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August 20, 2012 September 2, 2020 by Women's Initiatives for Gender Justice
Lubanga Judgment – The Prosecution's Investigation and Use of Intermediaries
Thomas Lubanga, Commentary, Summary
The following commentary first ran in a Special Issue of the Legal Eye on the ICC, a regular eLetter produced by the Women's Initiatives for Gender Justice, an international women's human rights organization that advocates for gender justice through the International Criminal Court (ICC) and works with women most affected by the conflict situations under investigation by the ICC. This Special Issue is the third in a series of four Special Issues reporting on the first trial Judgment handed down by Trial Chamber I in the case against Thomas Lubanga Dyilo on 14 March 2012. The views and opinions expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of the Open Society Justice Initiative. To read the full version of the third Special Issue Legal Eye eLetter, click here. To read the previous Special Issues, click here.
On March 14, 2012, Trial Chamber I issued a judgment in the ICC's first case, The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, convicting Thomas Lubanga Dyilo (Lubanga) of the war crimes of conscripting and enlisting children under the age of 15, and using them to participate actively in hostilities within the meaning of Articles 8(2)(e)(vii) and 25(3)(a) of the Statute from early September 2002 to August 13, 2003 (Judgment).[i] Lubanga is the former President of the Union des patriotes congolais (UPC) and Commander-in-Chief of the Forces patriotiques pour la libération du Congo (FPLC). On July 10, 2012, Lubanga was sentenced to 14 years imprisonment.[ii] The Trial Chamber further ordered that the six years already spent in detention since his surrender to the ICC in March 2006 were to be deducted from his sentence. 'That the ICC has reached the stage of sentencing in its first case is an important milestone', said Brigid Inder, Executive Director of the Women's Initiatives for Gender Justice. Inder added that the 'sentencing decision signals an end to the accountability process for Thomas Lubanga, who was rightfully convicted of serious war crimes and will now serve almost 10 more years in prison. It also importantly signals the start of a new era in prosecutions before the ICC.'[iii] The sentencing decision will be addressed in detail in the next Special Issue of Legal Eye on the ICC.
Over the course of the Lubanga case, ongoing concerns over the Prosecution's investigation and use of intermediaries surfaced as major issues, as described in more detail in the Gender Report Card 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011. The start of the trial was delayed on June 13, 2008 for five months due to the Prosecution failure to disclose exonerating evidence to the Defense, resulting in the Trial Chamber issuing a formal stay of proceedings until the issues were resolved.[iv] The proceedings were stayed a second time in July 2010 for three months, due to the Prosecution's refusal to immediately comply with the Trial Chamber's order to disclose the identity of an intermediary implicated in possible witness tampering.[v]
Intermediaries played a critical role in assisting the Office of the Prosecutor to identify and contact witnesses for the Lubanga case, and in the overall progress of investigations in Ituri. As outlined in the Trial Chamber's earlier decision on intermediaries, the Prosecution used seven intermediaries to contact approximately half of the witnesses that testified against the accused in this case.[vi] Intermediaries are both individuals and organisations working in the field that act as liaisons between the ICC, including the Office of the Prosecutor, and individuals and communities.
Questions around whether intermediaries influenced witness testimony emerged as an affirmative line of defense soon after the opening of the Prosecution case in January 2009.[vii] As described by the Chamber in its decision on intermediaries, the first Prosecution witness, an alleged former child soldier, recanted his testimony and stated that an intermediary had instructed him on its contents.[viii] Following this and other allegations that witness testimony had been fabricated at the instigation of Prosecution intermediaries, in December 2010 the Defense filed for abuse of process.[ix] In its filing, the Defense requested a permanent stay of proceedings and the immediate release of the accused. In a decision in March 2011, the Trial Chamber ultimately rejected the application for a permanent stay of proceedings, while reaffirming its right to reserve judgment on the factual allegations set forth in the Defense submissions in its evaluation of the evidence, including on the credibility of witnesses.[x] In the trial judgment, the Trial Chamber found all but one of the alleged former child soldiers called as witnesses by the Prosecution to be unreliable.
In light of this complex procedural history, the Chamber devoted a section of the judgment[xi] to the investigative history of the case 'in order to demonstrate the extent of the problems the investigators faced and the background to the considerable reliance that the prosecution placed on certain intermediaries'.[xii] By carefully examining the serious security and other constraints under which the investigation operated, the Chamber legitimised the necessity and practice of working with intermediaries in the field, and at the same time identified the specific failings of the Prosecution in its negligent supervision of intermediaries and failure to verify the evidence obtained. In the judgment, the Trial Chamber's discussion of the Prosecution investigation in the DRC focused on several key, interrelated themes that had a significant impact upon the evidence presented at trial: security and practical difficulties; collaboration with NGOs and international organizations; corroboration of evidence concerning alleged former child soldiers; and the Prosecution's reliance on intermediaries. As noted above, the Chamber found that the Prosecution's undue reliance on three of its principle intermediaries, without appropriate supervision, created the significant possibility that they improperly influenced witnesses to falsify their testimony, rendering most of it unreliable.
The lack of witness credibility had an additional and direct impact on victim participation. Finding their testimony to be unreliable, the Chamber reversed its original prima facie determination authorizing the participation of six Prosecution witnesses as victims in the proceedings (five alleged former child soldiers and the father of one alleged former child soldier). The Chamber also withdrew the victim participation status of three victims whom it had authorized to give evidence upon the request of their Legal Representative. The paucity of credible witness testimony may have also increased the Chamber's reliance on video and other documentary evidence in reaching a finding of guilt.[xiii] These issues are all discussed further, below.
The Prosecution Investigation
In its decision on intermediaries of 31 May 2010, the Trial Chamber stated that 'the precise role of the [Prosecution] intermediaries (together with the manner in which they discharged their functions) has become an issue of major importance in the trial'.[xiv] In this decision, the Trial Chamber ordered the Prosecution to call appropriate representatives 'to testify as to the approach and the procedures applied to intermediaries'.[xv] In response to this order, the Prosecution called two investigators, Bernard Lavigne and Nicolas Sebire.[xvi] In its trial judgment, the Trial Chamber made extensive reference to their testimony, particularly that of Bernard Lavigne, who led the investigation team, in its discussion of the Prosecution investigation.
The Office of the Prosecutor opened its investigation in the DRC on June 23, 2004, with an 'emerging focus' on the Ituri region.[xvii] The Deputy Prosecutor decided that the DRC investigation team would be led by a francophone magistrate, in order to provide a degree of 'legal control'.[xviii] The Prosecutor subsequently appointed Lavigne as the team leader. In his testimony before the Chamber, Lavigne described a double hierarchy in which he reported directly to the Deputy Prosecutor and his assistant, who in turn, reported to the Prosecutor.[xix] A parallel structure, described as 'joint teams' composed of representatives from the Prosecution, Investigation, and Jurisdiction, Complementarity and Cooperation Divisions working on the same case, reported directly to the Prosecutor and the Executive Committee.[xx]
As described in the judgment, Lavigne's first task was to establish a team, which consisted of approximately 12 members recruited from NGOs and others with experience in international justice and human rights.[xxi] Between 2004 and 2007, Lavigne also focused on establishing a protection program within the Office of the Prosecutor.[xxii] According to Lavigne, the investigators identified a number of militia groups that were potentially responsible for the commission of several crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court, and ultimately narrowed their focus to two groups: the UPC and the Front de nationalistes et integrationnistes (FNI)/Force de resistance patriotique en Ituri (FRPI).[xxiii] Both investigators testified that initial field investigations were difficult for numerous reasons, including the lack of sufficient documentary material, severe travel restrictions and 'the lack of external support for the Court's activities in the field', namely 'contradictions and inconsistencies' in the approach and support provided by the UN.[xxiv] Lavigne testified that these obstacles delayed efforts to locate witnesses and hampered efforts to provide security for them.[xxv]
Lavigne also testified that the investigation team did not have an operational field office in place in the DRC until 2006.[xxvi] Prior to the establishment of the field office, the investigators conducted their interviews in a variety of different locations, including churches, 'libraries, schools, deserted areas and rented houses'.[xxvii] The investigators were deployed for ten days at a time, but the Chamber observed that the field conditions and the lack of a field office sometimes gave rise to a loss of motivation.[xxviii] An investigation team member was in the field 'as frequently as possible' in the first months of the investigation, but due to the lack of sufficient investigations staff, Lavigne testified that it was not possible to maintain a permanent field presence.[xxix] He expressed his belief that maintaining a permanent field presence 'would have been the correct approach'.[xxx]
Generally, the investigators' testimonies indicated certain investigatory challenges posed by the directions coming from within the Office of the Prosecutor. The Chamber recalled that the investigators testified that the specific objectives of the investigation varied 'because of changes in the choices of the OTP and the way it conducted its cases', resulting in 'inconsistent requests' being made to the investigators.[xxxi] Lavigne suggested that 'the OTP hesitated in formulating its objectives and the steps to be taken to attain them'.[xxxii] In his testimony, Lavigne could not recall exactly when the Prosecutor decided to prosecute Lubanga for crimes relating to child soldiers, but that it was decided 'that they would only try to prosecute the accused on this basis', following an evaluation of the available documentation, which included an evaluation of UN reports and NGO documents.[xxxiii]
Lavigne testified that during the initial investigations, 'UN agencies had received information to the effect that some individuals were falsely presenting themselves at demobilisation centres as former child soldiers from the militias in order to join the reintegration program'.[xxxiv] He further explained that 'it became known in Bunia that a threatened witness might be relocated and some individuals treated this as an opportunity to secure free re-housing'.[xxxv]
Security Risks and Impacts
Both investigators testified that the investigation team faced significant security threats. In his testimony, Lavigne reported that armed groups were still active on the outskirts of the city and that he heard the sound of gunfire every evening during his first mission to Bunia.[xxxvi] Lavigne also stated that one of the investigators reported that his vehicle was struck by bullets during a mission to a village while being escorted by armoured vehicles from MONUC.[xxxvii] Because the investigation team did not have an operational field office in place in the DRC until 2006,[xxxviii] MONUC personnel accompanied the team on visits outside Bunia to provide security.[xxxix] The investigators risked being attacked or abducted during their investigations, or becoming involved in confrontations between MONUC troops and other armed opposition groups.[xl] Lavigne further testified that safety risks and travel restrictions limited investigators' ability to travel to villages to meet with potential witnesses. The fact that '[a]ny foreigner seen in Bunia was assumed to be from the ICC' made operating in an open way impossible and forced the investigators to do 'everything possible to hide the fact that they were conducting an investigation'.[xli]
Lavigne testified that the serious security situation affected the investigators' duty of protection with regard to potential witnesses. The investigators considered that 'all witnesses – not just from the prosecution – were at risk, regardless of whether individual threats were credible'.[xlii] This led the investigators to adopt a 'very specific and rigorous policy for investigators and witnesses', which slowed their work but prioritised security.[xliii] While several militias were investigated regarding threats to witnesses, Lavigne testified that '[t]he real problem was not the threat from the various groups but rather the risk of an individual being identified by members of his or her community, village or family as having cooperated with the Court'.[xliv] Lavigne noted that as a result, the investigators did not pursue additional information that might have corroborated witness accounts, such as contacting the families of witnesses or checking school records for alleged child soldiers. He explained that such actions would have exposed the witness 'to the risk of immediate abduction' by political or military leaders still active in Bunia, and investigators 'would have been immediately identified if they had visited the neighbourhoods'.[xlv]
Corroborating the Ages of Alleged Former Child Soldiers
