text:
package org.apache.ignite.testsuites;

import org.apache.ignite.examples.BasicExamplesMultiNodeSelfTest;
import org.apache.ignite.examples.BasicExamplesSelfTest;
import org.apache.ignite.examples.CacheClientBinaryExampleTest;
import org.apache.ignite.examples.CacheContinuousQueryExamplesSelfTest;
import org.apache.ignite.examples.CacheExamplesMultiNodeSelfTest;
import org.apache.ignite.examples.CacheExamplesSelfTest;
import org.apache.ignite.examples.CheckpointExamplesSelfTest;
import org.apache.ignite.examples.ClusterGroupExampleSelfTest;
import org.apache.ignite.examples.ComputeClientBinaryExampleTest;
import org.apache.ignite.examples.ContinuationExamplesMultiNodeSelfTest;
import org.apache.ignite.examples.ContinuationExamplesSelfTest;
import org.apache.ignite.examples.ContinuousMapperExamplesMultiNodeSelfTest;
import org.apache.ignite.examples.ContinuousMapperExamplesSelfTest;
import org.apache.ignite.examples.DeploymentExamplesMultiNodeSelfTest;
import org.apache.ignite.examples.DeploymentExamplesSelfTest;
import org.apache.ignite.examples.EncryptedCacheExampleSelfTest;
import org.apache.ignite.examples.EventsExamplesMultiNodeSelfTest;
import org.apache.ignite.examples.EventsExamplesSelfTest;
import org.apache.ignite.examples.IgfsExamplesSelfTest;
import org.apache.ignite.examples.LifecycleExamplesSelfTest;
import org.apache.ignite.examples.MemcacheRestExamplesMultiNodeSelfTest;
import org.apache.ignite.examples.MemcacheRestExamplesSelfTest;
import org.apache.ignite.examples.MessagingExamplesSelfTest;
import org.apache.ignite.examples.MonteCarloExamplesMultiNodeSelfTest;
import org.apache.ignite.examples.MonteCarloExamplesSelfTest;
import org.apache.ignite.examples.OpenCensusMetricsExporterExampleSelfTest;
import org.apache.ignite.examples.SpringBeanExamplesSelfTest;
import org.apache.ignite.examples.SpringDataExampleSelfTest;
import org.apache.ignite.examples.SqlExamplesSelfTest;
import org.apache.ignite.examples.TaskExamplesMultiNodeSelfTest;
import org.apache.ignite.examples.TaskExamplesSelfTest;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.junit.runners.Suite;

/**
 * Examples test suite.
 *

 * Contains all Ignite examples tests.

 */
@RunWith(Suite.class)
@Suite.SuiteClasses({
    CacheExamplesSelfTest.class,
    SqlExamplesSelfTest.class,
    BasicExamplesSelfTest.class,
    ContinuationExamplesSelfTest.class,
    ContinuousMapperExamplesSelfTest.class,
    DeploymentExamplesSelfTest.class,
    EventsExamplesSelfTest.class,
    LifecycleExamplesSelfTest.class,
    MessagingExamplesSelfTest.class,
    MemcacheRestExamplesSelfTest.class,
    MonteCarloExamplesSelfTest.class,
    TaskExamplesSelfTest.class,
    SpringBeanExamplesSelfTest.class,
    SpringDataExampleSelfTest.class,
    IgfsExamplesSelfTest.class,
    CheckpointExamplesSelfTest.class,
    ClusterGroupExampleSelfTest.class,
    CacheContinuousQueryExamplesSelfTest.class,

    // Multi-node.
    CacheExamplesMultiNodeSelfTest.class,
    BasicExamplesMultiNodeSelfTest.class,
    ContinuationExamplesMultiNodeSelfTest.class,
    ContinuousMapperExamplesMultiNodeSelfTest.class,
    DeploymentExamplesMultiNodeSelfTest.class,
    EventsExamplesMultiNodeSelfTest.class,
    TaskExamplesMultiNodeSelfTest.class,
    MemcacheRestExamplesMultiNodeSelfTest.class,
    MonteCarloExamplesMultiNodeSelfTest.class,

    // Binary.
    CacheClientBinaryExampleTest.class,
    ComputeClientBinaryExampleTest.class,

