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Home/US & World/When omicron reaches the United States, contact tracing will improve in some states.Whole country
When omicron reaches the United States, contact tracing will improve in some states.Whole country
jasminelevyDecember 4, 2021
With the arrival of the omicron variant of the coronavirus in the United States, some communities are trying to slow down and better understand its spread as scientists study how contagious it is and how it can block the vaccine. Health authorities are reviving contact tracing operations.
In New York City, officials immediately contacted a man who tested positive for the variant and attended an anime conference at the Manhattan Convention Center last month with more than 50,000 people. The other five participants are also infected with the coronavirus, but authorities are not yet sure if it is due to the Omicron variant.
"For what we have learned about this conference at the Javits Center and these additional cases, our testing and tracing team will immediately work with each affected individual and contact anyone else. I know what I did. That contact tracing is absolutely important, "said New York Mayor Bill de Blasio.
Once the epicenter of a pandemic worldwide, New York has one of the largest contract tracking activities in the country. The city identified four Omicron cases on Thursday, a fifth found in Suffolk County near eastern Long Island.
This variant has been detected in several other states to date, including California, Colorado, and Hawaii.
Contract tracers are busy in Nebraska after six Omicrons were confirmed on Friday. One person recently returned from his visit to Nigeria, and the other five had close ties to that person.
In Philadelphia, authorities were working to track the contact of a man in his thirties who was the first resident of this variant in Pennsylvania, the city's public health service said.
And in Maryland, authorities were in a hurry to track, quarantine, and test close contact between three people from the Baltimore region, the first known incident in the state. The two are from the same household, including a vaccinated person who recently traveled to South Africa, and the third has no recent travel history and is unrelated to the other two.
Dr. Marcus Precia, Chief Health Officer of the State and Territory Health Officials Association, said in the coming days, with uncertainties about how effective vaccines and treatments such as monoclonal antibodies would be. Increasingly, "contact tracing efforts are expected. Oppose omicron.
Contact tracing is an important tool for pandemic response, allowing the health department to notify people in close contact with infected individuals and slow the progression of COVID-19.
"Contact tracing gives us information about how it's spreading, and hopefully breaks the chain of communication to stop clusters and outbreaks, or at least we know more about: You can delay them until you understand what the steps need to be, "said senior scholar Crystal Watson at the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security at Bloomberg Public Health School.
Much is still unknown about the variants, but early reports have warned. The number of new COVID-19 cases in South Africa, which first warned the world of Omicron last week, surged from about 200 cases a day in mid-November to more than 16,000 cases on Friday.
Some cases in the United States involve people who have never traveled recently. This means that this variant may already be endemic in some parts of the country.
In New York, the three-day anime festival in November has a lot of participants, so there is a challenge in staffing tracers. One of the known Omicron infections involved men in Minnesota.
Authorities warned against associating the other five coronavirus cases directly with the event.
"The really important thing here is the five cases from the tens of thousands of denominators at this conference. In addition, some link has been established between these five cases and the widespread transmission at the conference. "No," said Ted Long, executive director of NYC Test & Trace Corps, which runs a contact tracing program in New York City.
Hospitalization required proof of vaccination and a mask, as required by city law.
Officials said they had contacted all 36,500 convention attendees, vendors, and exhibitors who had contact information by email, text message, or phone. However, they decided that it was not necessary to contact all attendees, as the infected man did not appear to have close contact based in New York.
Meanwhile, in Minnesota, authorities are investigating a "ring of contacts" for men who may have been infected at the meeting, said Chris Elesman, director of the state's infectious disease department.
"Part of the reason we showed where he was-the anime convention in New York-was because so many people attended the event. He and in fact everyone, they are latent. It would be impossible to identify everyone in contact with the convention, "said Elesman.
Health investigators across the United States were overwhelmed and reduced contact tracing operations and found it amid a surge in delta variants. Almost impossible to catch up In the flood of new infections, we will administer vaccines and follow up at the same time.
Many health authorities ultimately focused on school exposure and potential superspreading events that put a large number of people at risk of exposure.
Dr. William Schaffner, a professor of infectious diseases at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, predicts that it will eventually occur in Omicron.
"Contact tracing and sequencing allow us to paint with a wide range of brushes, but we can't track every case. At some point, it's here and spread, why we do it. Do I need to? "
Associated Press writer Dave Kolpack contributed from Fargo, North Dakota.
Source link When omicron reaches the United States, contact tracing will improve in some states.Whole country
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Q: Firebase deploy fails after adding second project After adding a second project to my code using the command $ firebase use --add second-project, I get the error

There was an issue deploying your functions. Verify that your project has a Google App Engine instance setup at https://console.cloud.google.com/appengine and try again. If this issue persists, please contact support.
Error: HTTP Error: 404, Could not find Application "second-project".

when I run $ firebase deploy.
I have added separate targets and a web app through Firebase console for the second project.
What should I be checking to get rid of this error?

A: I just ran into this same exact issue as well. Leaving this here for anyone that runs into this issue in the future. What caused this error for me was a permissions error, when Firebase tried to access specific resources in Google Cloud such as Cloud Functions without the necessary IAM/service accounts in place.
This happens when you create a new Firebase project without setting the Default GCP resource location under Settings > General in the Firebase Console, which occurs when you create a new Firebase project without doing any additional setup. You can set this in the settings or this is also set when you follow the walk-through instructions for setting up services such as Firestore or Firebase Storage in the Firebase console.
Without this set, the <YOUR_FIREBASE_PROJECT_NAME>@appspot.gserviceaccount.com IAM/service account will not be created in Google Cloud (which is needed to create/access specific resources), therefore when you run firebase deploy, it will fail with the error you mentioned above.
You can also check why your firebase deploy is failing in the firebase-debug.log that is generated when running this command (that's how I found out the cause of this error). Though I think this file is deleted after the command finishes execution, so you'll have to pipe the output into a file or save it some other way.
TL;DR: Set Default GCP resource location, one way this can be done is in the Firebase Console under Settings > General.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
package com.example.smartbutler.adapter;

import android.content.Context;
import android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import android.widget.BaseAdapter;
import android.widget.TextView;

import com.example.smartbutler.R;
import com.example.smartbutler.entity.CourierData;

import java.util.List;

/**
 * Created by 18530 on 2017/2/10.
 * 快递查询适配器
 */

public class CourierAdapter extends BaseAdapter {

    private Context mContext;
    private List<CourierData> mList;
    //布局加载器
    private LayoutInflater inflater;
    private CourierData data;

    public CourierAdapter(Context mContext,List<CourierData> mList){
        this.mContext = mContext;
        this.mList = mList;
        inflater = (LayoutInflater) mContext.getSystemService(Context.LAYOUT_INFLATER_SERVICE);
    }
    @Override
    public int getCount() {
        return mList.size();
    }

    @Override
    public Object getItem(int position) {
        return mList.get(position);
    }

    @Override
    public long getItemId(int position) {
        return position;
    }

    @Override
    public View getView(int position, View convertView, ViewGroup parent) {
        ViewHolder viewHolder = null;
        //第一次加载
        if(convertView == null){
            viewHolder = new ViewHolder();
            convertView = inflater.inflate(R.layout.layout_courier_item,null);
            viewHolder.tv_remark = (TextView) convertView.findViewById(R.id.tv_remark);
            viewHolder.tv_zone = (TextView) convertView.findViewById(R.id.tv_zone);
            viewHolder.tv_datetime = (TextView) convertView.findViewById(R.id.tv_datetime);
            //设置缓存
            convertView.setTag(viewHolder);
        }else {
            viewHolder = (ViewHolder) convertView.getTag();
        }

        //设置数据
        data = mList.get(position);
        viewHolder.tv_remark.setText(data.getRemark());
        viewHolder.tv_zone.setText(data.getZone());
        viewHolder.tv_datetime.setText(data.getDatetime());
        return convertView;
    }

    class ViewHolder{
        TextView tv_remark;
        TextView tv_zone;
        TextView tv_datetime;

    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: How can I load HTML in another file from within a Vue component template if I only have access to the template and not the whole page I have a specific case use and zero knowledge of Vue.
There is a service I'm using on my website that uses Vue. This service allows me to use the default header on the website, or define a custom header. To do this I have to enter the HTML into a textarea field. I presume this means that the HTML entered there is essentially a Vue component template that Vue loads at some point during pageload.
In this textarea, I can load the default HTML as a starting point. The default HTML is wrapped in <header class="header" id="vue-header"> ... </header> and contains many {{ vue_variables }}. But a textarea field is not development friendly. What I'd like to do is have some simple code here that loads the HTML from a file so that I can develop the HTML using an IDE without having to repeatedly copy/paste the HTML over to the textarea box to check it works/looks as intended.
I understand that the HTML needs to be imported and be present in the template before Vue parses it. If the textarea represents the header's component template, that means any custom code I create to replace it will only exist in the header's component template. So how do I import another file's contents into the custom code in the right way so that Vue can parse it when it's parsing the header's template? Vanilla JS, jQuery or Vue solutions welcome.
Additionally... the header should load early during pageload (as it usually does), not after the document is ready, because it contains styles for the whole page not just the header and I want to avoid any visible changing of styles after elements have already loaded.
I haven't tried much already because I don't really know where to start with Vue. I have looked at the likes of VueJs templating. How to load external templates and How to load external html file in a template in VueJs, but they seem to require the use of plugins like Axios and Vue-router that aren't already being loaded on my page by the service; or require me to start a new Vue instance which seems wrong if this template is already being handled by a Vue instance; or waits until after the document is ready before loading the HTML content.