Given that one recurring issue in the case was whether some intermediaries had encouraged children to lie about aspects of their past, including their ages, the Chamber reviewed the investigative steps taken by the Office of the Prosecutor to objectively establish the ages of alleged child soldiers. In his testimony, Bernard Lavigne had noted that, at the relevant time, 'the civil administration in the DRC functioned only to a limited extent, and the conditions the team were operating under were not ideal for establishing, with ease, the age of the alleged child soldiers'.[xlvi] Lavigne testified that 'as an investigation leader, [he] was not alone in considering that a prosecution forensic expert should be instructed immediately, in order to provide at least an approximate idea of age', and that this remained an 'important debate' within the Office of the Prosecutor.[xlvii] However, Lavigne testified that 'the Executive Committee within the [Office of the Prosecutor] was of the view that the statements given by the witnesses sufficiently indicated that the relevant individuals were below 15 years of age'.[xlviii] The investigators requested, but did not collect in person, relevant civil status documents from the administration in Bunia and information about whether the children had been seen by a doctor.[xlix] The Chamber noted that investigators did not speak to their families or arrange interviews with the children due to security concerns.[l] Lavigne testified that their policy 'was to not meet with the families in order to avoid endangering them: it was feared that a member of the extended family might reveal to the militia leaders the identity of the individual who had provided the information. This policy was applied to all witnesses and it was only varied on an exceptional basis.'[li]
Lavigne testified that he did not ask village chiefs about child soldiers, given their close ties to the militia groups. He further explained that investigators did not request the files of child soldiers from the headmasters or directors of the relevant schools to cross-check their ages. Although he noted that Intermediary 143 carried out some research into school registers and requested birth certificates for some individuals on behalf of their families in order to pass the information on to investigators.[lii] However, he clarified that the Prosecution 'was not seeking to verify whether particular children were listed in the relevant school registers; instead […] they wanted to establish whether, at a particular age, a child would be in an identified class'.[liii]
The Chamber concluded that, while acknowledging the difficulties faced by investigators in the field, 'this failure to investigate the children's histories has significantly undermined some of the evidence called by the prosecution'.[liv] It also noted that 'the prosecution invited the Chamber to draw conclusions as to the age of various witnesses when it had presented markedly contradictory evidence on this issue',[lv] citing differences between the oral testimony and documentary evidence as to the ages of several alleged former child soldiers.
The Prosecution's Reliance on Intermediaries
From the investigators' testimony it became clear that the Prosecution's extensive reliance on intermediaries in this case was in large part due to the prevailing security concerns in the DRC. The Chamber noted that 'from the outset of the investigation, human rights activists gave the investigators the names of potential witnesses, since they had "seen these people and they knew what they were going to say"'.[lvi] Lavigne explained that the intermediaries were 'better placed' to move about freely and to speak to witnesses and potential witnesses without endangering them.[lvii] He testified that as a result, 'the investigation team or some of the activists suggested the latter should act as intermediaries'.[lviii] The other investigator called to testify, Nicolas Sebire, stated that 'the only solution to the security problem was to use intermediaries, who enabled the team to contact witnesses'.[lix] However, as the Chamber noted, 'many – although by no means all – of the evidential difficulties in this case as far as the prosecution is concerned have been the result of the involvement of three particular intermediaries (P-0143, P-0316 and P-0321)'.[lx]
Intermediary 143 introduced numerous witnesses to the Prosecution, including five of the alleged former child soldiers whom the Trial Chamber found lacking in credibility, and one of the other intermediaries in question.[lxi] As noted above, the Prosecution's failure to immediately comply with the Chamber's order to disclose the identity of Intermediary 143 was the subject of the second stay of proceedings in this case in July 2010.[lxii] In evaluating the allegations about witness tampering, the Trial Chamber concluded that there was 'a risk' that Intermediary 143 'persuaded, encouraged or assisted witnesses to give false evidence'.[lxiii]
Intermediary 321 facilitated contact between the Prosecution and its first witness, who recanted his testimony.[lxiv] In addition to the testimony of alleged former child soldiers and Defense witnesses, alleging that Intermediary 321 had encouraged and assisted them to give false evidence, the Chamber also noted discrepancies between the lists of alleged former child soldiers from which the witnesses were selected. Essentially, the discrepancies indicated that Intermediary 321 did not utilise lists provided by the Office of the Prosecutor in setting up interviews between investigators and the children; 8 of the 11 children whom the investigator met with in 2007 were not on the original list provided by the Prosecution.[lxv] The Chamber concluded that 'a real possibility exist[ed]' that Intermediary 321 'encouraged and assisted witnesses to give false evidence'.[lxvi]
Intermediary 316 also had contact with numerous witnesses.[lxvii] He was simultaneously employed by the Congolese intelligence services, Agence Nationale de Renseignement.[lxviii] The Chamber expressed its concern 'that the prosecution used an individual as an intermediary with such close ties to the government that had originally referred the situation in the DRC to the Court'.[lxix] It also determined that Intermediary 316 had falsely claimed that Congolese police services had threatened witnesses,[lxx] and had lied about the fact that his assistant and his family had been murdered, and that the killers were pursuing him.[lxxi] Of the three intermediaries in question, the Chamber issued its strongest words of condemnation regarding Intermediary 316, stating that there were 'strong reasons to believe' that he 'persuaded witnesses to lie as to their involvement as child soldiers within the UPC'.[lxxii]
In the Judgment, the Trial Chamber formally 'communicated' this evidence to the Prosecution for the purpose of an Article 70[lxxiii] investigation into the alleged improprieties of these three intermediaries, and concluded:
The prosecution should not have delegated its investigative responsibilities to the intermediaries . . . notwithstanding the extensive security difficulties it faced. A series of witnesses have been called during this trial whose evidence, as a result of the essentially unsupervised actions of three of the principal intermediaries, cannot safely be relied on. The Chamber spent a considerable period of time investigating the circumstances of a substantial number of individuals whose evidence was, at least in part, inaccurate or dishonest. The prosecution's negligence in failing to verify and scrutinize this material sufficiently before it was introduced led to significant expenditure on the part of the Court. An additional consequence of the lack of proper oversight of the intermediaries is that they were potentially able to take advantage of the witnesses they contacted. Irrespective of the Chamber's conclusions regarding the credibility and reliability of these alleged former child soldiers, given their youth and likely exposure to conflict, they were vulnerable to manipulation.[lxxiv]
The Chamber's analysis established the links between each intermediary in question and the alleged former child soldier witnesses. In doing so, it thus combined its assessment of the reliability and credibility of evidence proffered by each alleged former child soldier witness with the evidence concerning the improper influence over these witnesses by the intermediaries in question. The standard used by the Chamber in determining witness reliability was whether it was:
persuaded beyond reasonable doubt that the alleged former child soldiers have given an accurate account on the issues that are relevant to this trial (viz. whether they were below 15 at the time they were conscripted, enlisted or used to participate actively in hostilities and the circumstances of their alleged involvement with the UPC).[lxxv]
During the trial proceedings, the Chamber heard testimony from 11 Prosecution witnesses who were alleged former child soldiers. Evaluating the reliability of these witnesses together with the evidence about the intermediaries, the Chamber determined that all of the alleged former child soldiers who were witnesses for the Prosecution gave contradictory evidence concerning either their ages, school attendance, the identity and well-being of family members, or the circumstances of their recruitment, with one exception.[lxxvi] This led the Chamber to reject 'the prosecution's submission that it ha[d] established beyond reasonable doubt that P-0007, P-0008, P-0010, P-0011, P-0157, P-0213, P-0294, P-0297 and P-0298 were conscripted or enlisted into the UPC/FPLC when under the age of 15 years, or that they were used to participate actively in hostilities' during the relevant period.[lxxvii] These witnesses were all alleged former child soldiers or their immediate relatives. In fact, the Chamber found only one of the alleged former child soldier witnesses for the Prosecution to be reliable: Witness 38.
The Chamber recognised that the witnesses might have given a truthful account of elements of their testimonies, while 'lying about particular crucial details, such as their identity, age, the dates of their military training and service, or the groups they were involved with', facts directly related to the guilt of the accused.[lxxviii] For example, while the Chamber found Prosecution Witness 38 to be a credible witness, it also found that he was above the age of 15 when he joined the UPC. Conversely, the Chamber relied on those portions of the testimony of Prosecution Witness 10 (a female alleged former child soldier) concerning the video of the training camp in Rwampara, although it otherwise found her not to be a credible witness. In general terms, with respect to former child soldiers, the Chamber frequently found Defense witnesses to be more credible than the Prosecution witnesses whose testimony they were contradicting.[lxxix] Finding that its original prima facie evaluations as to their meeting the criteria of victim participant were incorrect, the Chamber withdrew the victim status it had previously granted to Prosecution Witnesses 7, 8, 10, 11, 298 and 299 (Witness 298's father).[lxxx]
The Three Participating Victims who Gave Evidence
In January 2010, for the first time at the ICC, three participating victims were given the opportunity to testify as witnesses in the proceedings against Lubanga.[lxxxi] Referring to the testimony of Defense witnesses that raised material doubts as to the identities of two of the victim-witnesses who had testified, in the trial judgment, Trial Chamber I withdrew the victim participation status of the three victims who had been authorized to appear as witnesses upon request by their Legal Representatives. The Chamber based its decision to withdraw their status on their 'evasiveness' and internal inconsistencies in their testimony, including the fact that they could not identify photos of the parents of the children whose identities were in question.
At issue was the assertion by Defense Witnesses 32 and 33 that Victims a/0225/06 and a/0229/06 had stolen their identities at the instigation or encouragement of Victim a/0270/07, who claimed that he was their guardian. Victim a/0270/07 was alleged to have encouraged 'pupils at the Institute where he worked to claim falsely that they had been child soldiers in order to participate in proceedings before the ICC',[lxxxii] with the aim of receiving benefits. Victims a/0225/06 and a/0229/06, as well as Defense Witnesses 32 and 33, paid Victim a/0270/07 to register them as victims. Witnesses 32 and 33 were later told that others were going to replace them. The Chamber found the Defense witnesses credible, partly based on the fact that they correctly identified photographs of the parents of Thonifwa Uroci Dieudonne and Jean-Paul Bedijo Tchonga, whom they claimed to be.
While issues concerning victim-witness credibility clearly extended beyond the ambit of Prosecution witnesses, its failure to provide effective oversight of intermediaries and to verify evidence related to alleged former child soldiers significantly increased the amount of litigation in the case, with resultant delays affecting the rights of the accused. As described in the Second Special Issue, the lack of sufficient credible witness testimony likely increased the Chamber's reliance on video and documentary evidence in reaching the verdict, and provided the Defense with substantial additional grounds to challenge the case, thus jeopardising the successful outcome of the trial.
Read the Trial Chamber's Judgment
Read the previous Special Issues of the Legal Eye on the ICC eLetter, discussing the Chamber's findings on sexual violence and on Lubanga's individual criminal responsibility
Read more about the Defense abuse of process claims in Legal Eye on the ICC, May 2011
For more background on the Lubanga case, see Gender Report Card 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011
[i] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842.
[ii] ICC-01/04-01/06-2901.
[iii] See further Women's Initiatives for Gender Justice press statement 'First Sentencing Judgment by the ICC, The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo', 11 July 2012, available here.
[iv] Article 54(3)(e) of the Statute allows the Prosecution to 'agree not to disclose, at any stage of the proceedings, documents or information that the Prosecutor obtains on the condition of confidentiality and solely for the purpose of generating new evidence, unless the provider of the information consents'. At issue was the Prosecution's use of this provision to avoid disclosing material and exonerating evidence necessary for the preparation of the defense in violation of the rights of the accused. On 13 June 2008, the Trial Chamber stayed the proceedings due to the Prosecution failure to disclose potentially exculpatory material to the Defense. See further Gender Report Card 2009, pp 130-133, and Gender Report Card 2008, p 46.