    // ML Grid.
    IgniteExamplesMLTestSuite.class,

    // Encryption.
    EncryptedCacheExampleSelfTest.class,

    // OpenCensus.
    OpenCensusMetricsExporterExampleSelfTest.class
})
public class IgniteExamplesSelfTestSuite {
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Posted on 23.11.2019 by Kazrazilkree
7 rows · Discover releases, reviews, credits, songs, and more about Ant Banks Presents T.W.D.Y. - /5(19). Ant Banks is on that album together with his crew which includes Bay area rap veteran Rappin' 4Tay and Captain Save 'em. The album has 14 songs which feature some of the best rappers on the West Coasts - stars like B-Legit, E, Spice 1, CJ Mac, Mac Shawn and many other appear on this tight album/5(10). Release Ant Banks Presents TWDY Derty Werk. Featuring Ant Banks, Keek The Sneak, Mac Shawn, J-Dubb. 17 Tracks.
In Banks launched his project group T.W.D.Y. (The Whole Damn Yay) with their debut album Derty Werk. The group included Ant Banks, Dolla Will, and Captain Save'm. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Derty Werk [PA] * by Ant Banks/T.W.D.Y. (Cassette, Sep, Thump Records) at the best online prices at eBay! Free shipping for many products! Ant Banks presents TWDY "DERTY WERK" classic west coast. ant banks at his finest. check out TWDY. "LEAD the WAY" better than derty werk. **** FMV XIII II . T.W.D.Y. (acronym for "The Whole Damn Yay") is composed of Ant Banks, Rappin' 4-Tay and Captain Save 'Em. Along with the single, a music video was produced for the song, "Players Holiday", featuring Mac Mall, Too Short, Otis & Shug and features cameo appearances by E and Ray Luv. Derty Werk [PA] * by Ant Banks/T.W.D.Y. (Cassette, Sep, Thump Records) $ Ant Banks Big Thangs Promo Sampler (Cassette Tape) Mack 10 Ice Cube E Spice 1. Derty Werk, an Album by T.W.D.Y.. Released 20 April on Thump (catalog no. TH; CD). Genres: West Coast Hip Hop, Mobb Music, Gangsta Rap. Featured peformers: Ant Banks .
Generator - Bad Religion - Generator (Vinyl, LP, Album), More (2) - 4 Ever With Me (CD), Not A Sound - The Trap (2) - The First EP (Vinyl), Blast Unnu - Various - Washout (Vinyl, LP)
8 thoughts on " The Game - Ant Banks Presents T.W.D.Y. - Derty Werk (Cassette) "
Yozshunos says:
ANT BANKS Presents T.W.D.Y. / Lead the Way PA Explicit CD New Sealed TWDY 5 out of 5 stars 1 product rating 1 product ratings - ANT BANKS Presents T.W.D.Y. / Lead the Way PA Explicit CD New Sealed TWDY.
Durg says:
Audio production was handled by Ant Banks, Erick Sermon, and Jazze Pha. You Nasty proved to be a success, peaking at #12 on the Billboard and #4 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, as well as producing two charting singles, "2 Bitches" and "You Nasty", which peaked at #2 and #6 on the Hot Rap Singles respectively, It was certified Gold/5(6).
Faetilar says:
Off Parole is the third studio album by American rapper Rappin' 4-Tay, released March 19, on Chrysalis Records. The album features production by The Enhancer, G-Man Stan, Lil' Fly, Mike Dean, Rappin' 4-Tay and Too Short/5(7).
Mikat says:
View credits, reviews, tracks and shop for the CD release of Derty Werk on Discogs. Label: Thump Street Records - TH • Format: CD Album • Country: US • Genre: Hip Hop • Ant Banks Presents T.W.D.Y. - Derty Werk (, CD) | Discogs/5(15).
Mazutaur says:
In Banks started a group T.W.D.Y. (acronym for "The Whole Damn Yay"). Banks himself, Rappin' 4-Tay and Captain Save'm were the original members. Their debut album Derty Werk was released in and contained the single "Players Holiday", featuring Too Short, Mac Mall, Otis & Shug. The single received a lot of radio play.
T.W.D.Y. (acronym for "The Whole Damn Yay") is composed of Ant Banks, Rappin' 4-Tay and Captain Save 'Em. Along with the single, a music video was produced for the song, "Players Holiday", featuring Mac Mall, Too Short, Otis & Shug and features cameo appearances by E and Ray Luv.
Shaktirr says:
Ant Banks is on that album together with his crew which includes Bay area rap veteran Rappin' 4Tay and Captain Save 'em. The album has 14 songs which feature some of the best rappers on the West Coasts - stars like B-Legit, E, Spice 1, CJ Mac, Mac Shawn and many other appear on this tight album/5(10).
Shakajin says:
T.W.D.Y. - Derty Werk. , CD, Rap, Bay Area, California, Thump Records, Universal Music & Video Distribution.
Drei Neuerliche Wutanfälle - Heimito Von Doderer - Heimito Von Doderer 1896 - 1966 (CD)
Kicks - The Bad Boys (5) - Kicks / Shes A Breakaway (Vinyl)
The Dark Island
Zwei - DERTHXY - #2.01 - EP (File, MP3)
Iron Curtain Irony - Fatal Charm - Endangered Species (CDr)
Durn on The Game - Ant Banks Presents T.W.D.Y. - Derty Werk (Cassette)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A Rottweiler dog attacked and killed a 20 month old boy in Florida while the boy was reaching for a cookie he had dropped on the ground.
Baton Rouge, Louisiana injury attorney, Scott Andrews, says "animal attacks occur too often and are usually by dogs trained to be vicious by their owners or by dogs that are not properly supervised by their owners." In Louisiana, damages caused by animals are governed by Louisiana Civil Code article 2321, which provides that the owner of a dog is "strictly liable for damages for injuries to person or property caused by the dog and which the owner could have prevented and which did not result from the injured person's provocation." The owners of all other animals in Louisiana are "answerable for the damage caused by the animal" upon a showing that the owner knew or should have known that his animal's behavior would cause damage, and that by the exercise of reasonable care, the damage could have been prevented.
If you or a loved one has been attacked by a dog or other animal, contact the experienced Baton Rouge, Louisiana dog bite lawyers at Dué, Guidry, Piedrahita & Andrews. Email Louisiana injury lawyers or call (800) 929-7481 to schedule a free consultation.


Our core values articulate the ideals that guide the operations of Central Christian College of Kansas in pursuit of providing a Christ-centered education for character. They provide a conceptual framework by which our institution holds itself accountable.
Acknowledging that God is the source of all truth, we emphasize a balanced application of scripture, reason, tradition and experience. We use these as the measure through which we test and approve truth as we explore, study and appreciate His creation.
Granting that God has called every individual to full devotion to Christ, we are committed to providing an environment through which each individual can develop and sustain a maturing relationship with God.
Realizing that character is a reflection of the whole individual (spiritual, emotional, intellectual, physical, social, environmental and vocational), we are dedicated to providing a personalized and balanced liberal arts education.
Appreciating that excellence provides an opportunity to honor God and inspire people, we promote an environment of innovation, where people are equipped and encouraged to serve with distinction.
Recognizing God's invitation, we continually and consistently utilize prayer as the primary means through which we seek guidance and counsel, articulate our praise and thanksgiving, and ask for His action and intervention.
Understanding that God has uniquely created every individual, we seek to provide an environment where each person is treated with respect and dignity.
Believing that our actions reflect on the character of Christ, we adhere to the highest moral and professional standards for all personal and corporate interactions.
Knowing that God has challenged every individual to active service, we foster an environment where we can develop our expertise in order to effectively minister.
Trusting that effective leadership and followership is an outcome of humble service and spiritual gifting, we strategically sustain an environment where each person can excel in response to God's gifting and leading for their lives.


