Although many people think water conducts electricity well, pure water is a poor conductor since its molecules do not have free electrons to travel and thus transfer current. Pure water, however, rarely exists in nature. Salts, sediments and minerals often mix with water and create ions that conduct electricity.
Water exists virtually everywhere and dissolves a variety of minerals, such as calcium, magnesium and salts. These substances are ions, or atoms that have a net electrical charge. When electrons are introduced into ionized water, they can transfer from one ion to the next, creating an electrical current through the water. The more minerals that are dissolved in the water, the more efficiently it will conduct electricity.
Even completely pure water will carry a current in the presence of enough voltage, such as in the case of a direct lightning strike. There is no such thing as a perfect insulator by current human knowledge.
eight electrons. Because hydrogen atoms have one electron each, a perfect chemical bond forms.


didn't let him leave, since he is really enamored of him.
a female teacher and some young folks. The sky is radiant and so is Herr Anschütz.
One notices it when one travels!
for an hour and we talked pleasantly.
a cigarette factory and feels quite satisfied.


SCOTTSDALE, Ariz. – The Cubs and Giants haven't even reached the regular season yet, and the tensions already are rising between the two National League contenders.
In the fourth inning of a nationally televised spring game started by each team's ace, the tensions nearly boiled over when Giants pitcher Madison Bumgarner and Cubs right fielder Jason Heyward had to be restrained after a "misunderstanding" over what Bumgarner believed was a case of stealing pitch signs.
In a spring training game.
Maybe some of the intensity was about a lineup full of Giants regulars who remembered getting swept at Wrigley Field last August in a four-game series that knocked the Giants from playoff position and changed the fortunes of both teams' seasons.
Regardless, Cubs center fielder Dexter Fowler believes the Cubs are going to see more hard play – if not increased hard feelings – all season because of the target the young National League favorites wear this year.
And not just the Giants.
Thursday's made-for-spring-training-TV moment started when Bumgarner struck out Heyward on a called strike Heyward said he wasn't sure about. So he looked out at Fowler at second, trying to get his attention to see what he thought, Heyward said.
When the unhappy gaze lasted longer than a second or two, Bumgarner initially took Heyward to be looking at him.
"But he said he wasn't," Bumgarner said. "So there's only one other person for him to be talking to. That's the guy standing on second base. He looked like he was upset with him. There's only one reason he could be doing that.
"Discreet about what?" said Heyward, who was eager to set the record straight with media.
"There was no tipping the signs. I understand people would say they wouldn't tell us anyway," Heyward said. "Believe me or not, genuinely that was not going on. Especially not in a spring training game. I wouldn't show up my teammate if he gave me the wrong sign or anything else. That just looks bad.


Fluke 5520A-SC600 : General Equipment Other Types of Equipment - Test Equipment Connection - Prüfgeräte zu verkaufen - verpachten - vermieten.
The SC600 enables the versatile 5500A and the enhanced performance 5520A to calibrate nearly all your scopes fully up to 600 MHz. The 600 MHz 5500A-SC600 is a dramatically enhanced version of our popular 300 MHz 5500A-SC300 option.


text:
Q: opencv ubuntu 12.04 Cmake error : Source directory does not appear to contain CmakeLists.txt I'm using Ubuntu 12.04. I was trying to install OpenCV using the steps shown in http://karytech.blogspot.in/2012/05/opencv-24-on-ubuntu-1204.html
But when it comes to the step for Compiling, i get an error :
clive@clive-Aspire-4755:~/OpenCV-2.4.0/build$ cmake -D WITH_QT=ON -D WITH_XINE=ON -D WITH_OPENGL=ON -D WITH_TBB=ON -D BUILD_EXAMPLES=ON ..

CMake Error: The source directory "/home/clive" does not appear to contain CMakeLists.txt.
Specify --help for usage, or press the help button on the CMake GUI.

Can anyone help me?
NOTE : The CMakeLists.txt file is present in the folder OpenCV-2.4.0 and not inside build.

A: Try /home/clive/OpenCV-2.4.0 instead of .. at the end of the command.
Also, It's generally  easier to use ccmake instead cmake, regarding the options You are trying to set for setup.

A: I was facing the same issue, resolved by using the below command
 Try with cmake .. your command

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Welcome to Companies Catering – it's our mission to help you find Bar Catering in Milltimber. What are the benefits of using Companies Catering? Well, we were set up to make it easier to search for catering companies in the UK, and this includes Bar Catering in Milltimber. As such, we list lots of caterers in Milltimber and beyond, and have plans to become nothing less that the number one resource for catering companies in the UK. As such, we plan to host a forum, catering jobs and far more, and of which will no doubt help our customers and suppliers. Bar Catering in Milltimber is one of our most commonly searched for requests, and we are certain that we can help you find quality and peer reviewed caterers, without the hassle of using other online and offline resources.
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2200-48450-025 - VVX 411 12-line Desktop Phone Gigabit Ethernet with HD Voice. Compatible Partner platforms: 20. POE. Ships without power supply.
2200-48350-025 - VVX 311 6-line Desktop Phone Gigabit Ethernet with HD Voice. Compatible Partner platforms: 20. POE. Ships without power supply.
2200-48300-025 - VVX 301 6-line Desktop Phone with HD Voice. Compatible Partner platforms: 20. POE. Ships without power supply.


text:
Beyond 'Fortress America': National Security Controls on Science and Technology in a Globalized World (2009)
Chapter: Appendix E: Principal Studies Sponsored by the National Academies That Address the Impact of National Security Controls on the Conduct of Science and Technology
« Previous: Appendix D: Recent Studies and Initiatives Outside the National Academies
Page 107 Share Cite
Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Principal Studies Sponsored by the National Academies That Address the Impact of National Security Controls on the Conduct of Science and Technology." National Research Council. 2009. Beyond 'Fortress America': National Security Controls on Science and Technology in a Globalized World. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12567.
Appendix E Principal Studies Sponsored by the National Academies That Address the Impact of National Security Controls on the Conduct of Science and Technology TABLE 1  Summary of Areas of Recommendation for National Academy Reports (1982-2007) Risk Scientific Bio- Classifi- Export Assess- Commu- VISA NRC Report security cation Controls ment nication Controls Space Science and the √ √ √ √ International Traffic in Arms Regulations (2008) Science and Security √ √ √ √ √ in a Post 9/11 World (2007) Globalization, √ √ Biosecurity, and the Future of the Life Sciences (2006) Critical Technology Accessibility (2006) Rising Above the √ √ Gathering Storm (2005) Policy Implications √ of International Graduate Students and Postdoctoral Scholars in the United States (2005) continued 107
108	APPENDIX E TABLE 1  Continued Risk Scientific Bio- Classifi- Export Assess- Commu- VISA NRC Report security cation Controls ment nication Controls Assessment of √ √ Department of Defense Basic Research (2005) Avoiding Surprise in an Era of Global Technology Advances (2005) Seeking Security: √ √ √ Pathogens, Open Access, and Genome Databases (2004) Biotechnology √ √ √ Research in an Age of Terrorism (2004) Making the Nation √ √ √ Safer: The Role of Science and Technology in Countering Terrorism (2002) Balancing Scientific √ √ Openness and National Security Controls at the Nuclear Weapons Laboratories (1999) Understanding Risk: √ Informing Decisions in a Democratic Society (1996) A Review of the √ √ Department of Energy Classification Policy and Practice (1995) continued
APPENDIX E	109 TABLE 1  Continued Risk Scientific Bio- Classifi- Export Assess- Commu- VISA NRC Report security cation Controls ment nication Controls Finding Common √ Ground: U.S. Export Controls in a Changed Global Environment (1991) Global Trends in √ Computer Technology and Their Impact on Export Control (1988) Balancing the National √ Interest: U.S. National Security Export Controls and Global Economic Competition (1987) Scientific √ √ Communication and National Security (1982)
Next: Appendix F: U.S. Government Agency Jurisdiction and Export Decision Tree »
Beyond 'Fortress America': National Security Controls on Science and Technology in a Globalized World Get This Book
The national security controls that regulate access to and export of science and technology are broken. As currently structured, many of these controls undermine our national and homeland security and stifle American engagement in the global economy, and in science and technology. These unintended consequences arise from policies that were crafted for an earlier era. In the name of maintaining superiority, the U.S. now runs the risk of becoming less secure, less competitive and less prosperous.
Beyond "Fortress America" provides an account of the costs associated with building walls that hamper our access to global science and technology that dampen our economic potential. The book also makes recommendations to reform the export control process, ensure scientific and technological competitiveness, and improve the non-immigrant visa system that regulates entry into the United States of foreign science and engineering students, scholars, and professionals.
Beyond "Fortress America" contains vital information and action items for the President and policy makers that will affect the United States' ability to compete globally. Interested parties--including military personnel, engineers, scientists, professionals, industrialists, and scholars--will find this book a valuable tool for stemming a serious decline affecting broad areas of the nation's security and economy.
Front Matter i–xii
Summary 1–12
I. Introduction 13–16
II. Findings 17–58
III. Recommendations 59–80
IV. Conclusion 81–82
Appendix A: Committee on Scientific Communication and National Security Roster 83–84
Appendix B: The Committee on Science, Security, and Prosperity Biographies 85–98
Appendix C: Background on the Roundtable/Commission on Scientific Communication and National Security 99–100
Appendix D: Recent Studies and Initiatives Outside the National Academies 101–106
Appendix E: Principal Studies Sponsored by the National Academies That Address the Impact of National Security Controls on the Conduct of Science and Technology 107–109
Appendix F: U.S. Government Agency Jurisdiction and Export Decision Tree 110–122
Appendix G: Possible Topics for Future Research 123–126
Appendix H: ITAR and CCL Control Lists by Category 127–128
Appendix I: Principles to Underpin the Militarily Critical Technologies List (MCTL) 129–130
Appendix J: Export Control Legislation in the 110th Congress 131–134
Appendix K: Commerce Control List Overlap with Multilateral Agreements 135–138

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: How to keep always logged in development environment I have a little non-standard WP dev environment, I use one WP core for all my projects and switch each project in core's wp-config.php just changing the $project variable (e.g. proj1, proj2, example...). Projects and core are separated and each project has its own DB, wp-content folder, wp-config-dev.php (DB credentials and table prefix), and wp-config.php (usual wp-config that I deploy on the server).
//core's wp-config.php
<?php
$project = 'example';
define( 'WP_CONTENT_DIR', 'C:/dev/projects/'.$project.'/wp/wp-content' );
define( 'WP_CONTENT_URL', 'https://projects.folder/'.$project.'/wp/wp-content' );
include('C:/dev/projects/'.$project.'/wp/wp-config-dev.php');
if ( ! defined( 'ABSPATH' ) ) {
    define( 'ABSPATH', dirname( __FILE__ ) . '/' );
}
require_once( ABSPATH . 'wp-settings.php' );
// custom functions
include('custom.php');

All my projects on the development environment have the same user and password (e.g. foo and bar) and I change them when I export DB when my project is ready to production, so my goal to switch each project just with changing $project and not login in every time cuz it is really annoying.
When i switch beetwen projects i have always to log in again into switched project. In included custom.php file i have wp_signon() function that was worked on WP 4+ but since WP 5.0 it is stopped working. Earlier that approach automatically logged in each project and i even can't log out cuz it keep me logged on page reload :)
$current_user = wp_get_current_user();
if (!user_can( $current_user, 'administrator' )) {
    //without if(){} i have same behaviour
    $creds = array();
    $creds['user_login'] = 'foo';
    $creds['user_password'] = 'bar';
    $creds['remember'] = false;
    wp_signon( $creds, false );
}

Now after the switch, I need to update the page again to the admin bar appear and when I go to the console it redirects me to wp-login.php where is user input had filled and the password input are empty.

