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The History of Refrigerators
What was once considered a luxury is now an indispensable standard: The ability to store food in a refrigerator or freezer, keeping it fresh for an extended period of time.
'Once upon a time…' is a well-known fairy tale opening that could easily be used to start the story of the refrigerator. Do you know how people stopped food from perishing 100 years ago? Or even before that, when refrigerators and freezers as we know them today didn't exist?
Going back a long way to the days any food that was hunted or gathered was eaten straight away. The idea of cooling food was a long way off. Our ancestors gradually gave up their nomadic lifestyle and stopped being on the hunt for food, so things started to change. As people settled, they had to find ways of keeping food fresh. They developed a range of solutions including smoking, curing and pickling foods. In the Middle Ages, niches in wooden walls provided a certain degree of cooling for food storage, as did streams, ponds, and holes dug in the ground. A cool cellar was an ideal place to keep perishable food fresh for longer. Foods were stored in wooden or clay containers.
Development of the Refrigerator
In 1748, William Cullen changed the course of food preservation history by demonstrating artificial cooling at the University of Glasgow. Chemical refrigerators were developed and brought to the commercial market in 1834. Ferdinand Carré made further refinements in 1859. However, refrigerators were far away from being a standard feature in private homes. People stored food in a simple wooden crate containing blocks of ice and insulation materials. This explains the origin of the term 'ice box', which we still use today to refer to refrigerators. In the 1870s, Carl von Linde with his Gesellschaft für Lindes Eismaschinen AG (Linde's Ice Machine Company) played a key role in the development of refrigerators. Later technical and chemical advances saw refrigerators become a standard feature in American households by the 1930s.
Refrigerators Save People Time
In Germany, refrigerators remained a genuine luxury item for years to come. They were too expensive and bulky for the average household. Many households didn't even have electricity at that time. Villages and communities relied on communal cooling houses where fruit, vegetables, meat and other types of food could be stored. This was quite simply much cheaper. It wasn't until the 1950s that refrigerators really took off in Germany. They eliminated the need for hours of pre-cooking and daily trips to the shops. Soon, refrigerators were being referred to as 'every woman's best friend'. There's no doubt these 'new friends' offered a few advantages to men as well…
Meals instantly became far more varied. Cream cakes, cold cuts, fruit and other tasty delights were now all being enjoyed in the days of post-war 'Wirtschaftswunder' Germany.
Liebherr Starts Making Refrigerators
The early days of refrigerator production at Liebherr. The Ochsenhausen plant in 1959.
The first Liebherr refrigerator was produced in 1954. At this time, despite the economic miracle, 90% of German households didn't own an electric refrigerator. Company founder Hans Liebherr saw an opportunity to enter the sector by developing, manufacturing, and continually improving, quality appliances. The rest is, as they say, history. Refrigerators become a standard and integral part of the home by the early 1970s. First came freestanding, individual appliances. Then built-in models were gradually introduced to the market, and combination fridge-freezers became available. As the years went by, Liebherr became a well-known refrigeration specialist, continually developing new technology and innovations in the refrigeration and freezing sector. NoFrost technology, launched in 1987, is a prime example. NoFrost prevents the inside of the freezer compartment from frosting over. With its introduction, arduous and time-consuming defrosting became a thing of the past.
Added Convenience Thanks to NoFrost and BioFresh
After NoFrost came BioFresh. Patented by Liebherr in 1996, a near 32°F zone incorporated in the refrigerator guarantees even greater freshness and convenience. Appliances with BioFresh keep fruit, vegetables, fish, meat and dairy products fresher for much longer than had previously been possible. Different types of food have different temperature and humidity requirements. These need to be met if the food's flavor, vitamin content, texture and appearance are to be retained. BioFresh provides just the right conditions to prolong optimum storage. As an example, lettuce will stay fresh for 5 days in a normal refrigerator compartment, but up to 12 days in a BioFresh compartment.
Over the years, Liebherr also developed into an industry-leader in the fields of design and energy efficiency. By employing environmentally friendly refrigerants, highly efficient compressors and new insulation materials, Liebherr earned the coveted ENERGY STAR "Most Efficient" designation for 2017. It's the seventh year in a row that various Liebherr models have received this honorable distinction.
Smart Homes: The Next Evolution
The SmartDeviceBox makes it possible to connect Liebherr MONOLITH refrigerators and freezers to your WiFi network. With the SmartDevice app, for example, customers can obtain an immediate overview of all the important functions and control the appliance from anywhere. SmartDeviceBox also works with Amazon's Alexa, letting you control certain refrigerator functions from any Alexa enabled device and with PHILIPS Hue hubs and IFTTT (If This, Then That). The Liebherr SmartDevice app will be available for iOS and Android. Activate SuperCool and SuperFrost for rapid cooldown while you're still out shopping for groceries. Receive alerts if the door is left open or if the power goes out. SmartDevice will even help you become a better chef! The app will let you access hundreds of recipes and help you organize your shopping list!
The modular FridgeCam™ makes the products stocked in the refrigerator visible at any time. This provides customers with many advantages. They can easily maintain an overview of the groceries in stock, create shopping lists and avoid buying the same item twice due to being unaware of fridge contents.
A Short History of Liebherr Appliances
500 Years of German Beer Purity Law: Do You Know These Facts?
Throwback Thursday 2/2017


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National Historical Park New Mexico
Arrowhead Camp and gas station (near the Arrowhead Ruin at what is now Pecos National Historical Park)
Q: Is there camping in the park?
A: No, but campgrounds are located in the Santa Fe National Forest just north of the park on NM Highway 63. For more information, contact: Pecos District Ranger Station, Box 429, Pecos, NM 87552 or call (505) 757-6121.
Q: Is the Glorieta Battlefield open to the public?
A: Yes. Please contact the Visitor Center (505-757-7241) for more information about guided tours and for a gate code to enter the battlefield trail.
Q: Where is the Glorieta Battlefield?
A:The Pigeon's Ranch Unit of the Glorieta Battlefield is located on NM 50 approximately four miles northwest of the Visitor Center.
Q: When was the Visitor Center built?
A: Construction of the E.E. Fogelson Visitor Center began in 1983, and the building was opened to the public in August 1984.
Q: What is the park's connection with the actress Greer Garson?
A: Greer Garson Fogelson and her husband Col. E.E. "Buddy" Fogelson owned and operated the Forked Lighting Ranch surrounding the original park property. Over the years, the Fogelsons contributed both financial and physical resources to the park. Much of the Forked Lightning Ranch is now part of the park.
Q: What is the difference between a National Historical Park and a National Monument?
A: National Monument: The Antiquities Act of 1906 authorized the President to declare by public proclamation landmarks, structures, and other objects of historic or scientific interest situated on lands owned or controlled by the government to be national monuments
National Historical Park: This designation generally applies to historic parks that extend beyond single properties or buildings. It requires an act of Congress. With the acquisition of the Forked Lighting Ranch and Glorieta Battlefield units, Pecos National Monument became Pecos National Historical Park in 1990.
Q: What is the park's connection with Jemez Pueblo?
A:The descendants of the final residents in Pecos Pueblo now live at Jemez Pueblo. The governing body of the Pecos Pueblo is in close consultation with the Pecos National Historical Park.
Q: What time does the park open and close?
A: Summer hours (Memorial Day through Labor Day) for the park are 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. and the Visitor Center hours are 8:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m.; Winter hours (Labor Day through Memorial Day) for the park are 8:00 a.m.-4:30 p.m. for the park and the Visitor Center hours are 8:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.
Q: Is the Park on old Route 66?
A: Yes. From 1926 to 1937, the original Route 66 followed the Old Pecos Trail from Santa Rosa through Pecos to Santa Fe. In 1937, Route 66 re-routed Highway 66 to Albuquerque and bypassed Santa Fe (and Pecos) altogether.
Q: Where does the name Pecos come from?
A: The name Pecos first appears in Spanish records in the late 1500s. The name is derived from Pàékilâ, a Native Towa word which means "the Place above the water." To the Spanish, the word sounded like "Pecos," and that became the name that was used to refer to the area.
Q: What does "Pueblo" mean?
A: Pueblo is a Spanish word meaning village or town.
Q: Where did the natives get their water?
A:The Pecos River and Glorieta Creek. Glorieta Creek, which was the easiest and closest source as it runs next to the Pueblo, was the primary source of water for the natives. However, numerous springs in and around the Pueblo would have also been used as a water source.
Q: How much does it cost to enter Pecos National Historical Park?
A: The park is a Fee Free park. No entrance fee required.
Q: Where is the nearest gas station?
A: The village of Pecos has a number of gas stations and the village is located only two miles from the Visitor Center. For information about the services provided in this friendly town, including food and lodging, please visit the Pecos, New Mexico website.
Q: Are there any restaurants nearby?
A: The village of Pecos boasts numerous restaurants to meet the tastes of every visitor. The village is located only two miles from the Visitor Center. For more information, please visit the Pecos, New Mexico website.
Q: How often do you see rattlesnakes?
A: Rattlesnake sightings are reported two to three times a week during spring, summer and fall months. Generally, rattlesnakes are not aggressive. If you come upon one, give it room to retreat and do not harass it. Remember that dogs MUST be on leash. Please report any sightings to a ranger.
Q: Are dogs allowed on the trails?
A: It depends. Dogs are allowed on the Ancestral Sites Trail and the Battlefield trail as long as they are leashed. They are NOT, however, allowed on the South Pasture Loop Trail.
Prairie rattler crossing road between church ruins and headquarters.
Photo by Glenn Waleska
Pecos National Historical Park
Pecos , NM 87552