text:
Home Articles LGBT Costa Rica advances marriage equality, despite opposition
Costa Rica advances marriage equality, despite opposition
It's a good thing that most LGBTQ tourists don't read local politics and forum posts on social media when planning travel to Costa Rica. If the online chatter about Costa Rica's upcoming legalisation of marriage equality is any indication, one might think that the commenters were from Uganda or somewhere else where same-sex relationships are openly vilified.
The hostility of some of these commenters is actually quite surprising. In Costa Rica there isn't anywhere near the same levels of physical violence against the LGBTQ community that are reported in many countries with high opposition to officially-recognised same-sex relationships.
Source: Headline from El Mundo ("National Restoration will not support civil unions initiative between same-sex couples.")
On the positive side, many Costa Ricans see their country as an oasis of progressiveness in a sea of political unrest and uneducated, conservative views on social issues. Besides the hard work of LGBTQ Ticos and the National LGBT Chamber of Commerce, the path to equality and social acceptance is also supported by some influential businesses, such as the Marriott chain, which has been proactive in advancing LGBTQ acceptance (see Brandon Schultz's Forbes article on this subject).
Another positive development is that the controversy surrounding marriage equality has galvanized LGBTQ Costa Ricans, which has encouraged large numbers of them, and their supporters, to speak up publicly in support of equal marriage.
Despite a majority of Costa Ricans not supporting same-sex marriage, President Carlos Alvarado has pressed ahead. Even though the supreme court has determined that same-sex marriage must become law in 2020, opposition parties are actively engaging in trying to reverse the decision. Sadly, as is common in many countries, same-sex rights is used as a political football to exploit division in the hope of electoral gain.
Having lived here for 15 years, I believe that sanity will prevail and that marriage equality for all will become law of the land in the year ahead.
Brandon Schultz
Carlos Alvarado
NGLCC
Previous articleAugust Stats: The Good and the Bad
Next articleSouth Caribbean Coast Takes the Stage
Manuel Antonio among world's 10 best beaches for gay travellers
Costa Rica to host its first LGBT+ Wedding Fair


Each ml of Rompun 10% Injectable contains 100 mg xylazine HCl, 0.9 mg methylparaben, 0.1 mg propylparaben, 5.0 mg sodium citrate dehydrate and water for injection.
If you are in need of a prescription product that is not listed on our website, or you have questions about your prescription or our Pharmacy services, please contact us at 800-321-0235. We are eager to serve you!


Anaheim, California (April 1, 2014) – Extron Electronics is pleased to introduce the Extron IN1608 IPCP, a new model of the IN1608 product family featuring a built-in Extron IP Link Pro control processor for complete and powerful AV system control. The IN1608 is a highly versatile scaling presentation switcher that delivers the technologically advanced capabilities necessary to design and integrate a complete AV system in one box, including an HDCP-compliant, multi-format video switcher, an advanced scaling engine, integrated DTP 230transmitter and receivers, a high performance mono or stereo amplifier, comprehensive audio processing, and an advanced control processor that is uniquely expandable. The IN1608 is the new industry standard for fully integrated AV systems, greatly simplifying system design and installation, and dramatically reducing total cost of ownership.
The IN1608 IPCP features a built-in IP Link Pro control processor, with the same advanced features, processing power, and breakthrough technologies found in the standalone Extron IPCP Pro control processors. The IN1608 IPCP delivers high-speed processing and abundant control port capacity for complete, customizable control of an entire AV system, including all source devices and displays, plus room functions. Simply connect an Extron TouchLink Pro touchpanel to the built-in Gigabit Ethernet switch to create a complete AV control system.
As with all Extron control systems, the IN1608 IPCP is very intuitive and easy to configure with Global Configurator software. The latest version of Global Configurator includes powerful, advanced features such as conditional logic, local variables, and macros. Global Configurator Professional adds unprecedented scalability with Controller Groups, a unique feature that allows an IN1608 IPCP to be combined with additional IP Link Pro processors to create a large-scale control system. This is ideal for controlling multiple systems, rooms, or even remote locations around the world. IN1608 IPCP systems throughout a facility, building, campus, or offices worldwide can be monitored and managed using Extron GlobalViewer Enterprise server-based software.
With the purchase of an Extron LinkLicense with the IN1608 IPCP, a tablet or laptop can serve as the primary control interface for the AV system. A unique benefit of LinkLicense is the ability to use Extron GUI Designer software to design interfaces for specific user roles in an organization. LinkLicense works seamlessly with Extron's TouchLink for iPad app, and allows an interface to be duplicated to many additional devices. It simplifies deployment of AV system control for BYOD with a single license purchase per system and no per-user fees, and allows a standardized BYOD strategy for AV control across an organization.


The FBA endorses Spill-Stop pour spouts and uses them exclusively in all of our sanctioned competitions for our accuracy rounds. We have found the Spill-Stop #285-50 to be the most accurate free pouring spout available. The Spill-Stop #285-50 has become the standard for all free pour training. The counting system the bartenders use are based on the consistent flow of these high quality products.
The FBA endorses the Flairco Portable bar and uses them exclusively in all of our sanctioned competitions. We have found the Flairco Portable Bar to be extremely efficient and well rounded. The Flairco Portable Bar is on wheels, so we can put multiple bars into rotation and easily move them into place in seconds, fully loaded. With our events all over the world, we have found the Flairco Portable bar to be the best and most consistent product to use as we can ship it all over the world or even throw it in the trunk or back seat of a car, and every competitor can now own the official FBA Competition Flair Bar to practice with.
The Flairco bottle is the official practice bottle of the FBA. Since it's inception in 1997, the Flairco bottle has arguably had the most impact on the growth of flair. While obviously safer to learn with than a glass bottle, the Flairco bottle allows flair bartenders of all skill levels to push their limits farther and faster due to its superior balance, finish and durability. This original Flairco practice bottle is still the best training tool for bartenders looking to learn new moves.