So how to make it always automatically logged in when I change the project and make that each session has no expiration time?
Note. I need to make it work only in the custom.php file that I include to core's wp-config, I don't need to make it in each project instance that I deploy on the server.

Update. Now autologin works fine, the problem was in second parameter of the wp_signon() function, it should be true if you use HTTPS on your site.
//custom.php

echo "is_user_logged_in() — ";
var_dump(is_user_logged_in());

//this condition not working after switch project, have to reload page
if (!is_user_logged_in()) {
    $creds = array();
    $creds['user_login'] = 'foo';
    $creds['user_password'] = 'bar';
    $creds['remember'] = false;
    $user = wp_signon( $creds, true ); //set second parameter to true to enable secure cookies

    add_filter( 'auth_cookie_expiration', 'keep_me_logged_in_for_1_year' );
    function keep_me_logged_in_for_1_year( $expirein ) {
        return 31556926; // 1 year in seconds
    }
}

It always keep me logged in for current project and I haven't problem with redirection to wp-login page but when i switch to another project I still need to reload page to login and for the admin bar to appear.
In drop down menu i switch project with changing $project var in core's config

How to login immediately and without reloads after changing $project? Is there a problem with that engine got another DB and wp-content folder?

A: Here's one milder suggestion to try out, assuming different cookie domains, if you're using WordPress 5.5+
For your development installs, set the getenv environment variable WP_ENVIRONMENT_TYPE or define:
define( 'WP_ENVIRONMENT_TYPE', 'development' );

within the corresponding wp-config-development.php or the name you use for it.
Then extend the authentication cookie expiration period for the development installs with e.g.
add_filter( 'auth_cookie_expiration', function( $ttl, $user_id, $remember ) {

    // Adjust to your working environment needs.
    $my_working_types = [ 'development' ];
    $my_working_ttl   = YEAR_IN_SECONDS;

    return in_array( wp_get_environment_type(), $my_working_types, true )
        ? $my_working_ttl
        : $ttl;

}, PHP_INT_MAX - 1, 3 );

So you would have to login once to start with, checking the "Remember me" on the login screen, else we get the session expiration.
There are four supported environment types of wp_get_environment_type() supported:

*

*local

*development

*staging

*production (default)

See the dev notes for the back story.
ps: The setup of using the same domain, with multiple sites in sub-directories, sharing the same WordPress install, reminds me of WordPress multisite.

A: I found out my solution, I just need make an additional redirect to make wp_signon() work after I switch project.
if (!is_user_logged_in()) {

    $creds = array();
    $creds['user_login'] = 'foo';
    $creds['user_password'] = 'bar';
    $creds['remember'] = false;
    $user = wp_signon( $creds, true );

    add_filter( 'auth_cookie_expiration', 'keep_me_logged_in_for_1_year' );
    function keep_me_logged_in_for_1_year( $expirein ) {
        return 31556926; // 1 year in seconds
    }

    //add redirection
    header("Location: "."https://".$_SERVER['HTTP_HOST']);
    exit();
}


text:
Tsipras says Europe 'can change' if Podemos wins
The Local/AFP
greecepodemossyriza
Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras (left) with Podemos leader Pablo Iglesias in November 2014. Photo: Dani Pozo/AFP
Greece's Prime Minister said Europe "can change" if "forces similar to Syriza" win in the upcoming Spanish elections, while Podemos distanced itself on Tuesday from its Greek ally.
Alexis Tsipras made the comments while appearing on Greek public television for the first time since reaching an agreement with European creditors on a third bailout deal.
While Podemos has been critical of the deal, the Spanish protest party, which is polling strongly ahead of a general election due at the end of the year, has been careful to distinguish itself from its Greek ally.
The party insisted Spain would not go the way of Greece if Podemos took power.
"Spain is not Greece," said Podemos's head of economic policy, Nacho Álvarez – echoing the line used by Spain's conservative government to reassure voters.
"Greece and Spain are different economies in very different situations which demand different economic strategies," he told a news conference.
"Podemos and Syriza have different economic approaches."
He said Monday's deal for Greece, despite offering stability, was "not a good agreement" because it went against the will of Greeks who voted against more austerity reforms in a referendum.
Created only a year and a half ago, Podemos has surged in popularity and is running third in polls.
The ruling Popular Party says that if Podemos forces a change of course on the economy after the election, Spain could plunge back into crisis.
Álvarez insisted that unlike Greece, "Spain at this time has enough room" to apply its pro-growth policies and to reduce the budget deficit gradually.
The government aims in 2016 to bring the deficit under the level of three percent of economic output required by European treaties.
It forecasts the country's public debt will equal 98.5 percent of the economy this year, compared to Greece's debt ratio of more than 177 percent.
Spanish PM could end political impasse on weekend
All the words you need to know to understand Spain's general election
Spain's crisis-hit Podemos launches election campaign
Podemos admits it was wrong to praise 'disastrous' Venezuela
Podemos twins arrive three months early
Podemos left out of new PM's government
Podemos leader wins confidence vote over luxury home
Head of Spain's far-left Podemos blasted over luxury home purchase
Spain's Podemos party names new head after Pablo Iglesias departure
Spain's basic income scheme hits backlog dead-end
LATEST: Madrid residents urged to 'stay at home' as Spain's coronavirus death toll leaps to 84
What Spain's new leftist government has planned for the country


Chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum morifolium) make it easy to punch up the color in your fall landscape. Generally known as mums, these easy perennials are available in garden centers this time of year in an array of colors and varying sizes.
Some mums have a single flower form that resembles a daisy. Others have a more "pompon" or rounded look. Make sure you select "garden mums," which tolerate cold better than "florist mums." Choose a healthy plant that's full of buds.
Although they prefer full sun, mums will perform quite nicely with partial-day sun. Plant in a well-drained site, apply slow-release fertilizer and water well. Mums are especially striking if planted en masse. Or, plant mums in attractive containers to brighten a shady spot. If you have two pots, you can rotate them between shady and sunny sites for optimum health and appearance.
In early- to mid-summer, pinch back the growing tips regularly to promote full, rounded growth. If the wet summer we've had produced a growth spurt for your mums that left you with leggy plants, don't despair. Shear your mums into the rounded shape you want; these are tough plants, and they'll rebound.
Once a frost or freeze has knocked your mums back, don't prune them, which sends a signal to start growing again. Instead, pick off the dead stems and flowers and mulch the crown of the plant well.


InformativeThis book gave me a lot of insight into why attachment problems happen. It also gave me a few wonderful ideas to help engage the oxytocin response in my daughter.
A fascinating look at the bonding hormone, Oxytocin. I firmly believe the quality of our connections with others are rooted in our intent, words, and actions. This book explains the chemical basis for human bonding and the idea intrigues me.
I love knowing the science behind feelings and emotions. Helps to understand why some people behave the what they do.


text:
MMA News Abdulmanap Nurmagomedov, father of UFC champ Khabib, dies at age 57 following...
Abdulmanap Nurmagomedov, father of UFC champ Khabib, dies at age 57 following battle with COVID-19
The father of UFC lightweight champion, Khabib Nurmagomedov, Abdulmanap, passed away in a Moscow hospital, Friday morning, after reports came from Russia about his passing.
Abdulmanap had been dealing with health issues since late April. After being hospitalized, he was transported to a military hospital where he was confirmed for having COVID-19. Soon after the diagnosis, he suffered a heart attack which required emergency heart bypass surgery.
Following the surgery, Nurmagomedov was placed into two medically-induced comas, but he was able to make it out of both of them eventually.
After making it out of his coma's, doctors had confirmed that Abdulmanap's condition was 'serious but stable', but after experiencing more complications, he eventually lost his hard fought battle with the disease.
Early Friday morning, Chechen leader and friend of the Nurmagomedov family, Ramzan Kadyrov, announced the news in a post on his Telegram channel.
Abdulmanap's legacy will likely live on forever, as he is the main one responsible for the huge influx of Dagestani fighters that have entered the UFC over the last few years.
The future of Khabib's career is now in question as the guidance of his father was something that was relied on heavily by not only Khabib, but the entire Eagles MMA team. In the lead up to his son's fights, despite having Visa issues, Abdulmanap would coach Khabib through FaceTime while he trained in San Jose, California, with the American Kickboxing Academy, under Javier Mendez.
Anywhere he went, Abdulmanap demanded the highest level of respect from everyone in the room, and it was evident by how his fighters treated and respected him.
We at Parry Punch express our condolences to the entire Nurmagomedov family and team of fighters that trained under Abdulmanap.
Previous articleRose Namajunas on overcoming two deaths in family due to COVID-19
Next articleMax Holloway on how he trained for UFC 251 during quarantine, and why he took hiatus from doing media
Morning Report: Dana White responds to Nate Diaz's latest call out...
Stephen Thompson Looking to Become UFC Champ in 2021: "It's My...


text:
Q: Non-Latin characters in username for FTP I tried to find the list of characters allowed in username for FTP but the RFC is not very specific. What ftp servers and clients support user names in Unicode? Special characters? Is there a generally accepted spec that explains the list of characters allowed in FTP usernames? (googling was of no help to me)

A: RFC 959 5.3.2:
<username> ::= <string>
<string> ::= <char> | <char><string>
<char> ::= any of the 128 ASCII characters except <CR> and <LF>

Later RFCs (like proposed standard RFC 3659) talk about UTF-8 extensions, but only in the context of pathnames and file contents encoding.
So you can only depend on ASCII, but I suspect in practice most clients and servers support  UTF-8.

A: Try to encode using UTF-8 because most FTP servers will work with UTF-8.


