text:
\section{\label{sec:Intro}Introduction}

Feedback control of thermal fluctuations has been discussed by a number of researchers~\cite{JMaxwell,Szilard,Brillouin,Landauer,Bennett,Maxwell,Rev,Sagawa1,Sagawa2, Sagawa3,Sagawa5,Jacobs,Toyabe,Berut} since the seminal work by Maxwell~\cite{JMaxwell} who pointed out that if an observer can access microscopic degrees of freedom, the second law of thermodynamics may break down. Szilard devised a quintessential model of Maxwell's demon, in which $\bz T\ln 2$ of work can be extracted from a thermodynamic cycle~\cite{Szilard}. It has been shown~\cite{Sagawa1,Sagawa2} that extractable work $W^{S}_{\text{ext}}$ from a system is determined by the information gain (or the quantum-classical mutual information) $I$~\cite{Ozawa,Groenewold,Sagawa1} which measures the acquired knowledge of the system via measurement, and that the same quantity sets the lower bound on the total cost $W^{M}_{\text{cost}}$ of measurement and erasure of information:
\beqa
W_{\text{ext}}^{S} &\leq& -\Delta F^{S}+k_{\mathrm{B}}TI  , \\
W_{\text{cost}}^{M} &\geq & k_{\mathrm{B}}TI,
\eeqa
where $\Delta F^{S}$ is the free-energy difference of the system. It has also been shown that a positive entropy production in measurement compensates for the work gain via feedback control~\cite{Sagawa3}. Quite recently, Maxwell's demon~\cite{Toyabe} and Landauer's principle~\cite{Berut} have been demonstrated experimentally.

There has been considerable experimental interest in quantum feedback control concerning, for example, cooling~\cite{Bannerman,Baugh,Bushev} and spin squeezing~\cite{Fernholz}.
A number of results have been obtained that exploit quantum entanglement and cannot be achieved classically~\cite{Hotta,Lutz,Hormoz,Zurek,Brodutch,quantummemory,Partovi,Jennings,Horodecki,Oppenheim,Tajima,Kim}. Entangled states can also be used to extract energy by controlling quantum fluctuations via feedback control~\cite{Hotta}. The difference in the extractable work between local and nonlocal Maxwell's demons is closely related to quantum discord~\cite{Zurek,Brodutch}. In Refs.~\cite{Horodecki,Oppenheim}, work gain from entangled states using LOCC protocols is discussed. However, the ability of genuine quantum entanglement to obtain thermodynamic work gain has yet to be fully explored. In this paper, we address the question of whether quantum entanglement can be utilized as a resource for the thermodynamic work gain beyond classical correlation. We show that work can be extracted by feedback control from quantum correlations between the systems as well as from their thermal fluctuations.

To examine the effect of measurement and feedback control, let us consider a qubit system. Let the initial state be the maximally mixed state, i.e., $\rho=\frac{1}{2}(\kket{\downarrow}\bbra{\downarrow}+\kket{\uparrow}\bbra{\uparrow})$. The von Neumann entropy of the initial state is given by $S(\rho)=\ln2$, where $S(\rho):=-\Tr[\rho\ln\rho]$. Now let us perform a projective measurement using the basis $\{\kket{\downarrow},\ \kket{\uparrow}\}$. Depending on the measurement outcome, we perform a unitary operation $U_{\downarrow}=1$ and $U_{\uparrow}=\kket{\uparrow}\bbra{\downarrow}+\kket{\downarrow}\bbra{\uparrow}$, which flips the spin if the measurement outcome is $\uparrow$. Then, the final state is given by a pure state irrespective of the measurement outcome: $\rho'=\kket{\downarrow}\bbra{\downarrow}$ and the entropy of the vanishes, i.e., $S(\rho')=0$. From the thermodynamic relation; $F=E-TS$, we observe that the average reduction in entropy via measurement and feedback leads to the free-energy gain, which, in turn, can be extracted from the system as work.

The above protocol can be generalized by considering a general quantum measurement on the system by introducing a memory and performing an indirect measurement, i.e. a unitary transformation on the composite system followed by a projective measurement on the memory~\cite{Nielsen}. Also, the feedback control is realized by performing a unitary transformation on the system depending on the measurement outcome as exemplified above.

This paper is organized as follows. In Sec.~\ref{sec:Setup}, we introduce a protocol to realize the measurement and feedback control on entangled states. In Sec.~\ref{sec:slaw}, we derive a generalized second law of thermodynamics under the protocol discussed in Sec.~\ref{sec:Setup}. We give an upper bound for the work that can be extracted from an entangled resource. An essential distinction from the classical case is that the classical mutual information is replaced by the quantum mutual information. Since the latter can, in general, be larger than the former due to entanglement, the upper bound of the extractable work can also be larger than the classical case. A similar result is obtained for the measurement cost. In Sec.~\ref{sec:discussion}, we summarize the main results of this paper and discuss future work.

\begin{figure}[b]
\includegraphics[width=.35\textwidth]{fig1
\caption{\label{fig:epsart} (color online). Schematic illustration of our setup. We perform a measurement on subsystem $A$ of an initially entangled composite system $AB$, and obtain an outcome $k$. We then perform a feedback control on each subsystem via a local unitary operation that depends on $k$. The thermodynamic cycle is completed with the initialization or erasure of the memory.}
\end{figure}

\section{\label{sec:Setup}Setup}

We consider a composite system $AB$ and a memory $M$ that stores information about the measurement outcome. We consider the following protocol (see Fig.~\ref{fig:epsart}).

1. Let the initial Hamiltonian of the total system be $H_{\mathrm{i}}=H^{A}_{\mathrm{i}}\otimes H^{B}_{\mathrm{i}}\otimes H^{M}$. Here, we decompose the Hilbert space of the memory into mutually orthogonal subspaces $\bf{H}^{M}=\bigoplus_{k}\bf{H}^{M}_{k}$ according to the measurement outcome $k$~\cite{Sagawa2}. We also decompose the Hamiltonian of the memory as $H^{M}=\oplus_{k}H^{M}_{k}$, so that each support of $H^{M}_{k}$ belongs to $\bf{H}^{M}_{k}$. We assume that the initial state of the memory is the standard state belonging to $\bf{H}^{M}_{0}$. Let the initial state be $\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{ABM}=\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{AB}\otimes\rho^{M}_{0}$. The initial correlation between subsystems $A$ and $B$ is characterized by the quantum mutual information:
\beq
I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{A}:\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{B}):=S(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{A})+S(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{B})-S(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{AB}). \label{quantummutual}
\eeq

2.  A general quantum measurement on the subsystem $A$ is implemented by performing a unitary transformation $U^{AM}$ on $AM$ followed by a projection measurement $P^{M}_{k}=\sum_{b}|\psi^{M}_{k}(b)\rangle\langle\psi^{M}_{k}(b)|$ on $M$, where $\{|\psi^{M}_{k}(b)\rangle\}$ is an orthogonal basis set in $\bf{H}_{k}^{M}$. The measurement outcome $k$ is registered by the memory during this process. The postmeasurement state depending on the outcome $k$ is given by
\beqa
& &\rho^{ABM}(k)\nonumber \\
:=& &\frac{1}{p_{k}}P^{M}_{k}U^{AM}(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{AB}\otimes\rho^{M}_{0})U^{\dagger AM} P_{k}^{M} \nonumber \\
=& &\frac{1}{p_{k}}\sum_{a,b,c}M_{k,a,b}^{A}\rho^{AB}_{\mathrm{i}}M^{\dagger A}_{k,a,c}\otimes|\psi^{M}_{k}(b)\rangle\langle\psi^{M}_{k}(c)|,
\eeqa
where
\beq
p_{k}=\Tr[P^{M}_{k}U^{AM}(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{AB}\otimes\rho^{M}_{0})U^{\dagger AM} P_{k}^{M}]
\eeq
is the probability of obtaining $k$. Here
\beq
M^{A}_{k,a,b}:=\sqrt{p^{M}_{0}(a)}\langle\psi^{M}_{k}(b)|U^{AM}|\psi^{M}_{0}(a)\rangle
\eeq
is a measurement operator acting on $A$, where
\beq
\rho^{M}_{0}:=\sum_{a}p^{M}_{0}(a)|\psi^{M}_{0}(a)\rangle\langle \psi^{M}_{0}(a)|,
\eeq
and it satisfies the relation
\beq
\sum_{k,a,b}M^{A\dagger}_{k,a,b}M^{A}_{k,a,b}=1.
\eeq

We note that the reduced density matrix of $AB$ is given by
\beq
\rho^{AB}(k)=\frac{1}{p_{k}}\sum_{a,b}M^{A}_{k,a,b}\rho^{AB}_{\mathrm{i}}M^{\dagger A}_{k,a,b}. \label{postmesstateab}
\eeq

3. We detach the memory from $A$, and perform a feedback control on each subsystem by means of local unitary operators $U^{A}_{k}$ and $U^{B}_{k}$ that depend on $k$. The unitary operators are given by $U^{A(B)}_{k}:=\text{T}\exp[-\ii\int^{t_{\mathrm{f}}}_{0}H_{k}^{A(B)}(t)\mathrm{d}t]$, where $\text{T}$ is the time-ordering operator and $H^{A(B)}_{k}(t)$ is the Hamiltonian of $A(B)$ at time $t$ depending on the measurement outcome $k$. The density matrix of the composite system after the feedback control is given by
\beq
\rho_{\mathrm{f}}^{ABM}(k):=(U^{A}_{k}\otimes U_{k}^{B}) \rho^{ABM}(k) ( U_{k}^{A}\otimes U_{k}^{B})^{\dagger}.
\eeq
The final Hamiltonian of the system (at time $t_{\mathrm{f}}$) depends on $k$ and is given by $H^{A}_{\mathrm{f}}(k)\otimes H^{B}_{\mathrm{f}}(k)$.

4. We erase the information registered in the memory to complete the thermodynamic cycle. We attach a heat bath $R$ to the memory, and perform a unitary operation $U^{MR}_{\text{ers}}$ so that the state of the memory goes back to the standard state, i.e., the support of $\rho^{M}_{\text{ers}}:=\Tr_{R}[\rho^{MR}_{\text{ers}}]$ is in $\bf{H}^{M}_{0}$, where
\beq
\rho_{\text{ers}}^{MR}=U^{MR}_{\text{ers}}(\rho^{M}_{\mathrm{f}}\otimes\rho^{R})U^{\dagger MR}_{\text{ers}}.
\eeq
Here $\rho^{R}=\rho^{R}_{\text{can}}:=\ee^{-\beta(H^{R}-F^{R})}$ is the initial density operator of the heat bath, and $\rho^{M}_{\mathrm{f}}:=\sum_{k}p_{k}\rho_{\mathrm{f}}^{M}(k)=\sum_{k}p_{k}\Tr_{AB}[\rho_{\mathrm{f}}^{ABM}(k)]$ is the final density operator of the memory which is obtained by taking the ensemble average over $k$. The Hamiltonian and free energy of the heat bath are denoted by $H^{R}$ and $F^{R}$, respectively.

The primary purpose of this paper is to show that the upper bound for the net work gain depends on the amount of correlation that can be utilized via measurement and feedback, as shown in inequality~(\ref{4}). In particular, we can extract work for entangled states beyond classical correlation. For example, the maximum work gain for a 2-qubit system is given by $2\bz T\ln 2$ for entangled states, whereas it is given by $\bz T\ln2$ for classically correlated states~\cite{comment}. This difference arises from the measurement cost as discussed later (see (\ref{2})). To derive~(\ref{4}), we show three inequalities concerning the extractable work  from feedback control~(\ref{1}), the measurement cost~(\ref{2}), and the information-erasure cost~(\ref{3}).

