text:
05), while other inhibitors (ERK inhibitor, JNK inhibitor and PKA
Posted on October 21, 2018 by rass5022
05), while other inhibitors (ERK inhibitor, JNK inhibitor and PKA inhibitor) had no effect on the induction of smad7 by exogenous TGF-β3 stimulation (P > 0.05). 6) In basal condition, exogenous TGF-β1 also increased smad7 mRNA expression in HSC (1.5-fold higher than control, P < 0.05), but this induction is lower CH5424802 mouse than it by exogenous TGF-β3. Additionally, the inhibition and over-expression of CREB-1 had no effect on exogenous TGF-β1-induced smad7 expression in HSC (P > 0.05). Conclusion: 1) TGF-β3 increases smad7 expression in HSC. 2) smad3 is an important transcriptional regulator for smad7. 3) CREB-1 is critical for TGF-β3-induced samd7 in HSC. 4) TGF-β3 activates CREB-1
by p38 in HSC. Taken together, TGF-β3 might activate both smad3 and CREB-1, and CREB-1 is an important co-transcriptional factor which enhances the binding of smad3 with DNA, caused a continuous
induction of smad7 in HSC, and CREB-1 might contribute to resist liver fibrosis. Key Word(s): 1. Liver fibrosis; 2. CREB-1; 3. TGF-β3; 4. smad7; Presenting Author: YANHUA SHEN Additional Authors: HAIXING JIANG Corresponding Author: HAIXING JIANG Affiliations: 1st Affiliated hospital of Guangxi medical university Objective: To investigate the effect of activated hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) on hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) apoptosis and the regulation of Rho pathway. Methods: HSCs were divided into the following groups: this website ① the blank control group: HSCs were cultured alone; ② the control group: a. HSCs were cultured with exogenous HGF (50 ng/ml), b. HSCs were cultured with exogenous HGFA (70 ng/ml); ③ the experimental group: HSCs were co-cultured with exogenous HGF and HGFA; ④ HGF inhibitor groups: HSCs were incubated with c-met (500 ng/ml) blockers for 6 hours, and then with exogenous HGF and HGFA; ⑤ Rho pathway inhibitor groups: HSCs were cultured with Y-27632
(10 ng/ml), and then with exogenous HGF and HGFA. The activation of HSC was determined by analysis of alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression. The best intervention concentration of Y – 27632 was detected by MTT assay; Metabolism inhibitor HSCs apoptosis was tested by Flow Cytometry; the expression of HGF alpha chain was determined by Immunofluorescence; RohA mRNA levels were evaluated by PCR. Protein expressions were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining and Western blot analysis. Results: ① Y-27632 at 10 μ mol/L caused obviously HSCs inhibition (P < 0.01) compared with other concentration groups. ② The expression of the HGF-α chain showed time-dependent increased manner (P < 0.01). However, there was no statistic difference (P > 0.05) in blank control group and control group. ③ The apoptosis rate increased over time (24 h, 48 h, 72 h) (P < 0.01). The experimental group caused the highest levels (P < 0.01). ④ The expression of RhoA mRNA in experimental group decreased over time (P < 0.01) and caused the lowest levels compared with othergroups (P < 0.01).
The process at high volume living donor liver TCs is variable wit
The process at high volume living donor liver TCs is variable within and across TCs. Applying the evidence that does exist, a standardized positioning protocol is being developed. Understanding and implementing optimal supine
patient positioning applies to many abdominal surgical patients, not only living liver donors. A standardized evidence-based approach has the potential to have wide-reaching impact, in an effort to reduce the incidence of neuropraxia. Disclosures: James V. Guarrera – Grant/Research Support: Organ Recovery Systems The following people have nothing to disclose: Daniela Ladner, Robert A. Fisher, Elizabeth A. Pomfret, Mary Ann Simpson, Donna Woods Methods: 15 donors (9 males & 6 females) with median age of 23 years (range: 18 to 45 years) undergoing right lobe donor hepatectomy for Pirfenidone in vitro living related liver transplantation are included in the study. Peripheral venous blood samples were taken before surgery and 1, 3, 7, 14 and 42 post operative day (POD) after donor hepatectomy. HGF, IL-6, TNF α, Thrombopoietine, TGF β1, Interferon a and Interferon γ levels were detected. Sandwich ELISA assay were performed in the plasma after separation of cells. Paired sample t test was used for statistical analysis and p value of < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The statistically significant observations (P<0.05) are described. HGF and TNF α levels increased transiently on POD
1 after donor hepatectomy. IL6 and Thrombopoietine levels increased after donor hepatectomy and remained elevated till POD 42. IFN α and IFN γ levels decreased on POD 1 and then increased to significant level at POD 14 and POD 42 MG-132 in vivo respectively. TGF β1 levels increased at POD 42. Conclusion: The biological markers of liver regeneration have shown distinct patterns after right lobe donor hepatectomy. Disclosures: The following people have nothing to disclose: Shridhar Sasturkar, Shreya Sharma, Paul David, Shiv K. Sarin, Nirupma Trehanpati, Viniyendra Pamecha Objective: Compare the incidence and severity of post-operative complications of left lobe (LL) versus right lobe (RL) live liver donation (LLD) in a single
institution. Methods: Retrospectively analyzed LLD charts and evaluated patient demographics, enough post-operative complications, and length of stay (LOS). We combined left lateral segment (LLS) resections with LL resections under the LL group. All the data was obtained from patients who underwent hepatectomies for LLD at our institution. We analyzed the post-operative complications in left versus RL living donor hepatectomies. Results: Post-operative complications using the Clavien-Dindo Classification. 58 living donor liver transplants (LDLTx) were done at our institution from 03/08-03/14. 29(50%) were male and the average age was 38.2(+/−10.5 years). 19(32.76%) were RL donations and 39(67.24%) were either LLS (n=17,29.31%) or LL donations(n=22,37.93%). The mean LOS was 7.05+/−2.66 days for right hepatectomies and 6.92+/−3.
Although guidelines suggested some regimens for the third therapy
Although guidelines suggested some regimens for the third therapy,2 the optimal third therapy has not been established. To determine the optimal third therapy we have to know the resistance/susceptibility of the
bacteria to antibiotics. However, it has not been proposed for the patients having multiple-antibiotic-resistant Selleck Staurosporine H. pylori infection. In addition, CYP2C19 genotype is important in designing optimal regimen for each patient in PPI-based combination therapy.3 We experienced a suggestive case with multiple-antibiotic-resistant H. pylori infection that was successfully treated with susceptible drugs with optimal dose of PPI according to the profiles of antibiotics resistance/susceptibility test and CYP2C19 genotype, by designing a tailor-made regimen modified from the classical quadruple therapy.1,4 A 44-year-old
woman who sometimes felt mild epigastralgia and was suspected of having a gastric ulcer scar on mass screening for gastric cancer with barium X-ray examination in 2006, underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy at Inoue Clinic, Moriyama, Shiga, Japan. The diagnosis was chronic gastritis without peptic ulcer or scar. She had a ABT-199 history of operation for acute peritonitis because of acute appendicitis at age 12 years, and chronic rhinitis for recent 10 years approximately. In 2008, she had a urea breath test and was found to be H. pylori-positive, for which she was given the standard first eradication therapy in Japan (lansoprazole [LPZ], AMPC and CAM for 7 days) (Table 1).2 However, the treatment failed to eradicate the infection and the recommended second therapy of rabeprazole (RPZ), AMPC, and MNZ for 7 days was prescribed (Table 1).2 It also failed, so she underwent endoscopy to obtain biopsy specimens from the stomach for bacterial culture and drug susceptibility test Pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 1 using the agar dilution method. Breakpoints of AMPC and CAM were applied according to the criteria of the Japanese Society
of Chemotherapy5 and the breakpoint of MNZ was obtained from the literature.6 The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) showed the bacteria were both CAM- and MNZ-resistant and non-sensitive to AMPC (Table 2), so the patient was referred to the Department of Medicine/Gastoenterology, Social Insurance Shiga Hospital, Otsu, Shiga, Japan. At that time, she refused a test for CYP2C19 genotype or another endoscopic examination to obtain tissue samples for bacterial culture to search other antibiotics to which the bacterial strains would be susceptible. So we had to decide the next regimen empirically. Because the strains of the cultured bacteria were not sensitive to the antibiotics that are used in the standard eradication therapies, other antibiotics had to be used, but that can create new antibiotic-resistant strains, namely, multiple-antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
In xenograft animal experiments, we found that overexpressed miR-
In xenograft animal experiments, we found that overexpressed miR-7 effectively repressed tumor growth (3.5-fold decrease in mean tumor volume; n = 5) and abolished extrahepatic migration from liver to lung
in a nude mouse model of metastasis (n = 5). The number of visible nodules on the lung surface was reduced by 32-fold. A correlation between miR-7 and PIK3CD expression was also confirmed in clinical samples of HCC. Conclusion: These findings indicate that miR-7 functions as a tumor suppressor and plays check details a substantial role in inhibiting the tumorigenesis and reversing the metastasis of HCC through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR-signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. By targeting PIK3CD, mTOR, and p70S6K, miR-7 efficiently regulates the PI3K/Akt