[v] See further Gender Report Card 2010, p 139-159.
[vi] ICC-01/04-01/06-2434-Red2, para 2.
[vii] ICC-01/04-01/06-2434-Red2, para. 25, citing ICC-01/04-01/06-T-236-CONF-ENG ET, page 20, line 19 to page 22, line 18.
[viii] As described by the Chamber, on 28 January 2009, the first Prosecution witness, Witness 298, recanted his testimony, stating 'what he had said that morning did not come from him but from someone else'. ICC-01/04-01/06-2434-Red2, para 7, citing ICC-01/04-01/06-T-110-CONF-ENG, p 40 line 10. See further Gender Report Card 2010, pp 139-144.
[ix] ICC-01/04-01/06-2657. For more information regarding the Defense abuse of process claim, see Gender Report Card 2010, p 139-159 and Gender Report Card 2011, p 214-221.
[x] ICC-01/04-01/06-2690-Red2, para 189. The Trial Chamber found that a stay of proceedings would constitute a disproportionate remedy, following an earlier Appeals Chamber judgment, finding the second stay of proceedings in the Lubanga case to be a 'drastic' remedy. ICC-01/04-01/06-2582.
[xi] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, paras 124-177.
[xii] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 124.
[xiii] See further Second Special Issue of the Legal Eye on the ICC eLetter on Lubanga's individual criminal responsibility, available here.
[xiv] ICC-01/04-01/06-2434-Red2, para 135.
[xv] ICC-01/04-01/06-2434-Red2, para 146.
[xvi] Bernard Lavigne, team leader of the investigation, gave testimony to the Chamber by deposition in November 2010. Investigator Nicolas Sebire also testified before the Chamber in November 2010. In the trial judgment, the Chamber found both witnesses to be 'essentially reliable', though 'not necessarily accurate on every issue'. ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 125.
[xvii] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, paras 125, 136.
[xviii] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 125, citing Transcript of Deposition on 16 November 2010, ICC-01/04-01/06-Rule68Deposition-Red2-ENG, p 13 lines 15-19.
[xix] Deputy Prosecutor Serge Brammertz, and his assistant Michel De Smedt, Deputy Head of the Investigation Division, were Bernard Lavigne's direct supervisors. Prosecutor Luis Moreno-Ocampo directly supervised Brammertz and De Smedt. ICC-01/04-01/06-Rule68Deposition-Red2-ENG, p 14 lines 22-23; p 15 lines 13-25; p 16 lines 1-4.
[xx] ICC-01/04-01/06-Rule68Deposition-Red2-ENG, p 15 lines 1-12. The Executive Committee is composed of the Prosecutor (at the time of this investigation, Chief Prosecutor Luis Moreno Ocampo) and the three Heads of Division (Prosecutions; Investigations; Jurisdiction, Complementarity and Cooperation).
[xxi] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 126.
[xxii] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, paras 126, 127.
[xxiii] The investigation into crimes allegedly committed by the FNI/FPRI, eventually led to the second case in the DRC Situation, against Germain Katanga (Katanga), the alleged commander of FRPI, and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui (Ngudjolo), the alleged commander of FNI. Closing arguments in this case were held from 15-23 May 2012, and Katanga and Ngudjolo are currently awaiting the trial judgment by Trial Chamber II. For more information about the Katanga & Ngudjolo case, see Gender Report Cards 2009, 2010 and 2011.
[xxiv] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, paras 133, 135, 139, 140. The Mission de l'Organisation des Nations Unies en république démocratique du Congo (MONUC).
[xxv] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 135.
[xxvi] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 162.
[xxvii] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 162.
[xxviii] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 165.
[xxix] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 166.
[xxx] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 166.
[xxxi] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 144.
[xxxii] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 144.
[xxxiii] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 145.
[xxxiv] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 147.
[xxxv] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 147.
[xxxvi] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, paras 151-152.
[xxxvii] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 155.
[xxxviii] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 162.
[xxxix] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 155.
[xl] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 155.
[xli] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 154.
[xlii] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 156.
[xliii] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 156.
[xliv] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 159.
[xlv] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, paras 160-161.
[xlvi] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 169.
[xlvii] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 170.
[xlviii] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 170.
[xlix] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 171.
[l] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 172.
[li] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 172.
[lii] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 173.
[liii] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, paras 174-5. Lavigne had also stated that, although the Independent Electoral Commission (the body that issues voter ID cards) had been set up during this time, it only provided the ages of parents rather than their children. The Chamber disagreed, given that the Defense had introduced IEC documentation containing the names of four Prosecution witnesses (P-007, P-008, P-0010 and P-0294).
[liv] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 175.
[lv] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 177.
[lvi] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 167, citing Transcript of Deposition on 16 November 2010, ICC-01/04-01/06-Rule68Deposition-Red2-ENG, p 48 lines 13-15.
[lvii] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 167.
[lviii] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 167.
[lix] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 167.
[lx] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 168.
[lxi] Including alleged former child soldier Witnesses 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 and Intermediary 31. ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, paras 209, 221.
[lxii] ICC-01/04-01/06-2517-Red, para 8. Consequently, on 8 July 2010, the Trial Chamber issued a decision, staying the proceedings for abuse of process. ICC-01/04-01/06-2517-Red, para 31. These events are described in more detail in Gender Report Card 2010, p 147-151.
[lxiii] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 291.
[lxiv] On 28 January 2009, the Prosecution's first witness, Witness 298, recanted his testimony, stating 'what he had said that morning did not come from him but from someone else'. ICC-01/04-01/06-2434-Red2, para 7, citing ICC-01/04-01/06-T-110-CONF-ENG, p 40 line 10. These events are described in more detail in Gender Report Card 2010, p 139-144.
[lxv] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, paras 442-445.
[lxvi] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 483.
[lxvii] Including alleged former child soldier witnesses 15 and 38, upon both of whose testimony the Trial Chamber relied in part. CC-01/04-01/06-2842, paras 295, 296.
[lxviii] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 302.
[lxix] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 368.
[lxx] The UN had confirmed that the harassment had not occurred. See ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, paras 312-321.
[lxxi] His family is alive. See ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 369.
[lxxii] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 374.
[lxxiii] Article 70 of the Rome Statute covers offences against the administration of justice.
[lxxiv] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 482.
[lxxv] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 180.
[lxxvi] Witness 7 – Introduced to the OTP by Intermediary 143; authorised to participate as a victim. He claimed to have been recruited into the UPC when under the age of 15, but gave contradictory evidence about his date of birth, name and the name of his father, and concerning information pertaining to his alleged service with the UPC. Documentary evidence contradicted his testimony regarding his school attendance, and the names of his family members. Witness 8 – Introduced to the OTP by Intermediary 143; authorised to participate as a victim. He claimed to have been recruited into the UPC when under the age of 15 and to be the cousin of P-0007. He gave contradictory evidence about his date of birth and the names of his parents, and documentary evidence contradicted his testimony regarding his school attendance and the names of his family members. The account of his military service was contradictory and 'implausible'. Witness 10 – Introduced to the OTP by Intermediary 143; authorised to participate as a victim. She claimed to have been recruited into the UPC when under the age of 15, but gave conflicting testimony as to her age and her service, including the name of the commander whom she served. Witness 11 – Introduced to the OTP by Intermediary 143; authorised to participate as a victim. He claimed to have been recruited into the UPC when under the age of 15. Substantial discrepancies arose concerning his name, date of birth, schooling, the alleged death of his mother (she is alive) and the dates and circumstances of his joining the UPC. His evidence was significantly contradicted by Defense Witness D-0024, a close family member. Witness 15 – Introduced to the OTP by Intermediary 316. At the outset of his testimony, he indicated he was instructed to lie by Intermediary 316. He was recalled by the Judges; and testified at great length about how Intermediary 316 directed him to falsify his testimony. He stated that he did not serve as part of the UPC. Witness 157 – Contact with this witness was re-established by Intermediary 321. The Chamber found his account of his military service, about which there was contradictory evidence, too vague to rely upon. Witness 213 – Introduced to the OTP by Intermediary 321. He gave inconsistent testimony concerning his, name, schooling, alleged abduction and service with the UPC. Witness 293 – Introduced to the OTP by Intermediary 321. She is Witness P-0294's mother, and testified concerning the year of his birth, which was contradicted by documentary evidence. Witness 294 – Introduced to the OTP by Intermediary 321. He gave inconsistent and incorrect testimony about his age, the center with which he went through demobilisation and his mother's name. The Chamber found that he used the details of his brother's military service to contribute to his own account. Witness 297 – Introduced to the OTP by Intermediary 321. He provided inconsistent and false testimony concerning his schooling, the name and alleged death of his mother (she is alive), his alleged military service and the age at which he allegedly served. Witness 298 – Introduced to the OTP by Intermediary 321; participated as a victim in the proceedings. He was the first witness called to give evidence, and began by stating that he had given false statements to the Prosecution as he had been promised benefits for doing so by Intermediary 321. He provided inconsistent testimony concerning his age and schooling. There were also inconsistencies in the testimonies of P-0298 and P-0299 (his father) over the death of his mother (she is still alive). The Chamber found he had lied concerning his military service. Witness 299 – P-0298's father; participated as a victim in the proceedings. He testified concerning his son's age, military service and the fact that his mother is alive (although he stated that he told his son she was deceased). He indicated that his son did not take the initiative to demobilise, but, rather, was picked up off the street by an NGO. The Chamber declined to rely on his testimony as it did not rely on his son's testimony. The Chamber found Witness 38 to be credible.
[lxxvii] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, paras 480, 481
[lxxviii] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 180.
[lxxix] See, eg, ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, paras 243, 244, 262, 284, 365, 418, 435.
[lxxx] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 484. In a Separate and Dissenting Opinion, Judge Odio-Benito disagreed with the Majority, finding that the victim-status of these individuals should remain unaffected even if their testimony could not be used to determine the individual criminal responsibility of the accused. ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, Separate and Dissenting Opinion of Judge Odio-Benito, paras 22-35.
[lxxxi] For a detailed overview of their testimony, see Gender Report Card 2010, p 137-139.
[lxxxii] ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, para 491, citing ICC-01/04-01/06-2657-Red, paras 200-228.
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The next-generation Mercedes-Benz C-Class sedan has been spied again, this time during cold weather testing in Sweden.
This latest prototype has shed a few minor false body panels. Despite the copious amounts of disguise, we expect the new car to feature an evolution of today's organic design.
The flatter boot line seen on this car, and earlier development vehicles, is a bit of misdirection courtesy of the disguise team at Mercedes-Benz.
While this vehicle is fitted with makeshift lighting units, we think the new car will feature slimmer head- and tail-lights than today's model.
The new C-Class is expected to ride on an updated version of the MRA rear- and all-wheel drive platform, and is widely expected to feature plug-in hybrid drivetrains.
Wagon, coupe and convertible versions of the C-Class should follow in the months after the sedan is launched. An All Terrain version of the wagon, with increased ride height and off-road styling features, is highly probable.
Under the bonnet, the new C-Class is once again likely to feature four- and six-cylinder petrol and diesel engines, with the latest turbocharged AMG V8 for the high-performance C63 models.
Although we've yet to see photos of the interior, we expect it will feature the company's MBUX touchscreen infotainment system.


