text:
Socialist Labor Party of America
"Socialist Labor Party" redirects here. For other uses, see Socialist Labor Party (disambiguation).
Socialist Labor Party
File:SLP logo wiki.png
July 15, 1876 (1876-07-15)
Marxism–De Leonism
Political position
slp.org
Politics of the United States
The Socialist Labor Party[1] (SLP), established in 1876 as the Workingmen's Party, is the oldest socialist political party in the United States and the second oldest socialist party in the world still in existence. Originally known as the Workingmen's Party of America, the party changed its name in 1877 to Socialistic Labor Party[2] and again sometime in the late 1880s to Socialist Labor Party.[3] It has operated continuously since then, although its current existence is tenuous. The party advocates the ideology of "socialist industrial unionism"—belief in a fundamental transformation of society through the combined political and industrial action of the working class organized in industrial unions.
1 Organizational history
1.1 Forerunners and origins
1.2 The SLP in the 1880s
1.3 The SLP and the labor movement
1.4 The coming of DeLeon
1.5 Early electoral politics
1.6 The Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance
1.7 The party split of 1899
1.8 20th century
1.9 21st century
2 Legacy
3 Conventions
4 Secretaries of the SLP
5 Presidential tickets
6 Notable members
7 SLP press
7.1 Party-owned
7.2 Privately owned
7.2.1 English
7.2.2 German
7.2.3 Other languages
Organizational history
Forerunners and origins
In 1872, the International, a European-based international organization for a variety of different left-wing socialist, communist and anarchist political groups and trade union organizations, moved its headquarters to New York City. It was in a weakened and disorganized state, having recently suffered a bitter internal struggle between Marxists, who supported trade union organization as preliminary to workers' revolution and anarchists, led by Mikhail Bakunin, who advocated the immediate revolutionary overthrow of organized government.[4]
In 1874, the members of the American-based International, led by cigarmaker Adolph Strasser and carpenter Peter J. McGuire joined forces with socialists from Newark and Philadelphia to form the ephemeral Social-Democratic Party of North America, the first Marxist political party in the United States.
The SLP does not seem to have used its distinctive arm-and-hammer logo until it appeared on the front page of The Workmen's Advocate in 1885.
Despite these organizational efforts, the socialist movement in America remained deeply divided over tactics. German immigrants preferred the parliamentary approach employed by Ferdinand Lassalle and the fledgling Social Democratic Party of Germany, while longer-term residents of America usually supported a trade union orientation.[5] In April 1876, a preliminary conference took place in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania bringing together representatives of the union-oriented "Internationalists" and the electorally oriented "Lassalleans." The gathering agreed to issue a call for a Unity Congress to be held in July to establish a new political party.[6]
On Saturday, July 15, 1876, delegates from the remaining American sections of the First International gathered in Philadelphia and disbanded that organization.[7] The following Wednesday, July 19, the planned Unity Congress was convened, attended by seven delegates claiming to represent a membership of 3,000 in four organizations: the trade union-oriented Marxists of the now-disbanded International, and three Lassallean groups—the Workingmen's Party of Illinois, the Social Political Workingmen's Society of Cincinnati, and the Social-Democratic Party of North America.[8] The organization formed by this Unity Convention was known as the Workingmen's Party of the United States (WPUS), and the native English-speaking Philip Van Patten was elected as the party's first "Corresponding Secretary," the official in charge of the day-to-day operations of the party.[8]
A number of socialist newspapers also emerged around this time, all privately owned, including Paul Grottkau's Chicagoer Arbeiter-Zeitung, Joseph Brucker's Milwaukee Socialist, and an English-language weekly also published in Milwaukee called The Emancipator.[9] German émigrés dominated the organization, although in Chicago Albert Parsons and G.A. Schilling maintained an active English-speaking section.[10]
In 1877 the Workingmen's Party met at Newark, New Jersey in a convention which changed the name of the organization to the Socialist Labor Party (generally rendered in English throughout the 1880s as "Socialistic Labor Party," a more stilted rendition of the German name of the group, Sozialistischen Arbeiter-Partei).[11] The SLP achieved its most notable electoral success in Chicago, where in 1878-79, its candidates won slots for a state senator, three state representatives, and four city aldermen.[12]
There was an upsurge of support for the new organization, reflected in the proliferation of the socialist press. Between 1876 and 1877, no fewer than 24 newspapers were established which either directly or indirectly supported the SLP.[13] Eight of these were English-language publications, including one daily, while 14 were in German, including seven dailies. Two more papers were published in Czech and Swedish, respectively.[13]
Just two years later, in the wake of an economic crisis, not one of the privately owned English newspapers had survived.[14] The party established its own English-language paper, The National Socialist, in May 1878 but managed to keep the publication alive only one year.[14] The year 1878 saw the establishment of a more enduring newspaper: the German-language New Yorker Volkszeitung (New York People's News). The Volkszeitung included material by the best and the brightest of the German-American socialist movement, including Alexander Jonas, Adolph Douai, and Sergei Shevitch, and Herman Schlüter and quickly emerged as the leading voice of the SLP during the last decades of the 19th century.[14]
About this same time, the American anarchist movement gained strength, fueled by the economic crisis and strike wave of 1877. As socialist Frederic Heath recounted in 1900:
"The line between Anarchism and Socialism was not at this time sharply drawn in the Socialist organizations, in spite of the fact of their being opposites. Both being critics and denouncers of the present system, however, they were able to work together. "As a result of the brutalities of the militia and regulars in the railway strikes of 1877, a new plan was devised by the Chicago agitators. This found expression in the Lehr und Wehr Verein (teaching and defense society), an armed and drilled body of workmen pledged to protect the workers against the militia in a strike. ... The arms-bearing tactics were opposed by the Executive Committee of the SLP, the Secretary of which was Philip van Patten. A fight ensued between the Verbote, which was the weekly edition of the Arbeiter Zeitung, of Chicago, and the Labor Bulletin, the official party organ which Patten edited."[15]
The SLP suffered its first split in 1878. Members who were displeased with the exclusively political actionist turn of the party who wanted the group to focus more on organizing workers formed the International Labor Union. Members were not barred from belonging to both, but there was still some animosity between the two organizations.[16]
Amidst economic crisis and factional squabbling, membership in the SLP plummeted. As the 1870s drew to a close, the Socialistic Labor Party could count about 2,600 members—with at least one estimate substantially lower.[17] The party was on the ropes.
The SLP in the 1880s
File:Van-Patten-Philip-1870s.jpg
Dutch-American radical Philip Van Patten was the first National Secretary of the Socialist Labor Party.
The years 1880 and 1881 saw a new influx of political refugees from Germany, activists in the socialist movement fleeing the crackdown on radicalism launched with the Anti-Socialist Laws of 1878.[17] This influx of new German members, coming during a time of low ebb of the English-speaking membership, extended Germanic influence in the SLP. Excluded from the voting booth by their lack of citizenship status, many of the newcomers had little use for electoral politics. An SLP German militia sued on Second Amendment grounds to keep and bear arms in Chicago parades. The Supreme Court ruled against them in Presser v. Illinois, however.
The anarchist movement expanded rapidly with the debate over tactics between the electorally-oriented socialists and the direct action-oriented anarchists becoming ever more bitter. The 1881 SLP Convention in New York saw some of the party's anarchist members and one New York section split from the party to form a new party called the Revolutionary Socialist Labor Party, as part of an International Workingmen's Association. The official organ of this short-lived splinter group was a newspaper called The Anarchist.[18]
In 1882, Johann Most, a former German Social Democrat turned Anarchist firebrand, came to America, further fueling the growth and militancy of the American anarchist movement. The SLP further divided the next year when Marxist Paul Grottkau was forced by the anarchists to resign as editor of the Chicago daily, the Arbeiter Zeitung. In his place August Spies was installed, a man later executed as part of the anti-anarchist repression which followed the Haymarket affair of May 1886.[19]
After a brief honeymoon period in the late 1870s had run its course, the SLP saw the departure of most of its English-speaking members. The party's English-language organ, Bulletin of the Social Labor Movement, appeared monthly from Detroit in the shadow of the powerful Chicago German-language radical press until it was finally discontinued altogether at the end of 1883. The party was so thoroughly German that it published the stenographic proceedings of its 1884 and 1885 National Conventions only in that language.[20] From 1885 the official organ of the party was a German-language weekly, Der Sozialist. No English-language SLP organ existed from the demise of the Bulletin in 1883 to the establishment of the Workingmen's Advocate in 1886.
The party's membership situation was so dismal that the English-speaking Corresponding Secretary of the organization, Philip Van Patten, left a suicide note in April 1883 and mysteriously disappeared. He later surfaced as a government employee, a socialist oppositionist no more.[21] Membership in the organization atrophied to just 1,500 by 1883.[22] What growth there was among the American radical movement was experienced by the rival anarchist organization, the International Working People's Association (IWPA), also sometimes referred to as the International Workingmen's Association.[23]
A split between the electorally oriented SLP and the revolution-minded IWPA, which took with it a good portion of the SLP's left wing, including such prominent leaders as the English-speaking orator Albert Parsons and the German-speaking newspaper editor August Spies, began to develop early in the 1880s, with the split formalized by 1883, a year in which the SLP and the IWPA held competing conventions, in Baltimore and Pittsburgh, respectively.[24] At its December 1883 Baltimore convention, the SLP made a vain effort at reestablishing organizational unity with the IWPA, adopting a particularly radical "proclamation" in the name of the party and eliminating the position of National Secretary, to allow the form of decentralization favored by the anarchists.[25]
The issue of violence proved an insurmountable barrier to unity between the SLP and the anarchist movement, however, and as Paul Grottkau, Alexander Jonas, and their co-thinkers began to again forcefully espouse the Marxist point of view in 1884, the SLP began to rebound. In March 1884, the SLP consisted of 30 sections. Two years later, it had doubled.[26] Three new privately owned English-language newspapers were briefly established, although none could achieve the critical mass of subscribers and advertising revenue necessary for survival.[26]
The SLP attempted to again make a foray into American electoral politics despite its still heavily German composition, taking an active part in the 1886 New York City mayoral campaign of Single Tax advocate Henry George. The party remained almost completely separated from the English-speaking workers movement, however, and longing for leaders who could traverse the seemingly insurmountable language barrier which limited the organization to a sort of Teutonic ghetto.
Throughout the decade of the 1880s, the SLP was based upon local "Sections" coordinated by a loose National Executive Committee based in New York City. It was not until 1889 that any move was made to establish intermediate state levels of organization.[27]
The SLP and the labor movement
The SLP did attempt to play an influence in the existing labor movement during the decade of the 1880s. As early as 1881, National Secretary Philip Van Patten joined the Order of the Knights of Labor, the leading national union of the day.[28] A decade later, the SLP retained a faith in the established trade union organizations to conduct their own affairs along a generally socialist course. In each issue of The People during 1891 the weekly affairs of the New York Central Labor Federation, the New York Central Labor Union, the Brooklyn Central Labor Federation, the Brooklyn Central Labor Union, the Hudson County, New Jersey (Jersey City) Central Labor Federation were covered in detail under the recurring headline "Parliaments of Labor." The doings of individual unions in the New York area and around the world were similarly covered in short summary.
Despite its active role as cheerleader and publicist, the SLP was unable to exert any sort of real influence in the Knights of Labor until it was already in steep decline, toward the start of the 1890s, when it won effective control of the New York District Assembly of the K of L in 1893.[28] In that same year, socialist delegates to the governing General Assembly of the K of L were largely responsible for the defeat of Terence Powderly and his replacement by J. R. Sovereign as Grand Master Workman, the chief executive officer of the organization.[28]