Navigator Model in Sunrise Bay a 55 and over Adult community. This affordable 1300 square foot home with 2 bedrooms and two full baths is perfect if you are looking to downsize. Sunrise Bay is well maintained and very active community with many amenities to occupy your time.
Directions CENTER STREET TO SWEETWATER THEN TURN THEN CONTINUE TO SECOND STREET(REEF) TURN RIGHT TO FIRST HOUSE ON RIGHT.


text:
Box Score - Jan 4, 2023
All Men's Basketball Scores »
Bud Walton Arena - Fayetteville, AR
(20)Missouri12-2, 1-1 SEC
Recap | Watch Replay
(13)Arkansas12-2, 1-1 SEC
Musselman admits Hogs' comeback vs. Mizzou wasn't easy
UT, MS State and Mizzou shine in SEC/Big 12 Challenge
Coleman III credits 12th Man in Aggies' win over Vandy
1st Quarter2nd Quarter3rd Quarter4th Quarter
S. East II, G 27 13 6/9 .667 1/2 .500 0/0 .000 2 2 4 3 1 0 3 4
N. Honor, G 38 12 3/7 .429 2/4 .500 4/5 .800 0 2 2 4 2 0 0 4
K. Brown, G 20 11 3/7 .429 0/0 .000 5/6 .833 2 0 2 2 0 0 2 4
T. Gomillion, G 25 7 3/7 .429 1/2 .500 0/0 .000 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 2
N. Carter, F 24 7 2/5 .400 0/1 .000 3/5 .600 0 3 3 1 0 2 0 1
D. Gholston, G 19 7 3/8 .375 1/3 .333 0/1 .000 1 1 2 0 1 0 2 2
D. Hodge, G 28 6 2/4 .500 0/2 .000 2/4 .500 1 2 3 1 3 0 1 3
R. DeGray III, F 6 3 1/4 .250 1/4 .250 0/0 .000 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
A. Shaw, F 13 2 1/3 .333 0/1 .000 0/0 .000 2 2 4 0 0 0 0 2
R. Council IV, G 31 25 6/15 .400 2/7 .286 11/13 .846 2 5 7 1 0 1 5 1
J. Pinion, G 27 13 4/7 .571 3/6 .500 2/2 1.000 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 4
D. Davis, G 38 10 5/10 .500 0/2 .000 0/0 .000 1 4 5 5 3 0 5 3
M. Mitchell, F 15 8 4/7 .571 0/0 .000 0/0 .000 3 4 7 0 0 2 1 3
A. Black, G 40 6 2/7 .286 1/4 .250 1/2 .500 0 2 2 5 1 1 4 1
J. Walsh, G 26 6 3/6 .500 0/2 .000 0/0 .000 3 4 7 2 1 0 1 4
K. Johnson, F 20 5 2/2 1.000 0/0 .000 1/4 .250 3 5 8 0 1 0 0 3
M. Mitchell, F 1 1 0/0 .000 0/0 .000 1/2 .500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
J. Graham, F 2 0 0/0 .000 0/0 .000 0/0 .000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Scoring Plays
19:37 R. DeGray III made Three Point Jumper. Assisted by K. Brown. 3 0
18:42 M. Mitchell made Layup. Assisted by J. Walsh. 3 2
18:16 K. Brown made Free Throw. 4 2
17:54 M. Mitchell made Dunk. Assisted by D. Davis. 5 4
17:25 K. Brown made Jumper. 7 4
16:16 M. Mitchell made Free Throw. 7 5
16:11 S. East II made Three Point Jumper. Assisted by N. Honor. 10 5
15:46 D. Hodge made Free Throw. 11 5
14:58 N. Honor made Free Throw. 12 5
14:15 R. Council IV made Three Point Jumper. Assisted by D. Davis. 14 8
12:12 S. East II made Jumper. 16 8
11:29 S. East II made Jumper. Assisted by N. Honor. 18 8
10:29 D. Gholston made Three Point Jumper. Assisted by S. East II. 21 8
9:53 D. Hodge made Free Throw. 22 8
9:50 D. Hodge made Layup. 24 8
9:31 N. Carter made Free Throw. 25 8
9:17 J. Walsh made Jumper. Assisted by A. Black. 25 10
8:48 J. Walsh made Two Point Tip Shot. 25 12
8:03 J. Pinion made Free Throw. 25 13
6:25 D. Hodge made Layup. 27 14
5:14 K. Johnson made Two Point Tip Shot. 27 16
4:57 N. Carter made Free Throw. 28 16
4:27 J. Pinion made Layup. 29 18
4:00 R. Council IV made Free Throw. 29 19
3:40 N. Honor made Three Point Jumper. Assisted by K. Brown. 32 19
2:58 S. East II made Layup. 34 19
2:41 D. Davis made Jumper. 34 21
1:10 K. Johnson made Layup. Assisted by J. Walsh. 34 23
1:10 K. Johnson made Free Throw. 34 24
0:32 J. Pinion made Three Point Jumper. Assisted by D. Davis. 34 27
19:39 D. Davis made Layup. 34 29
19:20 K. Brown made Layup. Assisted by T. Gomillion. 36 29
18:53 J. Walsh made Jumper. 36 31
18:11 A. Black made Free Throw. 36 32
17:53 T. Gomillion made Layup. 38 32
17:38 M. Mitchell made Layup. Assisted by D. Davis. 38 34
16:55 J. Pinion made Three Point Jumper. Assisted by A. Black. 38 37
16:31 K. Brown made Free Throw. 39 37
15:40 N. Honor made Three Point Jumper. Assisted by D. Hodge. 42 37
15:03 M. Mitchell made Layup. 42 39
14:52 R. Council IV made Dunk. Assisted by A. Black. 42 41
14:17 D. Davis made Layup. Assisted by R. Council IV. 42 43
11:28 N. Carter made Layup. Assisted by S. East II. 44 46
11:02 A. Shaw made Dunk. Assisted by N. Carter. 46 46
10:48 R. Council IV made Three Point Jumper. Assisted by A. Black. 46 49
10:18 N. Carter made Layup. 48 49
9:08 R. Council IV made Jumper. 48 53
8:49 R. Council IV made Jumper. Assisted by D. Davis. 48 55
8:41 N. Honor made Jumper. 50 56
8:27 A. Black made Jumper. 50 58
7:59 D. Gholston made Jumper. 52 58
6:11 T. Gomillion made Layup. 56 62
4:44 K. Brown made Dunk. Assisted by S. East II. 58 64
4:04 T. Gomillion made Three Point Jumper. Assisted by N. Honor. 61 66
3:31 K. Brown made Free Throw. 62 66
3:11 A. Black made Three Point Jumper. 63 69
0:28 N. Honor made Free Throw. 66 69
0:20 S. East II made Layup. Assisted by N. Honor. 68 71


text:
Free Film Event, Rebecca's Wild Farm: A Farm For the Future, Oct 28th
Rising fuel prices are a wake up call for filmmaker, Rebecca Hosking, as she investigates how to turn her family's farm in Devon into a low energy farm for the future. Going beyond mere alarm raising to present practical, ingenious solutions from pioneering farmers and gardeners, Rebecca shows that nature holds some surprising keys to abundance.
October 28th @ 6:30 pm
Pringle Creek Community
3911Village Center Drive SE, Salem
For more info call
Diana Cason, 941-735-0452
nwpermacultureinstitute.org
facebook.com/nwpermacultureinstitute
Categories: Uncategorized | Tags: agriculture, chickens, compost, compost tea, cows, design, ducks, earth, ecology, energy, energy saving, ethics, farm, farmer, film, food, fruit, garden, gardener, gardening, goats, homesteading, living soil, local, nature, oregon, organic, perennials, permaculture, pigs, rabbits, salem, sheep, soil, sustainability, sustainable, vegetables, victory garden, water, willamette valley, worms | Permalink.
Free Film Event, Ingredients, October 23rd
As American food nears a state of crisis, INGREDIENTS explores a thriving local food movement where community, food-safety, and flavor are commonplace. Traveling across the United States, from the urban food deserts of Harlem to the abundant Willamette Valley, INGREDIENTS, is a journey that reveals the people who are bringing good food back to the table, and the myriad ways we all can eat better. It empowers and sparks the joy of discovery in creating a healthier, more sustainable model for living and eating well in a world in need of balance.
Earth Care, People Care, Fair Share: Free Film and Lecture Series, presented by the Northwest Permaculture Institute. Every 4th Thursday @ 6:30 pm (except Nov. & Dec. on the holidays). Bring item for finger food potluck, enjoy event and discussion, at UU Congregation of Salem, 5090 Center Street NE, Salem. For more info, 503-449-8077, nwpermacultureinstitute.org, or nwpermacultureinstitute on facebook.
Made possible in part with support from Unitarian Universalist Congregation of Salem, and Life Source Natural Foods.
Categories: Uncategorized | Tags: agriculture, chickens, earth, farm, farmer, film, food, fruit, garden, goats, homesteading, local, oregon, organic, permaculture, pigs, rabbits, salem, sheep, sustainability, vegetables, victory garden, willamette valley | Permalink.
by nwpermacultureinstitute	1 Comment
Permaculture Essentials for the Pacific NW, class schedule and make up opportunities
Welcome to all of our new and returning students! We are glad to be sharing and supporting your learning journey. Everyone currently registered gets a hard copy of the 36 hour, 12 class breakdown from their instructor, however, we post here too for those of you who need to make up a class, or who just want to repeat a class and deepen your understanding of the core concepts. New students, if you have missed Class One, or any class session, call Instructor Diana Cason at 941-735-0452 to get details on how to attend a make up session. (Note: the Saturday classes have been changed to independent study schedules to meet the needs of our out of town students and are no longer meeting on Saturdays in NE Salem. We will be starting a new section of Permaculture Essentials for the Pacific NW in NE Salem in Early 2015.)
Tuesday 10/7/14 @ 6:30pm at Pringle Creek, and Friday 10/10/14 @ 6pm at Silverton Grange
Class business and introductions, beginning Introduction to Permaculture Chapter, Key Problems, Permaculture Ethics, Definition, Sustainability, History
Tuesday 10/21/14 @ 6:30pm at Pringle Creek, and Friday 10/31/14 @ 6pm at Silverton Grange
Permanent culture, urban, repair and aid work, Permaculture in society, Permaculture as holistic design, Introduction Concepts and Themes Chapter, Hierarchy of soil creation in natural systems
Tuesday 11/4/14 @ 6:30pm at Pringle Creek, and Friday 11/7/14 @ 6pm at Silverton Grange
Elements – needs & products, The sun – source of energy, Characteristics of natural ecosystems, Weeds, Pioneers, Niches, Weeds – fast tracking recovery by design techniques, Diversity leads to stability, Connections between elements, Positioning elements, Use of natural resources, Energy, Edge opportunities, Capturing energy, Extending entropy
Friday 11/14/14 @ 6pm at Silverton Grange, and Tuesday 11/18/14 @6;30pm at Pringle Creek
Categories of resources, Dispersal of yield over time, Diversity of plants, Perennial food advantages, Diversity and security, Yield and energy inputs, Niches, Introduction to Methods Chapter, Analysis: design by listing characteristics of components, Slope, orientation, Zone analysis, Sector analysis, Designing with zones, Zonal placement, Sectors, Outside energies effect on site
Class Five
Tuesday 12/2/14 @ 6:30 at Pringle Creek, and Friday 12/5/14 @ 6pm at Silverton Grange
Listing possibilities, selection of random assemblies, Connecting elements, Simple efficiencies, Observation, Introduction to Pattern Chapter, Patterns in nature, Pattern forms, Fibonacci sequence, Formation of pattern, Working with nature and patterns, Scale and order of size, Order and form, Edge areas
Class Six
Edge effect, Working with pattern design events, Looking for existing patterns, Translating pattern form, Re-patterning a river, Wind patterns, Pattern used for passing on knowledge, Pattern for productive form, The herb spiral, Traditional use of pattern, Re-patterning society, The pit garden banana circle, Edge to space relationships
Class Seven
Tuesday 1/6/15 @ 6:30pm at Pringle Creek, and Friday 1/9/15 @ 6pm at Silverton Grange
Introduction to Climatic Factors Chapter, Using local knowledge, Temperate climate, Orographic effect, Maritime effect, Continental effect, Rain shadow, Micro climate, Landscape effects on climate, Climate analogues, Characteristics of temperate climate zone, Orographic features, Humid landscape profile, Flatlands, Wetlands, Water – stop, spread and soak
Class Eight
Tuesday 1/20/15 @ 6:30pm at Pringle Creek, and Friday 1/23/15 @ 6pm at Silverton Grange
Introduction to Trees Chapter, Temperature effects, How a tree interacts with rain, Fungi Relationships, Forests, Legumes as support species
Class Nine
Fruit tree care, function and interaction, Collapsing soil fertility
Class Ten
Compost, Chemical agriculture, pH, acid vs. alkaline soils, pH of soil and mineral availability to plants, Role of weeds, Ants, Soil fertilizer
Perfect compost, Fixing problems with compost, Introduction to Temperate Climate Design Chapter, House design, Energy use, Garden design
Zone 2 food forest, Zone 2 main crop, Zone 3 design, Zone 4 farm forestry, Terraces and raised beds
Two Tuesdays per month, Starting Oct 7th, 2014, 6:30-9:30pm, @ Pringle Creek Community, 3911Village Center Drive SE, Salem. Instructor, Diana Cason, call 941-735-0452
Two Fridays per month, Starting Oct 10th, 2014, 6-9pm @ Silverton Grange #748, 201 Division Street, Silverton. Instructor, Diana Cason, call 941-735-0452
Categories: Uncategorized | Tags: agriculture, chickens, class, compost, compost tea, design, ducks, earth, ecology, ecosystem, energy, energy saving, ethics, farm, farmer, food, fruit, garden, gardener, gardening, goats, homesteading, local, nature, oregon, organic, perennials, permaculture, pigs, Pringle Creek, rabbits, rain water, salem, sheep, silverton, Silverton Grange, sustainability, sustainable, swales, vegetables, victory garden, water, willamette valley, worm beds, worms | Permalink.
Free Event, Two Talking Wolves, Ted Turner and Conservation Tour, in Salem, Oregon – Oct 19th
How does capitalism need to necessarily change to save the world? What is the role of young people and what obligation do companies and business people have to give back to society? Throw in topics like rewilding the West with wolves and grizzly bears, support for the United Nations, and the dangers posed by terrorists armed with nuclear weapons and you've got a recipe for fascinating discussion. Anchored by the story of Ted Turner's evolving connection to his own wild places in the West that shaped his views as an "eco-capitalist-humanitarian," the Two Talking Wolves Tour promises to inspire audiences of young and old alike. Come out and discover the pathfinding work of the original Captain Planet and how the Pacific Northwest figures at the center of many urgent environmental issues affecting America and the world.
Todd Wilkinson
Nationally-known environmental journalist Todd Wilkinson is author of the new critically-acclaimed book "Last Stand: Ted Turner's Quest to Save a Troubled Planet" that has been spurring discussions about "eco-capitalism" across the country. From Turner's pioneering work in "rewilding the West" with wolves and grizzly bears to raising 50,000 bison, giving $1 billion to the UN and trying to prevent terrorists from getting their hands on nuclear weapons, he has been hailed as a path finding 21st century businessman. Wilkinson, whose work has appeared in national newspapers and magazines, spent seven years going behind the scenes with Turner and tells the dramatic story of how nature not only saved the legendary "media mogul" but left him transformed. Wilkinson's slide show discussions have been delighting—and provoking— audiences across the country.
Bob Ferris
Known primarily for his groundbreaking work on wolf recovery in the West, Bob Ferris has been a leader in the conservation and sustainability communities for more than 30 years. Ferris is a trained scientist and former businessman with a long history of working to dispel fear and myths about predators while developing mechanisms to overcome the legitimate barriers to coexistence. He was part of the volunteer team that went north to Fort Saint John, BC in 1996 to capture wolves bound for Yellowstone and central Idaho during the government shutdown and has crossed back and forth between policy and practice ever since. He is currently the executive director of Cascadia Wildlands headquartered in Eugene, Oregon.
– See more at: http://www.cascwild.org/two-talking-wolves-ted-turner-and-conservation-tour/#sthash.I8jEM5Gn.dpuf
@ Unitarian Universalist Congregation of Salem
Categories: Uncategorized | Tags: Bob Ferris, capitalism, Cascadia Wild, conservation, earth, eco, ecology, environmental, ethics, free event, grizzley bears, Last Stand, nature, northwest permaculture institute, NWPI, oregon, Oregon cougar action team, planet, quest, rewilding, salem, Ted Turner, Todd Wilkinson, wolves | Permalink.