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Another Love: The emotional family drama from the queen of emotional drama by Amanda Prowse
From the million-copy bestseller Amanda Prowse, the queen of heartbreak fiction.
Amanda Prowse is the author of The Coordinates Of Loss and the no.1 bestsellers Perfect Daughter, My Husband's Wife and What Have I Done?
In the early years, she was happy.
Romilly loved her stunning house, her kind husband and gorgeous daughter. Sure, life was sometimes exhausting – but nothing that a large glass of wine at the end of the day couldn't fix.
But then a glass of wine became a bottle; one bottle became two. Once, Romilly's family were everything to her. Now, after years of hiding the drinking, she must finally admit that she has found another love...
Reviews for Amanda Prowse:
'Prowse handles her explosive subject with delicate skill... Deeply moving and inspiring' DAILY MAIL.
'Powerful and emotional family drama that packs a real punch' HEAT.
'A gut wrenching and absolutely brilliant read' IRISH SUN.
'Captivating, heartbreaking, superbly written' CLOSER.
'Very uplifting and positive, but you may still need a box (or two) of tissues' HELLO.
'An emotional, unputdownable read' RED.
'Prowse writes gritty, contemporary stories but always with an uplifting message of hope' SUNDAY INDEPENDENT.
Head of Zeus * Fiction
16 Jan 2016 * 368pp * £4.99 * 9781784972165
In this powerful, moving novel, Prowse consolidates her role as the queen of domestic drama... Prowse delves deep into some very dark areas but manages to infuse warmth, hope and even humour'
'A gut-wrenching and absolutely brilliant read'
The Irish Sun
'A gritty, unputdownable read'
'A compelling read'
My Weekly
Amanda Prowse
Amanda Prowse likens her own life story to those she writes about in her books. After self-publishing her debut novel Poppy Day in 2011, she has gone on to author twenty-five novels, including the number 1 bestsellers, Perfect Daughter and What Have I Done, six novellas and a memoir. Her books have been translated into a dozen languages and she regularly tops book charts all over the world. Remaining true to her ethos, Amanda writes stories of ordinary women and their families who find their strength, courage and love tested in ways they never imagined. The most prolific female contemporary fiction writer in the UK, with a legion of loyal readers, she goes from strength to strength. Being crowned 'queen of domestic drama' by the Daily Mail was one of her finest moments. Amanda is a regular contributor on TV and radio but her first love is, and will always be, writing. You can find her online at www.amandaprowse.com, on Twitter or Instagram @MrsAmandaProwse, and on Facebook at: www.facebook.com/amandaprowsenogreaterlove
ALSO BY Amanda Prowse


Hey what is up guys, Chris Connor here and welcome to the second after effects star wars tutorial of the long awaited Star Wars VFX Academy. Continuing things off with a very cool effect I came up with…the Force Freeze inspired by the force awakens visuals! This Star Wars After Effects Project means a lot to me cause I put many hours in it and it has being a long time coming so fire up After effects and lets get started with an amazing series of star wars visual effects tutorials!


Below is the letter one group of parents, from Ann Arbor, sent to Governor Granholm and to their local representatives, Senator Liz Brater and Representative Rebekah Warren, on 16 March. They invite other groups pf parents to borrow the letter and use it as a framework for their own letter to their elected representatives. Every letter and message to our legislators makes a difference!


Cyber fraud is on the rise and it has become all the more important to insure ourselves and our hard-earned money from scamsters. Most of us use personal email and carry out financial transactions not just from our personal computers and smartphones but even from office computers and public Wi-Fi. Accessing personal information from different devises exposes us to risks across all such devises.
A cyber insurance policy will protect us from online breaches on all gadgets that are connected to the Internet. In India, there are two such cyber insurance plans from general insurance companies - Bajaj Allianz's Individual Cyber Safe Insurance Policy and Cyber Security by HDFC ERGO.
While getting such a policy there are three important things to consider. One, what all events are covered in the plan. Second, the sub-limits. And three, which clauses represent the claim against any financial loss.
Look closely at the inclusions, i.e., what all is covered in the policy. Some plans will treat the inclusions as 'clauses' while others may call them the 'limit of liability'. An important element of cyber security is malware and some plans may provide it as an optional cover.
"It is important to have protection from malware threats in the form of antivirus and firewalls in place however, there can still be an attack on to the system due to a malware. Maintaining download discipline from legitimate sources would minimise malware threats," says Sasikumar Adidamu, Chief Technical Officer, Bajaj Allianz General Insurance.
* Cyber extortion loss and transportation for attending Court summons.
In Bajaj Allianz Individual Cyber Safe Insurance Policy there are 10 clauses, and each one has a sub-limit. For example, the claim for e-mail spoofing, phishing and social media cover will be restricted to 15 percent, 25 percent and 10 percent respectively and so on. In addition, the insurer pays for IT Consultant Services Cover cost, which is a fixed amount as per the amount of plan opted for.
Similarly, in Cyber Security by HDFC ERGO, there are sub-limits but protection from malware attacks has been kept optional, and thus will cost extra. This plan also offers a Family Cover for coverage of Rs 5 lakh and above.
Generally, only two events, i.e., phishing and e-mail spoofing covers the financial loss. Also important to note is that if any event gives rise to a claim, one may then claim under only one of the insuring clauses per event. "In case of multiple breaches at the same time, it is up to the customer to choose one breach for which he or she decides to file the claim. At one point of time, claim for only one breach can be filed. However, there is no cap on the number of claims that can be filed in a given policy period," informs Adidamu.
For example, if one buys Rs 5 lakh plan, the annual premium of Bajaj Allianz Individual Cyber Safe Insurance Policy is Rs 1,823 (exclusive of GST). The percentage of limit of liability will differ as per the breach, i.e., a financial loss due to phishing has a 25 percent limit while email spoofing has a 15 percent limit. So, for phishing the claim will be capped at Rs 1.25 lakh and any claim resulting from email spoofing will be restricted at Rs 75,000, despite buying the plan for Rs 5 lakh.
As a user, even if there is cyber insurance, take adequate precaution. The circumstances leading up to the cyber attack can be closely looked into. "This is a subjective situation that may vary from claim to claim, it will depend on various factors such as how has the cyber attack happened and what were the circumstances under which a loss has triggered? We as an insurer would not want to refrain from accepting the claims that are honest and genuine," says Adidamu.


Spokane, WA metal band Enterprise Earth will be releasing their highly anticipated third album, Luciferous on April 5th! Described by the band as their most mature album to date, Luciferous finds Enterprise Earth writing from the heart with no restrictions, no guidelines and nothing holding them back.
With Luciferous out this week and their latest single, "Sleep Is For The Dead" out now, we caught up with the band to chat about their new album, upcoming tour dates throughout this spring and summer and more! Read the full interview now below.
You guys kicked off 2019 with the release of your latest single, "Sleep Is For The Dead." Can you tell us a little bit about the track?
Sleep is one of our collective favorites off of Luciferous. While it has elements that are sure to please fans of our previous work it also delves into some new melodic and structural elements that will be revealed in depth with the album.
"Sleep Is For The Dead" comes from your upcoming album, Luciferous, out this April! What are you most excited for fans to hear on the album?
We're excited for fans to hear our maturation as songwriters and as people. Our music is evolving into something we are all extremely proud of and we hope old and new fans will enjoy the ride.
You've mentioned that Luciferous is your most mature album to date - how do you feel you've grown as artists between Embodiment and this album?
These songs all felt extremely natural to us, from inception to finalization. This album is more in tune with our development as musicians and is a strong collective effort of our influences.
The only goal was to write the best songs that we could, no guidelines, no rules, just compositions from the heart.
Were there any challenges you came across when working on Luciferous? If so, how did you overcome them?
Fortunately the songwriting process was pretty fluent though the songs presented technical obstacles for us. These songs have really pushed our limits as musicians and we've all put in a lot of work to be able to perform this album.
On the opposite end, what was the most exciting or rewarding part of writing and recording the album?
Recording with the legendary Jason Suecof was a lot of fun and very rewarding for us all. He's produced some of our favorite albums so when we got the opportunity to work with him we were all extremely stoked. He made the recording process fun, stress free, and had valuable insight on every song. We're happy to call him a friend in addition to our producer.
With "Sleep Is For The Dead" out now, can fans expect to hear any more new music from the album before its release?
Yes! We'll be releasing one more single before the release titled "The Failsafe Fallacy". This song is one of the strongest tunes on the record and continues to reveal new elements of our matured sound.
You're also in the midst of tour dates that stretch throughout May! What are you looking forward to the most on these upcoming shows?
We'll actually be on the road until the middle of June, we just announced support for Chelsea Grin and we have one more tour to announce as well. It's perfect timing for us to be on the road for 3 months straight in support of our new album and we're looking forward to playing these new songs every night.
Promoting our new album and touring as much as we're able. Get ready for Luciferous.
Apr 8 INTERVIEW: BETWEEN FRIENDS Discuss DIY and New Project, "we just need some time together"