So great was the SLP's influence that the newly elected Sovereign promised to appoint a member of the party as editor of the Journal of the Knights of Labor.[28] When he recanted on this pledge, a bitter feud erupted, ending with the December 1895 General Assembly refusing to seat de facto SLP party leader Daniel DeLeon as a delegate from District Assembly 49, resulting in an outright break of the two organizations and withdrawal of the greater part of the New York district from the organization, thereby hastening the Knights of Labor's demise.[28]
The coming of DeLeon
Daniel DeLeon in 1902.
The year 1890 has long been regarded as a watershed by the Socialist Labor Party, as it marked the date when the organization came under the influence of Daniel DeLeon.[29] DeLeon, a native of the South American island of Curaçao, had been resident in the United States for 18 years before he began to play a leading role in the American socialist movement. DeLeon attended a Gymnasium in Hildesheim, Germany, in the 1860s, before studying at the University of Leyden, from which he graduated in 1872 at the age of 20.[30] DeLeon was a brilliant student—well versed in history, philosophy, and mathematics. He was also a linguist with few peers, possessing fluency in Spanish, German, Dutch, Latin, French, English, and ancient Greek, and a reading knowledge of Portuguese, Italian, and modern Greek.[31]
Upon graduation, DeLeon immigrated to the United States, settling in New York City. There he made the acquaintance of a group of Cubans who sought the liberation of their native land and edited their Spanish-language newspaper.[32] DeLeon paid the bills with a job teaching Latin, Greek, and math at a school in Westchester, New York.[33] This teaching job enabled DeLeon to finance his further education at Columbia Law School, from which he graduated with honors in 1878.[34] Thereafter, DeLeon moved to Texas, where he practiced law for a time, before returning to Columbia University in 1883 to take a position as a lecturer on Latin American diplomacy.[34]
DeLeon seems to have been further politicized by the 1886 workers' campaign for the Eight-Hour Day, and the brutal excesses of the police which came with it.[34] DeLeon was on the committee which nominated Henry George to run for Mayor in that same year, and he spoke in public several times on George's behalf during the course of the campaign.[34] DeLeon participated in the first Nationalist Club in New York City, a group dedicated to advancing the socialist ideas expressed by Edward Bellamy in his extremely popular novel of the day, Looking Backward.[34] DeLeon was also deeply influenced by The Co-operative Commonwealth by Laurence Gronlund.[35]
The failings of the Nationalist Club movement to develop a viable program or strategy for winning political power left DeLeon searching for an alternative. This he found in the scientific determinism underlying the writings of Karl Marx.[36] In the fall of 1890, DeLeon abandoned his academic career to devote himself full-time to the SLP. He was engaged in the spring of 1891 as the party's "National Lecturer," traveling the entire country from coast to coast to speak on the SLP's behalf.[34] He was also named the SLP's candidate for Governor of New York in the fall of that same year, gathering a respectable 14,651 votes.[37]
As the historian Bernard Johnpoll notes, the SLP which Daniel DeLeon joined in 1890 differed little from the organization which had been born at the end of the 1870s—it was largely a German-language organization located in an English-speaking country. Just 17 of the party's 77 branches used English as their basic language, while only two members of the party's governing National Executive Committee spoke English fluently.[35] The arrival of erudite, well-read, multilingual university lecturer with English fluency was seen as a great triumph for the SLP organization.
In the spring of 1891, DeLeon was set to work as the National Organizer for the SLP. He pioneered for an English-speaking organization on a cross-country 6-week tour to the West Coast and back in April and May.[38]
In 1892, DeLeon was elected editor of The Weekly People, the SLP's English-language official organ.[33] He retained this important position without interruption for the rest of his life. DeLeon never assumed the formal role of head of the organization, National Secretary, but was always recognized—by supporters and detractors alike—as the leader of the SLP through his tight editorial control of the official party press.
While increasing the exposure and popularity of the organization among the American-born during his editorial tenure, Daniel DeLeon proved to be a polarizing figure among the Socialist Labor Party's membership during his editorial tenure, as historian Howard Quint notes:
"Even DeLeon's opponents were usually willing to concede that he possessed a tremendous intellectual grasp of Marxism. Those who had suffered under his editorial lashings looked on him as an unmitigated scoundrel who took fiendish delight in character assassination, vituperation, and scurrility. But most of DeLeon's contemporaries, and especially his critics, misunderstood him, just as he himself lacked understanding of people. He was not a petty tyrant who desired power for power's sake. Rather, he was a dogmatic idealist, devoted brain and soul to a cause, a zealot who could not tolerate heresy or backsliding, a doctrinaire who would make no compromise with principles. For this strong-willed man, this late nineteenth-century Grand Inquisitioner of American socialism, there was no middle ground. You were either a disciplined and undeviating Marxist or no socialist at all. You were either with the mischief-making, scatterbrained reformers and 'labor fakirs' or you were against them. You either agreed on the necessity of uncompromising revolutionary tactics or you did not, and those falling into the latter category were automatically expendable as far as the Socialist Labor Party was concerned."[39]
Early electoral politics
The Socialist Labor Party advocated a two-pronged attack against capitalism, including both economic and political components—trade unions and electoral campaigns.
The SLP ran candidates under its own name for the first time in the New York elections of 1886, in which it put forward a full ticket headed by J. Edward Hall as its gubernatorial nominee and Alexander Jonas as its candidate for Mayor of New York.[40] Fewer than 3,000 votes were cast for this ticket throughout the entire state of New York, a result so disheartening that the German language party paper the New Yorker Volkszeitung and some prominent party leaders advocated abandonment of electoral campaigns for the time being.[41] The National Convention of 1889 upheld the policy of political action, however, and the SLP was again active in the New York elections of 1890.[41]
In 1891, the party's electoral effort was led by the candidacy of Daniel DeLeon for Governor of New York. DeLeon polled a respectable 14,651 votes in the losing effort.[42]
The party nominated its first candidate for President of the United States in 1892, a decision made in September of that year at a national conference of the organization held at party headquarters in New York City,[43] despite the fact that the SLP's platform called for the abolition of the offices of President and Vice President. A pro-forma nominating convention was held in New York City in August, attended by just 8 delegates, at which candidates were named and a platform approved.[44] The party's ticket, featuring Boston camera manufacturer Simon Wing and New York electrician Charles H. Matchett, appeared on the ballot in just six states and drew a total of 21,512 votes.[45]
The number of votes gathered by the SLP ticket in 1892 constituted 0.18% of the national presidential vote that year. In percentage terms, the next two presidential elections, of 1896 and 1900, were the most successful for the party, as the SLP presidential candidate Charles H. Matchett received 0.26% of the national popular vote in 1896 and the party's candidate in 1900, Joseph Maloney, received 0.29% of the popular vote nationwide. The latter's run, however, was also the first time the SLP candidate was eclipsed by another Socialist, as Eugene Debs ran for the first time for the Socialist Party that year and received 0.6% of the national popular vote. Although SLP presidential candidates would go on to get higher vote totals in the mid-20th century, they would never again surpass 0.25% of the national vote.[46]
The Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance
Main article: Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance
To make sense of the further development of the Socialist Labor Party, we must understand the main ideological principle of the organization—revolutionary industrial unionism (also known as "socialist industrial unionism.")
A central axiom of Marxism is that the liberation of the working class must come at the hands of the working class itself.[47] That this premise has been advanced by an unending string of middle-class intellectuals ranging from the professor-without-portfolio Dr. Karl Marx to the college-educated lawyer V. I. Lenin to lawyer and university lecturer Daniel DeLeon may be characterized as either inevitable, ironic, or a major contradiction, depending on one's personal perspective. Be that as it may, Marxists have universally assumed that only conscious and concerted effort by the working class itself can lead to cause the revolutionary transformation of economy and society. The devil lies in the details—how best to motivate this state of understanding and drive to action among those who sell their labor-power to others, how best to achieve the transformation of state and society.
The early Socialist Labor Party, influenced by the father of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, Ferdinand Lassalle, argued that the wage gains and improvements of conditions achievable by trade unions were insignificant and ephemeral. Only the capture of the state through the ballot box would enable a restructuring of the economy and society in anything resembling a permanent manner. So long as capitalism existed, wage gains here would be offset by the pressure of wage cuts there and incomes would be driven down to a subsistence minimum through the inexorable pressure of the market. Thus the political campaign for the capture of the state—winning office for the sake of winning power to enact change—was considered paramount.
For the Marxists who had come to dominate the Socialist Labor Party by the 1890s, this idea was exactly backwards. So long as fundamental economic relations between workers and employers remained unchanged, any alteration of the personnel of the state apparatus would be short-lived and would fall to nothing due to the wealth of the employers and their desire to preserve the existing economic order. The employing class controlled press and school and pulpit, the Marxists believed, their ideas of the "natural" order of things stuffed the heads of their willing political servitors. Only through collective action, trade union activities, could the working class begin to achieve consciousness of itself, the nature of the world, and its purported historic mission.
But what sort of trade unions would instill in the working class the ideas and drive to action that would lead to a revolutionary restructuring of the economic order? This was the central question, over which the SLP ultimately divided. On the one hand there were those who advocated the policy of "boring from within" the already-existing unions, attempting to win their memberships over to the idea of socialist reorganization of society through the force of propaganda and practical example. Ultimately, it was believed, enough individual unions could be won over that the entire trade union movement could be moved in a socialist direction.
Others rejected the existing network of craft unions as hopelessly reactionary bureaucracies, sometimes outright criminal in their administration but never able to see beyond their own narrow and isolated concerns of wages, hours, recognition, and jurisdiction. A completely new, explicitly socialist industrial union structure was required, these individuals believed, an organization established on a broad basis uniting workers of different crafts in common cause. This new organization would gain the support of the working class when average workers at the bench witnessed the superiority of its form of organization and ideas in actual practice.
At the SLP's national convention of 1896, this issue came to a head with the formation of the Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance, a party-sponsored industrial union federation founded to compete directly with the unions of the emerging American Federation of Labor and the declining Knights of Labor, which eventually became a part of the Industrial Workers of the World when that organization was founded in 1905.
The party split of 1899
File:Henry-Kuhn-1919.jpg
National Secretary Henry Kuhn was the top political official of the SLP "regulars" in the faction fight of 1899.
De Leon's opponents, (primarily German-Americans, Jewish immigrants of various origins, and trade unionists led by Henry Slobodin and Morris Hillquit), left the SLP in 1899. They later merged with the Social Democratic Party, headed by Victor L. Berger and Eugene V. Debs to form the Socialist Party of America.
