparts finality to the order of the Court of Sessions in revision notwithstanding anything contained to the contrary in the CrPC and provides that it shall not be called into question before any court. Section 52-C stipulates that on the receipt of an intimation by the Magistrate under sub-section (4) of Section 52, no court, tribunal or authority, other than an Authorised Officer, an Appellate Authority or Court of Sessions (under Sections 52, 52-A and 52-B) shall have jurisdiction to pass orders with regard to possession, delivery, disposal or distribution of the property in regard to which confiscation proceedings have been initiated. Sub-section (1) of Section 52-C has a non obstante provision which operates notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in the Indian Forest Act 1927 or in any other law for the time being in force. The only saving is in respect of an officer duly empowered by the State government for directing the immediate release of a property seized under Section 52, as provided in Section 31 Hence, upon the receipt of an intimation by the Magistrate of the initiation of confiscation proceedings under sub-section (4)(a) of Section 52, the bar of jurisdiction under sub-section (1) of Section 52-C is clearly attracted. The scheme contained in the amendments enacted to the Indian Forest Act 1927 in relation to the State of Madhya Pradesh, makes it abundantly clear that the direction which was issued by the High Court in the present case, in a petition under Section 482 of the CrPC, to the Magistrate to direct the interim release of the vehicle, which had been seized, was contrary to law. The jurisdiction under Section 451 of the CrPC was not available to the Magistrate, once the Authorised Officer initiated confiscation proceedings The Madhya Pradesh amendments to the Indian Forest Act 1927 are infused with a salutary public purpose. Protection of forests against depredation is a constitutionally mandated goal exemplified by Article 48A28 of the Directive Principles and the Fundamental Duty of every citizen incorporated in Article 51A(g)29. By isolating the confiscation of forest produce and the instruments utilised for the commission of an offence from criminal trials, the legislature intended to ensure that confiscation is an effective deterrent.
seized for being involved in the illegal excavation of sand from the Chambal river.
evidence as it thinks necessary, order it to be sold or otherwise disposed of.
(a) property of any kind or document which is produced before the Court or which is in its custody.
the Constitution to assail the judgment of the High Court.
contained in Articles 48-A and 51-A(g) of the Constitution in mind.
report of seizure directly to the Magistrate.
7 The rival submissions fall for consideration.
the circumstances to his official superior.
Forests of the forest circle in which the timber or the forestproduce, as the case may be, has been seized.
hearing on date to be fixed for such purpose.
vehicles, boats or article used in the commission of the offence to be confiscated.
against their use for the commission of a forest offence.
which the forest produce, has been seized.
computing period of thirty days referred to in this subsection.
consequential nature, as it may deem necessary.
headquarters of the Appellate Authority are situate.
of Appellate Authority shall be excluded.
such further action as may be directed by such Court.
1973 (No. 2 of 1974).
Act, or any other law for the time being in force.
jurisdiction shall operate on all such Courts.
revision before the Court of Sessions under Section 52-B.
etc. used in commission of such offence may be seized by the Forest Officer.
had been seized or who has an interest in such property.
order of confiscation, may prefer an appeal in writing within thirty days.
revision to the Court of Sessions within thirty days.
(ii) The Court of Sessions may confirm, reverse or modify the order.
(ii) Nothing in sub-section (1) shall affect the power saved under Section 61.
such property in a form as prescribed, by the owner of the property.
action under Section 52-A, whichever is later.
confiscation upon conviction of the offender for such forestoffence.
contained in the proviso to Section 54 as well as in sub-section (1) of Section 55.
perishable property seized under Section 52.
government free from all encumbrances.
Magistrate having jurisdiction to the try the offence.
subject to Section 52, 52-A, 52-B and 52-C.
in any other case, may be disposed of in such a manner as directed by the Court.
seizing or without hearing the person, who claims any right thereto.
property and deal with the sale proceeds.
order passed on appeal shall be final.
approved of the view expressed by Jeewan Reddy, J. in P.K.
that a forest offence had been committed.
of property seized under Section 62, which is the property of the government.
Karnataka Forest Act, 1963 this Court held that the law is a special statute.
effective steps for preserving the forests and forest produce.
Act. Such a consequence is to be avoided.
the Indian Forest Act, 1927, as amended in relation to the State of West Bengal.
CrPC to quash proceedings for confiscation of forest produce.
revision against the order of confiscation. Section 59D provides a right to appeal against the order of revision.
provides that confiscated property and proceeds of sale to vest in Government.
before Court of Sessions against order of Appellate Authority.
jurisdiction to try the offence on account of which the seizure of property has been made.
Courts and the bar to exercise jurisdiction shall operate on all such Courts.
Section 15-D provides for confiscation of property when the produce is not the property of Government.
release under Section 451 of the CrPC during the pendency of a trial.
empowered to release inter alia, a vehicle, vessel or weapon subject to a bond.
provisions of Rule 53 of the MP Minor Mineral Rules 1996.
preserving environment, these provisions must receive a purposive interpretation.
forests and wildlife of the country.".
must remain eternally vigilant to the daily assaults on the environment.
judgment and order of the High Court dated 29 July 2011 in MCRC 5171 of 2011.
stand set aside and the appeal is accordingly allowed.
aside and the appeals are accordingly allowed.
Previous Post whether a death due to malaria occasioned by a mosquito bite in Mozambique, constituted a death due to accident.= In a policy of insurance which covers death due to accident, the peril insured against is an accident: an untoward happening or occurrence which is unforeseen and unexpected in the normal course of human events. The death of the insured in the present case was caused by encephalitis malaria. The claim under the policy is founded on the hypothesis that there is an element of uncertainty about whether or when a person would be the victim of a mosquito bite which is a carrier of a vectorborne disease. The submission is that being bitten by a mosquito is an unforeseen eventuality and should be regarded as an accident. We do not agree with this submission. The insured was based in Mozambique. According to the World Health Organization's World Malaria Report 2018, Mozambique, with a population of 29.6 million people, accounts for 5% of cases of malaria globally. It is also on record that one out of three people in Mozambique is afflicted with malaria. In light of these statistics, the illness of encephalitis malaria through a mosquito bite cannot be considered as an accident. It was neither unexpected nor unforeseen. It was not a peril insured against in the policy of accident insurance. We are hence of the view that the interpretation placed on the terms of the insurance policy was manifestly incorrect and that the impugned order of the National Commission is unsustainable.
Next Post settled legal position that, at the stage of considering the prayer for bail, it is not necessary to weigh the material, but only form opinion on the basis of the material before it on broad probabilities.


text:
Electric bikes are here in a big way. Liberated from some of the normal constraints of standard bike design like weight and gearing, e-bike design has exploded; if you can imagine it, someone has built it. From cargo bikes to city bikes, messenger bikes to mountain bikes, road bikes, folding bikes, and even beach cruisers, there is something for everyone. The beauty of e-bikes is that they make the joy of cycling accessible to so many people in so many ways.
The other is our first foray into the larger 45mm wide motor series, similar to those sold by MXUS, QS, Leafbike etc. as 3KW or 5kW hubs. We got these made up to properly fit either a standard 135mm dropout with a single speed freewheel, or a 150mm dropout with a 7-8 speed freewheel and some spacers. As expected from Grin they are sealed, include a 10K thermistor for temperature sensing, and have a disk hole injection port for Statorade, and are hubsink compatible. Check out the performance on our simulator both with and without statorade. Unlike so many other direct drive motors, both of these have the proper alignment for disk rotor position and room for disk calipers without shimming things out.
While I would have loved to see some higher end components such as disc brakes or built-in lights, the bike still works well for what you get and is a pretty good value for the price. One missing component that I feel would make a big difference is a kickstand. I've never seen an e-bike that didn't come with one, outside of ultra premium multi-thousand dollar road and downhill e-bikes that try to save every gram of weight. But for a commuter, a kickstand is pretty important. You can always add a cheap $7 kickstand from Amazon, but I would have preferred they save us the step and include their own cheap kickstand.
As the managing editor of Ars Technica, one of my duties is to monitor the daily torrent of news tips and PR emails. The overwhelming majority of them is deleted after a glance, and the news tips and story ideas are passed along to the appropriate writer. Sometimes a product announcement will catch my eye, and I will follow up. Once in a blue moon, I'll say, "please send me one so that I may review it." And that's how I ended up riding an electric bike around the Chicago suburbs for two weeks.
