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On-line ISSN 1517-7076
Revista Matéria vol.13 no.4 2008
Experimental determination of the effect of some straight biological oils on cutting force during cylindrical turning
Ojolo, S.J.I; Amuda, M.O.H.II; Ogunmola, O.Y.I; Ononiwu, C.U.I
IDepartment of Mechanical Engineering - University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria - e-mail: ojolosunday@yahoo.com, bayemi@yahoo.com, cuononiwu@yahoo.com
IIDepartment of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering - University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria - e-mail: mohrabiat2000@yahoo.com
Cutting fluids of various types are usually employed to control the heat generated in machining. The continued application of conventional petroleum based metal working fluids is being challenged by the need to reduce overall volume of fluids, minimize health risks and bio-contamination. Bio-oils assisted machining is an environmental bio-compatible technology for desirable control of temperature. This paper investigates the effect of some vegetable based oils on cutting force during cylindrical machining of mild steel, aluminium and copper.
The results indicated that bio oils are suitable for metal working fluids but the effects of the bio-oils on cutting force are material dependent. Groundnut oil exhibited the highest reduction in cutting force when aluminium was being turned at a speed of 8.25m/min and feeds of 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20mm/rev respectively. Palm kernel oil had the best result when copper was turned at feeds lower than 0.15 mm/rev. However, at higher feeds, groundnut oil had the best result for copper. Coconut oil recorded the highest cutting force in all the three materials machined followed by shear butter and as such are very mild in reducing cutting force during cylindrical machining.
It is concluded that groundnut and palm kernel oils are effective in reducing cutting force during cylindrical turning. Though, the lubricating and cooling action is material dependent, groundnut oil is the best among the four bio-oils investigated.
Keywords: biological oils, cutting force, cylindrical turning.
Machining is widely used in variety of industries such as automotive, textile, aerospace and other manufacturing industries as a material finishing operation prior to actual deployment in service. In these industries, there are close restriction on tolerance for proper fit of the component. In the recent past, there has been a greater demand for reducing the errors in machining operation. These errors arose primarily due to defect in the machine tool, cutters and the machining itself [1]. Of these, the error due to cutting force is one of the major problems for precision machining. The amount of cutting force apply during machining is dependent on the frictional characteristics of the machining process. In most machining processes, a great deal of frictional behavior is encountered leading to the generation of high heat energy.
During a machining process, a substantial part of the energy is converted into heat energy through the friction generated between the tool and the work piece and the plastic deformation of the work material in the machining zone. The rapidly accumulated heat causes the temperature of the tool and workspace contact zone to rise at a fast rate, directly affecting the surface finish of the product. The resulting high temperature induces metallurgical transformation such as softening in the work piece. The transformation may lead to structural breakdown in the work piece and tool material (warping may result). This may adversely affect the quality of the machined products in terms of dimensional accuracy and surface finish. The heat generated during machining process is therefore critical in terms of product quality. It is therefore imperative that effective control of heat generated in the cutting zone during metal removal is crucial to ensuring good work piece surface quality [2].
Besides controlling the heat generated during machining process, cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut and tool geometry are other process parameter that influences the process to a great extent. Among the various variables of tool geometry, radial rake angle is one of the most important which determines the tool and chip contact area and hence affects the power consumption.
Lubrication during machining offers great potentials in solving this problem. Lubrication not only reduces frictional force and enhance tool-life, it equally help cool the tool and work piece sufficiently and maintain them at ambient condition. This ensures that error of size resulting from thermal expansion is eliminated, metallurgical transformation is prevented and thus, dimensional accuracy and good surface finish is guaranteed. The reduction in frictional force brought about by lubrication leads to decrease in cutting force and ultimately reduction in manufacturing cost [3].
Cutting fluids have been used to deal with the problem of high heat generation and reduction of frictional force during machining operations. Cutting fluids are introduced in the machining zone to improve the tribological characteristics of machining process and also to dissipate the heat generated. Several options of cutting fluids have been explored. Some of these are universal solvent, petroleum based metal cutting fluid and vegetable oil base metal cutting fluid. Conventional cutting fluids are essentially petroleum based. The Continued application of which creates some techno-environmental problems like environmental pollution, biological problems to operators [4].
Besides, the cutting fluids also incur a major portion of the total manufacturing cost [5]. These factors have combined to propel the need for prompt investigations into the use of bio-degradable coolants and labricants.
Some researchers had investigated the possibility of using solid labricants in machining process [6 -8]. The use of graphite as solid labricant to reduce heat at the grinding zone has been investigated [8, 9]. The result of the experiment clearly indicated that the tangential force and surface roughness and normal force are higher compared to those in conventional grinding.
Equally, research on the possibility of replacing petroleum-based metal working fluids based on biological oils has become intense in recent years [10, 11]. Biological oil based metal working fluids sometimes refer to as vegetable oil based are plant-based products. They are cultivated and refined for specific performance properties and technical requirements. The successful application of bio-oils in metal cutting operation has been restricted to few percentages. Bio oils provide instrinsically strong and lubricious lubricating film and as such possess higher lubricating than conventional mineral oil metal working fluid. Biological oil cutting fluid has some superior features compared to the petroleum-based cutting fluids. These are reduced overall volume of fluids due to higher viscosity, minimized health risk to workers and minimized bio-contamination [12]. Skerlos & Hayes [13] studied canola, soybean and rape seed vegetable oil as cutting fluids. Their work demonstrated that in certain machining operations, the performance of vegetable based cutting fluids is comparable or better than the performance of the traditional petroleum based metal working fluids. The work has progressed so far enough that their current developed metal working fluids have been applied to a variety of manufacturing operations. Attempt is being made to pilot them soon in manufacturing environment.
During cylindrical turning operation, heat is generalized at both the primary deformation and secondary deformation zones. The temperature developed becomes maximum at the tool/chip interface. The heat is essentially generated from the frictional effect of the work piece on the cutting tool thereby leading to excessive cutting force with attendant increase in machining cost [14]. Machining forces are one of the important criteria by which the quality of any machining process is evaluated. In the published work of Bhattacharya [15], the relative contribution of different parameters on the cutting force was found to depend upon the type of work material, tool material and the presence of cutting fluid. The intensity of heat generation depends on this force and it is essentially significant as far as machining temperature and ultimately surface quality of the products are concerned.
The high temperature generated at the tool/chip interface invariably leads to softening of the work piece which may involve metallurgical transformation of the work piece. This affects the quality of turned work. There is need for controlling cutting zone temperature within permissible limit for achieving good machining performance. The application of conventional cutting fluid may not effectively guaranteed control of heat generated because it losses its cooling effect upon films boiling coupled with the fact that fluid boiling temperature of conventional fluid is lower than that of bio-degradable fluid. Hence, in this present work, four different agro-based oils-coconut oil, groundnut oil, palm kernel oil and shea butter oil, having higher viscosity relative to conventional cutting fluid, were used as metal cutting fluid and their effect on cutting forces on turning 3-different commonly machined metals at different feed rate and speed is evaluated.
The machining operation adopted with the four bio oils experimental cutting fluids is cylindrical turning operation of aluminum copper and mild steel. The driving force for the study is the desire to contribute to the growing effort at utilizing vegetable based oil as alternative cutting fluid during machining operation and assist in environmental conservation via the reduction or elimination of the pollution associated with conventional mineral oil based cutting fluid.
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Materials & Experimental Set-up
The material requirement for the study are Hommel 600 lathe machine, a tungsten carbide cutter, four biological oils – groundnut oil, coconut oil, palm kernel oil and shear butter oil, mild steel, aluminium and copper metal rods of 30mm diameter and 100mm long. The experimental conditions are given in Table 1. The vegetable oils were obtained from Vegetable Oil Mill (VOM), Ojota, Lagos, Nigeria while the metallic alloys were obtained from Owode metal market, Lagos, Nigeria.
2.2 Test Procedure
Cutting forces were obtained during cylindrical machining of three different metallic rods-mild steel, aluminium and copper. The cutting variables considered were cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut. The experiment was conducted using a Hommel 600 lathe machine as shown in Figure 1.
The work pieces were firmly held in a 3-jaw chuck Hommel 600 lathe machine for orthogonal turning. The cutting tool (tungsten carbide) was mounted on the tool holder on the cuttin tool strain gage based dynamometer and fixed to the cross slide of the lathe. The graduated scales (the vertical and horizontal force meters) were zeroed as reference point and air resistance was assumed negligible.
Cylindrical turning operations were carried out on each 30mm diameter metal rods with each of the oils as cutting fluid at different cutting speeds, feed rate and depth of cut.
Varying spindle speeds of 250, 330, 450 and 550 rpm were investigated at a constant feed of 0.15mm/rev and 2mm depth of cut. The cutting speed in m/min is evaluated from the spindle speed by using equation 1 [16]
Where CS is the cutting speed in m/min, rpm is the spindle speed in rev/min and d is the tungsten carbide cutter diameter (see Table 1)
Varying feed rate was equally investigated at constant speed of 330 rpm and 2mm depth of cut. Thereafter, the depth of cut was varied (1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5mm) whilst the speed and feed rate were kept at 330rpm and 0.15/rev respectively.
At each situation of process variables-depth of cut, feed rate cutting speed and type of lubrication during the turning process - the horizontal (Fh) and vertical (Fv) components of the cutting forces were read from the strain gage based lathe dynamometer. The generated resultant cutting force is estimated from the relation
Fh = horizontal component of cutting force
Fv = vertical component of cutting force
The coefficient of friction which is a measure of the frictional force is given by the equation
The results of the experiments are presented in Figures 1 – 4.
