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Scotland national football team
Scotland national football team explained
Badge: Scotland national football team logo 2014.svg
Badge Size: 180px
Fifa Trigramme: SCO
Association: Scottish Football Association
Confederation: UEFA (Europe)
Coach: Steve Clarke
Captain: Andrew Robertson
Most Caps: Kenny Dalglish (102)
Top Scorer: Kenny Dalglish (30)
Denis Law (30)
Home Stadium: Hampden Park
Fifa Max: 13[1]
Fifa Max Date: October 2007
Fifa Min: 88[2]
Fifa Min Date: March 2005
Elo Max: 1
Elo Max Date: 1876–92, 1904
Elo Min: 64
Elo Min Date: May 2005
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First Game: Scotland 0–0
(Partick, Scotland; 30 November 1872)
Largest Win: Scotland 11–0
(Glasgow, Scotland; 23 February 1901)
Largest Loss: 7–0 Scotland
(Basel, Switzerland; 19 June 1954)
World Cup Apps: 8
World Cup First: 1954
World Cup Best: 9th, 1974
Regional Name: European Championship
Regional Cup Apps: 2
Regional Cup First: 1992
Regional Cup Best: Last 8, 1992
The Scotland national football team represents Scotland in international football and is controlled by the Scottish Football Association. It competes in the three major professional tournaments, the FIFA World Cup, UEFA Nations League and the UEFA European Championship. Scotland, as a country of the United Kingdom, is not a member of the International Olympic Committee and therefore the national team does not compete in the Olympic Games. The majority of Scotland's home matches are played at the national stadium, Hampden Park.
Scotland is the joint oldest national football team in the world, alongside England, whom they played in the world's first international football match in 1872. Scotland has a long-standing rivalry with England,[3] whom they played annually from 1872 until 1989. The teams have met only seven times since then, most recently in June 2017.
Scotland have qualified for the FIFA World Cup on eight occasions and the UEFA European Championship twice, but have never progressed beyond the first group stage of a finals tournament. The last major tournament they qualified for was the 1998 World Cup. The team have achieved some noteworthy results, such as beating the 1966 FIFA World Cup winners England 3–2 at Wembley Stadium in 1967. Archie Gemmill scored what has been described as one of the greatest World Cup goals ever in a 3–2 win during the 1978 World Cup against the Netherlands, who reached the final of the tournament. In their qualifying group for UEFA Euro 2008, Scotland defeated 2006 World Cup runners-up France 1–0 in both fixtures.
Scotland supporters are collectively known as the Tartan Army. The Scottish Football Association operates a roll of honour for every player who has made more than 50 appearances for Scotland. Kenny Dalglish holds the record for Scotland appearances, having played 102 times between 1971 and 1986. Dalglish scored 30 goals for Scotland and shares the record for most goals scored with Denis Law.
See main article: History of the Scotland national football team.
Scotland and England are the oldest national football teams in the world.[4] Teams representing the two sides first competed at the Oval in five matches between 1870 and 1872. The two countries contested the first official international football match, at Hamilton Crescent in Partick, Scotland, on 30 November 1872. The match ended in a goalless draw.[4] All eleven players who represented Scotland that day played for Glasgow amateur club Queen's Park. Over the next forty years, Scotland played matches exclusively against the other three Home Nations—England, Wales and Ireland. The British Home Championship began in 1883, making these games competitive. The encounters against England were particularly fierce and a rivalry quickly developed.[3]
Scotland lost just two of their first 43 international matches. It was not until a 2–0 home defeat by Ireland in 1903 that Scotland lost a match to a team other than England. This run of success meant that Scotland would have regularly topped the Elo ratings, which were calculated in 1998, between 1876 and 1904. Scotland won the British Home Championship outright on 24 occasions, and shared the title 17 times with at least one other team.[5] [6] A noteworthy victory for Scotland before the Second World War was the 5–1 victory over England in 1928, which led to that Scotland side being known as the "Wembley Wizards". Scotland played their first match outside the British Isles in 1929, beating Norway 7–3 in Bergen.[7] Scotland continued to contest regular friendly matches against European opposition and enjoyed wins against Germany and France before losing to the Austrian "Wunderteam" and Italy in 1931.
Scotland, like the other Home Nations, did not enter the three FIFA World Cups held during the 1930s. This was because the four associations had been excluded from FIFA due to a disagreement regarding the status of amateur players.[8] The four associations, including Scotland, returned to the FIFA fold after the Second World War.[8] A match between a United Kingdom team and a "Rest of the World" team was played at Hampden Park in 1947 to celebrate this reconciliation.[8]
The readmission of the Scottish Football Association to FIFA meant that Scotland were now eligible to enter the 1950 FIFA World Cup. FIFA advised that places would be awarded to the top two teams in the 1950 British Home Championship, but the SFA announced that Scotland would only attend the finals if Scotland won the competition. Scotland won their first two matches, but a 1–0 home defeat by England meant that the Scots finished as runners-up. This meant that the Scots had qualified by right for the World Cup, but had not met the demand of the SFA to win the Championship. The SFA stood by this proclamation, despite pleas to the contrary by the Scotland players, supported by England captain Billy Wright and the other England players.[9] The SFA instead sent the Scots on a tour of North America.[10]
The same qualification rules were in place for the 1954 FIFA World Cup, with the 1954 British Home Championship acting as a qualifying group. Scotland again finished second, but this time the SFA allowed a team to participate in the Finals, held in Switzerland. To quote the SFA website, "The preparation was atrocious".[11] The SFA only sent 13 players to the finals, even though FIFA allowed 22-man squads. Despite this self-imposed hardship in terms of players, the SFA dignitaries travelled in numbers, accompanied by their wives.[12] Scotland lost 1–0 against Austria in their first game in the finals, which prompted the team manager Andy Beattie to resign hours before the game against Uruguay.[13] Uruguay were reigning champions and had never before lost a game at the World Cup finals, and they defeated Scotland 7–0.[11] [14]
The 1958 FIFA World Cup finals saw Scotland draw their first game against Yugoslavia 1–1, but they then lost to Paraguay and France and went out at the first stage.[15] Matt Busby had been due to manage the team at the World Cup, but the severe injuries he suffered in the Munich air disaster meant that trainer Dawson Walker took charge of the team instead.[15]
Under the management of Ian McColl, Scotland enjoyed consecutive British Home Championship successes in 1962 and 1963. Jock Stein, John Prentice and Malky MacDonald all had brief spells as manager before Bobby Brown was appointed in 1967.[16] Brown's first match as manager was against the newly crowned world champions England at Wembley Stadium. Despite being underdogs, Scotland won 3–2 thanks to goals from Denis Law, Bobby Lennox and Jim McCalliog.[17] Having defeated the world champions on their own turf, the Scotland fans hailed their team as the "unofficial world champions".[18] Despite this famous win, the Scots failed to qualify for any major competitions during the 1960s.[15]
After Tommy Docherty's brief spell as manager, Willie Ormond was hired in 1973. Ormond lost his first match in charge 5–0 to England, but recovered to steer Scotland to their first World Cup finals in 16 years in 1974. At the 1974 World Cup finals in West Germany, Scotland achieved their most impressive performance at a World Cup tournament.[19] The team was unbeaten but failed to progress beyond the group stages on goal difference.[19] After beating Zaïre, they drew with both Brazil and Yugoslavia, and went out because they had beaten Zaïre by the smallest margin.
Scotland appointed Ally MacLeod as manager in 1977, with qualification for the 1978 World Cup in Argentina far from assured. The team made a strong start under MacLeod by winning the 1977 British Home Championship, largely thanks to a 2–1 victory over England at Wembley. The Scotland fans invaded the pitch after the match, ripping up the turf and breaking a crossbar.[20] [21] Scotland's good form continued as they secured qualification for the World Cup with victories over Czechoslovakia and Wales.[22]
During the build-up to the 1978 FIFA World Cup, MacLeod fuelled the hopes of the nation by stating that Scotland would come home with a medal.[23] As the squad left for the finals in Argentina, they were given an enthusiastic send-off as they were paraded around a packed Hampden Park.[24] Thousands more fans lined the route to Prestwick Airport as the team set off for South America. Scotland's first game was against Peru in Córdoba. Two spectacular goals by Teófilo Cubillas meant that the result was a 3–1 loss. The second game was a very disappointing 1–1 draw against newcomers Iran. The disconsolate mood of the nation was reflected by footage of Ally MacLeod in the dugout with his head in his hands.[25]
After taking a single point from their opening two games, Scotland had to defeat the Netherlands by three clear goals to progress. Despite the Dutch taking the lead, Scotland fought back to win 3–2 with a goal from Kenny Dalglish and two from Archie Gemmill, the second of which is considered one of the greatest World Cup goals ever; Gemmill beat three Dutch defenders before lifting the ball over goalkeeper Jan Jongbloed into the net.[26] The victory was not sufficient to secure a place in the second round, and Scotland were eliminated on goal difference for the second successive World Cup.
MacLeod resigned as manager shortly after the 1978 World Cup, and Jock Stein, who had won nine consecutive Scottish league titles and the European Cup as manager of Celtic, was appointed as his successor. After failing to qualify for the 1980 European Championship,[22] Scotland qualified for the 1982 FIFA World Cup from a tough group including Sweden, Portugal, Israel and Northern Ireland, losing just one match in the process.[27] They beat New Zealand 5–2 in their first game at the World Cup, but lost 4–1 to a Brazil team containing Sócrates, Zico, Eder and Falcão. Scotland were again eliminated on goal difference, after a 2–2 draw with the Soviet Union.
Scotland qualified for the 1986 FIFA World Cup, their fourth in succession, in traumatic circumstances. The squad went into their last qualification match against Wales needing a point to progress to a qualifying playoff against Australia. With only nine minutes remaining and Wales leading 1–0, Scotland were awarded a penalty kick, which was calmly scored by Davie Cooper.[28] The 1–1 draw meant that Scotland progressed, but as the players and fans celebrated, Stein suffered a heart attack and died shortly afterwards. His assistant Alex Ferguson took over. Scotland qualified by winning 2–0 against Australia in a two-leg playoff, but were eliminated from the tournament with just one point from their three matches, a goalless draw with Uruguay following defeats by Denmark and West Germany.[29]
In July 1986, Andy Roxburgh was the surprise appointment as the new manager of Scotland.[30] Scotland did not succeed in qualifying for Euro 1988, but their 1–0 away win over Bulgaria in the final fixture in November 1987 helped Ireland to a surprise first-place finish and qualification for the finals in West Germany.[31]
Scotland qualified for their fifth consecutive World Cup in 1990 by finishing second in their qualifying group, ahead of France.[32] Scotland were drawn in a group with Costa Rica, Sweden, and Brazil, but the Scots lost 1–0 to Costa Rica.[33] While they recovered to beat Sweden 2–1 in their second game, they lost to Brazil in their third match 1–0 and were again eliminated after the first round.[33]
By a narrow margin, Scotland qualified for the UEFA European Championship for the first time in 1992.[34] A 1–0 defeat by Romania away from home left qualification dependent upon other results, but a 1–1 draw between Bulgaria and Romania in the final group match saw Scotland squeeze through.[35] Despite playing well in matches against the Netherlands and Germany and a fine win against the CIS, the team was knocked out at the group stage. Scotland failed to qualify for the 1994 FIFA World Cup. The team finished fourth in their qualifying group behind Italy, Switzerland and Portugal. When it became clear that Scotland could not qualify, Andy Roxburgh resigned from his position as team manager.[36]
New manager Craig Brown successfully guided Scotland to the 1996 European Championship tournament.[36] The first game against the Netherlands ended 0–0, raising morale ahead of a much anticipated game against England at Wembley.[36] Gary McAllister missed a penalty kick, and a goal by Paul Gascoigne led to a 2–0 defeat. Scotland recovered to beat Switzerland 1–0 with a goal by Ally McCoist. England taking a 4–0 lead in the other match briefly put both teams in a position to qualify, but a late goal for the Netherlands meant that Scotland were knocked out on goals scored.[36] [37]
Brown again guided Scotland to qualification for a major tournament in 1998, and Scotland were drawn against Brazil in the opening game of the 1998 World Cup.[38] John Collins equalised from the penalty spot to level the score at 1–1, but a Tom Boyd own goal led to a 2–1 defeat. Scotland drew their next game 1–1 with Norway in Bordeaux, but the final match against Morocco ended in an embarrassing 3–0 defeat.[36]
During the qualification for the 2000 European Championship, Scotland faced England in a two-legged playoff nicknamed the "Battle of Britain" by the media.[39] Scotland won the second match 1–0 with a goal by Don Hutchison, but lost the tie 2–1 on aggregate.
Scotland failed to qualify for the 2002 FIFA World Cup, finishing third in their qualifying group behind Croatia and Belgium.[36] This second successive failure to qualify prompted Craig Brown to resign from his position after the final qualifying match.[36] The SFA appointed former Germany manager Berti Vogts as Brown's successor.[40] Scotland reached the qualification play-offs for Euro 2004. Scotland beat the Netherlands 1–0 at Hampden Park, but suffered a 6–0 defeat in the return leg. Poor results in friendly matches and a bad start to the 2006 World Cup qualification caused the team to drop to a record low of 77th in the FIFA World Rankings.[41] Vogts announced his resignation in 2004,[42] blaming the hostile media for his departure.[43]
Walter Smith, a former Rangers and Everton manager, was brought in to replace Vogts. Improved results meant that Scotland rose up the FIFA rankings and won the Kirin Cup, a friendly competition in Japan.[44] Scotland failed to qualify for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, finishing third in their group behind Italy and Norway. Smith left the national side in January 2007 to return to Rangers, with Scotland leading their Euro 2008 qualification group.[45] Alex McLeish was named as Smith's successor and Scotland's twentieth manager.[46] McLeish guided Scotland to wins against Georgia, the Faroe Islands, Lithuania, France and Ukraine, but defeats by Georgia and Italy ended their chances of qualification for Euro 2008.[47] These improved results, particularly the wins against France, lifted Scotland into the top 20 of the FIFA world rankings.[1]
After the narrow failure to qualify for Euro 2008, McLeish left to join Premier League club Birmingham City.[48] Southampton manager George Burley was hired as the new manager, but he came in for criticism from the media after the team lost their first qualifier against Macedonia.[49] After Scotland lost their fourth match 3–0 to the Netherlands,[50] captain Barry Ferguson and goalkeeper Allan McGregor were excluded from the starting lineup for the following match against Iceland due to a "breach of discipline".[51] Despite winning 2–1 against Iceland,[52] Scotland suffered a terrible 4–0 defeat by Norway in the following qualifier, which left Scotland effectively needing to win their last two games to have a realistic chance of making the qualifying play-offs.[53] Scotland defeated Macedonia 2–0 in the first of those two games,[54] but were eliminated by a 1–0 loss to the Netherlands in the second game.[55] Burley was allowed to continue in his post after a review by the SFA board,[56] but a subsequent 3–0 friendly defeat by Wales led to the SFA sacking him.[57]
The SFA appointed Craig Levein as head coach of the national team in December 2009.[58] In UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying, Scotland were grouped with Lithuania, Liechtenstein, the Czech Republic and world champions Spain.[59] They took just four points from the first four games, leaving the team needing three wins from their remaining four games to have a realistic chance of progression.[60] They only managed two wins and a draw and were eliminated after a 3–1 defeat by Spain in their last match.[61] Levein left his position as head coach following a poor start to 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification, having taken just two points from four games.[62]
Gordon Strachan was appointed Scotland manager in January 2013,[63] but defeats in his first two competitive matches meant that Scotland were the first UEFA team to be eliminated from the 2014 World Cup.[64] Scotland finished their qualification section by winning three of their last four matches, including two victories against Croatia.[65] [66] In UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying, Scotland appeared to have a better chance of qualification as the finals tournament was expanded from 16 teams to 24.[67] After losing their opening match in Germany, Scotland recorded home wins against Georgia, the Republic of Ireland and Gibraltar.[67] Steven Fletcher scored the first hat-trick for Scotland since 1969 in the game with Gibraltar.[68] Later in the group, Scotland produced an "insipid" performance as they lost 1–0 in Georgia.[67] A home defeat by Germany and a late equalising goal by Poland eliminated Scotland from contention.[67] After a win against Gibraltar in the last qualifier, Strachan agreed a new contract with the SFA.[69]
In qualification for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, Scotland were drawn in the same group as England, facing their rivals in a competitive fixture for the first time since 1999.[70] On 11 November 2016, England beat Scotland 3–0 at Wembley.[71] The return match saw Leigh Griffiths score two late free-kicks to give Scotland a 2–1 lead, but Harry Kane scored in added time to force a 2–2 draw.[72] A draw in Slovenia in the final game of the group ended Scottish hopes of a play-off position, and Strachan subsequently left his position by mutual consent.[73] In February 2018, Alex McLeish was appointed manager for the second time.[74] The team won their group in the 2018–19 UEFA Nations League, but McLeish left in April 2019 after a poor start to UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying, including a 3–0 loss to 117th-ranked Kazakhstan.[75]