text:
using System;
using Newtonsoft.Json;

namespace IronSharp.IronWorker
{
    public class TaskOptions : PriorityOption
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// The maximum runtime of your task in seconds. No task can exceed 3600 seconds (60 minutes). The default is 3600 but can be set to a shorter duration.
        /// </summary>
        [JsonProperty("timeout", DefaultValueHandling = DefaultValueHandling.Ignore)]
        public int? Timeout { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The number of seconds to delay before actually queuing the task. Default is 0.
        /// </summary>
        [JsonProperty("delay", DefaultValueHandling = DefaultValueHandling.Ignore)]
        public int? Delay { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Optional text label for the task.
        /// </summary>
        [JsonProperty("label", DefaultValueHandling = DefaultValueHandling.Ignore)]
        public String Label { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The cluster name ex. "high-mem" or "dedicated".
        /// </summary>
        [JsonProperty("cluster", DefaultValueHandling = DefaultValueHandling.Ignore)]
        public String Cluster { get; set; }

    }
}


Speak to most digital agencies and they'll probably tell you that email marketing is dead and that you should focus on other digital marketing channels. That's probably because it's difficult to master and produce great results and – to let you into a little secret – agencies struggle to monetise it as a service. Email marketing has been at the core of what our team has been doing for both ourselves and our clients to generate new business and we've never experienced an unsuccessful campaign. That's most likely due to our strategic approach to email marketing that you wouldn't find most other digital marketing agencies taking the time to devise!
If you're running email marketing campaigns, it is important to you constantly build and maintain your database and structure it so that you can easily segment the data for your campaigns. If you don't, you may find yourself contacting people with an irrelevant message and creating awkward situations with confusing communications between yourself and the contacts in your database.
If you don't already have a database, or if you need to obtain more data, we can help you find ways to generate more subscribers and purchase data from trusted sources, if necessary. With the new GDPR laws coming into place in May 2018, we recommend that you "double opt-in" as many of your subscribers as possible straight away to ensure you comply with these laws in advance.
The response you will get from an initial bulk email will be fairly minimal, however if you send one "follow up" email – just checking that your prospects received the bulk email – you will get a slightly higher response. The most responses, however, come when you send a "closing" email, i.e. an email that apologises for pestering your prospects and gives them one last chance to contact you before you stop reaching out to them.
You will need to have a landing page in place for each of your emails to capture leads and/or sell your products.
Having a landing page built specifically for each of the emails you send is the best way to generate as many enquiries and sales as possible; the more relevant the landing page, the easier it is for your customers to complete the desired action. We can create bespoke landing pages for you that are focused on capturing leads.
Naturally, some of your prospects will simply reply to the email you send, so you must also make sure you have a process in place to handle these responses.
Timing is as important as ever with email marketing; you need to find the right balance between maintaining your prospects' awareness of your brand and products/services and not bombarding them to the point that you become an annoyance. You should segment your audience based on as much information as you have about them, but also based on their responses to your previous emails; contacting those prospects more regularly if they're receptive to them.
It's also important to take advantage of seasonal trends and how these might affect the timing and messaging of your communications.
Our pricing for managing your email marketing activity will depend on the extent of the work you need to outsource. For example, you may wish to outsource the whole operation entirely, or you might just want help with segmenting your data and sending the email. Either way, we'll price up the service for you in advance and our fees will be fixed for as long as you need us to provide the same level of service.