Figures 1a-c show the variation of cutting force with feed rate in the 3-machined materials. Figure 1a show that the cutting force increases as the feed rate increases. This is due to the fact that as the feed rate is increased, more material will have to be cut per revolution, consequently more energy is required. This causes an increase in the cutting force. The Figure revealed that when aluminium was being turned, coconut and palm kernel oils had low initial cutting force of (put the value of the force here? ) at 0.1mm/rev feed rate. Whereas groundnut oil and shear butter display high cutting force of at this instance. Though the cutting force increases as the feed rate increases this was more pronounced in groundnut oil, coconut oil and shears butter at feed rate beyond 0.15mm/rev. With the use of palm kernel oil, however, the increase was more gradual than with the other three agro based oils. The comparative analysis of the four bio-oils when aluminum was being turned revealed that irrespective of the feed rate, groundnut oil as cutting fluid produced the least cutting force. This implies that the lubricity effect of groundnut oil is most efficient when aluminum is being turned.
In Figure 1b, when copper was being turned, the response of the cutting force to feed rate in the four bio-oils followed similar trend as was observed when aluminum was turned, except for the case of groundnut oil in which the cutting force tend to decrease as feed rate is increased beyond 0.15mm/rev.
The variation in cutting force with feed rate when mild steel was being turned is not discernible for the four oils at feed rate less than 0.15mm/rev (Figure 1c). At this instance, the variation appears equal irrespective of the labricant used. However, beyond 0.15mm/rev the difference in the cutting force began to manifest. The apparent difference is not however very wide unlike in Figures 1a & b respectively.
Comparative analysis of the effect of the four bio oils on cutting force in the three turned materials revealed that the effect was more pronounced in the mild steel work piece compare to aluminum and copper. The implication of this is that, irrespective of the lubricant used, mild steel offers lower cutting force relative to aluminum or copper. It can be inferred that mild steel is likely to incur least cost compared with the other two work pieces.
Figure 2a-c show comparative illustration of the variations in cutting force with speed of cutting in different lubricating media for the three turned work pieces. Each curve of the graphs represents the response from each of the individual tested bio oils. A preliminary comparative analysis of the three work pieces revealed that all the four bio oils lead to decreases in cutting force as cutting speed increases in aluminum and copper but the opposite is the case in mild steel. Although, the reduction did not follow a general trend, the effect was most noticeable in Figure 2a where the least cutting force was achieved at around 105N at cutting speed of 14.38m/min using shea butter as metal working fluid. The trend of decrease in cutting force with increase in cutting speed should be expected because as cutting speed increases, machining becomes adiabatic and the heat generated in the shear zone can not be conducted away during the very short time in which the metal passes through this zone. The transient temperature rise softens the material aiding grain boundary dislocation and as such reducing cutting force as can be seen from Figures 2a and b. However, in Figure 2a shea butter was the most effective in reducing cutting force as speed increases while in Figure 2b, coconut oil was the most effective.
The very sharp sudden increase in cutting force as cutting speed increased between 8.25m/min and 11.25m/min as shown in Figure 2c can be explained in terms of the strain hardening tendency of mild steel. In the case of mild steel, unlike both aluminum and copper, the transient heat generated at the shear zone is not high enough to cause recrystallization of the dislocated grains; hence strain hardening result. The effect of strain hardening is to increase resistance to further plastic deformation which continuous chip removal represent; and as such, further chip removal is possible only at higher cutting force threshold. Beyond 11.25m/min, however, the heat generated is enough to cause recrystallization. This leads to softening of the work piece, therefore cutting subsequently maintain a steady value.
The graphical illustrations of the frictional curves resulting from the four bio oils in the three work pieces studied are presented in Figures 3a-c. Figure 3a revealed a progressive decrease in coefficient of friction as the feed rate is increased up to 1.5mm/rev for aluminum. There is a turning point at 0.15mm/rev, beyond which the coefficient of friction rises again. This is the pattern for three of the four considered bio oils – coconut, palm kernel and shear butter. However, unlike the other three oils, groundnut oil behaviour was completely opposite. That is, increasing in the early feed rate, reach a peak and then decreases at feed rate beyond 0.15mm/rev.
The trend during the turning of copper cylindrical work piece is presented in Figure 3b. Through the analysis of the figure, it becomes clear that Figure 3b, did not differ appreciably from Figure 3a except probably for groundnut oil as metal working fluid which display progressive decrease in coefficient of friction as the feed rate increases unlike what was observed in Figure 3a. It is evident from analysis of Figures 3a and b that it seems certain that the performance of the bio oils as metal working fluid is material dependent. For instance, when aluminium was being turned, coconut oil has the least value of coefficient of friction at feed rate of 0.15mm/rev. However, when copper was being turned, coconut oil now has the highest coefficient of friction. This implies that while coconut oil is the best when turning aluminum, it is probably the worst when copper is being turned. In this instance, palm kernel is the best.
The situation that results when mild steel was turned is presented in Figure 3c. The figure revaled that groundnut and palm kernel oil are not desirable as metal working fluid when mild steel is being turned. These two fluids both had initial increase in coefficient of friction and later reduction beyond 0.15mm/rev feed rate. The reductions afterward were not compelling enough to recommend their use, coconut and shear butter had a better coefficient of friction but shear butter had the least irrespective of the feed rate. The figure revealed that when mild steel is being turned, shear butter is metal working fluid of choice. Figure 3c confirms the observation in Figures 3a and b that the performance of the bio oils is material dependent.
The higher the coefficient of friction, the higher the amount of energy required to initiate plastic deformation and shearing of the material. This therefore increases the cost of machining as machining force is increased. The requirement for machining therefore is to adopt metal working fluid that guarantee low-coefficient of friction. The coefficient of friction against cutting speed for the three work pieces in the four bio fluids are presented in Figures 4a-c. It is seen from the figures that the behaviour of the coefficient of friction versus cutting speed curves did not follow a particular pattern in all the working fluid investigated for all the work pieces. For instance, in Figure 4a, during the turning of aluminum, the behaviour of the four bio-oils did not reflect a predictable pattern. Apart from shear butter oil which had a coefficient of friction of around 0.28, the other three bio-oils coefficient of friction are sufficiently above 0.3. Though, groundnut oil and coconut oil tend to have a lower coefficient as cutting speed increases beyond 8.25m/min. Figure 4a revealed that palm kernel oil has the highest coefficient of friction among the four bio-oils irrespective of the cutting speed. The implication of this is that chips removal will require high cutting force thereby increasing the cost of machining. Therefore, when aluminum is being turned shea butter is not preferable rather palm kernel oil is.
The coefficient of friction against cutting speed when copper was turned is presented in Figure 4b. The Figure revealed that the coefficient of friction reduces as cutting speed increases when shear butter is used as metal working fluid. Though groundnut and palm kernel oils show initial decrease in coefficient of friction as cutting speed increases, the coefficient however increases sharply at cutting speed above 11.25m/min. Coconut oil was steady at 0.24 at cutting speed between 6.13m/min and 8.25m/min, beyond which it equally rises sharply before decreasing at cutting speed of 11.25m/min.
Figure 4c is the curve produced when mild steel was turned. From the graph, it is evident that shear butter had the least coefficient of friction of the four biological oils used. Coconut and groundnut oils were particularly poor recording a very high coefficient of friction greater than 0.40. The coefficient of friction recorded when mild steel was turned was the highest in all the three work pieces irrespective of the biological oils used. This is apparently due to the strain hardening tendency of the mild steel as explained. The strain hardening increase resistance to deformation and hence increases the coefficient of friction which translates to higher cutting force and ultimately higher machining cost. However, there is a phenomenom associated with turning operation known as built-up-edge (BUE), particularly in ferrous materials, which represents the attachment of portion of the chip to the tool face. It is reported [17] that the phenomenom becomes relevant at cutting speed < 18m/min and progressively decreases afterwards and disappears at cutting speed >72m/min. The BUE effect is maximum at cutting speed of 18m/min. The effect of the presence of BUE is to produce unusual high friction stress and at the same time probably increase the rake angle. The unexpected increase in friction stress due to the presence of BUE effect increases the inertia to continuous chip formation and removal, hence higher cutting force. In the present investigation, the cutting speed range was between 6.25 and 13.75m/min; a range within the 18m/min cutting speed in which the BUE effect is relevant. Thus, it might be possibly explained that the increase observed in cutting force as cutting speed increases during mild steel turning in the current investigation is essentially due to the built-up edge (BUE) effect though the contributory influence of strain hardening could not be ruled out.
The highly lubricating properties of vegetable oils are made possible by the fundamental composition of the vegetable oil molecules as well as the chemical structure of oil itself. Lubricity of vegetable oils arises from the intrinsic oiliness of its constituents; and its properties are the direct result of the vegetable oil's smart molecules. These molecules are long, heavy and dipolar in nature. The polar heads of the molecules have great chemical affinity for metal surfaces and attach themselves to the metal like magnets [9]. The result is a dense, homogenous alignment of vegetable oil molecules, perpendicular along the metal surface that creates a thick, strong and durable film layer of labricant. This strong lubricating film gives the bio-oils a greater capacity to absorb pressure. The higher the molecular weight and flash point of the bio-oils the greater the lubricity. This apparently explains why groundnut oil presents itself as the best metal working fluid at varying depth of cut and constant speed in this study.
The use of biological oils as metal cutting fluids in reducing cutting force and improve product quality at different feed rates and cutting speeds during cylindrical turning operation has been investigated. The study revealed that bio-oils are good materials as metal cutting fluids during machining and that their relative effects in improving product quality and reducing cutting force is material dependent. Groundnut oil exhibited the highest reduction in cutting force/coefficient of friction irrespective of the feed rates at cutting speed of 8.25m/min when aluminum was being turned. Palm kernel oil had the best result when copper was turned at feeds lower than 0.17mm/rev. However, coconut oil recorded the highest cutting force in all the three materials machined followed by palm kernel and as such are very weak in reducing cutting force and improving product quality. It is concluded that groundnut oil and shear butter are effective in reducing cutting force during cylindrical machining due to enhanced lubricating ability of the oils on account of their high molecular weights.