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Acorn and UCLouvain Professor Partner on Groundbreaking SOI Research Project
https://www.everythingrf.com/News/details/13504-acorn-and-uclouvain-professor-partner-on-groundbreaking-soi-research-project
November 18, 2021 | Editorial Team
Acorn Technologies, a groundbreaking innovator in the semiconductor and telecommunications markets since 1998 is funding a research project led by Professor Raskin to assess and quantify the performance potential of the company's Acorn Buried Stressor (ABS) technology for RF semiconductor manufacturing. Jean-Pierre Raskin, Ph.D., is a professor at the Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Belgium's largest French-speaking university.
As today's system and circuit designers approach the limits of Moore's Law, Acorn is addressing some of the semiconductor industry's most significant technology roadblocks through multiple commercialization programs. Acorn's ABS is a proprietary semiconductor strain technology that boosts performance for both legacy and future fully depleted Silicon-on-Insulator (FD-SOI) devices.
FD-SOI technology is a planar process developed to shrink silicon geometries, improve performance and reduce power, thereby extending Moore's Law without requiring more complicated manufacturing processes. ABS extends the performance and efficiency of ultra-high frequency RF FD-SOI transistors that operate in the hundreds of gigahertz and are essential for 5G and future 6G communications devices. ABS can also be applied to Acorn's patented germanium laser technology, which provides a silicon-compatible solution for monolithic photonics-on-a-chip to overcome performance-limiting interconnect bottlenecks that cause excessive power consumption.
"Acorn's ABS technology holds great promise for the semiconductor industry as a novel technique for enhancing the performance of FD-SOI devices," said Professor Jean-Pierre Raskin. "I look forward to working closely with Acorn's engineering team as we evaluate and quantify the capabilities of ABS for potential commercial use in a wide range of RF applications."
A world-renowned expert in RF and FD-SOI technologies, Professor Raskin has collaborated with many of the world's top semiconductor companies in multiple research projects. He has pioneered important breakthroughs that have been adopted by the FD-SOI sector of the semiconductor industry as an alternative to FinFET technology, with a focus on low-power mobile chipsets used in smartphones and other mobile-connected devices.
"We are honored to collaborate with Professor Raskin as we explore the benefits of applying ABS to accelerate the performance of RF devices manufactured with FD-SOI technology," said Tom Horgan, CEO of Acorn. "We believe Professor Raskin and his distinguished UCLouvain research team will add tremendous value to Acorn's efforts to commercialize process manufacturing innovations for the benefit of the entire semiconductor industry."
"ABS technology can provide a 15 to 25 percent performance boost for RF FD-SOI devices by increasing the electron mobility through strain. This is accomplished without performance trade-offs and adverse effects such as yield-threatening semiconductor layer defects. As RF transistors are now reaching the limits of geometric scaling, further improvements will only come from materials enhancement technologies such as ABS," said Paul Clifton, VP of semiconductor technologies at Acorn. "Our research project with Professor Raskin will provide invaluable insights as we expand the commercial application of ABS in FD-SOI for next-generation radio technologies including advanced 5G, mmWave, and future 6G opportunities."
Click here to learn more about RF-SOI technology.
Publisher: everything RF https://www.everythingrf.com https://cdn.everythingrf.com/logo.png 236 48
Tags:- SOI, Research
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University of Glasgow Receives £2.6 Million Grant to Develop 6G Technology
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Chinese Wi-Fi IoT Market to Grow at a CAGR of 29% and Reach $916.6 Million in 2026
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Keysight and Qualcomm Demonstrates 3.5 Gbps Uplink Speeds Using 5G-NR Carrier Aggregation
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text:
DENMARK UPS EMISSIONS TARGET, DEVELOPS WIND ENERGY ISLANDS
Denmark stressed the importance of wind energy and the development of offshore energy islands on the second day of an international climate summit, pointing to a massive energy island project, Deutsche Presse-Agentur (dpa) reported.
An artificial island in the North Sea with hundreds of offshore wind turbines generating clean energy and clean fuel for millions of households in Europe is the "Danish vision of the world's first energy island," Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen said in her speech on Friday.
"Already today, 50 percent of Denmark's electricity comes from wind energy; this should be expanded," she stressed.
"The next task is to convert green energy into green fuels in order to reduce emissions from trucks, planes, and ships, Frederiksen said. At the same time, these innovations generate many jobs," she added.
She thanked Biden for bringing the US back into the Paris global climate agreement.
The Social Democratic government in Copenhagen has set a target to reduce Danish greenhouse gas emissions by 70 percent by 2030 compared to 1990 levels.
This is currently the most ambitious emissions target of all EU states. The whole of Denmark is united behind this goal, Frederiksen said. The energy island she mentioned for storing offshore wind energy is to be built about 80 kilometers off the coast of Jutland.
WEEKLY FEATURE : TRUEMONEY PHILIPPINES BUCKS THE COVID-19 CHALLENGE
Pandemic Causing Germans To Lose Faith In God
Liquid Metal Catalyst Converts CO2 Into Solid Carbon


My home work top has lots of Ufos on it, but that's alright because I'm not there to see them. Left them all there on Saturday. While I was tidying up before we came away, I unearthed all these part finished cards that I am struggling for inspiration about finishing. So I thought I'd post them here and see if anyone else has any ideas to suggest, apart from putting them in the bin.
Actually it is not a very good picture, but as we are now on our boat, I cannot take a better one.
If you want to see better worktops go to the lovely Julia and see desks aplenty there.
Sorry peeps, just managed to get Internet access and discovered that blogger has lost the picture that should be here. No idea where it has gone either. Should be a nice sunny picture of the Llangollen canal, taken on Tuesday afternoon.
Meantime this is where we were yesterday, not doing much crafting but opening lots of lift bridges in the lower Llangollen canal.
Unfortunately the canal is closed above Whitchurch, because they are working on a collapsing bank until Friday. Rather a a shame because I wanted to go to the craft shop in Llangollen.
Have to go now,, I have to work the six Grindley Brook locks?
Morning Chris. I imagine you are now THROUGH the Grindley Brook, it being nearly 9.30!! I see the master-of-getting-going-on-the-canal has you at it already! Morning A!!!
Enjoy the rest of your week. Max behaving himself? Not in the canal yet?
I am not a card maker but I love the blue tone with the swirls and the card with the red flowers. From my experience, put them aside until and idea pops up. Eventually something will. They are too pretty to toss!
Hi happy woyww to you! Thanks for sharing!
Six locks..man you timed your go badly!! Hope you've had a super time gently cruising the canals, a lovely way to get away if you ask me. I think the only card that looks unfinished to me is the red one with the big bloom on it...perhaps a decouppaged couple more layers of bloom or a banner style greeting across it? It's difficult isn't it!


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This is my first attempt to record and share a sermon on YouTube. It will not be the last.
I appreciate your patience as I tweak the sermon podcast to make it more visually and audibly appealing.
I'm Back! Now I'm Off to #Brazil!


text:
Outswinger
न्यूज़ग्राम
Allfinance
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text:
Q: How to sort by type before sorting by property I am trying to sort by type then property. I'll explain better using an example:
Let's say that there are 3 types: yellow fruit, red fruit and fruit. of course that the types yellow fruit and red fruit have inherited properties from fruit. Under yellow fruit, there is banana and lemon. Under red fruit, there is apple and strawberries. Under fruit, there is watermelon and orange.
When sorted the list should look like this:
Orange, Watermelon, banana, lemon, apple, strawberries
The list is sorted first by types which is fruit then yellow fruit then red fruit. Then in each type, the objects are then sorted by alphabetical order.
This is what I have so far for sorting the alphabetical order within each type but I have no idea how to sort the types. I have getters in other parts of the code.
    public static Comparator<Fruit> FRUIT_ORDER = new Comparator<Fruit>() {

        public int compare(Fruit a, Fruit b) {

            if (a.getClass() == b.getClass()) {
                String Name1 = a.getFruitName();
                String Name2 = b.getFruitName();

                //ascending order
                return Name1.compareTo(Name2);
            }

        }

    };

A: Presuming that classes Apple and Grapes appropriately subclass Fruit you can do it like this.
Comparator<Fruit> FRUIT_ORDER = Comparator
        .comparing((Fruit f) -> f.getClass().getSimpleName())
        .thenComparing(Fruit::getColor);

List<Fruit> f = new ArrayList<>(
        List.of(new Apple("Red"), new Apple("Green"),
                new Grapes("Purple"), new Grapes("Green")));

f.sort(FRUIT_ORDER);
System.out.println(f);

Could print something like the following (with toString override in Fruit class).
[Apple Green, Apple Red, Grapes Green, Grapes Purple]