text:
Q: Passing struct to scatter function returns an error in MATLAB I am trying to scatter plot the data that was stored as struct data type.
scatter(1,1, ...
'ApplicationData', lin_data.ApplicationData, ...
'CData', lin_data.CData, ...
'CDataSource', lin_data.CDataSource, ...
'Jitter', lin_data.Jitter, ...
'JitterAmount', lin_data.JitterAmount, ...
'LineWidth', lin_data.LineWidth, ...
'Marker', lin_data.Marker, ...
'MarkerEdgeColor', lin_data.MarkerEdgeColor, ...
'MarkerFaceColor', lin_data.MarkerFaceColor, ...
'SizeData', lin_data.SizeData, ...
'SizeDataSource', lin_data.SizeDataSource, ...
'XData', lin_data.XData, ...
'XDataSource', lin_data.XDataSource, ...
'YData', lin_data.YData, ...
'YDataSource', lin_data.YDataSource, ...
'ZData', lin_data.ZData, ...
'ZDataSource', lin_data.ZDataSource, ...
'SelectionHandleMode', lin_data.SelectionHandleMode)

The above code works. However, if I pass the lin_data variable directly, it returns an error:
scatter(1,1,lin_data)

Error using double
Conversion to double from struct is not possible.

Error in datachk (line 11)
    y = full(double(x));

Error in datachk (line 9)
    y = cellfun(@datachk,x,'UniformOutput',false);

Error in scatter (line 55)
dataargs = datachk(args(1:nargs));

lin_data is a struct. Any ideas?
EDIT: It works if I use set, but I still don't understand why passing the struct directly doesn't work. BTW, if I use plot it works with passing structs as arguments
h = scatter(1,1);
h.set(lin_data);

A: This appears to be a limitation of the scatter function. To validate the arguments, scatter calls:
58    dataargs = datachk(args(1:nargs));

where datachk.m simply is (for non-cell inputs)
11    y = full(double(x));

which converts the input to non-sparse double values. If you pass a struct to scatter, it will fail there with the error you posted in the question.
Long story short: Mathworks created scatter in a way, which doesn't allow for struct inputs.
To be able to pass a struct of options, you can either use the solution you already have:
set(h,lin_data);

or convert the struct to a cell array and pass the cell array:
c_lin_data(1,:) = fieldnames(lin_data);
c_lin_data(2,:) = struct2cell(lin_data);
scatter(1,1,c_lin_data{:});


Queensryche have signed with Rhino Records. The label will release the band's next album tentatively titled "Operation: Mindcrime II". The album is said to be out by January of next year.
Check out two new Queensryche songs that the band have been playing live in bootleg quality at this location. The songs are "Hostage" and "I'm American" and will be on the band's next full length "Operation: Mindcrime II".
Queensryche's frontman Geoff Tate spoke to Spokane's Rock 94.5 about the band's sequel to 1988's "Operation: Mindcrime", you can hear the interview at this location.
According to the official DIO website, vocalist Ronie James Dio will reprise his role as Dr. X from QUEENSRŸCHE's Operation: Mindcrime II album on the live stage on October 5th at the Gibson Amphitheater in Los Angeles, CA. Dio has issued the following statement: "I've been asked to reprise my performance as Dr. X on the Operation Mindcrime II in a live venue. It worked out where I was able to do it for this show, and it should be quite a treat."


text:
int Dude() {

  int fd = open("/dev/ttyAMA0", O_RDWR);

  if (fd == -1) {
    perror("/dev/ttyAMA0");
    return 1;
  }

  struct termios tios;
  tcgetattr(fd, &tios);
  // disable flow control and all that, and ignore break and parity errors
  tios.c_iflag = IGNBRK | IGNPAR;
  tios.c_oflag = 0;
  tios.c_lflag = 0;
  cfsetspeed(&tios, B9600);
  tcsetattr(fd, TCSAFLUSH, &tios);

  // the serial port has a brief glitch once we turn it on which generates a
  // start bit; sleep for 1ms to let it settle
  usleep(1000);

  // output to serial port
  char msg[] = "hi there";
  write(fd, msg, strlen(msg));
  return 0;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
\section{Introduction}\label{intro}
Magnetic reconnection, weak turbulence, and shock waves surrounded by passive scattering centers upstream and downstream were for years the prominent acceleration mechanisms in most astrophysical and laboratory plasmas \citep{Melrose2009,Melrose94}. Recent magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) and kinetic simulations, as well as analytical work have shown that magnetic reconnection can lead to self-generated turbulence  \citep{Matthaeus86, Onofri06, Drake06, Daughton11, Oishi15,  Isliker19}, driven strong turbulence can also host reconnecting and non-reconnecting current sheets \citep{Biskamp89, Lazarian99,  Biskamp00, Arzner06,  Servidio11,  Isliker17a},  and in shock waves turbulent reconnection will be present mainly downstream  \citep{Matsumoto15, leRoux16, Garrel18}. Similarly, coherent structures including reconnecting current sheets are now established to be key components of turbulence in magnetized plasmas \citep{Matthaeus11, Cargill12,  Karimabadi13a, KarimabadiLazarian2013, Karimabadi2014, Vlahos19}.  In most explosive space, astrophysical, or laboratory plasmas, e.g flares,  unstable astrophysical flows (solar wind and astrophysical jets), or large scale shocks (bow shock, Heliospheric termination shock, coronal mass ejections, supernova remnants), the heating and acceleration of particles is due to the synergy of large-amplitude magnetic disturbances (stochastic energization) and magnetic reconnection and/or shocks (systematic energization) \citep{Pisokas18, Comisso18, Comisso19}.

Acceleration of particles inside fully developed MHD turbulence is a very complex problem and depends on many important factors: (1) The nature of the interaction of particles with the ``scattering centers''  can be stochastic, systematic or synergy of both. The scattering centers inside fully developed turbulence are either large-amplitude magnetic disturbances or coherent structures (current sheets or shocks); (2) the scaling properties of the scattering centers control the energy and space transport and play a crucial role in the acceleration time and the escape time inside the finite acceleration volume.

The processes put forward by Fermi at the beginning of the '50s to describe particle acceleration inside fully developed turbulence are very broad in nature and include the well-known (i) stochastic (second-order Fermi) \citep{Fermi49} and/or (ii) the systematic (first-order Fermi) process \citep{Fermi54}. One can explore these processes by using the concept of a random walk inside a network of scattering centers \citep{Manolakou99, Vlahos04, Arzner04, Onofri06, Turkmani05,  Vlahos16, Pisokas16, Isliker2017, Pisokas18,  Garrel18, Sioulas20}.