pathway. Given these results, miR-7 may be a potential therapeutic or diagnostic/prognostic target for treating HCC. (HEPATOLOGY 2012;55:1852–1862) Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide.1 Despite the clinical implementation of numerous therapeutic strategies, HCC has a global mortality rate of 94%.2 Given this statistic, there is an urgent need to develop novel strategies for the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of HCC. Recent studies indicate that microRNAs (miRNAs) function to regulate tumor growth and metastasis and are considered https://www.selleckchem.com/products/LDE225(NVP-LDE225).html promising targets for the diagnosis and prognosis of a number of cancers.3 miRNA-expression profiling has been characterized in a variety of cancers,
including breast cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, and HCC.3-5 Previous studies have demonstrated that certain miRNAs are correlated with the proliferation and survival of HCC, including miR-1995 and miR-26a.6 Webster et al.7 recently found that miRNA-7 (miR-7) can regulate epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression, which is usually overexpressed in epithelial tumors, such as HCC.8 microRNA-7 (miR-7) was first reported to inhibit glioblastoma growth by regulating insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) through the EGFR/IRS2/Akt pathway.9 Reddy et al.10 also discovered an upstream activator of miR-7 and a novel miR-7 target, p21-activated kinase 1 (Pak1), which is involved in the metastasis of breast cancer. These findings Erlotinib in vitro suggest that miR-7 may be associated with HCC progression through the regulation of EGFR expression and other key components of the EGFR pathway. Additionally, the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway, an important pathway downstream of EGFR, is known to be associated with cell proliferation, survival, and motility/metastasis. Based on previous studies indicating that the overexpression of miR-7 inhibits the Akt pathway in glioblastoma,9 we tested whether miR-7 could regulate HCC tumor growth and metastasis through interactions with the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.
Although 6-monthly intervals were better than yearly interval,12
Although 6-monthly intervals were better than yearly interval,12 AFP has limited efficacy and is not recommended for surveillance except when ultrasound is not available. However, in spite of widespread practice of HCC surveillance programs and an increasing array of treatment options, fewer than half of the
candidates for potentially curative treatment of HCC actually receive it. Cost effective and cost utility analysis of HCC surveillance was studied in a systemic review HM781-36B which included 29 study reports.13 The overall conclusion from these studies was that an HCC surveillance program increases the diagnosis of small HCCs which are amenable to potential curative treatment. Incremental cost effective ratio for 6-monthly AFP and ultrasound varies between $US24 500 to $46 000 per quality-adjusted life-year. The impact on quality of life in cirrhotic patients undergoing surveillance was highest in younger patients. Impact on quality of life in HCC patients was seen in those who underwent liver transplantation. Cost effective analysis based on a computerized decision analytical model from seven studies showed ultrasound plus AFP 6-monthly in a mixed etiology cohort is the
most effective surveillance strategy. Cost effectiveness of surveillance strategies was highest in HBV-related cirrhosis and lowest in alcoholic cirrhosis. Factors that affect the cost effectiveness are the rate of Ensartinib incidentally detected small HCCs and annual incidence of HCC in the risk group. Adoption of liver transplantation as a treatment strategy and younger Palmatine age of screen population are also relevant.8
In this issue of JGH, Qian et al.14 report their results on a retrospective review of all patients who underwent HCC screening in their hospital for 6 years. This analysis showed the benefits of a HCC screening program. Ultrasonography and AFP were used for HCC screening. Out of 22 detected HCCs, 17 were potentially curable, but at the end of follow up, only 10 patients were alive. Of these 10 patients, six had received liver transplantation and three had received locoregional ability therapy. The cost per potentially curable HCC was $A17 680. Although this study is a retrospective single tertiary care centre, it addresses important issues of HCC surveillance. The surveillance technique and treatments offered were the best standard of care for the present situation. This study highlights the benefits of liver transplantation as an important modality for treatment of HCC. Liver transplantation offers a cure for underlying liver cirrhosis and HCC, and hence becomes a more effective modality than locoregional therapies. Surveillance of HCC is appropriate and effective, but we need to do much better.
Moreover, TE is a useful tool in assessing liver stiffness and co
Moreover, TE is a useful tool in assessing liver stiffness and consequently guiding clinical decision-making in terms of surveillance and prognosis. R VONGSUVANH,1 J GEORGE,1 T ISELI,1 S STRASSER,2 G MCCAUGHAN,2 D VAN DER POORTEN1 1Storr NVP-LDE225 Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia, 2Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia There is a lack of robust biomarkers for early hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) detection. We simultaneously assessed the performance of midkine (MDK), dickkopf-1 (DKK1) and osteopontin (OPN) compared to AFP for the diagnosis of HCC. Methods: Serum from 86 HCC patients
were age and sex-matched with 86 cirrhotics, 86 hepatitis B (HBV) non-cirrhotics and 86 healthy controls. DKK1 and OPN were measured using multiplex analyte detection, MDK using ELISA, and AFP using a chemiluminsecent immunoassay. Based on the diagnostic click here performance of each biomarker, they were further assessed in a separate longitudinal cohort of 28 HCC patients, at and before diagnosis. Results: Mean serum MDK in HCC (2.93 ng/ml) was higher than in cirrhosis (0.88 ng/ml), HBV non-cirrhotics (0.65 ng/ml) and healthy controls (0.70 ng/ml) (p = 0.000). Mean OPN was elevated in HCC (86.98 ng/ml) compared to cirrhosis (29.47 ng/ml; p = 0.007), HBV non-cirrhotics
(25.72 ng/ml; p = 0.001) and healthy controls (12.31 ng/ml; p = 0.000). DKK1 was not significantly different between cases and controls. AFP had a greater area under the curve (AUC 0.83, 95% CI 0.77–0.89) than MDK (0.70, 95% CI 0.63–0.76) and OPN (0.65, 95% CI 0.57–0.73) for HCC diagnosis. AFP remained superior to OPN and MDK in detecting early HCC, HBV-related HCC, and hepatitis C-related HCC. When
AFP, OPN and MDK were entered into a binary logistic regression model, only AFP and MDK were independently linked to HCC. Combining AFP and MDK (AUC 0.85; 95% CI 0.79–0.90) was not significantly better than either marker alone. Among Dipeptidyl peptidase HCC patients with normal AFP (≤8 IU/ml), 58.8% had elevated MDK. Using cut-off values of AFP ≥ 8 IU/ml or MDK ≥ 0.44 ng/ml, the sensitivity for HCC diagnosis increased to 84% and specificity 58.1%. In a separate longitudinal cohort of 28 HCC patients, MDK was elevated in 15/28 (54%) of patients at diagnosis, of whom 67% had elevated MDK 6 months prior. AFP was elevated in 16/28 (57.1%) of patients at diagnosis, of whom 75% had elevated levels 6 months prior. Conclusion: Neither AFP or the novel biomarkers are optimal for the diagnosis of HCC. MDK and OPN distinguish HCC from chronic liver disease, however are no better than AFP. AFP and MDK may have a complementary role: MDK increases the diagnostic yield in AFP-negative HCC and the presence of either elevated AFP or MDK increases the sensitivity of HCC detection.
[12] This is suggestive of an in vitro/in vivo correlation for re
[12] This is suggestive of an in vitro/in vivo correlation for resistance to asunaprevir in GT1a. A relationship between baseline resistance and virologic breakthrough was unclear. Patient 7, with a preexisting NS3-R155K, was expected to experience virologic breakthrough but did not. Instead, three of six virologic breakthroughs had preexisting NS3-Q80 polymorphisms. Given the polymorphic nature of NS3-80 in GT1a sequences, its selleckchem correlation
with virologic failure requires further investigation. The dual combination of daclatasvir and asunaprevir was sufficient to suppress viral breakthrough in Patient 7, who had a preexisting 1a-NS3-R155K. Although relapse was observed at Week 4 posttreatment in this patient, preexistence of the asunaprevir-resistant variant did not result in a delayed decline of HCV RNA. It is unknown if a cure could have been achieved with the addition of an interferon or third direct-acting Veliparib manufacturer antiviral. NS3-R155K was detected as the major emergent variant in GT1a patients failing treatment with boceprevir or telaprevir, whereas the other emergent resistance-associated variants to asunaprevir NS3-D168Y/E/T have also been detected in patients treated with TMC435 and vaniprevir.[18, 19] Emergent daclatasvir-resistant
variants NS5A-Q30E/R, L31V/M, and Y93C/N have also been detected by other first-generation NS5A inhibitors that are based on the structure of daclatasvir.[20, 21] In contrast, treatment of GT1 prior null responders, the majority of whom were infected with GT1a, with 24 weeks of the quadruple therapy (daclatasvir, asunaprevir, peginterferon alfa-2a, and ribavirin) resulted in a durable response with no confirmed relapse through 48 weeks of follow-up.[7] Interestingly, the regimen Glutamate dehydrogenase was robust enough to result in cure even with the early transient