Competitive record
See main article: Scotland at the FIFA World Cup. Scotland did not compete in the first three World Cup competitions, held in 1930, 1934 and 1938. FIFA ruled that all its member associations must provide "broken-time" payments to cover the expenses of players who participated in football at the 1928 Summer Olympics. In response to what they considered to be unacceptable interference, the football associations of Scotland, England, Ireland and Wales held a meeting at which they agreed to resign from FIFA.[76] The Scottish Football Association did not rejoin FIFA as a permanent member until 1946.[77] The SFA declined to participate in 1950 although they had qualified, as Scotland were not the British champions.[78]
Scotland have since qualified for eight finals tournaments,[79] including five consecutive tournaments from 1974 to 1990. Scotland have never advanced beyond the first round of the finals competition – no country has qualified for as many World Cup finals without progressing past the first round. They have missed out on progressing to the second round three times on goal difference: in 1974, when Brazil edged them out;[80] in 1978, when the Netherlands progressed;[81] and in 1982, when the Soviet Union went through.[82]
Final Tournament
1930 Did not enter
1950 Qualified but withdrew Group – 2nd 3 2 0 1 10 3
1954 Round 1 2 0 0 2 0 8 Group – 2nd 3 1 1 1 8 8
1958 Round 1 3 0 1 2 4 6 Group – 1st 4 3 0 1 10 9
1962 Did not qualify Group – 2nd 5 3 0 2 12 11
1966 Group – 2nd 6 3 1 2 8 8
1970 Group – 2nd 6 3 1 2 18 7
1974 Round 1 3 1 2 0 3 1 Group – 1st 4 3 0 1 8 3
1986 Round 1 3 0 1 2 1 3 Play-off 8 4 2 2 10 4
1990 Round 1 3 1 0 2 2 3 Group – 2nd 8 4 2 2 12 12
1994 Did not qualify Group – 4th 10 4 3 3 14 13
1998 Round 1 3 0 1 2 2 6 Group – 2nd 10 7 2 1 15 3
2002 Did not qualify Group – 3rd 8 4 3 1 12 6
2006 Group – 3rd 10 3 4 3 9 7
2010 Group – 3rd 8 3 1 4 6 11
2014 Group – 4th 10 3 2 5 8 12
2018 Group – 3rd 10 5 3 2 17 12
See main article: Scotland at the UEFA European Football Championship. Scotland have qualified for two European Championships, but have failed to advance beyond the first round on both occasions. Their most recent participation was at the 1996 European Championship, where the Netherlands progressed instead of Scotland on goals scored.[83] Scotland is due to host three group games and a last 16 match in UEFA Euro 2020, which is being held at venues across Europe.[84]
1968 Did not qualify 6 3 2 1 10 8
1972 Group – 3rd 6 3 0 3 4 7
1980 Group – 4th 8 3 1 4 15 13
1984 Group – 4th 6 1 2 3 8 10
1988 Group – 4th 8 3 3 2 7 5
2000 Did not qualify Play-offs 12 6 3 3 16 12
2004 Play-offs 10 5 2 3 13 14
2016 Group – 4th 10 4 3 3 22 12
2020 TBD
When the UEFA Nations League was inaugurated in 2018–19, Scotland were allocated to League C. With a 3–2 win against Israel in their final match, Scotland won promotion to League B of the 2020–21 competition.[85]
UEFA Nations League record
2018–19 C 1 Group stage 1st 4 3 0 1 10 4
2020–21 B — To be determined
Other honours
British Home Championship
Winners (24): 1884, 1885, 1887, 1889, 1894, 1896, 1897, 1900, 1902, 1910, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1929, 1935, 1936, 1946, 1949, 1951, 1962, 1963, 1967, 1976, 1977
Shared (17): 1886, 1890, 1903, 1906, 1908, 1912, 1927, 1931, 1935, 1939, 1953, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1970, 1972, 1974
Rous Cup
Winners (1): 1985
Kirin Cup
Qatar Airways Cup
Winners (1): 2015[86]
See main article: Scotland national football team home stadium. Hampden Park in Glasgow is the traditional home of the Scotland team and is described by the SFA as the National Stadium.[87] The present stadium is one of three stadiums to have used the name. Stadiums named Hampden Park have hosted international matches since 1878. The present site was opened in 1903 and became the primary home ground of the Scotland team from 1906. The attendance record of 149,415 was set by the Scotland v England match in 1937.[88] Safety regulations reduced the capacity to 81,000 by 1977 and the stadium was completely redeveloped during the 1990s, giving the present capacity of 52,000. Hampden is rated as a category four (elite) stadium within the UEFA stadium categories, having previously held the five-star status under the old rating system.[89]
Some friendly matches are played at smaller venues. Pittodrie Stadium in Aberdeen and Easter Road in Edinburgh were both used as venues during the 2012–13 season. Other stadiums were also used while Hampden was being redeveloped during the 1990s. Celtic Park, Pittodrie Stadium, Ibrox Stadium and Rugby Park all hosted matches during the 1998 World Cup qualifying campaign,[90] while Tynecastle Stadium,[91] Pittodrie,[92] Celtic Park and Ibrox were used for Euro 2000 qualifying matches. Since the last redevelopment to Hampden was completed in 1999, Scotland have played most of their competitive matches there. The most recent exception to this rule was in 2014, when Hampden was temporarily converted into an athletics stadium for the 2014 Commonwealth Games.[93]
Scotland's home matches are presently covered by the pay-TV broadcaster Sky Sports.[94] Television rights to away games vary, although Sky Sports also held the rights to both home and away qualifiers for Euro 2016 and the 2018 World Cup.[95] The arrangements to show Scotland matches on pay-TV have been criticised by the Scottish Government, who have argued that qualifying matches should be included in the list of sporting events which can only be broadcast on free-to-air television.[94] [96] The SFA have argued that limiting the rights to free-to-air broadcasters would severely reduce the amount of revenue that they could generate.[97] An independent advisory panel recommended that qualifying matches played by all four Home Nations be added to the list, but UK Sports Minister Hugh Robertson deferred a decision until the completion of the digital switchover.[98]
BBC Scotland,[94] [99] STV, Setanta Sports,[94] [100] Channel 5[101] and BT Sport[102] are among other networks that have previously shown live fixtures. All matches are broadcast with full commentary on BBC Radio Scotland and, when schedules allow, BBC Radio 5 Live also.[99] [103]
Scotland traditionally wear dark blue shirts with white shorts and dark blue socks, the colours of the Queen's Park team who represented Scotland in the first international. The blue Scotland shirt was earlier used in a February 1872 rugby international, with reports stating that "the scotch were easily distinguishable by their uniform of blue jerseys.... the jerseys having the thistle embroidered".[104] The thistle had previously been worn to represent Scotland in the 1871 rugby international, but on brown shirts.[105] The shirt is embroidered with a crest based upon the lion rampant of the Royal Standard of Scotland.
Another style often used by Scotland comprises blue shirts, white shorts and red socks. Change colours vary, but are most commonly white or yellow shirts with blue shorts.[106] From 1994–96 a tartan kit was used; this kit was worn at UEFA Euro 1996.[107]
Scotland have not always played in dark blue; on a number of occasions between 1881 and 1951 they played in the primrose and pink racing colours of Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery. A former Prime Minister, Lord Rosebery was an influential figure in Scottish football, serving as honorary President of the SFA and Edinburgh team Hearts. His colours were used most frequently in the first decade of the 20th century, but were discontinued in 1909. The colours were briefly reprised in 1949, and were last used against France in 1951. In 1900, when Scotland defeated England 4–1, Lord Rosebery remarked, "I have never seen my colours so well sported since Ladas won the Derby".[108] Rosebery colours were revived as a change kit for the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying matches.[109] [110]
The current version of the crest is a roundel similar to the crest used from 1961 to 1988 enclosing a shield, with "Scotland" written on the top and "Est 1873" on the bottom. In the shield background there are 11 thistles, representing the national flower of Scotland, in addition to the lion rampant. Since 2005, the SFA have supported the use of Scottish Gaelic on the national team's strip in recognition of the language's revival in Scotland.[111]
See main article: Tartan Army. Scotland fans are collectively known as the Tartan Army. During the 1970s, Scotland fans became known for their hooliganism in England, particularly after they invaded the Wembley pitch and destroyed the goalposts after the England v Scotland match in 1977.[112] [113] Since then, the Tartan Army have won awards from UEFA for their combination of vocal support, friendly nature and charity work.[114] [115] The Tartan Army have been awarded a Fair Play prize by the Belgian Olympic Committee[116] and were named as the best supporters during the 1992 European Championship. The fans were also presented with a trophy for non-violence in sport and were voted by journalists to be the best supporters for their sense of fair play and sporting spirit at the 1998 World Cup in France.[117]
See also: List of Scotland international footballers, List of Scotland international footballers (5–24 caps), List of Scotland international footballers (1–4 caps) and List of Scotland international footballers born outside Scotland.
The following players were called up for the matches against Russia and Belgium in September 2019.[118]
Recent call-ups
The following players have also been selected by Scotland in the past 12 months.RET Player has announced retirement from international football.
Honoured players
The Scottish Football Association operates a roll of honour for every player who has made more than 50 appearances for Scotland.[119] there are 31 members of this roll,[119] with Craig Gordon the most recent addition to the list. The qualifying mark of 50 appearances means that many notable Scotland players including Jim Baxter, Hughie Gallacher, John Greig, Jimmy Johnstone, Billy McNeill, Bobby Murdoch, Archie Gemmill and Lawrie Reilly are not on the roll of honour.
The Scottish Football Museum operates a hall of fame which is open to players and managers involved in Scottish football. This means that membership is not restricted to people who have played for Scotland; inductees include Brian Laudrup and Henrik Larsson. At the most recent induction ceremony, Alan Rough, Martin Buchan, Eddie Gray, Tommy Docherty, Scot Symon and Bobby Walker were added to its membership.[120] Sportscotland operates the Scottish Sports Hall of Fame, which has inducted some footballers.[121]
See main article: Scotland national football team manager. From 1872 to 1953, and 1954 to 1957, the Scotland national team was appointed by a selection committee. Andy Beattie was manager for six matches in 1954 when Scotland competed at their first World Cup. After the tournament the selection committee resumed their duties, continuing until the appointment of Matt Busby in 1958. Busby was initially unable to assume his duties due to the serious injuries he sustained in the Munich air disaster.[15]
Statistically the most successful manager was Alex McLeish, who won seven of the ten games during his first spell as manager. Discounting managers who took charge of less than ten games, the least successful manager was George Burley, with just three wins in 14 games.
Scotland career
Selection committee 1872–1953
[122] 1958
[123] 1985–1986
Last updated: Belgium v Scotland, 11 June 2019. Statistics include official FIFA-recognised matches, and a match against a Hong Kong League XI played on 23 May 2002 that the Scottish Football Association includes in its statistical totals.[125] [126]
See main article: Scotland national football team records. Kenny Dalglish holds the record for Scotland appearances, having played 102 times between 1971 and 1986. He is the only Scotland player to have reached 100 caps.[119] Jim Leighton is second, having played 91 times, a Scottish record for appearances by a goalkeeper.[119] The title of Scotland's highest goalscorer is shared by two players. Denis Law scored 30 goals between 1958 and 1974, during which time he played for Scotland on 55 occasions. Kenny Dalglish scored an equal number from 102 appearances. Hughie Gallacher as well as being the third highest scorer is also the most prolific with his 24 goals coming from only 20 games (averaging 1.2 goals per game).[127]
The largest margin of victory achieved by a Scotland side is 11–0 against Ireland in the 1901 British Home Championship.[128] The record defeat occurred during the 1954 FIFA World Cup, a 7–0 deficit against reigning world champions Uruguay.[129]
Scotland's 1937 British Home Championship match against England set a new world record for a football attendance. The Hampden Park crowd was officially recorded as 149,415, though the true figure is unknown as a large number of additional fans gained unauthorised entry. This attendance was surpassed 13 years later by the decisive match of the 1950 FIFA World Cup, but remains a European record.[130] [131]
See main article: United Kingdom national football team and Great Britain Olympic football team.
Scotland has always participated by itself in most of the major tournaments, such as the FIFA World Cup and the UEFA European Championship. At the Olympic Games the International Olympic Committee charter only permit a Great Britain Olympic football team, representing the whole of the United Kingdom, to compete.[132] Teams of amateur players represented Great Britain at the Olympics from 1900 until 1972, but the FA stopped entering a team after then because the distinction between amateur and professional was abolished. The successful bid by London for the 2012 Summer Olympics prompted the FA to explore how a team could be entered.[133] The SFA responded by stating that it would not participate, as it feared that this would threaten the independent status of the Scotland national team.[134] FIFA President Sepp Blatter denied this,[135] but the SFA expressed concern that a future President could take a different view. An agreement was reached in May 2009 whereby the FA would be permitted to organise a team using only England-qualified players,[136] but this was successfully challenged by the British Olympic Association. Only English and Welsh players were selected for the men's squad,[137] but two Scottish players were selected for the women's team.[138]
News: Scots close in on England ranking . BBC Sport . 24 October 2007 . 14 October 2015.
News: Wales fall in Fifa world rankings . BBC Sport . 24 March 2005 . 13 May 2007.
News: A history of fierce football rivalry . 13 October 1999 . 25 October 2007 . BBC Sport.
Web site: Mitchell . Paul . The first international football match . BBC Scotland . 12 September 2013.
The competition did not use goal difference or goal average to separate teams level on points, so the title was shared instead.
Web site: British Home Championship Overview . Rec Sport Soccer Statistics Foundation . 14 May 2007.
Web site: Scotland – International Matches 1921–1930 . Rec Sport Soccer Statistics Foundation . 15 May 2007.
Web site: The four British associations return to FIFA after the Second World War: 25th FIFA Congress in Luxembourg in 1946 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100614215341/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/federation/bodies/congress/britishassociation.html . 14 June 2010. . 20 February 2010.
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"The Queens" by Iain McCartney on Creedon Publications, 2004
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Andrew Ward, "Scotland: The Team" (The Breedon Book Publishing Company Limited, Derby, 1987), page 60.
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News: Murray. Ewan. Alex McLeish says it was his 'destiny' to return as Scotland manager. 17 March 2018. The Guardian. 16 February 2018.
News: Scotland: Alex McLeish exits after poor start to Euro 2020 qualifying . 18 April 2019 . BBC Sport . 18 April 2019.
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Daily News (London, England), Tuesday, 6 February 1872; Issue 8042.
Glasgow Herald, 28 March 1871; Issue 9746.
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Book: Smith, Adrian . & Porter, Dilwyn (eds.) . Sport and National Identity in the Post-War World . Routledge . 2004 . 0-415-28300-0. p77
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ScotlandNT . 1166299437037232128 . 27 August 2019 . 27 August 2019 . Here is your Scotland squad to take on Russia and Belgium..
Web site: International Roll of Honour . . 9 September 2010 . yes . https://web.archive.org/web/20101011104402/http://www.scottishfa.co.uk/scottish_football_players.cfm?page=138 . 11 October 2010 .
Web site: Scottish Football Hall of Fame Dinner 2013, Celebrating 10 years of the Scottish Football Hall of Fame. Scottish Football Museum. 15 November 2013. yes. https://web.archive.org/web/20131110230226/http://www.scottishfootballmuseum.org.uk/hall-of-fame/2013.html. 10 November 2013. dmy-all.
News: Sporting legends honoured in Scottish Sports Hall of Fame. 14 October 2015. Sportscotland. 13 October 2015. yes. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042828/http://www.sportscotland.org.uk/news/sportscotland/newsarchive/2012/sporting_legends_honoured_in_scottish_sports_hall_of_fame/. 4 March 2016. dmy-all.
Dawson Walker was left in charge of the players due to the Munich air disaster, in which official manager Matt Busby was seriously injured.
Alex Ferguson was interim manager, following the death of Jock Stein.
Served as manager on a caretaker basis.
Web site: Hong Kong v Scotland . www.scottishfa.co.uk . Scottish Football Association . 19 September 2013.
Web site: Gordon Strachan . www.scottishfa.co.uk . Scottish Football Association . 19 September 2013.
Web site: QosFC: Hughie Gallacher goals for Scotland. qosfc.com.
Web site: Scotland – International Matches 1901–1910 . Rec Sport Soccer Statistics Foundation . 6 June 2008 . 1 September 2007.
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Web site: =Coates . Jonathan . The day Hampden Park sat on top of the world . The Scotsman . 14 April 2007 . 17 September 2008.
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News: Salmond aims for Scottish Olympic gold. The Guardian. Guardian News and Media Limited. Dan. Bell. 21 May 2007. 4 September 2011. London.
News: FA wants GB team in 2012 Olympics . BBC Sport . 6 July 2005. 6 July 2012.
News: No Scots for GB Olympic football . BBC Sport . 11 November 2005 . 11 April 2007.
News: Smith 'excited' by Olympic team . BBC Sport . 2 September 2005 . 8 January 2008.
News: Nations pave way for 2012 GB team . BBC Sport . 29 May 2009 . 5 January 2010.
News: Going for gold: Team GB Pearce reveals 18-man squad for London Olympics. Daily Mail. 2 July 2012. 2 July 2012.
News: London 2012 Olympics: Hope Powell names first-ever Team GB women's football squad for Games. Daily Telegraph . 26 June 2012. 26 June 2012. Alice. Philipson.
Scottish Football Association
Complete results and player statistics at FitbaStats
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Scotland national football team".