On February 4, 2014, SB997 was introduced by Senator Matt Smith, which seeks to amend PA Vehicle Code to include "Pedalcycle with Electric Assist". In a memo addressed to all senate members, Smith said the definition shall include "bicycles equipped with an electric motor not exceeding 750 watts, weighing not more than 100 pounds, are capable of a maximum speed of not more than 20 mph, and have operable pedals."[128][129]
Play it Safe, Make it Easy – E-bike manufacturers will offer you a large variety of styles, types, colors and utility, but the base specifications will be a bike producing less than 750 watts of power (1 horsepower = 746W) , and have its speed limited to 20mph on motor power alone. The majority of US ebikes meet that specification. Manufacturers do this for their own liability. Going this route assures you that your bike was built and sold legally. As a result, you will have about every privilege that a normal bicycle can expect. However, state and local laws may dictate reduced speeds and limited access to bike paths.
No person may drive either a two-wheeled or a three-wheeled motorcycle, or a motor-driven cycle unless such person has a valid driver's license specially endorsed by the director to enable the holder to drive such vehicles. No driver's license is required for operation of an electric-assisted bicycle if the operator is at least sixteen years of age. Persons under sixteen years of age may not operate an electric-assisted bicycle. Persons operating electric-assisted bicycles shall comply with all laws and regulations related to the use of bicycle helmets. Electric-assisted bicycles and motorized foot scooters may have access to highways of the state to the same extent as bicycles. Electric-assisted bicycles and motorized foot scooters may be operated on a multipurpose trail or bicycle lane, but local jurisdictions may restrict or otherwise limit the access of electric-assisted bicycles and motorized foot scooters, and state agencies may regulate the use of motorized foot scooters on facilities and properties under their jurisdiction and control.
Seth Miller said he founded the company after his first electric bike was stolen from where it was parked in front of the midtown office building where he worked. The company that manufactured the bike had disbanded, so he started researching different suppliers. He soon discovered that a majority of the e-bikes sold in the US are just cobbled together from a variety of off-the-shelf Chinese-made parts found in a catalog. It sounded simple, so Miller figured he'd try it himself.
This 150mm-travel e-mtb tackles big descents, shines on flowy trails, and provides the boost you need for the trip back. Pedal assist comes from Shimano's 6.2-pound STePS E8000 motor with a 20mph boost. Shifting is motorized too, with Shimano's exemplary XT Di2 drivetrain providing the most precise and consistent shifts a mountain bike can have. The fun comes from the E-Core's 150mm of front and rear travel courtesy of a RockShox Yari fork and Deluxe RT shock. Both can be locked out for long, fire-road type climbs, though on an e-bike that feature feels less necessary.
I purchased version 2.0 of this device and the manufacturer has been listening to comments from users and making running changes such as the three speeds and the rear suspension. I am an XL size user (6'2", 230lbs) and recently returned from a 26 day cruise around Europe. I rode this little scooter on cobblestones, miles and miles through the Vatican, inside ancient cities and all over the streets of San Juan upon our return stateside. There was only one time it was less than ideal and that was going uphill, on slick tile that was wet from a drizzle. It still make it, just had to lean way forward to get weight on the front wheel.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I'm going to be out of the country for the next week or so, I'm not ignoring you guys IC'ly but I'm enjoying my vacation, I may or may not have internet avaliable to me so there ya go, here's hopin I have time for some sick RP when I get back!
Yea, I've been moving all this weekend. �Just got my connection back up, but having pc problems (can't find where everything was packed) so I'll be back once I can get on something besides the woman's work laptop.


text:
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Date of birth : 31/08/1985
Hartman Ashley
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Ashley Hartman (1985)
Ashley Christina Hartman is an American actress and fashion model.
Hartman was born to Michele Knutsen and Kip Hartman in Orange County, California. When she was four years of age, her parents divorced and Hartman lived with Knutsen and her two sisters. Maria Carmel, Ashley's older sister, is a fashion photographer and won the 2007 Vh1 reality show "The Shot."
Before American Idol, she was the church cantor at her private elementary school, St. John the Baptist in Costa Mesa, California. She attended Mater Dei High School in Santa Ana, California, for her freshman, sophomore, and junior years but graduated elsewhere.
In 2003, Hartman went to Hollywood in order to participate in American Idol and made it into the top 32 finalists. After her performance of Diana Ross's "Touch Me in The Morning," the judges suggested she get into acting and modeling.
Acting career
She was soon recruited by the casting director of the FOX series The O.C.. Hartman had a six-episode recurring role as Holly Fischer in the first season of The O.C., and returned in the fourth season for 4 episodes. In addition to her role in The O.C., Hartman landed a role in the horror film Abominable. Hartman is currently the face of CBS Mobile, TV.com, and is the host of MTV's "Kiss & Tell: The Do's and Don'ts of Dating."
Hartman portrayed Ariel Chylde in the live action adaption of the comic Darkchylde.
Played movies
Played TV shows
Episodes: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Episodes: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Episodes: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Episodes: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Whole or part of the information contained in this card come from the Wikipedia article "Ashley Hartman", licensed under CC-BY-SA full list of contributors here.
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Whether you're grilling up juicy burgers, steaks, brats or your special barbecued chicken or shrimp, the food is sure to be a hit as long as you don't burn it — and as long as you don't accidentally make anyone sick. Cooking outside brings some special challenges and means taking a few extra precautions.
Before you grab your tongs and apron and brush on the marinade, brush up on these tips.
No matter how eager you are to dig into the sirloin you just pulled out of the freezer, don't rush to throw it on the grill. Allow frozen meat and poultry to defrost completely before cooking so that it cooks evenly. (Undercooked spots can cause food poisoning.) If you have time, let it thaw slowly in the refrigerator (never on the counter). If it's tightly sealed you can also submerge it in cold water. And if you truly are in a hurry, you can use the defrost setting on your microwave to take the chill off.
Marinating is a great way to tenderize meat, add flavor or both, but be mindful of how you do it. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends marinating food in the fridge — never on a countertop or other unrefrigerated area. According to foodsafety.gov, poultry and cubed meat can marinate for up to two days. Beef, veal, pork and lamb roasts, chops and steaks can safely sit in a marinade for up to five days.
If you want to turn the marinade into a sauce after you've removed whatever was soaking in it, bring it to a boil first to kill any bacteria that may have leached in. Or simply make extra marinade and set some aside.
Never use the same platter for raw and cooked foods. Bring uncooked items to the grill on one platter and have a second, clean one on hand to hold food once it's done. Thoroughly wash any dishes that have held raw meat, poultry or seafood. Tip: To simplify things, use paper plates for raw meats and toss them as soon as you transfer the food onto the grill.
Spend at least 20 seconds scrubbing your hands with soap and water before cooking, advises the FDA. Keep a bottle of hand sanitizer that contains between 60 and 90 percent alcohol beside the grill. Use it every time you touch meat that's still raw or not yet thoroughly cooked. Pump a dime-sized portion of sanitizer into one palm and then rub your hands together energetically.
If your hands are noticeably dirty or greasy, however, take the time to scrub them with soap and water: According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, even super-strength hand sanitizers aren't likely to be effective on soiled skin.
If you prefer to use gloves when you grill, keep two pairs handy — one for handling uncooked food and one for cooked food.
Color can be deceiving. Even beef that's turned deep brown may not be cooked through. On the flip side, pink doesn't always mean it's not done: Some meat, including ground beef, is treated with gasses that help it maintain color. So burgers that have been safely cooked through still may appear pink, tempting you to overcook them into dry, flavorless discs.
Clean off the thermometer between uses so you don't re-contaminate cooked food.
When smoking meat — a great way to impart flavor and tenderness to tough cuts — keep the temperature inside the smoker between 250 and 300 degrees Fahrenheit, advises foodsafety.org.
There's some evidence that when proteins are exposed to very high heat (such as direct flames from a charcoal grill), they may form cancer-causing compounds called heterocyclic amines, or HCAs, that are especially linked to colon and stomach cancers.
To help prevent HCAs from forming when barbecuing meat, poultry or fish, the American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) suggests opting for lean cuts that are less likely to drip fat and cause flare-ups that could lead to charring. It also recommends cooking at a slightly lower heat or over coals that have burned down a lot, and flipping food frequently. And don't forget to marinade: According to the AICR, studies have shown that marinating meats can lower HCA formation by up to 96 percent.