emergence of daclatasvir-resistant variants.[7] This suggests that the drug combination was sufficient to ultimately suppress the emergence of virally fit high level drug-resistant variants. Addition of peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin to daclatasvir and asunaprevir as rescue or intensification therapy resulted in a cure for 33% (2/6) of patients (Patients 5 and 6) who experienced viral breakthrough to daclatasvir and asunaprevir.[7] These two patients had rapid declines in viral load at Week 2 (<25 IU/mL) but experienced virologic breakthrough at weeks 10 and 12, respectively. The HCV RNA levels were low (<10,000 IU/mL) at the time of treatment intensification, although they had detectable signature resistance variants to both daclatasvir and asunaprevir. Retreatment of prior null responders with peginterferon alfa and ribavirin normally results in <10% SVR. However, in the cases presented here, patients were able to respond to the quadruple combination.
We found that chronic HCV J6/JFH-1 infection of Huh7.5 cells resu
We found that chronic HCV J6/JFH-1 infection of Huh7.5 cells resulted in HCV RNA and protein expression (Supporting Fig. 1A,B) with over 90% of cells infected after 96 hours (Supporting Fig. 1C). Chronic HCV infection
selleckchem of Huh7.5 cells was associated with a significant decrease in moesin and radixin but not ezrin expression both at the messenger RNA (mRNA) (Supporting Fig. 2A-C)) and protein levels (Fig. 1A-C). Liver biopsies from chronic HCV-infected patients with confirmed HCV RNA expression (Supporting Fig. 2D) and elevated serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels (Supporting Fig. 2E) also showed significant decreases in moesin (Fig. 1D) and radixin (Fig. 1E), but not in ezrin (Fig. 1F) protein expression. Fluorescent microscopy analysis of Glu-Tubulin revealed that the decrease in moesin and radixin after HCV J6/JFH-1 infection was associated with an increase in stable microtubule LY2157299 research buy formation (Fig. 2A) and Glu-Tubulin protein expression (Supporting Fig. 3A). We found that transient knockdown of EMR proteins (Supporting Fig. 2B) significantly increased stable microtubule formations in Huh7.5 cells even in the absence of HCV infection (Fig. 2B; Supporting Fig. 3C). These observations demonstrate a direct role of EMR proteins
in modulating stable microtubule formation. CD81 is a tetraspanin family member which is important for HCV infectivity.[32] Recent reports indicated that CD81-engagement
Resminostat induced SYK activation, ezrin phosphorylation, and F-actin reorganization,[25, 33, 34] as well as expression of endogenous SYK in normal and HCV-infected hepatocytes.[35, 36] Based on these reports, we surmised that SYK phosphorylation of ezrin leads to its redistribution with F-actin and modulates postentry HCV trafficking towards the endoplasmic reticulum for efficient virus infection. In coculture experiments we found that HCV J6/JFH-1 infection induced time-dependent phosphorylation of SYK (Y323) in Huh7.5 cells (Fig. 3A). To decipher the likely viral component mediating SYK activation, we cocultured Huh7.5 cells with various HCV proteins and identified that HCV E2 protein engagement of CD81 induced SYK activation (Fig. 3B). Given that activated SYK phosphorylates ezrin leading to its redistribution with F-actin in B-cells,[25] we tested if HCV J6/JFH-1 engagement of CD81 led to a similar occurrence. We found that the activated SYK led to a time-dependent phosphorylation of ezrin (pY354 and pThr567) and radixin (pThr564) (Fig. 3C,D). SYK was responsible for ezrin and radixin phosphorylation, given that a specific inhibitor of SYK phosphorylation (Bay 61-3606) inhibited ezrin/radixin phosphorylation upon HCV J6/JFH-1 virus engagement of CD81 in Huh7.5 cells (Fig. 3D).
The quest for an alternative non-invasive biomarkers has been lon
The quest for an alternative non-invasive biomarkers has been long and is ongoing. However, an efficient and useful biomarker has not been developed
yet. In this manuscript, we review all possible candidate biomarkers that have been studied in recent years, starting with cytokines and ending with an overview of different newly discovered "omics". Promising paths are being Target Selective Inhibitor Library ic50 explored but a valid non-invasive biomarker has not been discovered yet. SINCE THE FIRST liver transplantation in 1963 by Starzl,[1] liver transplantation has been considered a standard of care treatment for end-stage liver diseases with excellent long-term survival and accepted morbidity and mortality rates. However, the early post-transplant period can be troubled Selleckchem GSI-IX by a variety of complications, including delayed graft function, hepatic artery and vein thrombosis, biliary complications and delayed graft function. The most common complication in this period is acute cellular rejection (ACR), occurring in 20–40% of patients.[2]
Diagnosis of ACR is based upon clinical suspicion on one hand, raised by non-specific symptoms like malaise, fever, abdominal pain, hepatomegaly and increasing ascites, and by laboratory abnormalities on the other hand, including elevation of serum aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatases, γ-glutamyl transferases and bilirubin levels. However, these signs and symptoms are non-specific and do not correlate with the severity of rejection.[3] pheromone Confirmation requires a liver biopsy, considered the gold standard,[4] which is costly and causes morbidity and mortality.[5] Despite correct counseling, a liver biopsy can cause anxiety in many patients. Furthermore, even if a liver biopsy is the gold standard, diagnostic accuracy is challenged by sampling error and interpretation is not always straightforward.[6] In this manuscript, we review the possible non-invasive diagnostic tools for the diagnosis of ACR. Animal studies will not be discussed in this review. ACUTE CELLULAR REJECTION is a T-cell-dependent immune response directed against donor tissues
resulting from the recognition of alloantigens by recipient T cells[7] followed by T-cell activation and proliferation. The primum movens of the ACR is the binding of foreign antigens from newly transplanted organs to antigen-presenting cells resulting in an activation of T cells. The activated T cells in turn release interleukin (IL)-2 which binds to the IL-2 receptors (IL-2R) only expressed on the surface of activated T cells. The IL-2R is composed of three transmembrane protein subunits, α (CD 25), β (CD 122) and γ (CD 132). The first is specific to IL-2R. Binding to α and β subunits is a crucial step in T-cell activation and propagation.[7, 8] This explains why IL-2 can be considered a catalyzer of the cellular immune response and is an attractive therapeutic target.
6 years) was 13.0 years (median 13.6; range 0.3 to 28). At least
6 years) was 13.0 years (median 13.6; range 0.3 to 28). At least one prosthetic event was experienced by 148 patients (58%), and 81 (32%) experienced at Y 27632 least one biologic event. Overall, patients experienced 3.8 times more prosthetic events than biologic events. Twenty-four (9%) patients experienced 35 implant failures. Overall survival rates at 20 years were 86% for prostheses, 15% survived free of
any event, and 92% experienced survival free of implant failure (95% confidence interval). Anticipated and unanticipated prosthetic events occur throughout the life of the hybrid prosthesis. Prosthetic events significantly surpass (four times more) biologic events and occur significantly later in the follow-up. For this patient group, 8.6% (22/255) had implant-supported prostheses remade during follow-up in this patient population. Roxadustat mw These findings support the recommendation that prosthodontic care for missing teeth be thought of in a "chronic condition" context, recognizing that long-term outcome monitoring to provide realistic care expectations is important for demonstrating
care value in oral health promotion. "
"The aim of this clinical report was to observe the effect of complete dentures on craniofacial growth and development of an ectodermal dysplasia (ED) patient. A complete anodontia patient diagnosed with ED was successfully rehabilitated with conventional complete dentures at the ages of 5, 8, and 10 years. Three sets of complete dentures were made with age-appropriate denture teeth and a bilaterally balanced lingualized occlusal scheme. Periodic follow-up and adjustment when needed was done to maintain proper oral function
and esthetics. Serial cephalometric analysis exhibited a marked restriction of forward growth at the anterior nasal spine (ANS) point between 5 and 10 years of age, although there was little change from average in the anteroposterior length of the mandibular body and the height of the mandibular ramus. So, while maxillary growth was reduced, mandibular growth did not significantly DOK2 change. Cast analysis showed that the increase in arch length was greater than in arch width for both the maxilla and mandible. There was little increase in alveolar ridge height in the anterior region but a considerable increase in the height of the alveolar ridge in the middle and the posterior region. Our findings concluded that the absence of teeth did not affect the growth of the jaws, and it is probable that the denture flange did not arrest the jaw growth, but rather improved the masticatory function by providing good denture stability and retention. "
"The purpose of the study was to survey program directors of postdoctoral prosthodontic programs in the United States regarding their programs' complete denture impression techniques.