text:
Crypto Made Easy
The Dawn of Asset Tokenization
by Team B21
When the word investment is mentioned most of you will automatically think of stocks and shares in companies such as Apple, Amazon and BP, gold, real estate and bonds. These are just a few of the most common investment opportunities that are made easily available to everyone, regardless of wealth level.
Investments into physical assets seem like a solid option, although they are still volatile, people feel comfortable investing in these type of assets because they are real. Amazon is a real company, you know this not only due to its significant media coverage but because, most of you will have ordered products from Amazon, which were delivered to your house and in speedy time . You can go to your local Apple store and purchase a new iPhone or iPad and bring it home with you today, and so when you invest into these companies you feel reassured that you are not just investing in a 'dream'!
However, when it comes to virtual assets such as cryptocurrency, you are a little more skeptical, not only because the concept is just one decade old, but because these investments are not tangible. They only exist in a virtual world on the blockchain, which most of you do not fully understand due to the lack of educational resources, and so this is what makes the majority of investors nervous about investing in cryptocurrency. Especially, when there are more appealing physical alternative investments that are made easily available to all of you on the market such as, fine artwork, film and media, landmark buildings , French wine, sports teams, perfume, Disney World and a Grand Prix Race Car, right? Why would you want to invest in cryptocurrency when you can easily invest in Madison Square Garden?
If only it was that easy! Some of you reading this right now, will not have even been aware that such investments were even possible! This is because these type of investments, which are not new, and have existed in abundance for decades, are not currently made available to everyone, they can be difficult to legitimately source for the average person, due to the fact that they are often reserved for the 'Elite' and those 'in the know.'
But, what if it was possible to combine cryptocurrency and tangible alternative investments, enabling anyone, anywhere to invest in unique and exciting retail assets regardless of wealth level or status? Would cryptocurrency then become more appealing to you?
Welcome to the dawn of tokenized retail investment portfolios, where cryptocurrency is able to tokenize assets by converting the rights to physical assets with economic value, such as a rare French Bordeaux, into a digital token.
The cryptocurrency sector is presenting new models of raising capital, which is secured by blockchain technology and makes it easier than ever before for global investments to take place without territorial barriers.
How does Asset Tokenization work?
On the blockchain tokens can be used to represent an participant's shares in an investment, the value of which is then managed via a contract (smart contract) that is written and stored on the blockchain . This will allow investors of all sizes to participate in all different kinds of retail investments. As the blockchain is immutable, once an investor buys tokens, their ownership details can't be erased or edited and so there will be no dispute in the future of who owns what as it will be sealed within the crypto space for all to see.
The tokenization of retail assets also opens up the opportunity to allow investors to increase the diversity of their investment portfolio by allowing anyone to own part of several different assets alongside their cryptocurrency investments. If you would like to own a fraction of a heritage building such as a Historic Scottish Castle or an English Country Manor, a percentage of a boutique hotel and a share of bottle for fine French wine then you will be able to — something that is not currently possible for everyone, without tokenization.
Why should limitation be placed on investment opportunities, when it doesn't need to be?
B21 is launching something new….The B21 Investment platform, which is set to transform asset management, by bringing alternative investments to your fingertips via our goal based investment app. With B21 there is no middleman, no borders and no limitations. B21 allows you to manage your investment portfolio your way!
Interested to find out more? Join our Telegram group to find out more!
Solving the International Payment Problems of 2019!
Cryptocurrency a Future Beyond Investment
What's new with B21 this September!
Check out what's new for May
Check out what we've achieved in Q1 2021
B21 token now available on Binance Smart Chain (BSC)and listed on PancakeSwap
B21 Major Updates
Accountholder Fees & Limits
B21 Card Fees & Limits
BUILDING IN
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Enquiry: [email protected]
B21 is provided by Digital Software Solutions Inc.


A painting of the mythological themes of the French artist Francois Boucher "The Abduction of Europe". The size of the picture is 231 x 274 cm, canvas, oil.
Painter Boucher repeatedly turned to this mythological story, also known for his painting "The Abduction of Europe," written in 1747, and now stored in the Louvre. Europe, in Greek mythology, the daughter of Phoenician King Agenor, kidnapped by Zeus, converted into a bull. On the back of this bull, Europe swam across the sea and got to Crete, where she gave birth to Zeus Minos.
The decorator's talent and the fantasy of the artist François Boucher have appeared in his many mythological scenes. Ancient Greek and Roman gods, goddesses and other mythological characters were depicted against the background of imaginary ancient buildings.
These scenes are spectacular in composition, filled with a dynamic brushstroke, written in a free, picturesque manner and with a bright silver color scale, which indicates the artist's passion for the painting style of Giovanni Battista Tiepolo. Boucher loved not only the use of certain several colors, but also catchy tricks.
The artist then resorted to abundant glazes, giving the appearance of a miniature or porcelain surface, then wrote free liquid strokes, imitating the manner of Tiepolo, and in the palette – the color of the Venetian masters. Francois Boucher was the interpreter of many artistic manners, feeling creative freedom as a true virtuoso of painting of the beginning and the middle of the XVIII century.
Description and meaning of the painting Abduction of Europe by Francois Boucher.


Focus are proud to have been the Programme Managers, funding advisors, business planners, delivery managers and technical consultants on the prestigious Lottery funded programme to create a new generation of local community centres across the Midlands coalfields. In total 12 communities received grant awards to refurbish or build from first principles, each one addressing different local needs and taken forward by committed grass roots groups.
Role: Master planning, Programme Manager and Funding Consultant.
In total 12 communities received grant awards to refurbish or build from first principles, each one addressing different local needs and taken forward by committed grass roots groups.


text:
Q: Why the axioms for a topological space are those axioms? This question might have even been asked here before, I don't really know, so sorry if it's duplicate. I've started to study topological spaces and I've found the axioms for such spaces kind of hard to motivate. Well, the ideia of a metric space is much easier to motivate: "the concept of distance is context dependent, so we want a general idea of what distance is and a general idea of a set on which we can measure distances". The axioms then for a metric are very intuitive, easy to motivate and everything else.
Then we start studying properties of subsets of metric spaces. We define open balls as a way to make precise the notion of "the set of all points that are sufficiently close to a central point" and we define open sets to make precise  "sets such that for every point, other points sufficiently close are also in the set", which can also be thought as sets such that each point can be oscilated a little bit from it's position and the point will stay on the set.
After that we can define lots of things: limit points, closed sets, dense sets, perfect sets, compactness and so on. We also see that all of those notions can be made precise mentioning the open sets alone: the metric is not really necessary to talk about those things, as soon as we can define what open sets are. So this is enough motivation to define a structure on which we have open sets.
The answer to this problem is to define a topology on a set $X$ as a set $\mathcal{T} \subset \mathcal{P}(X)$ such that $\mathcal{T}$ is closed under arbitrary unions, finite intersections and such that $X,\emptyset \in \mathcal{T}$. If, $X$ is a metric space, and we let $\mathcal{T}$ be the set of open sets as they are defined using balls, then the three properties are satisfied.
My only question is: why those properties capture completely the idea of an open set? I mean, amongst all properties of open sets, why do we select those three? I've always heard that topology is meant to study qualitatively global properties of forms, that's the way we start in $\mathbb{R}^n$ and the way we generalize to metric spaces: we introduce tools that allows us to define carefully some of these properties and we work out definitions. It doesn't seem clear the connection of this motivation for topology and the actual definition.
I've seem a similar question on MathOverflow, and there was one answer trying to motivate this in terms of rulers, but I really didn't get the idea. Can someone give a little help with this?
Thanks very much in advance!

A: The notion of open set may best be comprised by "If $x$ is in the open set, then all points with $y\approx x$ should please also be in the set".
This makes $\emptyset$ and the space $X$ itself open automatically - either because there is no $x$ to check or no $y$ that could complain.
And still without specifying further what $\approx$ really means, it follows immediately that an arbitrary union of open sets is open again.
We could stop here, but these axioms alone don't make a good structure yet. Thus it is motivated to have a look at the "other" set operation, intersection. If we have two open sets (with possibly different interpretations of $\approx$, say $\approx_1$ and $\approx_2$) it seems to be a nice feature to assume that any two points that are witnessed in two ways as being not too different are not too different and vice versa, i.e. that the conjunction of $\approx_1$ and $\approx_2$ should make a valid $\approx$, so the intersection of two open sets should be considered open again. And there we are. One might consider some strengthening, such as arbitrary intersections, but as already the case of metric spaces shows, this will more often than not boil down to considering the power set of $X$ (or possibly with some points identified), so quite boring.
In hindsight, it is just the case that these axioms very nicely give us practically all the nice properties of metric spaces plus applicability to some interesting structures that do not allow a metric.