6 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors manifest their gratefulness to the technical staff of the Machining Unit, Central Workshop, Faculty of Engineering, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria for their material support and assistance in carrying out the turning operations of the current research work.
[1] IOWA WASTE REDUCTION CENTRE. Cutting fluid management manual: a practical pollution prevention guide, 3 ed., University of Northern Iowa, pp 1-61, 2003.
[2] KALPAKJIAN, S., SCHMID, S.R., Manufacturing engineering and technology, 4 ed., New Jersey, Prentice Hall, 2001.
[3] DINIZ, A.E., MICARONI, D.R., "Cutting conditions for finish turning process aiming the use of dry cutting", International Journal of Machine Tools Manufacture, v. 42, n. 8, pp. 889-904, 2002.
[4] DE CHIFFRE, L., "Function of cutting fluid in machining", Lubrication Engineering, v. 44, n. 6. pp. 514-518, 1988.
[5] BYERS, P., Metal working fluid, 3 ed. New York, Marcee Dekker Inc., 1994.
[6] SREEJITH, P.S., NGOI, B.K.A., "Dry machining: machining of the future", Journal of Materials Processing Technology, v. 101, n.1, pp 287-291, April 2000.
[7] KUMAR, N.S., RAO, R.P.V., "Experimental investigation to study the effect of solid lubricants on cutting forces and surface quality in end milling", International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, v. 46, n. 2, pp. 189-198, 2006.
[8] GOPAL, A.V., RAO, P.V., "Performance improvement of grinding SiC using graphite", Materials and Manufacturing Process, v. 19, n. 2, pp. 177-186, 2004.
[9] SHAJI, S., RADHAKRISHMAN, V., "An investigation on solid lubricant moulded grinding wheels", International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, v. 43, n.9, pp 965-972, July 2003.
[10] KRAHENBUHL, U., Cutting fluid: vegetable oil based coolants improve cutting performance, Tooling and Production, Blaser Swisslube Inc. Ohio, 2007.
[11] CLAYTON, B., Vegetable-Based Cutting Fluid. http://www.enjin.umich.edu/alumnite. Accessed in July 2007.
[12] ONONIWU, C.U., Effect of lubricants (local oils) on cutting forces during cylindrical turning, B.Sc. Thesis, University of Lagos, Lagos, 2005.
[13] SKERLOS, S., HAYES, K., Vegetable Based Cutting Fluid. A New Dimension in Research. http://www.engn.umich.edu/ alumni/engineer/03FW/research/holography/index.html. Accessed in July 2007.
[14] SALLES, J.L.C., GONÇALVES, M.T.T., "Effects of machining parameters on surface quality of the ultra high molecular weight polyethylene", revista Matéria, v. 8, n. 1, pp 1-10, 2003.
[15] BHATTACHARYA, A., Metal cutting theory and practice, 2 ed. Calcutta, Central Book Publishers, 1984.
[16] MACHINE SHOP 3, Cutting speed and rpm calculations, www.its.fvtc.edu/MachShop3/SpeedCalc/SpeedRPM.htm, Accessed in November, 2008.
[17] SHAW, M.C., Metal cutting principles, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1984.
Data de envio: 22/11/2007 Data de aceite: 21/06/2008
© 2008 Revista Matéria
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STC presents Miller classic
Robyn Nevin and John Howard. Photo; James Green
John Howard, Robyn Nevin, Chris Ryan, Eryn Jean Norvill and Josh McConville are amongst the cast for Sydney Theatre Company's All My Sons by Arthur Miller. STC Resident Director Kip Williams is at the helm following the success of The Golden Age in January and Miss Julie, currently at Melbourne Theatre Company.
In an era of burgeoning optimism following the end of World War II, manufacturer Joe Keller (Howard) believes success and wealth are available to anyone with entrepreneurial spirit. His wife Kate (Nevin) has her own delusions, refusing to give up hope that their son Larry, missing in action for three and a half years, will one day turn up alive.
When their surviving son Chris (Ryan) reveals he is in love with his brother's fiancée Ann (Norvill), the controversial romance threatens to throw a dark secret to the surface. The arrival of Ann's justice-craving brother George (McConville), only ratchets up the almost unbearable tension in the Keller home, in this classic tale of the shattering of the American dream.
John Howard, who throughout much of the 1980s and '90s was an almost permanent presence on Sydney Theatre Company stages, makes a welcome return to the Company for the first time since 2000. Former Artistic Director Robyn Nevin and Eryn Jean Norvill were both seen at STC in last year's King Lear as well as earlier teaming up for Suddenly Last Summer, for which director Kip Williams received the Helpmann Award for Best Director
Cast: Toby Challenor, Anita Hegh, John Howard, Bert LaBonte, John Leary, Josh McConville, Robyn Nevin, Eryn Jean Norvill, Jack Ruwald, Chris Ryan, Contessa Treffone
Director: Kip Williams
4 June – 9 July. Opening Night: Thursday 9 June at 7.30 pm
Roslyn Packer Theatre, 22 Hickson Road, Walsh Bay
Box Office: 02 9250 1777. www.sydneytheatre.com.au
Transaction fees may apply.
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Community Ownership
Welcome to the Arrochar Community Hydro Society website.
Arrochar is a community benefit society and owns and operates a 130kW hydro scheme.
The hydro scheme is located in Arrochar, on Luss Estates' land, in Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park. With the support of Energy4All the funds required to build the scheme were raised through a community share offer, which was open to local residents and the wider renewable energy community. The build cost of £660K was raised in just two weeks during the Summer of 2017. Thank you to everyone for their tremendous support.
Our scheme was officially opened on 18th May 2018 by Sir Malcolm Colquhoun, Chairman of Luss Estates Company and attended by Paul Wheelhouse MSP, Minister for Business, Innovation and Energy.
Arrochar Community Hydro Scheme surpasses 600 MWh milestone on 21st November 2019.
ENERGY4ALL
Below are links to some of the other Co-ops in the Energy4All family:
Admin Address
Trinity Enterprise Centre
Furness Business Park
LA14 2PN
Three Villages Community Hall
Argyll & Bute
G83 7AB
FCA Registration Number: 7145
Copyright © 2020 Arrochar Hydroelectric Project · website by Northerwood


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The Lord Of The Flies Key Incident Essay
Lord of The Flies "Lord of The Flies" by William Golding is a novel with a key incident. Goldings shows the significance of the key incident through use of characterization, plot, language and exploration of themes of innate. Savagery, civility, fear, violence and murder. The novel features a group of boys who are marooned on a tropical island. The main characters are Ralph, Jack and Piggy. Initially, the characters get on and create a civilsed society. However, the antagonist (Jack) undergoes a dramatic transformation when he acquires a mask made of clay. This mutates him, in that he loses all essences of his moral fiber. This is the important key incident as the mask influences his behavior as he instantly becomes a murder. The mask plunges the island into darkness and brings the character innate savagery. The key incident is when Jack puts on the mask for the…show more content…
That's gone…The chief and Roger, they hate you, Ralph. They're going to do you. They're going to hunt you tomorrow… They've sharpened a stick at both ends." Golding's use of word choice in "never mind what's sense" underlines the fact that "sense" doesn't exist anymore and savagery has taken over. Civility has taken over taken over the island with the arrival of the mask. The word choice of "going to do you" fore shadows that the mask has made Jack irrational has taken his morals away. The writer's use of word choice "hunt" echoes the fact he's making Ralph sound like he's an animal and they need food. The mask deprives any civility with in him. The word choice "sharpened a stick at both ends" mirrors the fact that he sees Jack as an animal, rather than a human with morals. The mask takes theses morals away from Jack. He is selfish and only cares about himself. The writer's use of word choice of "hunting: alarms the reader as, he is acting like a human is an animal and he wants to consume Ralph. This is truly
Lord Of The Flies Every obstacle in life makes you stronger even if at the time you think you're going through hell and don't know how you're going to get out. In the novel Lord Of The Flies by William Golding the author uses many ways in each different situation to develop the theme of the novel. Every story has situations that are shocking to the reader, and this book was great at letting the reader know what's going on before the character. Character development was very big in this book as each boy changed towards the end.
Examples Of Savagery In Lord Of The Flies
As Jack's moral character deteriorates, it brings his savagery to the surface, allowing the remnants of civilization to be forgotten. In the beginning of the novel, a group of young boys find themselves alone, without any adults, on an island after
Lord Of The Flies Manipulation Analysis
Being on the island everyone is contsantly faced with the fear of the unknown the younger boys need someone to protect them from the fears on the island. Although nothing manages to scare the boys as much as the beastie does. When a little boy with a mullberry birthmark informs everyone that he has seen a beastie. The older boys emitiatly belive its his imagination but even later in the novel the boys start to question the exsitance of the beast. After the killing of simion, jack is belives ut was simon disguised as the beast, and that the beast is not dead.
Manipulation In Lord Of The Flies
The want for power strengthens and his hunger increases, but what he was unaware of was the fact that he was destroying his own mind. He was brainwashed by his surroundings to think that in that situation, it was acceptable. Jack's evilness has officially broken everyone's norms on the island. These young boys have been exposed to the wild and this has destroyed the minds' of these kids and has turned the kids into
Conch Symbolism
" (9.89-99). The chant Jack 's tribe say is brutal and not typically thought of a child to say, thus showing how much an effect of not having civilized characteristics can do to a human. Jack's tribe end up killing Simon which shows how the boys have gone completely savage, simply killing for the thrill and wanting to have the accomplishment of killing a living being. Simon represents people's kindness and cooperativeness, so for the boys to kill Simon makes Jack's tribe no longer have a connection towards others or themselves as well. When Jack was making a mask, "He looked in astonishment, no longer at himself but at an awesome stranger.