Bacteria thrive in temperatures between 40 to 140 degrees Fahrenheit. For that reason, it's important to minimize the amount of time food spends in that temperature range. Never allow uncooked food to sit out at room temperature for more than two hours. On a hot day (90 degrees Fahrenheit or more), food should not sit out for more than an hour.
If you're transporting food to be barbecued, pack it in a cooler with ice or ice packs to keep it at 40 degrees Fahrenheit or lower. Wrap meats and tuck them in the bottom of the cooler so that they're separate from other foods and beverages (or use two coolers). Put the cooler in the main part of the car rather than in the hot trunk.
Once food is cooked through, keep it on a cooler part of the grill where it will stop cooking but still maintain a temperature of at least 140 degrees Fahrenheit, which will keep bacteria at bay.
Paul Hope, a trained chef and DIY enthusiast, has restored two houses and writes about food and homes.


U.S. hospitals are now required to post list prices for medical services online, under federal rules meant to help patients.
U.S. hospitals are now required to post list prices for medical services online, under federal rules meant to help patients find affordable care and avoid hefty surprise bills. The spreadsheets, often thousands of lines long, will leave many patients overwhelmed. Procedures are described in medical jargon and abbreviations. That's if you can find the lists.
"The information is not user-friendly," says AARP's David Certner.
Most hospitals list standard charges which are far above the prices negotiated by insurance companies. But the posted charges for a surgery, for example, don't include separate things like room rates for overnight stays. They don't include fees for every doctor involved in a patient's treatment. And doctors outside a patient's insurance network could send big bills separately.
Seema Verma, administrator of the U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, recently called the postings a first step to increase transparency about health care costs. The rule went into effect Jan. 1.
The lists don't show the out-of-pocket costs most patients face, which vary depending on their insurance. Verma said some hospitals already have online tools letting patients enter their insurance information to get estimated charges.
Get the exact description of the test or procedure from your doctor and the billing codes, usually a DRG code for a bundle of related services or multiple CPT codes for treatment components. Ask if care can be provided as an outpatient, which is normally cheaper.
Check with your insurer to see if you need preauthorization and confirm the hospitals and doctors are in network. That can change with insurers' contracts each January, and online directories can be out of date.
Ask the hospital what it will charge for the procedure, each doctor or other provider's services, medications, supplies, daily room rates and the facilities fee, which can be charged even for services off the hospital campus.
Ask your insurer what it will reimburse for all those charges and what your estimated costs will be.
"It's very complicated and difficult for people to get a complete picture of what their costs will be" in advance, says Consumer Reports health care policy expert Dena Mendelsohn. That's partly because complications can occur and services can vary from estimates.
Keep records of all cost information provided by your insurer and hospital staff. If possible, get it in writing, in case of problems.
Get an itemized bill. Before paying, check your insurer's explanation of benefits and confirm you received every service listed.
If you're charged far more than was estimated, appeal to the hospital and insurer to adjust your bill. If you don't get results, contact your state's insurance regulator.


text:
My More Than Full Time Job
Notes from a teacher's desk
Being a teacher often means being a nerd
So the latest meme seems to be this fun, regional linguistics game. As an English teacher, I am fascinated by linguistics and regional differences. It's one of the things I love about language. It changes. It varies. I love idioms and fairy tales and urban legends. And I love linguistic differences. They fascinate me. So that is my justification for putting this on my blog. I watched 4 this morning, actually, one after another. Bonnie, who went to high school with me and lives not too far. Bethany, who has lived in San Diego twice, but did not grow up here. And Sarah and Lauren, from the UK and Australia, respectively. What a trip! I learned that Lauren calls when the rain falls and it's sunny a sunshower, which is way prettier than what my freak of a family says. I also learned that Bonnie and I have some freakshow things in common, like our pronunciation of "both." It was fascinating to watch them all in a row like that, and really made me want to play along. Just for some slight background, I lived near Salt Lake City, UT until I was 5 or so, then 5 years in Tempe, AZ. Since then, I've been a Cali girl. Mostly San Diego, but I did spend my college years in the Bay Area, and therefore use "random" like it's slang and occasionally (god help me) even say "hella."
Disclaimer: I'm sorry I look like hell. It was a very late night and my body forced me awake too early today. I really do, too, but the video itself isn't too horrible, and I had technical problems that led to me doing this several times, so I shan't be going for beauty this run.
The word list: Aunt, Route, Wash, Oil, Theatre, Iron, Salmon, Caramel, Fire, Water, Sure, Data, Ruin, Crayon, Toilet, New Orleans, Pecan, Both, Again, Probably, Spitting image, Alabama, Lawyer, Coupon, Mayonnaise, Syrup, Pajamas, Caught
And the questions:
What is it called when you throw toilet paper on a house?
What is the bug that when you touch it, it curls into a ball?
What is the bubbly carbonated drink called?
What do you call gym shoes?
What do you say to address a group of people?
What do you call the kind of spider that has an oval-shaped body and extremely long legs?
What do you call your grandparents?
What do you call the wheeled contraption in which you carry groceries at the supermarket?
What do you call it when rain falls while the sun is shining?
What is the thing you change the TV channel with?
Untitled from summer hellewell on Vimeo.
And here is my video! I know I'm late to the game, but if anyone new wants to play along, or if I missed yours somehow, post it in the comments! I would LOVE to do this with my students. I might show them, just for fun. Maybe as part of an idiom lesson, we'll do something crazy similar with regional expressions. That would be fun!
Posted by SGH at 5:24 PM
McMillan January 31, 2011 at 7:25 PM
MIne! http://theteachermcmillan.blogspot.com/2011/01/because-cool-kids-are-doing-it.html
sarah doow February 1, 2011 at 5:55 AM
Ah, there's another one for the list: herb!
Ms. H February 1, 2011 at 7:01 AM
I thought that, too, Sarah!
Annie of Blue Gables February 1, 2011 at 10:51 AM
you mentioned Utah: When I moved here from Colorado I noticed several very strange pronunciations:not sure if they are trying to speak Pirate (arrr, maties)
horse (pronounced in central Utah= harse as in h-are-se) likewise
corn (c-are-n) carn, also
born (barn)
barn (born)
someone said to me, "its the only place where you can be barn in a born."
How about creek? is it crick or creek?
Where I come from, we pronounced it with a long e
here it is a crick (maybe that is because crickets live nearby?)
how do you pronounce apricot? Long a or short a?
My mom comes from Kansas, they pronounced it with a long a, and that is how I grew up pronouncing it. People around here say it with a short a.
oh, and ball bug
Ms. H February 1, 2011 at 11:29 AM
Annie, I say apricot with the long A, but everyone in San Diego mocks me for it. I never know how to say creek, but think I've settled into the long E as I've gotten older. Thanks for sharing!I love your pronunciations of "barn in a born." That's awesome!
bethany actually February 1, 2011 at 11:08 PM
I love that you're an overpronouncer like I am. :-)
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I am a middle school teacher in the San Diego area. Anything I write here is my own experiences and opinions, unique to me and me alone. That having been said, however, and all liabilities covered...one unique voice can speak to the many, can it not?


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Home > Gun
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text:
Political Science International Affairs Business & Communications Psychology Economics All Topics
Modernization Democracy Southeast Asia Democratization
From Cornell International Affairs Review VOL. 4 NO. 2
The Odd Couple: Modernization and Democratization in Southeast Asia
By Nicholas Anderson
Cornell International Affairs Review
2011, Vol. 4 No. 2 | pg. 2/2 | «
The "zone of transition"…
The final four regional states, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines, fall into what we are referring to as the "zone of transition." In terms of economic development, these four states form a sort of middle ground48 between Singapore's affluence and East Timor's poverty. In terms of democratic development these states are also in the middle with EIU index scores all in the 6s,49 Polity IV scores between 4 and 8,50 and Freedom House combined scores from 4.5 to 2.5.51 Some states in this category, such as the Philippines, have had relatively free, fair, and competitive democratic elections, while others, such as Malaysia, have not.