text:
Q: Not able to create Salesforce Project in VS Code I have installed Salesforce CLI and Visual Studio code but when i tried to create a Salesforce project with Manifest I get this error:

(17:02:00.225 sfdx force:project:create --projectname DevSandbox --outputdir c:\Users\prabhat.jha\Documents\C3SDevMetadata\DevOrg --template standard --manifest ended with error spawn sfdx ENOENT
  Salesforce CLI is not installed. Install it from https://developer.salesforce.com/tools/sfdxcli

A: Please ensure salesforce CLI environment variable is set. If not go to set an environment variable in your system. Once set the environmental variable restart your device.

A: It was a Product Issue as explained in Post https://github.com/forcedotcom/salesforcedx-vscode/issues/383
Please check this once before you spent days on fixing this like me.
Hope it saves times for other.

A: For me the issue was I had a space in folder path and that is why it was complaining.
c:\Users\Salman Zafar\EnvironmentName
Once I removed spaces in the path it worked. c:\EnvironmentName.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


In the 2011 senate recall elections, interest groups, candidates, party committees and recall committees spent a total of just under $44 million, largely from undisclosed sources. So far in the 2012 recalls, interest groups sponsoring independent expenditures and issue ads have spent more than $30 million and candidates for governor have spent well over $30 million. Millions more have been spent in the senate recalls. Total recall spending in 2011 and 2012 has far surpassed the $100 million mark.
At the same time, it is becoming increasingly difficult to track the source of these campaign dollars. In the 2012 recall elections, interest groups have reported spending more than $25 million and most of that money was raised from anonymous donors.
New disclosure laws ensuring that the public can see where every single penny spent on state elections comes from.
Close the loophole in Wisconsin law allowing public officials targeted for recall to engage in unlimited campaign fundraising.
Require corporations to notify and get permission from shareholders in order to use their money for election spending.
Require that television, radio, and newspaper outlets keep an online public record of advertising purchased for electioneering purposes.
WISPIRG is a statewide non-profit, non-partisan public interest advocacy organization that stands up to powerful interests.
The Wisconsin Democracy Campaign is working for a real democracy that allows the common good to prevail over narrow interests. We specialize in tracking the money in state politics and work for campaign finance reform and other democracy reforms.