text:
Retailmarketexperts -
M&A and investments
HR changes
IKEA will sell used furniture
Market trendsTrends
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Wpis dostępny jest także w języku: polski
The first second-hand furniture store of the IKEA chain will be opened in Eskilstuna, Sweden, in 2020. Before they go on sale, however, they will be refurbished by the company and will remain cheaper accordingly. The store will be located in the ReTuna gallery, where only second-hand items will be sold.
IKEA will enable its customers to donate used or unnecessary furniture to charity. The chain will also increase the availability of spare parts for self-repair in response to the growing interest in reducing excessive consumption and the circular economy. (H&M has also joined the group of brands promoting this idea.) By 2030, IKEA plans to be a fully sustainable business.
Sell-back furniture programme in Australia, Germany, Canada
A move in this direction were furniture buy-back programmes launched (lub initiated) by the Swedish concern in its chain stores in Australia, in Germany or Canada.
In exchange for second-hand, gently-used furniture, the company gave customers vouchers for their store. The second-hand furniture could be later bought in the IKEA stores, in the section with the goods from the exhibition or returned under warranty. The furniture usually spent two days in the store.
We will talk more about the interior design segment in Poland on November 5th during the PMR Forum Home & Garden Retail 2020.
ikeasecond-hand
Tower Investments will launch online delicatessen
Spar: Wayne Hodson from Sri Lanka to Poland
New version of CSR in 2020
PMR: Trends on the HoReCa market in 2020
DHL is testing parcel buses
Corporates encourage employees to follow a plant-based diet
PMR: Five key trends in Poland's fashion retail in 2020
Online retailer makes good debut on Warsaw bourse
Get weekly news about the retail market directly to your e-mail.
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Legal Outlook: Vertical Agreements in the EU and UK Episode 4
Legal Outlook Vertical Agreements in the EU & UK: Episode 4 (transcript)
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Fiona Garside:
Hello, everyone. I'd like to welcome you to the fourth episode in our podcast series on the new rules on vertical agreements in the EU and UK. In this series, we are focusing on the impact of the new rules on agency arrangements, dual distribution, traditional and online distribution models and areas where the UK and EU approaches have now diverged. My name is Fiona Garside and I'm a Senior Expertise Lawyer in the Antitrust, Regulation and Foreign Investment team at Ashurst in London. I'm delighted to be joined today by Esther Kelly, a partner in our Brussels office, and Hayden Dunnett, an associate in our London team. And today we're going to be talking about the rules on online distribution. Thank you both for joining me.
Esther:
Thank you very much, Fiona, delighted to be here.
Hayden:
Thanks, Fiona. Looking forward to the discussion.
As listeners may be aware on the 1st of June, 2022, the revised EU Vertical Block Exemption Regulation, or VBER, entered into force alongside new Vertical Guidelines. On the same day, the new UK Vertical Agreements Block Exemption Order, also known as the VABEO, entered into force. The block exemptions provide widely applicable safe harbours for vertical agreements from the EU and UK prohibitions on anticompetitive agreements, if the parties have market shares of less than 30% on their respective markets and the agreement does not contain any so-called hardcore restrictions of competition. Today, we're focusing on how the new rules impact online distribution.
Online shopping was obviously well established by 2010 when the previous versions of the EU block exemption and guidelines were published, but e-commerce has continued to grow since then and in particular, we've seen a significant growth in online marketplaces. Addressing specific issues affecting this type of online distribution has therefore been a long time coming and the European Commission has had to consider a range of relatively complex and sometimes contradictory case law when drafting these new rules. But to reflect this commercial reality, this growth in e-commerce, both the block exemption and the guidelines do now expressly deal with issues relating to online distribution. And this is the area where the revised VBER and guidelines probably innovate the most compared to the previous versions.
Today, we're going to talk about two main aspects of the new rules. First, how the block exemption applies to internet distribution. And second, a new regime for providers of these so-called online intermediation services or OIS. So, for example, that's certain online marketplaces, app stores, price comparison and social media sites.
In the previous episode, Donald and Laura discussed some of the hardcore restrictions, which will prevent an agreement from benefiting from the block exemptions, such as restrictions on passive sales and resale price maintenance. Both the EU and UK have now introduced a new hardcore restriction, which means that suppliers cannot prevent the effective use of the internet. Esther, what does this cover?
Thank you, Fiona. That's an excellent question and I think it immediately goes to the heart of some of the challenges that companies and then their advisors may face when trying to apply the new regulation and guidelines. The notion of the effective use of the internet appears multiple times in the documents, without being clearly defined. There are examples of conduct that the European Commission considers to be permissible, and examples of conduct that are so-called hardcore restrictions, that are clearly not okay. But there is some grey space between the two.
If we start with the big picture, the Guidelines accept that there are various legitimate reasons why suppliers might want to impose some restrictions on online sales, just as they may want to impose some restrictions on how brick and mortar sales take place. The reason for this includes to avoid so-called negative externalities, in the economic jargon. The most obvious example of such an externality is one that we may all be familiar with. So, that's where consumers visit a brick and mortar store to have a product shown to them by qualified sales people, so called pre-sale services, but then go online and buy it for a lower price. This is a classic free rider issue. The brick and mortar store has had to invest in qualified sales people, but then that investment cannot be recouped and is instead taken advantage of by an online store that hasn't made the same investments. The difficulty here is that this limits the incentives for brick and mortar stores to provide quality services, and therefore can ultimately lead to lower quality of service for consumers.
So, there are some reasons that we might have legitimate restrictions on online sales. At the same time, the Commission clearly starts from the principle that online commerce is a good thing that overall benefits consumers. So Commissioner Vestager, for example, noted that e-commerce should give customers a wider choice of goods and services, as well as the opportunity to make purchases across borders. And that's a theme that comes back throughout the online discussion in the Guidelines, the importance of not setting up artificial boundaries that could prohibit passive sales.
So, at least one thing is clear. A total prohibition on any type of online sales is a hardcore restriction that will take an entire agreement outside the scope of the exemption. As I say, this is consistent with the overall scheme of the regulation and the precedents in the vertical space, because such an absolute restriction is akin to a passive sales restriction. And we know, of course, that those are problematic, as have been discussed in the previous episodes.
And the hardcore restriction also cover restrictions that have that indirect object of preventing effective use of the internet. Could you talk us through some of the examples in the guidance?
Yep. So this is where things start to get particularly interesting. So, although the Commission's stated intent, and they've tried hard at this, was to make the VBER easier to use in day-to-day business, this notion of effective use of the internet will require some pretty complex self-assessment in practice.
So, what does the guidance do? It sets out a number of examples of clear hardcore restrictions. The first one that we might think about is restrictions that prohibit the buyer from using an entire online advertising channel. So, what's an online advertising channel? That's something like search engines as a whole, or price comparison sites generally speaking. However, there are some nuances to this. So, prohibiting a distributor from using a specific price comparison site would not generally be considered a hardcore restriction, unless that specific restriction applies to the most widely used advertising service in that particular channel.
Of course in practice determining which set engine or price comparison site is the most widely used may be difficult. So, does this mean that if there are two price comparison sites available for a particular product, we can't prohibit the use of one of them if it has just one more customer? Obviously some common sense is going to be needed in doing self-assessments. In some cases, it's going to be obvious what is the main, most popular site and in other cases, that's going to be challenging. The Guidelines try to clarify this, by saying that essentially, it comes down to the question of whether a distributor would still be able to make effective use of the internet, or whether they are so restricted that it amounts to ban an online distribution in all but name. But as I say, this will be a case-by-case assessment.
Another example of a hardcore restriction is prohibiting a distributor from using the supplier's trademarks or brand names on its website. And this one seems pretty logical. Of course, you can't effectively use the internet to sell a branded good if you're not allowed to use the brand, how will anyone find it to purchase it from you?
A third example that we might cite is one that has clear parallels, I think, with the notion of passive sales restrictions, and that's requirements to seek prior authorisation before making individual online sales transactions, or a requirement to reject, for example, foreign credit cards from customers outside a distributor's allocated territory. So, we have these examples and some more in the guidance, but there will clearly be quite a lot of work to be done in borderline cases and companies and their advisors will have to work through these quite carefully pending guidance from the Commission in terms of their enforcement practice.
Fiona:
Thanks Esther. While the VBER blacklists provisions or conduct whose object is to impede distributors from using the internet, it clearly exempts certain restrictions on the way in which online sales may be carried out. So Hayden, what types of limitations on online selling may benefit from the block exemption?
Thanks Fiona. So, I think this is probably one of the most complicated areas in the VBER and the Guidelines. I think, to some extent, this reflects the history of online sales on the internet and some of the competition issues that have arisen in the past. And so, while the VBER and Guidelines indicate that restrictions may be imposed in relation to the manner in which contract goods or services are sold online, it's also made clear that these restrictions should not indirectly have the object of preventing the effective use of the internet.
Now, the obvious question to ask is what does effective mean in this context? I think it's arguable that and quite difficult to identify any restrictions which would not have such an object. Any sort of restriction on sales through the internet arguably somehow prevents the use of the internet itself. So, I think from our perspective, we think it's very likely to come down to a question of the degree to which a restriction prevents the effective use of the internet.
Now, in this context, the Commission does give some guidance on this particular issue. It says that online sales restrictions generally do not have such an object where the buyer remains free to both operate its own online store and also advertise online. I think this is an important principle that will guide companies in the drafting of their agreements.
However, in relation to advertising, VBER and the Guidelines do provide a bit of a mixed message in terms of how restrictions can play out. As we mentioned earlier, the Guidelines suggests that it's important that the distributor remain free to advertise online, but at the same time the Guidelines also state that online advertising restrictions can benefit from the exemption, provided that they do not have the object of preventing the use of an entire advertising channel by the buyer.