Additionally, some states in this category, such as Indonesia, have seen recent improvements in their quality of democracy,52 while others, such as Thailand, have seen it decay.53 While Indonesia has progressed considerably further in this process than Malaysia, neither can be said to be fully democratic nor fully authoritarian. What essentially brings these four states together is that they are in a state of flux between somewhat-authoritarian and somewhat-democratic forms of governance. As a group they are somewhat democratic, relatively corrupt,54 and have governments that generally function at only mediocre levels.55 Effectively, they are in transition.
So, it seems the modernization theory applies to Southeast Asia after all. Between the states that are an obvious fit (Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, Burma/Myanmar), the states that are understandable exceptions (Singapore, Brunei, East Timor), and the states in the "zone of transition" (Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines), the modernization theory provides a helpful tool for understanding democratization in the region. With this in mind, what can be said about the future of democracy in Southeast Asia?
First, the states to keep an eye on are Malaysia and Vietnam. Malaysia is the most highly-developed among the "zone of transition" states and the least democratic. As it leaves the "zone" and begins to have GDP/capita levels above $7,000, it will be increasingly likely to take steps in the direction of democracy. In Vietnam's case, it is just entering the "zone of transition" (GDP/capita $1,060). As it grows rapidly, it will be interesting to see whether increasingly empowered voices for democracy will be heard at the highest levels of government. Second, the fast-paced economic growth in the region is a hopeful prospect.
In authoritarian states, economic growth over the past decade (2000-2010) has been impressive, with Laos averaging 6.73%, Vietnam, 7.46%, Cambodia, 9.25%, and Myanmar a whopping 12.98%.56 A number of Southeast Asian states have also weathered the global economic crisis impressively. While the global average was -0.8% in 2009, Vietnam sustained a 5.3% GDP growth rate, Laos, 6.4%, and East Timor, 7.2%, the sixth-highest rate in the world.57 As these states grow, according to our analysis, they should become increasingly democratic, and so their rapid growth rates are something that should definitely be encouraged. Third, just because it is possible for all of Southeast Asia, or the world for that matter, to become democratic, it doesn't mean it is probable.
We exist in a world of finite economic resources, and it is likely that Southeast Asian and global democracy, in most cases, will continue to reflect this reality. And finally, the most effective way to promote democracy in Southeast Asia is to encourage further economic growth. Overthrowing authoritarian regimes by force or backing elites who claim to be democrats seem to be far too risky ventures to undertake. While economic growth may not automatically lead to democracy at any time in history and in any place in the world, it is by far the most reliable enabling agent for democracy's future.
Nick Anderson is a graduate student, pursuing an M.A. in Security Studies from Georgetown University's Security Studies Program. He received his B.A. from the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada, which is where this paper was written. Nick's research interests include Northeast and Southeast Asian politics and security. In addition to his graduate studies, Nick is currently a research intern at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, D.C.
Boix, Carles, and Susan C. Stokes. "Endogenous Democratization." World Politics 55, no. 4 (July 2003), pp. 517 – 549.
Burkhart, Ross E., and Michael S. Lewis-Beck. "Comparative Democracy: The Economic Development Thesis." American Political Science Review 88, no. 4 (December 1994), pp. 903 – 910.
Case, William. Politics in Southeast Asia: Democracy or Less. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2002.
"The CIA World Factbook." CIA.gov, 2010. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ (accessed 15 June 2010).
"Corruption Perceptions Index 2009." Transparency.org, 2009. http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009 (accessed 16 June 2010).
Dayley, Robert, and Clark D. Neher. Southeast Asia in the New International Era. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2010.
Diamond, Larry. "Economic Development and Democracy Reconsidered." American Behavioral Scientist 35, no. 4/5 (March/June 1992), pp. 450 – 499.
"Economist Intelligence Unit Democracy Index 2008." EIU.com, 2008. http://graphics.eiu.com/PDF/Democracy%20Index%202008.pdf (accessed 16 June 2010).
"The Failed States Index, 2010." Foreignpolicy.com, 2010. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/06/21/the_failed_states_index_2010 (accessed 21 June 2010).
"Freedom House Freedom in the World Survey."Freedomhouse.org, 2010. http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=15 (accessed 16 June 2010).
Fukuyama, Francis. "Do we really know how to promote democracy?" NED.org, 2005. http://www.fpa.org/usr_doc/Francis_Fukuyama.pdf (accessed 16 June 2010).
Fukuyama, Francis. The End of History and the Last Man. New York: Free Press, 2006.
Haggard, Stephan, and Robert R. Kaufman. "The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions." Comparative Politics 29, no. 3 (1997), pp. 263 – 283.
Huntington, Samuel P. "Will More Countries Become Democratic?" Political Science Quarterly 99, no. 2 (Summer, 1984), pp. 193 – 218.
Ichimura, Shinichi, and James W. Morely. "Introduction: The Varieties of Asia-Pacific Experience," in Morely, James W., eds. Driven By Growth: Political Change in the Asia-Pacific Region. Revised ed. New York: M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 1999.
Inglehart, Ronald, and Christian Welzel. "How Development Leads to Democracy: What We Know About Modernization." Foreign Affairs 88, no. 2 (March/April 2009), pp. 33 – 48.
"The International Monetary Fund." IMF.org, 2010. http://www.imf.org/external/data.htm (accessed 16 June 2010).
Kingsbury, Damien. South-East Asia: A Political Profile. 2nd ed. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Lipset, Seymour Martin. "Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy." The American Political Science Review 53, no. 1 (March 1959), pp. 69 – 105.
Lipset, Seymour Martin. "The Social Requisites of Democracy Revisited: 1993 Presidential Address." American Sociological Review 59, no. 1 (February 1994), pp. 1 – 22.
"The Military Balance 2010." The International Institute of Strategic Studies 110, no. 1 (2010), pp. 1 – 492.
"Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800-2008." Systemicpeace.org, 2010. http://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm (accessed 16 June 2010).
Prezworski, Adam, and Fernando Limongi. "Modernization: Theories and Facts." World Politics 49, no. 2 (January 1997), pp. 155 – 183.
"Republic of Singapore – Public Administration Country Profile." UN.org, 2005. http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023321.pdf (accessed 21 June 2010).
"The United Nations Human Development Reports." UNDP.org, 2010. http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/ (accessed 16 June 2010).
Welzel, Christian. "Theories of Democratization." Worldvaluessurvey.org, 2009. http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvs/articles/folder_published/publication_579/files/OUP_Ch06.pdf (accessed 16 June 2010).
"The World Bank Data Catalog." Worldbank.org, 2010. http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog (accessed 28 June 2010).
"The World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators, 1996 – 2008." Worldbank.org, 2010. http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.asp (accessed 19 June 2010).
Seymour Martin Lipset, "Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy," The American Political Science Review 53, no. 1 (March 1959), pp. 75.
See William Case, Politics in Southeast Asia: Democracy or Less (London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2002), 19 – 20.
"Socioeconomic" is used, rather than simply "economic" to imply the inclusion all of the social changes that generally accompany increased individual wealth in society (discussed below).
This analysis includes all ASEAN member-states (Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar/Burma, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam), and East Timor.
Lipset, "Some Social Requisites of Democracy," 83.
For more discussion of the modernization theory see, Seymour Martin Lipset, "The Social Requisites of Democracy Revisited: 1993 Presidential Address," American Sociological Review 59, no. 1 (February 1994), pp. 1 – 22.; Ronald Inglehart and Christian Welzel, "How Development Leads to Democracy: What We Know About Modernization," Foreign Affairs 88,no. 2 March/April 2009), pp. 33 – 48.; Christian Welzel, "Theories of Democratization," Worldvaluessurvey.org, 2009. http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvs/articles/folder_published/publication_579/files/OUP_Ch06.pdf (accessed 16 June 2010), 80-81, 86-88.; Larry Diamond, "Economic Development and Democracy Reconsidered." American Behavioral Scientist 35, no. 4/5 (March/June 1992), pp. 450 – 499.; Francis Fukuyama, "Do we really know how to promote democracy?" NED.org, 2005. http://www.fpa.org/usr_doc/Francis_Fukuyama.pdf (accessed 16 June 2010).
Haggard and Kaufman make this argument, bridging the "agency" and "structural" theories. See Stephan Haggard and Robert R. Kaufmann, "The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions," Comparative Politics 29, no. 3 (1997), pp. 263 – 283. See also, Diamond, 480.