In order to keep a hardwood timber deck looking its best, it must be kept clean and well maintained. It is a good idea to inspect a hardwood timber deck at least annually to ensure that it is in good condition. The deck must be regularly maintained as it may become discoloured or affected by moisture and weather. Inspect the deck to replace loose boards and protruding nails or screws. Any loose or damaged boards should be resecured or replaced, loose nails hammered back in or screws refixed.
To clean the deck, sweep off any loose dirt or garden residue and then clean the deck with a specialised deck cleaning product. It is important to not only remove dirt, but any algae or moss that may be growing on the deck.
After the cleaning has been completed, lightly sand the deck in the direction of the timber. This will remove any splinters and damage to the timber.
decking finish is applied, cover areas around the deck that need protection such as plants and furniture.
Drying times are dependent on the type of finish so check finish manufacturer's recommendations before walking on a newly finished deck. Apply and re-apply decking finish as per finish manufacturer's recommendations. Finish manufacturers may recommend that the decking finish needs to be re-applied more than once a year.
After a new timber deck has been built, or an existing deck repaired, thoroughly sweep and clean to remove metal filings from drilling, nailing or other construction materials that may cause black spots on the hardwood deck when exposed to the elements.
If the deck has turned grey from natural weathering or is discoloured due to metal filings or other construction materials, there are a large range of maintenance and cleaning products on the market which can bring back the timber's original colour. Use with care and follow the finish manufacturer's instructions carefully.


text:
The following lists events that happened during 2015 in the Republic of Haiti.

Incumbents
President: Michel Martelly
Prime Minister: Florence Duperval Guillaume (acting) (until 16 January), Evans Paul (starting 16 January)

Events

January
 January 14 - The Haitian Parliament dissolves, causing political uncertainty.

February
 February 17 - Carnival festivities are cancelled after at least twenty people are killed in a float accident in Port-au-Prince.

References

Years of the 21st century in Haiti
2010s in Haiti
Haiti
Haiti

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Will not be without it in the hobby!
Great product, use with extreme care.
13 of the 99 reviewers have had at least one of their past reviews for another product deleted. The Take-Back Reviewers have rated this product an average of 5.0 while the reviewers who don't have any deleted reviews in their history have rated this product an average of 4.1. Based on our statistical modeling, the discrepancy in average rating between these two groups is significant enough to believe that the difference is not due to random chance, and may indicate that there are unnatural reviews.
28 of the 99 reviewers have substantial overlapping product review history. These reviewers have rated this product an average of 4.8 while the reviewers who have a more unique product review history rated this product an average of 4.0. Based on our statistical modeling, the discrepancy in average rating between these two groups is significant enough to believe that the difference is not due to random chance, and may indicate that there are unnatural reviews.
12 of the 99 total reviews for this product use substantial repetitive phrases between them. This is an excessively large percentage which may indicate unnatural reviews.
In total, we found that 59 reviewers (or 60%) are within an overrepresented participation group. This is an excessively high number of reviewers in overrepresented participation groups.
We counted 99 reviews for this product over the span of 1,834 days, an average of 0.1 reviews per day. If these reviews were created randomly, there would be a 99.9% chance that we would see 2 or fewer reviews on any given day. We didn't find any days exceeding this threshold.
3 of the 99 reviewers have reviewed other products for this brand. This is within an acceptable range and it does not appear to be significantly affecting the overall rating for this product.


Our Extended Services includes Crescent Clubs. Crescent clubs is an additional service to our after school care. Crescent clubs offers a variety of high professional sports, art and cultural services though external providers. Each activity will operate on school premises in a safe environment, coordinated by the Extended Services Manager, Hayley Rae. Crescent clubs is open to all children attending The Crescent Primary School on a first come, first served basis. Crescent clubs are organised on a termly basis and run for ten weeks of the term. Club registration forms will be released at the beginning of every term.
(Please Note: Some clubs may be restricted to KS2 children. Clubs running only for KS2 children will run from 3.10pm-4.10pm).
Crescent Clubs will operate during term time in accordance with our Terms & Conditions. Crescent Clubs will run until the end of term.
Summer Term clubs will start w/c 7th May 2019.
Bookings and registration forms must be submitted prior to attendance at each club. No child will be admitted to club if the forms have not been completed.
Club places are limited and allocated on a first come, first served basis. Once a club reaches full capacity you will be added onto the waiting list and notified/offered an alternative club where available.
If your child is allocated a place, a payment option will appear on your parent pay account. Payment must be made in advance using ParentPay or PayPoint. Parents/carers must pay for their allocated club by the payment deadline which is stated on the club registration form. Please Note: If payment is not made in full by the payment deadline, your child will automatically lose their place. Once your child is allocated a space there are no refunds or exchanges. All sessions are chargeable even if your child does not attend.
Children cannot wear p.e. kits, please provide a different kit for crescent clubs.


Tired of the systems that manufacturers like Dell, Lenovo, and HP sell as gaming computers. Systems with cheap exteriors and even cheaper graphics? Want the best components, but lack the know how to put it all together.
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All our custom computers are benchmarked and tested for stability.
We also build custom desktops for businesses. Featuring processors from Intel to AMD, lots of memory and even solid state hard drives. Our business models feature Windows 10 Pro.


Newmarket Lawn Care & Landscaping | Bio-Logic Lawn Care | Bio-Logic Ltd.
Bio-Logic is the only 100% organic lawn care company serving Newmarket. We will work with you to customize an annual fertilizer program specifically for your property, based on the needs of your lawn and your budget. Our fertilizer is completely organic and weed-free. Overseeding can be added to your program to incorporate our custom blend of hardier varieties of grasses into your lawn. Aeration is also recommended in order to reduce soil compaction. Our horticultural vinegar application is an effective weed control for your driveway and patios, while our hand-weeding service will remove the deep-rooted weeds from your lawn, such as dandelion and thistle.
Bio-Logic provides a professional landscaping service in Newmarket as well. Have you ever considered building a beautiful outdoor space to enjoy with your family and friends? Our landscape designer can meet with you to discuss your ideas and help you create the best plan for your yard. Our landscaping crew will then turn your design into reality. It's never too late to make your dreams come true!
Our weekly lawn cutting service will take care of your property so that you no longer have to worry about maintaining it yourself. Our organic gardening specialists will look after your flowerbeds, shrubs and hedges. Any technicians that work on your property will always share their expertise and make suggestions as required at each visit, so you can ensure that your lawn is receiving any care it needs in order to stay healthy.
Chinch bugs and grubs are regularly found in Newmarket. These pests can be very harmful to your lawn if not dealt with promptly. We can use an organic insect control to stop them from ruining your lawn, so if you ever notice an area of dead grass that seems to be growing larger each day, call Bio-Logic as soon as possible! We have found our natural insect control application to be quite effective, and it is entirely safe for your family and pets as well.
Always ask for information on the products that any company is going to use on your lawn. Our customers in Newmarket count on us to be knowledgeable, professional and informative. Call our office to speak to a lawn care expert about any concerns you may have. Choose Bio-Logic to care for your property and you will never need to switch companies again!