Sudan's military rulers have transferred ousted president Omar al-Bashir to prison, a family source said Wednesday, as an array of protest groups marched through Khartoum to join a sit-in at the army complex, AFP reported.
The women – who include doctors, lawyers and teachers – are renowned for monitoring security agents who target protesters and publishing their information online in order to hold them to account.
Just a day later former Defense Minister General Awad Ibn Ouf stepped down as council chief, sparking jubilation on Khartoum's streets.


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The latest local news, weather and investigative stories impacting the community.
Huzzah Your Way to a Ren Faire Deal Now
The springtime lark is months away, but delightful discounts are currently afoot.
By Alysia Gray Painter
Published Dec 26, 2017 at 1:22 PM
Stephen Chopp
Saddle your steed and ride in the direction of holiday-time deals for the popular springtime event.
$22 (regular price $29.95)
Sale ends on Jan. 2 at 11:59
Use your ticket on any day of the 2018 event
April 2018 can seem like a long way away, which is understandable, as it is in a wholly different year, in a wholly different season, and flowers will be budding and bugs'll be buzzing and the sun'll be sunning and right now we're all hunkered down experiencing some of the longest nights of the year.
But consider this: Saturday, April 7, 2018 is around 100 days away from this typing, which still seems like a pretty bulky number.
What will happen upon that auspicious day, though, celebrates something that happened around 136,000 days ago, give or take if you choose a date to count from somewhere in the middle of the 1600s.
It's the opening of the 2018 Original Renaissance Pleasure Faire.
In short, 100 or so days to wait is a blink compared to 136,000 days gone by, which all steeds to this. Er, leads to this, that is, and we only just put "steeds" there because, of course, jousting is a central happening at the Ren Faire: The Irwindale lark, which spreads out at Santa Fe Dam Recreation Area over several springtime weekends is MUCH closer to now than the actual Renaissance.
No one would quibble with us putting "MUCH" in all caps when it comes to the reality of that fact.
So clip-clop-ing your way to a ticket now, as if riding a steed, is recommended, if you do love the faire, and you love discounts. For the Holidazzle Sale is afoot, through Jan. 2, 2018, and if you buy a ticket to the Ren Faire, you'll save a handful of dollars, which might be used towards the purchase some medieval-style jewelry, or a flower headband, or some armor.
Or spend that money you've saved now, on the holidays. A fancy mead? That feels both holiday-ish and Renaissance-ish, both.
A normally priced ticket is $29.95. The sale price is $22.
The distance between those two prices, numbers-wise, isn't as great as the distance of days between today and the Renaissance, but saving nearly eight bucks can make one want to shout "huzzah" or the ye olde exclamation of one's choice.
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Eavesdrop> California's Olympic Letdown: Los Angeles & San Francisco lose out to Boston
By The Editors • January 29, 2015 • Eavesdroplet, West
(Photo by Alik Griffin / Flickr; Montage by AN)
Alas, despite being hailed as the favorite to represent the United States in the race for the 2024 Olympics, Los Angeles has lost out to its much older competitor, Boston. LA had pitched what Mayor Eric Garcetti hailed as the "most affordable" proposal, using mostly existing facilities, including the LA Memorial Coliseum, the Staples Center, and even Frank Gehry's Disney Hall, Griffith Observatory, and the Queen Mary.
Maybe the USOC isn't as into a bargain as we thought? Or maybe after giving LA two games they're just not that into us anymore. San Francisco, by the way, lost out on its bid, which also banked on affordability. Damn, the Olympic Village could have been the only cheap place to live there outside of Oakland!
BostonDisney HallEric GarcettiLos AngelesOaklandOlympicsSan Francisco
Daily digest: Colorado's LGBT+ Club Q will reopen this year, Gene Kohn named Urban Land Institute Life Trustee, and more news
Kvell Over Emanu-El
Mark Cavagnero Associates will renovate San Francisco's historic Byzantine Revival synagogue
httpsGETwww.archpaper.com/2015/01/eavesdrop-californias-olympic-letdown-los-angeles-san-francisco-lose-boston/-PUBLIC