\section{\label{sec:slaw}Generalized second laws}

\subsection{Second law of thermodynamics without feedback control}

We derive second-law-like inequalities using entropy production $\sigma$ which measures the irreversibility of the thermodynamic process. Let us consider a thermodynamic process where the initial density matrix is given by $\rho_{\mathrm{i}}$ and the system undergoes a unitary evolution $U:=\mathrm{T}\exp[-\ii\int^{t_{\mathrm{f}}}_{t_{\mathrm{i}}}H(t)\mathrm{d}t]$, where $H(t)$ is the Hamiltonian of the system. Then, the entropy production is given by
\beq
\sigma:=-\Tr[\rho_{\mathrm{f}}\ln\rho_{\mathrm{r}}]-S(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}), \label{entunitary}
\eeq
where $\rho_{\mathrm{f}}:=U\rho_{\mathrm{i}}U^{\dagger}$ is the final density matrix and $\rho_{\mathrm{r}}$ is a reference state which is the initial state of the backward process (time-reversed protocol) in the context of detailed fluctuation theorems~\cite{Sagawa5}. The entropy production of the system is non-decreasing: $\sigma\geq 0$, which can be evaluated as follows:
\beqa
\sigma&=&-\Tr[\rho_{\mathrm{f}}\ln\rho_{\mathrm{r}}]-S(\rho_{\mathrm{f}}) \nonumber \\
&=& S(\rho_{\mathrm{f}}||\rho_{\mathrm{r}})\geq 0, \label{sigmaslaw}
\eeqa
where the last inequality results from the positivity of the relative entropy: $S(\rho||\rho'):= -\Tr[\rho\ln\rho']-S(\rho)\geq 0$~\cite{Nielsen}. Although the inequality~(\ref{sigmaslaw}) holds for any choice of reference states, we assume that the reference state is given by the canonical distribution $\rho_{\mathrm{r}}=\ee^{-\beta(H(t_{\mathrm{f}})-F_{\mathrm{f}})}$ since the entropy production can be related to thermodynamic quantities. In fact, if the initial state is given by the canonical distribution, i.e., $\rho_{\mathrm{i}}=\ee^{-\beta(H(t_{\mathrm{i}})-F_{\mathrm{i}})}$, the entropy production is given by
\beq
\sigma=-\beta(W_{\text{ext}}+\Delta F),
\eeq
where $W_{\text{ext}}:=\Tr[\rho_{\mathrm{i}}H(t_{\mathrm{i}})]-\Tr[\rho_{\mathrm{f}}H(t_{\mathrm{f}})]$ is the extractable work, $\Delta F:=F_{\mathrm{f}}-F_{\mathrm{i}}$ is the free-energy difference, and $\beta$ is the inverse temperature. Thus the non-negativity of the entropy production leads to the conventional second law:
\beq
W_{\text{ext}}\leq -\Delta F.
\eeq

\subsection{Extractable work via feedback control}

When information processing is involved, the second law should be generalized by including information contents~\cite{Sagawa1,Sagawa2,Sagawa3}. The relevant information content is the information gain~\cite{Ozawa,Groenewold,Sagawa1}, which characterizes the additional knowledge about the system acquired by the measurement:
\beq
I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{A}:X^{M}):= S(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{A})-\sum_{k}p_{k}S(\rho^{A}(k)). \label{informationgain}
\eeq
The information gain is bounded from above by $I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{A}:X^{M})\leq H(X^{M})$, where $H(X^{M}):=-\sum_{k}p_{k}\ln p_{k}$ is the Shannon entropy. Equation~(\ref{informationgain}) may take negative values in general due to the measurement back action. However, it can be shown that the information gain is non-negative:
\beq
0\leq I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{A}:X^{M})\leq H(X^{M}), \label{infoqc}
\eeq
if the postmeasurement state~(\ref{postmesstateab}) is expressed by a single measurement operator $M^{A}_{k}$, i.e., $\rho^{AB}(k)=p_{k}^{-1}M^{A}_{k}\rho^{AB}_{\mathrm{i}}M^{\dagger A}_{k}$~\cite{Ozawa,Sagawa1}. In this paper, we consider the situation in which the information gain satisfies the inequality~(\ref{infoqc}) so that we can utilize the measurement result.

We define the following quantity
\beq
\sigma^{A}_{\text{ext}}:=-\sum_{k}p_{k}\Tr[\rho_{\mathrm{f}}^{A}(k)\ln\rho^{A}_{\mathrm{r}}(k)]-S(\rho^{A}_{\mathrm{i}}), \label{entdefa}
\eeq
where $\rho^{A}_{\mathrm{r}}(k)$ is the reference state of $A$ depending on $k$. It is similar to the entropy production defined in Eq.~(\ref{entunitary}), but $\sigma^{A}_{\text{ext}}$ can take negative values since it contains not only the dissipative part but also the information contents via measurement and feedback:
\beqa
\sigma^{A}_{\text{ext}}
&=&\sum_{k}p_{k}S(\rho_{\mathrm{f}}^{A}(k)||\rho_{\mathrm{r}}^{A}(k))-S(\rho^{A}_{\mathrm{i}})+\sum_{k}p_{k}S(\rho_{\mathrm{f}}^{A}(k)) \nonumber \\
& \geq& -I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{A}:X^{M}), \label{ent1a}
\eeqa
where the last inequality follows from the positivity of the relative entropy and $S(\rho^{A}_{\mathrm{f}}(k))=S(\rho^{A}(k))$. The equality in (\ref{ent1a}) holds when $\rho_{\mathrm{f}}^{A}(k)=\rho_{\mathrm{r}}^{A}(k)$. From inequality (\ref{ent1a}), we observe that  $\sigma^{A}_{\text{ext}}+I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{A}:X^{M})$ is nonnegative and measures the irreversibility of the thermodynamic process. It also shows that the entropy of $A$ can be decreased up to the information gain $I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{A}:X^{M})$. Thus $\sigma^{A}_{\text{ext}}$ measures the amount of entropy that can be decreased from the system via measurement and feedback.

 A similar relation holds for the subsystem $B$:
\beq
\sigma^{B}_{\text{ext}}\geq  -I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{B}:X^{M}), \label{ent1b}
\eeq
where
\beq
\sigma^{B}_{\text{ext}}:=-\sum_{k}p_{k}\Tr[\rho_{\mathrm{f}}^{B}(k)\ln\rho^{B}_{\mathrm{r}}(k)]-S(\rho^{B}_{\mathrm{i}})
\eeq
is the amount of entropy that can be decreased via measurement and feedback on $B$, $\rho^{B}_{\mathrm{r}}(k)$ is the reference state of $B$ depending on $k$, and
\beq
I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{B}:X^{M}):=S(\rho^{B}_{\mathrm{i}})-\sum_{k}p_{k}S(\rho^{B}(k)) \label{chi}
\eeq is the Holevo $\chi$ quantity which gives the amount of information about $B$ acquired by the measurement. Apart from the information gain~(\ref{informationgain}), Eq.~(\ref{chi}) is nonnegative for any measurement operator $M^{A}_{k,a,b}$~\cite{Nielsen}:
\beq
0\leq I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{B}:X^{M})\leq H(X^{M}),
\eeq
since the effect of measurement back action does not directly affect on $B$.

Next, we derive the upper bound of the work that can be extracted from subsystems $A$ and $B$ by assuming that their initial states are given by the canonical distributions $\rho^{A}_{\mathrm{i}}=\ee^{\beta(F^{A}_{\mathrm{i}}-H^{A}_{\mathrm{i}})}$ and $\rho^{B}_{\mathrm{i}}=\ee^{\beta(F^{B}_{\mathrm{i}}-H^{B}_{\mathrm{i}})}$. Such conditions are met by the following entangled state~\cite{squeezed}:
\beq
\ket{\psi^{AB}}=Z^{-\half}\sum_{k}\ee^{-\beta \epsilon_{k}/2}\ket{k}_{A}\otimes\ket{k}_{B},
\eeq
where $\ket{k}_{A,B}$ is the $k$-th energy eigenstate and $\epsilon_{k}$ is the energy eigenvalue of $A$ and $B$, respectively, and $Z^{-\half}$ is the normalization constant. Such a quantum correlated state can be created experimentally by parametric amplification~\cite{amplification}, and it plays a pivotal role in such diverse phenomena as Hawking radiation~\cite{Hawking}, the dynamical Casimir effect~\cite{Moore,Fulling}, and the Unruh effect~\cite{Unruh}. By choosing the reference state to be the canonical distribution $\rho^{A}_{\mathrm{r}}(k)=\ee^{\beta(F^{A}_{\mathrm{f}}(k)-H^{A}_{\mathrm{f}}(k))}$, where $F^{A}_{\mathrm{f}}(k):=-\beta^{-1}\ln\Tr\exp[-\beta H^{A}_{\mathrm{f}}(k)]$, we can relate $\sigma^{A}_{\text{ext}}$ to work done on the system $A$
\beq
W^{A}_{\text{ext}}:= \Tr[ \rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{A}H^{A}_{\mathrm{i}}]-\sum_{k}p_{k}\Tr[\rho_{\mathrm{f}}^{A}(k)H^{A}_{\mathrm{f}}(k)]
\eeq
and the free-energy difference $\Delta F^{A}:=\sum_{k}p_{k}F_{\mathrm{f}}^{A}(k)-F_{\mathrm{i}}^{A}$ as
\beq
\sigma^{A}_{\text{ext}} = -\beta W^{A}_{\text{ext}}-\beta \Delta F^{A}.
\eeq
A similar relation holds for subsystem $B$. Then, (\ref{ent1a}) and (\ref{ent1b}) lead to the inequality concerning the extractable work from the quantum correlated state:
\beqa
W_{\text{ext}}^{A}+W_{\text{ext}}^{B} &\leq& -\Delta F^{A}-\Delta F^{B} \nonumber \\ & +& \bz T\left[I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{A}:X^{M})+I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{B}:X^{M})\right]. \label{1}
\eeqa
The work gain beyond the conventional second law is expressed by the mutual information contents between each subsystem and the memory: $I(\rho^{A}:X^{M})$ and $I(\rho^{B}:X^{M})$. For initially uncorrelated states, $I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{B}:X^{M})=0$ because the work gain of $B$ arises from the initial correlation between the subsystems. Then, the result of Ref.~\cite{Sagawa1} is reproduced for $A$:
\beq
W_{\text{ext}}^{A}\leq -\Delta F^{A}+\bz TI(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{A}:X^{M}),
\eeq
and the conventional second law holds for $B$: $W_{\text{ext}}^{B}\leq -\Delta F^{B}$. For a single system, a feedback control that achieves the upper bound of the extractable work is constructed in Ref.~\cite{Jacobs}.