The time has finally come to receive your copy of GLENA!
GLENA Premieres on Showtime Thursday, September 25th @ 8pm!
Portland Premiere Tickets Now On Sale!
Here's your chance to see the FIRST TEN MINUTES of Fight Dreams!
Hey there Kickstarter backers. Some cool news about Fight Dreams.
Fight Dreams Hits Facebook, Youtube, Wordpress.
43 Days Later. $5,385. What's Next?
We've updated trailer (on the main page) with commentary from UFC Fighter Chael Sonnen and a new 20-second conclusion. It rocks! Keep spreading the word!!!


text:
U's See Off Canvey
Matt Hudson
Penalty shoot-out earns passage to the next round.
Colchester United made it through to the next stage of the Essex Senior Cup on Tuesday night, as they edged past Canvey Island after a dramatic penalty shoot-out.
The non-leaguers were reduced to nine men by the time that the final whistle went but had drawn level with ten men still on the pitch on the ninetieth minute.
But their endeavour was not quite enough to progress past a determined U's side who kept their nerve to win the penalty shoot-out.
The first half was one of limited clear cut opportunities, although the U's went close on a number of occasions with shots around the edge of the box, with Szmodics in the thick of it throughout.
It was the Islanders who took the lead on 37 minutes though, as Curran reacted quickest when a free kick dropped to him in the six yard box.
Jack Curtis cracked one against the crossbar before half time, but it was the second half before the U's drew level.
Tosin Olufemi's shot from outside of the box was well saved, but Szmodics drilled it back into the danger area for Sheehan to turn into his own goal.
The U's were further boosted when the visitors were reduced to ten men as Stokes and Lapslie clashed and the Canvey man was sent off for his part in what developed into a fracas between the two sides.
The U's capitalised when Szmodics seized on a loose ball and worked some space to drill home the second.
If the home side thought that'd be enough, Canvey thought otherwise and drew level late on in the game when Poole's free kick clipped two players on the way through to leave Bransgrove bamboozled as it beat him into the bottom corner.
Dumas saw red for a second yellow in injury time, so it was a 9 v 9 shoot out which nearly went all the way.
Lapslie missed for the U's during the drama of penalties, but it was Sheehan's miss in the sudden death stages that ultimately separated the two sides and earned the U's safe passage to the next round.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Since early 2012 the Chimerical Company has been consciously building a model for a better community. We have done so by listening to all people from every possible sect or group imaginable. This allows us to find the basic needs that all living things can agree upon. History has shown that a lot of violent moments were caused from a lack of clear communication. Words can be tricky. So knowing that, try to understand that our goal is to create a sustainable space where every person who interacted with that space, was better off for it. We would like to clarify – we use the word sustainable to mean: self-supporting, something that can continue it's course for years to come. There is a tendency to apply additional meanings or feelings to words and our goal is to be as simple as possible so that we can create a community of endless possibility.
Editing and mastering those videos and films.
Designing eco-friendly luxurious houses to create.
Studying the needs of individuals.
Studying the needs of the world.
As you can see we are keeping busy even without any sort of stable space to build from. In order for us to truly evolve to a point where we can do the amount of good we know we are capable of, there is a lot of work left to do. Please see how you can get involved in this universal project!
Unfortunately this is the most helpful, especially now.
Please subscribe to email list or any other site you're into. We're on them all! And if you really want to help us out, share with your friends!
Work with one of our artists to create a project!