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What Pride means in the Valley
By Kyle Kirby, Contributor 0 Comments
Posted in Harrisonburg Issues
Harrisonburg Issues
In anticipation of MLK Day, gathering expresses hope for racial healing
As local judicial system grows, so does Court Services – a wide-ranging collection of programs for those not yet, no longer or hopefully never behind bars
Hburg's food service workers provide nourishment to local arts scene
An attendee signs the word "love" to Jazmine M. Cassadine onstage, who incorporates American Sign Language into her performances.
Quotes and photos collected by contributor Kyle Kirby (with additional photos by Randi B. Hagi, assistant editor)
Gay pride parades and festivals attract attendees for all sorts of reasons. Many are part of the LGBTQ+ community. Others come to show support for their loved ones, or just to be entertained at a big, outdoor drag show. For those who are gay or transgender or represented by another letter of the acronym, Pride events offer opportunities to celebrate their authentic selves in public.
The fifth annual Shenandoah Valley Pride attracted a brightly-adorned crowd to Harrisonburg's Court Square on Saturday. Vendors selling rainbow-dyed merchandise set up their tents alongside organizations providing free HIV testing or offering "mom hugs," while musicians and drag queens and kings performed throughout the afternoon.
Volunteers sold event t-shirts emblazoned with the words, "Honoring Stonewall 50."
In the summer of 1969, an altercation between police and the queer and transgender patrons of the Stonewall Inn in New York City ignited the gay rights movement in America. The first gay pride parade was held in New York the following year. Fifty years after the Stonewall Riots, Harrisonburg festival-goers told The Citizen what "Pride" means to them. (Some responses have been edited for brevity.)
"I'm glad to see this happening here, because there aren't a lot of places for it here. I've been [attending] since the '60s, and in the city I'm from there's a whole block of bars. A lot of dancing and a lot of fun."
William "Bill" Hevener
"For me, since all of my family was very homophobic, and I was the only gay one, Pride is very important 'cause I'm surrounded by people who come from the same backgrounds, and it's just a very open and safe space, and it's just very comfortable to be here."
"The work that I do is with students so not only do I have a professional connection to this work, I work with sexuality, but also a personal connection through my family members … it's important for me that, while I'm not around the family, to support them all the time from a distance, and I think it's important to show up here in my community … it's just showing up for those that don't have other people to show up for them."
Jordan McCann (left)
"I'm a graduate assistant … at James Madison University, so I'm somewhat in charge of the programming for sexual orientation, gender identity and expression. I think, for me, Pride is a way to to bring more visuality to what it means to be an LGBTQIA+ person in the community. … It's just so important to be educated and to be an advocate for the people that are struggling with their identity or whatever they're struggling with, to bring that pride and that affinity to the community so we can bring more happiness and joy to the world, and there could not be so much hate."
Michael Rybak (right)
"To me, Pride means I get to do what I want – well, at least as long is it doesn't hurt anyone – and people can't tell me otherwise!"
A. Burks
"To me, pride has a double meaning. I grew up in Richmond, which was a super, like, open community, but then I moved here, which was, eh, a little bit open. So it's great to have this event in a community [where] you don't always know 100 percent who's with you or not. … As a teacher, it's taken on a whole new meaning, because I have students now who are going through what I went through 20 years ago … bringing them here and having them do crafts and talk to people and meet people is awesome."
Kate McDonald
"This is my twentieth anniversary of doing drag. I started at Pride in Albany, New York, when it wasn't anywhere near this big like it is in little cities [now], and to see the equality movement and the way that it's grown, and to know that I've had a hand in that, a part in it – it's nice for me to be able to sit back and say that what I've done throughout my twenty years has made an impact … it's quite rewarding."
"Chi Chi Ray Colby"
"Pride to me is equality, is being able to be yourself and not having to hide who you are – being able to be comfortable with yourself."
Amexies Ramirez (left)
"So Pride and the Pride community is somewhere I can be myself and where I don't have to hide my true colors."
Valeria Moreno (right)
"I think to me, personally, it just is a sign of how far we've come. I mean this is the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall Riots, of course, and so it's really amazing that … we as a people, the LGBT community, have come from having to throw bricks at police in a bar to openly celebrating ourselves and who we love and how we feel about ourselves and our gender identities. It's amazing that we've come from throwing bricks at police to the police coming here to protect us."
Chris Colonna
Performer Jazmine M. Cassadine invited children in the audience to join her onstage.
Attendee Tiffany Carter sporting rainbow Pride stickers.
Six-foot tall letters spelling "love" were installed on Court Square the day before the festival.
Drag King Anton Black, who was part of Saturday's lineup, is the reigning "Mr. Gay Harrisonburg."
Journalism is changing, and that's why The Citizen is here. We're independent. We're local. We pay our contributors, and the money you give goes directly to the reporting. No overhead. No printing costs. Just facts, stories and context. Thanks for your support.
court squareLGBTQ+PrideShenandoah Valley PrideStonewall 50
Kyle Kirby
Kyle Kirby is a freelancer who loves interviewing people about what is important to them, and then producing thoughtful, engaging stories. He currently resides in Harrisonburg, VA, and can be contacted at [email protected]
You can see his work at:
http://www.kyle-kirby.wixsite.com/four
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Q: For-each loop variable holds value outside of ObservableList I have an ObservableList<String>, a ListView to hold it and an event to update the selected items to a Label.
ObservableList<String> items = FXCollections.observableArrayList(
            "China", "Japan", "Korea", "India");
ListView<String> lvCountries = new ListView<>();
lvCountries.setItems(items);
lvCountries.getSelectionModel().setSelectionMode(SelectionMode.MULTIPLE);