So, under the new rules, I think the question is going to be, when will a supplier prevent the use of an entire advertising channel? And as Esther noted earlier, a prohibition on, say for example, the use of price comparison websites absolutely will be an example of such a restriction. However, less absolute mechanisms, such as qualitative criteria, are going to need to be considered in more detail in order to assess whether they fall foul of the VBER or not.
Now, the Guidelines also indicate that dual pricing, which is where the distributor is charged more for a sale made online than say, for example, in a bricks and mortar stores, is in principle admissible and allowed under VBER. However, there needs to be an economically justifiable reason for the difference in price.
Thanks Hayden. A complicated area that we'll definitely wait for further guidance as the Commission starts to apply the new guidelines in practice. Esther, now if we turn to some of the other restrictions that look to be more straightforward to apply?
Yes. So, I think one that is a little bit more straightforward relates to online marketplaces. So, this builds on the Coty precedent, but it extends the principle of that judgment to all forms of distribution of goods and services. So, previously it was thought that this only related to selective distribution and luxury products.
Two important points here, we've got the eternal requirement that it cannot prevent effective use of the internet. And then secondly, we need to remember the distinction between online marketplaces, which can be prohibited in a general manner, and advertising channels, which cannot. And so, what's the difference between the two? The key distinction is whether a site offers direct online purchasing functionality. If it doesn't do so then it's likely to be an advertising channel, and so we couldn't ban them wholesale. So that would be like our price comparison sites.
Others that may be easier to interpret relate to requirements that a distributor operate one or more brick and mortar shops or showrooms. That's happened under the previous case law. And similarly, there are some possibilities to require a distributor to sell a minimum amount of goods or services offline, but that must be an absolute value or volume requirement and not as a percentage of the distributor's total sales.
And then finally, the revised VBER and the Guidelines no longer require compliance with what we typically call the equivalence principle when it comes to selective distribution. So, that means that we can have different criteria that might apply to online and offline sales, which obviously reflect the difference in those marketing channels.
Thanks Esther. As we move into the second part of our discussion, I just want to remind listeners of how agency is considered in the online context for competition law. So, as we touched on in episode one, companies active in the online platform economy are often considered to be agents under contract or commercial law, but for the purposes of the VBER and the VABEO, a company will only be considered to be an agent where it meets the conditions set out in the Guidelines, and these are more restrictive. So, the guidance makes it clear that it's unlikely that companies active in the online platform economy will be considered to be genuine agents for the purposes of assessing their vertical agreements. And this is for three main reasons.
First, the online platforms typically serve a very large number of sellers. So, that means they don't effectively become part of any one seller's undertaking, as we say, so, not part of the same entity.
Second, there are strong network effects and other features of the online platform economy that can result in a power imbalance in the size and bargaining power of the parties. And again, that means that the platform rather than the seller might actually determine the conditions for selling the goods or services, and therefore the commercial strategy.
And finally, just to note that online platforms typically make significant market-specific investments: for example, in software or advertising, after sales services. And as we talked about in episode one, this can be an issue in terms of agency because these companies will bear significant financial or commercial risks associated with the transactions that they intermediate. If you want a recap in more detail then I'd encourage you to go back and listen to episode one but that's just a high level reminder as we start to think about these online intermediation services providers, or OIS providers, because not being treated as an agent is likely to be particularly problematic for these providers. Before we go into the guidance in more detail, Hayden, can you remind listeners how the Commission has defined OIS providers please?
Sure. So, OIS providers allow companies to offer goods or services to other companies or consumers online, and they effectively do this with a view to facilitating direct transactions between those parties, or in a sense, effectively an intermediary. The Vertical Guidelines provide a few examples of OIS providers and these include e-commerce marketplaces, app stores, price comparison tools and social media services. I think that the key is that an OIS provider facilitates two parties contracting with each other directly.
Now, to add a level of complication to an OIS provider, a number of these providers offer additional services or intermediation services, but under the VBER, this does not mean that they're not considered to be an OIS provider. So, for example, where an OIS provider also takes payment for transactions that it intermediates, or provides services such as advertising, ratings, insurance, or guarantees against damage, these types of services would not prevent them from being considered to be an OIS provider.
Now, the concept of an OIS is actually derived from other EU regulation, known as the P2B regulation. And there's also been quite development of some complicated case law around what an OIS provider actually is. I think it's going to be seen to what extent that case law, which was not in a competition law context, is transposed into the competition law world. I think we're going to have to wait and see how that is applied in the VBER world and whether there'll be further clarity in this respect, which is probably not much comfort for companies who are working out how to self-assess under these provisions at the moment.
To add another level of complication, we also have what are known as hybrid OIS providers. And these are providers that not only intermediate the sale and purchase of goods between parties, but they're also active in the sale of goods themselves. Now, where an OIS provider also sells these goods and services in competition, the block exemption does not apply to these hybrid providers. However, the Commission has set out in guidance that it's unlikely to prioritise enforcement action against these types of agreements, where they don't have object restrictions and where an OIS provider does not have significant market power. However, hybrid OIS providers will still need to self-assess under Article 101 in particular.
In an interesting distinction, however, this sort of hybrid OS model is considered differently under the UK Vertical Agreements Block Exemption Order. So, it'll be interesting to see going forward what the differences are in practise, in the enforcement in the different regimes.
Thanks Hayden, certainly potential for some divergence on this between the EU and the UK. Taking it back to higher level, Esther, what are the implications of being an OIS provider?
So, in addition to the important point that Hayden mentions about the exclusion of hybrid OIS from the EU rules, I'll mention a few points. First of all, it impacts how an OIS provider should calculate their shares for the purpose of applying the 30% safe harbour. So, the relevant market for a non-hybrid OIS is that for the supply of online intermediation services so not the market for the products that are eventually being sold via that service.
Second, it implies certain obligations in relation to MFNs or parity clauses, that will be discussed in more detail in the next episode.
And third, it raises a number of interesting questions in relation to the hardcore restrictions. So, the Guidelines make clear that OIS providers are considered to be suppliers for the purposes of Article 4, because they are supplying OIS services to those that want to distribute goods via their website. So, it's pretty clear in that case, then an OIS supplier clearly cannot impose minimum prices on those buying online intermediation services from them. So, an OIS supplier cannot require those wanting to sell via their site to apply minimum prices, for example, that's RPM.
So this raises a question in terms of what happens if the reverse scenario occurs. So, imagine that we have a manufacturer of branded goods, and let's say this is a very high profile branded good. They use the OIS to reach customers, fair enough. The branded supplier wants to impose minimum prices at which the OIS can offer their branded goods. Are we talking about RPM or are we not? Here we reach an interesting definitional question and encounter some of the challenges that are presented by potentially two-sided markets.
Suppliers of OIS should also note the warning in Article 6 of the VBER. This specifically refers to potential withdrawal of the benefit of the block exemption, even if the other criteria are normally met, in cases where the market for the supply of online intermediation services is a) highly concentrated and b) there are parallel networks of similar agreements.
So, this is another challenge for self-assessment, since if you're an OIS, you may not know if there are networks of parallel agreements, because you wouldn't know what your competitors are doing or you really ought not to. So, it's an additional point where the OIS providers are going to need to be careful and are going to need to really think through the terms that they have put in their contract carefully with their advisors, I think.
So, there are other questions related to OIS that will also take careful thought, but I think overall, the headline item is that those who fall into this category are going to need to think these things through very carefully. And I think we'll all be waiting eagerly for additional guidance from the Commission.
Thank you both for that very interesting overview of how the rules on vertical agreements have changed in relation to online distribution. The revised Guidelines have clearly made significant changes to the rules regarding selling by digital channels. And while it's welcome in some respects, that the new rules offer greater clarity and flexibility for online selling, at the same time, the concrete application of these rules, particularly the rules relating to online intermediation services, could benefit from further clarification and they may well add to the complexity of this area of the law. So, as Esther said, we'll be eagerly awaiting further guidance from both the Commission and the CMA as well.
If you're interested in learning more about the new EU Vertical Block Exemption Regulation and the Vertical Agreements Block Exemption Order in the UK, then we have a briefing available on our website, and watch out for the next episode in this podcast series. That episode's going to cover the key differences between the new EU and UK rules and, as Esther mentioned, we'll highlight there the different approaches to parity obligations, also known as most favoured nation courses. So, do please check that out.
To ensure you don't miss any future episodes, do subscribe now on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or your favourite podcast platform. And while you're there, please feel free to keep the conversation going and leave us a rating or review. Until then, thanks for listening.
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text:
49ers Coach Jim Harbaugh Was The First Quarterback Ray Lewis Ever Sacked
Tony Manfred
Here's a tidbit to give you an idea of how old Ray Lewis is (for a player) and how young Jim Harbaugh is (for a coach): Lewis' first NFL sack came against Harbaugh in an October 13, 1996 game between the Indianapolis Colts and the Baltimore Ravens.
A user on Reddit dug up that fun fact this morning.
Lewis was just a 21-year-old rookie that year, and no one had any idea he'd turn into the player he is today. He barely played in that 1996 season, recording 2.5 sacks in four total games.
Harbaugh, on the other hand, was 33 years old and his skills were in decline. He would play four more years before going into coaching. Here's what he looked like in the early 90s:
Photo: Gary Mook/Getty Images
We've been digging for video all morning, but we've come up with nothing. There's no photos either.
It's understandable, there's no way of knowing that a nobody rookie linebacker sacking an ageing mediocre QB would have significance 16 years later.
Harbaugh today at age 49:
Photo: NFL Network via Bleacher Report
jim harbaugh nfl ray lewis sports sportspage-us