\cite{Fermi49} used several simplified assumptions in his analysis of the stochastic interaction of cosmic rays with large amplitude MHD fluctuations: (1) The interaction of a particle with the large amplitude magnet fluctuations (``magnetic clouds'')   is stochastic and the energy gain ($\delta W$) is given by the relation  \citep{Longair11}
\begin{equation} \label{energygain}
    \frac{\delta W}{W} \sim \frac{2}{c^2}(V^2-\vec{V} \cdot \vec{u}) ,
\end{equation}
where $\vec V$ is the characteristic velocity of the magnetic disturbance, $\vec{u}$ is the velocity of the charged particle and $c$ the speed of light. If  $\vec{V}\cdot \vec{u} < 0$ the particles gain energy, and if $\vec{V}\cdot \vec{u} > 0$ the particles lose energy.
(2) The scattering centers are uniformly distributed in space, and the interaction of the particles with the scattering centers is expected to follow Gaussian statistics. The particles execute a random walk with a characteristic mean free path $\lambda_{sc} $ between the scattering centers. The acceleration time $t_{acc}$ was estimated by the relation
$t_{acc} \sim [(3c)/ (4V^2)] \lambda_{sc}.$
(3) The Fokker-Plank transport equation was used as the basic tool for the study of the statistical evolution of the particles. The transport coefficients were grossly simplified. The acceleration time $t_{acc}$   is a measure of the energy transport of the particles inside the acceleration volume, and the escape time $t_{esc}$ a measure of the transport properties in space,
    $t_{esc} \sim L^2/ D$,
where $L$ is the characteristic length of the acceleration volume and $D\sim \lambda_{sc} c$ is the spatial diffusion coefficient if the particles are following a  random walk between the scattering centers. Here $t_{acc}/t_{esc} \sim [c^2 / V^2 L^2] \lambda_{sc}^2$,
therefore the power-law index of the high energy tail in the distribution function is strongly dependent on the mean free path $\lambda_{sc}$. The acceleration time and the escape time are functions of  $\lambda_{sc}$ and are estimated using the assumptions listed above.

Independently from Fermi's treatment and assumptions, it can be shown that the steady state solution of the energy continuity equation inside a finite acceleration volume (leaky box approximation) for stochastic Fermi acceleration  (Eq.\ \ref{energygain}) is
\begin{equation}
f(W) \sim W^{-(1+t_{acc}/t_{esc})}
\label{Fermislaw}
\end{equation}
\citep{Longair11}.

The results and the simplifications listed above for the stochastic Fermi acceleration have been questioned recently \citep{Pisokas16, Sioulas20}: Both the transport properties in space and energy are not normal and the interactions of the particles with the scatterers follow non-Gaussian statistics.

It is well known that
large scale magnetic disturbances and coherent structures in fully developed MHD turbulence follow monofractal or multifractal
scalings,
both in space and laboratory plasma \citep{Tu95, Marsch97, Shivamoggi97, Biskamp03, Dimitropoulou13, Leonardis13,  Schaffner15, Isliker19}. \cite{Dimitropoulou09} examined the relationship between the fractal properties of the photospheric magnetic patterns and those of the coronal magnetic field discontinuities (current sheets) in solar active regions. \cite{Isliker19} analyzed the current fragmentation of a large scale current sheet formed during magnetic flux emergence on the Sun and show that the fragments have a fractal structure, with a fractal dimension $D_F= 1.7-1.8.$

After all, in fully developed turbulence the coherent structures and the large amplitude magnetic fluctuations are located on a fractal set with dimension $D_F$, and the mean free path of the particles with the scattering centers $(\lambda_{sc})$ is not a simple constant \citep{Isliker03}.

In this article, we explore for the first time stochastic Fermi acceleration when the large amplitude MHD magnetic fluctuations have a fractal structure in space, and the particles are executing a random walk in this environment. In section 2, we briefly outline the essential characteristics of the random walk in a fractal environment. In section 3, we present our Monte Carlo simulation model, and in section 4, we analyze our results. In the final section, we discuss the implication of our results for turbulent stochastic Fermi acceleration.

\section{Random walk in a fractal environment}{\label{rand_walk}}

\cite{Isliker03} have analyzed the random walk in the environment of a natural fractal, where the fractal is embedded in 3D space and the particles move freely in the empty space not occupied by the fractal until they occasionally collide with parts of the fractal set, where they undergo some kind of scattering. The particles thus move across the fractal, not along it. The fractal is natural in the sense that it is made up of small elementary and finite volumes (and not of points, line-segments, etc., as in the case of mathematical fractals), and it also is of finite, usually though large size, such that a clear fractal scaling holds from the fractal's size down to the size of its elementary volumes. The nature of the random walk is illustrated in Fig.\ \ref{orbit2}.

\begin{figure}[!ht]
     \begin{center}
         \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{f1.png}
     \caption {Illustration of the random walk through a fractal environment: Part of the fractal, with its constituent elementary volumes in blue color, and the orbit of a particle in red color, moving along straight paths and occasionally scattering off elementary volumes of the fractal. }\label{orbit2}
     \end{center}
     \end{figure}

\cite{Isliker03} derived the probability density function (pdf) $p_F(dr)$  of the distances $dr$ a particle travels in between subsequent encounters with the fractal,   assuming that initially, a particle resides on a part of the fractal and then moves freely into a random direction until it hits another part of the fractal. For fractals with fractal dimension $D_F$ less than 2 (the case of interest here), this pdf turns out to be of power-law form in good approximation,
\begin{equation}
p_F(r) = A\, dr^{D_F-3}
\label{fracstep}
\end{equation}
with $A$ a normalization constant, which is a function of the size of the natural fractal and the size of the elementary volumes it is constituted of. With $D_F< 2$, it follows that the power-law index of $p_F(dr)$ lies in the range $-3< D_F-3 < -1$, which means that $p(dr)$  has the same asymptotic (large $dr$) functional form as the stable Levy distributions. Particles thus occasionally perform large spatial jumps or ``Levy flights", and spatial transport must be expected to be anomalous \citep{Vlahos08Tut}. A peculiarity of the pdf $p_F(dr)$ is that it is defective, i.e. it is normalized to a value less than one, which implies a finite probability for direct escape in one step, without any secondary encounter with the fractal.

\section{Our Model}
\label{sec:headings}
We construct a 3D box of linear size $L=10^{10}\,$cm. We initiate the simulation by uniformly placing $10^{6}$ particles in the interior of the acceleration volume. At time $t=0$, the energy distribution of the particles is a Maxwellian with temperature $T$. We then allow each particle to perform a free flight of length $dr_{i}^{(j)}$, before it meets a scatterer (i.e.\ it undergoes an energization event), where it gains or loses energy stochastically according to Eq.\ \ref{energygain}. The scatterers in our model are assumed to form a fractal set of dimensions $D_{F}$=1.8 (see Sec.\ \ref{intro} and \ref{rand_walk}). From Eq.\ \ref{fracstep}, the probability density  $P(dr){\sim}dr^{-{\gamma}}$, with ${\gamma}=1.2$, yields the length of the spatial step dr$_{i}^{(j)}$ each particle performs. We assume that spatial steps range from ${\lambda_{sc}}_{min}=10^{2}\,$cm to ${\lambda_{sc}}_{max}=10^{10}\,$cm.  The turbulent volume is a multi-scale environment. The range of the steps used in this study covers the entire range from the kinetic to the MHD scale, the lower limit is of the order of several ion gyroradii, and the upper limit basically equals the size of the acceleration box. Our results are not sensitive to the exact values used for the lower and upper step limit, as long as it holds that ${\lambda_{sc}}_{min}<< {\lambda_{sc}}_{max}$.
 As a result, there are "long flights", where particles are carried in one step over large distances, in some cases almost through the entire system, before they encounter a scatterer.

\begin{figure}[!ht]
     \begin{center}

           \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{f2.png}

           \caption{Typical orbit for a number of particles, marked by different colors. Particles can be trapped inside regions of close-by scatterers or execute large flights.}\label{levyflights}
     \end{center}
     \end{figure}

 To completely specify the coordinates  of a particle each time it encounters a scatterer, we also generate a random number for the azimuthal angle ${\phi}$, $0 <{\phi}< 2{\pi} $, and one for $\cos({\theta})$, $-1 <\cos({\theta})< 1 $, with $\theta$ the polar angle. We then can determine the coordinates of each particle according to
 \begin{align*}
 x_{i}^{(j)}&=x_{i}^{(j-1)} + dr_{i}^{(j-1)}\cos{\phi} \sin{\theta}\\
 y_{i}^{(j)}
 &=y_{i}^{(j-1)} + dr_{i}^{(j-1)}\sin{\phi}\sin{\theta}\\
 z_{i}^{(j)}&= z_{i}^{(j-1)} + dr_{i}^{(j-1)}\cos{\theta}
 \end{align*}
where $i=1,2,...,10^{6}$ is the particle index, and $j=1,2,...,N_{i}$ is the number of encounters a particle undergoes,
with $N_{i}$ being the total number of encounters each particle is subjected to before it  reaches the final simulation time or escapes from the acceleration volume.

During the free motion, the velocity of a particle remains constant, and,
since we know the length  $dr_{i}^{(j)}$ and the energy of the particles after an acceleration event, we can keep track of the time elapsed during the free flight as
$dt_{i}^{(j)}=dr_{i}^{(j)}/|v_{i}^{(j)}|.$ Therefore, after a total number of $j$ encounters, the time elapsed for each particle is
${\tau}_{i}^{(j)}=\sum_{j=1}^{j}dt_{i}^{(j)}.$
We continue to keep track of the particles' energy and transport properties until they
reach the final simulation time or cross the boundaries of the box and, therefore, escape from the acceleration volume at time $t=t_{esc,i}$, which is, of course, different for each particle. In Fig.\ \ref{levyflights},  typical orbits in space are presented for a number of selected particles. Obviously, a standard orbit of the particles consists of a combination of long ``flights"
and efficient ``trapping" in localized spatial regions.

The conditions we simulate in this article are close to those found in the lower solar corona. We use as strength of the magnetic field $B = 100\,$G, as density of the plasma $n_{0} = 10^{9}\,$
cm$^{−3}$, and as ambient temperature  $T=100\,$ eV. The Alfven speed
is $V_{A}\sim   7 \times 10^{8}\,$cm/sec, a value close to the thermal speed of the electrons. With these parameters, the energy increments are close to ($\frac{{\delta}W}{W}$) $\sim (\frac{V_{A}}{c})^{2}\sim 10^{-4}$ (see Eq.\ \ref{energygain}).

\begin{figure}[!ht]
     \begin{center}
     \sidesubfloat[]{
         \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{f3a.png}}\\
         \sidesubfloat[]{
         \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{f3b.png}}
         \caption {(a) The mean square displacement of the particles as a function of time, in the absence of energization of the particles (passive scatterers).
        (b) The mean square displacement as a function of time, for the case where
        the scatterers are active and energize the electrons.
}\label{rmsd}
     \end{center}
     \end{figure}

\section{Results}
\subsection{Spatial diffusion in the turbulent volume}\label{spatialdiff}
 In order to estimate the mean square displacement of the particles, we monitor their positions at prescribed and equi-spaced monitoring times $t^{n}$  ($n=1,...,N$). At time $t^{n}$ a particle's displacement from its initial position is ${{\Delta}\vec{r}_{i}^{n}}=\vec{r}^{n}_{i}-\vec{r}_{0i}$ and the mean square displacement for the ensemble of particles is
 \begin{equation}
     {\langle}({\Delta}r^{n})^{2}{\rangle}=\frac{1}{N_{p}}\sum_{i=1}^{N_{p}}({\Delta}r^{n}_{i})^{2} . \label{msqd}
 \end{equation}
 \par
 We first assume that a particle's encounter with a scatterer solely influences its direction of motion, leaving its energy unchanged. In Fig.\ \ref{rmsd}a, we show the mean square displacement as a function of time. The diffusion for the particles interacting with the passive scatterers is ballistic, the scaling with time has a power-law index close to 2. This result agrees with the results obtained by \cite{Isliker03} (see Fig.\ 10 and Fig.\ 11 therein), where the particles also perform a random walk in an environment where a fractal with dimension $D_{F}<2$ resides.