Mr. Blue Sky – A story about hope and possibilities.
In the film Mr. Blue Sky a young girl born with Down syndrome often looks to the sky and finds her hope is renewed through "Mr. Blue Sky", a metaphor for GOD. Andra Little, played heroically as a child (Film debut by Glee's Lauren Potter) and also as an adult by Ashley Wolfe, herself born with Down syndrome. These two wonderful actresses bring life to the screen and are beacons of light and hope.
Andra leans on her two "soul mates" young Greg, played by Zachary Sauers and young Bonnie, played by Kaitlyn Lee Cruz, for love and support. As the three reach adulthood their bond as children becomes threatened by societal pressures and views, as they just can't seem to become who they want to be. A successful Lawyer, Bonnie, played by Mary Kate Schellhardt, and a school teacher, Greg, played by the late Chaney Kley, begin to date and leave their old friend behind.
But Andra is determined to live her life with the help of her mom (Played by Ashley's real life mother Nancy Wolfe) and her new friend Jessica, played by the emerging screen star Haley Ramm. The love Andra feels for both Greg and Bonnie never dies. As Greg has to fend off his own feelings for Andra, as well as his drunk father, played incredibly well by "Home Improvements" Richard Karn, tensions begin to rise. Now, the school board has their say and Greg begins to feel threatened as a result. His job and ambitions become the subject of a community-wide school board debate.
Love and marriage succeed as Greg finally marries Andra and helps her through her college classes. The world has now changed for the better. A light has emerged. The two live with the knowledge that "Mr. Blue Sky" is always with them, watching over them and all the children born with Down syndrome.
A heartwarming story, Mr. Blue Sky succeeds in its message and goal to change lives through changing minds. I should know. I am the writer of the film and I have seen this firsthand experience.
Mr. Blue Sky is dedicated to all those born with Down syndrome and their families, and to Chaney Kley who has since passed on and is now watching over all these children himself.
Mr. Blue Sky is directed by Sarah Gurfield and produced by Karuna Eberl.