A: I think the usual axioms for topology developed in several steps.  First, people worked with Euclidean spaces and their subspaces, and the most important topological notions, like convergence and continuity, were developed in this context. When this is done, one can hardly help noticing that only the notion of distance, not the rest of Euclidean structure is needed.  Furthermore, there are other sorts of "spaces" with reasonable notions of distance, leading, just as in Euclidean space, to reasonable and useful notions of convergence and continuity. In particular, one has the notions of uniform convergence of functions and (I believe somewhat later) $L_1$ and $L_2$ convergence.  So people abstracted the relevant properties of distance and thus defined metric spaces.  But there are some quite reasonable notions of convergence that don't fit into the context of metric spaces. Perhaps the most important one is pointwise convergence of functions (on uncountable sets like the reals). In other situations, it is possible to define a metric but the metric tends to look awkward compared with the notions of convergence and continuity that it supports. I'm thinking here of things like uniform convergence on compact sets (say for functions $\mathbb C\to\mathbb C$), or convergence of functions (on Euclidean space, say) together with their derivatives of all orders.  Such situations lead naturally to the question whether one really needs a metric or whether convergence and continuity make sense in a broader (and perhaps simpler) context. The key observation here is that, when one defines convergence and continuity using a metric, the role of the metric is just to produce a notion of neighborhood. Once one knows what is meant by a neighborhood of a point, one can proceed without further reference to the metric. And neighborhoods in metric spaces have special properties that are never really needed for topological purposes. For example, each point has a nested sequence of neighborhoods, the balls of radius $1/n$ centered at the point, such that every neighborhood of the point includes one of these. It turns out that one doesn't really need either the nestedness or the countability of this sequence. So one can (and people like Hausdorff and Fréchet did) axiomatize what's really needed about neighborhoods. That essentially produced the modern notion of topological space (perhaps with a little additional information that one could regard as "really needed", like the Hausdorff separation axiom).  The step from this "neighborhood" axiomatization to the currently standard "open set" axiomatization is, I believe, motivated only by a desire to make the axioms look as simple as possible. I would think of neighborhood systems as the "true" intuition underlying the notion of topological space, while the open sets provide a convenient way of describing and working with neighborhoods.

A: I agree with Andreas.
The open set axioms for a topology are usually presented as the axioms for a topology, but in fact there are as number of equivalent ways of defining a topology, via neighbourhoods, open sets, closed sets, closure, and even interior or boundary. The neighbourhood axioms are surely the most intuitive to a beginner, and most clearly related to the usual notion of continuity in analysis. Indeed the definition: "$f$ is continuous at a point $x$ of its domain if for all neighbourhoods $N$ of $f(x)$ there is a neighbourhood $M$ of $x$ such that $f(M) \subseteq N$" is more direct and geometric than the $\epsilon$-$\delta$ definition, since the latter are just measures of the sizes of  neighbourhoods, and so a step away from the geometric picture of a neighbourhood. Those numbers  $\epsilon, \delta$ are of course a useful computational representation, as numbers are.
Of course the open set axioms are very elegant and logically simpler than the neighbourhood axioms, and are in some case the best way of defining a topology, for example for identification spaces. But beginners should be encouraged to make their own judgement on the advantages and disadvantages of each definition of a topology.
Part of the need for such abstraction from the notion of metric space was the development of ideas of Riemann surfaces, and then the  notion of manifold. The work of Hausdorff was a key in this development.
January, 2017  I recommend here  the Introduction to Peter Freyd's Abelian Categories part of which states: "If topology were defined as the  study of families of sets closed under finite intersection and infinite unions a serious disservice would be perpetrated  on embryonic students of topology......A better (albeit not perfect) description of topology is that it is the study of continuous maps;..."
This reminds me of a quotation of Einstein: "Concepts which have proved useful for ordering things easily assume so great an authority over us, that we forget their terrestrial origin and accept them as unalterable facts.  $\ldots$  It is therefore not just an idle game to exercise our ability to analyse familiar concepts, and to demonstrate the conditions on which their justification and usefulness depend, and the way in which these developed, little by little $\ldots$" Difficulties in algebraic topology with the notion of "bare" topological space, i.e. with no extra structure, are discussed in this paper.

A: The heart of it is that, while your intuition is that "continuity" is about distances - you first learn continuity in terms of $\epsilon-\delta$ proofs - it turns out that continuity is really only about open sets. Whether a map $f:X\to Y$ between metric spaces is continuous is entirely determined by the open sets of $X$ and $Y$. If you have two different metrics for $X$ which determine the same open sets, the set of continuous functions on $X$ are the same.
Since topology is the study of continuity, it makes sense to only care about open sets, then, not metrics.
The original definitions for "topology" had more rules about the open sets that made topologies "more like" metric spaces. But as mathematicians started playing with these things, they found that it made sense to ask questions about continuity in the cases where these rules were broken, too. So the definition was broadened to give the widest meaning.
A very basic example might be left-continuity. A function $f:\mathbb R\to Y$ with $Y$ a metric space is called left-continuous if $\lim_{x\to a-} f(x)=f(a)$ for all $a\in\mathbb R$.
It turns out, there is a topology on the real line, call it $\tau_{L}$, under which a function $f$ is left-continuous if and only if it is (topologically) continuous as a function from $(\mathbb R,\tau_L)\to Y$. (Note: $\tau_{L}$ has a basis the intervals of the form $(x,y]$.) Now, $\tau_{L}$ is a point-set topology, but it is not one that comes from a metric. So the notion of "left-continuity" is an example of an idea that fits the point-set definition of continuity, but does not fit the $\epsilon-\delta$ notion of continuity - you essentially need to redefine it.
The fact that left-continuity and right-continuity together is the same as "normal" continuity is a statement about the three different topologies. Somehow, the usual real line topology is a combination of these two other topologies.
It turns out there is something really deep going on here. Somehow, the open neighborhoods of a point in a topology contains a lot of information - what we call "local information" - about behavior of "nice" functions at that point.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Wednesday, Dec 7, 2022, 11:10
Varga Responds to Matolcsy's Criticism of Economic Policy
Mihály Varga
Image by Alexandros Michailidis / Shutterstock.com
Finance Minister Mihály Varga acknowledged the truth in remarks made by National Bank of Hungary (MNB) governor György Matolcsy concerning the economy on earlier this week, but noted that high energy prices are impacting all of Europe, according to a report by state news wire MTI.
"The central bank governor is right that there is trouble, but that trouble is impacting everybody: high energy prices are dragging economies toward recession in all of Europe," Varga wrote in a post on Facebook.
"All countries have been forced to take steps, Hungary, too," he added.
He noted that as a result of the government's crisis-management measures, Hungary's GDP growth reached 4.1% in the third quarter, the seventh-highest rate in the European Union, while the jobless rate remains under 4%.
"We can build on the results of the past years," he added.
In a hearing before parliament's economy committee on Monday, Matolcsy faulted the government's economic policy, in part, for the country's vulnerable position at present.
According to a report by international news wire Reuters, Matolcsy told a parliamentary committee that "all price caps should be phased out immediately", while also slamming the government's expansionary fiscal policy in 2021, which he said had exacerbated inflationary pressures.
Matolcsy told the committee that annual inflation, which stood at 21.1% in October according to the Central Statistical Office (KSH), was now largely driven by a surge in food prices, which was due to low productivity and monopolies in the Hungarian food sector and a high share of imports.
Gov't Renews Subsidies to Support Job Seekers
Politics | Jan 19, 2023, 09:00
Politics Domestic | Feb 1, 2023, 12:30
Gov't to Launch HUF 700 bln Business Credit Scheme
Politics Domestic | Jan 23, 2023, 16:25
Gov't Submits Amendments to 2023 Budget to Parl't


I am a huge proponent of brute forcing your way through writer's block.
Some days, you just want to write. The words are coming and you like them and the story is unrolling before you in all its glory. Some days, you think it's going to work out like that, only to have it all melt away as soon as you put your hands to the keyboard. You know the ideas are still there. They're just out of reach. And then there's the days when you feel like this whole writing business is absolutely nuts, you're a hack, and why did you ever think you could do it?
And then, sometimes, that last kind of day stretches out into that kind of week. Or even that kind of month– or longer. Writing anything feels like pulling teeth, or pushing on a locked door, or trying to convince your cat that she should come cuddle with you. It's awful, and it makes you wonder whether it's worth all the trouble.
Which brings us back to the battering ram method of pushing through writer's block. As a little background, I do my best to write two hundred fifty words six days a week. I can tell you right now that there are days that sitting down and doing it is the last thing I want to do. Maybe my mind is just wandering. Maybe everything I do manage to get onto the page feels trite and shallow. Maybe the last ten ways I've tried to start a scene have fallen flat, and I've already got a sinking feeling that Attempt No. 11 is going to do the exact same thing.
The only reliable way I've found to get myself past all that is to just sit and write. I can't guarantee the quality. I can't guarantee that the scene will suddenly sublimate into something wonderful. I certainly can't guarantee that it will get easier to write on any given day. But I can guarantee that I keep writing. Despite the horrid, stuck feeling and everything that comes with it, I still have raw words that can be used, formed, and edited. Or I've crossed another narrative path off the list, which means I'm one try closer to finding the one that will actually work.
I can hardly take credit for this idea, of course. Many writers far better than myself have said something similar many times before; in particular, Neil Gaiman, Ray Bradbury, and Agatha Christie come to mind. It's also, more or less, the concept behind NaNoWriMo. And I suppose, in some ways, it takes some of the mystery out of writing, making it seem more like mining than anything else.
But that's okay. Because writing is like mining, and there's a lot of dirt and much less ore. It takes work– hard work– to create. And I'm not the first person to have that thought either.