Jack Lord Of The Flies Character Analysis Essay
There's others besides him on this island. But now we really got a beast, though I can't hardly believe it, we'll need to stay close to the platform; there'll be less need of him and his hunting. So now we can really decide on what's what" (128). The author describes Ralph through his opinions on other people. Moreover, his reactions when another has an opinion to overrule his is anger.
Lord Of The Flies Mask Analysis
Masks usually symbolize secrecy or pretenses. However, in Lord of the Flies, it both reveals and conceals the nature of the characters, particularly Jack. The mask provides a favorable edge to Jack's role as a hunter but at the same time, his hold on civilization is weakening. The mask conceals Jack's past identity as 'Jack the Choir Boy' and assumes the identity of 'Jack the Hunter'.
A Crumbling Society In Lord Of The Flies
A Crumbling Society The novel Lord of the Flies written by William Golding tells the story of a group of boys abandoned on an island to fend for themselves. In the novel, a group of young English boys trying to escape war get stranded on an island after a plane crash. Initially there is order, but as time progresses things begin to fall apart and the island is reverted to a much more primitive state. This movement away from a normal, civil society over time shows what the disconnect from the larger civilized world can do to people, especially young children who have never been on their own before.
Human Nature And Evil In William Golding's Lord Of The Flies
"They hate you, Ralph. They're going to do you. They're going to hunt you tomorrow." (Golding, 170). After all the chaos from previous chapters of the novel, Ralph realizes that he's completely isolated and lonely.
Beastie Quotes
This mask represents the multi-identity of Jack, one side being a fierce, hunter hiding behind the mask, and the other being a scared, young boy. The mask depicts Jack ready for a hunt on one half and a fearful, mentally
Roger Lord Of The Flies Character Analysis
In the midst of the 1950 's, the Cold War begins. While in that period, William Golding creates Lord of the Flies published in 1954. This is a novel about young school boys crash landing on an island. The boys on the island let the fear of something inside of them be in control. In the story, there are lots of events that take place and characters that take part.
Object In Lord Of The Flies
It begins with Jack and Ralph furiously fighting and yelling at each other. Jack, an hunter, commands that Ralph leave his camp. But Ralph, the chief, demands that Jack gives Piggy his glasses back. This leads to Jack attacking Ralph. While Ralph and Jack are fighting, Roger throws a massive rock down the mountainside.
How Does Golding Present The Conch In Lord Of The Flies
William Golding's Lord of the Flies is an influential novel which reveals the darkness of mankind and evil inside of all humans. Lord of the Flies is set in the early 20th century, during a time when Europe is under attack and surrounded by war. For this reason, a plane carrying a group of British schoolboys is flown away from the chaos in hopes of bringing the boys to safety. Suddenly, the airliner is mistaken for a military aircraft and taken down. After all of the pandemonium the boys soon realize that they are the only survivors.
Good And Evil In William Golding's Lord Of The Flies
In William Golding's, Lord of the Flies, it depicts the treacherous qualities of a man and the relation to the era of Golding's time, Word War Two. The story proceeds to show the power of the human mind causing destruction on the island. Lord of the Flies is based on a group of young boys trying to place law and order on an island, in order for survival to occur. These young boys eventually turn into savages causing a tremendous amount of bloodshed. Golding wrote this book about a decade after World War Two.
Summary Of Lord Of The Flies Chapter 4
William Golding's allegorical novel "Lord of the Flies" is a castaway novel. Castaway novel became very popular after the Age of Discovery. Most of them is about young men-always Europeans, meet some kinds of accidents, often shipwreck. Finally, they overcome the challenges and come back home. This kind of novel encouraged people to explore the world. And it also gives an impression that white Christian men with "advanced" western culture could conquer the nature, both the wild nature and the human nature.
More about The Lord Of The Flies Key Incident Essay


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Revealed: Health tourists cost the NHS £150m in unpaid bills as doctors say asking for payment is 'racist' and hospital chases Nigerian mother for £500,000 over birth of her quadruplets three years ago
Gareth Icke
'Overseas patients have left the NHS with more than £150million in unpaid bills for treatment, a Daily Mail investigation reveals.
The cash could pay for 6,000 nurses, 22,000 heart bypasses or nearly 5,500 junior doctors.
Two hospitals in London are owed £28million each, including almost £500,000 from one patient alone.
The revelation comes amid a new-found reluctance among frontline staff to chase payments, with doctors' leaders saying their obligation to charge overseas patients is 'racist' and deters vulnerable groups from seeking help.
But Tory MP Philip Davies said: 'It is the National Health Service, not an international health service and it is essential these charges are made for overseas visitors.'
Freedom of information requests by the Mail found King's College Hospital in south London is owed £28.3million from foreign patients for treatment in the last few years. In east London, Barts Health Trust is chasing £27.8million of unpaid bills, including £467,000 from one patient, whose nationality or identity was not disclosed when questions were asked.
Although London hospitals have the highest debts, 23 NHS organisations across England are owed at least £1million from foreign patients.
In total, responses from 91 hospital trusts show they are owed £149.5million. But the true cost may be many millions more, with around a third of trusts – another 60 – failing to provide details.
In addition, the figures only account for those patients flagged up as an 'overseas visitor' who were charged for their care.
Many others may have had free treatment as staff presumed they were UK residents, or chose to turn a blind eye as part of a new drive from within the service.'
Read more: Revealed: Health tourists cost the NHS £150m in unpaid bills as doctors say asking for payment is 'racist' and hospital chases Nigerian mother for £500,000 over birth of her quadruplets three years ago
9 hours from now
NHS patients on mixed-sex mental health wards 'have been sexually abused more than 1,000 times' in the last three years, shock figures reveal
Mother saves one-year-old daughter from sepsis death by storming into GP surgery and demanding she is seen after waiting 'EIGHT HOURS' for call back
NHS hospital in Derby 'becomes the UK's first' to use disposable hijabs for Muslim doctors in surgery to reduce the risk of infection from headscarves
Media linking NHS leak to Russia is absurd, but using the Atlantic Council & Ben Nimmo as the source is journalistic malpractice
NHS chiefs attempt to blacklist homeopathy amid anti-vax fears


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Q: Stop IE from redirecting before downloading a file I am having a problem only with IE (tested in 8) and downloading, when i click the link it takes me to the server that the file is on before downloading it. The correct behavior should be that the file download option pops up and the page is not redirected.
I am using a Kohana $this->request->redirect($file) to do the download.
Any ideas on why this would happen?
developing on localhost

A: You should use Response::send_file() for what you're trying to do.
$this->response->send_file('path/to/file.ext');

You can also use the current response object for this:
$this->response->send_file(TRUE,'download_file_name.ext');

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Serrapeptase may help to support and maintain muscle and joint health and promote normal inflammatory processes within the body.
A proteolytic enzyme, Serrapeptase has been used to help treat back pain, carpel tunnel syndrome, and different forms of headache. It can also assist the body's protein breakdown process, which may reduce inflammation and mucous.
Select a Serrapeptase product from our range to find out more.
Our Serrapeptase products include Enerex Serrapeptase 120,000SU, Nature's Aid Serrapeptase, Doctor's Best High Potency Serrapeptase 120,000 SPUs and HealthAid Serrapeptase 60,000iu.


text:
// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.

namespace Cake.Common.Solution.Project.XmlDoc
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Parsed Xml documentation example code.
    /// </summary>
    public sealed class XmlDocExampleCode
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Gets Example code parent name.
        /// </summary>
        public string Name { get; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets Example code.
        /// </summary>
        public string Code { get; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="XmlDocExampleCode"/> class.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="name">The name of code parent.</param>
        /// <param name="code">The example code.</param>
        public XmlDocExampleCode(string name, string code)
        {
            Name = name;
            Code = code;
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


We all have chores to do, and sometimes we feel inclined to work on your pet projects instead.
Try not to think of chores as chores, but as imperative freedom-fighting YOU have to do in order to liberate time.
All the time that you liberate you can spend on writing poetry, nursing your family, doing R & D work or taking a nap.


These are great little treats to make with the kids. Make these with the White Chocolate Tim Tam Balls and everyone's going to be happy!!!! Make a batch of White Chocolate Tim Tam Balls to go with these and you've got some delicious sweet treats for family and friends.
Grab a couple of plastic flat containers or trays to store them in.
8. Grab some of the mixture out and roll it into a ball using your hands. Drop the balls into the coconut mixture and roll around to coat. DO NOT LICK YOUR FINGERS!!!!
10. These balls will take around an hour in the fridge to be ready to eat.
You can store these balls in an airtight container in the fridge for a couple of weeks.


Two-thirds of stepparents also have biological children of their own. Balancing parental responsibilities, spousal commitments, and stepparent roles can be challenging—and guilt producing. Many stepdads will feel torn this Father's Day because they believe that their dad and step father roles are out of balance. You may not be a paid minister, but if you are a parent, you are called upon to minister to all of the children under your banner of provision so finding balance is vital. Here are some suggestions you can implement in particular as it relates to your children.
Simply stated, your children need your continued presence in their lives. You cannot afford to be a vanishing father. Even if circumstances or distant living arrangements make your engagement infrequent or difficult, never stop pursuing your kids. Your kids are better off with an engaged, active father. And so is your stepfamily.
Strike a balance in your roles. Think about it. How can your children celebrate your role as a stepfather if it means losing you to their stepsiblings? Watching you abandon ship only to invest in your stepchildren would cause them to think of their stepsiblings and stepmother as the enemy. This competitive environment would certainly sabotage household harmony and cause many conflicts. What is needed is balance between the roles of father and stepdad, not an over-investment in either.