The purpose of this self paced course is to introduce HyperMesh to new users of the software. Most sections will use the See It, Try It, Do It methodology to cover the concepts. See It allows you to watch a video demonstration of the exercise covered in the section. Try It allows you to go through an interactive video which will guide you through performing the exercise. Do It consists of a written exercise and model that can be opened in HyperMesh which allows you to perform the exercise on your own. Some sections will also contain interactive guides to provide a detailed description of the different options contained within a panel or browser. The sections can be completed in order using the Next and Previous buttons, or simply complete the sections that answer your questions.


text:
Personal Injury Lawyer for Caseyville, IL
Request a free legal consult from a personal injury Lawyer serving Caseyville, IL
Accidents reported in Caseyville, IL
Caseyville, IL | Accident | 8 months ago
Accident Leaves 2 Injured In accident On Cst Market St, St. Louis City, MO, US
This accident, involving 0 vehicle occurred on Thursday, May 26th 2022 at approximately 5:09 pm. Injuries were reported. An officer from ST LOUIS METROPOLITAN PD was present at the scene and recorded the information contained in this report.
Accident Leaves 2 Injured In accident On Bridge A8215, St. Louis City, MO, US
This accident, involving 0 vehicle occurred on Tuesday, May 24th 2022 at approximately 9:34 pm. Injuries were reported. An officer from ST LOUIS METROPOLITAN PD was present at the scene and recorded the information contained in this report.
Accident Leaves 2 Injured In accident On Rp 228036, St. Louis City, MO, US
This accident, involving 2 vehicles occurred on Tuesday, May 17th 2022 at approximately 8:16 am. The driver of white HINO (2013) communication device - web browsing. Injuries were reported. An officer from ST LOUIS METROPOLITAN PD was present at the scene and recorded the information contained in this report.
Accident Leaves 6 Injured In accident On Cst Lombard St, St. Louis City, MO, US
This accident, involving 0 vehicle occurred on Friday, May 13th 2022 at approximately 9:02 am. Injuries were reported. An officer from ST LOUIS METROPOLITAN PD was present at the scene and recorded the information contained in this report.
Accident Leaves 2 Injured In accident On Erm West Is 70 Mile 2474, St. Louis City, MO, US
This accident, involving 2 vehicles occurred on Wednesday, May 4th 2022 at approximately 1:13 pm. The driver of white KENWORTH MOTOR TRUCK (2022) external distraction. Injuries were reported. An officer from ST LOUIS METROPOLITAN PD was present at the scene and recorded the information contained in this report.
Accident Leaves 2 Injured In accident On Is 64, St. Louis City, MO, US
This accident, involving 0 vehicle occurred on Monday, May 2nd 2022 at approximately 6:35 pm. Injuries were reported. An officer from ST LOUIS METROPOLITAN PD was present at the scene and recorded the information contained in this report.
Accident Leaves 10 Injured In accident On Erm East Is 70 Mile 2490, St. Louis City, MO, US
This accident, involving 2 vehicles occurred on Sunday, May 1st 2022 at approximately 10:00 pm. The driver of grey CHRYSLER (2008) communication device - web browsing. Injuries were reported. An officer from ST LOUIS METROPOLITAN PD was present at the scene and recorded the information contained in this report.
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This accident, involving 2 vehicles occurred on Sunday, May 1st 2022 at approximately 9:23 am. Injuries were reported. An officer from ST LOUIS METROPOLITAN PD was present at the scene and recorded the information contained in this report.
Accident Leaves 4 Injured In accident On Rp 6140, St. Louis City, MO, US
This accident, involving 1 vehicle occurred on Saturday, April 30th 2022 at approximately 6:49 pm. Injuries were reported. An officer from ST LOUIS METROPOLITAN PD was present at the scene and recorded the information contained in this report.
Accident Leaves 2 Injured In accident On Cst Washington Ave, St. Louis City, MO, US
This accident, involving 2 vehicles occurred on Saturday, April 30th 2022 at approximately 4:48 pm. The driver of white HYUNDAI (2010) communication device - web browsing. Injuries were reported. An officer from ST LOUIS METROPOLITAN PD was present at the scene and recorded the information contained in this report.


Audible, an Amazon company, is home of the world's largest selection of audiobooks, audio shows, and original series.
The campaign, which covered several countries simultaneously, required to hit several KPI's at once as retention was not a key aspect for this U.A. strategy.
Based on Post-Install Even reporting, DCypher Media was able to deliver registrations and more importantly, first listeners in a very short time frame, therefore minimizing the marketing costs and maximizing ROAS.


CEMCO was formed as an electrical manufacturer's representative firm in 2003. The company was formed by combining the resources of MS2 and the Hanke Co. Inc., two firms with established roots in the Northern Illinois electrical industry.
In 2010, Mark Franzen purchased the shares of his two partners, becoming sole owner of the company.
The primary function of CEMCO is to market the electrical construction products of the manufacturers we represent to our end user customers through qualified electrical distributors.
All our associates work in an atmosphere of teamwork and dedication to provide the service our customers require. This is accomplished in a professional and ethical manner.
October 1, 2010 CEMCO relocated to 476 W. Wrightwood Avenue in Elmhurst, IL. In keeping with current industry trends, we have moved into an office space only to accommodate growth of our inside and outside sales groups. This facility allows us to transition from the rep distribution function of the 1970's and 1980's to the era of reps performing true sales and marketing functions.


Safely whiten teeth with the Janina Maxiwhite Intensive Whitening Strips; a convenient, at-home whitening treatment that produces results in just seven days.
Each treatment comprises a pair of strips, one for the upper row of teeth and one for the lower. Simply apply the strips to clean teeth and let them work for thirty minutes. The convenient whitening strips boast an innovative, enamel-friendly whitening ingredients that gently and effectively removes stains to reveal a brighter smile. After use, effortlessly rinse away the residue gel to leave teeth visibly clean and healthy, without causing unwanted sensitivity.
Without utilising hydrogen peroxide, the strips are able to reveal clean and visibly whiter teeth within a week. The strips are ultra-convenient and mess-free, unlike trays.
Carefully tear the pouch to reveal both whitening stripes.
Peel away one strip from the plastic film and face the gel side to the surface of the teeth. We recommend starting with the upper strip (the longest).
Looking in a mirror, align the straight edge of the strip to the gum line of the upper front teeth and gently press, making it completely adhere to the surface.
Repeat points 3 and 4 using the second strip for the lower teeth.
Clean on any remaining gel residue by rinsing the mouth with water or brushing the teeth.
Glycerin, Aqua, Cellulose Gum, Sodium Chlorite, EDTA, Menthol, Citric Acid.