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Testing the waters Summer program prepares undergraduates for professional health careers
and Betty Coffman
SPHEP participant Amanda Fairbairn , a freshman from Bowling Green State University, with an impression of her finger
LOUISVILLE, Ky. – In the simulation center at the University of Louisville School of Dentistry, several dozen undergraduate students are sampling some of the skills they would learn in dental school. The students, part of the Summer Health Professions Education Program (SHPEP), are getting a glimpse of what life is like in health professions school.
"This was really cool to do. We made impressions of our fingers like they do when they put braces on and mold your teeth," explained Whitney McKee, a college sophomore from Birmingham, Ala.
McKee is one of 59 undergraduates from around the United States who are spending six weeks at UofL this summer to boost their academic skills, network with health professions students and faculty, and learn about health-care career options. The students, from as far away as California, New York and Puerto Rico, all are interested in pursuing health professional careers after college such as medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, nursing or other advanced degrees.
Although she is a pre-med student, McKee is still refining her career plans. In SHPEP, she is learning about areas of health care she had not considered before.
"I'm open to anything because I don't know what specialty I want to do," McKee said. "I'm looking into dentistry and pharmacy and nursing. It's given me more information about public health, because we don't have that kind of program at my school."
SHPEP participants Jasmine Torres and Shelisa Fairman at the UofL School of Nursing
This is the 13th year for the program at UofL, one of 13 campuses across the United States hosting students in SHPEP in partnership with the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and with direction from the Association of American Medical Colleges and the American Dental Education Association. The goal of SHPEP is to strengthen academic proficiency and career development skills of students underrepresented in the health professions. Many of the students identify as African American/Black, American Indian and Alaska Native and Hispanic/Latino, or come from communities of socioeconomic and educational disadvantage.
"This program really allows the participants to get a bird's eye view of what professional school will be like," said Sharon Gordon, M.S., coordinator of the SHPEP program at UofL. "The students are given the opportunity to study a few of the basic science concepts they will need to master in professional school and are taught by professors at the UofL Health Sciences Center. They also interact with other health-care professionals as well as current students during their time here."
SHPEP participants Jalajaa Slaton, Sydney Johnson, Caroline Xiong and Noah Clements in the UofL School of Medicine simulation center
The students stay in dorms on Belknap Campus and are introduced to the UofL schools of medicine, nursing, dentistry and public health, as well as the Sullivan University College of Pharmacy. Along the way, they learn about programs offered at UofL. McKee was surprised to learn UofL offers a Distinction in Global Health Track to students in the School of Medicine.
"You get the opportunity to learn about global health. I never knew that was an option and I'd really like to do that. I'll definitely be applying [to UofL] but I am an out of state student, so we will see," McKee said.
Meeting health professionals, potential mentors and like-minded peers is an important benefit for sophomore Alexandria Danielle Lee of the University of South Alabama. She plans to become a certified registered nurse anesthetist.
"Yesterday, I got to meet an anesthesiologist. Since I'm interested in anesthesia, that was very helpful for me. She said I can come shadow her," Lee said.
In addition to engaging in rotations in health-care settings and simulations like the one in the School of Dentistry, the students receive academic enrichment in basic sciences, as well as development of study skills, communication, financial literacy, interprofessional education, health equity and health policy.
"In the program, participants learn what they need to do to be prepared for the rigors of professional school," Gordon said. "Typically, the semester after they leave the program is one of their best based on the academic enrichment they receive through SHPEP."
Jarvez Ellis, a freshman student from Chowan University in North Carolina, said participation in SHPEP has given him tools to achieve his goal of becoming a physician.
"This program has allowed me to become more focused, clear and confident in my goals and what will be required to get into medical school," Ellis said.
Lee believes her participation in the program will pay off when she applies to advanced health programs.
"Not everybody wants to spend six weeks of their summer here at a program taking classes," Lee said. "This program really helps you stand out from other applicants."
#WeAreUofL
2018 UofL SHPEP participants
Betty Coffman
Betty Coffman is a Communications Coordinator focused on research and innovation at UofL. A UofL alumna and Louisville native, she served as a writer and editor for local and national publications and as an account services coordinator and copywriter for marketing and design firms prior to joining UofL's Office of Marketing and Communications.


Golden Coil Planner Review | Nutrition Coaching | G & G Nutrition Co.
Hi friends! Today I'm really excited because I have a review of the Golden Coil Planner for you!
As you guys know, I'm a self-proclaimed paper planner addict. I had been obsessed with the Erin Condren Planner up until I started my business, and then my entire organization system had to change.
The reality of owning a business is that a paper planner no longer worked for me in terms of managing my actual schedule. I really needed to be able access to my calendar 24/7, especially from my phone, so I had to move to an electronic calendar that was HIPAA compliant. So I now use that to manage my schedule, like meetings, client appointments, webinars, etc. for scheduling.
After I switched to using a digital calendar, I tried to also switch to an electronic system for managing my to-do list and planning processes for my business. I tried everything from the iPhone notes app to Trello to even planning in my google calendar, but I've realized that I really just liked seeing certain things on paper instead.
I kind of outgrew the Erin Condren planner last year because there just wasn't enough space in the weekly calendar portion for me to make notes and manage my massive weekly to-do list. So back to the drawing board I went to search for my new planner. I purchased a cheaper Day Designer by Blue Sky planner at Target last year. I loved the daily layout but the pages were so thin that the ink bled through… it drove me crazy. And then I saw the Golden Coil Planner on Instagram and I immediately wanted to check it out!
The Golden Coil planner is a high-quality, completely customizable planner. It costs a fixed price of $65 + shipping fees. Within that price, you can select your own cover and you have an allotments of up to 242 pages to choose layouts and add pages to build a planner that works for you.
Golden Coil is focused on creating individualized planners, notebooks, notepads, and other various planning products for people looking to simplify their planning process and plan the way they want to. Each order is created and fulfilled on-demand as all planners are completely customizable, with no two planners being the same (unless that is what you want).
I just put my name and contact info on the fill page but decided to pass on the phone/email contacts.
I chose to have food holidays pre-printed in the calendar to help me with blog and content planning!
I really wanted to use daily layouts, but then I saw that I was limited to the length of the planner with those because I exceeded the page limits. So for my 2018 planner, I opted for the weekly layout that included spots for both planning the actual day and a daily space to write a to-do list for that day. You can see also that I switched layouts for my new 2019 planner!
Since my planner functions a lot like a notebook, having the list and lined pages were the most important to me.
For a finishing touch, you can also have the option to add quotes into your planner. There are several different categories to choose from: motivational, productivity, spiritual, pop culture, challenges.
I chose the motivational quotes in mine. I love seeing each one from week to week!
Just like any planner, there are pros and cons to this planner. I feel like it wouldn't be a proper review without going through them! I also wanted to be pretty detailed about the cons because this is such a big investment for a planner.
Golden Coil Planner Price: This is definitely a pricey planner. Between the cost $65 cost, the $4.95 tax and $10 shipping, the total cost of the planner is $79.46. I can definitely see why the Golden Coil falls into this price point because it is such high quality and it can be customized, but it's still really expensive. For reference, the Erin Condren Planner is a base price of $62 with economy shipping. Golden Coil did offer me a coupon code when I ordered my first planner, but I recently re-ordered one for 2019 and paid full price.
Limited room to add pages: With the page limit being 242 pages, you're kind of limited with what you can add. The weekly planning pages for 1 year take up 142 pages, which is over half of your allotment. This means that there is no room to do a 1-year planner and add on an additional weekly page, which was a bummer for me because I love a lined page in between each week.
I had to shorten my 2018 planner to a 9-month planner to be able to add in my weekly additional pages. I just purchased a new planner for 2019 and I ended up shortening it even more to 6 months so that I had more room for add-ons and additional pages. You cannot do a daily 1-year planner at all because that ends up being 484 pages.
While this is technically a con that I felt like I needed to point out, I think a 242 planner with such thick pages ended up being the perfect size to carry around or fit in a bag. So while it is a bummer, I think we could all agree that we do not want to be carrying around massive planners. At the same time, I think using thinner paper to make it smaller would take away from the rich page quality. So I see what they're doing here.
Monthly Layout: the monthly calendar starts on a Monday and ends on a Sunday. I don't know about you guys but I really dislike this in a calendar layout. I think of my weeks starting on Sunday and I wish they had given you the choice to use a traditional calendar format here. All the time I am writing things on the first day thinking it's Sunday, only to realize it's actually Monday.
Can't choose additional pages for both monthly and weekly: I really wanted to add lined pages after each week and then have a bunch at the end of the planner. Unfortunately right now, the website only lets you choose either/or.
Website: Before you go in to order a planner, just know that it doesn't appear that you can create an account to save a draft of your planner… which means that you have to create and order your planner in one sitting (which is a bummer if you like to think about things for a bit). Viewing the layouts seemed kind of glich-y when I was scrolling up and down the page. I also realized that when I was adding on an additional page for each month in my 6-month planner, the website calculated my page total to be +12 more pages (like it wasn't making the connection that I only chose 6 months instead of 12).
Ha, okay now that we have the cons out of the way, let's go over the good stuff!
Luxurious quality: I have used many different planners and this is by far the best quality planner I've used. At first I titled this as "amazing quality" but I decided to change the word to luxurious instead. The linen cover looks so professional, the pages look so nice, and I feel like I'm treating myself every time I open it. The coil is also so heavy duty. I used my previous planner for 9 months and the coil held up very well.
Aesthetics: This planner looks really nice and almost looks like a book with spiral binding. I love the texture of the linen covers. They are making a ton of pretty designs, but I think the plain linen just looks so sophisticated (especially compared to the shiny plastic covers of other planners).
Thick Pages: I actually ended up using one of the pages to write my wedding vows because they feel so nice. I write with a ton of thick pens (including the fine point Sharpies) and love highlighting things, and none of this bleeds through the pages.
Layouts: being able to pick your own planner layout is A+ in my book. There are so many times when I like certain parts of a planner, but other parts are a deal breaker.
Additions: this is really where this planner goes from being nice to AMAZING. I loooooved being able to add in extra pages. Whether you're a new mom, a recipe blogger, or a finance person, there were page additions for everyone. Adding in lined pages between weeks is really what makes this planner worth it to me.
Custom Start and End Date: I ordered the planner in the middle of the year so I liked how I could customize the start and end dates.
would use and appreciate additional added pages!
I should preface this statement by saying that I'm an office supply junkie and I really appreciate anything that is high-quality if it's going to help me in the organization and functionality of my business. The Golden Coil planner is the closest thing I've found to being the perfect planner for my life.
I've previously enjoyed my planners in the past, but there's always been something major I wish I could change to make it more customized to me. I use my planner every single day and live and breathe by my to-do lists, so being able to have something customized to my needs is great! As to whether or not I think it is worth the cost, I definitely don't mind the price for something that I use so much. I feel like I'm treating myself every time I open it, and that feels kinda priceless.
Alright, time to conclude this Golden Coil Planner review :) Do you use a paper planner? Which features are important to you? Leave me a comment and let me know!