No, you probably won't be able to give equal time to each, but you can strive to be fully present with whomever you are with. Use modern technology (e.g., email and texting) to keep in touch even when you can't be physically present, and seek to play all the roles a father plays, even when at a distance. For example, some dads are tempted not to engage in stern talk or boundary setting with their kids when they don't get to see them much. But your children still need to know you approve of wise choices and disapprove of poor ones. Don't ditch your disciplinarian role just because time is limited.
Also, resist playing favorites with your kids. One stepdad, Gil, shared, "When with my stepchildren my attention easily switched to my kids. It's natural to do this, but I had to be intentional—I had to pace myself and balance my attention." Putting specific effort to being "in the moment" is worth the energy it demands.
Striking a balance also means managing your guilt when circumstances give you more time with your stepchildren than with your biological children. Some men try to solve their internal guilt by remaining distant or critical of their stepchildren. But this won't improve your relationship—or your conscience—with your biological children. If you find yourself struggling with this dilemma, try to think of relationships with your children and stepchildren independent of each other and give yourself permission to fully engage in each as you are able. You have enough love to go around.
Stay predictable in your availability and activities. Of course, some change before and after marriage is inevitable. But as much as it is within your power, remain consistent in your visitation schedule, phone calls, and pattern of involvement. Doing so builds bridges of trust and encourages your children to be open with you. They need to know that you still care to hear about their daily lives, their thoughts, concerns, and feelings.
Compartmentalize special time. From time to time, make opportunities for exclusive time with each of your children. Take your daughter to lunch or your son to a baseball game. Planning special time with individual children happens regularly in biological families and no one thinks anything of it (when balanced between all the children over time). But for some reason, some people get paranoid about doing so in stepfamilies. Your wife might object to you taking your daughter to a special concert without taking all of her children as well or your ex-wife might accuse you of favoritism for not including all the kids in an activity. But special time helps to feed a child's heart, and as long as everyone gets included over time, it doesn't have to add up to favoritism. Find a balance; have entire family activities where everyone is included and individual special events meant to communicate ongoing dedication to your children.
Don't buy the lie. Don't ever be fooled into believing that cutting yourself out of your child's life is to their advantage. Nothing could be further from the truth. "It just seems that my kids lives would be less complicated if they didn't have to travel to see me every month," Dan explained to me. "Aren't I making life easier for them by letting them stay at their mom's house?" It is true that visitation causes inconveniences for children (and adults), but the blessings far outweigh the difficulties. Don't buy the lie.
Adapted from The Smart Stepdad by Ron L. Deal, 2011, Bethany House Publishers, a division of Baker Publishing Group. Used with permission.


In the event the bill is delivered before payment is Made, it is also likely to function as a reminder that the payment will need to be made at another date. Overall the bill has to be designed in such a way that even after placing all of the particulars of the trade, it seems sophisticated. On the flip side, if you are a client, the bill you get is your invoice, and you'll get a receipt after you pay your invoice. Since you're conversant with invoice, a Proforma Invoice can be a new. A proforma invoice seems very much like an invoice, except it's going to clearly state that it's a proforma invoice. Once a proforma invoice is sent to the potential customer, that person can then make a decision should they would like to go through with the trade depending upon the information they see, or they can return with a discussion to switch the reach of work, or even request a different price, and the dialogue continues from there. Journal proforma statement is just another superb alternative for you whether you're in the search of the ideal invoice template on the internet.
Basically an invoice comprises some Info Linked to the services provided by your organization. You will find lots of invoice generating software online that could automatically generate your bill slide. A pro forma bill is introduced in the region of an industrial invoice whenever there isn't any sale involving the sender and the importer (for example, in the instance of an RMA for replacement goods), or in case the specifics of the sale between the seller and the buyer are these a commercial invoice isn't yet available in the right time of the worldwide shipment. The last invoice amount is going to be the exact same or close to the amount on the pro forma bill.
Invoices form a vital role in almost any provider. You May have heard of a proforma invoice, as it is very much like a quotation and an invoice. A proforma statement is a type of sales quote that is normally used to verify the transaction or as an authorized financial quote paper before purchasing the item. Following that, you'll receive a proforma invoice and a bill of landing you are going to want to get the cat from the port that the minute it reaches.
Invoices are not the same as receipts. Both Invoices have various functions and functions to carry out. Preparing an invoice may be one of the daunting tasks since there are loads of questions that come up in anybody's mind when creating a statement. On the flip side, an invoice is understood to be the bill for clients, which further turns into reception as soon as they pay their due volume. Although commercial invoices have plenty of details that invoices require, it isn't normally used for repayment in European nations. A commercial invoice is so like a proforma statement, but for the simple truth that a proforma invoice isn't a finalized document. When final industrial bills are being ready before dispatch, it's a fantastic idea to test to your regional U.S. Commercial Service office for any identifying invoicing provisions that might be required from the importing state.
An invoice comes before the payment was made, even Though a receipt comes following the payment was made. Proforma invoices are used to supply documentation for habits to demonstrate the worth of goods that you still will need to deliver. Since most proforma invoices supply the purchaser with a precise sale cost, moreover, it quotes any commissions or fees like related taxes.
There are in fact many diverse forms of invoices Out there, and your company may require ones that are more special. Moreover, it's capable of creating the invoices based on the industry particular requirements with customized billing. Please note that there are a lot of special varieties of invoices, each for various kinds of services, merchandise, and payment agreements made between the seller and his client. Additionally, it is crucial that you have the appropriate invoices to assist your organization operate effectively.
A bill may or May Not include any of the Aforementioned, but a statement usually will. It is a statement in that it has the itemized list of merchandise sold or services provided, together with the sum of money owed for every product, and a total amount owed. It is going to also contain details about the purchase and will clearly outline the entire sum which has to be paidoff. Since the new invoice is an electronic document that has to be performed by transporters for the movement of any sort of products, it can be generated in a very automated manner by means of an assortment of transport computer applications suites. Our totally free bill of sale template was fashioned for the selling of a car or automobile.
You have the capacity to make the invoice yours. Besides the above mentioned, there are more fundamental advantages of deploying an ERP that's a boon to buying house agencies. With that method you will have the opportunity to inspect the vital elements and you will come across an superb comparison of the capacities of every program.
Group invoicing is a guide Type of billing that Lets you charge or schedule invoices for several customers at the exact same moment. No matter how you are utilized to the usual procedures of billing, there's maybe a simpler means of charging your clients and that's through online invoicing. Recurring billing lets you automatically bill clients that have subscribed to a good or service that you provide on a typical basis. Aria's agile billing and sales management technique is completely automated and provides a group of easily adjustable invoicing alternatives to meet your precise business and compliance requirements.
You are able to post invoiced services for that Revenue recognition is not to take place until a particular event occurs to another revenue accounts. If you've got less than five clients, you can use Zoho for free. Whatever business you are doing, if you are dealing with customers then you are charging to your services and products. To acquire the easy access of digitized information and streamline the financial sections, business needs an efficient partner to deal with invoices and purchase order. When it is a first-time program buyer or a business seeking to create the change out of 1 item to a different, Category Leaders provides a thorough collection of the best solutions using a unique, five-factor scoring methodology. Owner's Mindset Many folks say that owning a business is easily the most rewarding and also the toughest endeavor it is possible to undertake. If you're operating a global business and have customers in a range of countries, you will require software that supplies the ability to invoice and receive payments in numerous currencies.
Even though your bill is always part of your account File, you can print a difficult copy of every invoice right from the Appraisal Desktop without opening each report. After you have discovered an invoice which suits your requirements, double-click it to add it into your report and then drag this up to the cap of the list of forms in your report on the right. Invoices in default will probably include but are not limited to penalties for legal and collection expenses. They will be created for the prior month at the beginning of each month. Zoho Invoice is a portion of the wider Zoho suite of online computer software products that contain all of the basic features micro companies need to start, and more advanced tools that grow with your business. Furthermore, there are paperwork that could be delegated immediately. Managing paperwork efficiently is vital in increasing productivity.
Writing proposals is a tedious task to ensure it is Reasonable produce a template and alter the pieces that relate to the revenue opportunity and customer's needs. Many SaaS plans also consist of robust support. Additionally, there are programs which are a good deal simpler and focus on just the most significant job of creating invoices.
Some billing applications is quite elaborate and offers A huge selection of tools beyond just invoicing. Ultimately, medical billing software can wind up saving you a substantial sum of money. It helps you catch potential mistakes. In many cases, it will incorporate a means of processing and collecting payments. There's software that allows for recurring charge and subscription administration. You might use the application to put forward an organized and instantaneous approach that could boost your standing with your customers. ERP software brings in the most remarkable idea of task automation, reducing the load of work to a large extent.
Create bills yourself There are surely lots Of excellent desktop publishing computer software options which make making invoices easy and simple. Another decision is to create an in-house solution where you acquire or employ a set of professionals for the maturation of a customized solution based on your needs and wishes. There are several alternatives out there and also the perfect billing applications for each individual firm will ride on their unique needs.
Bill all open files or select the list you would like. The list is often as simple as index cards or a simple spreadsheet with every one of the prospects advice and when they were contacted. The listing of product, however, proceeds on. Whether you opt to employ or only leave your data, we expect staying connected with you. Invoice Details When creating invoices, lots of settings are available which determine the method by which the bill is going to be created. Frequently a very easy phone call or even a concise discussion suffices to take care of the matter available.
Most folks look at composing a resume as just Instead, you have to tailor your resume for each and every job that you employ.