We need to shift our focus on God; the eternal, true and living God because only what we do for God is going to last!! What you do for others and what they do for you is not going to last; it is not eternal – it is temporary!! We must choose NOW whether our eternity is going to be heaven or hell!! We should build our treasures up in heaven, not here on earth because this earth is going to pass away (Matt 24:35; 2 Peter 3:10-12) – we will spend eternity with God IF we accept Jesus as our personal Lord and Savior!!
We need to ask the Holy Spirit to help us wake up out of the sleep we are in because if our focus is on the wrong things (men, women, things, money, a big house, etc. – these things are going to burn up with this world – we will be lost when Jesus return – we will be lost with all our material stuff)!! Our life is not about material things or anybody else – it is about Jesus!! Only God matters and the things of Him!! Again, we need to shift our focus off of "stuff" and make God our #1 priority!! It is NOT about us!! Let me say that again: "It is NOT about us!" It is about us telling God "God not my will but Your will be done in my life!" Therefore, I beseech you to wake up out of your sleep today; forget saying "I NEED somebody in my life!" You got God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit already there with you; They are waiting for YOU to surrender completely to Them! I am not saying it will be easy; especially if you are used to being in a relationship but I know God will strengthen you and help you wait on Him – wait until you are completely healed before you get into another relationship!! God will build your spirit man and give you the inner healing and fulfillment you need; I know He did it for me and still doing it today!! I have not been in a relationship since God delivered me from the last abusive marriage in October 2006; it has not been easy but God has brought me through and still brings me through!! I would rather be alone than to be in a dramatic, chaotic, abusive, etc. relationship; I have no problem waiting on God to put the right person in my path!! A person in our lives and material things satisfies our flesh (soul) temporarily – fleshy desires comes from the soul - the flesh will never be satisfied!! As you saw with Solomon in Ecclesiastes 2:1-11, he searched and searched but found out NOTHING could satisfy the soul!! We as Christians must make sure we are not living out of our soul, our fleshy desires, but are led by the Holy Spirit!! We should not do things in the flesh and say God told us to do it or expect God to approve it!!
When we give our life to Jesus, He gives us an alternative lifestyle to choose from so we do not allow our soul to continue to dictate our lives; we can be led by the Holy Spirit instead of our soul – but we must let God transform our soul – we are to give Him ALL of us – our spirit, soul (which house the mind, will, and emotions) and body! The Holy Spirit will lead and guide us and teach us how to live holy – He will impart His fruit (Gal 5:22-23) into us so we can be fulfilled!!
We need to trust God for EVERYTHING we need; we need to run to Him for help when we are weak because when we are weak, He is strong in us – His grace is sufficient for us – to take us through whatever we go through no matter how hard it seem, God CAN and WILL take us through if we go to Him!!! Jesus is our Shelter in the time of a storm and at all other times He is Whoever we need Him to be in whatever situation or circumstance!!
Ps 146:3-9: Don't put your life in the hands of experts who know nothing of life, of salvation life. Mere humans don't have what it takes; when they die, their projects die with them. Instead, get help from the God of Jacob, put your hope in God and know real blessing! God made sky and soil, sea and all the fish in it. He always does what he says—he defends the wronged, he feeds the hungry. God frees prisoners— he gives sight to the blind he lifts up the fallen. God loves good people, protects strangers, takes the side of orphans and widows, but makes short work of the wicked (MSG).
Ps 118:8: It is better to trust and take refuge in the Lord than to put confidence in man (AMP).
Micah 7:5: Trust not in a neighbor; put no confidence in a friend. Keep the doors of your mouth from her who lies in your bosom (AMP).
according to what their actions deserve" (NLT).
Why do these Scriptures tell us NOT to put our trust in man? Because God is the ONLY One who has EVERYTHING we need; He is the ONLY One who can satisfy us – and God does not want us to depend on no one but Him – He is our ONLY God!! Another reason why we should not put our trust in man is because there is no guarantee that if God speak to someone to help us, they will do it; the person has a choice to obey God or not – they have free will!!
I have been hurt so many times because I put my trust in my "friend" and he or she did not come through for whatever reason; I just knew they had my back – NOT!! The ONLY Person who really has our backs is God!! Man is NOT capable of satisfying our every need; we have so many needs and try to get satisfaction from a human but it is not possible – most of the time people have their own problems and they can't help us but God does not get weighted down – He can and does carry the burdens of the world and not get tired!!