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District of Columbia Process Servers
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Skip tracing is an investigative process of locating a person's whereabouts. A skip tracer at A.C.E is a state licensed Private Investigator who has knowledge, experience, contacts and skills finding people in District of Columbia or anywhere in the nation. The term "skip" refers to the person being searched for, and is an industry term that was derived from people who "skipped town" to avoid legal issues. Meaning whoever left town did so without a forwarding address and no apparent information left behind to "trace" the "skip" to a new address.
A.C.E skip tracing services are usually retained by attorney's, adoption agencies, banks, mortgage companies, investors, private investigators, asset managers, leasing companies or by anyone who needs to locate a someone believed to residing or working in District of Columbia and whose contact information is not immediately known. Records that our "skip tracers" use may include phone number databases, social security numbers, date of birth, credit header reports and also includes information provided on a loan application, credit card application, cell phone records and utility records, job application information, criminal background records, court records, arrest records, utility bills, electricity, gas, water, sewage, phone, internet, and cable bills. We also can speak with neighbors, former spouse(s), friends, business associates, real estate records, and public tax information.
Skip tracing someone in District of Columbia is performed by A.C.E investigators by collecting as much information as possible about the subject. We use proprietary database systems only available to licensed Private Investigators to find and interview neighbors, former landlords, connect with the post office to file FOIA (Freedom of Information Act) applications, research public and private records, search the internet and dig deep into as much historical information as we can find. Investigative information found by A.C.E investigators is diligently evaluated and analyzed. A majority of the time we find the subject within the results, but many times we don't. A specialized skip tracing service is not an exact science and therefore must be considered as due diligence or a diligent search, at best, and is not guaranteed to locate your subject in District of Columbia or anywhere else. Though we are quite successful we cannot guarantee this service. For the past twenty years we have located over 700 people and boast a 93% success rate.
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Why Do We Skip Trace in District of Columbia?
Many times people leave town because they are avoiding lawsuits, the law or to avoid paying debts. Many people we investigate seem to find their way to District of Columbia and it is our job to identify the current address and or place of employment for the purposes of serving legal process.
What If We Do not Find The Person In District of Columbia or Anywhere Else?
If we do not find your subject in District of Columbia or anywhere else, we will provide you with an extensive due diligence affidavit listing all of our efforts and the reasons we were unsuccessful.
Our Skip Tracing Services in District of Columbia have been termed by many names, basically each name has the same meaning. Skip tracing or Skip Tracers are also known as:
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District of Columbia Skip Tracing, Locating People and Private Investigation Fees
A.C.E bills initial services on a flat fee basis and extends services involving problem or unique service requests on an hourly basis. Some long term or volume projects are specially priced. All billing is accounted for in increments of one half-hour minimums, after the first three hours. The client [you] pays for all expenses and applicable taxes. Initial consultations are always Pro Bono and are by appointment only. A reasonable retainer amount and the completion of our request service form with your authorized signature are required before the commencement of requested services.
All process serving services must be prepaid in advance of services. Services are billed by address and how many service requests are to be delivered or served at that same address. You agree, when you send us your service packet / letter or otherwise, the address to where you are sending us to is your responsibility. If the address is wrong, improperly listed, typed improperly, cannot be found, is vacant and or no longer exists, the fee you agreed to must be paid for in full regardless. We do not take any responsibility for addresses, unless retained to do so. We charge additional fees for second and or alternate addresses or locations. Arrangements and requests for serving process are considered special services when we are asked to appear on a specific date, time and place. This type of service is subject to additional fees.
To hire an A.C.E Skip Trace Investigator in District of Columbia please call 888-406-6517
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Quick! Do you know what the video game capital of the world is? New York? L.A.? Dubai? Well you'll never guess in a million years because that place is Ottumwa, Iowa, U.S.A., population 25,023 and you've probably never been there unless you're Tom Arnold or some kind of confused Gary Burghoff fan. But yes, it's true and there's a movie out there to prove it called Chasing Ghosts, directed by Lincoln Ruchti. This surprisingly entertaining documentary tells the story of the meteoric rise (which is a weird phrase because meteors more or less come down, not go up) of the greatest classic video game competitors of the early 1980s and the sub-culture that grew from a little video arcade in Iowa called Twin Galaxies (OK, makes sense now).
Back-stabbing lies, delusions of grandeur, sleezy groupies, this flick's got it all! Oh and Pac-Man, there's lots of Pac-Man in there too. You can pick the flick up from iTunes or Amazon, but if you have Netflix, you can watch it streaming on your computer, phone or tablet right now. Check out the preview below.
This sounds a lot like "King of Kong" which was also made in 2007 and was also surprisingly entertaining. I will check it out.
Also, you make a good point about meteors. I vow to use "meteoric" only when describing a fall.
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Robots! From the Past! In the Future!
Polaroid: One Step Ahead or Behind?