At Google, lots of People Are hired for a Single task but now work in an entirely different section doing something different. You will learn the difficult skills you'll have to do a job, it is the soft abilities and attitude that matters. To begin with, you have got to create an application for your task by sending a replica of your biodata, then in the event the biodata becomes shortlisted, you'll have to confront a series of interviews and tests. There has to be a plan behind everything that you perform at a project searchincluding how you expect other people to consult with you. Everybody can say which he or she excelled in their closing job. Each time you apply to receive a new job, check your resume to ensure that it isn't just targeted, but in addition present.
Third, you should be aware nobody owes you a job. A great deal of hospitality jobs will also require you to be on your feet for extended intervals. Primarily, you might be lucky enough to locate and make an application to get a job posting during your school's career centre or an online job board. To start with, have a very good look at the job posting itself. The candidates who are interested to find the do the jobs in the Chennai region, must employ, by obeying the comprehensive information regarding the vacant posts in the business enterprise.
The third Kind of resume format is known as the Hybrid or combination format. The arrangement will be determined by the job sector along with the job. The format of your resume is equally as crucial as the info that you set in it. Each resume format has a specific purpose and highlights different portions of the candidate's history. The chronological resume format has become the very traditional format. Aside from beginning with your contact info, there's no typical format for a CV.
For every single career seeker who would love to combine Our method of job searching. Also, be mindful not to accidentally add the contact data in the header as applicant tracking systems may not have the ability to read it. By turning to some expert job celebrity of Dubai City Company you're completing a job program to boost your own personal likelihood of getting work. All you need to do is filling out a work application and after that follow education.
Well, regardless of what stage you are on your Career, you're likely to should learn how to create a resume for a job interview and we will describe to you ! Building a career in hospitality means using the appropriate mindset and character, which is exactly why including a private characteristics section can actually demonstrate how you'd be valuable to a certain employer. Additionally, it isn't required to include it if you've got five or more years experience. Make certain you mention skills which may be valuable at the occupation for which you are currently employing. To begin with, it's going to help you decide if you're missing any critical skills that recruiters want.
You do not need all your descriptions to seem the exact same. Then think about prioritizing the information that you provide in each individual description. As soon as you have composed a job description, begin looking for techniques to generate your excuse more succinct. Before you commence adding project descriptions to your resume, you can want to make a list of accomplishments at each of your tasks. You may also want to assess the Housekeeping project description and perfect job qualifications sections so you'll find a clearer idea about how to make your resume stand out more.
If you produce a list (as an example, a listing of Your job achievements), think about using bullet points. Do not forget, every Component of your job hunt ought to be strategic. The exact collection of Personal details you need to provide may ride on your situation and what the Project requires, but the list below will supply you with a guide. Before delving Into what information you need to add, it's important to keep in mind the Info you include will mostly be dependent upon the arrangement you go for. The absolute Most important thing to keep in mind is the info you place up front should Be completely the most important for the CV's purpose. Additionally, it doesn't Your whole career. Private branding website if you've got one.


text:
11 Best Bluetooth Speakers With FM Radio (All Budgets Covered)
March 14, 2022 by Trent 'The Sound Junky' Schug
We know how important it is to have a great set of speakers to pump tunes at your parties, gatherings, and just around the house.
We also know that most listeners prefer to have a mix of their own tunes and exposure to new music from their favorite radio stations.
However, it can get a little overwhelming with the huge variety of speakers on the market, especially if you're not a technology whizz.
If you've been wondering which is the best Bluetooth speaker with FM radio for your needs, look no further!
We've put together this master list for every need and every budget.
Quick List: Top 11 Bluetooth Speakers with FM Radio
Researching the Best Bluetooth Speakers with FM Radio
The Best Bluetooth Speakers with FM Radio in 2022
1. TENMIYA Portable Bluetooth Speaker Review
2. Xeneo X21 Review – Best Under $50
3. Antimi Portable Wireless Speaker Review
4. Sony ZS-BTG900 Review – Best High End
5. TOMPROAD Portable Bluetooth Speaker Review
6. Rerii Handmade Walnut Speaker Review – Best Vintage
7. Pyle PBMSPG198 Boombox Review
8. LEZII 1PX7 Shower Speaker Review – Best Under $25
9. Ranipobo Night Light Bluetooth Speaker Review
10. Avantree SP850 Review
11. Sbode Bluetooth Speaker Review
A Guide to Choosing a Bluetooth Speaker with FM Radio
Where Are You Planning To Use It?
How Important Is The Bass?
What Kind Of Playback Do You Usually Use?
How Important Are Aesthetics?
What's Your Budget?
The Best Bluetooth Speaker with FM Radio for All Budgets
TENMIYA Portable Bluetooth Speaker
Xeneo X21 – Best Under $50
Antimi Portable Wireless Speaker
Sony ZS-BTG900 – Best High End
TOMPROAD Portable Bluetooth Speaker
Rerii Handmade Walnut Speaker – Best Vintage
Pyle PBMSPG198 Boombox
LEZII 1PX7 Shower Speaker – Best Under $25
Ranipobo Night Light Bluetooth Speaker
Avantree SP850
Sbode Bluetooth Speaker
Best Under $50
Best High End
Best Vintage
Xeneo X21 Portable Outdoor Wireless Bluetooth Speaker Waterproof with FM Radio , Micro SD Card Slot...
Sony ZS-BTG900 Portable NFC Bluetooth Wireless Boombox Speaker System
Rerii Bluetooth Speaker, Handmade Walnut Wood Retro Small Bluetooth Radio FM AM, Portable Wireless...
LEZII Shower Bluetooth Speaker, IPX7 Waterproof Portable Speakers with Loud HD Sound, Mini Wireless...
We wanted to make sure that we found the best Bluetooth speaker that has FM radio for every budget and individual need. While not everyone has hundreds of dollars to blow on a new speaker, we also know that cheap and nasty units that will break within a month are also out of the equation.
If portable cd players are more your thing, we recommend you check out our great post on those.
We know that sound quality and bass are two of the most important things in a speaker system. Therefore, we ignored any speakers with poor sound quality or tinny bass and went straight for the units that deliver serious sound to get the party started.
We looked for speakers that are durable and will last, have great Bluetooth connectivity, and the option to tune into any of your favorite FM radio stations. Many people like to upload other music directly from their AUX or SD card, so we made sure to take that into consideration as well.
Not everyone is looking for a Bluetooth speaker with FM radio for the same reason, and we know while some of you guys are looking to impress at parties, others just want a system they can sing along to in the shower.
We're confident this list has an option for everyone, so let's get started!
Portable Bluetooth Speakers with FM Radio Subwoofer Remote Control AUX USB, Clear Audio Rich Bass...
♫【 Wood Speaker 】-【Multi-function】 ▪A200 Portable Bluetooth Speaker Support Bluetooth connection, Support TF Card music playback, Support FM radio, Support AUX input, Support U-disk music...
The TENMIYA is bringing back retro style with incredible, modern stereo sound. It's also equipped for every kind of music medium: Bluetooth, radio, USB, and SD.
✔ What we like: Great stereo sound with a cool retro design.
❌ What we don't like: Loud voice command function can get annoying.
High quality stereo sound
Portable remote control
Sensitive bass
We love this speaker for its true stereo sound, which is hard to find in speakers for less than $50. It has 10W powerful speakers, with the inclusion of a subwoofer, two tweeters, and a rear heavy bass guide tube. This combination, together with its back to back driver design, creates a loud, resonating sound that isn't shy on the bass.
Speaking of the bass, it's extremely sensitive in the TENMIYA, which could be a good or a bad thing depending on your taste. Moving the speaker to different rooms or locations changes the sound quality, which makes a highly customizable sound.
This speaker can be used with any sort of music medium, with Bluetooth wireless capability, built-in FM radio, and slots for USB or SD cards. The FM radio is wide-reaching and user-friendly, automatically scanning for local radio stations and saving them to the device.
We appreciate the inclusion of a remote control, which means you can easily change the music without moving from your seat or having to touch your phone. However, some users are a little irritated by the voice control that announces every function. If you're not personally annoyed by spoken commands like "radio on", there's nothing to worry about.
If you're looking for an affordable, multi-function speaker with true stereo sound and remote capabilities, you can't go past the TENMIYA model.
Stunning Audio With Rich Bass: With 15W power drivers and Digital Signal Processor, X21 Portable Wireless Speaker pumps out rich bass, astonishing stereo and enhances clarity of mids and highs without...
$49.99 −$10.00 $39.99
If you're looking for a budget portable speaker that performs outdoors, the X21 is specially designed to withstand the elements.
✔ What we like: Hardy speaker resistant to damage, perfect for outdoor use.
❌ What we don't like: Picks up limited number of FM radio stations.
Shockproof
Long distance Bluetooth connection
The X21 is designed with outdoor use in mind. We love the IP6X technology that results in a waterproof, shockproof, and even dust-proof speaker system. Paired with its light, portable nature and durable traveling case, this speaker is ideal for use on the trails, while camping, or even in the construction yard. The Bluetooth range of up to 100 feet doesn't hurt either, allowing simple control from a distance.
Its speaker system is manufactured to produce loud, clear sound outside where other noises often interfere. The speaker is powerful at 15W and includes impressive power drivers and a digital signal processor that produce a deep bass, clear mids and highs, and minimal distortion.
This is coupled with its cylindrical shape and aluminum passive radiator that effectively project stereo sound.
The main weakness of the X21 is its FM radio capabilities. While it does automatically scan for and save stations, we noticed that it is limited and usually just locates a few of the main ones. If you're a mainstream radio listener, this won't be a concern, but aficionados of obscure channels might want to look elsewhere.
The X21 is a speaker with impressive sound capabilities, but where it truly shines is its durability and suitability for outdoor use, for less than $50.