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'We had a beautiful performance': Gospel musician Mlalazi relishes Nigeria experience
EVERTON Mlalazi, one of Zimbabwe's leading gospel singers, recently performed in Nigeria, the Mecca of the genre, and he says he "relishes" the opportunity to feature in the vast West African country.
JONATHAN MBIRIYAMVEKA
Mlalazi mixed and mingled with some of the top artistes in that part of the continent.
A red carpet was rolled out to Mlalazi and his band members and the mere mention of his name and Zimbabwe was all the more memorable.
"Hearing my name and that of Zimbabwe being called on that big stage was memorable," Mlalazi told The NewsHawks this week.
"We had a beautiful performance. I definitely believe it's a step in the right direction in terms of getting our music to a larger market. It was a seed and we have contacts with the radio and TV stations there."
Mlalazi was part of a line-up of artistes who performed at Eko Convention Centre in Lagos last week.
He was invited by Nigeria's top-selling gospel musician, Sinach, and what an experience it turned out for Mlalazi!
"The reception in Nigeria was awesome. Our music was well accepted and we look forward to doing more work in that country. The concert was well organised. A concert with such a huge cast of gospel powerhouses in West Africa would definitely live up to its billing.
"Sinach capped it all with a powerful worship service punctuated with role plays of the story of the birth of Jesus."
The concert was a big deal for Mlalazi and the country as well because not many Zimbabweans have had the chance to perform in Nigeria, be they secular or gospel artistes.
Asked the one thing that he learnt from the experience, Mlalazi said there was a need for unity of purpose among Zimbabwean artistes.
"Nigerian artistes support each other. Even big names who weren't performing on the night were there. I think I saw Todd Dulaney as well there, but he wasn't performing," he said.
It is not just Mlalazi who shared such sentiments. Previously, Sabastian Magacha also spoke of how divided Zimbabwean gospel musicians are.
Magacha further explained that the biggest challenge was that gospel musicians in Zimbabwe celebrate each other's downfall.
Secondly, Mlalazi confirmed that the tour would open more doors for his music to be heard in Nigeria.
"I managed to have a few interviews with radio stations on the red carpet and my team took contacts, as I said for future reference and so that we share our music with them," he said.
Mlalazi also called on Zimbabwean gospel musicians to support each other to develop an industry.
"Let's continue to work together as local artistes to support each other and push each other," he said.
Music, for Mlalazi, is also about lifestyle, attitude and glamour.
Many of his fans will remember how lavish his 40th birthday celebration was in Bulawayo.
It was a homecoming gig in his hometown, where he began his ministry as a member of Seventh-Day Adventist Christian.
Now based in the capital Harare, where he holds a day job as a financial analyst, Mlalazi is married with two children.
And he loves family life, his wife being heavily involved in his music.
"My wife is the manager for my music," he once said. "She helps me manage both home and the music. It's easier planning my work around her and the kids because they all are involved. My wife and kids are a huge part of me. I participate in their lives fully and they do the same."
One of his daughters has featured in his videos as well as live performances, playing the piano. On what exactly inspires Mlalazi's music? He answers: "I am an ardent student of the Bible. I meditate and agonise on my life constantly and that, coupled with my relationship with God, inspires my music. I believe music must minister your people's needs. It must minister for the broken hearted, to the bereaved, to the sick, to those without hope."
His career highlight has been the recognition by Zimbabwe Music Awards for Best Contemporary Music.
Coming from a good family support system, Mlalazi acknowledges everyone who has been part of his amazing music journey.
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Cincinnati Art Museum's Chief Conservator and paintings conservator Serena Urry will be on view cleaning The Retablo of Saint Peter. The Spanish altarpiece, attributed to Lorenzo Zaragoza, dates to around 1400. Its 18 painted panels show scenes from the life of Saint Peter on a rich gilded background. Progress in the conservation treatment will be visible over the course of the exhibit. When Urry is not present, a video describing the cleaning will run.
This exhibition is generously supported by the James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Foundation and the Wohlgemuth Herschede Foundation.