\subsection{Measurement cost}

Next, we derive inequalities for the measurement process by following Ref.~\cite{Sagawa2}, which gives the lower bound of the measurement cost. We define the following quantity that measures the additional entropy produced via measurement:
\beq
\sigma^{M}_{\text{mes}}=-\Tr[\rho^{M}_{\mathrm{f}}\ln\rho^{M}_{\mathrm{r}}]-S(\rho^{M}_{0}),
\eeq
where $\rho^{M}_{\mathrm{r}}=\sum_{k}p_{k}\rho^{M}_{\mathrm{r}}(k)$ is the reference state of the memory and the support of $\rho^{M}_{\mathrm{r}}(k)$ belongs to $\bf{H}^{M}_{k}$. Since the supports of $\rho^{M}_{k}$ and $\rho^{M}_{\mathrm{r}}(k)$ belong to the mutually orthogonal subspace $\bf{H}^{M}_{k}$, we have
\beq
-\Tr[\rho^{M}_{\mathrm{f}}\ln\rho^{M}_{\mathrm{r}}]=-\sum_{k}p_{k}\Tr[\rho^{M}_{\mathrm{f}}(k)\ln\rho^{M}_{\mathrm{r}}(k)]+H(X^{M}). \label{memoryassum}
\eeq
Now we derive the lower bound of $\sigma^{M}_{\text{mes}}$. First, note that
\beqa
& &\sigma^{M}_{\text{mes}}-I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{AB}:X^{M}) \nonumber \\
&=& S(\rho^{ABM}_{\mathrm{f}})-S(\rho^{ABM}_{\mathrm{i}})-\sum_{k}p_{k}S(\rho^{ABM}_{\mathrm{f}}(k)) \nonumber \\
&+&\sum_{k}p_{k}S(\rho^{AB}_{\mathrm{f}}(k))        -\sum_{k}p_{k}\Tr[\rho^{M}_{\mathrm{f}}(k)\ln\rho^{M}_{\mathrm{r}}(k)], \label{assumpa}
\eeqa
where $\rho^{ABM}_{\mathrm{f}}:=\sum_{k}p_{k}\rho^{ABM}_{\mathrm{f}}(k)$. The equality in Eq.~(\ref{assumpa}) follows from Eq.~(\ref{memoryassum}) and the fact that $\rho^{ABM}_{\mathrm{f}}(k)$'s are mutually orthogonal. We then have
\beqa
& &\sigma^{M}_{\text{mes}}-I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{AB}:X^{M}) \nonumber \\
&=& \Delta S + \sum_{k}p_{k}S(\rho^{ABM}_{\mathrm{f}}(k)|| \rho^{AB}_{\mathrm{f}}(k)\otimes\rho^{M}_{\mathrm{r}}(k))\nonumber \\
&\geq& 0     \label{mes1},
\eeqa
where $\Delta S:=S(\rho^{ABM}_{\mathrm{f}})-S(\rho^{ABM}_{\mathrm{i}})$ and the last inequality is satisfied because the relative entropy is positive and the von Neumann entropy of the density matrix that is averaged over many runs of the projective measurement does not decrease in comparison with the entropy of the premeasurement state~\cite{Nielsen}. The equality in (\ref{mes1}) is satisfied if $\rho^{ABM}_{\mathrm{f}}(k)=\rho^{AB}_{\mathrm{f}}(k)\otimes\rho^{M}_{\mathrm{r}}(k)$ and $\Delta S =0$. Inequality (\ref{mes1}) gives the fundamental lower bound of entropy that is produced under measurement. The bound is expressed by the information gain between the total system and the memory:
\beq
I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{AB}:X^{M}):=S(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{AB})-\sum_{k}p_{k}S(\rho^{AB}(k)).
\eeq
When the initial and reference density operators of the memory obey the canonical distributions $\rho^{M}_{0}=\rho^{M}_{0,\text{can}}:=\ee^{\beta(F^{M}_{0}-H^{M}_{0})}$ and $\rho^{M}_{\mathrm{r}}(k)=\rho^{M}_{k,\text{can}}:=\ee^{\beta(F^{M}_{k}-H^{M}_{k})}$, $\sigma^{M}_{\text{mes}}$ can be related to work as
\beq
\sigma^{M}_{\text{mes}}= H(X^{M})+\beta W^{M}_{\text{mes}}-\beta\Delta F^{M},
\eeq
where $W^{M}_{\text{mes}}:=\sum_{k}p_{k}\Tr[\rho_{k}^{M}H_{k}^{M}]-\Tr[\rho^{M}_{0}H_{0}^{M}]$ and $\Delta F^{M}:=\sum_{k}p_{k}F^{M}_{k}-F^{M}_{0}$. Then, (\ref{mes1}) reduces to
\beq
W_{\text{mes}}^{M}\geq \bz T[I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{AB}:X^{M})-H(X^{M})]+\Delta F^{M}, \label{2}
\eeq
which gives the lower bound of the measurement cost. For initially uncorrelated states, $I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{AB}:X^{M})$ reduces to the classical result $I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{A}:X^{M})$~\cite{Sagawa2}. The measurement cost depends on the amount of accessible information for the feedback controller, and in the present case, the nonlocal correlation between the subsystems should be considered.

\subsection{Erasure cost}
Next, we derive the lower bound of the work cost for initializing the memory. The entropy production is given by
\beq
\sigma^{M}_{\text{ers}}=S(\rho^{M}_{\text{ers}})-S(\rho^{M}_{\mathrm{f}})-\beta Q_{\text{ers}},
\eeq
where $Q_{\text{ers}}:=\Tr[H^{R}\rho^{R}_{\mathrm{f}}]-\Tr[H^{R}\rho^{R}_{\text{ers}}]$. Since the erasure process is unitary for $MR$, the entropy production is nonnegative:
\beqa
\sigma^{M}_{\text{ers}}&=&S(\rho^{M}_{\mathrm{f}})-S(\rho^{M}_{\mathrm{f}})-\Tr[\rho^{R}_{\text{ers}}\ln\rho^{R}_{\text{can}}]-S(\rho^{R}) \nonumber \\
&=&-S(\rho^{R}_{\text{ers}})+S(\rho^{M}_{\text{ers}})-\Tr[\rho^{R}_{\text{ers}}\ln\rho^{R}_{\text{can}}]\nonumber \\
&=&-\Tr[\rho^{MR}_{\text{ers}}\ln\rho^{M}_{\text{ers}}\otimes\rho^{R}_{\text{can}}]-S(\rho^{MR}_{\text{ers}}) \nonumber \\
&=&S(\rho^{MR}_{\text{ers}}||\rho^{M}_{\text{ers}}\otimes\rho^{R}_{\text{can}})\geq 0.
\eeqa
If $\rho^{M}_{\mathrm{f}}=\sum_{k}p_{k}\rho^{M}_{k,\text{can}}$ and $\rho^{M}_{\text{ers}}=\rho^{M}_{0,\text{can}}$, we have
\beq
\sigma^{M}_{\text{ers}}=-H(X^{M})+\beta W^{M}_{\text{ers}}+\beta \Delta F^{M},
\eeq
where
\beq
W^{M}_{\text{ers}}:=\Tr[\rho_{\text{ers}}^{M}H_{0}^{M}]-\sum_{k}p_{k}\Tr[\rho^{M}_{k,\text{can}}H^{M}_{k}]-Q_{\text{ers}}.
\eeq
Then, the erasure cost is given by~\cite{Sagawa2}:
\beq
W_{\text{ers}}^{M}\geq \bz TH(X^{M})-\Delta F^{M}. \label{3}
\eeq
For $\Delta F^{M}=0$, this inequality reduces to Landauer's principle~\cite{Landauer}.

\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[width=.4\textwidth]{fig2
\caption{\label{fig:wide}(color online). Entropy transfer in the protocol: (a) $A$ and $B$ are initially entangled, where the negative entropy is described by the quantum mutual information $-I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{A}:\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{B})$. We can decrease the entropy of $A$ and $B$ up to $I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{A}:\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{B})$ by performing an appropriate unitary transformation on the entire system. (b) Measurement on $A$ and entropy transfer from the system to $M$. The information gain of subsystem $A$ is given by $-I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{A}:X^{M})$ and that of subsystem $B$ by $-I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{B}:X^{M})$, whereas the memory generates a positive entropy $I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{AB}:X^{M})$. (c) Feedback control performed on both $A$ and $B$ produce negative entropies $-I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{A}:X^{M})$ and $-I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{B}:X^{M})$, which arise from the initial correlation $-I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{A}:\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{B})$ and information gain $-I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{AB}:X^{M})$. Consequently, the total entropy of $A$ and $B$ decreases, and work can be extracted from them. The correlation $I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{A}:\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{B}|X^{M})$ between $A$ and $B$ remains nonvanishing, which, however, cannot be utilized unless $A$ and $B$ are brought together to perform an appropriate unitary transformation on the entire state.}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Net work gain from entangled states}
By combining the results derived above, we give the lower bound of the net work gain from initially entangled states. The net entropy that can be decreased from the total system is characterized by $\sigma_{\text{net}}=\sigma_{\text{ext}}^{A}+\sigma_{\text{ext}}^{B}+\sigma_{\text{mes}}^{M}$, and it satisfies the following inequality:
\beq
\sigma_{\text{net}}\geq -[I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{A}:\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{B})-I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{A}:\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{B}|X^{M})] , \label{entnet}
\eeq
where $I(\rho^{A}_{\mathrm{i}}:\rho^{B}_{\mathrm{i}})$ is the quantum mutual information given by Eq.~(\ref{quantummutual}) and
\beqa
& &I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{A}:\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{B}|X^{M}) \nonumber \\:=& &\sum_{k}p_{k} [S(\rho^{A}(k))+S(\rho^{B}(k))-S(\rho^{AB}(k))]
\eeqa
is the quantum mutual information between the subsystems conditioned upon the measurement outcomes $k$'s. Inequality~(\ref{entnet}) can be derived by combining (\ref{ent1a}), (\ref{ent1b}), and (\ref{mes1}), and using the identity:
\beqa
& &I( \rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{A}: X^{M}) +I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{B}:X^{M})-I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{AB}:X^{M}) \nonumber \\
&=& I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{A}:\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{B})-I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{A}:\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{B}|X^{M}),
\eeqa
which results from the entropy balance in the protocol (see Fig.~\ref{fig:wide}). We can decrease the entropy of the total system up to the right-hand side of (\ref{entnet}) with the help of the measurement and feedback.

We define the net work gain $W_{\text{net}}=W^{A}_{\text{ext}}+W^{B}_{\text{ext}}-W^{M}_{\text{mes}}-W^{M}_{\text{ers}}$, which describes the work gain due solely to the initial correlation. It follows from (\ref{1}), (\ref{2}), and (\ref{3}) that
\beq
W_{\text{net}} \leq \bz T\left[I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{A}:\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{B})-I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{A}:\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{B}|X^{M})\right] -\Delta F^{AB}. \label{4}
\eeq
This is the primary result of this paper. The net work gain depends on the amount of the initial correlation between the subsystems that the memory can access. This can be seen if we use the Venn diagram, since the term $I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{A}:\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{B})-I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{A}:\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{B}|X^{M})$ expresses the information that is shared by the three states (i.e., states of $A$, $B$ and $M$). Since the available correlation for the quantum state is larger than that for the classical state, we can extract work from the entangled state beyond classical correlation. For a two-qubit system, the maximum value of the quantum mutual information $I(\rho^{A}_{\mathrm{i}}:\rho^{B}_{\mathrm{i}})$ is $2\ln2$ for entangled states whereas it is $\ln 2$ for classically correlated states. If we choose an appropriate scheme for measurement and feedback control which utilize all the correlation between subsystems, i.e., $I(\rho^{A}_{\mathrm{i}}:\rho^{B}_{\mathrm{i}}|X^{M})=0$, we observe that the upper bound of the net work gain for the entangled states is twice as large as that of the classically correlated states. The result~(\ref{4}) demonstrates that quantum correlation can be utilized as a resource to obtain the thermodynamic work gain. For initially uncorrelated states, inequality~(\ref{4}) reduces to the conventional second law for the total system including the memory: $W_{\text{net}}\leq -\Delta F$. By considering the cost for establishing the correlation, we can show that~(\ref{4}) is consistent with the conventional second law as shown below.