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We have deep experience investing in our sectors, with capabilities across finance, legal, tech, sustainability and impact. We add value for entrepreneurs through capital, networks, and expertise.
Managing + Founding Partner
Paul has been focused on impact venture investing for almost 20 years, as Managing Partner of Renewal Funds and co-managing the venture portfolio of its predecessor, Renewal Partners. Prior to his roles with Renewal, Paul had a legal career as a senior partner at Strathy & Richardson, a leading litigation firm in Toronto, Canada, and holds degrees from Queen's University (Biology) and the University of Toronto (Law).
Paul has also had significant involvement in environmental initiatives, including leading an international consortium of philanthropic foundations and private investors in successful negotiations over a two year period with the Federal and Provincial governments and the Coastal First Nations to structure the financing to support the conservation of the Great Bear Rainforest, the largest intact, coastal temperate rain-forest left in the world. He has also served as Vice Chair of the Coast Opportunities Funds and is the past President of Ecojustice Canada. In 2013 Paul was named as one of Canada's Clean50.
Paul is a Board Director for Mama Earth Organics, Prana, and Uncle Matt's Organic. He is also an Observer on the Miovision and Rustic Crust boards.
In his spare time, Paul likes to cook for friends and his ever critical family and generally do anything that involves escaping to the wilderness – whether it is hiking with family or canoe tripping with friends. His goal is to get a job in a remote cabin in the North counting caribou.
paul@renewalfunds.com
Joel Solomon
Prior to the founding of Renewal Funds, Joel spent 14 years with founder + funder Carol Newell implementing a "whole portfolio activation to mission" strategy, as leader of her activist Family Office. As Executive Director of the Endswell Foundation, he guided the spend down of a $20m endowment, leaving Tides Canada Foundation and Hollyhock as legacy charities, while supporting the success of the renowned BC environmental community. As President and CEO of Renewal Partners' seed capital fund, he placed over $10m into dozens of values driven companies in BC and beyond.
Joel is a Senior Advisor with RSF Social Finance and is now co-leading their 'Integrated Capital Fellowship Program,' a 2012 TEDxVancouver Speaker, a Founding Member of Social Venture Network, Business for Social Responsibility, and Tides Canada Foundation. He serves on the University of British Columbia Board of Governors, and as Chair of Hollyhock.
Joel is Co-Author of The Clean Money Revolution, a call to action to move trillions of dollars from damaging to regenerative use.
To connect with Joel, please send your message to rebecca@renewalfunds.com.
Catherine (Kate) Storey
Kate joined the Renewal Funds investment team in 2012 from CIBC World Markets, where she worked in both the equity and debt capital markets and originated public market financings for corporate and government clients. Kate is responsible for investment screening and analysis, deal sourcing, due diligence, and deal execution. Kate holds an MBA (Finance) from Dalhousie University, a B.Sc. (Honours, Biology) from Mount Allison University and a Certificate in Carbon Finance from the University of Toronto. Kate currently sits on the Boards of Farmhouse Culture and Hodo Foods is a Board Observer for Elevation Brands (Ian's Natural Foods).
A sailor since the tender age of 5, Kate takes advantage of the West Coast lifestyle and spends her free time cruising the beautiful Sunshine Coast and shredding pow in the Rockies and Pacific Mountain ranges with her family. Her competitive spirit is satisfied in the Georgia Strait where she skippers her sailing team to victory (ie. the occasional win when they get lucky.)
kate@renewalfunds.com
Genevieve Pinto
Genevieve joined the investment team at Renewal Funds in 2017, focusing on investments in consumer products and technology, and supporting transactions across the portfolio. Prior to Renewal, Genevieve was a Partner at McCarthy Tétrault LLP, with legal expertise in venture capital, M&A and capital markets transactions. Genevieve holds a BA and LL.B from the University of British Columbia and was called to the British Columbia bar in 2006. Genevieve is active in non-profit and community initiatives, including currently serving on the Board of Directors of the BC Women's Health Foundation and previously serving as a Director for the YWCA Metro Vancouver. Genevieve was a co-founder of the Raise Collective, an organization dedicated to the development and support of women investors and entrepreneurs, and was named to the Women's Executive Network 2018 Canada's Top 100 as an Emerging Leader. Genevieve represents Renewal on the Board of Fresh Prep.
In her spare time, Genevieve dreams about actually having spare time, and can usually be found trying to keep up with her young kids and active family and making the most of life on Vancouver's beautiful North Shore. Genevieve enjoys good food, nice wine and, in the absence of great company, a great book.
genevieve@renewalfunds.com
Geordan Hankinson
Geordan joined Renewal in 2015 and together with Mike Cormack leads Renewal's technology investing in the areas of energy, mobility and water. Prior to joining Renewal, Geordan worked at Ecotrust Canada where he helped to develop its sustainable business initiatives and provided financial advisory services to a variety of First Nations clients. Geordan has worked on a range of social and economic impact measurement projects, leading evaluations of investments in social housing and support programs for at-risk populations. Geordan has a BA in Sociology and an MBA from Simon Fraser University, where he was co-president of the school's Net Impact chapter. Geordan represents Renewal Funds as a Board Director for Station A, Swiftly, Opus One Solutions, and FoodLogiQ.
Outside of Renewal, Geordan spends most of his spare time in the local mountains on a bike, as well as chasing his two young kids.
geordan@renewalfunds.com
Mike Cormack
Mike is a key member of the investment team and brings with him significant U.S. deal experience. Prior to joining Renewal Funds in 2008, Mike oversaw planning and acquisitions for the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). He was the President of Archipelago Holdings, an electronic trading company, which in 2006 executed a historic merger enabling the NYSE to become a public company. At Archipelago, Mike was responsible for sales and operations, successfully executed several mergers, and took the firm into the public markets in 2004. He graduated from the Johns Hopkins University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics. Mike has volunteered as a Board Member for Recovery Point Systems and Ecojustice Canada and currently sits on the Board of Renewal Funds investee Cascadia Windows and Olea Networks, and is a Board Observer for Opti.
Jerrod Shin
Jerrod assists Renewal Funds with due diligence, financial analysis, deal sourcing and execution. Jerrod holds a Bachelor of Commerce from the University of British Columbia and has previously worked for PwC and Deloitte M&A, assisting with valuations and sell-side advisory. In addition, Jerrod was involved with the Arc Initiative during his undergraduate studies, working with entrepreneurs in emerging markets through various education and economic initiatives. Jerrod currently represents Renewal Funds on the Boards of Sensible Organics and Evive.
Jerrod has been an avid basketball player since youth and, despite having realized long ago that he is unlikely to ever play in the NBA, continues to craft his on-court repertoire. In the winter, Jerrod can be found on the B.C mountains tumbling down on either a snowboard or a pair of skis.
jerrod@renewalfunds.com
Gregg Ashby
Gregg is a Chartered Professional Accountant and joined the Renewal team in May 2019. After a stint with Ernst and Young as an audit manager, Gregg moved to a US listed hi-tech company and then a start-up, venture backed, software company, Motivus. After the sale of Motivus, he held progressive finance roles at Arbutus Biopharma, a US listed biotech. Gregg saw Arbutus through two mergers, two spin outs, an SEC listing and several public financing rounds. Gregg keeps bees and is the Secretary and Webmaster for the Richmond Beekeeping Association. He also volunteers at UBC's organic farm.
gregg@renewalfunds.com
Emily Danaher
Senior Operations Associate + Sustainability Coordinator
Emily joined the Renewal team in June of 2015, bringing with her a strong belief that environmental sustainability and financial success are complimentary objectives. She has a background in general and administrative roles, along with extensive volunteer and work experience in values-based organizations, including the United Way. Emily supports the operational side of Renewal Funds, with focus in investor relations and communication, sustainability and B Corp involvement, and internal administrative finances. Emily holds an Honors Bachelor of Commerce degree from McMaster University, with a focus in accounting, and continues to study sustainable development and investment through elective coursework. Emily is a Board Director for the non-profit Society Promoting Environmental Conservation (SPEC).
Emily enjoys mellow folk music, meandering bike rides with a campsite destination, and strong coffee. In her spare time, Emily can usually be found on a yoga mat, enjoying good food with friends and family, or studying methods to keep various vegetables in her garden alive.
emily@renewalfunds.com
Founders + Advisors
Carol Newell
Nicole Bradbury
Michael Detlefsen
Entrepreneur in Residence
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Family Law is More Than Just Divorce in the Inland Empire
A family law practice involves more than "just divorce". Family law covers a broad range of issues from domestic abuse to paternity, child support, and distribution of property, to whether you qualify under California divorce laws or common law rules. No one really wants to go see a lawyer. Nevertheless, when dealing with any of the myriad situations that can crop up in any divorce or child support issue, it's important to go to those who have the most experience. That's where your divorce lawyer Rancho Cucamonga can provide invaluable advice, guidance, and support.
Family Law in Rancho Cucamonga Runs a Gamut of Different Situations
Family law today can be incredibly complicated and involves much more than just divorce processes. Marriage laws, including the rights of same-sex couples, domestic partnerships, emancipation of minors, cohabitation, parental rights and liability, and surrogacy are just a few of the types of cases that Laurence J. Brock, a divorce lawyer based in Rancho Cucamonga, is involved in on a weekly basis.
Going through a separation or divorce is hard enough. Do you really want to add to the stress by trying to understand questions regarding rights, responsibilities, obligations, and of course, dozens of California Family Court rules in regard to filing paperwork and court procedures?
Do you know what you have to do to establish or challenge paternity in California? What about the child emancipation process? What are your rights as a guardian or a foster family dealing with charges of abuse?
These are just a few of the issues that the Brock Law Firm deals with as a well-known and respected divorce lawyer in the Inland Empire community of Rancho Cucamonga. Laurence J. Brock has earned the reputation for not only having handled hundreds of family law cases but in providing compassionate and supportive advice that guides clients through the process, minimizing stress as much as possible.
No one wants to have to see a lawyer, but there are times when you realize you just can't go it alone. With the experience of over 1,000 difficult family law cases under his belt, Brock provides timely advice, guidance, and support through every aspect of your case – including all the forms and documents you may need.
Staying Up to Date Regarding New Forms and Paperwork
Two new judicial forms in regard to family law include a request for special immigrant juvenile findings, while another new form under the umbrella of domestic violence deals with supervised visitation and exchange orders in California courts. A number of additional new forms and revisions under guardianships and conservatorships have also been introduced, as have a number of forms under juvenile law categories including custody orders, visitation orders, and juvenile dependency petitions, just to name a few.
Don't leave your case to chance. Seek the advice and services of someone experienced in family law. Visit the divorce lawyer Rancho Cucamonga for additional information and share this post to let family and friends know about the law firm's free initial consultation.
Why Go with a Family Law Specialist?
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Why Would Someone Want an Annulment?
What Qualifies You for Alimony?
Trouble Coparenting During Quarantine? Here's What to Do
Can a Mother Terminate a Father's Parental Rights in California?
How Long Does a Military Divorce Take?
How to Get Sole Custody in California
COVID-19 Ruined Your Marriage? Learn How to Get the Most Out of Your Divorce