text:
What Makes a Good Website
Creating Accessible Web Sites
How Fast is Your Website?
Attractive Website
Creating User-Friendly Web Sites
Setting up Your Social Media Campaign
Frequently Asked Questions on Web Design
Good Web Design Principles
Madang – Home of the Flying Fox
By Gillian Tyler
PLES BILONG BILAK BOKIS
Madang Town
Madang is "ples bilong bilak bokis" or the home of the flying fox. Thousands of Spectacled Flying Foxes adorn the yar trees throughout the town fanning themselves with a slow beating of wings during the heat ofthe day and making a screeching din. At dusk the screeching reaches a crescendoand they blacken the sky as they head off for their nightly fruit foraging.
I recently read that flying foxes began migrating into town in the late 1970'sas a result of logging pressure but this is not quite true. It is true that they are now rare in the native forests and the town population may have increased but there were plenty about in the 1960's and 1970's. I used to love listening to their beating wings and screeching as they attacked the pawpaw tree outside my bedroom window. I was also fascinated by the flying fox shoot. Spectacled Flying Foxes are now a fully protected vulnerable species but they used to be considered a pest and were regularly culled. Their favourite roosting trees were the yar trees at the post office in the centre of the town and people would become enraged with their screeching and the soiling of cars parked under the shady trees. The police would finally decide it was time for a cull and as word spread local people would come for miles in the hope of bagging a free meal. But they had to be quick as it was a free for all. Dead and dying flying foxes would rain down to be grabbed by the fleetest as shotgun blast after shotgun blast shook the town. Some wounded animals would spiral into the sea or the lagoon triggering a swimming race with participants egged on by the spectators. And then it was all over with the surviving animals having fled town and the unlucky in the larder. The animals would then slowly return to town until the next cull. These days life is easier for these magnificent giant fruit bats. Their preference for yar trees is incidentally not too hard to work out. The wind blowing through the fine foliage makes them the coolest trees around, which is why you should always choose the shade beneath a Casuarina tree as the place to spread your picnic blanket. In that case choose one without flying foxes!
Beautiful Madang Bay
One of the most noticeable changes for me was the lack of Cane Toads. In the 1960's and 70's the place was crawling with them and the roads
were carpeted with squashed toads. Mum used to feed the kitchen scraps to the horrible things which would be sitting in a ring along the arc of the back light at night. I only saw one in the whole week I was there and none squashed on the road. I was, however, pleased to see that the land crabs were still about. I think the drop in toad numbers is worth checking out as it has implications for toad control in Australia. How the toads got to Madang in the first place is another mystery but no doubt they came from Australia and
probably on a cargo ship from Cairns or Townsville.
Our friendly cleaner with her grandson and pet bird Kallie
Madang now as then is the home of the flying fox but many things had changed in my 30 year absence and not necessarily as I would have predicted. Madang is still deservedly called beautiful Madang. It is true that the centre of town now has a lot of litter and also true that many of the buildings received their last coat of paint the day Dad left town in 1974 but it remains a leafy shady town and the island dotted harbour with the smouldering Karkar volcano in the background is stunning. But it is people that make a town and Madang people are warm and friendly. That is not to say that the town is free of crime but most of this is blamed on highlanders migrating into town along the Ramu highway that Dad built as his last great project before independence and the white exodus. This highway is the greatest change of all and has been a mixed
blessing for Madang. With the loss of isolation the town is much more crowded than the sleepy town of my youth and with road transport available to Lae the harbour has declined in importance. Dad would be horrified to see his beloved Public Works Department (PWD) which was the construction hub of the Province during our 10 years in Madang reduced to a few rusting sheds and no longer housing a great fleet of earth moving equipment. But at least it was still there. Mum on the other hand spent 10 years working at the Burns Philp (BP's) Department Store which is now a vacant block.
The old Public Works Department
As a kid I went to Madang Primary A School which is now the Madang International School with the same old buildings. I also irregularly attended mass at the Holy Spirit Church across the road from the school and this was also unchanged although I suspect that the old priest has moved on.
Our house in Kalibobo Drive was surprisingly much the same although like most Madang houses in dire need of a coat of paint and some screen repairs. The water tanks were, however, missing and the new residents explained that the town was now on reticulated water. They were delighted to hear the history of their house from an old time "Mongey Madang."
The golf course
The golf course across the road from our house was still there and well maintained and the verge mango trees are now enormous. The great flocks of Spur-winged Plovers that frequented the golf course in the 1970's seem to have disappeared. Apart from the security fencing which has replaced the old time hibiscus hedges throughout the town and the great increase in fruit trees and food gardens it was like being in a time warp. Not so for the
centre of town.
The picture theatre was gone with the site now housing a Ho Kit shop owned by Mark Ho the elder brother of my old time best mate Kevin who once lived in the now long vanished China Town across the road from the old German cemetery.
Most of the Chinese left with the whites in the great independence exodus of 1975. The oval was still there sans grandstand and so was the great Banyan Tree at the southern end where we spent endless hours climbing and making rubber balls from the latex and swinging on the vines pretending to be Tarzan. This is now a fairly crowded spot where visitors arrive and depart on PMV busses to and from the highlands and apparently not the safest place in town although we had no trouble.
Madang Resort
We stayed in a chalet at the Madang Resort across the channel from Cranked Island and it was glorious on sunset with the flying foxes heading seawards to Kranket as the sun set over the Bismark Sea. The Madang Resort was established on the site of the old Madang Hotel by the Barter family who arrived in Madang in the late 1970's. Most of the buildings were new but it still had the original town swimming pool. This was the pool where I learned to swim and where decades ago newly captured Pilot Whales en-route to Seaward were sometimes housed before being flown out. The new seawall made access to the sea difficult but as usual I didn't take long to find my way into the sea and the coral gardens and abundant fish were as glorious as I remembered.
The Madang Hotel was Dad's after work watering hole and our after school swimming hole so all in all we spent a lot of time there and I felt very much at home. The resort has half a dozen magnificent vivid blue Goura or Victoria Crowned Pigeons who wander around during the day and sometimes sunbathe on their sides which shocked Gill when she first saw them and thought they were dead.
The shopping in Madang is a shadow of what it was in the "Time Bilong Masta" but still OK and there is no problem getting hold of the basics. What is surprising is that tourists are few and far between in a town with such natural beauty and there are no souvenir shops outside of the resorts. The banks are also a pain. We bank with the Commonwealth and after unsuccessfully trying to get money out of the Westpac Bank and then the Bank of South Pacific realised why there was a queue for 100 metres down the road outside the remaining bank which was the ANZ. We then spent a leisurely hour or so progressing a place every 10 minutes waiting our turn until the inevitable announcement that the one functioning machine was "bugarup" and to come back later. So it was the same bat channel the next day and speaking of bats I can tell you that the flying foxes still like the centre of town. Anyway, it was fun chatting to people in the queue and amazingly discovering connections everywhere. People who worked at Amron Lutheran Mission where I used to stay with a school friend,
ex PWD people who knew Dad or his mates and people with connections to various plantations we used to visit. Madang is very friendly. At long last it was my turn and I was curious to see what was wrong with the machine to require over ten minutes per person. The answer was nothing. In 30 seconds I had my money and was out of there. Many Papua New Guineans struggle with technology and some of the people in the queue had their pin numbers written on the back of their hands.
Jim delivering his presentation at the Forum
I was in Madang for a Sustainability Forum at the Divine Word University which is across the road from the Smugglers Motel which is still going strong and the Modilon Hospital where I had my appendix out in 1968. Madang is fortunate in having a centre of learning of the standard of the Divine Word University and the forum was well organised. The computers in the Business Centre also worked and I was able to access my email which was not something I managed back at the resort. The Forum was well attended by a range of national and
international academics, all levels of government, national and international Non Government Organisations (NGO's) and PNG Mining Companies. The timber and fisheries industries weren't present which says much about their attitude. It was wonderful participating in a serious and high calibre review of the problems and opportunities facing Papua New Guinea as it cements its place in the world community.
New Ireland girls
A highland group of danceres
As luck would have it we were in Madang for the annual Cultural Festival and most Provinces were represented. I particularly enjoyed the contrast in styles between the gentle coastal people and the exuberant highlanders. Gently swaying island girls couldn't be further from the oiled, painted and feathered highlanders who were jumping out of their skins and yelling.
Tari group getting ready to dance
I immediately recognised the Taris with their yellow face paint and the bewigged Wabagers with their black painted faces from areas close to Porgera where I work.
Wabagers
The prize for entertainment, however, has to go to the erotic dancing of the Trobiand Islanders. The highlanders may be uninhibited but they had nothing on the Trobiands which are known world wide as the islands of love.
Trobian Islanders
My favourite dancers were the weird Asaro Mud-men looking very much like Doctor Who Sontarans as they crept around in slow motion. Gill of course found the whole thing fascinating.
Mud men
Road to Bogia
On the weekend we hired a car and went exploring. You can now drive to Bogia in a couple of hours on a sealed if pot-holed road and the old picnic spots like the Hole in the Wall and Mogil are still there and still terrificfor snorkelling despite the new beachside villages and hordes of curious people.
Beach north of Mogil
We turned off at Sagalau near the Teachers College to search for a waterfall and favourite swimming hole in the mountains but couldn't find it. What we did find on top of the Miss Kouris range was crisp cool mountain air andbreathtaking views of the Madang Lagoon and Astrolabe Bay.
Jim and Ben at the top of the mountain
Our passenger, we had a succession of these, was a schoolteacher called Ben who had hitched home for the weekend from the Rai Coast. He said Madang was still good but he was concerned about the litter and the high number of outsiders. He found the highlanders and the Sepiks who he described as "like their crocodiles" violent and unpredictable. Most of the plantations up the coast are now overgrown with bush and the buildings and wharves are derelict.
Sagging warf at Alexishafe
It is now almost a continuous village right up the coast to Bogia which ironically has pretty much died. It is a sad abandoned place and the sight of the once thriving Bogia Hotel in a state of disintegration sums it up.
What is left of the Bogia Hotel
You can't even buy fuel at Bogia but you can in the villages for 3 kina a litre. On the way back we gave a couple of boys a lift back 10 kms down the road for a soccer match where they walk every Sunday. We stopped at Mulolo Plantation Resort which used to be Huxley's Hotel for a late lunch on the way back and were the only guests. Papua New Guinea may be beautiful but I wouldn't be racing in to invest in a resort there.
That evening we decided to explore the night life of Madang and went to the Chinese Restaurant at the Madang Country Club which once the Madang Golf Club. Unfortunately there are no "No Smoking" laws for PNG restaurants and as the room filled with smoke we asked to have our meal changed to take-away and ate it outside gazing across the Bismark Sea and breathing fresh clean air. The food incidentally was terrific.
To Bogajim and Bongu
The next day I decided to visit Bogadjim which was the site of Curt von Hagen's grave where I had walked with my brothers in 1973. These days you can drive there although it wasn't easy and we may well have been the first visitors since my last visit. The new sealed highway out of town made orientation difficult but landmarks soon appeared including the sulphur creek ("smell wara") near the old leprosy hospital and the unmistakable Gogol River.
Sulphur Creek
We stopped at the sulphur creek and I can tell you it still smells of rotten eggs and why a village has been built next to it I cannot guess.
One of the many creek crossings
We forded several creeks and blazed along an overgrown track to finally find the marble monument marking the grave of the old German Administrator Curt von Hagen who was accidentally shot while crossing the Gogol in 1899.
Overgrown track
One of my earliest memories is of Dad placing the great bronze eagle that once adorned Hagen's grave on another monument in Mount Hagen in 1962.
Curt von Hagen's grave
The eagle had been removed from the grave in 1942 to protect it from the invading Japanese and had been in storage in a garage in Port Moresby for 20 years before a decision was made to put it in pride of place in the town that bears von Hagen's name. Whilst at Bogadjim our guide who came from Bongu further down the Rai Coast suggested we go there to visit the memorial to Nicolai Macleay. Macleay was a Russian scientist and first explorer in the area who was dropped off at Bongu in 1871 and picked up three years later. His fascinating diary paved
the way for German colonisation and a few years later the German New Guinea Company established its first plantation at Bogadjim and Lutheran missionaries soon followed. Malaria ridden Bogadjim was not a success and the survivors eventually moved up the coast to Madang.
Our guides Albert (from Bongo) and Amos
The drive to Bongu was an adventure and all up we forded 18 creeks and rivers with water often half way up the doors. In the summer wet season it is impassable. The track was overgrown but we finally made it to the main Bongu village where we left the car and walked. This corner of Astrolabe Bay is beautiful with black sand beaches shaded by giant trees and fringing coral reef in crystal clear water.
Astrolabe Bay
We finally found the memorial which was established in 1970 by the crew of the Russian ship Vityuz sharing the same name as Macleay's ship. Macleay's memorial is in a shady elevated position with a clear view of Astrolabe Bay and it is easy to imagine Macleay gazing out to sea for months wondering when his rescue ship was going to arrive. One thing he wouldn't have seen was the large red Malaysian ship taking on board logs recently clear-felled from the forest.
Maclaey's monument
The pending development of the Ramu Nickel processing plant a bit further around the coast again at Basimuk is another project that is really going to impact on this area. This project is controversial due to a lack of community consultation by the Chinese owners and their intention to discharge their process tailings into Astrolabe Bay.
And before we knew it was fly out time and to our great surprise the Air Niugini plane left on time. Some unexpected things in the land of the unexpected happen so frequently as to become expected and endless delays are one of these. We had already had one Air Nuigini flight cancelled without explanation on the way across and on the way home missed our domestic connection in Cairns due to another unexplained Air Nuigini delay. Anyway, we arrived in Port Moresby safely and took the courtesy bus to the Crowne Plaza Hotel where we had a prepaid booking and to our surprise they had lost our booking and were fully booked. And that is how we came to be upgraded to the Presidential Suite and luxuriating in a giant marble spa instead of attending the Tim Flannery presentation at the nearby Holiday Inn. As it turns out we caught up with Tim and his entourage the next day in the departure lounge while the Air Niugini flight was delayed yet again.
Written by Jim Tyler
Madang, Travel
Robert (Bob) WIlson
Sad to see the photo of Bogia Hotel. Myself and ex Kiap Ian Orme owned and ran this place until we sold to the Development bank in 1986.
These were some of the most memorable and satisfying years of my life and the decline of a successful, profitable business was inevitable when we saw how the new owners tried to manage. Ian stayed in PNG and offered to manage this place so as to ensure its ongoing success. Sadly and unfortunately for them, they assumed that we were ripping the place off and hiding profit and as such, they assumed we would do the same for them. What they neglected to look into and ask questions about was the financial management and involvement of local people in general running and operations of the hotel and its other business offshoots. Simply that the reason for its success and growth is that the profit was always ploughed back into it.
My wife and I returned to Madang in January 2017 to celebrate our 40th wedding anniversary and there was a reason we did not want to go back to Bogia although invited to by a man we knew from there. The above picture says it all. So very sad!
I would like to comment on the smelly sulphur creek also commented on above.
I noticed an article on the Balek Wildlife Sanctuary posted at the Madang Lodge when we stayed there in January 2017. As the provincial wildlife officer (ex DASF didman) in 1977, I had this unique area with its sulphur springs coming out from the caves located at the base of the mountain range beside the road gazetted as a wildlife sanctuary so as to help locals not only protect a unique area from both external (Timber logging) and local agriculture depredation but also as a future business enterprise where locals could have an income from tourism. I understand they still have visitors and I am very happy to see this lovely and unique place preserved. This is why there is a village nearby!
Redback Web Design 2004 - 2019