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A delicate texture makes this bread absolutely wonderful. I sometimes use the dough to make breadsticks, which I brush with melted butter and sprinkle with garlic powder.
Double the recipe - shape into a loaf and wrap with plastic wrap. Freeze. To cook, remove plastic wrap and thaw completely to let it rise. Bake as directed.
In a large bowl, dissolve yeast in warm water. Add the sugar, oil, salt and 2 cups flour. Beat until blended. Stir in enough remaining flour to form a stiff dough.
Punch dough down. Turn onto a lightly floured surface. Shape into a 16-in. x 2-1/2-in. loaf with tapered ends. Sprinkle a greased baking sheet with cornmeal; place loaf on baking sheet. Cover and let rise until doubled, about 25 minutes.
Beat egg white and cold water; brush over dough. With a sharp knife, make diagonal slashes 2 in. apart across top of loaf. Bake at 375° for 25-30 minutes or until golden brown. Remove from pan to a wire rack to cool. Yield: 1 loaf (16 slices).


The previous Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA) order, effective October 2013, included the following major points.
Prior express written consent requires a signed agreement conspicuously disclosing that the caller is authorized to send messages to a designated phone number through an automatic dialing system.
As indicated in the ESIGN Act, the required signature may be obtained via e-mail, website form, text message, telephone key press, or voice recording.
It must be disclosed clearly that the consumer is not required to accept the agreement as a condition of any purchase.
Text or voice solicitation messages may not be sent from 9:00 p.m. to 8:00 a.m. (recipient time zone).
STOP commands should unsubscribe users from all messaging programs on a given short code.
In July 2015, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) issued an omnibus ruling further clarifying the TCPA. The order addresses some contested subjects pertaining to automated telecommunications and consumer consent.
Consumers may revoke consent by any reasonable means, and marketers are not allowed to restrict the manner in which consumers may withdraw consent.
Companies are expected to maintain complete records demonstrating consumer consent.
An automatic telephone dialing system (ATDS or autodialer) is defined as any equipment that can be used to store, produce, and dial numbers for telephone calls, including text and Internet-to-phone messages.
Even a manually dialed call or text by use of an ATDS is considered autodialed.
Autodialed communications require prior express consent except in cases of emergency.
A person or entity must take direct physical steps to cause an autodialer communication or be substantively involved in initiating it in order to be legally responsible for the call or text.
The provider of an app with auto-reply capabilities is not responsible for replies set by an end user.
An app provider is considered the initiator of invitation texts sent automatically (with little or no control by an end user) to contacts in the user's phone. The mere existence of a contact number in a user's phone does not demonstrate the contact's consent to messaging.
In the case of a phone number that has been reassigned from a consenting recipient to a new user (i.e., someone who has not consented to calls or messaging), the new user must consent to any further contact.
The calling party has a one-call window to ascertain that the number has been reassigned. Any contact after this initial call or message is subject to penalty under the TCPA.
One-off automated text responses to consumer requests are allowed without usual disclosures because the texts are fulfillment messages, not unwanted promotional material.
Such a text message is TCPA-compliant if it meets the following requirements.
It is requested by the consumer.
It is an immediate, one-time response.
It contains only the requested information and no other marketing or advertising.
To use the captured phone numbers for any future automated messaging, the calling party must disclose the usual messaging details and secure express written consent to such messaging.
The TCPA ruling exempts certain finance- and healthcare-related communications from the prior-consent requirement because they are generally expected and desired by consumers.
Financial service providers may call or message without prior consent to inform consumers of urgent matters such as fraud, identity theft, and money transfers.
The order also exempts healthcare-treatment calls and messages such as those for test results, appointment confirmations and reminders, prescription notifications, and preoperative and home-care instructions.
This notice is provided for strictly informational purposes and in no way should be taken as legal advice. Trumpia makes no claim as to the completeness or legal definitiveness of this material. We encourage you to review the complete FCC document and to seek legal counsel for any prospective action related to this ruling.
If you have an opt-in system outside of Trumpia, you should consult with your own legal team to create an opt-in system that provides the required disclosures under the revised TCPA rule, and captures a "prior express written consent" opt-in if your campaign contains solicitation content.


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Red Devotion is the first EP released by the Christian Rock band, Ashes Remain. It was released on January 1, 2009. This is also the band's third independent release.

Critical reception
Rating the EP with 3.5 stars, Stanley Wells states that "while the first two songs on this EP are not as impressive as they could've been, the rest are rather impressive and give a preview to what Ashes Remain would sound like in 2011".

Track listing

Personnel
 Josh Smith – lead vocals, backing vocals
 Rob Tahan – lead guitar, backing vocals
 Ryan Nalepa – rhythm guitar
 Jon Hively – bass guitar, backing vocals
 Ben Kirk – drums, percussion

References

Ashes Remain albums
2009 albums

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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100 Days Before July 20 2022
What was 100 days before July 20 2022? Our calculator will show you the date that is exactly 100 days before 7/20/22 without counting.
- 100 days before July 20, 2022 is Monday, April 11, 2022.
- There are 30 days in Apr, 2022.
Days Before Date Calculator
Type in the number of days and select the exact date you want to calculate from. If you want to find a previous date, you can enter a negative number to figure out the number of days before the specified date (ex: 120 or -120).
20 days from 4/11/22 is Sun, May 1, 2022.
30 days from 4/11/22 is Wed, May 11, 2022.
40 days from 4/11/22 is Sat, May 21, 2022.
45 days from 4/11/22 is Thu, May 26, 2022.
50 days from 4/11/22 is Tue, May 31, 2022.
60 days from 4/11/22 is Fri, Jun 10, 2022.
70 days from 4/11/22 is Mon, Jun 20, 2022.
80 days from 4/11/22 is Thu, Jun 30, 2022.
90 days from 4/11/22 is Sun, Jul 10, 2022.
100 days from 4/11/22 is Wed, Jul 20, 2022.
120 days from 4/11/22 is Tue, Aug 9, 2022.
130 days from 4/11/22 is Fri, Aug 19, 2022.
140 days from 4/11/22 is Mon, Aug 29, 2022.
150 days from 4/11/22 is Thu, Sep 8, 2022.
160 days from 4/11/22 is Sun, Sep 18, 2022.
170 days from 4/11/22 is Wed, Sep 28, 2022.
180 days from 4/11/22 is Sat, Oct 8, 2022.
190 days from 4/11/22 is Tue, Oct 18, 2022.
200 days from 4/11/22 is Fri, Oct 28, 2022.
20 days before 4/11/22 is Tue, Mar 22, 2022.
30 days before 4/11/22 is Sat, Mar 12, 2022.
40 days before 4/11/22 is Wed, Mar 2, 2022.
45 days before 4/11/22 is Fri, Feb 25, 2022.
50 days before 4/11/22 is Sun, Feb 20, 2022.
60 days before 4/11/22 is Thu, Feb 10, 2022.
70 days before 4/11/22 is Mon, Jan 31, 2022.
80 days before 4/11/22 is Fri, Jan 21, 2022.
90 days before 4/11/22 is Tue, Jan 11, 2022.
100 days before 4/11/22 is Sat, Jan 1, 2022.
120 days before 4/11/22 is Sun, Dec 12, 2021.
130 days before 4/11/22 is Thu, Dec 2, 2021.
140 days before 4/11/22 is Mon, Nov 22, 2021.
150 days before 4/11/22 is Fri, Nov 12, 2021.
160 days before 4/11/22 is Tue, Nov 2, 2021.
170 days before 4/11/22 is Sat, Oct 23, 2021.
180 days before 4/11/22 is Wed, Oct 13, 2021.
190 days before 4/11/22 is Sun, Oct 3, 2021.
200 days before 4/11/22 is Thu, Sep 23, 2021.