For an argument on the "initiation" side, see Carles Boix and Susan C. Stokes, "Endogenous Democratization," World Politics 55, no. 4 (July 2003), pp. 517 – 549. For an argument on the "maintenance" side, see Adam Prezworski and Fernando Limongi, "Modernization: Theories and Facts," World Politics 49, no. 2 (January 1997), pp. 155 – 183.
Diamond cites a figure of $6,000 GPD/capita in Diamond, 467.; Fukuyama also cites a figure of $6,000 GPD/capita in Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Free Press, 2006), 344.; Prezworski and Limongi cite a figure of $6,055.15 in Prezworski and Limongi, 160.; Boix and Stokes put forth a figure of $7,000 in Boix and Stokes, 522.
See Boix and Stokes, 522.; Prezworski and Limongi, 159 – 160.
Huntington claims that in this zone, "traditional forms of rule become increasingly difficult to maintain and new types of political institutions are required to aggregate the demands of an increasingly complex society and to implement public policies in such a society." See Samuel P. Huntington, "Will More Countries Become Democratic?" Political Science Quarterly 99, no. 2 (Summer, 1984), 201.
Lipset, "The Social Requisites of Democracy Revisited," 2.; Diamond, 466.; Inglehart and Welzel, 34.; Boix and Stokes, 518-519.; Ross E. Burkhart and Michael S. Lewis-Beck, "Comparative Democracy: The Economic Development Thesis," American Political Science Review 88, no. 4 (December 1994), 903.; Huntington, 199.; Shinichi Ichimura and James W. Morely, "Introduction: The Varieties of Asia-Pacific Experience," in James W. Morely, eds. Driven By Growth: Political Change in the Asia-Pacific Region. Revised ed. (New York, M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 1999), 31.
Huntington, 199.; Burkhart and Lewis-Beck, 907.; Boix and Stokes, 525.; Inglehart and Welzel, 42.; Diamond, 466.
All EIU data can be found at "Economist Intelligence Unit Democracy Index 2008," EIU.com, 2008. http://graphics.eiu.com/PDF/Democracy%20Index%202008.pdf (accessed 16 June 2010).
The EIU democracy index combines measurements of: electoral process and pluralism; civil liberties; the functioning of government; political participation; and political culture.
OPEC (Algeria, Angola, Iran, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, UAE) and OAPEC (Bahrain, Egypt, Tunisia, Syria, Saudi Arabia) states and Oman were excluded.
The 8 states are: Equatorial Guinea, Libya, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, the UAE, and Qatar.
As a microstate, Brunei is not included in EIU's dataset, which likely skews these results.
The Polity IV data measures regimes on a scale from -10 (perfectly authoritarian) to 10 (perfectly democratic). For more, see "Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800-2008," Systemicpeace.org, 2010, http://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm (accessed 16 June 2010).
Freedom House's Freedom in the World Survey assigns regime's scores for both Political Rights and Civil Liberties. These ratings run from 1 (full freedom) to 7 (no freedom), and the combined score results from simply adding the two together and dividing them by two. For more, see "Freedom House Freedom in the World Survey,"Freedomhouse.org, 2010, http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=15 (accessed 16 June 2010).
IMF.org, 2010.
EIU.com, 2008.
Freedomhouse.org, 2010.
After Burma are Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Chad, and North Korea (in that order).
See Case, 81.
The United Nations Human Development Index rates member-states, combining measures of GDP/capita, literacy, and life expectancy, on a scale from 0 to 10. "The United Nations Human Development Reports," UNDP.org, 2010, http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/ (accessed 16 June 2010).
The Corruption Perceptions Index measures states for government transparency on a scale from 0 to 10. "Corruption Perceptions Index 2009," Transparency.org, 2009, http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009 (accessed 16 June 2010).
These and all of the following defense and population statistics from: "The Military Balance 2010," The International Institute of Strategic Studies 110, no. 1 (2010).
This number is a UN estimate for the year 2000. "Republic of Singapore – Public Administration Country Profile," UN.org, 2005, http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023321.pdf (accessed 21 June 2010).
Robert Dayley and Clark D. Neher, Southeast Asia in the New International Era (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2010), 172.
UNDP.org, 2010.
Damien Kingsbury, South-East Asia: A Political Profile, 2nd ed. (England: Oxford University Press, 2004), 281.
"The CIA World Factbook," CIA.gov, 2010, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ (accessed 15 June 2010).
"Polity IV Project," 2010.
Transparency.org, 2010.
The World Bank World Governance Indicator measures the functionality of government institutions on a scale from 0 to 100. East Timor's rating is 19.28 while Cambodia's is 22.13. See "The World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators, 1996 – 2008," Worldbank.org, 2010, http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.asp (accessed 19 June 2010).
Philippines GDP/capita: $1,745, Indonesia GDP/capita: $2,238, Thailand GDP/capita: $4,108, Malaysia GDP/capita: $6,897. IMF.org, 2010.
EIU Democracy Index scores – Philippines (6.12), Indonesia (6.34), Malaysia (6.36), Thailand (6.81). EIU.com, 2008.
Polity IV scores – Thailand (4), Malaysia (6), Indonesia (8), Philippines (8). "Polity IV Project," 2010.
Freedom House combined scores – Thailand (4.5), Philippines (3.5), Malaysia (4), Indonesia (2.5). Freedomhouse.org, 2010.
Indonesia's 2005 Freedom House combined score (3.5 and "Partly Free"). Indonesia's 2009 Freedom House combined score (2.5 and "Free"). Freedomhouse.org, 2010.
Thailand's 2005 Freedom House combined score (2.5 and "Free"). Thailand's 2009 Freedom House combined score (4.5 and "Partly Free").
Corruption Perceptions Index scores – Philippines (2.4), Indonesia (2.8), Thailand (3.4), Malaysia (4.5). Transparency.org, 2010.
World Bank Governance Indicator scores – Indonesia (35.48), Philippines (37.38), Thailand (43.48), Malaysia (58.93).
"The World Bank Data Catalog," Worldbank.org, 2010, http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog (accessed 28 June 2010).
The five highest growth rates preceding E. Timor were Macau, Qatar, Azerbaijan, China, and Ethiopia. See CIA.gov, 2010.