lvCountries.getSelectionModel().selectedIndexProperty().addListener(observable -> {
    ObservableList<Integer> indices = lvCountries.getSelectionModel().getSelectedIndices();
    if (indices.size() != 0) {
        StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder("Selected items are");
        indices.forEach(index -> stringBuilder.append(" " + items.get(index)));
        lblSelected.setText(stringBuilder.toString());
    }
});

Everything looks fine, but when I click randomly in high speed, sometimes it throws an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException because the index holds a value of -1. Again, this only happens sometimes when I click randomly quickly between items in MULTIPLE mode of the ListView.
I'm not sure if it had something to do with the ObservableList or how the for-each loop works or the indices. The program doesn't crash or anything, but I would like to understand why and how this happens and the solution for it.
I'm using Java 8 update 181 (build 1.8.0_181-b13), IntelliJ IDEA CE, MacOS 10.14

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The Cambridgeshire - Cassis and Black Vanilla 3 Wick Candle | Home County Candle Co.
Inspired by memories of homemade blackcurrant jam.
Our Cambridgeshire candle is beautifully scented with Cassis & Black Vanilla. Bergamot, cassis and mandarin give way to the beautiful floral mid notes of Neroli, Jasmine and Rose on a base of vanilla and patchouli.


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EUTM Mali | PROMOTION OF GENDER WITHIN THE MALIAN ARMED FORCES WITH EUTM MALI ASSISTANCE
11 Jan PROMOTION OF GENDER WITHIN THE MALIAN ARMED FORCES WITH EUTM MALI ASSISTANCE
The Ministry of Defence of Veterans Affairs (MDAC) in collaboration with the staffs, directorates, services of the Malian Armed Forces and technical support of the European Union Training Mission Mali (EUTM Mali) created a working group on promotion of gender within the Malian Armed Forces at their joint meeting. The establishment of this working group is the result of intensive and unique cooperation on gender mainstreaming in the last six months.
The meeting was presided by Brigade General Frantisek Ridzák, EUTM Mali Mission Force Commander, and Colonel Major Faraban SANGARE, Chief of Staff of the MDAC. Brigade General Ridzák on this occasion encouraged participants to work on advancement of the "Women, Peace and Security" Agenda, in order to institutionalise the gender concept at the level of the MDAC / Malian Armed Forces and by taking into account the specific needs of female personnel and those physically or psychologically wounded in war. He recalled the positive collaboration and partnership between EUTM Mali and the Malian Armed Forces in the context of training and the restoration of the rule of law in Mali. Colonel Major Sangare emphasised the importance of launching this network and on the role that female military can play in the management of the crisis and the restoration of the rule of law. He invited EUTM Mali to increase initiatives to advance the "Women, Peace and security" Agenda at the level of the Malian Armed Forces. Colonel Major Sangare thanked EUTM Mali for its support within the framework of training and advising and for their accompaniment in the area of gender mainstreaming.
The round table was rich in sharing experiences, especially on the female employability and how to combine professional and conjugal life while meeting the challenges. Several military officers provided their own testimonies to the discussions about the commitment engagement of women in the armed forces and the role of the focal points. The participants shared their experience in a very open and pleasant atmosphere. Colonel Zaleha Abdoulaye, MDAC Gender Focal Point, presented the Malian National Action Plan on implementation of UNSCR 1325 for 2019-2024 and its Sectorial Action Plan at the MDAC level. Then, the participants were divided into four groups to discuss the status of its implementation within their respective structures and formulate recommendations. Finally, the Terms of References by which the regular meetings of this Working Group were adopted with the aim of undertaking a coherent and effective interventions and results-oriented approach.
The Working Group on the promotion of gender is composed of male and female representatives of the MDAC's staff, directorates and services. EUTM Mali will provide expertise and technical assistance and will be represented by its human rights and gender advisor and other specialists and advisors. The working group will, inter alia, facilitate the regular sharing of knowledge, experiences and views on different gender related topics by taking into account specificities of different services and units, discuss the employability of female personnel and those wounded in war in the Malian Armed Forces; intensify cooperation on gender equality at the operational level and with external partners promote the effective participation of female personnel within the MDAC. It has an ambition to identify challenges related to career access and propose solutions to increase the representation rate. Moreover, it will focus on monitoring of the implementation of the National Action Plan of UNSCR 1325 at the sectorial level and on supporting joint initiatives on gender equality.


This chip dip couldn't be anymore simple or delicious. The sweet heat the mango salsa brings, toned down by the cream cheese and cheddar cheese makes for an amazing and easy chip dip.
This recipe has long been a family favorite. I grew up with my Dad bonding over sports and it is still our most prominent mutual interest. My Mom didn't care too much to watch unless myself or my siblings were involved in a sport, but my Dad and I could sit and watch just about any football or basketball game at any time together and be perfectly content.
My wife, Mom, and sisters almost get annoyed at the fact that during football season there is a high school, college, or pro game to attend or watch nearly every night of the week. I could not be any happier during that time though due to the entertainment and the accompaniment of great food.
Despite our different interests, there was and is one thing that always brings my family together during a significant sporting event, that being my Dad's chip dip. I don't know where he found this recipe but it's GOLD. My wife Lillian and I have been married for four years and I believe one of her favorite things about my family is this chip dip. It is addicting, dangerous, and so easy to make.
If you try this out, I have no doubt it will quickly become a family favorite as it has been for our family for so long. Enjoy!
Layer the bottom portion of a baking pan the size of your choice with around 1/2 inch cream cheese.
Bake for 15-20 minutes or so making sure all layers are heated through. Be careful not to bake for too long though because cream cheese layer will break down.


text:
Ion and acid-base balance in three species of Amazonian fish during gradual acidification of extremely soft water
Rod W. Wilson, Chris M. Wood, Rick J. Gonzalez, Marjorie L. Patrick, Harold L. Bergman, Annie Narahara, Adalberto L. Val
Marine Biology and Fisheries
Sensitivity to acid water was assessed in three species of Amazonian fish that encounter naturally acidic blackwaters to differing degrees in the wild: tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), matrincha (Brycon erythropterum), and tamoata (Hoplosternum littorale), in decreasing order of occurrence in blackwater. Fish were exposed to a graded reduction in water pH, from pH 6 to 5 to 4 to 3.5, followed by return to pH 6. Fish were exposed to each new pH for 24 h. During these exposures, net transfers of ions (Na+, K+, Cl-, and Ca2+) and acid-base equivalents to and from the external water were used as physiological indicators of acid tolerance. Exposure to pH 5 had a minimal effect on net ion fluxes. Significant net losses of all ions (except Ca2+) were recorded in all three species during the first few hours of exposure to pH 4. However, ion balance was usually restored within 18 h at pH 4. Exposure to pH 3.5 caused even greater ion losses in all three species and proved to be acutely lethal to tamoata. Matrincha sustained irreversible physiological damage at pH 3.5, as ion fluxes did not recover following return to pH 6 and there was some mortality. Tambaqui suffered the least ionoregulatory disturbances at pH 3.5 and was the only species to make a full recovery on return to pH 6. In all species, there was a tendency for ammonia excretion to increase at low water pH, but even at pH 3.5, there was no significant net uptake of acid from the water. Overall, there was a strong relationship between the magnitude of ionic disturbances and the lethality of exposure to low pH. The relative insensitivity of the ionoregulatory system of tambaqui to low pH indicates that this is a feature of fish native to blackwater systems rather than one that is common to all Amazon fish.
Acid-Base Equilibrium
Colossoma macropomum
acid tolerance
Wilson, R. W., Wood, C. M., Gonzalez, R. J., Patrick, M. L., Bergman, H. L., Narahara, A., & Val, A. L. (1999). Ion and acid-base balance in three species of Amazonian fish during gradual acidification of extremely soft water. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 72(3), 277-285. https://doi.org/10.1086/316672
Ion and acid-base balance in three species of Amazonian fish during gradual acidification of extremely soft water. / Wilson, Rod W.; Wood, Chris M.; Gonzalez, Rick J.; Patrick, Marjorie L.; Bergman, Harold L.; Narahara, Annie; Val, Adalberto L.
In: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Vol. 72, No. 3, 01.12.1999, p. 277-285.
Wilson, RW, Wood, CM, Gonzalez, RJ, Patrick, ML, Bergman, HL, Narahara, A & Val, AL 1999, 'Ion and acid-base balance in three species of Amazonian fish during gradual acidification of extremely soft water', Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 277-285. https://doi.org/10.1086/316672
Wilson RW, Wood CM, Gonzalez RJ, Patrick ML, Bergman HL, Narahara A et al. Ion and acid-base balance in three species of Amazonian fish during gradual acidification of extremely soft water. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. 1999 Dec 1;72(3):277-285. https://doi.org/10.1086/316672
Wilson, Rod W. ; Wood, Chris M. ; Gonzalez, Rick J. ; Patrick, Marjorie L. ; Bergman, Harold L. ; Narahara, Annie ; Val, Adalberto L. / Ion and acid-base balance in three species of Amazonian fish during gradual acidification of extremely soft water. In: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. 1999 ; Vol. 72, No. 3. pp. 277-285.
@article{7190e4aae39f4c98b1ee81ed9114557e,
title = "Ion and acid-base balance in three species of Amazonian fish during gradual acidification of extremely soft water",
abstract = "Sensitivity to acid water was assessed in three species of Amazonian fish that encounter naturally acidic blackwaters to differing degrees in the wild: tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), matrincha (Brycon erythropterum), and tamoata (Hoplosternum littorale), in decreasing order of occurrence in blackwater. Fish were exposed to a graded reduction in water pH, from pH 6 to 5 to 4 to 3.5, followed by return to pH 6. Fish were exposed to each new pH for 24 h. During these exposures, net transfers of ions (Na+, K+, Cl-, and Ca2+) and acid-base equivalents to and from the external water were used as physiological indicators of acid tolerance. Exposure to pH 5 had a minimal effect on net ion fluxes. Significant net losses of all ions (except Ca2+) were recorded in all three species during the first few hours of exposure to pH 4. However, ion balance was usually restored within 18 h at pH 4. Exposure to pH 3.5 caused even greater ion losses in all three species and proved to be acutely lethal to tamoata. Matrincha sustained irreversible physiological damage at pH 3.5, as ion fluxes did not recover following return to pH 6 and there was some mortality. Tambaqui suffered the least ionoregulatory disturbances at pH 3.5 and was the only species to make a full recovery on return to pH 6. In all species, there was a tendency for ammonia excretion to increase at low water pH, but even at pH 3.5, there was no significant net uptake of acid from the water. Overall, there was a strong relationship between the magnitude of ionic disturbances and the lethality of exposure to low pH. The relative insensitivity of the ionoregulatory system of tambaqui to low pH indicates that this is a feature of fish native to blackwater systems rather than one that is common to all Amazon fish.",
author = "Wilson, {Rod W.} and Wood, {Chris M.} and Gonzalez, {Rick J.} and Patrick, {Marjorie L.} and Bergman, {Harold L.} and Annie Narahara and Val, {Adalberto L.}",
journal = "Physiological and Biochemical Zoology",
publisher = "University of Chicago",
T1 - Ion and acid-base balance in three species of Amazonian fish during gradual acidification of extremely soft water
AU - Wilson, Rod W.
AU - Wood, Chris M.
AU - Gonzalez, Rick J.
AU - Patrick, Marjorie L.
AU - Bergman, Harold L.
AU - Narahara, Annie
AU - Val, Adalberto L.
N2 - Sensitivity to acid water was assessed in three species of Amazonian fish that encounter naturally acidic blackwaters to differing degrees in the wild: tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), matrincha (Brycon erythropterum), and tamoata (Hoplosternum littorale), in decreasing order of occurrence in blackwater. Fish were exposed to a graded reduction in water pH, from pH 6 to 5 to 4 to 3.5, followed by return to pH 6. Fish were exposed to each new pH for 24 h. During these exposures, net transfers of ions (Na+, K+, Cl-, and Ca2+) and acid-base equivalents to and from the external water were used as physiological indicators of acid tolerance. Exposure to pH 5 had a minimal effect on net ion fluxes. Significant net losses of all ions (except Ca2+) were recorded in all three species during the first few hours of exposure to pH 4. However, ion balance was usually restored within 18 h at pH 4. Exposure to pH 3.5 caused even greater ion losses in all three species and proved to be acutely lethal to tamoata. Matrincha sustained irreversible physiological damage at pH 3.5, as ion fluxes did not recover following return to pH 6 and there was some mortality. Tambaqui suffered the least ionoregulatory disturbances at pH 3.5 and was the only species to make a full recovery on return to pH 6. In all species, there was a tendency for ammonia excretion to increase at low water pH, but even at pH 3.5, there was no significant net uptake of acid from the water. Overall, there was a strong relationship between the magnitude of ionic disturbances and the lethality of exposure to low pH. The relative insensitivity of the ionoregulatory system of tambaqui to low pH indicates that this is a feature of fish native to blackwater systems rather than one that is common to all Amazon fish.
AB - Sensitivity to acid water was assessed in three species of Amazonian fish that encounter naturally acidic blackwaters to differing degrees in the wild: tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), matrincha (Brycon erythropterum), and tamoata (Hoplosternum littorale), in decreasing order of occurrence in blackwater. Fish were exposed to a graded reduction in water pH, from pH 6 to 5 to 4 to 3.5, followed by return to pH 6. Fish were exposed to each new pH for 24 h. During these exposures, net transfers of ions (Na+, K+, Cl-, and Ca2+) and acid-base equivalents to and from the external water were used as physiological indicators of acid tolerance. Exposure to pH 5 had a minimal effect on net ion fluxes. Significant net losses of all ions (except Ca2+) were recorded in all three species during the first few hours of exposure to pH 4. However, ion balance was usually restored within 18 h at pH 4. Exposure to pH 3.5 caused even greater ion losses in all three species and proved to be acutely lethal to tamoata. Matrincha sustained irreversible physiological damage at pH 3.5, as ion fluxes did not recover following return to pH 6 and there was some mortality. Tambaqui suffered the least ionoregulatory disturbances at pH 3.5 and was the only species to make a full recovery on return to pH 6. In all species, there was a tendency for ammonia excretion to increase at low water pH, but even at pH 3.5, there was no significant net uptake of acid from the water. Overall, there was a strong relationship between the magnitude of ionic disturbances and the lethality of exposure to low pH. The relative insensitivity of the ionoregulatory system of tambaqui to low pH indicates that this is a feature of fish native to blackwater systems rather than one that is common to all Amazon fish.
JO - Physiological and Biochemical Zoology
JF - Physiological and Biochemical Zoology