We now turn to the case where the particles gain or lose energy stochastically through their interaction with active scatterers (see Eq.\ \ref{energygain}).
The mean square displacement
of the electrons
is shown in Fig.\ \ref{rmsd}b,  it exhibits a superdiffusive scaling,  $<(\Delta r)^2> \sim t^{2.2}$,
with the power-law index decreasing to $1.88$ after $t \sim 0.2\,$s.

\begin{figure}[!ht]
     \begin{center}
     \sidesubfloat[]{
         \includegraphics[width=0.61\textwidth]{f4a.png}}\\
         \sidesubfloat[]{
          \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{f4b.png} }\\

          \sidesubfloat[]{
         \includegraphics[width=0.63\textwidth]{f4c.png} }
         \caption {(a) The distribution of the number of energization events (kicks) during the acceleration process in a fractal environment. (b)
         Number of energization events
         as a function of
         the electron escape energy
         for each particle; the red line represents the binned median.

         (c) The distribution of the electrons' escape times.}\label{kicks_hist}
     \end{center}
     \end{figure}

     \par

In  Fig.\ {\ref{kicks_hist}}a we show the distribution of the total number of times the particles encounter a scatterer.
The number of encounters strongly varies, ranging from 2 to 2000, with a mean of $ \sim 140$ energization events per particle. From Fig.\ {\ref{kicks_hist}}b it is obvious that the particles trapped inside the acceleration volume are those accelerated most efficiently, yet only a fraction of the particles are subjected
to a number of energization events that is high enough to be accelerated to super-thermal energies.

The time spent by the electrons inside the acceleration volume is very important for our study, profoundly affecting, the power-law index of the kinetic energy distribution (see Sec.\ {\ref{intro}}). As Fig.\  \ref{kicks_hist}c shows,  most of the accelerated electrons escape from the volume quite early, while, for larger escape times, their distribution forms a power-law with index close to 2.9. The mean value of the escape times yields
$t_{esc} \sim 1.9 \,$s. Comparing this result to \cite{Pisokas16}, where the acceleration process is taking place in an environment where the scatterers are uniformly distributed inside the acceleration volume, we observe a significant decrease in the escape time of the particles.

 \subsection{Diffusion of electrons in energy space}

\begin{figure}[!ht]
     \begin{center}
     \sidesubfloat[]{
         \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{f5a.png}}\\
         \sidesubfloat[]{
         \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{f5b.png}} \\
        \sidesubfloat[]{
          \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{f5c.png}}

     \caption {(a) Energization as a function of time for some typical electrons. (b) Mean displacement in the energy of the electrons as a function of time. The insert figure shows the mean kinetic energy of the electrons remaining inside the box as a function of time, together with an exponential fit (red). (c)
     Power-law index of the mean displacement in energy as a function of the escape energy.}\label{Wkinet}
     \end{center}
     \end{figure}

Equally important for our study are the transport properties of the kinetic energy of the energized particles. In an encounter with a scattering center, a particle (with index $i$) departs from the scatterer with renewed energy,
$$W_i^{j+1}=W_i^j+\delta  W_i^j ,$$
where $\delta W_i^j$ is given by Eq.\ \ref{energygain}, and $j$ counts the number of energization events for the particle.
In Fig.\ {\ref{Wkinet}}a, the
energization process is presented for several typical particles, revealing its stochastic nature, but also exhibiting a slight predilection for encounters leading to energy gain.

Using the set of predefined monitoring times $t^n$ outlined in Sec.\ \ref{spatialdiff}, we keep track of the particles' energies $W^n_i$  at these times. If we denote by  $W_i^0$ the particles' initial energy, we can define the energy displacement as $\Delta  W_i^n=(W_i^n - W_i^0)$, and calculate the mean  displacement in energy  through the relation
    \begin{equation}\label{enertr}
    <\Delta  W>(t^n)\equiv <\Delta  W^n>=\frac{1}{N_p}\sum_{i=1}^{i=N_p} \Delta W_i^n  ,
    \end{equation}
while the mean square displacement in energy is given by
    \begin{equation}\label{sqenergytr}
    <(\Delta  W)^2>(t^n) \equiv <(\Delta  W^n)^2>=\frac{1}{N_p}\sum_{i=1}^{i=N_p} (\Delta W_i^n)^2.
    \end{equation}

In general, we can assume that the mean energy displacement has a power-law form, $ <\Delta W>(t) = F_{W} t^{a_W}$, and the index $a_W$ can be estimated through a power-law fit.  Fig.\ \ref{Wkinet}b shows $<\Delta W>(t)$, there is indeed a power-law scaling with a slope $a_W \sim 0.33$ for times up to $0.1\,$s, and $a_W \sim 0.43$ for larger times.  The insert figure shows the evolution of the kinetic energy for the electrons remaining inside the acceleration box as a function of time. From the exponential fit we can estimate the acceleration time as $t_{acc} \sim 1/0.38 = 2.6\,$s \citep{Longair11}. Fig.\ \ref{Wkinet}c presents $a_W$ as a function of $W_{esc}$, from which it follows that there is no systematic acceleration for electrons with escape energy smaller than $10^4\,$eV.
For the high energy particles, the scaling index gradually increases with energy, reaching a value close to $a_W\sim 1.5$.

\begin{figure}[!ht]
     \begin{center}
     \sidesubfloat[]{
         \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{f6a.png}} \\
         \sidesubfloat[]{
         \includegraphics[width=0.675\textwidth]{f6b.png}}

     \caption {(a) Mean square displacement in energy as a function of of time. (b) Power-law index of the mean square displacement in energy as a function of the escape energy. }\label{Wkinet2}
     \end{center}
     \end{figure}

Similarly, in the case of the mean square displacement in energy we expect a power-law form $ <(\Delta W)^2>(t) = D_{W^2} t^{a_{W^2}}$.  In Fig.\ {\ref{Wkinet2}} the mean square  displacement in energy is presented. For times up to $t=0.1\,$s, the scaling is slightly sub-diffusive, following a power-law with index $a_{w^{2}}=0.76$. For larger times, the power-law index is $a_{w^{2}}=1.21$, indicating a super-diffusive behavior.
In Fig.\ \ref{Wkinet2}b we show $a_{W^2}$ as a function of the energy with which the electrons escape from the acceleration volume. As in the case of convective transport, electrons with energies smaller than $10\,$keV have on average a scaling index $a_w^{2}$ close to zero. For the super-thermal particles, we observe a substantial increase of the scaling index with increasing escape energy, moving from sub-diffusive to super-diffusive, even attaining values close to $a_{W^2}$=4 for the highest energy particles.

\begin{figure}[!ht]
     \begin{center}
     \sidesubfloat[]{
         \includegraphics[width=0.79\textwidth]{f7a.png}}\\
         \sidesubfloat[]{
       \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{f7b.png}}\\

     \caption { (a) Kinetic energy distribution at $t = 0$ and $t = 2.7\,$s (steady state) for the electrons remaining inside the box with size $L=10^{10}\,$cm, together with  a Maxwellian fit at low energies and a power-law fit at high energies.  (b) Temporal evolution of the power-law index of the kinetic energy distribution's tail.

     }\label{Wkinet3}
     \end{center}
     \end{figure}

In Fig.\ {\ref{Wkinet3}}a, we show the histogram of the kinetic energies for the particles that remain in the simulation box, normalized to unity, for the injected distribution and the
one at time $t = 2.7\,$s, along with a Maxwellian fit at low energies that yields a temperature  $T= 10\,$keV. In the first few milliseconds of the simulation, the low energy particles are actually already heated, and the high energy particles are already accelerated and form a power-law tail with index  $k \sim 3.8$. Fig.\ {\ref{Wkinet3}}b presents the evolution of the power-law index of the tail. After $2.7\,$s (which is equivalent to the acceleration time $t_{acc}$), the initially appearing power-law index $k \sim 3.8$ has decreased to an asymptotic value of about $k\sim 2.3$, the case shown in Fig.\ {\ref{Wkinet3}}a.

The power-law index of the tail of the kinetic energy distribution  can also be estimated through Fermi's expression  $k = 1 + t_{acc} /t_{esc} \sim 2.37$ (see Eq.\ \ref{Fermislaw}), which is  close  to the direct result from the power-law fit in Fig.\ {\ref{Wkinet3}}a.

When reducing the size of the acceleration box, the particles do not have time to reach a steady-state distribution before escaping from the box, the slope of the  distribution at high energies becomes steeper and the maximum energy reached smaller. For example, for
$L=10^9\,$cm the energy distribution remains the same in shape as the one for $L=10^{10}\,$cm in Fig.\ {\ref{Wkinet3}}, yet at an earlier time than in Fig.\ {\ref{Wkinet3}}a. Thus, the acceleration time becomes much shorter, the slope of the high energy tail gets steeper, $k\sim 3.4$ at $t=0.2\,$s (in complete accordance with Fig.\ {\ref{Wkinet3}}b), and the maximum energy reached is $1\,$MeV.
Also, the heated Maxwellian distribution at low energies remains unaffected by a reasonable reduction of the acceleration volume (considering again earlier times than in Fig.\ {\ref{Wkinet3}}a). These results agree very well with the current observations from solar flares and space plasmas \cite{Oka2018}. When increasing the size of the simulation box above $10^{10}\,$cm, the energy distribution remains unaffected when comparing at equal times, since the energized particles are able to reach a steady-state.

According to \cite{Oka2018},  the observed index of the slope of the energetic particles is between $3$ and $5$ for most solar flares, which, based on our results, suggests that the acceleration box size is about $10^8-10^9$ cm.

\section{Summary and conclusions}

Stochastic turbulent acceleration and transport in space and astrophysical plasma has been analyzed so far with the use of the Fokker-Planck equation and the quasilinear approximation. Both approaches are appropriate for weak turbulence when the wave-particle interaction is a correct representation of the scattering of particles by the normal modes of an unstable plasma. Obviously, in strong and fully developed turbulence these approximations break down since the dominant acceleration mechanisms are large-amplitude magnetic disturbances and coherent structures (current sheets and shocks).  Following the initial suggestion by \cite{Fermi49}, we have explored the idea of particle acceleration and heating in the form of a random walk inside a network of scatterers. Fermi assumed that the scatterers (magnetic clouds) are uniformly distributed in space and the mean free path $\lambda_{sc}$ is constant. The mean free path plays a key role in the estimates of the acceleration and escape time and controls the power-law index of the high energy tail. As we outlined in the introduction, numerous numerical studies suggest that the spatial scaling of large-amplitude magnetic disturbances and coherent structures inside fully developed turbulence are located on a well defined fractal topology. We have explored here the role of the fractal scaling in stochastic Fermi acceleration.