Photos courtesy of:
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Singapore_skyline.JPG
Anderson, N. (2011). "The Odd Couple: Modernization and Democratization in Southeast Asia." Cornell International Affairs Review, 4(2). Retrieved from http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=1232
Anderson, Nicholas. "The Odd Couple: Modernization and Democratization in Southeast Asia." Cornell International Affairs Review 4.2 (2011). <http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=1232>
Anderson, Nicholas. 2011. The Odd Couple: Modernization and Democratization in Southeast Asia. Cornell International Affairs Review 4 (2), http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=1232
ANDERSON, N. 2011. The Odd Couple: Modernization and Democratization in Southeast Asia. Cornell International Affairs Review [Online], 4. Available: http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=1232
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A publication of Cornell University
From This Issue (Vol. 4 No. 2)
Decentralization Examined: Conditions Dependent Path Towards Success
The Problems of Former USSR: Citizens in Russian-Latvian Relations
The New Geopolitics: Why Nuclear Weapons No Longer Serve U.S. Interests
The Key Drivers of Human Security Discourse and the Challenge to Realism
Adapt-Qaeda: Analyzing the Relationship Between Ideology, Organizational Transformation, and the Exploitation of Information Technology
Mass Killing: Politics By Other Means
Divisive Economic Device? Understanding China's Choice to Create a Sovereign Wealth Fund
Political Science » Southeast Asia
Indo-Pakistani Enmity & the Reorganization of Asia: Strategic Opportunities for China and India
Norm or Necessity? The Non-Interference Principle in ASEAN
International Affairs » South America
A River for Freedom: The Itaipu Hyrdoelectric Project and the Democratization of Paraguay
History » Governance
How Democratic Was The Roman Republic? The Theory and Practice of an Archetypal Democracy
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This article examines the reasons why racism persists in Cuba more than fifty years after the 1959 Revolution in which Fidel Castro promised Afro-Cubans to eradicate racism from the island. More specifically, it investigates Cuba's racist history... Read Article »
Cuba Afro-Cuban Culture Race Social Reform Economic Inequality Racism
U.S.-africa Relations
Before Drones: U.S. Covert Action in Africa During the Congo Crisis
By Drew A. Calcagno
As with much of the African continent, the Congo endured a harsh colonial past. What trailed, after its 1960 independence from Belgium, also followed a similar trend of its continental neighbors – continued foreign meddling. At the outset,... Read Article »
Sub-Saharan Africa Congo Colonialism Covert Operations U.S. Foreign Policy U.S.-Africa Relations Patrice Lumumba
Food Insecurity and the Threat to Global Stability and Security in the 21st Century
By Michael DeFeo
In 2010, over 250,000 Syrian farmers were forced from their land due to water shortages. Lack of water left these farmers dangerously food insecure, so they moved, en masse, into Syrian urban centers. This strained an already overburdened infrastructure... Read Article »
Food Security Water Security Security Studies Failed States Social Instability Civil War Climate Change
Decision Making Theories and China's Military Intervention in the Korean War
By Hao Ming Xiong
This article uses two decision-making theories – rational choice theory and prospect theory – to examine China's resolution to intervene militarily in the Korean War. I argue that Chairman Mao Zedong was in a domain of loss both... Read Article »
Decision-Making Korean War Prospect Theory Rational Choice Theory Mao Zedong China North Korea South Korea International Relations
Effects of Globalization on Work and Organizations: Exploring Post-Industrialism, Post-Fordism, Work and Management in the Global Era
By Tasnim B. Kazi
As we move from Fordism to Post-Fordism and from Industrialism to Post-Industrialism, the new Market that prevails under Globalization implies many changes to the nature of work and organizations. This new Market dictates, or rather governs, the... Read Article »
Globalization Neoliberalism Industrialism Fordism Management Organizations
The Effects of Institutional and Political Instability on Civil War in South Sudan
South Sudan is the youngest and one of the most volatile nations in the world. After two decades of war, it gained its independence from Sudan in 2011. Peace, however, was short-lived. As oil prices plummeted and competition intensified, an ill-... Read Article »
Civil War South Sudan Food Security Water Security Ethnic Conflict Sudan Civil War Sub-Saharan Africa
The copyright to this article and other articles from JournalQuest are maintained by the publishing journal and/or the individual authors according to agreements set forth by and between the publishing journal and the author. Other materials © 2019 Student Pulse, LLC. All rights reserved. ISSN: 2153-5760.


I've tried and fell in love with flavour ! Then I start reading and realise that this is unique product !
The smell is absolutely a key of my starter , sweet and not that sour ! The texture is airy and fluffy little bit wet ! The skin is mostly crispy !
In the winter feeding once in every 24 hours , I the summer morning and evening but then reduce the water to 60% . The starter that I use is claimed to be old over 100yeats . I personally use is since 2009.
Add 100% white flour "00" and 70% water , mix well bg hands and let it rest !


Everything was going great on our community website where I write blog posts. It is a Wordpress site that automatically sent out social media updates and emails each time a blog post was published. We have thousands of readers and generate bushels of comments. Then one day I logged in and discovered that all our connections to Facebook, Twitter, Jetpack site statistics, email updates, author bios, and our calendar had stopped working. I was shocked.
It turned out that one of the contributors -- we don't know who -- had clicked on the "Update Wordpress Now" link on the admin page. That update blew away all of our customization, plug-ins and add-ons that we had painstakingly built over months. We are now paying a web developer a fortune to fix the disabled site.
I am exasperated with Wordpress. But meanwhile, my LawLytics blog (which you are reading) has worked smoothly and consistently for years, without me having click on any updates. There are 8 really good reasons why you should switch away from Wordpress and use LawLytics instead.
1. LawLytics doesn't require manual updates.
WordPress is constantly updating its core software code. Sometimes the updates are to add or improve features, but often they are done to fix bugs and security issues. When you update your core WordPress software, you may have plugins that stop working entirely, break parts of your website, make your website look bad, or cause serious security issues. Again, you might not know that the security issues are there until it's too late. For attorneys, WordPress can be a game of trust and chance.
Solution: LawLytics comes with all the features attorneys need already built in. LawLytics does not require plugins because everything that attorneys need to have a thriving website is built in. When we add or update features, or enhance security, your LawLytics website gets the updates instantly. There's never any effort required on your part, never any independent developers to rely on, and never concerns about parts of your website lagging or breaking.
2. Wordpress has hidden costs for law firms.
Companies that use WordPress on a high level make substantial investments in code development, security, expensive servers, or high-end hosting (in the tens-of-thousands a month), maintenance, and design.
LawLytics is built for lawyers to avoid the frustration of the hidden costs of using "free" general-purpose, open-source website software like WordPress, Joomla, Drupal, and others. Everything you need to have a successful website (and to scale it as big as you want in terms of both size and traffic) is built into our predictable monthly fee.
3. WordPress has security issues.
With Wordpress, attorneys need to worry more about bugs, malware, hacking, sabotage, link hijacking, and many other things that can ruin your web presence, your business, your reputation, and potentially expose you to ethics inquiries. The problem is that you may not know who developed the plugin, how secure it is, and how it's going to behave. It's easy to misconfigure a forms plugin, and it's easy for plugins to break or become reconfigured during software updates.
Solution: LawLytics has built-in security safeguards. LawLytics is a closed system. This means that we have the ability to engineer and regulate our own security. We only allow attorneys and related professionals to join, and nobody outside of LawLytics has access to our codebase or database.
We regularly fix compromised WordPress law firm websites by bringing them into the LawLytics system. Often, these sites were hosted in a shared environment with web hosting companies that were supposed to be monitoring for hacking and malware but failed to notice serious breaches for months.
4. Wordpress is a general-purpose platform and is not built for law firms.
5. Wordpress is not natively SEO-friendly.
6. Wordpress has a steep learning curve for lawyers.
7. WordPress websites load slowly or load unpredictably.
8. The WordPress menu system is frustrating for lawyers.
"The internet is a dangerous place," says Lawlytics CEO Dan Jaffe. "However, as a lawyer, you have an obligation to safeguard against known dangers and liabilities. You don't want to discover that your website has been hacked and riddled with links to unrelated sites (we've seen that on WordPress sites), that your phone number on your website has been changed to a number that forwards to your competitor's office (we've seen that on WordPress sites), or that your potential client forms are now being sent to a competitor (we've seen it) or published on your blog (we've heard of it happening).


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Изображения страниц
St. Nicholas, Том 49,Часть 1
to find that Gervais, who is now tapissier valet in my place, has forgotten to put the throne in the bedroom where he wished to sit down for a chat with Cardinal RichelieuPierre over there—who already has a comfortable cushioned chair for himself. The king is furious and says to the cardinal, 'What shall I do with him?" and the cardinal answers, 'To the block with him.' And while
Just a year after this, a great sorrow came to Jean-Baptiste in the death of his beloved mother. Monsieur Poquelin's grief was intensified by the sight of the grief of his little son. He worried a good deal to think there was no one to mother young Jean-Baptiste; and as he had to attend the king frequently, he was concerned at having to leave JeanBaptiste alone so much in the care of servants.
Painted by Mélingue
MOLIERE READING ONE OF HIS COMEDIES TO His company of PLAYERS
they are leading Gervais off to prison I slide out from behind the arras where I have been watching to see how my nephew is getting along, and I tiptoe out like this, without being seen. When I get outside I say, 'I thank my stars I got rid of my mantle in time!' and the curtain goes down." When he heard all this, and looked into the comical face of his precocious little grandson, Monsieur Cressé burst into a long and hearty laugh. But as he turned to enter the house, he became thoughtful and said to himself, "Only nine years old! Well, who knows?" The very next holiday, Grandfather Cressé took Jean-Baptiste to see a real play at the Théâtre du Marais, and later, to see a tragedy acted by the celebrated players of the troupe of the Hôtel de Bourgogne, and Jean-Baptiste was wild with delight.