\subsection{Cost for creating entanglement}

Let us start with an uncorrelated state $\rho^{A}\otimes\rho^{B}$ of the composite system $AB$, and perform a unitary transformation $U^{AB}$ to establish correlation: $\rho^{AB}_{\mathrm{i}}=U^{AB}\rho^{A}\otimes\rho^{B}U^{\dagger AB}$. The amount of entropy that is produced in subsystems $A$ and $B$ during this process is given by
\beqa
\sigma^{A}_{\text{ent}}&:=& -\Tr[\rho^{A}_{\mathrm{i}}\ln \rho^{A}_{\mathrm{r}}] -S(\rho^{A}), \nonumber \\
\sigma^{B}_{\text{ent}}&:=&-\Tr[ \rho^{B}_{\mathrm{i}}\ln \rho^{B}_{\mathrm{r}}] -S(\rho^{B}) ,
\eeqa
where the reference states are given by $\rho^{A}_{\mathrm{r}}$ and $\rho^{B}_{\mathrm{r}}$. By noting that $S(\rho^{A})+S(\rho^{B})=S(\rho^{AB}_{\mathrm{i}})$, we obtain
\beqa
\sigma^{A}_{\text{ent}}+\sigma^{B}_{\text{ent}} &=& S(\rho^{A}_{\mathrm{i}}||\rho^{A}_{\mathrm{r}}) +S(\rho^{B}_{\mathrm{i}}||\rho^{B}_{\mathrm{r}}) \nonumber \\ & &+S(\rho^{A}_{\mathrm{i}})+S(\rho^{B}_{\mathrm{i}})-S(\rho^{A})-S(\rho^{B}) \nonumber \\
&\geq& I(\rho^{A}_{\mathrm{i}}:\rho^{B}_{\mathrm{i}}) \label{entcost}.
\eeqa
The inequality~(\ref{entcost}) states that the lower bound of creating correlation is given by the quantum mutual information between subsystems. The equality in~(\ref{entcost}) is achieved if and only if $\rho^{A}_{\mathrm{r}}=\rho^{A}_{\mathrm{i}}$ and $\rho^{B}_{\mathrm{r}}=\rho^{B}_{\mathrm{i}}$. Combining inequalities~(\ref{entnet}) and (\ref{entcost}), we obtain the lower bound on the total entropy that is produced under a thermodynamic cycle as
\beq
\sigma_{\text{cycle}}\geq I(\rho^{A}_{\mathrm{i}}:\rho^{B}_{\mathrm{i}}|X^{M})\geq 0, \label{cycle}
\eeq
where $\sigma_{\text{cycle}}:=\sigma^{A}_{\text{ent}}+\sigma^{B}_{\text{ent}}+\sigma_{\text{net}}$. From~(\ref{cycle}), we find that the entropy production is always positive, and bounded from below by $I(\rho^{A}_{\mathrm{i}}:\rho^{B}_{\mathrm{i}}|X^{M})$. The additional entropy production $I(\rho^{A}_{\mathrm{i}}:\rho^{B}_{\mathrm{i}}|X^{M})$ arises since the feedback control is limited to local unitary operations, i.e. $U^{A}_{k}\otimes U^{B}_{k}$. If we are allowed to perform a unitary operation $U^{AB}_{k}$ on the composite system for the feedback control, we can show that the entropy produced under a thermodynamic cycle restores the conventional second law. First, note that the entropy produced on the composite system is bounded by
\beq
\sigma'^{AB}_{\text{ext}}\geq -I(\rho^{AB}_{\mathrm{i}}:X^{M}), \label{compositegain}
\eeq
where
\beq
\sigma'^{AB}_{\text{ext}}:=-\sum_{k}p_{k}\Tr[\rho^{AB}(k)\ln\rho^{AB}_{\mathrm{r}}(k)]-S(\rho^{A}\otimes\rho^{B}),
\eeq
and $\rho^{AB}_{\mathrm{r}}(k)$ is the reference state which depends on $k$. We note that this inequality directly follows by applying the result discussed in Ref.~\cite{Sagawa1} to the composite system $AB$. Combined with the measurement cost~(\ref{mes1}), we observe that the total entropy produced for a cyclic process restores the conventional second law:
\beq
\sigma'_{\text{cycle}}\geq 0, \label{compositecycle}
\eeq
where $\sigma'_{\text{cycle}}:=\sigma'^{AB}_{\text{ext}}+\sigma^{M}_{\text{mes}}$. Comparing inequalities~(\ref{cycle}) and (\ref{compositecycle}), we find that $I(\rho^{A}_{\mathrm{i}}:\rho^{B}_{\mathrm{i}}|X^{M})$ measures the difference in the performance between local and nonlocal feedback operations.

To address the question of whether a more general LOCC protocol would leads to a better work gain, let us prepare another memory that measures B depending on A's measurement outcome $k$. Suppose that the outcome is $l\in Y^{M}$, and the post-measurement state is given by
\beq
\rho^{AB}(k,l)=\frac{1}{p_{l|k}}M^{B}_{k,l}\rho_{\mathrm{f}}^{AB}(k)M^{B\dagger}_{k,l},
\eeq
where $M^{B}_{k,l}$ is the measurement operator which depends on $k$ and satisfy the relation $\sum_{l}M^{\dagger B}_{k,l}M^{B}_{k,l}=1$. The measurement on B enables us to obtain further knowledge about A and B:
\beq
I(\rho_{\mathrm{f}}^{A(B)}(k):Y^{M}):=S(\rho_{\mathrm{f}}^{A(B)}(k))-\sum_{l}p_{l|k}S(\rho^{A(B)}(k,l)).
\eeq
Thus the results in (\ref{1})-(\ref{4}) can be generalized by replacing $I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{A}:X^{M})$ with
\beqa
I(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{A}:X^{M}Y^{M})&:=&S(\rho_{\mathrm{i}}^{A})-\sum_{k,l}p_{l|k}p_{k}S(\rho^{A}(k,l)) \nonumber \\
&=&I(\rho_{\mathrm{f}}^{A}(k):Y^{M})+I(\rho^{A}_{\mathrm{i}}:X^{M}),
\eeqa
 and similar generalization can be made for $B$ and $AB$. Thus, (\ref{4}) is generalized to
\beqa
W_{\text{net}} &\leq& \bz T[I(\rho^{A}_{\mathrm{i}}:\rho^{B}_{\mathrm{i}})-\sum_{k,l}p_{l|k}p_{k}I(\rho^{A}(k,l):\rho^{B}(k,l))] \nonumber \\
& &-\Delta F^{AB},
\eeqa
which results in a better work gain. The generalization to a more complicated LOCC protocol is straightforward.

\section{\label{sec:discussion}Discussions and conclusion}

In contrast to Refs.~\cite{Zurek,Brodutch}, we have added here the work gain which results solely from entanglement. We also note that the work gain from entangled states using LOCC protocols was discussed in Refs.~\cite{Horodecki,Oppenheim}. Our result is quantitatively different from theirs because the upper bound of work gain in these references gives the same value for both entangled states and classically correlated states for the same marginal density matrix, whereas our result shows that genuine quantum entanglement can be utilized to achieve further work gain. Further work gain arises from the difference in the measurement cost because the initial entropy of $AB$ is smaller for quantum correlated states than for classical ones. Therefore, the cost required for the memory to compensate for the decrease in the composite system's entropy via feedback is different. It is an interesting future problem to apply quantum discords~\cite{discord1,discord2} to our setup by comparing thermodynamic work gain between global operations and LOCC protocols. It is also an interesting future problem to construct an explicit model which achieves the lower bound of the measurement cost~(\ref{2}) and also the upper bound of the net work gain~(\ref{4}) from entangled states.

In conclusion, we have shown that entanglement can be utilized to extract work beyond classical correlation, and that the maximal work is determined by the difference in the quantum mutual information between the subsystems that expresses the memory's accessible information about the system. The results of our work serve as the foundations for controlling quantum-correlated thermodynamic systems and set the fundamental upper bound on the amount of work gain that can be obtained from such systems.

This work was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (Kakenhi Nos. 22340114, 22103005, 24840015, 25287098, and 254105), Global COE Program ``The Physical Sciences Frontier," and the Photon Frontier Netowork Program of MEXT of Japan.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Kuwait 'to host' GCC Summit in December
A diplomatic source has confirmed to Al Jazeera that Kuwait will go ahead and host a Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) summit next month, despite an ongoing rift between some member states.
The invitations to all six member Gulf states were sent out, the source added, with the summit due to be held on December 5-6.
The GCC is a political and economic alliance of countries in the Arabian Peninsula, including Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
There have been doubts about whether the summit will go ahead after Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Bahrain and Egypt imposed a blockade on Qatar in June.
The quartet has accused Qatar of funding "terrorism", a charge that Doha has vehemently denied. Kuwait has taken up the role of mediator in the hopes of resolving the crisis.
Last month, Bahrain threatened to boycott the summit should Qatar attended.
"As long as Qatar continues this approach, the Kingdom of Bahrain cannot participate in any GCC summit or meeting attended by Qatar unless it corrects its approach, comes to its senses, and responds to the demands of the countries that suffered so much from its policies," King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa said on October 31.
Also in October, Sheikh Sabah Al Ahmad Al Sabah, the emir of Kuwait, warned of the collapse of the GCC should the crisis with Qatar continued.
"Any escalation will bring with it an outright call for regional and international intervention, which will destroy the security of the Gulf and its people," he said.
"History and the future generations of Arabs will not forget those who contributed to the escalation of the conflict and caused the destruction of the Gulf."
Read full article at Aljazeera, November 29, 2017.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
/*
 * The file contains code from IntelliSun library
 * The file was copied to reduce project dependencies
 */

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;

namespace IntelliSun.IO
{
    public class IniDocument
    {
        private static string _defaultCategoryName;
        private readonly List<IniCategory> categories;
        private string defaultCategoryName;

        private IniHeader header;
        private string path;
        private IniParameters saveParameters;

        public IniDocument()
        {
            this.header = new IniHeader();
            this.categories = new List<IniCategory>();

            this.defaultCategoryName = _defaultCategoryName;

            this.path = null;
        }

        public IniDocument(List<IniCategory> map)
            : this()
        {
            this.categories = map;
        }

        private IniDocument(string path)
            : this()
        {
            this.path = path;
        }

        public void AddCategory(string name)
        {
            this.AddCategory(name, null);
        }

        public void AddCategory(string name, IEnumerable<IniEntry> entries)
        {
            if (this.HasCategory(name))
                return;

            var cat = new IniCategory(name);
            if (entries != null)
                cat.Entries.AddRange(entries);

            this.categories.Add(cat);
        }

        public void AddEntry(string name, string category, object value)
        {
            this.AddEntry(name, category, value, value.GetType());
        }

        public void AddEntry(string name, string category, object value, Type type)
        {
            this.AddEntry(name, category, value, IniTypeHelper.GetIniType(type));
        }

        public void AddEntry(string name, string category, object value, IniEntryType type)
        {
            var toClrType = IniTypeHelper.GetClrType(type);
            var fromClrType = value.GetType();

            if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(category))
                category = defaultCategoryName;

            if (!IniTypeHelper.CanCast(fromClrType, toClrType))
            {
                var messParams = new object[] {
                    toClrType, fromClrType, type
                };

                throw new InvalidCastException(
                    String.Format("Unable to cast {0} from {1} [{2}]", messParams));
            }

            if (!this.HasCategory(category))
                this.AddCategory(category);
            else
            {
                if (this.HasEntry(name, category))
                    this.RemoveEntry(name, category);
            }

            var entry = new IniEntry(name, value, type);
            this[category].AddEntry(entry);
        }

        public void AddEntry<T>(string name, T value)
        {
            this.AddEntry(name, null, value, typeof(T));
        }

        public void AddEntry<T>(string name, string category, T value)
        {
            this.AddEntry(name, category, value, typeof(T));
        }

        public void ClearCategory(string name)
        {
            if (!this.HasCategory(name))
                return;

            this[name].Entries.Clear();
        }

        public IEnumerable<IniCategory> GetCategories()
        {
            return this.categories;
        }