The main results in this study are

\begin{enumerate}
    \item The stochastic interaction of particles with fractal large-amplitude magnetic fluctuations results in the heating and acceleration of particles.
    \item The high energy particles are accelerated by a combination of intense trapping within small scale structures and delayed escape from the acceleration volume, undergoing up to thousands of energization events.

    \item The combined effects of trapping particles on small scales and of long ``flights''  dramatically affect the acceleration and escape time of stochastic acceleration. In particular, the acceleration time is strongly reduced when compared to acceleration in non-fractal, uniform environments.
    \item The spatial and energy transport of the high energy particles is superdiffusive. The Fokker-Planck equation for the study of the spatial and energy transport of high energy particles is inappropriate, it though is valid for thermal particles.
    \item The small scale interactions enhance the acceleration of particles from the thermal pool.
    \item We simulate in our study explosive phenomena (flares) in the low solar corona, using a simulation box with characteristic length $L=10^{10}$ cm. We have injected a very large number of electrons with a Maxwellian energy distribution with a  temperature of $100\,$eV.  In about two seconds, the energy distribution reaches an asymptotic shape, with a super-hot plasma with temperature $10\,$keV, and a power-law tail above $100\,$keV with power-law index $-2.3$, and reaching $10\,$MeV.
    \item When reducing the size of the box e.g.\ to $10^8-10^9\,$cm, the particles do not have time to reach a steady-state distribution before escaping from the system, and the power-law slope of the high energy tail becomes steeper, in agreement with the current observations from solar flares and space plasmas \citep{Oka2018}.

    Increasing the size of the acceleration box to $L>10^{10}\,$cm does not affect the energy distribution, since the particles in any case can reach a steady-state distribution.

\end{enumerate}{}

We confined our study to the stochastic Fermi acceleration of particles in a fractal turbulent environment, which turned out to be a very efficient and important mechanism for many turbulent astrophysical sources, beyond the case of solar flares studied here. Our next step is to incorporate
coherent structures (reconnecting current sheets), as they are present in fully developed plasma turbulence.

\begin{acknowledgements}
We thank Theophilos Pisokas for his help in the initial phase of this project.
     \end{acknowledgements}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
The Hijra and the Habib
Okay, so Yogyakarta (aka. Jogja) is officially the coolest place in the world in history. Now that may sound like a stretch, but if you ask anyone living here in Jogja, you'll quickly realize that it's not. Sure, residents in a given city may be biased, but it doesn't matter because Jogja is awesome. If you desire some attempt at a justification for my bold declaration, however, I offer the following food for thought:
As a mid-sized city, Jogja offers the best of both small town and large city life.
Visual artists, dancers, and musicians flock to Jogja from all around Indonesia for undergraduate/graduate studies. A good number of them, I hear, end up sticking around.
The cost of living here is quite cheap by Indonesian standards, and, by extension, international standards.
Also, this is more my own opinion, but Javanese people are super cool people. They love to laugh, connect with others, and teach themselves a bunch of skills either out of the need to survive or for curiosity's sake. One of the things I was immediately struck and continually amazed by upon arriving to Indonesia is just how well-known the word auto-didact is here. So many artists I've met here are self-taught and most of them know the word auto-didact even though their English vocabularies are otherwise quite limited.
Habib Syeh in Jogja
So, I realize that Habib Syeh has already featured in two of my past blog posts, but I can't not include this mention of his appearance in Jogja. I also can't promise that this will be the last time that Habib Syeh features in one of my posts, because I hear that my trip dates to Malaysia may coincide with a tour he will be having there in November. I thought I should write a bit more about Habib Syeh in this post because the last performance of his that I had attended in Solo was quite unlike this one in Jogja. The gig that Habib Syeh does in Solo at the Bustanul Asyiqin is a regular one held every Wednesday attended by his core base of local followers. The atmosphere at Bustanul Asyiqin is intimate, somewhat predictable, and more so on the traditional side with regards to location, performance practice, seating arrangement, etc. This concert in Jogja, on the other hand, more so resembled a rock concert than a traditional setting for sholawatan music. Aside from the large concert vibe, a number of small details struck me about the performance that accentuated this difference. For one, audience members were waving flags representing their religious organization affiliations, suggesting that worshipping God and praising the Prophet is rather inextricably tied with these affiliations in Indonesia. Secondly, Habib Syeh chose to perform a number of highly nationalistic selections which could be described as nearly anything but religious, of course, alongside a proportionately greater number of religious selections. Also, incidentally, Habib Syeh was throwing random candies and fruits at the audience throughout the show, causing a fair amount of distraction among audience members clawing away at the potential for free food touched by Habib Syeh. All in all, the event illustrated just how adaptable sholawatan music making could be in this day and age.
The entourage of backup singers, patrons, town officials, researchers (including myself), and complete rando's accompanying Habib Syeh on stage.
The impressive turnout at the event.
The impressive turnout and I on stage.
Kiki Epea at the Bentara Budaya
I'm deeply grateful for having had the opportunity to interview and film a concert of Kiki Epea's at the Bentara Budaya on just my second day in Jogja. Kiki is a journalist, comic artist, and part-time musician. He is also a devout Muslim who attends regular meetings and detox sessions, so to speak, with a religious community in Jogja. Despite his deep engagement with Islam, Kiki's music making is almost entirely secular - most of all, he loves doing covers of the likes of Elvis Presley and Johnny Cash. Kiki's journalistic commitments, however, often revolve around issues surrounding Islam and being Muslim in Indonesia. Above all, he feels very strongly that everyday Muslims and representatives of the faith should have a loving, understanding, and optimistic outlook on others (non-Muslim and Muslims alike). Many of his comics are satirical caricatures of hard-liner Muslims who spend all of their waking hours chastising people for their alleged sinfulness. Kiki believes these people are totally misguided if their end goal truly is union with God in paradise. After a long interview with Kiki at a friend's cafe, we prayed together at the oldest mosque in Yogyakarta, Masjid Sela Yogya (est. 1709), where I met several other individuals a part of Kiki's religious community (Jama'at) in Jogja.
Frontal view of Masjid Sela Yogya, the oldest masjid in Solo according to Mas Kiki, where we prayed together.
The Bentara Budaya logo and a fairly surprised face
Kiki's band (KKK: Kiki and the Klan) rocking it on stage.
A nationalistic ritual before the exhibition's formal opening.
One of several photos in the exhibit portraying religious diversity in Indonesia.
A photo from the exhibit portraying Sharia law at work in Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia.
Wayang Bocor's 'Semelah' (God Bliss)
The day after my interview with Mas Kiki, I was able to arrange a meeting with two core members of the contemporary shadow puppet ensemble, Wayang Bocor: Mas Aji (stage management) and Mbak Ratri (overall band manager). The other two core members of the project, Eko Nugroho (visual artist) and Ari Wulu (digital musician), were not able to attend our meeting, but I was able to get a sense of their artistic contributions to the ensemble through Pak Aji and Mbak Ratri. Wayang Bocor dedicates themselves to one new wayang production each year concerning societal issues ranging from islamic terrorism and proselytization to women's rights in Indonesia. Thus, although the artistic merit of their works are extraordinary, they were very clear that they do not create art simply for art's sake. The groups most recent project, Semelah, tells the story of how Islam arrived and spread throughout Java. Their work provides a highly syncretic, early image of Islam in Indonesia that implicitly posits itself as an alternative to the hard-liner, Salafi style of Islam that is gaining traction in Indonesia. I highly recommend watching the performance on YouTube - stay tuned for an English translation of the entire work as well…
Two of four core members of Wayang Bocor: Aji and Ratri.
The scenery surrounding the relatively trendy cafe we met at.
Cool artwork in the cafe.
More cool art.
Pak Andy and Pak Suhadi
While sauntering around the FrogStay complex (where I'm currently staying), I stumbled upon Pak Andy, an active composer, arranger, and performer. A classically trained violinist, Pak Andy leads an Islamic Orchestra and routinely plays with the symphony orchestra in Jakarta. Aside from his musical activities, Pak Andy rents out rooms at his artsy homestay, which is rather similar to the vibes at FrogHouse/FrogStay. As a devout muslim, Pak Andy tries to incorporate Dakwah/Da'wah, into both his musical and entrepreneurial endeavors whenever possible. After completing an interview with Pak Andy on the spot at FrogStay, he invited me over to his place and thereafter to Pak Suhadi's home nearby. Pak Suhadi is a remarkable man in many respects. For one, he's about 80 years old and is currently taking formal lessons in traditional Javanese style singing (tembang) for karawitan music. He never had the opportunity to formally study traditional Javanese music in his youth. Instead, he was mostly exposed to national, Islamic, pop, and some Western classical music. Pak Suhadi grew up in a fairly religious family, but his exploration of the life and teachings of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (founder and leader of the Ahmadiyya Jama'at, i.e. community) in his late youth was especially formative in sealing his religious convictions. Indeed, the Ahamdiya Jama'at has a relatively strong presence in Jogjakarta.
Virtually all of Pak Suhadi's musical works are Islamic. He says that the realm of Islam is so vast that he simply has no time to dabble with secular music making. To date, he has composed numerous books of Islamic children's songs, kroncong music, Javanese style settings of verses of the Quran translated from Arabic to Javanese. This last activity is particularly interesting, because many hard-liner Muslims are vehemently opposed to orchestrating texts from the Quran for the sake of musical composition, because musical instruments are seen by such individuals to be a distraction to divine expression through the unadultered medium of the Arabic language. Pak Suahdi more or less shrugged off my concern for his musical works potentially eliciting negative or even violent responses from Salafi muslims in Indonesia and abroad. Thankfully, Pak Suhadi told me that he has yet to face such opposition vis a vis his music making and compositional engagements.
Interview with Pak Andy.
Interview with Pak Suhadi.
Front-facing view of the home.
A small fragment of Pak Suhadi's book collection.
The Ahmadiya lineage hanging on one of Pak Suhadi's living room walls.
Mas Jono and Jonoterbakar
My first impression of Mas Jono of Jonoterbakar when I first interviewed him was that he was generally a cold and serious guy. That impression was finely shattered the next day when the band play a short set at the Ambarrukmo Plaza. The band chose to perform an assortment of songs from their overall discography, most of which were of a humorous or satirical note. In addition to hysterical lyrical content, the bands musical arrangements were often schizophrenic, discordant, or downright non-sensical. Shout out to the one song I could understand which was in English, "Sweet girl…you eat too many sugar…"
Jono is and more or less has been a devout Muslim throughout his life. However, his relationship to music-making stands out from the other pious Muslims I've interviewed thus far. Only several years ago, Jono lived what he likes to call his "Muslim scene/phase", during which he cut out music making from his life, grew increasingly insular/sectarian in his worldview, and was even on the verge of taking up arms for jihad in Syria and/or Iraq. The details that lead up to these advancements are far beyond the scope of this meagre blog post. At any rate, Jono gradually started to question his newfound Salafi lifestyle and convictions, leading him to break free from his so called "Muslim scene/phase" and enter a happy medium between his pre-"Muslim scene/phase" self and his proper "Muslim scene/phase" self. In other words, Jono is currently more strictly Muslim that he was before his radical religious change, but he is no where near the brink of joining a jihadist organization (as far as I could tell).
Interview with Mas Jono.
Jono at the guitar at Ambarrukmo Plaza.
Food vendors at the show.
Audience members at the show.
All three members of Jonoterbakar in all their glory.
Mas Rizki: Ex-DJ
My apologies for only having a single picture from my meeting with Mas Rizki, a professional photographer currently pursuing a master's degree at Pasca ISI Jogja. Through the 2000's, Mas Rizki was a full-time performing artist, DJ'ing for venues ranging from cafes to raves. He told me that his relationship with his parents soured the more and more he dug himself into the DJ lifestyle. With the influence of a few key religious preachers/teachers, Mas Rizky began to intensely question the appropriateness of his full-time performing artist lifestyle.
Near the tail end of his time as a DJ, Mas Rizki attended a conference regarding music in Islam that he, interestingly enough, learned about from his Instagram feed (the people I've met in Solo and Jogja are intensely plugged into Instagram and other social media). It was at this event that Mas Rizki learned that music making of all sorts was haram, i.e. forbidden. One wonders how it might be possible for some individuals to come to such a conclusion when there is such a diversity of religious music making in Islam, some of which I've described in previous blog posts in this series. The significance of this phenomenon must not be overlooked. Indeed, the immensely diverse ways in which one can pick and choose and interpret scripture, follow or not follow religious organizations, and give in to or avoid cultural precedents is one of the most remarkable things about the practice of Islam in Indonesia and I imagine the world over more generally.
My interview with Mas Rizki.
Rehearsal With Kiai Kanjeng
My rather busy week in Jogja ended on with the ever eclectic sounds of Kiai Kanjeng , an ensemble that self-consciously defies any attempt at genre classification led by a man that similarly defies classification, Emha Einun Nadjib (aka. Cak Nun). Cak Nun has somewhat of a mystical standing throughout Indonesia. He is the author of about 90 about mostly dealing with philosophical and religious topics. He is celebrated for his remarkable diplomatic/peacemaking abilities in times of strife in addition to the regular social service that he spearheads in the form of his musical ensemble, Kiai Kanjeng. Aside from the heavily religious/phisolophical content of Kiai Kanjeng, Cak Nun allows for Q&A and discussion forums during his typical "all-nighter" concerts. I look forward to interviewing Cak Nun and attending a proper Kiai Kanjeng concert next week to dig deeper into his views on music in Islam and motivations to serve the people of Indonesia and humanity at large.
The ensemble.
Patio/meeting area of Rumah Maiyah.
Cak Nun coaching the ensemble.
Demung player notating an instrumental line.
An impressive spread of rehearsal snacks, as usual.
Tasty Treats in Jogja: Pt. 1
The goodies I've had here in Jogja haven't been too far off from the goodies I enjoyed back in Solo. Nevertheless, I've been lucky enough to try a few new selections worth mentioning.
An infinite supply of Soto.
Es jeruk w/ susu (orange frappe with milk)..
Sate klathak.
Sate tongseng.
Pisang goreng w/ chokolat.
watsonindonesiajavayogyakartajogjamusicislamex-musicianhijra Share Tweet +1