In July 1908 the SLP briefly made national news with the nomination of Martin R. Preston, a convicted killer serving a 25-year prison sentence in Nevada, for President of the United States.[48] Making the nomination on the convention floor was party leader Daniel DeLeon himself, who noted that Preston had "acted as the protector of defenseless girls" during a strike and had killed a restauranteur who had threatened him with death.[48] Despite the fact that the 32-year-old Preston was under the constitutionally mandated presidential age of 35, he was nonetheless unanimously nominated by the New York convention, which immediately notified him of their selection by telegram.[48] Preston declined the nomination, however,[49] leaving the SLP's National Executive Committee to name a new standard-bearer for the November election.
With the death of De Leon in 1914, the SLP, always critical of both the Soviet Union and of the Socialist Party's "reformism", has been isolated from the majority of the American Left, and that isolation became ever-increasing.[50] The party had always advocated what they considered the purist socialism in its program, arguing that other parties had abandoned Marxism and became either fan clubs for dictators or merely a radical wing of the Democratic Party.
Arnold Petersen became national secretary for most of the 20th century, from the death of De Leon in 1914 to 1969.
The party experienced two growth spurts in the 20th century. The first occurred in the late 1940s. The presidential ticket, which had been receiving 15,000 to 30,000 votes, increased to 45,226 in 1944. Meanwhile, the aggregate nationwide totals for U.S. Senate nominees increased during this same period from an average in the 40,000 range to 96,139 in 1946 and 100,072 in 1948. The party's fortunes began to sag during the early 1950s, and by 1954 the aggregate nationwide totals for U.S. Senate nominees was down to 30,577.
Eric Hass became influential in the SLP in the early 1950s. Hass, the nominee for President in 1952, 1956, 1960, and 1964, played a major role in rebuilding the SLP. He authored the booklet "Socialism: A Home Study Course". Hass increased the party's nationwide totals and recruited many local candidates. His vote for President increased from 30,250 in 1952 to 47,522 in 1960 (a 50% increase). Although his total slipped to 45,187 in 1964, Hass outpolled all other third party candidates—the only time this happened to the SLP. Aggregate nationwide totals for U.S. Senate nominees increased throughout the late 1960s, hitting 112,990 in 1972.
The increased interest in the SLP in the late 1960s was not a permanent growth spurt. New recruits subscribed to the anti-authoritarian views of the time and wanted their voices to have an equal status with the old-time party workers. Newcomers felt that the party was too controlled by a small clique, resulting in widespread discontent. In 1976, the SLP nominated its last Presidential candidate and has run few campaigns since then. In 1980, members of the SLP in Minnesota, claiming that the party had become bureaucratic and authoritarian in its internal party structure, split from the party and formed the New Union Party.
The SLP began having trouble funding their newspaper The People, so frequency was changed from monthly to bi-monthly in 2004. That did not save the paper from collapse, however, and it was suspended as of 31 March 2008. As of January, 2007, the party had 77 members-at-large, as well as seven sections of which four (San Francisco Bay Area, Wayne County, Cleveland and Portland) held meetings, with an average attendance of 3–6 members.[51] The SLP closed its national office on 1 September 2008.[52]
Perhaps the greatest impact of De Leon and the SLP was their help in founding the Industrial Workers of the World in 1905. Before too long, however they had a falling out with the element that they termed 'the bummery,' and left to form their own rival union, also called the Industrial Workers of the World, based in Detroit. De Leon died in 1914,[50] and with his passing this organization lost its central focus. This body was renamed the Workers International Industrial Union (WIIU) and declined into little more than SLP members. The WIIU was wound up in 1924.
Famed author Jack London was an early member of the Socialist Labor Party, joining in 1896. He left in 1901 but remained a Socialist.
The science fiction writer Mack Reynolds, who wrote one of the first Star Trek novels, was an active member of the SLP and his fiction often deals with socialist reform and revolution as well as socialist Utopian thought.
Union Congress Philadelphia, PA July 19–22, 1876 1. Original edition of the proceedings. 2. The 1976 centennial edition edited and annotated by Philip S. Foner
National Congress Newark, NJ Dec. 26–31, 1877 Name changed to Socialistic Labor Party; Documents & Proceedings
2nd National Convention Allegheny, PA Dec. 26, 1879 – Jan. 1, 1880 Documents & Condensed Proceedings
3rd National Convention New York City Dec. 26–29, 1881 Proceedings, in German, from the New Yorker Volkszeitung
4th National Convention Baltimore, MD Dec. 26–28, 1883 Proceedings, in German, some pages blacked out
5th National Convention Cincinnati, OH Oct. 5–8, 1885 Proceedings, in German
6th National Convention Buffalo, NY Sept. 17–20, 1887 Proceedings
7th Nat. Conv. [regular] Chicago, IL Oct. 12–17, 1889 Upholds political action. Account of Proceedings in Workmens Advocate
7th Nat. Conv. [dissident] Chicago, IL Sept. 28 – Oct. 2, 1889 Proceedings
1892 Nominating Convention New York City Aug. 27, 1892 Attended by just 8 delegates, who nominated Presidential slate and approved platform.
8th National Convention Chicago, IL July 2–5, 1893 Proceedings as reported in The People
9th National Convention New York City July 4–10, 1896 Establishes ST&LA. Proceedings
10th Nat. Conv. [regular] New York City June 2–8, 1900 Reviews 1899 party split. Proceedings
10th Nat. Conv. [dissident] Rochester, NY Jan. 27 – Feb. 2, 1900 No stenographic record published.
11th National Convention New York City July 2–7, 1904 Microfilm of the typescript is available from the Wisconsin Historical Society.
12th National Convention New York City July 2–7, 1908 No stenographic record published.
13th National Convention New York City April 1912 No stenographic record published. Nomination was made on April 9.
14th National Convention New York City April 29 – May 3, 1916 No stenographic record published. Platform.
15th National Convention New York City May 5–10, 1920 Proceedings
16th National Convention New York City May 10–13, 1924 Proceedings
18th National Convention New York City April 30 – May 2, 1932 Proceedings p. 1, Proceedings p. 2
19th National Convention New York City April 25–28, 1936 Proceedings p. 1, Proceedings p. 2
21st National Convention New York City April 29 – May 2, 1944 Proceedings
22nd National Convention New York City May 1–3, 1948 Proceedings
23rd National Convention New York City May 3–5, 1952 Proceedings
24th National Convention New York City May 5–7, 1956 Platform
25th National Convention New York City May 7–9, 1960 Proceedings
27th National Convention Brooklyn, NY May 4–7, 1968 Proceedings
28th National Convention Detroit, MI April 8–11, 1972 Platform
29th National Convention Southfield, MI February 7–11, 1976 Proceedings
30th National Convention Chicago, IL May 28 – June 1, 1977 Proceedings
31st National Convention Philadelphia, PA May 26–31, 1978 Proceedings; no pdf available.
32nd National Convention Milwaukee, WI July 1979 Proceedings; no pdf available.
33rd National Convention Milwaukee, WI June 27 – July 1, 1980 Proceedings; no pdf available.
34th National Convention Milwaukee, WI July 1981 Proceedings; no pdf available.
35th National Convention Milwaukee, WI August 1982 Proceedings; no pdf available.
36th National Convention Akron, OH July 18–23, 1983 Proceedings; no pdf available. Platform.
37th National Convention Akron, OH July 1985 Proceedings; no pdf available.
38th National Convention Akron, OH July 27–31, 1987 Proceedings; no pdf available.
39th National Convention Santa Clara, CA April 29 – May 3, 1989 Proceedings
40th National Convention Santa Clara, CA April 28–30, 1991 Proceedings
41st National Convention Santa Clara, CA May 1–4, 1993 Proceedings
42nd National Convention Santa Clara, CA July 15–18, 1995 Proceedings
43rd National Convention Santa Clara, CA May 2–5, 1997 Proceedings
44th National Convention Santa Clara, CA April 9–12, 1999 Proceedings
45th National Convention Santa Clara, CA June 1–4, 2001 Proceedings
46th National Convention Santa Clara, CA July 9–11, 2005 Proceedings
47th National Convention Santa Clara, CA July 14–16, 2007 Proceedings
Secretaries of the SLP
Philip Van Patten July 1876 – April 1883 Corresponding Secretary
Schneider April–October 1883 Corresponding Secretary
Hugo Vogt October–December 1883 Corresponding Secretary
None. December 1883 – March 1884 (Executive position abolished)
Wilhelm Rosenberg March 1884 – October 1889 Corresponding and Financial Secretary
Benjamin J. Gretsch October 1889 – October 1891 National Secretary
Henry Kuhn 1891–1906 National Secretary
Frank Bohn 1906–1908 National Secretary
Henry Kuhn 1908 (pro tem) National Secretary
Paul Augustine 1908–1914 National Secretary
Arnold Petersen 1914–1969 National Secretary
Nathan Karp 1969–1980 National Secretary
Robert Bills 1980–date National Secretary
Presidential tickets
Presidential Nominee
Vice-Presidential Nominee
# of states
on ballot
Slate of independent electors Slate of independent electors 2,068 1 (NY)
Simon Wing Charles Matchett 21,173 5
Charles Matchett Matthew Maguire 36,359 20
Joseph F. Maloney Valentine Remmel 40,943 22
Charles H. Corregan William Wesley Cox 33,454 19
August Gillhaus Donald L. Munro 14,031 15
Arthur E. Reimer August Gillhaus 29,324 20
Caleb Harrison 15,295 17
William Wesley Cox August Gillhaus 31,084 14
Frank T. Johns Verne L. Reynolds 28,633 19
Verne L. Reynolds Jeremiah D. Crowley 21,590 19
John W. Aiken 34,038 19
Emil F. Teichert 12,799 18
John W. Aiken Aaron M. Orange 14,883 14
Edward A. Teichert Arla A. Albaugh 45,188 15
Stephen Emery 29,244 22
Eric Hass 30,406 23
Georgia Cozzini 44,300 14
Henning A. Blomen 45,189 16
Henning A. Blomen George Sam Taylor 52,589 13
Louis Fisher Genevieve Gundersen 53,814 12
Jules Levin Constance Blomen 9,566 10
All election results taken from Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections and Vote for presidential and vice presidential candidates of the Socialist Labor Party
John J. Ballam
J. Mahlon Barnes
Barney Berlyn
Robert Bills
Ella Reeve Bloor
Frank Bohn
George Boomer
Louis B. Boudin
Abraham Cahan
Adolf S. Carm
John C. Chase
Maximilian Cohen
James Connolly
Georgia Cozzini
Daniel DeLeon
Solon DeLeon
Adolph Douai
Benjamin Feigenbaum
Louis C. Fraina
Paul Grottkau
Julius Gerber
Margaret Haile
J. Edward Hall
Julius Hammer
Benjamin Hanford
Job Harriman
Caleb Harrison
Eric Hass
Max S. Hayes
Morris Hillquit
G.A. "Gus" Hoehn
Isaac Hourwich
Frank Johns
Olive M. Johnson
Alexander Jonas
Nathan Karp
Antoinette Konikow
William Ross Knudsen
Henry Kuhn
Joseph A. Labadie
Algernon Lee
Meyer London
William D. Mahoney
William Mailly
Charles Matchett
James H. Maurer
P. J. McGuire
Thomas J. Morgan
Kate Richards O'Hare
Albert Parsons
Arnold Petersen
Patrick L. Quinlan
Arthur E. Reimer
Boris Reinstein
Mack Reynolds
Verne L. Reynolds
Wilhelm Rosenberg
Lucien Sanial
George A. Schilling
Hermann Schlüter
Sergei Shevitch
Algie Martin Simons
Henry Slobodin
August Spies
N. I. Stone
Adolph Strasser
Philip Van Patten
Hugo Vogt
J. Wilenkin
Morris Winchevsky
Simon Wing
Michael Zametkin
SLP press
Party-owned
Vorbote (The Warning) (1874–1924) —Chicago weekly. Predated the SLP, party organ 1876-1878. Broke with SLP for anarchism in the early 1880s.
Arbeiter Stimme (Worker's Voice) (1876–1878) —New York City weekly. Predated the SLP under the title Sozial-Demokrat. NYPL holds master negative film.
The Labor Standard (April 1876–December 1881) —New York City. Originally organ of the Social-Democratic Workingmen's Party of North America under title The Socialist. NYPL holds master negative film.
The Social Democrat (c. 1877) —New York daily.
The National Socialist (May 1878 – 1879) —Cincinnati official organ. John McIntosh, editor.
Bulletin of the Social Labor Movement (1879–1883) —Published in Detroit and New York City.
Der Sozialist (1885–1892) —German-language; published in New York City.
Vorwärts (Forward) (1892–1932) —Published in New York City. Broke with SLP in 1899; became privately owned publication.
The Workmen's Advocate (1885–1891) —Originally published by the New Haven (CT) Trades Council. Official organ of SLP from November 21, 1886. Subscription list taken over by The People in 1891.
The People (1891–2008) —Published in New York City by New Yorker Volkszeitung on behalf of the SLP. Party-owned from 1899. Later moved to Palo Alto, CA.
Pittsburgher Volkszeitung (c. 1891) —German-language; Pittsburgh weekly.
Privately owned
Advance (1896–1902) —San Francisco weekly. Wisconsin Historical Society holds master negative film.
The Echo (c. 1877) —Boston weekly.
Emancipator (c. 1877) —Cincinnati and Milwaukee weekly.
Emancipator (1894) —Cleveland weekly.
The Evening Telegram (c. 1884) —New Haven weekly.
Lawrence Labor (1896) —Lawrence, MA weekly.
The Liberator (1896–1897)
Manchester Labor (1896) —Manchester, NH weekly.
Ohio Labor (1895–1896) —Toledo weekly.
Philadelphia Labor (1893–1894) —Philadelphia weekly.
Quincy Labor (1895) —Quincy, IL weekly.
Rochester Labor (1896) —Rochester, NY weekly.
Rochester Socialist (1898) —Rochester, NY monthly.
St. Louis Labor (1893–1928) —St. Louis daily. Broke with SLP circa 1897.
San Antonio Labor (1894–1896) —San Antonio weekly.
San Francisco Truth (c. 1884) —San Francisco weekly.
Savannah Labor (1895) —Savannah, GA weekly.
The Socialist (c. 1877) —Detroit weekly.
The Socialist Alliance (1898) —Chicago weekly.
The Star (c. 1877) —St. Louis daily.
The Times (c. 1877) —Indianapolis weekly.
The Tocsin (?–1899) —Minneapolis weekly.
The Truth (1898) —Davenport, IA, bilingual English-German.
The Voice of the People (c. 1884) —New York City weekly.
The Wage Worker (?–1899) —Kansas City weekly.
Worcester Labor (1896) —Worcester, MA weekly.
Workingmen's Ballot (c. 1877) —Boston weekly.
Arbeiter von Ohio (Ohio Worker) (c. 1877) —Cincinnati weekly.