« Is a Ph.D. Worth It after the M.F.A.?
One of my favorite lines is "Adventure is out there!" Yes, it's from Up. Yes, I'm almost 22. Being an anxiety-ridden person, I don't see too much adventure—or at least I didn't until this April, when I boarded a plane by myself, and flew all the way from Newark, New Jersey to Los Angeles, California. I half expected myself to spend the flight breathing in and out of a paper bag—you know, the courtesy puke bags in your seat pocket—but instead I spent the time writing, and getting nervous about the next five days of my life.
I have the pleasure of calling myself a Graduate Assistant for Etruscan Press, which is affiliated with the Wilkes University Graduate Creative Writing Program. So affiliated, in fact, that the reason I was on this adventure was to man the Etruscan/Wilkes booth at the Association of Writers and Writing Programs Annual Conference and Bookfair, or AWP. When the wheels hit the tarmac, it was 8:30 p.m. in L.A. and AWP started early the next morning. After an Uber ride and hotel check-in, I was finally in my room, anxious for the days ahead.
The following morning, AWP began. As Exhibitors, Associate Director Bill Schneider and I were able to get on the Bookfair floor an hour early, and beat the throngs of people waiting outside the doors. At 9:00 a.m. sharp, security started checking badges, and the conference officially began. People were running and hugging each other, names were called from across the room, and excited chatter filled the convention center—proving to me that AWP was about much more than buying books, shopping for programs, and making connections, it was about the joining of writers, students and book lovers near and far.
As the floor filled with AWP attendees, familiar faces began to appear. Fellow GAs Dale Louise Mervine, and Donna Talarico, both manned the Hippocampus booth, and my cohort members Whitney Brimat, Lisa Greim, and Sam Patterson, were some of the first people I recognized. I also had the pleasure of meeting other Wilkes students and alumni, from both the Mesa Weekender and previous graduating classes. We were in business.
My job was simple: man the booth, sell books, talk about the program, answer any questions about Etruscan, and make sure everyone showed up for their assigned shift. Luckily for me, the Etruscan/Wilkes booth was situated on a high-traffic corner of the Bookfair, which meant that none of us were able to stay still. Throughout the first day we sold books, shared our Wilkes experiences with booth visitors, and recruited members for the co-sponsored Wilkes and Etruscan event: The AWP Old School Slam. By the end of the first day I was exhausted and a little unsure of what happened, but we added names to both our Wilkes recruitment and Old School Slam lists. That evening, most of us dined together at Smash Burger before gearing up for the Old School Slam.
As an added bonus, Etruscan was sponsoring a book contest for the slam winners, and for a randomly drawn name from our Twitter feed. That first night, the slam was small, but that didn't stop the Wilkes group from working together to put on an event. Host Jeremiah Blue slammed, and Spencer Aubrey, Luke Morris, and one of my cohort members, Chris Owens, took the stage. I even made it behind the microphone for a quick non-fiction piece to keep the momentum going. Even though the slam was small, we still had a blast, making it a night to remember, but also demonstrating the Wilkes community spirit that we all know and love.
The following day, AWP was in full swing. I had the pleasure of hosting authors for book signings throughout the day, and got to spend one on one time with some Etruscans: Renee D'Aoust, David Lazar, Bruce Bond, Laurie Jean Cannady, and Tim Seibles. It's so unbelievably humbling to work closely with authors, because behind the pen, they are real people. It was also wonderful to put some names to faces. However, Bruce Bond probably experienced the biggest splash of adventure during AWP. He sat down for his reading, and soon after, the aisle in front of our booth was full of poets. The Black Poets Speak initiative began without many of us noticing, as most protests do. There were a few people, but the motion grew, and it soon swelled, blocking off the entrance and exit of our booth, and completely engulfing the front of it. The movement was powerful, and included a tribute to every African American man or woman who lost their life in the last two years, as well as embodied a true demonstration of free speech—and the power behind our words.
Needless to say, the protest wasn't a quick one. It consumed all of Bruce Bond's hour in the booth, blocking the display of his books, and filling the aisle with poems, tributes, and passion. Lesser artists might have been upset; not at the movement, but at the fact that it was blocking the entire booth, sealing them off from any publicity. However, Bond wasn't phased in the least. During this hour, he took the time to personally discuss poetry with one of our students, coaching and guiding him for the good part of the hour. This movement brought much-needed awareness to the AWP Bookfair, but also demonstrated the importance of giving back; Bond flawlessly shifted from the role of author to mentor.
As the second day of AWP winded down, we again dined together, and headed to the convention center for the last night of The Old School Slam. We had publicized the event well enough that attendees from Oregon, Miami, New Jersey, Massachusetts, and even Ireland took the stage. The slam was inspiring, including performances that touched on culture, government, and gender roles. Boston, Mass. represented the slam well, with one of the contestants, Lyra, taking home the gold. By gold, I mean an Etruscan Press prize bag, filled with three books of her choice.
The third day of AWP was filled with panels from our talented Etruscans, book signings, and workshops. As the day came to a close and we packed up the booth, we left AWP as a group of people who had bonded so fiercely that cohort numbers just fell away, leaving us as one single Wilkes group, regardless of what level we were in the program.
The final evening of AWP, we met for dinner at a Mexican restaurant down the street. It was bittersweet, because most of us wouldn't see each other again until residency, but our mini-reunion came to a close—but not until we danced the night away at an AWP sponsored party. I must say, the Wilkes community has some pretty sick dance moves.
The following morning, as the last of the bunch was heading to the airport, or stuffing bags of books in their cars, I was packing too. My version of packing is shoving as much stuff into one bag and sitting on it, but I had no weight requirements. Instead of making the long trek back to Newark, I had the pleasure of staying in L.A. for three more days. Luckily for me, I have a boss who encourages adventure, so I was able to call a friend and ask to borrow her couch for a few days. Throughout my few extra days in L.A. I did the quintessential tourist things.
I ate a disgusting, greasy meal at In-N-Out, I took tons of pictures of palm trees and sent them to everyone who was freezing back home, traipsed through Venice Beach, buying souvenirs and watching the skateboarders weave in and out of the bowl at the skate park, and I visited the Santa Monica Pier—which by the way, totally actually looks like Tony Hawk's American Wasteland. I spent all my money and took more pictures than I know what to do with. I even convinced my friend Yzzy to hike to the Hollywood sign with me—on an 81-degree day in April, while it was snowing in Wilkes-Barre. As I was melting behind the Hollywood sign, I stared out over Los Angeles, and soaked in the wonderful view.
Without Wilkes, I might not have taken an adventure to California. I probably would have been too scared, and too anxious to take the trip without a little push from Bill. I might have always wondered about the City of Angels, and now I know it's no place for me.
Taking this trip reminded me that adventure is, indeed, out there only if you're willing to look.
Danie Watson is pursuing her M.A. in Creative Writing from Wilkes University. She has no idea what she wants to do when she grows up, and currently resides in Nanticoke, PA, with her dually named boyfriend and her two cats with nerdy names, Optimus Prime and Albus Dumbledore.
This entry was posted on June 2, 2016 at 7:52 pm and is filed under Uncategorized.	You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.
Danie, thanks for writing this blog. I wondered what went on at AWP! And I loved the personal aspect, how you went on a big adventure. You go, girl!


The end to a series--especially a well-loved and much-touted one--is oftentimes bittersweet, and such is the case for The Community. Santino Hassell's paranormal romance trilogy at its most basic, is fantastical fiction--an escape, if you would--but if you look closer...deeper...there are parallels between what the motley group of misfits experience and rebel against and certain events and situations in today's life and times. For whatever reason you have for perusing the title, the bottom line remains clear: this series is, hands down, three times an amazing read.
This isn't Hassell's first venture into this particular romance sub-genre either--it is also very loosely connected to Stygian, his standalone released by Dreamspinner Press in 2015--and it feels like he's quite comfortable with it. The combination of a paranormal romance and urban fantasy feel and the contrast between the nitty, gritty urban landscape which actually feels safer than the seemingly serene yet shockingly sinister rural one that houses The Farm are part and parcel of what make Insight, Oversight, and now, Sightlines must-read contemporary literature.
Sightlines picks up right after the events of the second novel. There are two sides--The Community and the Ex-Comm--and Chase Payne doesn't trust either one. He's both revered and reviled by his own father who sees him as more of a pawn to be exploited than a son to be cared for. What Chase is sure about are his feelings for Elijah Estrella, but he isn't all that confident that Elijah's own affections are focused solely on him. Chase is used to being alone, but in the war against The Community, he's going to have to learn to trust if he hopes to win the final battle.
Chase is an enigma of sorts--not so much an unlikely hero but an extremely hesitant one. You feel for the guy because of everything he's been forced to endure as part of The Community and for being Richard Payne's spawn. He's extremely closed off but that makes his evolution as a main character even more enthralling. We get glimpses of that caring side of him with those who are closest to him, particularly his twin brothers, Nate and Theo Black, and Elijah. Chase slowly but surely comes to his own here and doesn't just live up to his potential but surpasses it.
Elijah, however, is more of the unexpected kind of hero. He's younger than Chase and he's always come off as more of a follower in the first two novels, but he takes a stand, especially when it comes to Chase. The guy comes into his own here, and he's such a great revelation, proving that one should never be underestimated based on perceived past behavior or how they look on the outside. He's like the key that unlocks that hidden part of Chase, and it's his presence in Chase's life that proves to be the ultimate catalyst in Chase's decision regarding the revolt.
Purchase Sightlines on Riptide Publishing | Amazon | B&N | iBooks | Kobo.


I will not let your anger control me. You anger is exactly that – your anger. I am sorry you see me as a threat. I am not against you. I pray for you. I want the best for you – even of you don't. I will not enter your arena of gossip and bad mouthing. I am not interested.
My lesson, – live and let live. I love you enough to let you be fully responsible for your actions. Gossip kills. Back- biting kills. And every time you gossip to me about someone else – I know you are gossiping about me behind my back.
I am making a new choice. I cannot trust you with my life anymore. You do not value me or my life. You make fun of me and my family while you sit on your pedestal.
I for give you. But I am not sharing my life with you anymore. You have shamed my children and me. There is no condemnation in Christ Jesus. I reject your inference that I am not right in the heart, and that I am not right with God. You don't get a say. My relationship with God is my relationship, not yours. And who gave you the right to bad mouth and shame my kids?
You have no idea what my life is like. And the sad part is, I know you don't really care. Take your self -righteous attitude, your big mouth, your pride and arrogance, and just keep it to yourself. I am not playing. I am not interested. You are not my friend, so stop pretending.
Yes, I have had enough. Forgive my rant. Can we just be real? Friends don't do that. So stop calling me that.
Posted in Depression, Hurt in Church, Spirituality and tagged back biting, betrayal, christianity, friendship, God, gossip, gossiping, hurt, sad, Toxic people, toxic relationship, Unhealthy relationships. Bookmark the permalink.
Amen, I believe someone came up with a plaque for this " The Serenity Prayer". Don't let anyone outside of Jesus Christ affect your value to the kingdom!
I know, it is so peaceful. I can't believe what a difference. Thank you Jesus!


Happy New Year! I'm back and so excited to share my very first Get Ready With Me post of 2019. Today we'll be neutral in the New Year by creating a neutral makeup look that is great for school and work. This look defines and brightens your eyes while letting your natural beauty shine. Follow along with my step-by-step makeup tutorial and create this easy makeup look on yourself!
Brush a light brown eyeshadow over your entire eyelid.
Blend a neutral, beige eyeshadow into the crease of your eye.
Highlight your brow bone with a shimmering, creamy colored eyeshadow.
Line your upper lash line with a black liquid liner.
Line your lower lash line (your waterline) with a white pencil eyeliner.
Generously brush on a volumizing and lengthening mascara .
Grab a subtle highlighter and blend it in from your temples to the very top of your cheekbones.
You can also add a little of this highlighter to your cupid's bow, doing this will define your lips and make your lip color pop.
Spritz on a finishing spray and you're all set. Go get 'em gorgeous!
Create this Neutral Makeup Look with me on my YouTube channel!
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You look gorgeous there and I love the pretty highlight you used!