        public IEnumerable<IniCategory> GetCategories(Predicate<IniCategory> selector)
        {
            return this.categories.Where(c => selector(c));
        }

        public IniCategory GetCategory(string name)
        {
            return this.categories.SingleOrDefault(x => String.CompareOrdinal(x.Name, name) == 0);
        }

        public IEnumerable<IniEntry> GetEntries()
        {
            return this.categories.SelectMany(x => x.Entries);
        }

        public IniEntry[] GetEntries(string name)
        {
            return this.GetEntries(name, null);
        }

        public IniEntry[] GetEntries(string name, string category)
        {
            var query = this.GetEntriesQuery(name, category);

            var iniEntries = query as IniEntry[] ?? query.ToArray();
            return !iniEntries.Any() ? null : iniEntries.ToArray();
        }

        public IEnumerable<IniEntry> GetEntries(Predicate<IniEntry> selector)
        {
            return from c in this.categories from e in c.Entries where selector(e) select e;
        }

        private IEnumerable<IniEntry> GetEntriesQuery(string name, string category)
        {
            if (!String.IsNullOrEmpty(category))
            {
                if (!this.HasCategory(category))
                    return null;
                if (this[category].Entries.Contains(name))
                    return new[] { this[category].Entries[name] };
            }

            var query = from cat in this.categories
                        from entry in cat.Entries
                        where String.Equals(entry.Key, name, StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase)
                        select entry;

            return query;
        }

        public IniEntry GetEntry(string name)
        {
            return this.GetEntry(name, null);
        }

        public IniEntry GetEntry(string name, string category)
        {
            var query = this.GetEntriesQuery(name, category);

            var iniEntries = query as IniEntry[] ?? query.ToArray();
            return iniEntries.Count() != 1 ? null : iniEntries.First();
        }

        public string GetValue(string entry)
        {
            return this.GetValue(entry, null);
        }

        public string GetValue(string entry, string category)
        {
            var entryIns = this.GetEntry(entry, category);
            if (entryIns == null)
                throw new NullReferenceException("The related entry dose not exists");

            return entryIns.Value;
        }

        public T GetValue<T>(string entry)
        {
            return this.GetValue<T>(entry, null);
        }

        public T GetValue<T>(string entry, string category)
        {
            var ucValue = this.GetValue(entry, category);

            if (!IniTypeHelper.CanCast(typeof(String), typeof(T)))
                throw new InvalidCastException(String.Format(
                    "Unable to cast entry value as {0}", typeof(T).Name));
            return (T)IniTypeHelper.Cast(ucValue, typeof(T));
        }

        public bool HasCategory(string name)
        {
            return this.categories.Contains(new IniCategory(name),
                IniCategory.NameComparer.Default);
        }

        public bool HasCategory(IniCategory category)
        {
            return this.categories.Contains(category);
        }

        public bool HasEntry(string name)
        {
            return this.HasEntry(name, null);
        }

        public bool HasEntry(string name, string category)
        {
            if (!String.IsNullOrEmpty(category))
                return this.HasCategory(category) && this[category].HasEntry(name);

            return this.categories.Any(x => x.Entries.Contains(name));
        }

        public bool RemoveEntry(string name, string category)
        {
            if (!this.HasEntry(name, category))
                return false;

            return this[category].Entries.Remove(name);
        }

        public void Save(string path)
        {
            this.Save(path, this.saveParameters);
        }

        public void Save(string path, IniParameters saveParameters)
        {
            var temp = this.path;
            try
            {
                this.path = path;
                this.Save(saveParameters);
            } catch
            {
                this.path = temp;
                throw;
            }
        }

        private void Save(IniParameters saveParameters)
        {
            if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(this.path))
                return;

            this.saveParameters = saveParameters;

            var fileInfo = new FileInfo(this.path);
            using (var stream = fileInfo.CreateText())
            {
                //Write Header
                if (this.header != null && this.header.Comments.Length > 0)
                    stream.WriteLine(this.header.GetString(saveParameters));

                //Write Body
                foreach (var category in this.categories)
                {
                    stream.WriteLine(category.GetString(saveParameters));
                    foreach (var entry in category.Entries)
                    {
                        stream.WriteLine(entry.GetString(saveParameters));
                    }

                    stream.WriteLine();
                }
            }
        }

        public static IniDocument Load(Stream inStream)
        {
            return Load(inStream, IniParameters.Default);
        }

        public static IniDocument Load(Stream inStream, IniParameters parameters)
        {
            var reader = new StreamReader(inStream);
            return Load(reader, parameters);
        }

        public static IniDocument Load(string filePath)
        {
            if (!File.Exists(filePath))
                throw new FileNotFoundException("Unable to find " + filePath);

            return Load(filePath, IniParameters.Default);
        }

        public static IniDocument Load(string filePath, IniParameters parameters)
        {
            if (!File.Exists(filePath))
                throw new FileNotFoundException("Unable to find " + filePath);

            return LoadData(new FileInfo(filePath).OpenText(),
                parameters, filePath);
        }

        public static IniDocument Load(TextReader reader)
        {
            return Load(reader, IniParameters.Default);
        }

        public static IniDocument Load(TextReader reader, IniParameters parameters)
        {
            return LoadData(reader, parameters);
        }

        public static IniDocument LoadData(string data)
        {
            return LoadData(data, IniParameters.Default);
        }

        public static IniDocument LoadData(string data, IniParameters parameters)
        {
            return LoadData(new StringReader(data), parameters);
        }

        private static IniDocument LoadData(TextReader reader, IniParameters parameters)
        {
            return LoadData(reader, parameters, String.Empty);
        }

        private static IniDocument LoadData(TextReader reader, IniParameters parameters,
            string filePath)
        {
            var doc = new IniDocument(filePath);
            int unnc = 0, unne = 0;

            IniCategory currentCategory = null;
            var commentCollection = new List<string>();

            string line;
            while ((line = reader.ReadLine()) != null)
            {
                if ((line = line.Trim()) == String.Empty)
                    continue;

                if (line.StartsWith(";") || line.StartsWith("#"))
                {
                    commentCollection.Add(line.Substring(1));
                    continue;
                }

                if (currentCategory == null)
                {
                    doc.header = new IniHeader(commentCollection);
                    commentCollection.Clear();

                    currentCategory = new IniCategory("General");
                }

                if (line.StartsWith("["))
                {
                    var name = line.SelectBetween('[', ']');
                    if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(name))
                        name = "UnnamedCategory" + unnc++;

                    var temp = new IniCategory(name);
                    if (!doc.HasCategory(temp))
                        doc.categories.Add(temp);

                    temp = doc.GetCategory(name);
                    temp.AddComments(commentCollection);

                    commentCollection.Clear();
                    currentCategory = temp;

                    continue;
                }

                var entryType = IniEntryType.String;
                if (line.Length > 3 && parameters.KeyTypeIdentifier != IniKeyTypeIdentifier.None)
                {
                    var c = line[0];

                    var type = (int)Char.ToLower(c);
                    if (Enum.IsDefined(typeof(IniEntryType), type))
                    {
                        entryType = (IniEntryType)type;

                        if ((int)parameters.KeyTypeIdentifier < 20)
                            if (line[1] == ':')
                                line = line.Substring(2);
                            else
                                entryType = IniEntryType.String;
                        else
                        {
                            var cl = (int)parameters.KeyTypeIdentifier % 10 == 0;
                            var ccl = Char.IsLower(c);
                            var cu = (int)parameters.KeyTypeIdentifier % 10 == 1;
                            var ccu = Char.IsUpper(c);

                            if ((cl && ccl) || (cu && ccu))
                                line = line.Substring(1);
                        }
                    }
                }

                var entryPair = line.Split(new[] { '=' }, 2);
                if (entryPair.Length < 2)
                    entryPair = new[] {
                        entryPair[0],
                        ""
                    };
                else if (entryPair[0] == String.Empty)
                    entryPair[0] = "UnnamedEntry" + unne++;

                var entry = new IniEntry(entryPair[0], entryPair[1], entryType);

                if (currentCategory.Entries.Contains(entry))
                    entry = currentCategory[entry.Key];
                else
                    currentCategory.AddEntry(entry);

                entry.AddComments(commentCollection);
                commentCollection.Clear();
            }
            if (currentCategory != null)
                doc.AddCategory(currentCategory.Name, currentCategory.Entries);

            return doc;
        }

        public IniHeader Header
        {
            get { return this.header; }
            set { this.header = value; }
        }

        public string DefaultCategoryName
        {
            get { return defaultCategoryName; }
            set { defaultCategoryName = value; }
        }

        public List<IniCategory> Categories
        {
            get { return this.categories; }
        }

        public static string DefaultCategoriesName
        {
            get { return _defaultCategoryName; }
            set { _defaultCategoryName = value; }
        }

        public IniCategory this[string category]
        {
            get { return this.GetCategory(category); }
        }

        public IniEntry this[string category, string entry]
        {
            get { return this.GetEntry(entry, category); }
        }