An update on the shipping for outstanding items available through the LimeSDR Mini Crowd Supply Store.
ESA will actually become an official backer of the LimeSDR Project - which is available through Crowd Supply - and Lime will make 200 LimeSDR Mini units for developers wanting to create applications in the field of satellite communications.
QRadioLink software, which is described as "a Linux SDR transceiver application with VOIP support built on top of GNU Radio, made for hobbyists, tinkerers, and radio enthusiasts.


text:
Q: TweenLite before going to next frame Why does this not work (doesn't go to frame 15)
navLeft.addEventListener(MouseEvent.CLICK, goLeft2);
function goLeft2(e:MouseEvent):void
{
    TweenLite.to(page1ani2, 1, {x:880, y:215, onComplete: goLeft22});
}
function goLeft22(e:MouseEvent):void
{
    gotoAndStop(15);
}

yet this does!
navLeft.addEventListener(MouseEvent.CLICK, goLeft22);
function goLeft22(e:MouseEvent):void
{
    gotoAndStop(15);
}

It doesn't like to do a tween before going to the gotoAndstop() function, why is this?
any help appreciated.
Ian

A: This does not work because you have goLeft22() with an expected argument of type MouseEvent. Try changing it to:
function goLeft22(e:MouseEvent=null):void
{
    gotoAndStop(15);
}

This makes the argument optional.


Please help our community — upload your photos of 08663959.
This is a transmission, assembly (code 7mam, 8mam, 9mam) (remanufactured), for Chevrolet Trucks, and GMC Trucks automobiles. It fits for 64 General Motors vehicles which were sold in the U.S.. It's a genuine General Motors part with an OEM part number 08663959. Please keep in mind that this transmission is discontinued for the U.S. market since March 1, 2004.
08648908 was replaced with 08663902 on August 1, 1988 for the U.S. market.