Entry is easy and winning ROCKS! What's better than great, live all ages shows where you can have a beer AND dance with your rock tots, punk kin, banger babies or little folk? FREE family 4 pack of tickets!! ChiIL out with ChiIL Mama.


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Watch the proceedings of the recent Schiller Institute conference.
The petition for LaRouche's exoneration is also available.
This entry was posted in LPAC, Lyndon LaRouche and tagged classical culture, economic development, future orientation, human creativity, human progress, new economic order, scientific discovery. Bookmark the permalink.


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Home » Racing » McLaren's James Key expects 'tricks' to be played with 2022 regulations
McLaren's James Key expects 'tricks' to be played with 2022 regulations
McLaren technical chief James Key expects teams to play some "tricks" with the new 2022 regulations – but not to the point of hoodwinking the FIA.
Formula 1 enters a new era next season with completely redesigned cars, the aim being to produce closer and more exciting racing – not that 2021 lacked thrills and spills anyway.
At the very least, it should provide an opportunity for some of the teams lower down the standings to potentially close the gap to Mercedes and Red Bull, who were a long way ahead of the rest in the season just ended.
Work was ongoing through a large portion of 2021 on next year's car as well as trying to maximise performance from the existing challengers, with McLaren reportedly having produced their first 2022 chassis during December.
Key, the Woking-based team's executive technical director, thinks there could be the potential for a team to 'ace' the new regulations and get a jump on their rivals before a convergence occurs in 2023 when the cat is out of the bag about what works best.
"The rules are written restrictively, but that tends to stimulate innovation," said Key, quoted by Auto Motor und Sport.
"I expect to see different ideas. We will all look at what the others have been doing.
"At the same time, first everyone has to make sure that what was predicted in the factory actually arrives on the track. The correlation will be checked.
"We will compare strengths and weaknesses. I think from 2023 onwards, teams will converge more under these regulations because the big trends will be identified across 2022."
In terms of specifics, Key is looking at the front and rear wings as important areas, especially given the controversies that emerged during 2021 when Mercedes and Red Bull pointed the finger at the other regarding the legality or otherwise of their cars.
"Testing for the rear wings will be tightened up," said Key. "The beam wing is coming back. You can certainly use that in some way." That refers to the lower rear wing above the diffuser.
He added: "The front wing is a massive part. But there are also strict stiffness guidelines on that.
"I think there will be some tricks that teams can play with, but nothing you can just exploit. The FIA will take a close look at that."
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Save 15% on the NFPA 70®: National Electrical Code® rules you need on a daily basis with the 2017 edition NEC® Pocket Guide Two-Volume Set.
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Reference the 2011 NEC rules you need to do electrical jobs right.


Libra is one of the signs wherein the sun is weak as it is debilitated here. As the sun enters Libra, it changes from north to south declination; and as Libra is the sign of Saturn's exaltation, the sun's rays at this point, the crossing of the equator, are weakest. Libra people on this account are not always able to rise above physical conditions. Their moods waver like the symbol which represents the sign, the scales. At one time Librans are up in the seventh heaven of happiness and optimism, but at the least mental disturbance they may drop to the very bottom of pessimism and despair. The Libran patient should, if possible, never be discouraged in whatever he has set his heart upon doing, for shatter his ideals and down goes one side of the scales into the very deepest discouragement, which often causes ill health.
Physiologically this sign rules the kidneys, the lumbar region of the spine, the skin, the ureters, which are the tiny ducts running between the kidneys and the bladder. The afflictions from with the Libran are most likely to suffer are lumbago and disturbed urine.
Lucky Numbers: Lucky numbers are 15 and 24.
If you are looking for some alternative income, then this is the month you should try for.
Best period to take investment related decisions.
Misunderstanding in the family would be a cause of concern.
Abroad travel due to work related assignment is seen.


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\section{Introduction}
\IEEEPARstart{W}{ith} the increasing launches of advanced low-Earth-orbit (LEO) satellites, the proliferated space assets will become an essential part of our future Internet. However, the operation of the LEO satellite in large and mega-constellations faces challenges due to the dynamics and complexity of the LEO satellite networks. The traditional way of contacting an individual satellite through limited access opportunities from a ground satellite operations center for Telemetry, Tracking, and Control (TT\&C) missions cannot meet the timing requirements for a large constellation of LEO satellites ranging from hundreds to thousands of small satellites. For example, if telecommand messages from a ground station (GS) to a set of target LEO satellites for updating radio resource allocation or routing mechanisms cannot be delivered within a stringent deadline, ground users would suffer from a reduced quality of service or even network outage. A missed or lost contact with the target LEO satellite also reduces resilience and raises security threats to the network operation. Therefore, an enhanced satellite network operations (SatNetOps) approach is required to address these issues.

In the space industry, a geostationary (GEO) satellite network for replaying LEO satellite messages has recently been considered. Thanks to the constant availability of GEO satellites to a ground station (GS), GEO satellites can provide a service to relay messages to LEO satellites. Inmarsat reportedly started a new service called Inter-satellite Data Relay System (IDRS) in late 2020 for this service with the new GEO fleet equipped with the Ka/L-band payloads to support this, aligned with a vision of a deeper integration of GEO and non-geostationary (NGSO) satellites. However, as GEO satellites stay at a high altitude, the communication between a GEO satellite and an LEO satellite or GS would face efficiency and timing challenges. There are no further details on the technical design or efficiency analysis available.

The inter-satellite links (ISLs) within a satellite constellation have been considered to relay the messages to a destination satellite in the delay/disruption-tolerant network (DTN) \cite{Shi17, NASA2021}. In this context, a few satellites are considered relay nodes to relay messages from source to destination spacecraft. A recent view of using multi-layer networking (MLN) for space communications using ISLs has been mentioned in \cite{Nishiyama13, Pachler21} to potentially improve data traffic. Recent solutions of the MLN-based schemes aim to improve the communication capacity and global navigation satellite system (GNSS) performance \cite{Ge2021, Jiang20_MLSN, Racelis2019}. The MLN schemes for SatNetOps have been recently explored in our previous works \cite{Hu2022_SatNetOps, Hu2022_LATINCOM}. However, the schemes do not discuss the framework for using more than three layers of satellite networks, theoretical discussion and route optimization for the cross-layer mechanism in MLN-based SatNetOps methods.

To address the challenges mentioned above, we propose a novel MLN-based approach called ``cross-layer descent'' (CLD) considering multiple NGSO and GEO satellite constellations. The main contributions of the paper are summarized below:
\begin{itemize}
    \item The proposed CLD approach can address the timing and resilience challenges of the proliferated LEO satellite networks.
    \item A new MLN model with proposed satellite roles and resilience measures is formulated for generic MLN-based SatNetOps schemes. This allows the integration of multiple layers in NGSO satellite networks for designing optimal MLN-based SatNetOps schemes.
    \item The CLD approach is evaluated considering typical commercial satellite constellations and real-world configurations and parameters, where the proposed approach has shown effectiveness with the existing methods.
\end{itemize}

The remainder of the paper is structured as follows. The related work is discussed in Section II; the system model is discussed in Section III; the proposed CLD approach is discussed in Section IV; the evaluation of the proposed approach using real-world and planned satellite constellations is performed in Section V; and the conclusion and future work are discussed in Section VI.

\section{Related Work}

The use of MLN considering the LEO, MEO, and GEO layers has been discussed in DTN. The inter-layer contact selection problem based on contact-graph routing (CGR) is discussed in \cite{Shi17}, where the so-called ``space-time graph'' consisting of a series of static graphs at discrete instants is used in the system model. However, the timing requirements, such as real-time communication, are not aligned with the DTN objectives. Apart from DTN, the discussion on MLN with the recent launches of LEO satellite constellations is focused on solving the challenges of capacity improvements with the consideration of limited radio/compute resources on satellites. A Q-learning-based capacity allocation scheme with the consideration of a 3-layer network consisting of the LEO, MEO, and GEO constellations are considered in \cite{Jiang20_MLSN}, which does not consider the GS access and SatNetOps tasks. Besides, the use of multiple LEO satellite constellations has been considered to enhance the performance of a GNSS \cite{Racelis2019}, where MEO and LEO constellations can help improve spatial diversity by providing enhanced navigation performance for areas with poor position fixes. Recently, the proposed MLN-based SatNetOps methods have shown significantly improved performance compared to the traditional operational approach based on contact opportunities between a GS and a target spacecraft. In our earlier work \cite{Hu2022_SatNetOps, Hu2022_LATINCOM}, the MLN-based SatNetOps methods considering LEO/MEO/GEO layers are discussed with feasibility analysis, algorithmic and experimental validation. However, a detailed analysis for an optimal SatNetOps scheme has not been addressed.

The space industry and agencies have seen real-world systems using GEO satellites to relay messages due to GEO satellites' consistent availability to lower-orbit space assets and ground facilities. Inmarsat has recently provided a GEO-LEO relay service aligned with its view of an ``ORCHESTRA'' system where the NGSO and GEO satellites can ultimately be integrated as a system. The new GEO relaying service leveraging its new GEO satellite fleet with compatible payloads with the modern LEO satellites started in late 2020. In addition, NASA's Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) system \cite{NASA2021} has used GEO satellites with multiple antennas for Ku/Ka/S-band communications to relay information for over 25 space missions, including the International Space Station and the tracking for the launch of James Webb Space Telescope. However, TDRS may well guide the capability of satellite payloads for MLN communication, but it can hardly provide system-wide design direction as it has different purposes than a SatNetOps mission.

The Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) is a major organization for satellite operations standards, where the fundamental telemetry (TM) and telecommand (TC) missions are covered. The CCSDS' recent issue of TC space data link protocol (TC-SDLP) \cite{CCSDS232.0-B-4} covers the typical service support for TC missions, i.e., sequence-controlled and expedited services for various operations missions, where both services use the same data transfer process but the Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) based flow control is only available in sequence-controlled service. The timing rules and MLN are essential to the MLN-based schemes for SatNetOps in compliance with CCSDS TM/TC standards; however, they are not mentioned in the standards efforts.

In summary, the theoretical analysis and schemes for optimal MLN-based SatNetOps solutions for proliferated LEO satellites using various layers have not been addressed in the literature.

\section{System Model}

Considering the inconsistent use of the layer concept in the literature, we define a layer as a conceptual sphere in the entire satellite network under consideration where an orbital shell of a satellite with the same altitude is located. For example, we have two layers if an entire satellite network has one LEO satellite constellation with two orbital shells. An upper-layer satellite is at a higher altitude than a lower-layer satellite. Let us then formulate the MLN model in the subsequent sections.

\subsection{MLN Model}
Suppose all satellite nodes in the $u$-th satellite network layer are in $S_{u} \subseteq S$, where the entire set of satellites is denoted by $S$ in a three-dimensional (3D) space. Within $S_u$ all satellite nodes are in $S_{u}$, where $u \in \mathbb{Z}^{+}$, and the number of layers is $n_u$ and the number of satellites at the $u$th layer is $n_{S_{u}}$. The $i$-th satellite and the $u$-th layer is $s_{u}(i)$. At the layer $u$, the accessible neighbouring satellites to $s_{u}(i)$ are denoted by $\mathcal{A}_{u}(i)=\{ s_{u}(\kappa_{u}(i,1)), s_{u}(\kappa_{u}(i,2)), ..., s_{u}(\kappa_{u}(i,k))\}$, where $\kappa(\cdot)$ is the mapping function to get the satellite ID number, and $k$ is the number of neighbouring nodes. The value of $u$ is ordered sequentially by altitude from low to high. The satellite number is incremented by one from $u=1$. For example, the satellites in $S_{1}$ is at a lower altitude than those in $S_{2}$. Thus, cross-layer neighboring nodes of $s_{u}(i)$ at immediate lower-and higher-altitude layers are $\mathcal{A}'_{u-1}(i)$ and $\mathcal{A}'_{u+1}(i)$, if $ u \geq 1$ and $u+1 \leq n_u$.

In practice, for satellites at the same layer, a typical case for the satellite network design can ensure there are four neighbouring nodes (two intra-plane nodes and two inter-plane nodes) with bi-directional ISLs, where $k=4$ based on a minimum elevation $\omega_{u}$ used for all satellites at the $u$th layer. In this case, for $s_{u}(i)$,  $\kappa(i,j) = i \pm ((j \cdot (\sigma_{u}+1) - 1)), ~ j \in \{0,1\}$, then we have $ \mathcal{A}_{u}(i)=\{s_{u}(i-1), s_{u}(i+1), s_{u}(i-\sigma_{u}), s_{u}(i+\sigma_{u})\}$, where $\sigma_{u,v}$ is the number of satellites in an ordinal plane of a layer. The available links to cross-layer nodes depend on the configuration of a satellite. Due to the size, weight, and power (SWaP) considerations, $s_u(i)$ may be equipped with antennas pointing to the lower altitude.

To facilitate our discussion, we make further assumptions on the links based on the latest developments \cite{Sedin20, Park19_NASA}. For the inter-satellite links (ISLs), we assume all satellites can perform ISL communication with either free-space optical (FSO) and radio-frequency (RF) payloads. The cross-layer ISL happens from upper-layer satellites to lower-altitude satellites, where the upper-layer satellites are based on a minimum elevation $\omega_0$. For the ground-satellite links, the RF link and RF/FSO hybrid link \hl{following a certain ratio} are considered. Specifically, the Ka-band RF and 1550 nm wavelength FSO links are considered. These basic assumptions can facilitate our later discussion.

\subsection{Path Length in the MLN scheme}
Since the path length is an important variable for the MLN-based scheme for SatNetOps, different path segments need to be considered. Although the overall path length from the GS to a target LEO satellite $D$ is specific to the routes at the layers used, we can generally view $D$ from the segments of the overall path and express $D$ in (\ref{Eq:path_length}) as:

\begin{equation}\label{Eq:path_length}
D   = \sum_{i=1}^{H} d(i)
    = \sum_{m=1}^{M}\sum_{u \in L_u(m)}^{} d_u(m)
\end{equation}

where $d(i)$ is the $i$th hop length, and $d_u(m)$ denotes the length of the path segment $m$ at the layer $u$. $H$ is the hop count, $m \leq M$ is the number of path segments (e.g., $M=3$), and $L_{u}(m)$ is the set of layers involved in the $m$-th path segment. Based on (\ref{Eq:path_length}), we can also see to minimize $D$, we need to minimize each path segment $d_u(m)$.

\subsection{Latency Measure}

For the timing performance measure, we use the standard latency components. Let us let the overall latency of a TC transfer mission be $T_D$, consisting of  the propagation delay, $T_{D_{pa}}$, transmission delay, $T_{D_{t}}$, processing delay, $T_{D_{pc}}$, and queuing delay, $T_{D_{q}}$. If we let the size of a TC packet be $M$, $T_{D_{q}}$ per satellite can be assumed to be a small constant, $\eta$. Similarly, $T_{D_{pc}}$ per satellite can be assumed to be a constant, $\varepsilon$, which can incorporate the factor of switching delay of a satellite payload. For each hop $i$, we let the data rate be $r(i)$ and $T_{D_t}=M/r(i)$, where $r(i)$ equals $r_{RF}$ or $r_{FSO}$, representing either a Ka-band or FSO link is used. Then the latency can be expressed as (\ref{Eq:latency}) \cite{Hu2022_SatNetOps}:

\begin{equation}\label{Eq:latency}
 T_D =  \sum^{n_h}_{i=1}{\left( \frac{d(i)}{c} + \frac{M}{r(i)} + \eta + \varepsilon \right)}
\end{equation}
where $n_h$ is the total hop count, and $c$ is the speed of light.

\subsection{Resilience Measure}
A new resilience measure $\mathcal{R}$ is defined in (\ref{Eq:resilience}) with the consideration of reliability factor, where the hop count is considered as it has a negative impact on path reliability over multiple hops as found in our previous work \cite{Hu2022_SatNetOps}.

\begin{equation}\label{Eq:resilience}
\mathcal{R}=\frac{\sum_{t=1}^{T}\mathcal{Q}(g(i),t)}{n_h \cdot T}
\end{equation}
where $g(i)$ is the mapping function to provide the global ID of $s_u(i)$ as SSN over the entire multi-layer network, ${G(t)}$ denotes the satellites accessible by SC at time $t$. $\mathcal{Q}(i,t)$ is an indicator function denoting if there is a successful path from $s_u(i)$ as SSN to DSN on $S$ at $t$, where $t =\{1,2,..., T\}$, and $T \in  \mathbb{Z}^{+}$ is the total time instants of a SatNetOps mission.

\section{Proposed Cross-Layer Descent Approach}
With the system model described above, we can discuss the proposed CLD approach in this section.

\subsection{Roles of Satellite Nodes}
To differentiate the responsibilities and actions among satellite nodes in an MLN SatNetOps scheme, we define the satellite roles as follows:
\begin{itemize}
    \item Source GS (SGS): the GS sending messages for SatNetOps. An SGS can be viewed as a SatNetOps Center (SC).
    \item Source Satellite Node (SSN): the immediate satellite accessed by SGS. SSN is to be determined through the access opportunities to SGS at time $t$.
    \item Destination Satellite Node (DSN): the target satellite node.
    \item Target-layer Source Satellite Node (TSN): the source satellite node at the layer where DSN is at.
    \item Intermediate Satellite Node (ISN): an intermediate satellite node (SN) on a path segment between TSN and DSN.
\end{itemize}

\subsection{The Proposed Approach}

With the defined roles of nodes, we can further examine the principles of path determination between SSN and DSN, where \textit{cross-layer} means two layers are used, where \textit{intra-layer} means within the same layer.

\begin{lemma}
An overall optimal path during a timeframe $\Delta T$ of an MLN scheme between SGS and DSN is determined by (1) the optimal routes for every cross-layer path segment, and (2) the optimal route for every intra-layer path segment. %

\end{lemma}

\begin{proof}
    The overall path consists of the path segments SGS-SSN, SSN-TSN, and TSN-DSN. Let us first examine these segments separately in a general case, where SSN, TSN, and DSN are not the same node. Then, SGS starts the route determination at time $t$, and SGS-SSN is determined by the availability of SSN to SGS at time $t+T_0$. The SSN-TSN path segment is determined by the cross-layer routes at time $t+T_0+T_1$, where one or more layers may be used. The TSN-DSN is determined by the intra-layer path from TSN to DSN at $t + T_0+T_1+T_2$. The entire process takes within $\Delta T$ = $\sum_{}^{}{T_k}$. In special cases where SSN, TSN and DSN have overlapped roles, we can derive the two cases. In the first case that SSN and TSN are the same node, SGS-TSN and TSN-DSN are used where $T_1=0$; under this case, a subtle case is when SSN, TSN and DSN are the same node, then SGS-DSN is used where $T_1=T_2=0$. In the second case that TSN and DSN are the same node, SGS-SSN and SSN-DSN are used with one or more layers where $T_2=0$. Summarizing these cases makes the proof.
\end{proof}

\begin{prop}
    In the case that the cross-layer path segment is used, if the intra-layer route is fixed, to determine an optimal cross-layer SSN-TSN route, $SSN=s_{u+1}(i)$ and the optimal $TSN=s_{u}(j)$, where  $s_{u}(j) \in \mathcal{A}'_{u}(i)$ and $sgn(\theta_1) = sgn(\theta_2) $, where $\theta_1$ and $\theta_2$ are directional angles from $s_{u}(j)$ and $DSN$, respectively, to the SSN-SC segment, and $sgn()$ is the sign function.