This probably led him to marry again; and fortunately for Jean-Baptiste, his stepmother was very kind to him. And then there was Grandfather Cressé, always devoted to his little grandson; there was not a better grandpére in all the world. Shortly after Monsieur Poquelin brought his new wife home, he moved to a new and larger house in the neighborhood of the Halles de la Foire, whose site is now occupied by Number Thirty-one rue de Pont-Neuf. The three years of his boyhood which Jean-Baptiste spent here were very happy years; and then came the death of his dear grandfather, a terrible blow to Jean-Baptiste. Fortunately, Jean-Baptiste was now old enough to be sent to one of the great schools where the youth of France were prepared for entering the professions. As he had not shown much interest in his father's trade, Monsieur Poquelin thought his son might find more in preparing to enter the law. The school to which Jean-Baptiste was sent at the end of his fourteenth year was the Collège de Clermont, later to become the famous Lycée Louis-le-Grand, which was attended by the sons of many of the most illustrious families of France. Although Jean-Baptiste had been a very quaint little boy, and was now a youth fond of all sorts of liveliness, he was, nevertheless, of a serious turn of mind, and though fond of play, he devoted himself faithfully to his studies, for he felt it would not be fair to his father to waste his time when he was being given the advantages of an education. His companions admired him for his big-heartedness, and it was not long before he became one of the most popular boys in school. Moreover, Jean-Baptiste was kind to the boys who were younger than himself, and often befriended them in many ways. Among these was the Prince de Conti, some years young Poquelin's junior. He was the brother of the Duc d'Enghien (then just Jean-Baptiste's own age), who later became the Prince of Condé, one of the greatest generals in French history, and known as the Grand Condé. "I shall never forget you, Poquelin," said the prince to Jean-Baptiste one day, "and sometime you shall see my big brother." That the prince did not forget young Poquelin, we shall see later on. Jean-Baptiste spent five happy years at school. Perhaps one of the things in which he most delighted were the frequent theatrical performances there in which the students took part. He himself proved very clever, and his inimitable acting won him the applause of all who witnessed these amateur plays. "There," his preceptors would whisper to one another, "there is a born play-actor, this young Poquelin!" Time proved their judgment correct. Young Poquelin left the Collège de Clermont at the age of nineteen. Although he had studied faithfully, and appears to have received his diploma in law, he decided that he had a distaste for that profession. To please his father, he helped him for a while in his business; for now Poquelin père had a very important establishment and Jean-Baptiste's knowledge of law served him in good stead. About this time, Monsieur Poquelin found it inconvenient or impossible
to attend the king on a journey to Narbonne, whither Louis XIII was about to take his court, and so it happened that young Poquelin took his father's place and himself received an appointment as tapissier valet to the king. Thus the spring of 1642 found him at Narbonne. It was a responsible position for a youth of twenty, but he appears to have acquitted himself of his task with credit, and to have made friends at every turn. Perhaps, in the midst of all these things, Jean-Baptiste Poquelin remembered that day long before when he and his boy companions had asked Grandfather Cressé to come and see their play of "The Mantle of my Uncle." Good old Grandfather Cressé! Perhaps it had not been such a foolish little play after all! Well, whatever it may have been, something set young Poquelin to thinking the office of tapissier valet quite as distasteful as the law; and so, having reached his twenty-first birthday, and having come into an inheritance from his mother's estate sufficient to secure his independence for a while, he resigned his duties, which Monsieur Poquelin appears to have re-assumed. Young Poquelin did not return immediately to Paris. In December, the great Cardinal Richelieu had breathed his last; and in May, the death of the king brought to the throne Louis XIV, then but four years old, although he did not reign until he reached sixteen. In these years Paris was very much upset by political turmoil, and Jean-Baptiste Poquelin decided to remain in the provinces. At this time he had fallen in with the Béjarts, members of a troupe of strolling players from Paris, actors of such superior talents that young Poquelin decided to cast his fortunes with them. It was not long before his natural gift for acting developed into a finished performance; moreover, his keen observation of the ways of men and manners led him to write little comedies which the company played with success. Besides this, his affability, honesty, and executive ability soon found him the virtual manager of the troupe. About this time, Jean-Baptiste Poquelin added the mom-de-théâtre, or stage-name, of Molière to his own, thus becoming JeanBaptiste Poquelin Molière, although he was known thereafter as Molière. And so we shall call him from now on, for this is the name by which he became famous in the annals of French literature, ranking among the greatest writers France has ever produced. Just why Jean-Baptiste chose the name Molière is a mystery he never explained, even to his most intimate friends, nor has it ever been solved. Although young Molière was enthusiastic about his new profession, he was not conceited. Once he essayed to act a tragic part which particularly struck his fancy, but it was a miserable failure, either because he was not suited to such rôles, or because he did not rant and declaim in the manner of the old-time tragedians of that day to whom the public was used. But instead of being crestfallen about it, he only laughed, and declared that now he knew enough to stick to the comedy parts. As this performance took place in the city of Rouen, it is quite likely that Pierre Corneille, France's greatest writer of tragedies, witnessed the performance of this young actor, who was some sixteen years younger than Corneille. When Molière was twenty-three, he took his company to Paris, hoping to meet there with success. Indeed, he did appear once before the young king at Fontainebleau, where the seven-year-old monarch was in residence; but this mark of royal favor failed to support the venture, and one disappointment after another followed, until at last the company was reduced to such straits that it was unable to buy candles to light its theater. But as no one came to see the plays, it did not much matter! One possessed of less courage than Molière would have given up, but he determined to take the company back to the provinces to retrieve his losses and then, at a more propitious time, he could try Paris again. This was a wise resolve, for Paris was then groaning under the burden of outrageous taxes which had been imposed on the citizens by Cardinal Richelieu, and which were retained for some time after Richelieu's death. Furthermore, the court itself was unsettled, and neither royal nor noble patronage was to be depended upon under these circumstances. Molière's business ability was as great as his literary and dramatic skill, for it was no small matter to attend to all the details of moving a company of players from town to town. Actors, musicians, costumes, properties, hangings, curtains, provisions, and other things had to be hauled from place to place in carts drawn by horses and mules. The wear and tear on the company's nerves was as great as the wear and tear on its belongings, and it took just such patience and tact as Molière possessed to keep things
running harmoniously and smoothly. Poor roads, inclement weather, wretched inns, inhospitable villages, and unaccommodating local officials who had to be wheedled and cajoled into granting permission for the performances were some of the things that strolling players had to contend with, but the genius of young Molière overcame them all. Theaters for strolling players were usually arranged in the enclosed abandoned tenniscourts which dated from the Middle Ages, before the old game had ceased to be popular, and which were to be found in all the leading towns. The stage was constructed at one end of the enclosure and hung round with tapestries. The entrances and the exits were, we are told, made through these heavy curtains, a difficult thing for the actors to do gracefully or with dignity. Candles gave the only light in the theater, and these had to be snuffed frequently, even though it interrupted the actors in the midst of declaiming their lines. The music for the play was furnished by a flute and a tambour, or by two fiddlers. The price of the most expensive seats was about ten cents in our money, the cheapest seats costing five cents. Spectators were admitted at one o'clock, and the play began promptly at two. Such was a provincial theater in the France of Molière's time, three hundred years ago. Little had the young Jean-Baptiste guessed of all these hardships in those glorious days of his childhood when Grandfather Cressé had taken him to see the players of the Théâtre du Marais and of the Hôtel de Bourgogne; then everything had seemed like Fairyland. But for all that, young Molière was none the less enthusiastic or the less determined to surmount all obstacles to achieve success. He was just over thirty when he produced "L'Etourdi," the first of his finished pieces, as distinguished from his lighter comedy sketches written for his provincial audiences. Could Molière's old preceptors of the Collège de Clermont have seen it performed, they would doubtless have said "There, there is a born play-writer, this Molière!" just as, years before, they had assured themselves that he was a born playactor. About this time it chanced that while touring Languedoc, Molière met his old schoolmate, the Prince de Conti, now one of the most important of the young nobles of France. In a short time the prince attached Molière's company to his household, with
MOLIÈRE BREAKFASTING WITH THE KING LOUIS XIV PAINTED BY JEAN LEONGeRôMe