Chicagoer Arbeiter-Zeitung (Chicago Workers' News) (1876–1924) —Chicago daily paper, which published Vorbote.
Chicagoer Sozialist (Chicago Socialist) (c. 1877) —Chicago daily.
Chicagoer Volkszeitung (Chicago People's News) (c. 1877) —Chicago daily.
Cleveland Volksfreund (Cleveland People's Friend) (1898) —Weekly.
Freiheitsbanner (Freedom Flag) (c. 1877) —Cincinnati weekly.
Illinois Volkszeitung (c. 1884)
Milwaukee Sozialist (Milwaukee Socialist) (c. 1877) —Milwaukee daily; predated the SLP.
Die Neue Zeit (The New Era) (c. 1877) —Louisville and Chicago daily.
New Yorker Volkszeitung (New York People's News) (1878–1932) —New York City daily; broke with SLP in 1899, continued publication until 1932.
Ohio Volkszeitung (Ohio People's News) (c. 1877) —Cincinnati daily.
Philadelphia Tageblatt (Philadelphia Daily Paper) (1877–1942) —Philadelphia daily. Broke with SLP at some point.
Pittsburgher Arbeiter Zietung (c. 1890) —Pittsburgh weekly.
Vorwärts! (Forward!) (1877–1878) —Milwaukee weekly. Wisconsin Historical Society holds master negative film.
Vorwärts! (1893–1932) —Milwaukee daily; Victor Berger, editor. Broke with SLP in 1897. Wisconsin Historical Society holds master negative film.
Vorwärts (Forward) (c. 1877) —Newark daily.
Volksstimme des Westens (Voice of the People of the West) (c. 1877) —St. Louis daily.
Rabotnicheska Prosveta (Workers' Enlightenment) (1911–1969) —Published in Granite City, IL and Detroit. Weekly.
Radnicka Borba (Workers' Struggle) (1907–1970) —Published in New York, Cleveland, and Detroit. Weekly, later semi-monthly.
Delnicke Listy (Voice of Labor) (c. 1877) —Cleveland weekly; predated SLP.
Pravda (SLP) (Truth) (1898) —New York City weekly.
Danish-Norwegian
Arbejderen (The Worker) (1898) —Chicago weekly.
A Munkás (The Worker) (1910–1961) —New York City weekly. New York Public Library holds master negative film.
Nepszava (People's Voice) (1898) —New York City weekly.
Proletareets (The Proletarian) (1902–1911)
Den Nye Tid (The New Time) (c. 1877) —Chicago weekly.
Sila (The Force) (1898) —Buffalo weekly.
Arbetaren (The Worker) (1895–1928) —New York City weekly.
Robitinychyi Holos (Workers' Voice) (1922–?) —New York City weekly.
Der Emes (U.S.) (The Truth) (1895–1896) —Boston weekly.
Arbeiter Zeitung (Workers' News) (1898) —New York City.
Sources: Proceedings of the National Congress, 1877, pp. 16–17; Hillquit (1903), pp. 225, 242; American Labor Press Directory (1925), pp. 22–23; Library of Congress "Chronicling America" database.
↑ "The name of this organization shall be Socialist Labor Party." Art. I, Sec. 1 of the CONSTITUTION of the SOCIALIST LABOR PARTY of AMERICA, Adopted at the Eleventh National Convention (New York, July 1904; amended at the National Conventions 1908, 1912, 1916, 1920, 1924, 1928, 1932, 1936, 1940, 1944, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1993, 2001, 2005, 2007) (cited 18 February 2016).
↑ Socialistic Labor Party. Platform, Constitution, and Resolutions, Adopted at the National Congress of the Workingmen's Party of the United States, Held at Newark, N. J., December 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 1877. Together with a condensed report of the Congress Proceedings (Ohio Volks-Zeitung: Cincinnati, Ohio, 1878), pp. 26–27.
↑ While the 1885 constitution and platform uses the term socialistic in the party name, the 1890 constitution and platform uses the term socialist in the party name. As both of these sources appear to be scans of original documents, it is safe to assume that this second name change necessarily occurred somewhere between 1885 and 1890. Unfortunately, the other sources provided by the SLP are not original scans, and must be taken with a grain of salt. The Report of the Proceedings of the Sixth National Convention of the Socialistic Labor Party, Held at Buffalo, N. Y., Sept. 17, 19, 20 & 21, 1887 (New York Labor News Company: New York, September 1887) would seem to indicate that party was still calling itself the Socialistic Labor Party in that year. While the majority of the .pdf is not an original scan, the cover page is. Yet, the 1887 platform (which is in no part an original scan) would seem to indicate that the party was calling itself the Socialist Labor Party by 1887. Likewise, the 1889 platform (reported in this non-scan copy of the Workmen's Advocate (26 October 1889)) employs the name Socialist Labor Party.
↑ Frederic Heath, Social Democracy Red Book, (cover title: "Socialism in America.") Terre Haute, IN: Standard Publishing Co., 1900; pg. 32.
↑ The division between German SDP-oriented newcomers and existing residents is mentioned in Heath, Social Democracy Red Book, pg. 33.
↑ Frank Girard and Ben Perry, The Socialist Labor Party, 1876–1991: A Short History. Philadelphia, PA: Livra Books, 1991; pg. 3.
↑ Girard and Perry, The Socialist Labor Party, pp. 3–4.
↑ 8.0 8.1 Girard and Perry, The Socialist Labor Party, pg. 4.
↑ Heath, Social Democracy Red Book, pg. 33.
↑ Heath, Social Democracy Red Book, pp. 33–34.
↑ See, for example, the cover of the Platform und Constitution der Soz. Arbeiter-Partei published after the 1885 5th National Convention of the organization by the "National Executive Committee of the Socialistic Labor Party.
↑ Dray, Philip (2010). There Is Power In A Union. New York: Doubleday. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-385-52629-6. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ 13.0 13.1 Morris Hillquit, HIstory of Socialism in the United States. New York: Funk and Wagnall Co., 1903; pg. 225.
↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Hillquit, HIstory of Socialism in the United States, pg. 227.
↑ "International Labor Union" in Neil Schlager ed. St. James Encyclopedia of Labor History Worldwide Detroit: St. James Press/Gale Group/Thomson Learning, 2004. pp. 475–477.
↑ 17.0 17.1 Hillquit, History of Socialism in the United States, pg. 228.
↑ See, for example: Offizielles Protokoll der 5. National-Konventin der Soz. Arbeiter-Partei von Nord-Amerika, abgehalten am 5., 6., 7. und 8. Oktober 1885 in Cincinnati, Ohio. New York: National Executive Committee of the Socialistic Labor Party, 1886.
↑ Hillquit, History of Socialism in the United States, pg. 239.
↑ For a contemporary example illustrating this confusing dual name for the largely German-language organization, see Richard T. Ely, Recent American Socialism. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University, 1886; pg. 21.
↑ Ely, Recent American Socialism, pg. 26.
↑ Hillquit, History of Socialism in the United States, pp. 240–241.
↑ "State Organization: Circular of the New York City Committee of the SLP," Workmen's Advocate [New York], vol. 5, no. 25 (June 22, 1889), pg. 1.
↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 Hillquit, History of Socialism in the United States, pg. 293.
↑ During the Arnold Petersen administration, the SLP passionately disavowed its history of the period before the arrival of DeLeon, going so far as to publish a glossy illustrated "Golden Jubilee" volume celebrating the party's 50th anniversary in 1940. The pre-1890 SLP was sneeringly referred to as the "Socialistic Labor Party" (emphasis his) by Petersen in his party history contained in that volume. See: Socialist Labor Party: Golden Jubilee, 1890–1940 (cover title). New York: Socialist Labor Party, 1940.
↑ Howard Quint, The Forging of American Socialism: Origins of the Modern Movement: The Impact of Socialism on American Thought and Action, 1886–1901. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1953; pp. 142–143.
↑ Olive M. Johnson, "Daniel DeLeon — Our Comrade," in Daniel DeLeon: The Man and His Work: A Symposium. New York: National Executive Committee of the Socialist Labor Party, 1919; pg. 88. Johnson acknowledges the 1904 pamphlet The Party Press as the source of much of her biographical information.
↑ Historian Howard Quint refers to the nature of the unnamed paper as "revolutionary," which seems rather doubtful. See: Quint, The Forging of American Socialism, pg. 143.
↑ 33.0 33.1 Johnson, "Daniel DeLeon — Our Comrade," pg. 89.
↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 34.5 Quint, The Forging of American Socialism, pg. 143.
↑ 35.0 35.1 Bernard Johnpoll with Lillian Johnpoll, The Impossible Dream: The Rise and Demise of the American Left. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1981; pg. 250.
↑ Quint, The Forging of American Socialism, pg. 144.
↑ DeLeon spoke in the new state of Washington, in Portland, Oregon, and four times in California. On his return trip, DeLeon spoke in Denver, Topeka, Kansas City, St. Louis, Evansville, Indianapolis, Dayton, Pittsburgh, Scottsdale, Connellsville, Baltimore, Wilmington, Philadelphia, and Camden over the course of a three-week period. See: "Socialist Labor Party," The People, vol. 1, no. 3 (April 19, 1891), pg. 5; and "Socialism in California," The People, vol. 1, no. 4 (April 26, 1891), pg. 5.
↑ Quint, The Forging of American Socialism, pp. 145–146.
↑ Morris Hillquit, History of Socialism in the United States, pg. 281.
↑ The People [New York], November 29, 1891, cited in Quint, The Forging of American Socialism, pg. 145.
↑ "National Politics," Oakland Tribune, vol. 34, no. 30 (Aug. 28, 1892), pg. 5.
↑ Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections, http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/
↑ This principle was stated most forcefully as Rule 1 of the International Workingmen's Association (First International): "That the emancipation of the working classes must be conquered by the working classes themselves, that the struggle for the emancipation of the working classes means not a struggle for class privileges and monopolies, but for equal rights and duties, and the abolition of all class rule..." Karl Marx, "Provisional Rules of the Association," in The General Council of the First International, 1864–1866: The London Conference, 1865: Minutes. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1964; pg. 288.
↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 "Convict Nominated: Socialist Labor Party Name Murderer for President," Tyrone [PA] Daily Herald, vol. XX, no. XX (July 6, 1908), pg. 1.
↑ "Declines the Nomination for President on the Socialist Labor Ticket," Lima Daily News, vol. 12, no. 164 (July 9, 1908), pg. 3.
↑ 50.0 50.1 Kenneth T. Jackson, The Encyclopedia of New York City. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995; pg. 1083.
↑ Forty-Seventh National Convention, Socialist Labor Party, July 14–16, 2007, Minutes, Reports, Resolutions etc, p.22, http://www.slp.org/pdf/slphist/nc_2007.pdf
↑ "Socialist Labor Party Closes Office", Ballot Access News, 31 December 2008 (accessed 14 March 2009)
Seán Cronin, "The Rise and Fall of the Socialist Labor Party of North America," Saothar, vol. 3 (1977), pp. 21–33. in JSTOR.
Nathan Dershowitz, "The Socialist Labor Party," Politics [New York], vol. 5, no. 3, whole no. 41 (Summer 1948), pp. 155–158.
Frank Girard and Ben Perry, Socialist Labor Party, 1876–1991: A Short History. Philadelphia: Livra Books, 1991.
Howard Quint, The Forging of American Socialism: Origins of the Modern Movement: The Impact of Socialism on American Thought and Action, 1886–1901. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1953.
L. Glen Seratan, Daniel Deleon: The Odyssey of an American Marxist. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979.
British Socialist Labour Party
Canadian Socialist Labour Party
Socialist Studies
Bulletin of the Social Labor Movement, Vol 1, No. 14 (Dec. 1880 – Jan. 1881). Full issue of rare official organ.
"1891 Report of the NEC of the SLP." December 18, 1891.
SLP Documents Downloads, Early American Marxism website. Index for assorted SLP documents in pdf format.
Report of the Proceedings of the National Convention of the Socialistic Labor Party. Index for pdfs of proceedings of SLP, 1878-1887.
Daniel DeLeon Online, Socialist Labor Party. Extensive collection of editorials and writings by Daniel DeLeon in pdf format.
Links relating to the historic SLP
SLP Publications, Early American Marxism website. Partial but lengthy list of official publications of the SLP.
Early American Marxism website. Includes extensive party history.
"DeLeon — A Sketch of His Socialist Career", Socialist Labor Party. Official party history of the SLP's most notable leader.
Papers of the Socialist Labor Party of America: Records of the Socialist Labor Party of America; guide to a microfilm edition. User guide to the microfilm collection filmed by the State Historical Society of Wisconsin.
Contemporary SLP links
Socialist Labor Party of America, official party website.
The People, index of issues available in pdf, 1999-2008.
Socialist Labor Party Seattle Section Records. 1930-1962. 2.73 cubic feet (7 boxes).
George E. Rennar Papers. 1933-1972. 37.43 cubic feet. Contains ephemera on the Socialist Labor Party.
National political parties in the United States
List of political parties in the United States
Major parties
Smaller1
American Conservative
American Freedom
Black Riders Liberation
Christian Liberty
Freedom Socialist
Independent American
Modern Whig
National Socialist Movement
New Black Panther
Socialism and Liberation
Socialist Action
Socialist Alternative
Socialist Equality
Socialist Workers
Former parties
American (Know Nothing)
American Populist
American Vegetarian Party
Anti-Masonic
Boston Tea
Commonwealth Land
Constitutional Union
Democratic-Republican
Farmer–Labor
Free Soil
Gold Democrats
Independence (2007)
Liberal Republican
National States' Rights
National Union
New Alliance
New Union
Nullifier
Populist (People's)
Progressive (1912)
Raza Unida
Readjuster
Silver Republican
Socialist Labor
States Rights (Dixiecrat)
U.S. Labor
Whig
Youth International
1 Fewer than 50,000 members.
State and local political parties (without national body)
Presidential nominating conventions
Politics portal
Category:Defunct DeLeonist parties in the United States
Retrieved from "https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America&oldid=716663201"
Political parties established in 1876
Defunct socialist parties in the United States
1876 establishments in the United States