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Q: Deploy web app error using eclipse plugin, connection reset on azure I have just started to use Microsoft Azure to deploy my apps. But before deploying my original work i started out with the testing of a sample app given in the docs.
Please see the following link https://learn.microsoft.com/en-gb/azure/app-service/app-service-web-get-started-java (which i followed to the line).
After installing azure plugin from eclipse(oxygen) in macOS(10.12.6) when i finally click on the deploy button it gives me an error saying "Connection reset". I tried googling stack overflow for answers but unsuccessful till now. Any help would be really appreciated. Thanks in advance.
Update:
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High temperature resistant centrifugal fanWhen making improvements, it is important to ensure the following:
(1) To ensure the commercial safety distance between the centrifugal impeller and the air inlet; the total width of the new centrifugal impeller ≤ the total width of the original centrifugal impeller.
(2) Ensure that the installation can be completed; the diameter of the new centrifugal impeller ≤ the diameter of the original centrifugal impeller. The production and processing performance is better than that of the original centrifugal impeller. It must be beneficial to the production and processing of various parts and the welding of leaves and wheel covers. The total number of leaves of the new centrifugal impeller is lower than the number of leaves of the original centrifugal impeller.
High temperature resistant centrifugal fanNo matter in people's usual production or daily life, its application is indeed very common. Today, the technical professional manufacturer of centrifugal fans is here to tell everyone about this type of centrifugal fan-centrifugal fan. Let me first tell you the difference between people's centrifugal fans and ordinary centrifugal fans. I think the difference is not only in the main purpose. Let's make an analysis for everyone by the people's Shun Teng centrifugal fan. First of all, in terms of output power, the output power of centrifugal fans is larger than that of ordinary centrifugal fans. It is not that the output power of ordinary centrifugal fans cannot be increased. However, if the output power of ordinary centrifugal fans increases, noise pollution will follow. Come. And people's centrifugal fan will be able to solve these two levels very well. In other words, in terms of people's energy conservation and environmental protection, the advantages of people's centrifugal ventilators are quite large. Therefore, the more environmentally friendly, the more the development trend of indoor space. In fact, the principle of people's centrifugal fans is similar to that of people's centrifugal fans. I have to admit that the centrifugal fan has to be cleaned after long-term application, so in the whole process of cleaning, some areas that cannot be cleaned will be encountered, so that all centrifugal fans can be completely cleaned and tidy. Disassemble and assemble the centrifugal fan. Because the structure of the centrifugal fan is more detailed, the whole process of disassembly and assembly of the centrifugal fan is also very complicated, so it is the most important to ensure that the safety of the whole process of disassembly and assembly is correct.
←What are the common problems in the electric welding and welding repair of high temperature centrifugal fans


Listing at the right price is crucial and a professional appraisal from Compass Appraisal Management will ensure you get it right.
Selling your home? You would be wise to invest in an appraisal. An appraisal doesn't cost that much and it pays you in the long run! Unless a homeowner makes a career out of studying real estate values, like a professional appraiser does, it's difficult for them to understand the nuances of real estate market forces.
We are not talking about the costs of purchasing and upgrading your home, or how much you want to sell it for. Rather, the appraisal measures how much your home will bring on the open market.
Contact us for details regarding the specific services we offer for home sellers.
An increasing amount of CA homeowners are choosing to sell their homes FSBO (For Sale By Owner) and foregoing the assistance of a real estate agent. But to do it right, with minimal waiting and for top dollar, what you need is a skilled appraiser. It can be very difficult to get objective opinions, and we understand that it's difficult to be objective about your own home because of your emotional attachment to it. We will tell you what you need to know, not just what you want to hear.
Even if you're working with a very skilled agent, it's definitely a good idea to get an objective third-party's opinion of value prior to signing a listing agreement. And that's where Compass Appraisal Management comes in. An appraisal can be invaluable in this scenario. It will give both you and your agent a comprehensive description for the unique features of your property which will give you insight into the health of the local real estate market with a detailed analysis of the latest comparable properties in the area.
Not sure if you need a full appraisal but still need some information about how the real estate market is doing in your area? Maybe you feel like an appraisal is not necessary but you require some help collecting local property and sales data. We can help solve your real estate decisions with services especially tailored for clients with your real estate needs.
Fast turnarounds for appraisals: Normally one week or less from the date we receive the request, you'll have a PDF of the report in your e-mail inbox.
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Prompt reply to follow-up questions: Reports we write are clearly written, comprehensible to people outside the real estate industry, and adhere to the Uniform Standards of Professional Practice that regulates the appraisal practice. If you have any questions about your appraisal, once you've read the report, just give us a call or email us!


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5 Important Business Lessons Learnt from Ruslan Kogan
Earlier this month, the Australian Institute of Business hosted an Alumni event at the Grand Hyatt Melbourne, with a business-leading keynote speaker. Ruslan Kogan, successful technology entrepreneur and the creator of Kogan Technologies, graciously took the stage to share his insights and anecdotes from his time within the business industry, and his experiences as an entrepreneur. At the event he shared a great deal of details about the highs and lows of his own business endeavours – and here are 5 crucial lessons we learnt from his speech.
1. You Can Learn Everywhere
On stage at the Entrepreneur of the Year awards, Ruslan was asked if he learnt any of his business skills from his parents. His response? "We came from the communist Soviet Union, there was no such thing as business skills." But backstage at the same awards, someone wisely pointed out that he may have learned a lot more than he thought.
"Think about what it takes to be an immigrant – you've got to drop everything you've got, take a massive risk, travel into the unknown and work your ass off for a potential benefit that might not even be there. Think about what it takes to be an entrepreneur – you've got to drop everything you've got, take a massive risk, travel into the unknown and work your ass off for a potential benefit that might not even be there."
Though Kogan, as an incorporated company, began in 2006, his journey to entrepreneurship actually began in 1989, when his parents took a risk and moved to Australia with 2 kids and $90 in their pocket.
2. Your Interests Can Create a Business Opportunity
While working at Accenture, Ruslan was in the market for a new TV.
"I was always a gadget man, I loved gadgets – consistently getting new phones and so on. And flat screen TVs, they were a big deal at the time. I looked at all the big name stores, and despite earning some decent coin, I couldn't afford one."
So then he got an idea.
"I found a lot of factories in Asia, I emailed them all, and I said "I'd like to manufacture 100,000 televisions. Please provide me with your best price." At the time, I was thinking they would provide me with a quote, I would ask for a sample, and that would then be my new TV."
The factories, they started responding – and what he noticed was that the TVs worth $3,000 or $4,000 in Australia, they could be manufactured and imported for around $1,000. Ruslan also discovered that even though there are thousands of television brands around the world, the panels (which are around 90% of the television) are made by one of four main panel manufacturers – Samsung, Hitachi, LG and Sharp. A Sony TV? It's a Sharp panel. And a Bang and Olufsen television uses a Samsung panel.
"The product being offered by the factories in Asia was a high quality product for a fraction of the price in Australia. I also thought to myself, it's the perfect product for online retail – because online retail is about maximum value per cubic centimetre. All the ducks lined up.
3. Take Reasonable Risks:
"I went and shared my idea with a few people, and they all told me I was crazy."
Ruslan's friends, family and business advisors didn't have a lot of faith. Online retail at that point was only for books and CDs at that point – nobody bought televisions online. But Ruslan had other ideas.
"I thought, if I line the specifications up side by side, educate the consumer, create a few videos, show them what they're buying and give them a money back guarantee, they'll buy it. It's cheaper."
He told his friends, who said no-one would buy a TV without being able to see it first. He told his mother that he was quitting his job at Accenture to pursue this business – and she cried. But he had to do what he believed in.
On a Wednesday, Ruslan walked into Accenture and elected to resign from his position. By Sunday, after a few sleepless nights and a great deal of work, the first effort of Kogan.com was born. The website was ready, the TVs were listed, and Kogan Technologies was born.
It wasn't all smooth sailing for the business – manufacturing issues, a lack of cash flow and no starting capital. Luckily, Ruslan stumbled on the idea of encouraging customers to pre-purchase their televisions, in order to build the funds he needed to put a deposit on the first run of Kogan brand TV's.
4. Don't Be Afraid to Think Outside the Box
"Every transaction in business is about creating a win-win scenario."
Ruslan wanted to manufacture 80 TV's, to start Kogan at a reasonable level. The manufacturer he'd chosen in China, however – they weren't prepared to do such a small order, given that they could reasonably complete 100,000 piece orders. So Ruslan came up with a deal.
"What could I do to convince this factory to make my order? Then it hit me. I don't know how many of you have dealt with China, but even the most professional organisations – all of their marketing material is in Chinglish. I spent a few days and nights translating their brochures, I edited user manuals, I added diagrams and images – I made everything look like a professional document. And then I emailed it back to the factory, and explained that there may be little commercial value for them in making my order, but I can add value to this transaction in other ways. They accepted my order, and gave me a better price."
Thinking outside the square is advantageous – and the factory won a huge customer in America shortly after Ruslan's efforts, due to the quality of their marketing material.
5. Bad Things Happen – It's How You Deal With Them That Defines a Great Businessperson
"I woke up one morning to an email from eBay – along the lines of "Dear Mr Kogan, we've noticed some irregular selling on your account. You have sold a large volume of products, but you have not received any feedback from these sales, so as such, we are suspending your account until you receive feedback for these items." That was a problem."
Without eBay, Kogan would struggle to sell the full container of emails prior to when the payment was due to his manufacturers. He had no way to get the money required, and he needed it fast. He applied for several credit cards, and asked a few of his most trusted friends to do the same. This created a situation where everything was on the line – so he jumped on a plane, flew to China, and checked every television piece by piece to ensure that every product was in perfect condition. Ruslan then watched the container being loaded into the ship that would bring his televisions to Australia. This extra effort, and the reassurance that his products were on their way, made sure that his customers would get what they were after.
Bad things do happen – but being productive, keeping a cool head, and taking every necessary step and precaution to protect his products (and therefore the reputation of his growing brand) helped to make Kogan a great brand, and make Ruslan a fantastic business leader.
Were you at the event? What important business lesson did you take away from Ruslan's fantastic presentation? Let us know in the comments below!
This article was written by Simone Ball on behalf of the Australian Institute of Business. All opinions are that of the writer and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of AIB.
AIB Alumni Spotlight: 2018 Valedictorian Vaughan Copping
Janine Allis Shares Words of Wisdom with AIB Graduates
AIB Celebrates 10,000 Graduates at June Graduation Ceremony
Janine Allis to Deliver Keynote Address at AIB Graduation
Major Charles Jansen on Leadership in the Frontlines