        // We expose here the path as a simple hack to base
        // the bootstrapper path on the config directory
        internal string Path
        {
            get { return this.path; }
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Britain's forgotten first home computer pioneer: John Miller-Kirkpatrick
The electronics genius who nearly beat Clive Sinclair at his own game
By Tony Smith 29 Nov 2013 at 10:06
Archaeologic Too few people today remember John Miller-Kirkpatrick, the enthusiastic founder, owner, manager and technical director of Bywood Electronics. He died in December 1978 at the monstrously young age of 32, less than two years before the début of the Sinclair ZX80 and the start of the UK home computing boom – for which he had helped lay the foundations.
By the end of 1978, Clive Sinclair's Science of Cambridge was struggling to meet demand for its basic microprocessor kit, the MK14, which it had launched earlier that year. Sinclair himself was still working for the National Enterprise Board at Sinclair Radionics, the now near-nationalised firm he founded in 1962. Meanwhile, SoC's day-to-day manager, Chris Curry, was preparing to quit in order to focus his efforts on his other business, Acorn.
John Miller-Kirkpatrick in September 1978
Both Sinclair Research, as SoC later became, and Acorn went on to become synonymous with the British home computing revolution of the early 1980s, but neither were the first firm to produce a British home computer as we might understand one today. Lynx Electronics' Nascom 1 takes that honour.
And neither were Acorn nor Sinclair the first to produce the kind of machine that prefigured the home computer: the microprocessor evaluation kit.
John Miller-Kirkpatrick was.
John's machine was the Scrumpi, a crude board computer which first went on sale, in kit form, at the end of 1976, more than 14 months before the arrival of Science of Cambridge's MK14 and longer still before the Acorn Microcomputer board - aka the System 1 - made its début. Why "Scrumpi"? It was simply considered "an unforgettable name", Miller-Kirkpatrick later said.
DIY microprocessing
When the Scrumpi was being developed, it wasn't hard to buy a microprocessor - an "MPU", as they were called back then - but if you wanted to use it, you pretty much had to build your own computer. People like Acorn's Steve Furber and Sophie Wilson, and Ian Williamson, who created the progenitor of the MK14, did just that.
In the US, MITS had launched its Altair 8800 kit micro in December 1974, the month the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics which promoted this new device was published. Other US kit computers, most notably the IMSAI 8080, soon followed. None of them went on sale in the UK until 1976, and when they did they were expensive.
That made them unrealistic choices for the small but growing number of British electronics buffs who had been turned on to microcomputer technology, largely by a spate of articles on the subject in the electronics hobby press. Most were not sufficiently expert to design a machine from first principles, they just wanted to get a handle on the new technology. But they certainly didn't want to pay a fortune to do so.
One alternative to the pricey American imports was to use one of the processor manufacturers' own evaluation boards, created to allow potential customers to test their products. These were basic board computers, typically with a set of eight LEDs as a rudimentary display, and a calculator-style keyboard for punching in machine code routines in hexadecimal notation. In the US, the likes of Intel, Motorola, National Semiconductor, Zilog and others had realised that amateurs were as interested in fiddling with this kind of kit as professional engineers were, and had begun to devise lower-cost versions for the new enthusiast market.
In 1976 these lower-cost kits were not yet widely available in the UK. Those that were could easily set you back at least £200 - the equivalent of £1,840 in today's money - often a lot more.
Enter John Henry Alexander Miller-Kirkpatrick and the Scrumpi, which went on sale for just £65 but soon fell to £56, affordable for almost every electronics enthusiasts and MPU buffs. Not quite throw-away money, perhaps, but sufficiently inexpensive for fans to take a punt.
Very cheap micro, anyone?
"We eventually decided that the best approach was to take an MPU and add as few extras as possible onto it in order to get a minimum system running so that the capabilities of MPUs could be investigated," Miller-Kirkpatrick wrote of the machine in 1978. "After designing and building our own prototype board for SC/MP, we decided that if a company like ours could use it for both training and development, then so could other people."
Scrumpi was released by Bywood Electronics, a company Miller-Kirkpatrick had registered in 1971 and begun formally running in 1972 as a mail order supplier of "LSI technology components to small volume users" and to "deal exclusively in high technology components". It soon developed a nice sideline in kits for gadgets such as digital clocks, timing and counting circuits all based on the components Bywood sold.
In the early days, Bywood operated out of Miller-Kirkpatrick's Hemel Hempstead home. Later they would rent a shop-cum-office further down the Hertfordshire town's Ebberns Road.
Maker in the making: John aged seven
John worked with the help of his wife, Jane, whom he met in May 1968 while she was studying fashion and textiles at the Middlesborough School of Art. They married the following October when it became clear the couple were expecting their first child. John himself was born in Coventry in August 1946, the son of Thomas Alexander Kirkpatrick and Edith Jane Fianda, respectively of Scottish and Irish descent. He did well at school and showed a strong aptitude for maths and physics - and undoubtedly electronics, a subject in which he was essentially self-taught for which he showed boundless enthusiasm.
After their marriage, the Miller-Kirkpatricks moved to London, where the young John, eschewing college, began to hawk his electronics skills around recording studios and film and television production companies. This being the late 1960s, the Miller-Kirkpatricks leapt into the London bohemian scene, becoming pals with rock'n'roll stars, fashion and jewellery designers and film makers. It's possibly around this time that John made the acquaintance of Gerry Anderson, with whom he remained close friends throughout his life.
Next page: Sci-fi addict
Linux lobby org joins with RISC-V bods to promote open chip spec
Two foundations find common cause promoting in populist processor plan
It's all in the RISC: Arm legs it to Computex with a head full of Cortex-A77 CPU, Mali-G77 GPUs
That's enough body language puns
Early to embed and early to rise? Western Digital drops veil on SweRVy RISC-V based designs
First look at drive controller core after firm moves to open chip spec
On the first day of Christmas, MIPS sent to me: An open-source-ish alternative to RISC-V
Well, if you pronounce it 'Vee' and not 'Five'... Anyway, instruction set to be touted under undisclosed license
Arms race: SiFive, Hex Five build code safe houses for RISC-V chips
Those developing custom CPUs can now tap a TrustZone-ish trusted execution environment
Boffins are building an open-source secure enclave on RISC-V
Open source trusted execution component expected this fall
QEMU 4 arrives with toys for Arm admirers, RISC-V revolutionaries, POWER patriots... you get the idea
Plenty of CPU goodness to spread around in the first big 2019 update
Brains behind seL4 secure microkernel begin RISC-V chip port
Unveil first code, join giants in industry-standards club


Information and the Persistence of Private-Order Contractual Enforcement Institutions: An Experimental Analysis. European Economic Review, forthcoming.
Asymmetric All-Pay Contests with Heterogeneous Prizes. Journal of Economic Theory, 163, 178-221.
Cultural Integration: Experimental Evidence of Convergence in Immigrants' Preferences. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 111, 38-58.
A long way coming: Designing centralized markets with privately informed buyers and sellers. Journal of Economic Literature, 53(4), 857-897.
The Employment Effects of Terminating Disability Benefits. Journal of Public Economics, 104, 30-43.


text:
Health and Wellbeing Board
About the Health and Wellbeing Board
The overall purpose of the Warwickshire Health and Wellbeing Board is to provide leadership and direction for the health and social care economy in the county leading to improving health and wellbeing of the local population and reducing health inequalities.
Following over a year in its shadow form, Warwickshire Health and Wellbeing Board became a fully constituted partnership body on 1 April 2013, and since then has taken a lead on a number of initiatives and activities, ensuring that the priorities and outcomes outlined in the Health and Wellbeing Strategy are considered within commissioning and action plans.
Health and Wellbeing Boards are a central concept in the government's reform of health and social care. The vision is that the Board will act as the main strategy forum for health, social care and public health in the County; bringing together colleagues from the county council, district and borough councils, the NHS, public health and social care. The Board's key responsibilities are to:
ensure a coordinated approach to health, social care and public health across the County
lead the development of the Joint Strategic Needs Assessment
develop a shared Health and Wellbeing Strategy that will act as an overarching strategy for all the partners involved
receive and consider the commissioning plans of the GP led clinical commissioning consortia
be responsible for the development of HealthWatch
The membership of the Board consists of members from Warwickshire County Council, district and borough councils, GP representatives from the GP led clinical commissioning groups, the Director of Adult and Children's Services, Director of Public Health, Healthwatch and provider representatives.
Signed Concordat - July 2018 (PDF, 349 KB)
Memorandum of Understanding between Health and Wellbeing Board, Healthwatch Warwickshire and Overview and Scrutiny Committee (PDF, 351 KB)
Warwickshire Health and Wellbeing Board Annual Review 2018/19 (PDF, 43.8 MB)
System design (PDF, 1.4 MB)
Health & Wellbeing Board Governance Proposals - July 2015 (PDF, 202 KB)
Recent HWB annual reviews
Health and Wellbeing Strategy 2018-2020