a handsome pension, and Molière remained under his patronage until the prince grew tired of the drama, and decided to dispense with his troupe. Thus it happened that Molière was again free to lead his company whither he chose. As all the members of the troupe were prosperous by now, and Molière himself possessed of a snug little fortune by reason of his good management and his providence, the troupe started touring again, producing Molière's new comédies, as they appeared, to delighted audiences; and finally, their pockets clinking with gold, the company returned to Paris after a twelve-years' absence, an absence which had proved a triumph. Again in Paris, Molière was honored with the attention of Monsieur, the king's brother, who permitted the company to call itself the Troupe de Monsieur. The king himself, then just twenty, was delighted with Molière's performances and recognized that in him France possessed a writer of genius as well as a gifted actor. Accordingly, the troupe soon came to be known as His Majesty's Comedians. Its fortunes continued to rise thenceforward, and its theater occupied a great salom in the Palais Royale. Ah, what would Grandfather Cressé have said had he lived to see that day! There would be no tiptoeing off this stage! And if "The Mantle of my Uncle" had been discarded, surely the mantle of the Muses had come to grace Molière's shoulders instead. But as a matter of fact, Uncle Jean's mantle had not been discarded at all! True it is, that when Monsieur Poquelin died, it was found that he had provided that the right to succeed to his office as tapissier et valet de chambre du roi should go to his son, Jean-Baptiste. Perhaps Papa Poquelin had in his mind, when arranging all this, that the time might come when his young actor son might regret having taken up with the theater, and that he might wish to have something else to fall back upon later. When he was informed of this inheritance, Molière decided to accept it, but to continue to write plays and to act in them, since the king was agreeable to this arrangement. Indeed, Louis found his favorite actorplaywright too valuable to lose; moreover, the office of hereditary tapissier valet gave Molière an entrée at court which he could not possibly have had either as a dramatist
or as an actor, and its emoluments also added materially to his income. Would that all this might have brought happiness to this deserving genius; but too often happiness and genius do not walk hand in hand as they ought to do, and it was so with Molière. He had constantly to guard against the jealousies of his rivals, who sought his undoing by every means, though unsuccessfully. In his home life his last years had not been unclouded, for the death of two little sons,—one of them, Louis, the godson of the king, had brought him much sorrow, nor did his young wife possess the qualities of appreciating or of helping him in his great labors. She was capricious and vain, extravagant and ungrateful, though he loved her devotedly and sought to forget her neglect. "Ah," he would sigh to himself, "if only my little sons had been spared me to comfort my old age! And little Louis! how happy Grandfather would have been could he have known a great-grandson would bear his name! Perhaps they are together. Who knows!" But Monsieur Molière buried his griefs in his work, and continued to produce those masterpieces of dramatic composition which were to make his name famous—comedies ridiculing the foibles of the men and women of his time, from the highest to the lowest, the meanest to the noblest. Nothing in life escaped his keen observation, and his immortal pen transformed everything it recorded into imperishable literature. • The last play Molière wrote was "Le Malade Imaginaire,"—"The Imaginary Invalid,"—and its fourth performance took place at four o'clock the afternoon of February 16, 1673. The morning of that day, Molière had been feeling ill. His friend, the great Boileau, had urged him to give up any thought of acting until he was better, but Molière insisted on taking his part. As the curtain was drawn on the last act, Molière was attacked by a fatal seizure, and kind Death soon released his noble soul from all earth's struggle. Fame traced his name in golden letters on the scroll of immortals, a name which France reveres as that of the gifted son, the three hundredth anniversary of whose birth she celebrates this year, a name which stands greatest in her literature. Ah, Grandfather Cressé, we think we hear you murmuring again "Well, who knows?"
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The IRS has released an action on decision (AOD) explaining the limits of its acquiescence in a Tax Court decision that allowed a hockey team's owners to take a 100% deduction for hotel meals provided to the team and other traveling employees. (An AOD is an internal memorandum that conveys the IRS Chief Counsel's recommendation regarding a significant adverse court opinion. While AODs cannot be relied on or cited as precedent by taxpayers, they can offer insight into the IRS's position on unresolved issues.) In Jacobs v. Comm'r, the Tax Court accepted the team owners' argument that employer-provided hotel meals qualified as de minimis fringe benefits under Code § 132(e)(2), and thus were fully deductible (see our Checkpoint article). To reach that conclusion, the Tax Court had to determine (among other things) that the meals were provided at an eating facility for employees located on or near the business premises of the employer.
In the AOD, the IRS acquiesces in the Tax Court's result, but states that it will follow Jacobs only in cases involving sports teams with "substantially identical" material facts. The AOD then explains the IRS's disagreement with the analysis of three issues that remain relevant after elimination of the 100% meal deduction for years after 2017 (see our Checkpoint article) because they could affect application of the de minimis fringe benefit exclusion for eating facilities in other situations.
Business Premises. The AOD disagrees with the Tax Court's standard for identifying the team's business premises, stating that the Court erroneously employed a "functional standard," instead of a "quantum or quality standard." The AOD explains that the latter standard requires analyzing the quantum or quality of the team's activities at the hotels to determine whether those activities were the site of "the significant portion of the employer's business or of the employees' activities." Application of that standard, the AOD asserts, would have altered the case's result because of the extent and importance of activities in the team's home city and the relatively small amount of time spent at any one destination-city hotel.
Lease. The AOD disagrees with the Tax Court's conclusion that hotel facilities were leased by the team, allowing them to be an employer-operated eating facility. The AOD asserts that a lease requires the conveyance of a property interest, which the team did not obtain in contracts that merely authorized them to use each hotel's facilities.
Nondiscrimination. The AOD also disagrees with the Tax Court's dismissal of any discrepancy between anticipated and actual meal attendance by highly compensated and nonhighly compensated employees as "a function of cost reduction concerns and not discrimination." The AOD explains that "cost reduction" is not a permissible reason to discriminate—the relevant inquiry is whether meals were provided on substantially the same terms to all traveling employees or to a subset based on a reasonable classification.
EBIA Comment: The terms "functional standard" and "quantum or quality standard" are not self-defining, and the factors they consider appear to overlap. The Tax Court's decision seems to have been influenced by both the quantum and quality of the team's activities. This is evidenced by the Court's acknowledgement that the team could not avoid traveling for half of the regular season, and that the team's hotel-based activities were "necessary" and "indispensable." And when it concluded that "away city hotels…are where a significant portion of the traveling hockey employees' responsibilities and the [team's] business is conducted," the Tax Court was referring to both the amount (quantum) and importance (quality) of those activities. It seems that the difference between the two standards is not about whether quantum and quality are relevant, but whether they should be the only considerations, how they should be evaluated, and what quantum or quality is determinative. The AOD sheds some light on the IRS position regarding these questions. First, it disputes satisfaction of the quantum standard by pointing out that a majority of the team's activities occurred in its home city. Second, it implies that the quantum of the team's activity away from home must be judged on a hotel-by-hotel basis. But these insights still leave the business premises determination (like the question of whether meals are provided "for the convenience of the employer" (see our Checkpoint article)) fairly murky. For more information, see EBIA's Fringe Benefits manual at Section XVI ("Employer-Provided Meals").


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I Saw the Devil (2010)
"Abandon all compassion."
7.8/10 (133384 votes)
A young woman's car breaks down, and she accepts help from a stranger who turns out to be a deranged serial killer. He tortures and murders her. As it happens, the woman's father is a retired chief of police. Her fiancé, Kim Soo-hyeon, is a secret agent. Her father pleads with Kim to find the psychopath who killed his daughter. Kim does so, but instead of bringing him to justice, he beats the killer mercilessly and then releases him so that he can continue to pursue and recapture him repeatedly and torture him over and over again.
Where to watch I Saw the Devil?
I Saw the Devil is a horror movie featuring Lee Byung-hun and directed by Kim Jee-woon.
I Saw the Devil is currently streaming for free (ad-supported) on Kanopy and Popcornflix and it's also available on Hoopla and Hulu.
It is also possible to buy I Saw the Devil on Alamo on Demand, Amazon Video, Apple iTunes, FlixFling, Google Play Movies, Microsoft Store, Redbox, Vudu and YouTube.
Screenplay, Director
Lee Byung-hun
Kim Soo-hyeon
Choi Min-sik
Kyung-chul
Jeon Kuk-hwan
Squad chief Jang
Cheon Ho-jin
Section chief Oh
Oh San-ha
Joo-yeon
Kim Yoon-seo
Se-yeon
Nam Bo-ra
Section chief's daughter
Lee Jun-hyuk
NIS agent (uncredited)
Yoon Chae-yeong
Nurse Han Song-i (uncredited)
Choi Moo-sung
Tae-joo (uncredited)
Kim In-seo
Se-jung (uncredited)
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