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All of our performances have sold out! We recommend purchasing a Family Flex Pass for our next season to ensure you can get tickets to our upcoming performances!
The performance will be 70 minutes with intermission.


KBS aired its first program with a lesbian theme, "The Daughters of Club Bilitis," earlier this month, showing how domestic networks are challenging the nation's traditionally conservative society and its oft-cited distaste for gay people and culture.
However, online replays of the one-act drama, based on the lives of three couples and named after America's first lesbian rights organization, were pulled three days after it aired on Aug. 8 due to public pressure.
Ten years ago, homosexuality was such a taboo subject that the very idea of mentioning it in Korean media would have been implausible. However, with the arrival in recent years of figures such as transsexual pop singer Harisu, nee Lee Kyung-yeop, the entertainment industry is starting to show more recognition for groups long perceived here as sexual deviants or mentally troubled, with more gay characters now popping up in Korean soaps.
And while gay men were the first to pop up on the entertainment radar, even appearing in critically acclaimed dramas like "Life is Beautiful" (2010), lesbians are finally finding an on-screen voice after years of underexposure.
Yet Korean culture still presents significant roadblocks for sexual minorities, with those who admit to being gay often doing so at the risk of losing their jobs, friends or families.
These responses have manifested themselves online, with over 3,500 posts on the drama's Web page. This led to its cancellation on Aug. 10, with KBS confirming that it would halt replay services.
"Korea will move in [a more open] direction, but it will take time," said Jang Seo-yeon, a human rights lawyer for sexual minorities.
"동성애는 신(神)이 허락하고 인간이 금지한 사랑이다."
7일 오후 방송된 KBS 2TV 드라마스페셜 `클럽 빌리티스의 딸들`(극본 손지혜 연출 한준서)이 여성동성애자들의 고민과 갈등을 진지하게 그려냈다.
이날 방송에서는 극중 `빌리티스의 딸들`이라는 여성동성애클럽을 운영하는 50대 중년의 박명희(최란 분)와 최향자(김혜옥 분), 30대 커리어우먼 강한나(한고은 분)와 이영은(오세정 분), 10대 여고생 김주연(진세연 분)과 윤여경(안지현 분) 등 각 세대를 대변하는 여성동성애자들의 이야기가 그려졌다.
같은 학교 같은 반인 주연과 여경은 `레즈비언`이라는 사실이 알려질 것에 두려워한다. 감수성 예민한 사춘기시절 자신이 남과 다르다는 사실에 이들은 고민하지만 서로의 사랑을 의심하지 않는다.
한나는 직장에서는 이성애자로 행동하며 동성애자라는 사실을 밝히지 않는다. 이런 와중에 한나는 애인 영은이 임신했다는 사실을 알고 분개한다. `바람`을 폈다는 것.
영은은 아이를 지우려하지만 겁이나 실행에 옮기지 못하고 눈물로 한나에게 잘못을 구한다. 한나와 영은은 아이를 낳아 함께 키우기로 결정한다.
명희와 향자는 중년의 여성동성애자들. 이미 가정을 이뤘던 이들의 고민은 좀 더 심각하다.
향자는 여성동성애자임을 고백하고 "천벌을 받았다"고 고백한다. 그리고 가족이 불행해지는 것에 "나만 천벌을 받는 것은 아니었다"고 말한다.
명희 역시 자신이 커밍아웃하고 가족이 사회로부터 지탄받는 것에 아픔을 느낀다.
국내드라마에서 여성동성애자들의 이야기를 본격적으로 다룬 것은 `클럽 빌리티스의 딸들`이 처음이다. 1955년 설립된 미국의 첫 여성동성애단체인 `빌리티스의 딸들(Daughters of Bilitis)`이라는 조직 이름에서 따 왔다.
`클럽 빌리티스의 딸들`은 이날 방송에서 여성동성애자들의 고민과 갈등을 그들의 시각에서 담담히 풀어냈다.
특히 `호기심`에 머물지 않고, 각 연령대 여성들의 이야기를 통해 여성동성애자들의 고민을 심도 있게 담아냈다. 드라마 스스로 어느 것이 옳다는 식의 결론을 내리지 않고 각 연령대 여성동성애자들의 이야기를 그려내고 판단은 시청자들에게 맡겼다.
제작진은 앞서 보도자료를 통해 "남들과 조금 다르다는 이유로 남들보다 조금은 힘든 그들의 삶과 사랑, 사실 그들도 우리와 다를 것 없는 사랑을 하고 있다는 것을 시청자에게 보여주고 싶다"고 기획의도를 밝힌 바 있다.
시청자들의 반응은 크게 갈렸다. 대다수의 시청자들은 TV에서 동성애를 직접적으로 다룬 것에 강한 불만을 나타냈다. "안방극장에서 동성애를 다루는 것은 옳지 않다"는 의견이 다수였다. 동성애를 옹호, 미화할 수 있다는 것.
반면 "드라마에서 다양한 소재를 다루는 것이 꼭 나쁘다고만 볼 수 없다"는 시청자의견도 있었다.


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Akron Public Schools » News » Past Archived News - 2020 » Past Archived News - October 2020 » COVID Reporting is Public Issue
How We Report Cases
(Maia Belay reporting for Fox8.com/WJW)
When it comes to reporting coronavirus cases at school, some say there needs to be more transparency. But just what are the policies school districts should follow?
Akron Public Schools admit there can be some confusion about who should be notified and when, if there's a positive case.
"I can see where that frustration may lay, whether it is a parent or community member or a staff member," said Debra Foulk, Akron Public Schools executive director of business affairs.
The Ohio Department of Health issued an order in September outlining school districts coronavirus parent and guardian reporting policy. It states K-12 schools must report a coronavirus case within 24 hours to parents and guardians in writing. The notification is for classroom contacts and the school building of the person who tested positive. Districts are encouraged to put positive case counts online to inform the greater community.
For school districts operating remotely, there's a difference in reporting guidelines. According to the Ohio Department of Education, "All districts and schools must report COVID-19 cases for students and staff who are on-site for class or any other in-person activity."
The department clarified online, "…on-site means the student has engaged in in-person activity (instruction, extracurriculars, support services) during the infectious period."
Akron Public Schools, although operating remotely according to Foulk, reports cases online like many districts across Northeast Ohio. Currently, the district reports a total of 12 student cases and 11 total staff cases. They are working out the details of future reporting upon students' return to the classroom.
"We haven't gone through that yet and that would be a discussion with Summit County Public Health as to what direction they would like us to take," Foulk said.
In the Shaker Heights City School District, teachers returned to the classroom on Thursday to prepare for students phased-in return later this month. However, the district is currently re-evaluating that plan amid the rise in coronavirus cases.
A spokesperson said they are still operating with 100 percent remote instruction and following reporting guidelines set by the state and Cuyahoga County Board of Health.
Independence Local Schools Superintendent Ben Hegedish said because they have a little more than 1,000 students total, he is informing all district families of the building and grade when there is a positive test.
"We individually call 'close contacts' who have to quarantine," he said in an emailed response. "We have had two incidents of students testing positive, leading to quarantine, since we opened on 9/2."
The North Ridgeville City Schools spokesperson said a classroom contact letter is sent to families of the student and staff members who may have encountered a person who tested positive for the virus. In addition, what the district calls a communication is sent to families and staff members in the district about a coronavirus case at a specific school.
A Rocky River City Schools spokesperson said their COVID-19 dashboard online is the primary reporting source, but they do reach out to close contacts by phone or email.
Kathryn Powers, superintendent of the Twinsburg City School District, said a letter is issued to the school district community about positive cases and a letter is sent to possible close contacts.
The Elyria City School District said its notification of positive cases is two-fold. The school building community is alerted about the positive case, in addition to the impacted classroom receiving a letter about the result.
"To date, we've had one confirmed case that required notification to families," said Amy Higgins, the director of communications and marketing for the district through email. "As we go forward, we will continue to use the above notification process and we will likely use our robocall system, as well."


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