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Dieser Artikel behandelt den ersten konstitutionellen Landtag Reuß jüngerer Linie 1851 bis 1853.

Landtag
Der Landtag Reuß jüngerer Linie wurde am 18. Juni 1851 in 19 Ein-Personen-Wahlkreisen gewählt.

Als Abgeordnete wurden gewählt:

Am 26. November 1851 traten eine Reihe von Abgeordneten aus Protest gegen die Zustimmung der Landtagsmehrheit zur Aufhebung des Staatsgrundgesetzes und Wahlgesetzes zurück. Die Sitze wurden in Nachwahlen erneut besetzt.

Landtagskommissar war Staatsminister Robert von Bretschneider. Unter dem Alterspräsidenten Joseph Odenwald wählte der Landtag folgende Landtagspräsidenten:

 Hermann Fasold (12. bis 29. November 1851)
 Eduard Alberti (12. Februar bis 18. Juni 1852)
 Franz Hirt (18. Juni bis 4. November 1853)

Vizepräsidenten wurden:
 Eduard Alberti (12. Februar bis 11. Dezember 1851)
 Franz Hirt (12. Februar bis 18. Juni 1852)
 Heinrich Göll (18. Juni 1852 bis 29. September 1853)
 Eduard Alberti (29. September 1853 bis 4. November 1853)

Erster Sekretär war
 Heinrich Göll (21. Mai 1851 bis 18. Juni 1852)
 Karl Petermann (12. bis 26. Juni 1851)
 Heinrich Müller (12. Februar 1852 bis 4. November 1853)
 Heinrich Göll (28. September 1853 bis 4. November 1853)

Stellvertretender erster Sekretär war Louis Seichter.