If you're an outdoor worker, extreme sport enthusiast, or just looking to throw a few forest parties, the X21 is the top choice.
Antimi Bluetooth/FM Radio/MP3 Player Portable Wireless Speaker (Black)
High-Quality,Crystal Clear and Distortion-Free Sound*: 360° stereo sound and Less than 1% total harmonic distortion ensures enhanced clarity and fidelity. For such a small compact size,the portable...
Antimi delivers long battery life and advanced FM radio capabilities with this pint-sized, budget option that is ideal for the technologically challenged.
✔ What we like: Long battery life and advanced FM radio technology.
❌ What we don't like: Average sound quality.
Up to 12 hours playback time
FM signal amplifier
Sleek, simple design
Antimi's speaker definitely delivers on the durability front. The battery lasts anywhere from 8 to 12 hours, on just a 3-hour charge. It can also be charged from a USB port, making it a reliable speaker that won't just cut out in the middle of the day.
It is also optimized for the radio enthusiast, with a built-in FM signal amplifier that picks up more stations than the average. You can also search directly for stations and save your favorites into the speaker for easy listening.
The LED screen displays both the battery life and the radio station frequency, making it simple to find your perfect station and listen for hours on end.
The speaker can also be used with Bluetooth, an AUX cord, or SD card, with an easy transition between modes with just the push of a button. The speakers themselves boast 3W of power, enhanced bass, and minimal distortion. Due to the lower power capabilities, the speakers are best used indoors where external noise doesn't interfere.
The Antimi model doesn't have the greatest sound quality on the market, with a limited stereo effect that can lead to isolated mids, highs, and lows. However, for the price range it is more than adequate and is a simple, reliable speaker.
For listeners who struggle with more complex technology, the Antimi is a godsend with its simple interface, durability, and advanced FM radio functionality.
20 Watts of booming, portable, 2.1 channel sound, Bluetooth audio streaming capability, One-touch Bluetooth pairing with NFC
A serious investment for those who are passionate about high-quality listening, the Sony ZS-BTG900 delivers superior sound.
✔ What we like: Big sound, big battery life, and big bass.
❌ What we don't like: Woofer causes rattling at the highest volumes.
High-powered speakers
Extremely long battery life
Power Drive Woofer
Preset equalizer
The big daddy of Bluetooth speakers with FM radio is the highly professional ZS-BTG900 by Sony. It is designed to be seriously loud, with 20W speakers and 2.1 channel sound, creating a sound that is clear, defined, and powerful.
As a boombox, it is also bass-heavy, with a Power Drive Woofer that can be supplemented with a bass booster for a truly deep bass sound. However, it doesn't overwhelm the other audio, so mids and highs can still be clearly heard over the thumping bassline. The bass has built in pulsating red lights that really get the party started and look truly impressive in a dark room.
One of the most impressive features of this stereo is its long battery life. Although it can be plugged in, on its recommended batteries it can last up to 26 hours of continuous playback. We're pretty sure your parties will stop before this stereo does!
The ZS-BTG900 is designed to be user-friendly, including a remote control and easy Bluetooth connection with one-touch NFC technology. It also includes a preset equalizer, which allows you to customize sound according to your preferences.
Its radio capabilities are impressive as well, picking up AM/FM signals and including the ability to save up to 30 channels for easy listening.
The only consideration with this speaker is that it can make rattling noises at maximum volume, due to the power of the bass. However, that's a small price to pay for the immense sound that it produces.
For anyone looking to invest in a powerful, loud, speaker that will stand the test of time, there's no better choice than the ZS-BTG900.
Bluetooth Speaker, Portable Speakers with Subwoofer Wireless Stereo Sound Bass Wooden Outdoor Party...
♫ PROFESSIONAL DESIGN - Our Portable Bluetooth speaker is designed with 10W Big Power speaker configuration with loud stereo sound. Powerful stereo and subwoofer amplify lower bass frequencies;...
This compact boombox by TOMPROAD delivers heavy bass from a small and portable speaker system.
✔ What we like: Subwoofer bass at a competitive price point.
❌ What we don't like: Difficulty of reaching maximum volume.
Intelligent remote-control function
Small and portable
Heavy bass subwoofer
TOMPROAD's boombox may be tiny, but its subwoofer still delivers a seriously heavy bass. The speaker packs 10W of power, with optimized subwoofer design and a unique cavity structure that amplifies the acoustics of the speaker system.
This combination creates a surprisingly loud sound that is perfect for listening inside or outside.
It is also multi-function, with Bluetooth, FM radio, TF card, U-disk, and AUX capabilities. The Bluetooth connection is strong up to 33 feet away from the speaker, allowing stress-free movement during parties or gatherings.
The speaker also comes equipped with an intelligent design remote control that makes for simple, hands-off control of the speaker.
Many users reported positive feedback about the FM radio capabilities of the TOMPROAD model. It easily picks up signals from a variety of FM stations and can save up to 50 of these for quick access.
There are a couple of things to watch out for with the TOMPOAD boombox. Some users have reported difficulty in achieving the maximum volume of the speaker, as you need to max it out on the remote and manually with the volume knob.
This can be a steep learning curve as it isn't mentioned in the instructions, but if you are mindful of this before purchase it won't pose any problems.
Overall, the TOMPOAD is competitively priced for the level of bass and volume that it delivers in a compact, portable speaker.
It's perfect for gatherings and parties of all kinds, both inside and outside.
The retro bluetooth speaker is beautifully finished and crafted by natural walnut wood. And it is handmade. It is warm colored and vintage appearance small radio, which matches seamlessly with the...
This sophisticated, vintage-style unit by Rerii wouldn't look out of place in the 1950's, but its speaker capabilities are more than adequate for modern day listeners.
✔ What we like: Beautiful vintage design with modern capabilities.
❌ What we don't like: Occasional background interference noises.
Handmade vintage design
Reliable AM/FM radio
The Rerii unit is designed to impress, constructed by hand from polished walnut wood in a vintage style that is both whimsical and attractive. It is also roughly the size of the palm of your hand, contributing to the overall delightful aesthetic.
A light-up, old-style radio tuning dial both fits with the aesthetic and is user-friendly. Controls on the front of the unit are designed to blend seamlessly with the design and are simple to operate.
The radio capabilities of this speaker unit are great, with the ability to pick up both AM and FM signals. Reception is clear and audio clean, with the option to use the included USB cable like an antenna to boost the signal. The speaker also has reliable Bluetooth wireless connection, allowing the option to play your own audio.
The sound quality of the Rerii unit is more than adequate and is better suited to indoor use and music that is more of an easy listening style. It delivers clear audio at a volume that can comfortably fill a room.
The speaker unit boasts up to a whopping 15 hours of battery life, and along with its light and portable nature, makes it perfect to take around the house while working, cleaning, or cooking.
However, some users have reported a crackling interference sound in the background when using Bluetooth wireless. This can be avoided by keeping your phone at a distance from the speaker unit, which will keep the playback clean.
If you love vintage aesthetics and prefer radio listening with the occasional addition of your own music, the Rerii unit is the perfect choice.
Portable Bluetooth Boombox Stereo System - 600 W Digital Outdoor Wireless Loud Speaker w/LED Lights,...
WIRELESS BLUETOOTH CONNECTIVITY: This wireless boombox speaker system features built-in 4.0 Bluetooth for wireless music streaming w/ a connectivity range of up to 32' ft. Works w/ any device like...
The Pyle PBMSPG198 is a highly portable mid-range boombox with strong bass and multicolored LEDs, designed with outdoor listening in mind.
✔ What we like: Portable boombox with flashing LEDs to get the party started.
❌ What we don't like: While loud, it doesn't approach the advertised volume.
Bass-optimizing design
Multicolored LED lights
The Pyle unit is definitely not shy about its bass. It boosts a superior subwoofer system with a ported enclosure design that keeps the speaker protected and amplifies bass tones. Coupled with a super loud speaker design and multicolored flashing LEDs, it is the ideal speaker for getting outdoor parties started.
It is designed to be portable, with an extendable handle and wheel system that make it easy to transport anywhere. This is coupled with multi-functionality, with Bluetooth wireless capacity, a USB slot, AUX cord, FM radio, and jacks that support microphones or guitars.
The unit even comes with a microphone, making it perfect to use for karaoke or any kind of function.
The PBMSPG198 advertises a whopping 600W of power in its speaker system, which would be truly wall-shaking sound. However, many buyers have noted that there is inconsistency between the maximum volume of different units, and that the average unit is delivering around 40W of power.
This is factoring in adjusting tone settings to maximize speaker volume. While this is still seriously loud and suitable for most uses, it is not approaching the level advertised and won't be shaking the building any time soon.
In short, the Pyle speaker system is a good mid-range boombox with flashing LEDs that can truly get the party started.
【IPX7 Full Waterproof】 IPX7 waterproof technology offers impermeable protection even can be submersed in 3 feet of water up to 30 minutes. LEZll shower Bluetonth speaker has provided fully...
If you're looking for a reliable Bluetooth speaker with FM radio that you can use in the bathroom, the 1PX7 is a solid choice.
✔ What we like: Truly waterproof shower speaker at a budget price.
❌ What we don't like: Issues with FM radio function.
Reliable sound quality
Budget price
The 1PX7 was designed to be used in the bathroom, and thus is truly waterproof. Its superior technology allows the speaker to be submerged in up to 3 feet of water for up to 30 minutes without damage.
While you're not likely to be intentionally dropping your speaker in the bath, it does mean you can use it in the bathroom worry-free, as water droplets and steam won't cause any damage. The handy hanger hook is also great for attaching it to a fixed point within your shower so you can change songs without hopping out.
Considering how affordable the 1PX7 is, it doesn't skimp on the sound or the bass in its speaker system. Lows, mids, and highs are distinct, and you can pump the volume with minimal distortion. If you buy two of the speakers, you can even pair them for a full 360-degree stereo sound.