\end{prop}
\begin{proof}
From Lemma1 the an optimal cross-layer route is dependent on the path SSN-TSN but independent of the intra-layer path segment. Suppose $s_u(j)$ is a TSN, we need to first ensure it is on the same plane with DSN on the NED coordinate of SSN. This requirement can be guaranteed by the same sign of the directional angles expressed in the trigonometric form, i.e., $\theta_1 = \arccos(\frac{x_1}{|x_3|})$ and $\theta_2 = \arccos(\frac{x_2}{|x_3|})$ , where $x_1=\overrightarrow{\rm SSN~TSN}$, $x_2=\overrightarrow{\rm SSN~DSN}$, $x_3=\overrightarrow{\rm SC~SSN}$. The set of satellite nodes meeting the requirement is $\mathcal{A}''_{u}(i) \subset \mathcal{A}'_{u}(i)$, where $s_u(j) \in \mathcal{A}''_{u}(i)$. This makes the proof.
\end{proof}

Due to the small size of a TC message following TC-SDLP, which lead to a small value of $\Delta T$, during when the entire network structure can be considered \hl{quasi-static}. The route selection through the cross-layer path segment can be determined by the slant range and path distance among intra-layer and cross-layer nodes, as shown in Fig. \ref{fig:path_illustration} with \hl{Lemma 1}. In addition, Proposition 1 can be demonstrated in the snapshot shown in Fig. \ref{fig:path_illustration}, where $s_2(1)$ is an SSN, $s_1(1)$ is TSN, and $s_1(3)$ is a DSN. $s_1(1)$ and $s_1(2)$ are ISNs and $s_1(1)$ can only communicate with $s_1(2)$. In the occurrences when the SC cannot access $s_1(1)$ but can access $s_2(1)$, then $s_2(1)$ becomes the SSN. The cross-layer SSN-TSN route selection from Layer 2 to Layer 1 is determined by the slant range between the SSN and neighbouring nodes, where the closest one is $s_1(1)$, and we can see $\theta_1$ and $\theta_2$ have the same sign. Then, the remainder of the inter-layer path at Layer 1 from TSN, ISN to DSN. Suppose there is another neighbouring node of SSN, $s_1'(1)$, located on the ``left'' side of the SGS-SSN plane, then its $\theta_1 < 0$, while $\theta_2 > 0$, which will not be considered as a TSN.

From \hl{Proposition 1}, we can derive the following corollary:
\begin{corollary}
If TSN and DSN are the same node, $|\theta_1| = |\theta_2|$. If TSN and DSN are not the same, there are two cases: (a) when DSN $\in \mathcal{A}'_{u}(i)$, $|\theta_1| > |\theta_2|$; (b) when DSN $\notin \mathcal{A}'_{u}(i)$, $|\theta_1| < |\theta_2|$.
\end{corollary}
\begin{proof}
The proof is based on analyzing all possible cases. When TSN and DSN are the same node, $\overrightarrow{SSN~TSN}$ and $\overrightarrow{SSN~DSN}$ are the same segment, so $\theta_1 = \theta_2$. In the case when TSN and SSN are not the same node, if DSN is accessible by SSN (where TSN already meets this condition), i.e., DSN $\in \mathcal{A}'_{u}(i)$, then SSN-DSN should be used as the shortest path which result in $|\theta_1| > |\theta_2|$; if DSN is not accessible by SSN, i.e.,  DSN $\notin \mathcal{A}'_{u}(i)$, $|\theta_1| < |\theta_2|$.
\end{proof}

\begin{figure}[!h]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth]{geometry.png}
    \caption{Geometry of the scenario snapshot for the CLD-based approach}
    \label{fig:path_illustration}
    \vspace{-5pt}
\end{figure}

Based on the discussion above, the CLD approach is described in Alg. \ref{Alg:cld_scheme}, where it consumes four input parameters and produces a cross-layer route vector in the return value. For clarity, we design a few custom helper functions in Alg. \ref{Alg:cld_scheme} with descriptive function names. For example, $\Call{IsAccessibleBySc}{ }$ determines if a satellite has an access to SC at time $t$, and $\Call{GetClosestSatToSc}{ }$ obtains the closes satellite to the SC at a layer. $SSN$ and $TSN$ can be determined dynamically through invoking $\Call{GetClosestSatToSc}{ }$ and $\Call{GetBestUnderLayerSat}{ }$, where the slant range is used to determine the best satellite in these functions. $\Call{GetIntraLayerRoute}{ }$ can calculate the route at the same layer based on the source and destination node, and $\Call{GetCrossLayerRoute}{ }$ calculates the cross-layer route based on \hl{Proposition 1} and \hl{Corollary 1}. The CLD scheme remains flexible to use different intra-layer routing schemes where the quasi-static status does alleviate the dynamic scheduling for changing routes. In the evaluation, we employ a regular routing scheme for $\Call{GetIntraLayerRoute}{ }$ where messages are forwarded through intra-plane neighbouring nodes first and then across the inter-plane nodes to the DSN.

Through the proposed approach, an SC can contact any target LEO satellite with the relay from current and upper layers. Based on (\ref{Eq:resilience}), for CLD approach, $\mathcal{Q}$ is defined in (\ref{Eq:Qindicator}):

\begin{equation}\label{Eq:Qindicator}
\begin{cases}
  \mathcal{Q}(g(i),t) = 0 & \text{for }|G(t)| = 0\\
  \mathcal{Q}(g(i),t) = 1 & \text{for }|G(t)| > 0
\end{cases}
\end{equation}
where
$G(t)$ is the set of accessible satellites by SC at time $t$.

\begin{algorithm}
\small
    \caption{CLD Approach}
    \label{Alg:cld_scheme}
    \begin{algorithmic}[1]
        \Procedure{ Prepare}{$S$, $SC$, $n_u$, $dsnId$, $t$}

            \State $\rho \gets SC$
            \State $u \gets \Call{GetLayerIndexBySatId}{dsnId}$ \Comment{Set the starting layer index}
            \State $u_l(n_u) \gets \{0,...\}$  \Comment{Initialize a 1-D array of $n_u$ layers}
            \State $S_a \gets null $ \Comment{Initialize a list of sats accessible by SC}
            \For{ $S' \gets S(u)$}
                \State $i \gets \sum_{j=0}^{u-1}{n_{s_j} + 1}$
                \Comment{Set the initial sat ID}
                \For{$s \gets s_u(i),~i \leq n_{s_u}$}
                    \If{$\Call{IsAccessibleBySc}{\rho, s, t} == \text{TRUE}$}
                    \State $S_a \gets s_u(i)$ \Comment{Add $s_u(i)$ to $S_a$}
                    \State $u_l(u) \gets 1$
                    \EndIf
                    \State $i \gets i + 1$
                \EndFor
            \State $u \gets u + 1$
            \EndFor
            \State $u_{min} = \Call{GetMinLayerIndex}{u_l}$
            \If{$u_{min} == k$}
            \State SSN = \Call{GetClosestSatToSc}{$S_a$, $\rho$, $u_{min}$}
            \State $R1 \gets$ \Call{GetIntraLayerRoute}{$SSN$, $dsnId$}
            \Else
            \State $u_{ul} \gets$ \Call{GetUpperLayerIndex}{$u_l$}
            \State $SSN \gets$  \Call{GetClosestSatToSc}{$S_a$, $\rho$, $u_{ul}$}
            \State $TSN \gets$ \Call{GetBestUnderLayerSat}{$S_{u_{ul}}$, $SSN$}
            \State $R2 \gets$ \Call{GetCrossLayerRoute}{$SSN$, $TSN$}
            \State $R3 \gets$ \Call{GetIntraLayerRoute}{$TSN$, $dsnId$}
            \EndIf
        \State Return $\{R1, R2, R3\}$
        \EndProcedure
    \end{algorithmic}
\end{algorithm}