April 2004 – Jean Sini: web. scale. software.
I previously discussed the non-cumulative nature of email as a communication medium, and the short-comings implied by the associated semantics. One of the key paradigm shifts necessary to reach efficient team exchanges involves centering the whole communication system on a cumulative core, where relevant knowledge gets constantly and directly added, updated, and refined through a collaborative authoring mechanism.
In practice though, knowledge stored on shared file systems that do not integrate with the messaging tools used regularly by the team quickly becomes obsolete. At the very best, it is in an almost constant state of obsolescence between infrequent major updates: the effort involved in keeping it up-to-date, requiring synthesizing the substance of email exchanges and working out their effective impact on the stored knowledge, is very expensive. This is the case with any system where multiple modeling paradigms (here the cumulative vs. non-cumulative models) coexist and the task of bridging these models remains a manual activity: c.f. the effort and risks involved with manually translating from the design modeling semantics to the programming language semantics in Object Oriented software design, and the number of two-way tools that have emerged to close that gap. Obviously, avoiding such obsolescence should be a major design goal of any efficient communication and knowledge building system. This fact indicates that shared files systems alone are not the answer to the challenge of structured exchanges and knowledge systems.
Another crucial design point of structured knowledge systems revolves around their decision auditing and deconstructing capabilities. I think of this as their reflective capabilities: when we envision communication as a mechanism to reach and refine decisions, it is important to observe that those decisions will constantly need to be revisited: by the decision makers throughout the lifecycle of their project, by the managers or customers of the product, by new team members trying to educate themselves on the knowledge relevant to the project. It follows that the ability of the gathered knowledge to be parsed or apprehended in a way that illustrates the analytical process that led to all the embedded decisions is critical. Ultimately, the communication and knowledge building system must exhibit good didactic or educational properties, and offer multiple knowledge browsing perspectives, following either the hierarchical structure of the captured knowledge itself, or instead slicing through that structure along decision making perspectives.
Therefore, the self-describing, browsing and annotation capabilities of the knowledge system are of critical importance. This relates tightly to the communication concepts exposed in Barbara Minto's The Pyramid Principle, in which she exposes a set of practical guidelines to be used when presenting one's analysis to an audience, by resisting the urge to build up suspense or recount the trial-and-error-driven discovery process following the sequence in which it occurred, but by offering, instead, the conclusion up-front, and letting the audience guide the presenter through the subset of points they challenge, in order to maximize efficiency and concision, while minimizing the amount of redundant or well-known information that needs to be exchanged.