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


BRAND NEW UNWANTED GIFT WERA 05020013001 Joker Comb Ratchet Spanner Set of 11 Metric Box The Wera Joker is an innovative combination wrench with a unique jaw design. Its clever design means that it does everything that a conventional combination wrench does, and more. Made from durable chrome molybdenum steel and coated with corrosion resistant nickel-chrome, the Joker is a truly high quality wrench. This set of 11 Metric Joker spanners contains the following sizes: 8mm x 144mm. The item "Wera 05020013001 Joker Comb Ratchet Spanner Set of 11 Metric Box" is in sale since Wednesday, March 6, 2019.
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text:
ISEE & SSAT
SAT & ACT
The SHSAT is a required test for enrollment into New York City Specialized High Schools. This three-hour test — consisting of English Language Arts and Mathematics — is meant to be challenging. After all, there are a limited number of spots at specialized high schools.
If your student has a strong interest in a specialized high school, getting an early start on the SHSAT is imperative. Stone Ridge Prep is ready to work with you and your student in this journey of high school admissions.
The SHSAT tests on middle school topics ranging from grammar and poetry to arithmetic and geometry. Mastering the test requires not only a solid foundation of middle school curriculum but learning test-taking strategies and reasoning skills. Stone Ridge Prep will increase your student's potential to place into a specialized high school and will help them overcome any testing challenges along the way.
The SHSAT contains 114 questions to be taken in three hours. There are two sections*:
ELA Section — 57 questions
Revising/Editing (Grammar) — 9-11 multiple choice and passage based questions
Reading Comprehension — 46-48 multiple choice questions spread out in Nonfiction, Fiction and Poetry passages
Mathematics Section — 57 questions
Grid-In — 5 questions that do not provide possible answer choices
Multiple Choice — 52 questions
Subjects — Arithmetic, Algebra, Statistics and Geometry
*based on NYC Department of Education Official SHSAT Handbook Practice Tests. The SHSAT is a registered trademark of NYC Department of Education, which is not affiliated with this website.
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Today marks the 20th anniversary of the start of the War in Chechnya, fought from 1994-1996.
For over a decade, Russia kept journalists out of the region and activists silent. Filling the void in the last years, Olga Kravets has been documenting Chechnya's recovery from the war under the radicalized rule of Ramzan Kadyrov.
Completed with a 2013 Emergency Fund grant, "Ramzan Kadyrov's Chechnya" tells the story of a traumatized and fragmented society that has learned to cope with an oppressive government. It is now available to view on our Emergency Fund website.