Der Landtag trat vom 10. November 1851 bis zum 4. November 1853 in 88 öffentlichen Plenarsitzungen in vier Sitzungsperioden zusammen. Der Landtagsabschied datiert vom 3. November 1853.

Für die Zeit zwischen den Sitzungsperioden wurde ein Landtagsausschuss gewählt. Dieser bestand aus den Abgeordneten Franz Hirt (für den Landesteil Gera), Hermann Fasold (für den Landesteil Schleiz) und Heinrich Göll (für den Landesteil Lobenstein-Ebersdorf)

Literatur
 Reyk Seela: Landtage und Gebietsvertretungen in den reußischen Staaten 1848/67–1923. Biographisches Handbuch (= Parlamente in Thüringen 1809–1952. Tl. 2). G. Fischer, Jena u. a. 1996, ISBN 3-437-35046-3, S. 98–102, 337–338.

Landtagswahlperiode Reuß jüngerer Linie
 1851

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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By: RGU Student Blog December 28, 2020 January 13, 2021
Living, SocialHolidays, Living, Social
RGU's Top 20 of 2020
2020 has not been the year many of us expected (to say the least!) but with 2021 just around the corner and still a bit of uncertainty as to what next year will bring, we think it's important to reflect on the positives of this year and remember everything you've achieved, no matter how big or small! Of course, we want to get in on the action too, so we're reflecting on the year we've had and celebrating some of our RGU's top 20 of 2020.
Let's begin RGU's top 20 of 2020, in no particular order…
1. Scottish University Of the Year
We are absolutely delighted to have been named the Scottish University of the Year in the Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide 2021. We were awarded this accolade for performing well in teaching quality, student satisfaction, graduate employability, and industry engagement. Go RGU, definitely one of our top 20 of 2020!
A post shared by RGU: Robert Gordon University (@robertgordonuni)
2. Business School of the Year
Another fantastic accolade for us this year was our Aberdeen Business School being recognised for its business-connected learning, teaching and the innovative approaches of its staff. It was announced as the Business School of the Year at the Times Higher Education 2020 Awards in November this year.
3. Shortlisted for hat-trick of THE awards
We are so proud of everyone who makes RGU what it is, and being shortlisted for a hat-trick of the Times Higher Education Awards is a true testament to our hard-working staff. RGU were nominated for Outstanding Entrepreneurial University of the Year, Business School of the Year (which we won!), and Innovative Teacher of the Year. It's certainly something to be shouted about!
4. Top Modern University in Scotland
Alongside our other accolades, we have also been ranked as the Top Modern University in Scotland in the Complete University Guide 2021.
5. First university in Scotland to offer SIE accreditation
The RGU Entrepreneurship and Innovation Group (EIG) had a great year in 2019 and they just keep going from strength to strength. Leading the way in producing innovative thinking students, RGU became the first university in Scotland to be awarded Scottish Innovative Student Award (SISA) self-accreditation status from the Scottish Institute for Enterprise (SIE). This means that academic staff can identify innovative teaching and skills development practices within their own academic module framework.
The EIG Group is looking for applicants for its next cohort of the Innovation Accelerator. Have you got an innovative idea which could solve global problems? Or do you want to launch impactful new ventures? Apply now.
6. Virtual graduation ceremonies
You can't spend years studying for your degree and not have a graduation ceremony. However, Covid-19 had other plans and put a halt to the usual graduation proceedings for this year. That didn't stop us putting on a virtual ceremony for everyone to enjoy and bask in their success though. With over 2500 people tuning in to watch the ceremonies, we hope you all managed to have a fantastic day and celebrate virtually with your friends and family.
7. Appointing a new Principal and Vice Chancellor
In September, we welcomed our new Principal and Vice Chancellor, Professor Steve Olivier to the University. Succeeding our previous Principal, Professor John Harper upon his retirement after 47 years' service to RGU, Professor Olivier brings with him a wealth of knowledge and experience in the higher education sector.
8. Halloween safety pumpkin mask message
We have some seriously dedicated employees here at RGU that want to help bring you important information, but in a fun way. Check out our Halloween pumpkin taking social distancing measures seriously in order to keep friends and family safe! Our Halloween Pumpkin was a hit on our social channels, follow us for more like this!
9. Awarded £1.3 million in funding for fashion heritage research
We love multi-disciplinary working at RGU and we are so lucky to have a research team from the University working with Shanghai academics and industry partners in Scotland, to educate consumers about the sustainability, craftsmanship, heritage, and value of traditional fashion and textile products. The project that received the £1.3million in funding is called "Augmented Fashion: Immersive Interactions for Sustainable Heritage in Fashion and Textiles". Find out more on the following website.
10. Your off campus dissertation hand in photo creativity
You guys never fail to inspire and amaze us with your creativity, making this one of our top 20 of 2020. Not being able to have the usual dissertation hand in celebrations did not stop some of you going all out anyway. Huge congratulations to everyone who submitted their dissertations this year, check out some of our favourite hand in pics below.
11. RGU alumnus Ivor Ferguson gifts £10,000 to widen access to higher education
We are so lucky to have such an incredible alumni community here at RGU and one of our extremely generous alumnus, Ivor Ferguson, donated £10,000 to the University to provide access to higher education for traditionally under-represented students. Thank you, Ivor!
12. Award winning response to pandemic teaching challenges
Covid-19 has thrown everyone this year, but we have some exceptional staff members who responded to the pandemic in such a way that won them an award. RGU won the Imaginative Educator Awards' team category for planning and delivering multiple programmes during the pandemic which prepare students for the future needs of industry and the economy by developing their entrepreneurial skills, knowledge and mindsets.
13. Gray's Degree Show goes virtual for 2020
Not wanting to miss a beat and prevent the talented students from our Gray's School of Art showcasing their work, a partnership between Gray's School of Art, Look Again and independent design agency, Design and Code, was established to work collaboratively with the graduating students of 2020 to create a Virtual Degree Show. This entirely new online space allowed graduates to showcase the breadth of their creative work and also allowed the viewer to engage with each student's unique practice.
14. RGU hosted virtual architecture exhibition with Aberdeen Art Gallery and Pier Arts Centre
Our graduates really do stand out! A virtual exhibition called "Drawn North" was the culmination of three years' work by our Architecture students to reimagine waterfront areas in Aberdeen and Orkney. The virtual exhibition in a collaboration with Aberdeen Art Gallery and Museums (AAGM) and Pier Arts Centre in Orkney took place in July of this year. You can view the exhibition on the Drawn North website.
15. Imagine video
The RGU community came together at the beginning of lockdown to try and put a smile on people's faces and bring some positivity to your social feeds. Staff members from across the University were inspired by the viral celebrity video of Imagine and decided to put their own spin on it. There was no doubt that this had to make our top 20 of 2020 list.
Watch 'Imagine' on RGU's Instagram.
16. Honorary graduation ceremony
One of our own was awarded an honorary degree in March of this year for his contribution to transforming young people's lives through sport. Alongside Scottish classical violinist, Nicola Benedetti, Mark Williams, the Chief Operating Officer of Streetsport, was celebrated in an honorary graduation ceremony for their ongoing commitment to providing opportunities for young people, promoting inclusion and encouraging participation. Congratulations Mark and Nicola!
17. Elf and Wellbeing Nursing course
It's snow-joke, you might have heard about our brand-new course we launched in December. BSc (Hons) Elf and Wellbeing Nursing is a degree that will provide you with the skills and knowledge for a life-affirming career supporting the distribution of joy and cheer!
18. RGU staff and students respond to the NHS call for support to fight COVID-19
We are so proud of our staff and students who bravely volunteered to support the emergency response through the pandemic. Many of our nurses, midwives, social workers and allied health professionals stepped up in a host of different ways to support the NHS, care homes and support services in their fight against Covid-19. Thank you to everyone who has provided support at this time.
19. RGU launches free short courses in response to the economic impact of COVID-19
To deal with the economic challenges of Covid-19, RGU launched a portfolio of free short courses to support individuals and workforces across Scotland, giving them the opportunity to strengthen businesses and provide people with skills development opportunities. These courses were so well received that the number of places available per course was increased by 300%.
20. We joined TikTok!
Last of our top 20 of 2020, but certainly not least, this year we joined TikTok. Come over and join us for some super fun and informative content and tag your campus videos on TikTok with #RGU.
As you can see, it's been quite the year for us at RGU, despite the challenges we've all faced. We hope you enjoyed our top 20 of 2020. We're already looking forward to seeing what's to come next year.
RGU wishes you all the best for 2021!
Drawn North – Virtual Architecture Exhibition
Studying amidst a pandemic: My virtual learning experience
A week in the life – my integrated virtual and clinical placement
Studying MSc Procurement and Supply Chain Management online
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