text:
Thrusters and Pods
Transmissions & Gears
Shafts/Couplings/Bearings
Hybrid Drives
Thrusters and Pods News
Chengxi Delivers Self-unloading Transshipment Newbuild to Oldendorff
China's Chengxi Shipyard has delivered the first of twin self-unloading transshipment newbuilds for Germany's largest bulk carrier owner Oldendorff Carriers.Juha Koskela, Division President, ABB Marine & Ports, said the newbuilds are the first bulk carriers to feature Azipod propulsion.The delivery saw two 1.9-MW Azipod units installed on each of the 21,500-DWT transshipment bulkers as part of a package of electric, digital and connected solutions from ABB. The scope of supply also included diesel-electric power plant…
Tech File: 3D Printed Prop for French Warship
Naval Group manufactured a new-generation propeller via a metal 3D printing process, mounted on a tripartite minehunter.This propeller is 2.5-m in diameter, supported by five 200-kg blades. The equipment left the workshops of the Naval Group site of Nantes-Indret in October 2020 for the site of Brest in order to be mounted on the ship's propeller shaft. As part of its major technical stop, the assembly was transferred to the submarine base to be mounted on the intermediate shaft of the Andromède in November.
IMTRA Debuts New Side-Power Thrusters
IMTRA, manufacturer and importer of solutions and products for the marine, energy and transportation markets, introduced its new line of commercial-grade Side-Power thrusters designed for commercial vessels and larger recreational yachts. Available in four different tunnel sizes, the new products include proportional or on/off controls in AC-powered and hydraulic versions.Available in 12-, 16-, 20- and 24-inch tunnels, the new Side-Power thrusters provide up to 3,000 pounds force of thrust. Each unit is built with dual, counter-rotating, bronze five-blade props for durability and efficiency.
Two Autonomous Electric RoRo Vessels Driven by SCHOTTEL
German propulsion systems manufacturer SCHOTTEL said it has been awarded a contract to deliver SCHOTTEL EcoPellers and PumpJets for two new autonomous RoRo ships. They will be operated by ASKO Maritime AS, Norway's largest grocery wholesaler, and built at Cochin Shipyard (CSL) in India. Both vessels will have full battery-electric propulsion and are designed for transporting trailers across Oslo Fjord between two of ASKO's distribution centers.Kai Just Olsen, Director of ASKO Maritime…
Propulsion Profile: US Navy's Tier 4 Tugs
Built by Dakota Creek Industries in Anacortes, Wash., the first of the U.S. Navy's new fleet of six YT 808-class tugs was delivered in October after completing the last construction phase. Measuring 90 feet long and 38 feet 3 inches wide, the YT 808 vessel is powered by twin Cat 3512E marine engines, each rated at 1,810 horsepower. The engines drive two Schottel SRP 340 fixed-pitch z-drive thrusters providing a top speed of 12.5 knots and an expected bollard pull of 40 metric tons.The new series of Robert Allan Ltd.-designed tugs are the Navy's first vessels built to meet the U.S.
WE Tech Equips Donsötank's Newbuilds with ESS Package
Finnish energy efficiency solution provider WE Tech Solutions said it has received an order to complete its earlier scope of supply with energy storage systems (ESS) integrated in the package delivered earlier this year, including propulsion drives, permanent magnet shaft generator, shore connection switchgear, bow thruster motor and DC link for two new 22,000 DWT chemical and oil tankers built by Wuhu Shipyard Co. Ltd for the Swedish shipowner Rederi AB Donsötank.The ESS can…
Interview: John Batten, CEO, Twin Disc
How have major events such as the U.S./China trade war, oil price fall and COVID-19 impacted Twin Disc's commercial marine business to date, and what adjustments have you made in response?These are the three things that I've been highlighting in employee communications and with investors over the last few months. For us, COVID was just the third punch after the other two. China is typically our second largest market after the U.S., and we lost lots of orders to our competitors as the trade war started to affect us. It's rebounding a little, but it definitely impacted our sales into China.
Cummins Unveils Stage V Solution for European Inland Waterways
Power solutions provider Cummins announced its new X15 Stage V solution for vessels operating on European inland waterways will launch in 2021. The Stage V certified product offers a power range from 500 to 600 hp (373 to 447 kW) for key applications including bow thrusters and main propulsion."Cummins' X15 Stage V solution is an integrated engine and aftertreatment package designed and developed in-house. This delivers the optimum balance of performance and efficiency adhering to the latest emissions standards…
ABB Nets $150M Power and Propulsion Deal for Five Fincantieri Cruise Ships
Italian shipbuilder Fincantieri has awarded ABB a $150 million contract to equip five newbuild cruise ships with its Azipod electric propulsion and integrated electric power plant setup.Each cruise ship will be powered by twin Azipod units, bringing the total ordered propulsion power for the five newbuilds to 178 megawatts (238,700 horsepower)."Part of the order includes the largest and most powerful Azipod propulsion units ever to be installed at Fincantieri, rating at 20 megawatts each," ABB said. The vessels will enter service between 2023 and 2026.
Steerprop Azimuth Propulsion for Icebreaking W2W Vessel
Finland-based propulsion specialist Steerprop has recently won a contract to deliver azimuth units as the main propulsion and steering system for a shallow-draught ice-breaking vessel being built for offshore oil operations in the Russian Far East.The 75.9 meters long, 14 meters wide vessel is being built by the Dutch shipyard Royal Niestern Sander for the Russian companies Mercury Sakhalin and Pola.The walk-to-work vessel will operate all year round in harsh ice conditions, transferring service technicians and equipment to and from offshore platforms off the Sakhalin Island.
Schottel Scores Two-year Supplier Deal for Sanmar's Bigaçay Tugs
Turkish boatbuilder Sanmar Shipyards has signed a framework agreement with Schottel that makes the German propulsion specialist the exclusive supplier of thrusters for the Bigaçay class tugs for two years."The agreement puts Sanmar in a position of a contractual partner offering the latest propulsion technology with Schottel exclusively providing our shipyards with two 2,700 kW rudderpropellers type SRP 560 CP for each vessel of the Bigaçay tugboat class," said Hakan Tunc, Head…
New Italian Tourist Ferry Fit with IMO III Solution from Volvo Penta
A new tourist ferry serving the Amalfi coastline is equipped with a Volvo Penta quad IPS installation with IMO III compliant after-treatment package, offering not only excellent maneuverability, fuel economy and emissions benefits.The 36-meter ferry Vega can transport up to 540 passengers each sailing on visits to the towns of Salerno, Maiori, Positano, Amalfi and the islands south of Naples. The vessel is the first vessel in the region to combine Volvo Penta IPS with the company's latest SCR aftertreatment system that complies with the new IMO III emissions regulations.The ferry…
DSME Orders ABB Propulsion Package for Six New LNG Carriers
South Korean shipbuilder Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering (DSME) has awarded ABB a contract worth more than $300 million for the delivery of a power and propulsion package for six new liquefied natural gas (LNG) carriers that will transport LNG along the Northern Sea Route.According to ABB, each of the six newbuild vessels will feature a trio of ABB's largest and most powerful Azipod propulsion units ever supplied for ships operating in ice. Together, the giant 17 MW Azipod units will provide a total power of 51 MW (68…
Thrustmaster to Equip US Navy's First Constellation-class Frigate
Thrustmaster of Texas, Inc. said it has been awarded a contract from Fincantieri Marinette Marine (FMM) for the design, development and manufacture of the auxiliary propulsion unit (APU) on the U.S. Navy's future guided missile frigate (FFG 62). Thrustmaster will be supplying the complete APU package consisting of the 1MW retractable azimuthing thruster, controls, prime mover electric motor, variable frequency drive and steering and retraction power unit. The APU package will…
SCHOTTEL to Equip Danish Fishery Inspection Vessel
A new fishery inspection vessel ordered by the governmental Danish Fisheries Agency and under construction at the Hvide Sande Shipyard in Denmark will be equipped with propulsion systems from German manufacturer SCHOTTEL.The new vessel will be driven by two SCHOTTEL EcoPellers type SRE 360 CP (1,500 kW each) featuring a propeller diameter of 2.3 meters. Latter ones will be driven by electric motors. According to SCHOTTEL, the thrusters allow economical operation of the newly built…
Wärtsilä to Refit Canadian Coast Guard Icebreaker
Finland's Wärtsilä reports it has won a contract for the delivery and integration engineering of two retractable thrusters and a dynamic positioning (DP) system for the Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) icebreaker CCGS Amundsen.Wärtsilä, which booked the order in July, said it was able to meet the CCG's requirements to fit the equipment in the existing space of the 98-meter-long Arctic Class 3 Medium Icebreaker, the only vessel in its class to be fitted with retractable thrusters and DP. The new thrusters will be integrated with the existing bow thruster, which is also a Wärtsilä product.
Schottel Thrusters for Russia-bound Ice-Breaking W2W Vessel
Dutch shipbuilder Royal Niestern Sander has ordered Schottel thrusters for what has been described as the world's first shallow-draught ice-breaking walk-to-work vessel, targeted for operation at the Russian Far East.Under the order from a joint venture between the Russian companies Mercury Sakhalin and Pola, Royal Niestern Sander is constructing the 75.9-meter-long, 14-meter-wide vessel that will serve the offshore oil and gas installations near the Sakhalin Island, Russia.After ordering an ice-strengthened gangway for the vessel form Ampelmann in June…
SCHOTTEL to Open Service Center in Russia
German propulsion specialist SCHOTTEL's management board approved the acquisition of a 3,000-square-meter plot of land in Saint Petersburg, Russia, paving way for the construction of a new service center to strengthen OOO SCHOTTEL's market position in the region.The company said it expects to plan and build an administration building with repair workshop and warehouse site on the purchased property within the next two years.Founded in 2011, OOO SCHOTTEL has equipped a number of inland waterways vessels with propulsion systems, especially in the cargo and passenger transport segments.
Schottel to Open New Brazil Service Center
SCHOTTEL do Brasil will soon be able to offer more services for marine customers in a new service center located in Itajaí, Santa Catarina. German propulsion specialist SCHOTTEL enabled its Brazilian subsidiary to acquire land in 2019, and the construction work has been making progress. The 10,500m² sized plot will be home to a spacious administration, repair and warehouse location. It is expected to be opened in 2021."Key aspects for the premises' design will be a more efficient supply chain…
Cat Powers Brusco's New Tugs
Caterpillar Marine recently signed a contract to supply its solutions for the next generation of Brusco Tug and Barge's new tugs. The first tug was delivered in December 2019, and the second vessel will soon be under construction at Diversified Marine Inc. (DMI), in Portland, Ore., featuring a bollard pull of 84 short tons and complete system integration by Caterpillar Marine.Caterpillar Marine's West Coast territory sales manager Enrique Aponte said, "This vessel will change the escort tug market…
First of Norled's Four New Hybrid Ferries Enters Service
Festøya, the first in a series of four new hybrid ferries due for delivery to Norwegian ferry operator Norled in 2020, entered service in mid-July.The double-ended RoPax ferries are being built at the Remontowa shipyard in Poland. Two of the 114.4 m long and 17.7 m wide Norled ferries will service the Festøya-Solavågen route and are capable of taking on board up to 120 cars and 296 passengers. The other two vessels will operate the Mannheller-Fodnes route and are certified to carry more…
DMC Delivers Nozzles for Super Trawler Refit
Damen Marine Components said it has delivered two large 19A nozzles to Parlevliet & Van der Plas for its fishing trawler, the Margiris. The vessel, which is one of the largest of its type in the world, is undergoing a modification project at Damen Shiprepair Amsterdam.At Damen's Amsterdam repair yard, the Margiris is receiving work that includes bow thruster overhaul and fabrication of new bow thruster grids, piping renewal, steel tank repairs, hull cleaning and painting and fabrication…
Torqeedo Drives Toward Marine Electromobility
The future is painted bright for companies dealing in hybrid and electric marine propulsion, as vessel owners and operators pursue cleaner technologies to comply with ever-stricter environmental regulations while also seeking ways to improve their bottom line.Case in point is Germany-based electric drives manufacturer Torqeedo, which has to date delivered more than 100,000 electric propulsion products for a wide range of recreational and commercial customers.The hybrid/electric market is one that's ripe for growth, says Dr. Ralf Plieninger, COO and CTO, Torqeedo.
Schottel to Equip Kenya's Powerful New Tug
German propulsion systems manufacturer Schottel says it has secured a contract with Turkish shipyard Med Marine to provide azimuth thrusters for a powerful new salvage tug ordered by Kenya Ports Authority (KPA). The vessel will be equipped with main and auxiliary propulsion systems from Schottel, achieving a bollard pull of more than 120 tonnes. The Robert Allan RAstar 4200 (MED-A42120) design vessel is considered the largest tugboat on the East African Coast of the Indian Ocean.Recai Hakan Şen…
ST Engineering Halter Marine and Offshore Upgrades 'Signet Warhorse II' Propulsion
Mississippi-based ST Engineering Halter Marine and Offshore has recently won a contract to retrofit new propulsion and maneuvering systems on an ocean towing tug, Signet Warhorse II, for Signet Maritime Corporation.The scope of work included removing existing shafts and fixed-pitched propellers to be replaced with Controllable Pitch Propellers consisting of shaft bearings and shafts. Auxiliary components including the oil distribution box and feedback unit were integrated into the machinery space.The existing bow tunnel thruster was replaced with a retractable azimuth thruster.
SCHOTTEL Supplies Propulsion for New Expedition Cruise Ship
Following the delivery of the expedition cruise vessel Hondius in 2019, Oceanwide Expeditions ordered a second vessel from Croatian shipyard Brodosplit, due for delivery by the end of 2021.Hondius and the new sister vessel Janssonius are said to be the first vessels in the world to be built according to the LR PC6 class, which meets the latest Lloyd's Register requirements for Polar Class 6 vessels.SCHOTTEL, which offers a series of ice-strengthened propulsion systems, said it has been selected again to supply highly reliable main and auxiliary propulsion units.
Schottel Unveils New Azimuth Thrusters
Marine propulsion systems manufacturer Schottel introduced its new M-series azimuth thrusters, consisting of several medium-sized rudder propeller sizes covering a power range of 400 to 1,000 kW. The series' first propulsion units have recently been delivered and will soon be put into operation.With the M-series, Schottel says it aims to meet new challenges such as shifted engine power classes, updated ice class rules and an ever-increasing number of electric or hybrid-driven vessels.
Tech File: Hybrid-Electric Propulsion for Crew-less Vessels
The move to autonomy on the world's waterways is undeniable, with the direction clear, the pace hazy. What is clear is the need for reliable, fuel efficient propulsion, and last month Torqueedo announced a deal to provide hybrid-electric propulsion systems to power XOCEAN's XO-450 USV, a custom-designed composite wave-piercing catamaran about the length of a typical automobile.XOCEAN is embarked on a mission to to transform the way subsea data is collected, and the three-year…
Norwegian Bulker Receives Unique Propulsion Upgrade
The Norwegian bulk carrier Kryssholm will soon be able to take on new assignments thanks to a customized propulsion upgrade by the SCHOTTEL Modernization and Conversion Team. Comparatively small installation effort will yield great advantages, such as increased maneuverability and lower environmental impact.Two retractable rudder propellers type SRP 130 R (300 kW each) and two transverse thrusters type STT 1 (450 kW each) will be installed in addition to the vessel's existing main propulsion system. This will improve its maneuverability capabilities and position stability.
First Taiwan-built Offshore Installation Vessel to Sport Wärtsilä Gear
Finland-based marine engine and technology provider Wärtsilä has been tasked to equip the first Taiwan-built offshore wind installation vessel - the Green Jade - with "a broad scope" of its solutions.The 216 meters long vessel will be built at the CSBC shipyard in Taiwan for the joint-venture company CDWE owned by CSBC and Belgium-based DEME Group. The vessel is expected to play a major role in developing the offshore wind farm business in both new and established markets, including Taiwan.
Berlin's new "Editorial Ship" Powered by Schottel
Having been in the marine publishing business for nearly three decades, it is increasingly rare to find a purpose-built vessel that is truly unique, but across my desk today comes news of the delivery of "The Pioneer One", Germany's first "editorial ship."Delivered to Berlin-based media company Media Pioneer, the vessel is envisioned as a "floating editorial hub", providing a workplace for around 30 journalists."The Pioneer One" was built by the Lux-Werft shipyard in Niederkassel…
Electric Voith Schneider Propeller Unveiled
With the new electric Voith Schneider Propeller (eVSP), Voith is pushing ahead with the continuous electrification of its drive technologies. Among the advantages of the new eVSP are high efficiency and the reduction of complexity, since the permanent-magnet synchronous motor is already integrated in the propeller. The complete omission of gears reduces noise to a minimum and frees up critical space on the ship.The drive system combines the technology of the VSP with over a decade of electrical know-how of the Voith Inline Thruster (VIT).
Berg Propulsion Invests in Sweden Manufacturing Campus
Berg Propulsion will invest in the centralization of all manufacturing operations for controllable pitch propellers, azimuthing and transverse thrusters, and associated control systems to a single campus location in Sweden.Currently, manufacturing operations are located across two separate campuses in Sweden and Singapore. Investments made by Berg Propulsion to merge manufacturing operations at one global location will enable increased warehouse capacity for spare parts and swing…
LNG-fueled RoPax Ferry Completes Sea Trials
The first of two new 70-meter liquefied natural gas (LNG)-fueled RoPax ferries for Dutch operator Rederij Doeksen has completed sea trials in the Netherlands.The BMT-designed Willem Barentsz, and sister vessel Willem de Vlamingh, were built by Strategic Marine Shipyard in Vietnam while final outfitting and commissioning were completed by Rederij Doeksen.With an operating area within the Wadden Sea, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the main focus for Rederij Doeksen led by its managing director Paul Melles was on reducing the environmental impact of the vessel operation.
Kongsberg Unveils Holistic Vessel Monitoring Tool
Kongsberg Maritime has introduced Health Management to its Vessel Insight portfolio of applications, marking another step toward the Norwegian company's drive to deliver a wide range smart technologies for the maritime sector.With Health Management, ship owners can monitor onboard equipment via one unified interface and predict failures through early detection of abnormal behavior, both for Kongsberg and third-party equipment.Due for launch in August, the new Health Management application will initially support Bergen engines…
SCHOTTEL to Equip New Tug for Port of Aarhus
German propulsion manufacturer SCHOTTEL said it has been awarded a contract to supply UZMAR Shipyard with rudder propellers featuring the patented hybrid system SYDRIVE-M. The Turkish shipyard is currently building a 30.25-meter-long and 11.75-meter-wide RAmparts 3000 series tugboat for the Port of Aarhus, Denmark's largest container port.The new tugboat, which is scheduled for delivery in summer 2021, will ensure greener operations and higher efficiency when it goes into operation at the Port of Aarhus.
Wärtsilä Equipment Chosen for E-Marine Cable Layer
Wärtsilä said it has been contracted to provide a comprehensive scope of solutions for Dubai-based E-Marine, as the Finnish technology company continues to work closely with the specialist operator of cable layer vessels currently upgrading its fleet to achieve greater efficiencies.Wärtsilä, which notes it previously provided a propulsion upgrade for an E-Marine vessel, will this time supply two controlled pitch propeller (CPP) systems with control and fuel efficiency devices…
SCHOTTEL Launches Retractable Rim Thruster
German propulsion specialist SCHOTTEL launched a newly developed variant of its rim thruster (SRT). Covering the power range up to 500 kW, the new retractable rim thruster (SRT-R) offers low noise emissions and tailor-made solutions for a wide range of applications. Optimized by computational fluid dynamics (CFD), the internal propeller blades are hydrodynamically designed to be highly resistant to cavitation.The SRT-R is able to cover a thrust radius of 360 degrees. This not only makes it more versatile…
Wärtsilä to Supply Propulsion for MSCL Newbuild
Wärtsilä will design and deliver a fully integrated main propulsion system for a new 8,200 dwt multipurpose cargo vessel being built for Mauritius Shipping Corporation Ltd (MSCL) at the Huanghai Shipyard in China.The newbuild is expected to commence commercial operations in 2022, replacing an existing vessel transporting goods and passengers between the Republic of Mauritius and the islands of Reunion, Agalega and Rodriquez.The order with Wärtsilä was placed in April 2020, and the equipment is scheduled for delivery to the yard in spring 2021.
Gladding-Hearn Delivers New Launch to Virginia Pilots
The Virginia Pilot Association has taken delivery of a Chesapeake Class MK II launch from Gladding-Hearn Shipbuilding, its ninth pilot boat built by the Somerset, Mass., shipyard since 1983.The Virginia pilots' new launch Richmond incorporates the performance benefits of Volvo Penta's IPS three-pod system and Humphree interceptors. "The combination of the Volvo Penta IPS system and the Humphree interceptors produces lower sound levels and improved comfort and higher speed, while burning about 25 percent less fuel…
Gula Skrinet AB to Acquire Caterpillar Propulsion AB
Gula Skrinet AB reached an agreement with Caterpillar Luxembourg Sarl to acquire Caterpillar Propulsion AB and its subsidiaries. The sale is expected to close on June 30, 2020. Caterpillar Propulsion AB, formerly Berg Propulsion AB, is a manufacturer of mechanically and electrically driven propulsion systems and marine controls for ships.The proposed acquisition includes Caterpillar Propulsion AB and its subsidiaries, including Caterpillar Propulsion Production AB, as well as Caterpillar Propulsion Pte. Ltd, its subsidiary Caterpillar Propulsion International Trading (Shanghai) Co.
Schottel Propulsion for Aluminum Ferry Nairana
Nairana, a new all-aluminium ferry, is equipped with Schottel propulsion solutions."The brief was to provide two unique, new vessels that are highly maneuverable to facilitate rapid turnaround times, have multiple engines for redundancy, and are economical," said Roger Janes, Sales and Marketing Manager of Australian shipbuilder Richardson Devine Marine. "Overall, they needed to be uncomplicated and reliable.The Incat Crowther-designed Nairana is constructed entirely from aluminium.
SCHOTTEL Equips Eight Penguin Crew Boats
Following a testing and evaluation program, Singapore-based Penguin International Ltd. has selected SCHOTTEL's Tunnel Thruster STT 51 FP for its flagship Flex-42X series of eight executive fast crew boats. Penguin is a designer, builder, owner and operator of high-speed crafts as well as a prolific builder of mid-sized crew boats and armored security boats for sales and charter. With a 95 kW electric motor controlled by a variable frequency drive, the STT will be installed in…
Schottel to Power 'Wind of Hope'
Schottel will provide a range of propulsion systems for Louis Dreyfus Armateurs's second wind farm service operation vessel (SOV) the Wind of Hope.The new walk-to-work vessel, a sister vessel to the Wind of Change SOV, is currently under construction at Cemre shipyard in Turkey and will enter service operating under a long-term contract with Ørsted.The propulsion system of the vessel designed by Salt Ship Design vessel is powered by four diesel generators, which drive the electric motors of the Schottel propulsion package.
Interview: Dr. Dirk Jürgens, Heads of R&D, Voith Turbo Marine
Dr. Dirk Jürgens heads R&D at Voith Turbo Marine, a part of the family owned Voith conglomerate which employs more than 19,000 people in 60 countries. Voith Rudderpropellers were chosen as the propulsion system for the three new Staten Island Ferry vessels, and Dr. Jürgens discusses the evolution of the system.The 'Voith' name is a well-known one in the maritime industry, but to start please provide an overview of the product and service you offer to the maritime industry.The…
Full SCHOTTEL Propulsion for Jan De Nul Crane Vessel
Jan De Nul has ordered a heavy lift crane vessel capable of lifting 5,000 metric tons from the CMHI Haimen shipyard in China. The vessel, to be named Les Alizés and due to enter service in 2022, will be equipped with a full SCHOTTEL propulsion package, including four rudderpropellers, two retractable rudderpropellers and two transverse thrusters.The main propulsion system of the crane vessel consists of four electrically driven SCHOTTEL Rudderpropellers type SRP 610 FP – each with an input power of 3,000 kilowatts and a propeller diameter of 3.3 etersm – installed at the stern.
Underwater Bow Thruster Removal in Rotterdam
Last month a Hydrex team removed a bow thruster from a 170-meter container ship. This was done during a stop in Rotterdam. The unit needed to be overhauled and the operation had to be carried out within a very short window that would fit the schedule available to the vessel's owner.The team mobilized to the ship's location using a workboat loaded with all the needed equipment. These workboats are fully equipped as dive support stations with hydraulic cranes, winches, nautical and communication equipment and a dive control room.
SCHOTTEL to Equip US Navy Tugs
SCHOTTEL said it has secured several orders to provide propulsion systems for U.S. Navy vessels. This additional order of five Workboat Docking vessels and two YTL tugs – all of which are to be built at the Modutech Marine Inc. yard in Tacoma, Wash. Construction of the lead tug is to commence in 2020.The main propulsion for each Workboat Docking vessel consists of a SCHOTTEL SRP 150 azimuthing unit with fixed pitch propellers with a diameter of 1.05 m and an input power of 335 kW. These are driven by diesel engines.
Made-to-Measure Ro-Pax Ferry for Bruny Island
A double-ended ro-pax ferry Nairana has been launched for service to Bruny Island in Tasmania. The Incat Crowther 44 design vessel was commissioned by Sealink Travel Group and built by Richardson Devine Marine in Hobart.According to Incat Crowther, Nairana will bring improvements in both transit and turn-around times. The vessel combines a robust aluminum structure, double-ended functionality and a catamaran platform with a generous beam offering fuel savings compared to a monohull.The ferry is configured to carry 36 cars and 192 passengers.
SCHOTTEL to Propel St. Lawrence Seaway Tug
German propulsion manufacturer SCHOTTEL said it has been selected to equip a newly built harbor tugboat for the Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation (SLSDC) with medium-sized azimuth thrusters. The vessel is under construction at the U.S. shipyard Washburn & Doughty in Maine. The HT-60, the smallest in the harbor tug series developed by the Seattle-based naval architecture firm Glosten, is scheduled for delivery in 2021.Craig Middlebrook, Deputy Administrator of the SLSDC, said, "This new vessel will be used to carry out a variety of construction and maintenance duties for the U.S.
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Q: DLL settings from another DLL I have a MVC project that uses foo.dll, but that foo.dll uses smu.dll so basically I never reference smu.dll within my MVC project.  The problem I´m faced with is that within my MVC project I want to be able to store ssettings in web.config so that smu.dll will read.
We have tried to use both applicationsettings and appsettings without effect, when I refernce smu.dll directly from MVC or any other program it picks up the settings without a problem.  Do settings for smu.dll have to go into foo.dll app.config?
EDIT
Hello again friends, and thank you for your answers.
I found out what I was doing wrong after I read the comments.  In MVC there is a web.config within the Views-folder and one web.config in the root of the project.  When I used sectionGroup and applicationSettings in the "Views"-web.config the config was not read by the smu.dll.  I then changed the smu.dll to read appsettings instead, whereas I then put the appSettings into to "root"-web.config, then the config file was read by the dll.  I hope this makes sense but I am new to this and am still learning.
Anyway, this is finally working now :)