text:
#include <Param.hpp>
#include <common/dispatch.hpp>
#include <common/kernel_cache.hpp>
#include <debug_cuda.hpp>
#include <nvrtc_kernel_headers/bilateral_cuh.hpp>

namespace cuda {
namespace kernel {

static const int THREADS_X = 16;
static const int THREADS_Y = 16;

template<typename inType, typename outType>
void bilateral(Param<outType> out, CParam<inType> in, float s_sigma,
               float c_sigma) {
    auto bilateral = common::getKernel(
        "cuda::bilateral", std::array{bilateral_cuh_src},
        TemplateArgs(TemplateTypename<inType>(), TemplateTypename<outType>()),
        std::array{DefineValue(THREADS_X), DefineValue(THREADS_Y)});

    dim3 threads(kernel::THREADS_X, kernel::THREADS_Y);

    int blk_x = divup(in.dims[0], THREADS_X);
    int blk_y = divup(in.dims[1], THREADS_Y);

    dim3 blocks(blk_x * in.dims[2], blk_y * in.dims[3]);

    // calculate shared memory size
    int radius          = (int)std::max(s_sigma * 1.5f, 1.f);
    int num_shrd_elems  = (THREADS_X + 2 * radius) * (THREADS_Y + 2 * radius);
    int num_gauss_elems = (2 * radius + 1) * (2 * radius + 1);
    size_t total_shrd_size =
        sizeof(outType) * (num_shrd_elems + num_gauss_elems);

    size_t MAX_SHRD_SIZE =
        cuda::getDeviceProp(cuda::getActiveDeviceId()).sharedMemPerBlock;
    if (total_shrd_size > MAX_SHRD_SIZE) {
        char errMessage[256];
        snprintf(errMessage, sizeof(errMessage),
                 "\nCUDA Bilateral filter doesn't support %f spatial sigma\n",
                 s_sigma);
        CUDA_NOT_SUPPORTED(errMessage);
    }

    EnqueueArgs qArgs(blocks, threads, getActiveStream(), total_shrd_size);

    bilateral(qArgs, out, in, s_sigma, c_sigma, num_shrd_elems, blk_x, blk_y);

    POST_LAUNCH_CHECK();
}

}  // namespace kernel
}  // namespace cuda

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Jagapathi Babu, born as Jagapathi Rao on February 12, 1962, is one actor who has been rightfully credited for making safe career choices that went a long way in making him an all rounder that he is today. From featuring as a male lead to playing character artist and badass roles, Jagapathi has tried it all in his 25-year long film career. Even after being son of veteran producer-director VB Rajendra Prasad, he has managed to create a niche for himself with some blockbuster hits. The actor has always been appreciated for being boundless and performing every character likes he owns it. Whether he is in a character artist role or badass role, no matter what we call them, he has left an incredible mark on the Telugu film industry.
On the actor's 57th birthday, we take a look at some of the badass roles that Jagapathi Babu pulled off with flair while leaving a substantial mark for himself in the film industry.
Jagapathi Babu took up the role of an antagonist for the first time for this Nandamuri Balakrishna starrer. In fact, it is said that this film marked his second innings in Tollywood. Since then, he never looked back. Jagapathi Babu has essayed a ruthless local don Jitendra who vows to take revenge against the family of local landlord played by Suman. Nobody could play the role of Jitendra as awesomely and frighteningly as he could. Also, starring Radhika Apte, Sonal Chauhan and Sujata Kumar, 'Legend' was directed by Boyapati Srinu and produced by Ram Achanta, Gopichand Achanta and Anil Sunkara under the banner of 14 Reels Entertainment in association with Varahi Chalana Chitram.
Jagapathi Babu had portrayed a cunning businessman based in London in the Jr NTR starrer. Jagapathi is just brilliant in this role and audience especially enjoyed the dialogues between Jr NTR and Jagapathi Babu. We also love the part where Jr NTR hacks the system of Jagapathi in the film. Arguably, this is another remarkable performance from Jagapathi, and definitely one of his best. Rakul Preet Singh has been paired opposite Jr NTR in the film, which was directed by brilliant Sukumar and produced by BVSN Prasad under Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra banner.
Well, what can we say about this role? Jagapathi Babu was undoubtedly one of the popular villains ever. His negative role in Ram Charan starrer 'Rangasthalam' made him one of the dangerous villans of Tollywood. The film has an arrogant, egoistic villain seeking more power or control. He wants to be the sole ruler and he sought to kill everyone who against him to obtain the kingship. But, his lust for power, deception and evil schemes became his downfall. He will always hold a special place as one of the best villains in the movie history.
Playing a notorious and baddy, Jagapathi was just fantastic. He speaks in a harsh, guttural voice and creepy appearance nobody can play a screen baddy as Jagapathi can. Jagapathi's role as Basi Reddy has become a sensation among audiences and his acting was considered to be one of the most realistic portrayals of a psychopath in film history. Starring Jr NTR and Pooja Hegde in the lead roles, the film was directed by Trivikram Srinivas and produced by S Radha Krishna under Haarika and Hassine Creations banner.
Jagapathi Babu had portrayed as a Bangladeshi terrorist who works for Al Mujahedeen. He is not only an intelligent and extreme egoistic, but also an eccentric and psychopathic antagonist. Director Sashi Kiran Tikka has created an antagonist who makes the story more interesting. He was intelligent, clever and insane and also a mass-murderer. In fact, every character in the film has the strength and each was clearly established and used productively. Produced by Abhishek Pictures in association with People Media Factory and Vista Dream Merchants, 'Goodachari' starred Adivi Sesh, Sobhita DhulipalaMadhu Shalini and Prakash Raj in the lead roles.


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Billerica Police reports: Nov. 29 to Dec. 6
The following are excerpts from the Billerica Police log for Thursday, Nov. 29, through Thursday, Dec. 6. The log is public record and available for review. All persons are presumed innocent unless found guilty in a court of law.
2:31 p.m.: A traffic hazard was reported at Chelmsford and Brick Kiln roads.
3:22 p.m.: A suspicious person was reported on Cook Street.
4:28 p.m.: A deceased animal was reported on Diane Drive.
6:17 p.m.: A traffic hazard was reported at Allen and Rolling Hill roads.
7:45 p.m.: A wildlife complaint was reported at Concord Road and French Street.
8:04 p.m.: Vandalism was reported on Allen Road.
8:13 a.m.: Icy road conditions were reported on Bicknell Road.
8:47 a.m.: An animal was reported on Pollards Street.
10:05 a.m.: An animal was reported on Eleanor Road.
11:01 a.m.: Suspicious circumstances were reported on Passaconaway Drive.
12:03 p.m.: A dog complaint was reported on Cherry Road.
12:57 p.m.: A deceased animal was reported on Treble Cove Road.
2:27 p.m.: A traffic light malfunction was reported on Boston Road.
2:34 p.m.: Illegal dumping was reported on Kenmar Drive.
4:48 p.m.: A hit-and-run was reported at Middlesex Turnpike and Lexington Road.
5:02 p.m.: An animal was reported on Merrimack Meadow Lane.
6:05 p.m.: A deceased animal was reported on Pleasant Street.
7:06 p.m.: A natural gas leak was reported on Cider Mill Way.
10:54 p.m.: A suspicious motor vehicle was reported on Boston Road.
11:20 p.m.: A suspicious motor vehicle was reported on Republic Road.
3:50 a.m.: A motor vehicle crash involving an animal was reported on Alexander Road.
9:27 a.m.: An injured animal was reported at Andover Road and Dresden Lane.
11:53 a.m.: A dog complaint was reported on South Street.
2:51 p.m.: A hit-and-run was reported on Concord Road.
5:32 p.m.: A disturbance was reported on Kenmar Drive.
6:33 p.m.: A disturbance was reported on Millstone Way.
7:09 p.m.: An erratic operator was reported on Concord Road.
7:26 p.m.: Suspicious circumstances were reported on River Street.
7:33 p.m.: A suspicious motor vehicle was reported on Riverhurst Road.
8:34 p.m.: Weapons were reportedly turned in on Karen Circle.
Sunday, Dec. 2
9 a.m.: A suspicious motor vehicle was reported on Karl Drive.
10:41 a.m.: Fraud was reported on Pinewood Avenue.
11:20 a.m.: A disturbance was reported on Gilman Road.
Monday, Dec. 3
7:31 a.m.: A water main break was reported on Buckingham Drive.
8:33 a.m.: A motor vehicle crash involving an animal was reported on High Street.
10:06 a.m.: A hit-and-run was reported on Boston Road.
1:17 p.m.: A suspicious person was reported on Dudley Road.
1:31 p.m.: A wire was reported in the roadway at Mount Pleasant and Rogers streets.
3:23 p.m.: An animal was reported on Treble Cove Road.
3:54 p.m.: A deceased animal was reported on Treble Cove Road.
6:34 p.m.: A deceased animal was reported on Pace Road.
6:36 p.m.: Larceny from a building was reported on Old Elm Street.
6:37 p.m.: A fire alarm was reported on Timbercreek Lane.
7:18 p.m.: A wildlife complaint was reported on Deerfield Street.
9:29 p.m.: An injured animal was reported on High Street.
9:32 p.m.: A hit-and-run was reported at Boston Road and Cook Street.
Tuesday, Dec. 4
1:46 a.m.: Suspicious circumstances were reported on Allendale Avenue.
2:59 a.m.: Icy road conditions were reported on Nashua Road.
11:18 a.m.: An animal was reported at Boston and Treble Cove roads.
2:57 p.m.: A brush fire was reported on Burnham Road.
4:27 p.m.: A suspicious motor vehicle was reported on Boston Road.
7:25 p.m.: A disturbance was reported on Boston Road.
Wednesday, Dec. 5
5:29 a.m.: Debris was reported in the roadway at Treble Cove Road and River Street.
9:34 a.m.: Fraud was reported on Woodland Road.
8:59 p.m.: A suspicious motor vehicle was reported on William Road.
10:14 p.m.: Fraud was reported on Winsor Road.
Thursday, Dec. 6
6:39 a.m.: A suspicious motor vehicle was reported on Heritage Road.
7:54 a.m.: Debris was reported in the roadway at Nashua and Rangeway roads.
9:51 a.m.: An erratic operator was reported at Treble Cove Road and Route 3 South.
9:55 a.m.: Suspicious circumstances were reported on Glenside Avenue.