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Home / Blog / Name of the Botanical Game
Name of the Botanical Game
By Anthony S. Aiello, on September 15, 2021
If you happen to be in the garden and see the plant that you have always known as Russian sage (Perovskia atriplicifolia) labelled as Salvia yangii, then no, you are not seeing double … you have just encountered one of the latest botanical name changes at Longwood Gardens. This change, which has also been made at other gardens including Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, reflects a recent revision of the whole genus of sages (Salvia), including rosemary (formerly known as Rosmarinus), Perovskia, and a few other less widely grown genera. While I've often heard gardeners jokingly remark that botanists like to change such names just to keep them guessing, botanical name changes such as these happen often and represent advances in science and our understanding of the relationships in the plant world. The goal with these changes is to balance the correct nomenclature with a need to communicate current information to our guests … so we don't keep you guessing!
Here at Longwood, plant name changes are part of a dialogue that happens behind the scenes among the plant records, research, and horticulture staff. These types of revisions reflect the dynamic nature of plant taxonomy, recognizing that molecular research has greatly altered how we understand and interpret plant relationships. Eventually this research filters down and impacts how we name and label our large living collection, and eventually how these plants are sold and purchased commercially.
Along with Russian sage, we have changed the name for rosemary from Rosmarinus officinalis to Salvia rosmarinus. Normally in this situation the name would have been changed to Salvia officinalis. But because that Latin binomial already exists for the common garden sage, a new combination was needed, leading to Salvia rosmarinus. Similarly, Salvia atriplicifolia refers to another existing species, so the authors of an original study basing the name changes on molecular work chose Salvia yangii to commemorate Chang Y. Yang, a Chinese botanist who worked on this group of plants. Russian sage and rosemary have similar flower types to Salvia, which helped contribute to placing all of them in Salvia.
Russian sage (Salvia yangii), formerly known as Perovskia atriplicifolia. Photo by Hank Davis.
Rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus), formerly known as Rosmarinus officinalis.
In the case of Salvia, given the new genetic information, botanists had three choices, as detailed by the Royal Horticultural Society:
Do nothing, which would not help with further study and use.
Continue to recognize rosemary as a genus, which would mean changing the names of more than 700 species of Salvia (many of which are popular garden plants).
Absorb rosemary Russian sage into Salvia. This third choice results in only 15 name changes—rosemary and Russian sage being the most well-known.
In other words, the original authors of the study explained that the approach of absorbing the 15 species into the genus Salvia was the "most stable, practical approach" when compared to the alternative of splitting Salvia into many new genera.
Cultivar names continue to be associated with the new species, as in this case with Salvia yangii 'Crazy Blue'. Photo by William Hill.
At Longwood, we constantly review how we name plants, with revisions happening on a regular basis. Changes to scientific plant names changes generally fall into a few broad categories that include:
Taxonomic: This is where molecular, anatomical, or other research shows new relationships among various plants. The Salvia changes described above are a good example of this category, but there are numerous other examples. With the current and rapid advances that are being made using molecular techniques to understand plant evolution and plant relationships, revisions to plant families, genera, and species are continually happening. A relatively recent change that we have accepted involves merging previously separate plant families. In this instance the horse-chestnut (Hippocastanaceae) and maple (Aceraceae) families have been subsumed by the soapberry family (Sapindaceae). And while these changes may not have any horticultural impact, they point to the latest approach to understanding systematics, or the organization of plant groups.
Plant family names change as well. We now include maples (such as sugar maple, Acer saccharum) in the soapberry family or Sapindaceae. Photo by Candie Ward.
Nomenclatural: These are the situations where the identity and taxonomic standing of a plant has not changed, but its name has been altered for various historic reasons. For example, an unusual Chinese maple, Acer pectinatum ssp. maximowiczii, was previously called Acer maximowiczii but this new (and longer!) name more properly describes its position within all maples. To make life confusing the previously named Nikko maple (Acer nikoense), native to Japan and eastern China, is now called Acer maximowiczianum!
Re-identification: In these cases a plant was mis-identified when it arrived and one of the horticulture or research staff notices the difference. Sometimes this happens in plain sight in the Gardens but just as often occurs behind the scenes. Recently a plant in one of our back-of-house floriculture greenhouses had its name changed from Peperomia polybotrya to Pilea peperomioides. Both of these are relatively common houseplants, and look extremely similar in leaf, making them hard to distinguish. But they are in separate plant families, so their flowers are quite different. Thanks to Longwood Grower Kerry Zwack, who had seen this plant in flower, we could verify its identity. Most of the plants in these greenhouses eventually make their way to public display and we strive to make sure that everything is accurately identified and labeled for our guests. After all, our plant labels are among the most widespread and highly visible parts of our interpretation and education programs, and we want to ensure that we are providing the most accurate information possible.
In many situations we defer making certain name changes, based not only on an abundance of caution but also because we want to see if these changes are accepted by the wider botanical community before making the switch ourselves.
Some botanists support changing the name of the familiar Japanese flowering dogwood (Cornus kousa) to Benthamida japonica. Photo by Eileen Tercha.
A recent example of such caution can be seen in the significant changes in how dogwoods (Cornus) are named, where the recent research points to splitting Cornus into separate genera, in contrast to the situation with Salvia. These changes include North American, European, and Asian species such as our beloved native flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), Japanese flowering dogwood (Cornus kousa), the pagoda and giant dogwoods (Cornus alternifolia and C. controversa), the cornelian-cherries (Cornus mas and C. officinalis), the shrubby dogwoods (for example, Cornus sericea and C. alba), and our native bunchberry (Cornus canadensis). If you really want to make your head spin, take a look at these taxonomic revisions:
The flowering dogwoods: Cornus florida and C. kousa became Benthamidia florida and Benthamidia japonica.
Pagoda dogwood (Cornus alternifolia) became Swida alternifolia.
The red twig and other shrubby dogwoods from North America, Europe, and Asia (Cornus sericea, C. alba, C. sanguinea, C. amomum, and C. racemosa) also became Swida, while keeping their specific epithets, such as Swida sericea.
Cornelian-cherries (Cornus mas and C. officinalis): these stay as Cornus, phew!
Bunchberry (Cornus canadensis) became Chamaepericlymenum canadensis.
Hopefully the next time that you read a plant label and see a familiar plant with an unfamiliar name, we've been able to shed some light on how and why this change might have happened … not to make life difficult, but rather to stay current, be accurate, and recognize the ever-evolving nature of plant taxonomy … and all the technicality and beauty that come with it.
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Q: Backup em MySQL WorkBench Preciso fazer uma modificação no banco de dados. Queria saber como faço um backup em MySQL WorkBench, e como faço para restaurá-lo depois em caso de erros.
Também se possível gostaria de algumas dicas de bons hábitos para realizar este tipo de tarefa, e algumas dicas!

A: Vá no menu Server, Data Export.

Em Object Selection, selecione o banco que você deseja fazer o Bkp.
Lá embaixo, em Options, selecione a opção que deseja para fazer o salvamento:
Export to Dump ou Export to Self-Conteined File. Selecione o caminho desejado e clique em Start Export.

Para você fazer a importação, selecione Data Import no menu.
Selecione o tipo de importação e o caminho onde você salvou o arquivo .sql
Selecione o BD onde você quer restaurar e clique em Start Import