The IPX7 can be used with wireless Bluetooth, AUX, an SD card, or with the FM radio function. It comes equipped with a built-in FM chip and signal booster that can reach up to 82 radio stations in the United States.
However, some users have reported issues with picking up more than a few FM channels. Furthermore, because of the lack of digital display, it's impossible to know which channel you are tuned into without listening. If you're looking for a speaker primarily for its radio function, this probably isn't the one for you.
Overall, the IPX7 is a solid and reliable budget choice to complement your singing in the shower.
Upgraded Night Light Bluetooth Speaker, Portable Wireless Speaker Touch Control Bedside Lamp, Alarm...
♫【Multi-Purpose Bluetooth Speaker】5 in 1 function, acts as : Bedside lamp + Bluetooth Speaker + Alarm clock FM radio + TF card player hand free Call + Sleeping aid light for child, just tap the...
More than just a speaker, this unit by Ranipobo delivers a mood lamp, alarm clock, and a variety of playback options.
✔ What we like: Attractive mood lamp plus speaker combo.
❌ What we don't like: Limited battery life.
Touch-sensitive mood lamp function
Built-in alarm clock
Multiple playback options
This adorable unit is aesthetically pleasing and multi-use with the different functions that it performs. The light capabilities are a standout, with 7 different color options, and 3 different color intensity modes that can be adjusted with just a tap of the sensor button on top of the unit.
It also has a timer function where you can pre-set a duration of time after which the unit will switch itself off, perfect for sending you to sleep and then leaving you in rest.
As well as these functions, the speaker system supports wireless Bluetooth playback, FM radio, micro SD card capabilities, AUX, and even a clock with alarm function. The speaker itself delivers a clear sound that is certainly loud enough for the average indoor use.
Ranipobo claims that their product can sustain 12 hours of continuous playback without the light on, or 5 hours with the light, on just 3 hours of charge time.
However, many users have noted that after sustained use, the unit quickly loses its battery life and needs to remain constantly plugged in. If you're just planning to use the speaker on your bedside table, this is nothing to be worried about.
If you're looking for an attractive, multi-function speaker system with built-in mood lamp, this speaker by Ranipobo is the one for you.
Avantree SP850 Rechargeable Portable FM Radio with Bluetooth Speaker and SD Card MP3 Player 3-in-1,...
3-IN-1 RADIO SPEAKER: You can stream music wireless from your PC / phone / tablet via Wireless. Kids and elder people can listen to their favorite stories and songs via Micro SD card mode. You can...
The SP850 is a fun-sized unit by Avantree with great FM radio capabilities that can be slipped into the pocket for music on the go.
✔ What we like: Light and portable speaker with great FM radio.
❌ What we don't like: Short battery life.
Automatic or manual radio search
Pre-set equalizer modes
Light and portable design
The SP850 excels in its FM radio capabilities. It has two search options for stations: automatic or manual. In manual mode, you can easily tune to your desired station and start listening.
In automatic mode, the system scans and saves all available stations, giving you the opportunity to listen across a variety of stations. The speaker picks up a high number of signals, which can even be boosted with the USB cord that can act like an antenna. You will be spoilt for choice of radio stations with this unit.
The audio on the speaker system is also customizable. Audio can be played via Bluetooth streaming or via a micro SD card, and the system comes with 6 different equalizer modes: natural, pop, rock, classic, jazz, and soft. This allows you to customize according to your tastes and maximize the playback of your favorite tunes.
Designed to be highly portable, the SP850 is light, smooth, and comes with a handy wrist strap, so you can stick it in your pocket and head off to the park. However, the battery life on this unit is nothing outstanding, and it would be a safe bet to carry a battery charger pack with you for longer outings.
For a small bluetooth speaker that you can slip in your pocket to enjoy your favorite tunes or radio stations, the SP850 is an excellent choice.
Sbode Bluetooth Speakers Portable Waterproof Outdoor Wireless Speaker Enhanced Bass, Sync Together,...
【Crystal Clear Bass Sound】: Advanced digital sound, noise/wind reduction technology, the bass radiators on each end and unique loudspeaker cavity structure to deliver premium acoustic sound,...
The Sbode speaker is just screaming to be taken to the beach, with a resistant design, portability, and emphasis on bass.
✔ What we like: Durable and bass-heavy unit that's perfect for beach listening.
❌ What we don't like: Lack of display screen can lead to confusion.
Waterproof and sand proof
Bass radiators
Automatic power off feature
Sbode has designed this speaker unit with the outdoors in mind, including materials that are resistant to the elements. It is waterproof to running water (not submersion), dustproof, and even sand proof, making it perfect to take to the beach without worrying about damage.
The speaker system includes noise and wind reduction technology, so it's perfectly capable of delivering tunes outside. Its woven, mesh-like exterior is also durable and ensures the speaker will be playing your music for years to come.
The Sbode Bluetooth speaker is optimized for bass, with bass radiators located at each end of the cylindrical unit. Paired with clean acoustic sound, and the option for a variety of playback modes, it is perfect for all listening needs.
One of the most intelligent aspects of the Sbode's design is its automation. The speaker powers itself off after 10 minutes in standby mode, ensuring that you won't needlessly drain your battery between uses. It also has automatic pairing memory for Bluetooth devices, so you don't need to waste time trying to connect them after the first use.
The main drawback of the Sbode system is the lack of a display screen. This can be confusing when using the FM radio or SD card functions, as you can't see the source of the music that is playing.
If you're looking for a compact unit that isn't shy on the bass and performs well outside, the Sbode deserves serious consideration.
This is one of the most important questions to ask yourself, because it will determine both the design of your Bluetooth speaker with FM radio, and its volume capabilities.
If you're looking to host outdoor parties, you need to be looking for a high wattage speaker that can pump serious volume that will block out external sound. You will also need portability for carting the speaker from the car to the party, so a solid handle or even wheels is essential to save your back.
It's also important to consider the battery life of your speaker as you won't have access to easy electricity unless you also have a power bank.
If you're more into indoor gatherings, you can opt for a lower wattage model that can fill a room but doesn't need to project the sound as far. Battery life is also not such an important consideration, because you can easily leave your speaker system plugged in to the power point.
Also, fun additions like flashing LED lights are more effective in a dark room for those of you looking to host raves.
For those of you that prioritize singing in the shower, or want to take your speaker out exercising, it is important to choose a durable speaker that is waterproof and shockproof. The last thing you want is to get your speaker wet and for it to break.
Lastly, if you're just looking for a Bluetooth speaker with FM radio that you can pop in your room and function as background noise, there's no need to look for a big, high wattage model. Compact, user-friendly models that use less electricity are your friend.
While the bassline is an important part of every track, it's a lot more important if you're looking to host parties, or primarily listen to bass-heavy music genres.
If that's you, you want to be looking for a Bluetooth speaker with FM radio that is designed to optimize those sweet basslines. This could include a boombox variety, speakers with built-in powerful subwoofers, models with bass optimizers, and units that include customizable sound where you can boost the bass.
However, if you're more into easy listening or prefer tuning in to the radio, a speaker system without bass optimization is perfectly fine.
Different speakers are designed to focus on different kinds of playback, so it's important to buy the speaker that is best suited for your method of listening.
If you primarily use Bluetooth, you want to select a speaker that has strong connectivity and can easily connect. You're going to be frustrated if you can't move without the music cutting, so you should consider a speaker that has a longer range of wireless connection. It's also frustrating to have to connect the devices every time, so you should consider a model that remembers your device or that even can connect using one-touch NFC technology.
Do you shy away from wireless listening? You'll want to be looking for a stereo that has AUX capabilities and the option to insert a USB or SD card. If the latter two are your main sources of music, it's important to select a speaker that has a good LED display screen so you can view and select your best tunes.
Is listening to the radio your main source of music? Many Bluetooth speakers with FM radio include optimization for FM channels, which you should consider if this is your top priority. Some models include an in-built FM chip and signal-booster that can be supplemented with a USB to find as many channels as possible. Some speakers also include the option to auto-save radio stations so you can just press a button and easily tune in to your favorite channel.
If you want a Bluetooth speaker with FM radio that fits a particular aesthetic, you have a variety of options. If your decor is a little more retro, there are some beautiful units on the market with vintage design, handmade construction, and optimal aesthetics.
However, if you're more into a speaker that is designed to impress at parties, several of the boombox varieties include flashing LED lights that look great and can really get your guests in the party mood.
For older listeners who struggle with advanced technology, you'll be wanting a speaker with a simple design, large buttons, and user-friendly features. In this case, the aesthetic design is not a priority, but simplicity is key.
It might seem like a simple question, but budget is an important consideration when choosing your ideal Bluetooth speaker with FM radio. While you might be strapped for cash, you don't want a cheap and nasty model that will fall apart within a week, forcing you to buy a new speaker. Luckily, there are great value, high-quality options that will go the distance without breaking the bank.
In the mid-range budget, you have the option for more customizable speakers that can include higher wattage, bass boosting features, or durable design that resists damage. You're paying more, so you want a unit that will give you years of use, customizable sound, and high-quality audio.
If the sky's the limit with your budget, consider making an investment in a top-end speaker. These speakers have great audio capabilities, optimized bass, long battery life, and often customizable extras to achieve your perfect sound. What's more, they come with a long battery life and extended warranties, so you are making an investment for the long term.
While there's a lot of models on the market, it's important to find the best Bluetooth speaker with FM radio for your needs.
We've broken down the 12 best models on the market for different budgets, audio needs, and capabilities.
Whether you're a party animal, radio enthusiast, or aspiring shower singer, there's a speaker that is perfectly designed for you.
So, what are you waiting for?
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