A: So, you have an MVC project, and two class libraries (foo & smu) ?
MVC -> Foo (via project reference)
Foo -> Smu (via project reference)
within AppSettings of web.config, you have a setting that smu should pick up?
Shouldn't Smu just accept a param, but not care where it comes from e.g.
if Smu was a data-access class, and it needed a connection string - all it needs to allow the user to do is send it a connection string? so, you could then send that from Foo (as this class can access your config settings) ?

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Florida Supreme Court strikes down workers comp fee law
TALLAHASSEE -- The Florida Supreme Court struck down a law limiting lawyer fees in workers' compensation cases on Thursday, saying the $1.53 hourly
rate a lawyer was paid to help an injured worker was "absurdly low."
BY BRENDAN FARRINGTON - Associated Press
TALLAHASSEE -- The Florida Supreme Court struck down a law limiting lawyer fees in workers' compensation cases on Thursday, saying the $1.53 hourly rate a lawyer was paid to help an injured worker was "absurdly low."
The decision is a victory for injured workers who have struggled to get lawyers to help them because the fee system created by then-Gov. Jeb Bush in 2003 makes their cases not worth representing. The case involved a man who successfully sued a Miami door manufacturer over an on-the-job injury. His lawyer was paid $164.54 for more than 100 hours of work.
The Supreme Court said the fee limits are unconstitutional because they resulted in a system where people can't find lawyers to represent them at unreasonably low rates. The law based lawyer fees on a percentage of the amount of money won in a claim, so if an injured worker had a $5,000 claim, lawyers knew that they could receive no more than $1,000.
Business groups immediately criticized the decision, saying it's going to drive up employers' costs.
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