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Here's What Hedge Funds Think About Global Payments Inc (GPN)
Published on June 10, 2019 at 8:41 am by Nina Todic in Hedge Funds,News
At Insider Monkey we follow nearly 750 of the best-performing investors and even though many of them lost money in the last couple of months of 2018 (some actually delivered very strong returns), the history teaches us that over the long-run they still manage to beat the market, which is why it can be profitable for us to imitate their activity. Of course, even the best money managers can sometimes get it wrong, but following some of their picks gives us a better chance to outperform the crowd than picking a random stock and this is where our research comes in.
Is Global Payments Inc (NYSE:GPN) a superb investment now? The smart money is betting on the stock. The number of bullish hedge fund bets inched up by 2 in recent months. Our calculations also showed that gpn isn't among the 30 most popular stocks among hedge funds. GPN was in 29 hedge funds' portfolios at the end of March. There were 27 hedge funds in our database with GPN holdings at the end of the previous quarter.
In the financial world there are several tools market participants can use to analyze stocks. A couple of the most under-the-radar tools are hedge fund and insider trading activity. We have shown that, historically, those who follow the best picks of the top hedge fund managers can outclass the broader indices by a very impressive margin (see the details here).
We're going to view the fresh hedge fund action surrounding Global Payments Inc (NYSE:GPN).
What have hedge funds been doing with Global Payments Inc (NYSE:GPN)?
At Q1's end, a total of 29 of the hedge funds tracked by Insider Monkey were long this stock, a change of 7% from the previous quarter. Below, you can check out the change in hedge fund sentiment towards GPN over the last 15 quarters. So, let's examine which hedge funds were among the top holders of the stock and which hedge funds were making big moves.
The largest stake in Global Payments Inc (NYSE:GPN) was held by Alkeon Capital Management, which reported holding $140.1 million worth of stock at the end of March. It was followed by Polar Capital with a $62.9 million position. Other investors bullish on the company included Echo Street Capital Management, Engle Capital, and Adage Capital Management.
Consequently, key hedge funds were breaking ground themselves. Polar Capital, managed by Brian Ashford-Russell and Tim Woolley, initiated the most valuable position in Global Payments Inc (NYSE:GPN). Polar Capital had $62.9 million invested in the company at the end of the quarter. Phill Gross and Robert Atchinson's Adage Capital Management also made a $47.5 million investment in the stock during the quarter. The following funds were also among the new GPN investors: James Parsons's Junto Capital Management, Israel Englander's Millennium Management, and Tor Minesuk's Mondrian Capital.
Let's now review hedge fund activity in other stocks similar to Global Payments Inc (NYSE:GPN). We will take a look at Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. (IEX:IBKR), Lululemon Athletica inc. (NASDAQ:LULU), Imperial Oil Limited (NYSE:IMO), and United Continental Holdings Inc (NASDAQ:UAL). This group of stocks' market values are similar to GPN's market value.
IBKR 23 940831 2
LULU 42 1770036 6
IMO 17 85055 -2
UAL 49 6333893 0
Average 32.75 2282454 1.5
As you can see these stocks had an average of 32.75 hedge funds with bullish positions and the average amount invested in these stocks was $2282 million. That figure was $557 million in GPN's case. United Continental Holdings Inc (NASDAQ:UAL) is the most popular stock in this table. On the other hand Imperial Oil Limited (NYSE:IMO) is the least popular one with only 17 bullish hedge fund positions. Global Payments Inc (NYSE:GPN) is not the least popular stock in this group but hedge fund interest is still below average. Our calculations showed that top 20 most popular stocks among hedge funds returned 1.9% in Q2 through May 30th and outperformed the S&P 500 ETF (SPY) by more than 3 percentage points. A small number of hedge funds were also right about betting on GPN as the stock returned 12% during the same time frame and outperformed the market by an even larger margin.
Here's What Hedge Funds Think About Assured Guaranty Ltd. (AGO) Here's What Hedge Funds Think About Liberty Global Plc (LBTYK) Here's What Hedge Funds Think About Western Digital Corporation (WDC) Is Conagra Brands, Inc. (CAG) A Good Stock To Buy? Here's What Hedge Funds Think About Spirit Airlines Incorporated (SAVE... Hedge Funds Have Never Been This Bullish On Entergy Corporation (ETR)
Is GPN A Good Investment Right Now? Is GPN A Good Stock To Buy? NYSE:GPN Yahoo Finance
Hedge Funds Are Crazy About Global Payments Inc (NYSE:GPN) Do Hedge Funds Love Global Payments Inc (GPN)? Is Global Payments Inc (GPN) Going to Burn These Hedge Funds? Scout Daily Update: Conspicuous ISM Report 10 Stocks That Had Their Price Targets Raised Tuesday 5 Trending Stocks That Have Investors' Attention Today Includes Alphabet (GOOGL) in European Hot Water Why These 5 Stocks Have Spiked Today: What You Need to Know 21 Best Tinder Bio Examples for Newly Single Moms 17 Best Excuses to Get Out of Work 25 Best Bumble Bios For Girls


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Mary Dennis Handy Bowland
Name Mary Dennis Handy Bowland
Born 01 Apr 1823 Princess Anne, Somerset County, Maryland
Died 20 Apr 1904 Princess Anne, Somerset County, Maryland
Person ID I119 Wilson-Maynard Family Tree
Father John Nairn Bowland, b. 15 Feb 1791, Somerset County, Maryland , d. 02 Jul 1850, Princess Anne, Somerset County, Maryland (Age 59 years)
Mother Susan Dixon, b. 17 Nov 1792, Somerset County, Maryland , d. 10 May 1860, Princess Anne, Somerset County, Maryland (Age 67 years)
Married 05 May 1815 Worcester County, Maryland
"Littleton Heritage" gives 3 or 4 May 1815
Family 1 John Dougherty, b. Abt 1814, Somerset County, Maryland , d. 29 Dec 1866, Princess Anne, Somerset County, Maryland (Age ~ 52 years)
Married 08 Feb 1843 Somerset County, Maryland
1. Susan Esther Dougherty, b. 14 Dec 1843, Princess Anne, Somerset County, Maryland , d. 22 May 1844, Princess Anne, Somerset County, Maryland (Age 0 years)
2. Rosina Elizabeth Dougherty, b. 13 Oct 1845, Princess Anne, Somerset County, Maryland , d. 22 Jun 1847, Princess Anne, Somerset County, Maryland (Age 1 years)
3. John Rufus Dougherty, b. 29 Sep 1848, Princess Anne, Somerset County, Maryland , d. 26 Mar 1860, drowned, Princess Anne, Somerset County, Maryland (Age 11 years)
4. Mary Evalyn Dougherty, b. 03 Oct 1850, Princess Anne, Somerset County, Maryland , d. 24 Mar 1934, Princess Anne, Somerset County, Maryland (Age 83 years)
5. Susan Esther Dougherty, b. 11 Feb 1855, Princess Anne, Somerset County, Maryland , d. 27 Jul 1882, Princess Anne, Somerset County, Maryland (Age 27 years)
Family ID F8 Group Sheet | Family Chart
Family 2 Benjamin Miles Langford, d. 28 Oct 1891
Married 29 Dec 1874 Somerset County, Maryland
Born - 01 Apr 1823 - Princess Anne, Somerset County, Maryland
Married - 08 Feb 1843 - Somerset County, Maryland
Married - 29 Dec 1874 - Somerset County, Maryland
Died - 20 Apr 1904 - Princess Anne, Somerset County, Maryland


Watford for promotion and England to dominate world football. What are your hopes and fears?
As we get ever closer to the next football season I thought it would be worth having a look at the hopes, fears and expectations that I have about what lies ahead. Can we expect the best or the worst? Will we be dancing in the streets or crying into our beer?
I hope England are unstoppable in the World Cup qualifiers and play a brand of football that has the rest of the world gasping in admiration.
I hope that Mourinho and Ronaldinho are a success in Italy. It would be great to see Mourinho back to his arrogant best and the joy of watching Ronaldinho at his best has been sadly missing for too long.
I hope that referees get a higher percentage of the big decisions right and I hope that they get the respect they should from players and managers.
I hope that the level of crowd violence doesn't increase and that sensible football supporters can band together to rid the game of the idiotic few who try to destroy it.
I fear that the level of crowd violence around the world in on the increase. I am very worried that this is on a downward spiral. I also fear that we will see more sinister tackles and general nastiness on the field of play.
I fear that my beloved Watford will start the season playing some decent football, lose a couple of games, immediately resort to the same style of hoof ball we all hate so much and undertake a season long relegation struggle.
I fear that England will produce their traditional and customary brand of boring, ineffective and deeply disappointing rubbish.
I fear that the lack of respect shown to referees will grow into a major epidemic in our game. It has the potential to drive people away.
I suppose my biggest fear is that all the negative things could outweigh the positive ones and football could start to lose its popularity. It is such a great game and it is rightly the number one sport nearly all the way around the world (you know who you are America!) It would be dreadful if those people with the responsibility to take the game forward, Blatter, Platini, Scudamore etc, made such a hash of it that it all started to unravel.
My actual expectations for the coming season are a mixture of optimism and pessimism. In relation to Watford I have to say that I'm pessimistic. That is unusual for me as I am normally the opposite when it comes to the Hornets. For this season, in the words of the song, I see trouble ahead.
The Premier League will produce great football, exciting matches and entertainment all the way. Sadly, I can't see anyone breaking into the top four just yet. I hope they do, but I can't quite see it.
England will most certainly not play great football. We will not be admired and feared around the world and we won't be unstoppable. I just hope that we can stumble and bumble our way through the games and manage to pick up enough points to keep our qualification hopes alive.
Jose Mourinho will be a great success with Inter. Ronaldinho will show occasional flashes of brilliance for Milan but we will all see that he is no longer the player he used to be.
I expect that the referees in England will get even more big decisions wrong and will play up to the cameras in the same way they have done in the last couple of years. How do other countries produce referees that do their job so well? Can we have some of the Euro 2008 refs in the Premier League, please?
I do expect levels of crowd violence to rise and that is potentially a major risk to the game. I went through the seventies when stadiums in England were half empty and half of the people at the games wanted a fight. It was not a place that we can possibly allow the beautiful game to get sucked back in to.
Overall, I think it will be a great season. Whatever else happens, I reckon Wilton Town will get promoted!
I hope that Arsenal win the League and CL, and the FFF sack Domenech early enough to maintain qualification hopes.
I fear that Arsenal will be crippled by injuries halfway through the season and fade in the title race, and I fear that Domenech will continue to make horrifying selections and tactics for Les Bleus that will eventually lead to missing a major tournament.