\section{Performance Evaluation}

\begin{table}[ht]
\centering
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.5em}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{0.95}
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.8pt}
\caption{Key Simulation Parameters}
\label{Tbl:parameters}
\begin{tabular}{l l l}
\toprule
{\bfseries Parameter} & {\bfseries Value} & {\bfseries Notes}\\
\midrule
$n_{u}$ & 4 & Number of layers \\
$\{n_{S_1},n_{S_2},n_{S_2},n_{S_4}\}$ & $\{78,720,20,3\}$ & Num. of satellites in layers\\
$(lat, lng)$ & (51.0447, -114.0719) & SC coordinate\\
$gsMinElev$ & 25$^\circ$ & Min. elevation of SC\\
$\omega_0$ & 10$^\circ$ & Satellite min. elevation\\
$r_{FSO1}$ & 1.8 Gbps & FSO ground-space link rate\\
$r_{FSO2}$ & 10 Gbps & FSO ISL link rate\\
$r_{RF}$ & 324 Mbps \cite{Emily2018} & Ka-band RF link rate \\
$r_{HY}$ & 619.2 Mbps & RF/FSO1 hybrid link rate\\
$M$ & 1024 B & TC frame size\\
$T$ & 500 & 24hr-mission time samples\\
$T_{start}$ & 2022-09-01 01:00:00 & Mission start time (UTC) \\
$T_{stop}$ & 2022-09-02 01:00:00 & Mission stop time (UTC) \\
$T_{sample}$ & \hl{3600 s} & Sample time \\
$\varepsilon$ & 100 $\mu$s & Avg. processing delay\\
$\eta$ & 100 $\mu$s & Avg. queuing delay\\
Configuration I & $\{r_{RF}\}$ & RF space/ground links\\
Configuration II & $\{r_{FSO1},r_{FSO_2}\}$ & FSO space/ground links\\
Configuration III & $\{r_{HY}, r_{FSO_1}, r_{FSO_2}\}$ & Hybrid ground-space\\
& &  and FSO space-space links\\

\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\vspace{-10pt}
\end{table}

\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
{\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{satellite_scenario.png}%
}
\caption{Satellite scenario showing (a) overall layers and (b) two LEO layers, where green and red dots represent OneWeb and Telesat Polar orbital satellites, respectively.}
\vspace{-10pt}
\label{Fig:satellite_scenario}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth]{S1_mean_latency.png}
\caption{Mean latency vs target LEO satellite ID in Configuration I}
\label{Fig:mean_latency_scenarios}
\vspace{-15pt}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth]{overall_mean_latency.png}
\caption{Overall mean latency in Configurations I-III}
\label{Fig:overall_mean_latency}
\vspace{-15pt}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.72\linewidth]{overall_mean_path_len.png}
\caption{Overall mean path length}
\label{Fig:overall_mean_path_len}
\vspace{-15pt}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.72\linewidth]{resilience_new_defined.png}
\caption{Resilience performance}
\label{Fig:reslience_performance}
\vspace{-15pt}
\end{figure}

The MATLAB satellite communications toolbox is employed to validate the proposed schemes to achieve accuracy considering system parameters and configurations in simulations.
We consider typical commercial satellite constellations for $S$ in the satellite scenario as shown in Fig. \ref{Fig:satellite_scenario}. The scenario consists of two LEO satellite constellations (i.e., 78 Telesat Polar orbital and 720 OneWeb satellites), one MEO constellation (i.e., 20 SES O3b MEO satellites), and one GEO constellation (i.e., 3 Inmarsat-4 GEO satellites). The publicly available TLE files of O3b and Inmarsat-4 satellites are used, while the Telesat and OneWeb are based on the orbital propagator. All satellites are assigned global IDs from 1 to 821. The satellite mission parameters are shown in Table \ref{Tbl:parameters} based on our assumptions made in Section III. The target LEO satellites are in the Telesat Polar orbital shell as the first layer. To have good coverage of different target satellites across the orbital planes, we iterate the target satellite from 1 to 78 for every 4 satellites. To consider typical RF/FSO links used on space and ground entities, we consider three configurations, as shown in Table \ref{Tbl:parameters}, where a hybrid ground-space RF/FSO link with 20\% usage of RF is adopted in Configuration III.

Here we evaluate the proposed approach in comparison to the existing MLN-based SatNetOps schemes collectively referred to as ``Non-CLD MEO'' \cite{Hu2022_LATINCOM} and ``Non-CLD GEO'' \cite{Hu2022_SatNetOps}. We develop three schemes of the CLD approach to reflect the different scenarios when a variable number of layers is present: CLD-I considers all layers, CLD-II only uses the target LEO layer and MEO layer, while CLD-III only uses the target LEO layer and GEO layer. ``Non-CLD MEO'', where a target LEO layer and an MEO layer are used and ``Non-CLD GEO'', where only a GEO layer is used to contact a target LEO satellite.

Fig. \ref{Fig:mean_latency_scenarios} shows the latency performance per target satellite in Configuration I, where we can see the proposed CLD schemes have lower latency than non-CLD schemes. Compared to CLD-I, the ``Non-CLD GEO'' scheme has the worst latency performance by 5.13, 5.24, and 5.25 times in Configurations I-III, respectively. CLD-I can reach a latency as low as 6.35 ms for Configuration I (where the DSN ID is 33), where Ka-band links with $r_{RF}=384$ Mbps are used for all space-space and ground-space links. For Configuration II, where all FSO links are considered, the latency of CLD-I can be 6.22 ms. As the values in Y-axis for Configurations I-III are not easy to differentiate in the plots similar to Fig. \ref{Fig:mean_latency_scenarios}. Thus, Fig. \ref{Fig:overall_mean_latency} is plot to show the overall mean latency performance for each configuration. We can see that Configuration I has the longest latency than other configurations for each scheme. The ``non-CLD GEO'' scheme has the longest latency for all configurations. We can see CLD-I has the shortest latency, followed by CLD-II, CLD-III, and the ``non-CLD MEO'' scheme. The results in Configurations II and III are close as the variable $r$ on the ground-space link has a slight effect on the overall latency. The results indicate that using LEO satellite layers adjacent to the target layer creates shorter latency. It also shows if fewer layers are available, such as in the cases for CLD-II and CLD-III, the CLD approach still provides good timing performance.

The overall mean path length can help further explain the latency performance of different schemes over target LEO satellites. From Fig. \ref{Fig:overall_mean_path_len}, we can see that non-CLD schemes have the longest path length than CLD schemes. CLD-I has a mean path length of $2.06 \times 10^7$ m, while the traditional ``non-CLD GEO'' scheme has the longest path length of $1.29 \times 10^8$ m, which is 6.24, 5.99, and 5.45 times longer than those of CLD-I, CLD-II, and CLD-III, respectively. The results are mainly due to the effective cross-layer route selection, which can reduce the overall path length in CLD-based schemes.

Based on (\ref{Eq:resilience}), the resilience performance per target satellite is shown in Fig. \ref{Fig:reslience_performance}, where we can see CLD-I has the best resilience, followed by CLD-II, and CLD-III, while the ``Non-CLD MEO'' scheme has the lowest resilience for most target satellites. On average, the value of $\mathcal{R}$ of CLD-I is 3.74\% better than that of the ``Non-CLD MEO'' scheme. The results show that the CLD approach can provide better timing performance with improved resilience. Due to the worst latency performance of ``Non-CLD GEO'', its resilience performance is not compared here.

\section{Conclusion}
The proposed CLD approach is presented in the paper, which shows effectiveness in the simulations in terms of latency and resilience compared to non-CLD methods. Furthermore, this work has derived an MLN system model, principles and new measures that formulate a foundation for designing and analyzing the MLN-based SatNetOps schemes. There is much room left for future contributions. The effect of various inter-layer routes will be explored in our future work.

 \section*{Acknowledgment}
We acknowledge the support of the High-Throughput and Secure Networks Challenge program of National Research Council Canada, and the support of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), [funding reference number RGPIN-2022-03364].

\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
from osbrain import run_agent
from osbrain import run_nameserver

if __name__ == '__main__':

    # System deployment
    ns = run_nameserver()
    run_agent('Agent0')
    run_agent('Agent1')
    run_agent('Agent2')

    # Show agents registered in the name server
    for alias in ns.agents():
        print(alias)

    ns.shutdown()


text:
Germany opens new Antarctic research station
DDP/DPA/The Local - [email protected] • 20 Feb, 2009 Updated Fri 20 Feb 2009 10:25 CEST
After seven months of assembly in snowstorms and icy cold, the new €39-million German Antarctic research station Neumeyer III opens on Friday.
The new development, funded by the Alfred Wegner Institute (AWI), is built on stilts that rise six metres above the surface of a 200-metre thick ice crust. The 1,850 square metre modern facility will replace the old research station, which is slowly disappearing underneath almost 12 metres of snow and will have to be abandoned within the next few years.
The permanently occupied research station will house several dozen scientists during the summer months, and nine staff members during the merciless arctic winter months. Scientists there will continue long-term measurements in meteorology, geophysics and atmospheric chemistry, as well as whale observations. They will also establish new research projects for the next 25 to 30 years.
The inaugural ceremony will be broadcast live to Federal Research Minister Annette Schavan in Berlin at 12:30 pm on Friday.
#science #Environment #Tech #Berlin
DDP/DPA/The Local 2009/02/20 10:25