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Q: Is it possible to show that the Gaussian is a fixed point of the Fourier transform using a fixed point theorem? We know that $\text{exp}(-\alpha |x|^2)$ is a fixed point for the unitary Fourier transform if $\text{Re } \alpha > 0$.
Is it possible to show this using a fixed point theorem?

A: No.
Fixed point theorems provide sufficient conditions for the existence, and sometimes uniqueness, of a fixed point. They do not tell you what those points are.
The metric fixed point theorem is somewhat constructive: one could try to find the limit of the sequence $x_{n+1}=f(x_n)$, which is the unique fixed point provided that $f$ has Lipschitz constant less than $1$. However, this method is not going to work with the Fourier transform $\mathcal F$, since $\mathcal F^4=I$ (up to a constant). Iteration of $\mathcal F$ does not lead anywhere.


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Mac Malware Variant Updated With New Tricks
Security researchers at Intego shined a light on a piece of Mac malware with some new tricks up its sleeve.
Researchers at Intego reported that a new variant of a rootkit detected as OSX/Crisis had reached their malware labs. Like previous variants, OSX/Crisis.C is delivered via a dropper that installs silently, without requiring a password, and works on Mac OS X 10.5, 10.6, and 10.7. However, the authors of the malware – known as the Hacking Team – have introduced some new twists in the form of changes to the dropper code and the backdoor configuration file format.
"The dropper executes an unusual segment: __INITSTUB. The original entry point EIP points to this code segment before reaching the almost empty _main function of the program," blogged researcher Arnaud Abbati. "For this reason, an incautious researcher using a debugger could get infected without even noticing it. While it uses a different way to resolve system symbols, it crashes on OS X Mountain Lion or OS X Mavericks (segmentation fault). This might be a 64-bit bug in the malware."
When the dropper runs successfully, it hides several files in the user's Library/Preferences folder in the home directory inside a fake application bundle named OvzD7xFr.app. Once that is done, it executes a backdoor and creates a LaunchAgent file called com.apple.mdworker.plist, Intego reported.
"Similar to OSX/Crisis.B, this binary is obfuscated using MPress packer," Abbati explained. "It doesn't run on OS X 10.9 as it is linked against the Apple System Profiler private framework, SPSupport, which is now 64-bit only; an "Image not found" exception is raised, and then it crashes. Furthermore, on a supported target, the backdoor simply uninstalls its files and quits. This could be related to a corrupted configuration file (the sample one starts with NULL bytes)."
"Other than a few new tricks, features implemented by the backdoor component are similar to previous variants: it patches the Activity Monitor application to hide itself, takes screenshots, captures audio and video, gathers user locations, connects to WiFi hotspots, syncs collected data with a Command and Control (C&C) server, and tricks the user using social engineering to gain System Administrator privileges and drop its rootkit," the researcher added.
Meanwhile, researchers at Sophos spotted Mac malware targeting users through courier scam emails. If a recipient clicks on the link in the email, they are taken to a malicious domain, where users of Apple's Safari browser are served with digitally-signed malware disguised as a PDF file.
"By default, on OS X 10.9.1 (the latest update to Mavericks, Apple's most recent operating system version), Safari directly downloads the file, showing you an empty Safari window with the icon of the downloaded file in the Dock at the bottom of the screen," explained Paul Ducklin at Sophos.
But there is no PDF file; instead Safari has automatically unzipped the download, producing an Application bundle that has been given a PDF icon.
"OS X does try to advise you that you aren't opening a document, although you can argue that the warning would be more compelling if it explicitly said that you were about to "run a software program", rather than merely to "open" the file," Ducklin noted.
"If you do click the [Open] button, nothing seems to happen: you end up back at the desktop with your email software open and an empty Safari window in front of it," he added. "But a trip back to the Terminal shows that what looked like a PDF file is now running in the background as a process named foung."


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About Phish
Phish is an American rock band noted for its musical improvisation, extended jams, exploration of music across genres, and an adoring fan base. Phish's music blends elements of a wide variety of genres, including rock, jazz, progressive rock, psychedelic rock, hard rock, funk, folk, bluegrass, reggae, country, blues, avant garde, barbershop quartet and classical. Each of their concerts is original in terms of the songs performed, the order they appear in, and the way they are performed.
Formed at the University of Vermont in 1983 (with the current line up solidifying in 1985), the band's four members—Trey Anastasio (guitars, lead vocals), Mike Gordon (bass, vocals), Jon Fishman (drums, percussion, vocals), and Page McConnell (keyboards, vocals)—performed together for 15 years before going on hiatus on October 7, 2000. This period is commonly referred to as Phish 1.0. They would resume playing on December 31, 2002, but disbanded in August 2004, forming the period referred to as Phish 2.0. They reunited March 2009 for Phish in Hampton, a series of three consecutive concerts played in the Hampton Coliseum in Hampton, Virginia, and have since resumed performing regularly. This ongoing period of Phish's touring career is referred to by fans as Phish 3.0.
Although the band has received little radio play or mainstream exposure, Phish has developed a large and dedicated following by word of mouth, the exchange of live recordings by trading tapes with other fans and selling over 8 million albums and DVDs in the United States. Rolling Stone stated that the band was responsible for "spawning a new wave of bands oriented around group improvisation and superextended grooves."
http://phish.com/
Popular Phish songs
Fluffhead
Hello My Baby
Chalk Dust Torture
Bouncing Around the Room
Show all songs by Phish
Popular Phish albums
Chicago '94
At the Roxy
Live Phish Volume 10
Show all albums by Phish


Okay, I currently am running a custom system with 1 200 GB hard drive. What I want to do is, get a 32 gb WDRaptor, and just install my operating system on that hard drive and then use the other one to store all my large files. I do know how to install an OS, but I want to save the files I already have on my 200 GB drive, so I don't want to format it. What I want to do is, install the OS onto the smaller HD, then start the computer up from that hard drive, and have access to my 200 GB one so I can delete all the Windows files and stuff, just leaving me with my files I need. What I am afraid of is the two OS's clashing at startup, how can I install it onto the smaller one and use it even though I have the windows XP on another drive?
Put the new (smaller) drive in your case, Set it to master plug it in and unplug your old drive. Now install the op sys and when your done plug your old drive back in set as "slave" and thats it.
You didn't mention whether you're running a PATA or SATA set up. If you're running SATA, just go into the BIOS Boot Setup, make the CD/DVD drive the primary boot device, boot off the Windows disk, choose which HD you want to install the OS on, then after thats done go back into the BIOS Boot Setup and set which HD you want to be as the primary boot drive. There is no "master" or "slave" drives with a SATA setup.
I want to install a SATA, is there master and slave with that? So just go into the BIOS settings with both drives plugged in, and the default was C, so just set that as secondary? and then just the other one would be the primary....are there Primary/Secondary in the SATA drives? Thanks.


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