Identical pose but with some "minor" changes. This is the description attached to the photo -"European Ladies and Mr. Duke"- explaining these changes.
I asked two European friends to look "very European" for this photo. Thus, the scarfs and boots replace the hats the ladies in the original are wearing, and their coat and jacket replace the early-20thcentury dresses. Furthermore, while in the original the two ladies look serious and a bit uncomfortable, I wanted to show my friends' joy due to a bright day at Duke.
One thing that I didn't add but that I find particular interesting is the repeated diagonal lines in the image: Mr. Duke crossing his legs, Laura and Sandie holding hands, and the shadow of Sandie's arm which guides the viewer's attention to one of the key elements of the photo: Laura's boots.


Recently I have been annoyed at how long it takes to deploy updates to my website due to the way that Jekyll mangles timestamps, which rsync depends heavily on. I finally broke down and spent some time improving the process by tweaking rsync to work better with my Jekyll setup.
It has always bothered me that Jekyll mangles timestamps. When you run jekyll to regenerate your site, all timestamps are updated to the current time. (This is because all pages are regenerated—a separate and also annoying issue.) So to anything that uses timestamps to determine when a page has changed, it appears that every page changes whenever a single page changes.
There is no solution to this problem within the Jekyll framework. Each output file is created from several input files, so you could imagine setting the timestamp of each output file to be the maximum timestamp from all of the input files. But the input files often live on several computers and/or in a git repository, which makes the timestamp of the input files both ambiguous and worthless. In these circumstances, the timestamp of a file is not the same as the last modified time of the actual data. The only way to preserve the latter is through some external database, the avoidance of which is essentially Jekyll's raison d'être.
I can overlook the fact that the file metadata on my web server is meaningless, but I have a harder time ignoring the slow deployment this causes. My academic website currently has 43 megabytes in 434 files, all but 400 kilobytes is archival stuff that never changes, and usually I am only changing a few files at a time. Nevertheless, rsync usually takes 15 seconds, even if I am transferring within the campus network.
I have two sets of files. I want to take all the differences from my local set and send them to the server set. For each pair of files, rsync checks that the sizes and modification times match, and if not, it copies the local file to the server. It has an efficient copy mechanism, so if the files are identical despite having different modification times, very little data is sent. If a large file has only changed in a few places, only the changed chunks are sent.
If you use Jekyll, the modification times never match, so all files are always copied, albeit in an efficient manner. Despite the efficient transfer mechanism, this is slow.
What you want is for rsync to compute and compare checksums for each pair of files, and only transfer files which have different checksums. You can do this by using the --checksum (or -c) option. Despite a warning from the rsync manual that "this option can be quite slow", it reduced my transfer time from 15 seconds to 2 seconds.
A side benefit of this tweak is that server timestamps have meaning again. If the local and server files have the same checksum, nothing is copied. The timestamp of the file on the server is now the time the file was last copied to the server.
If you use the --times (or -t) option, the server timestamps are manipulated to match the (meaningless) local file timestamps. This is not what you want.
If you use the --archive (or -a) option, which is recommended by almost every rsync tutorial out there, you are implicitly using the --times option, as -a is equivalent to -rlptgoD. This is also not what you want. For a Jekyll site, the only part of -a that you care about is the -r. So don't use -a.
The --itemize-changes (-i) option is a useful way of seeing what is transferred.
The --ignore-times (-I) option ignores timestamps, but not in the way you want. It simply copies all files no matter what (but still using the efficient transfer mechanism).
If you leave off the --times option and don't use --checksum, then all files which have matching timestamps are skipped, and all other files are transferred, which changes their timestamp on the server to the current time. If you continue this over time, more and more files have different timestamps even though they are the same, which means they are copied every time.
There is a --size-only option which skips files if they have the same size on the local computer and the server, even if they have different modification times. You are tempting fate if you use this option.


Naturally fancy colored diamonds are the most valuable gemstones on the planet as determined on a price per carat basis. Exceptionally fine colored diamonds have no fixed price - and as with fine paintings, set rules do not apply. Their true value will be determined when they are sold at auction.
Investing in rare colored diamonds is a long-term investment. The economic cycles of the past 15 years has seen colored diamonds reach new heights in value as price records were broken.
20 years ago a 1 carat Fancy Intense Pink Argyle Diamond would have sold for approximately $70,000.00 per carat, today that same diamond would be worth $500,000.00.
In November, 1995 at Sotheby's Auction House in Geneva a 7.37 carat Fancy Intense Purplish Pink Diamond sold for $819,201 per carat.
The highest price ever paid per carat for a colored diamond was $1.3 million per carat. It was a 3.73 carat Fancy Vivid Blue sold at Christies Auction House on May 16, 2008 for $4.95 million.
Raised from $250,000/carat - to $2,000,000/carat!


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Overdue Loans in Foreign Currency and Pre-cious Metals Granted by 30 Largest Banks to Resident Legal Entities and Individual Entre-preneurs, by Economic Activity and Use of Funds
million rubles
Overdue debt as of 01/11/2016
mining and quarrying of natural minerals
electricity, gas and water supply
agriculture, hunting and forestry
wholesale and retail trade; repair services for means of transport, furnishings and private used goods
for settlement finality
mining and quarrying of energy producing materials
food products, including beverages and tobacco
wood and products of wood
pulp and paper products, publishing and printing
coke, petroleum products and nuclear materials
other non-metal mineral products
metals and metal products
transport vehicles and equipment
agriculture, hunting and services in these areas
construction of buildings and installations
regular and irregular air transport
agricultural and forestry machinery
The Russian Federation 100,428 16,309 6,897 8,694 235 0 578 3,753 389 546 91 1,462 0 96 96 0 442 96 9,072 6,251 8,689 5,095 10,721 37,679 8,821 0
CENTRAL FEDERAL DISTRICT 68,904 9,413 0 4,232 47 0 578 0 0 546 91 1,462 0 0 0 0 94 94 5,381 5,344 195 0 7,768 37,228 4,593 0
Belgorod Region 9,413 9,413 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bryansk Region 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0
Vladimir Region 102 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 79 79 0 0 23 0 0 0 0 0
Voronezh Region 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0
Ivanovo Region 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Kaluga Region 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Kostroma Region 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Kursk Region 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lipetsk Region 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Moscow Region 12,408 0 0 2,040 0 0 578 0 0 0 0 1,462 0 0 0 0 16 16 2 0 3 0 725 6,541 3,081 0
Orel Region 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ryazan Region 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Smolensk Region 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tambov Region 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tver Region 546 0 0 546 0 0 0 0 0 546 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tula Region 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Yaroslavl Region 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Moscow 46,415 0 0 1,645 47 0 0 0 0 0 91 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,379 5,344 160 0 7,033 30,687 1,512 0
NORTH-WESTERN FEDERAL DISTRICT 13,727 0 0 4,142 0 0 0 3,753 389 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,217 433 5,095 5,095 334 59 879 0
Republic of Karelia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Republic of Komi 3,459 0 0 3,143 0 0 0 3,143 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 316 0 0 0
Arkhangelsk Region 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
including Nenets Autonomous Area 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Arkhangelsk Region excluding Nenets Autonomous Area 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Vologda Region 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 27 0 0
Kaliningrad Region 396 0 0 389 0 0 0 0 389 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0
Leningrad Region 987 0 0 610 0 0 0 610 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 376 0
Murmansk Region 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Novgorod Region 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pskov Region 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Saint Petersburg 8,851 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,217 433 5,095 5,095 3 32 503 0
SOUTHERN FEDERAL DISTRICT 2,559 0 0 105 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 96 96 0 1 1 11 11 1,967 0 123 329 22 0
Republic of Adygeya (Adygeya) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Republic of Kalmykia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Republic of Crimea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Krasnodar Territory 2,102 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,761 0 0 329 2 0
Astrakhan Region 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 11 0 0 0 0 20 0
Volgograd Region 212 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 109 0 101 0 0 0
Rostov Region 214 0 0 96 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 96 96 0 0 0 0 0 97 0 21 0 0 0
Sevastopol 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
NORTH-CAUCASIAN FEDERAL DISTRICT 115 0 0 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 87 0 0 0
Republic of Daghestan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Republic of Ingushetia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Kabardino-Balkar Republic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Karachai-Cherkess Republic 115 0 0 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 87 0 0 0
Republic of North Ossetia - Alania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Chechen Republic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Stavropol Territory 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VOLGA FEDERAL DISTRICT 91 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 62 0 0
Republic of Bashkortostan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mari El Republic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Republic of Mordovia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Republic of Tatarstan (Tatarstan) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Udmurt Republic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Chuvash Republic - Chuvashia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Perm Territory 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 0 0
Kirov Region 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nizhny Novgorod Region 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 28 0 0
Orenburg Region 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Penza Region 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Samara Region 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 0
Saratov Region 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0
Ulyanovsk Region 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
URAL FEDERAL DISTRICT 5,084 0 0 187 187 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,570 0 3,327 0
Kurgan Region 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sverdlovsk Region 3,846 0 0 187 187 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 332 0 3,327 0
Tyumen Region 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
including Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area - Yugra 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
including Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Area 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tyumen Region, excluding Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area - Yugra and Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Area 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Chelyabinsk Region 1,238 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,238 0 0 0
SIBERIAN FEDERAL DISTRICT 3,481 3,467 3,467 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0
Altai Republic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Republic of Buryatia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Republic of Tuva 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Republic of Khakassia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Altai Territory 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Trans-Baikal Territory 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Krasnoyarsk Territory 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Irkutsk Region 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Kemerovo Region 3,467 3,467 3,467 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Novosibirsk Region 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Omsk Region 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0
Tomsk Region 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
FAR-EASTERN FEDERAL DISTRICT 6,467 3,429 3,429 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 346 0 464 464 1,432 0 796 0 0 0
Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) 3,429 3,429 3,429 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Kamchatka Territory 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Primorye Territory 2,228 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,432 0 796 0 0 0
Khabarovsk Territory 809 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 346 0 464 464 0 0 0 0 0 0
Amur Region 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Magadan Region 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sakhalin Region 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Jewish Autonomous Region 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Chukotka Autonomous Area 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Existing discrepancies between totals and sums of items are due to rounding