Reading on board: ebook or print?
In 2007, Jamie added bookshelves to Totem. LOTS of bookshelves. We felt important to accommodate our family before moving aboard. At the time, ereaders were relatively nascent. Reading needs at our kids' ages then—4, 6, and 9—better aligned with print books than screens. I could not justify what was then the equivalent of a month's worth of groceries on a couple of ereaders. But a few of years later, I got Jamie a Kindle for his birthday. And BAM, within months, all five of us had ereaders. Although while I am a diehard print book lover for many reasons, the ebook formats makes a lot of sense for cruisers.
Most obvious are the reduction in weight and space by replacing a physical library with a digital one. We love to read, and we now have access to what feels like an endless supply of reading without the compromise of storage.
Being able to source new books just about anywhere is another key benefit. Unfortunately, there's a very low bar set for the quality of books on the "give one, take one" shelves in laundries and the salty corners along cruising routes around the world. If you're good with pulp fiction and supermarket romances, no problem. If you're looking for pretty much anything else, it will feel like a gift when you spy a winner among the fluff.
Also, if you're expecting to buy print books locally while you cruise…think again. From the time we left the USA until we reached Australia more than two years later, there just weren't a lot of options. Not in Mexico. Tahiti had bookstores, but unsurprisingly, books were mostly in French. It's the same in New Caledonia, and most other English-speaking islands along the coconut milk run between those two don't have populations big enough to support bookstores.
Ease of access means most of the books the kids read for learning are digital. Amazon makes retail purchasing very easy, but resources like project Gutenberg have free classics, and by maintaining accounts with a library at home, it's possible to access those ebook libraries as well.
Ebooks are also more watch-friendly. Reading is one of my favorite ways to pass time, stay alert and awake on watch. Previously I used a headlamp to read paperbacks, which is a great way to kill night vision. By comparison, a dim setting on my kindle is very low impact. If I'm reading on an iPad, I can set a 10-minute timer on the device as a reminder to do a 360 and check instruments.
A note on hardware: for reading in sunlight, I really don't like backlit tablets like iPads or Nexus or Kindle Fire. We have some of these: they're great for a lot of things, but not for reading. The black and white eink displays, on the other hand, are a dream in sunlight; their screens also don't have the glare that tablet glass gives, and their dim settings work better at night. We use these almost exclusively for nighttime reading (also: marriage saver in comparison to leaving a light on!).
Print will never lose a place on Totem, and it's our preferred type for any reference books. That includes not just the nautical books on board, but the field guides and travel books. I want to flip to the overviews, skim genres of plants or animals or skip ahead to whatever town we'll visit next. Browsing isn't as easy for me on an ebook. In technical manuals, tables and charts and diagrams don't always translate as neatly as you'd like. While the front-to-back reading of a book for pleasure makes a lot of sense on an ebook, the non-linear mode of a reference book doesn't suit.
Print was also essential when the kids were small. They'd lose themselves for hours in colorful DK books about the ocean, or a country we're visiting, or something they love- dogs, astronomy, whatever. One of our great indulgences of space on board is a full set of encyclopedias. I don't regret that for an instant. We also had Britannica on the computer, but the kids engaged differently with print references: they'll got lost in them for ours, where they tend to do more shorter duration point searching in digital format.
Voyaging with Kids: ebook or print?
future cruising kid with his copy!
Now that I've got my name on a book, the question has slightly different weight: what's better for Voyaging with Kids, anyway? While I prefer ebooks for most reading, and print for reference reading, Voyaging with Kids is actually kind of in the middle. I think it lends itself to either format, and it depends a little on how you're going to use the book.
A vivid layout in color throughout with rich images to bring cruising to life: there's something about being able to flip through and get a feel for the cruising life. It may be more readily shared with those friends/relatives who need help understanding you're not crazy (hey, look: happy well-adjusted families! On boats! All over the world!).
Print edition mentions this NOLS medical training; ebook links to a website about the course, and eink Kindles display it nicely.
On the other hand, the ebook version can take you directly to content throughout the book with a keyword search. There's a good index, but that's powerful. You can highlight material to save for later: to build a list of skills, or resources, or knowledge you want to build in the process of gearing up to go cruising. And, a digital edition fits in a handbag, so it's easy to take with you (dentist's waiting room? Bus? Lunch break?).
What the ebook also does that print can't is connect directly to resources online. Voyaging with Kids has a significant amount of supporting content from videos, to blogs, to books, or the resources like the medical training course mentioned in 'Staying Healthy' – shown here. That gets a mention in the print edition, and a URL in the appendix, but it's a live link in the ebook.
If you're not sure which one is best for you, it's easy to try the ebook for free. First, Amazon's "Look Inside" feature gives a good preview. Then, send a free sample of the book directly to your kindle from Amazon, and try it on your device.
Sale on Kindle edition of Voyaging with Kids!
I have an ulterior motive for tackling this topic. This month only, there's a huge discount on the Kindle edition of Voyaging with Kids. A number of people who purchased the print edition of Voyaging With Kids asked about discounts for purchasing an ebook, since they've already bought the book. Our awesome publisher (pricing is Lin Pardey's call) agreed, and thought it was a good idea for ALL buyers to have a shot at the same low price on an ebook—not just those who already own the print edition. So for the rest of February only, the Kindle edition is $9.99. That's almost a quarter of the recommended retail price! It's a steal, so if you've been on the fence, or want more flexibility for your gonna-go-cruising reading, maybe this tips the scale.
For more about Voyaging with Kids—a look through a selection of pages, Q&A with the authors, links to video content and more, visit www.VoyagingWithKids.com. Purchase from my Amazon associates link, and you toss me a tip. Thank you!
Shoutout to Tim Murphy, designer for the digital edition, for sending me the ebook photos.
12 Responses to Reading on board: ebook or print?
My rule on ebook versus print is I've realized I prefer print books, so I have a ton at home, but ultimately just can't beat the convenience of a Kindle while traveling. *Especially* for the whole "awful selection when in random places" part!
Being able to share a book between family Kindles is HUGE. We do it too! And while I'm one of those print-book-lovers too… I'm pretty much a convert now.
We all have kindles onboard Mahi, however, Joe still prefers print books. I made the transition to eReaders many years ago, so when I read a print book, I tap the page to turn- and nothing happens! LOL!
So funny- I've caught myself doing that too! The preference is definitely individual, especially for those of us who did not grow up as digital natives. I was one of those "LOVE THE SMELL OF OLD BOOKS" types, haunted used bookstores to try and find the really good cloth editions of my favorites. I never expected to like ereaders…until I got one! Now, I find I don't pick up print copies if I can possibly read it on my Kindle instead.
Great post as always Behan! Michael posted about the sale on the kindle version on his site and I immediately purchased it to go along with the print version. Both formats are excellent and so chock full of tips, techniques, and multiple examples of how people cruise with children! My kids are all grown, but I have 7 grandkids to take out on the boat over the coming decades. The cruising information alone is worth the price of admission as are the gorgeous photos and interactive layout. Well done!
Thank you, Kevin, for being such an awesome supporter! That sounds like quite a fleet of kids. I'm so glad you find it helpful, especially kid info aside, for your own plans.
And sharing a Kindle account among three eReaders has led to some surprises in our family; both the kids enjoyed reading our copy of The Martain, even though in Print Book Land we might not have left a book laying around that lead with the f-bomb on the first page!
Our encyclopedias feel like a luxury. We're not a weight sensitive boat, and we created the room. But truly, everything- EVERYTHING- on a boat is a compromise, and you'll know what's best for you! Love the note about Kindle sharing…that works for us too!
Thanks Bruce! I love the concept of the H2O. Haven't seen one yet but hopefully when we're back in N America this year. Any kind of water resistance makes it sound like a great ereader for cruisers!
As an American living and sailing around Europe, I've been a kindle fan for a very long time. We live on board 6-7 months of the year and I can get new books anytime I have an internet connection. Priceless ! But I always keep a sack of paperbacks on board so that I can enjoy book swaps in ports. It's always fun to see what other cruisers are reading and I've picked up some real gems along the way.
What a helpful review. I'm about to take the leap and your post was filled with useful insights, especially the benefit of Eink when reading outdoors. With all this evolution in book reading habits, I'm starting to feel bad for the guys who own the big printing presses.


text:
Неру де Маседу Карвальо (; 1887, Гояс — 19 декабря 1961, Рио-де-Жанейро) — бразильский юрист и политик; сенатор в Эру Варгаса, в 1935—1937 годах.

Биография
Неру де Маседу (Неро де Маседо) родился в 1887 году в штате Гояс в семье майора, ветерана Парагвайской войны. Он окончил юридический факультет университета Рио-де-Жанейро. Затем он занимал целый ряд должностей в правительственных органах штатов Бразилии: был главой инспекционной комиссии штата Пернамбуку, работал в налоговой полиции в штатах Сан-Паулу и Минас-Жерайс. Стал членом Социал-республиканской партии (Partido Social Republicano).

Маседу одержал победу на выборах в сенат Бразилии, проходивших в 1934 году по новой (третьей) конституции: стал одним из двух сенатором от центрально-западного штата Гояс. Представил законопроект по предоставлению федеральной помощи на строительство общественных зданий в городе Гояния, поддержанный единогласно. Будучи избранным на восьмилетний срок в 37-й созыв бразильского сената, занимал свой пост неполные три года, с 1935 по 1937 год — поскольку в ноябре 1937 года президент Жетулиу Варгас организовал государственный переворот и основал централизованное государство Эстадо Ново (Estado Novo).

Маседу завершил свою политическую карьеру после переворота. Являлся владельцем типографии; скончался в Рио-де-Жанейро 19 декабря 1961 года.

См. также
 Каяду, Мариу де Аленкастру

Примечания

Литература

Ссылки

Юристы Бразилии
Политики XX века
Сенаторы Бразилии

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Mr. Sweeper of Waltham was established in the early 70's then purchased in 1984 by the present owner, a long time employee. With the help of family and dedicated employees we kept growing. In 2004 the Waltham store moved to a larger location to 443 Moody Street. In 1997 the West Roxbury store was opened.
REPAIRS on all makes are done by factory trained technicians.
Our staff of professionals has more than 30 years of experience and their work is fully guaranteed.
We inspect the machine FREE and you get an Exact quote before the work is done, No Guesstimates or surprises.
Vacuum Cleaners - Filters, Bags, Attachments, Hoses, Deodorizers, Belts etc.
Sewing Machines - Attachments, Notions, Zippers, Buttons, Instruction Books, Feet, Bobbins, Thread, Needles, etc.
Floor & Rug Cleaning - Supplies, Shampoo, Stain Remover, etc.
We strongly advise trying before buying. We have all our models on the floor at our showrooms. You can come in and try them all yourself or Let a repair person help you select your next new Vacuum Cleaner or Sewing Machine.


text:
Die Capela do Senhor Bom Jesus dos Milagres (auch Capela dos Milagres, Kapelle des Herrn Jesus der Wunder), auch als Wunderkapelle bekannt, ist eine Kapelle in Machico, Madeira, Portugal, und befindet sich in der Banda d'Além. Die kleine Saalkirche hat eine neobarocke Ausstattung. Im Zentrum befindet sich das verehrte Gnadenbild des Gekreuzigten ("Bom Jesus").

Der Sakralbau steht seit 1948 unter Denkmalschutz.

Geschichte
Die Kapelle gilt als die älteste Kirchengründung auf Madeira. 1419 soll an dieser Stelle am Tag nach der Entdeckung und Inbesitznahme der Insel durch die Portugiesen die erste heilige Messe gefeiert worden sein. Anschließend entstand zum Dank der erste Kapellenbau.

Aufgrund seiner Lage war der Standort jedoch exponiert für Wettereinflüsse. Bei einer Überschwemmung am 9. Oktober 1803 wurde die Kapelle fast vollständig zerstört und das Kruzifix ins Meer gezogen. Nur wenige Tage später wurde es auf hoher See von einem Seefahrer gefunden, der es schließlich an die Kathedrale von Funchal auslieferte. Später kam dieses Kruzifix in die wiederaufgebaute Kapelle mit einem neuen Namen, dem Herrn der Wunder, angesichts des Wunders, dass es nach so vielen Tragödien geborgen wurde.

Schon 1862 war die Kapelle wieder baufällig. Das heutige Bauwerk, das Reste der Vorgängerbauten enthält und stilistisch an sie anknüpft, wurde 1883 geweiht. Erneute Hochwasserschäden machten 1956 eine weitere umfassende Sanierung notwendig.

Weblinks

 Eintrag der Capela de Nosso Senhor dos Milagres in der portugiesischen Denkmalliste SIPA
 Capela dos Milagres (visitmachico.com, portugiesisch und englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Kapelle in Portugal
Kirchengebäude in der Autonomen Region Madeira
Machico
Christuskirche
Wunder Jesu
Kirchengebäude des Bistums Funchal
Imóvel de Interesse Público


text:
World Bank: PH rangking in trade logistics climbs to 60th in 2018
The Philippines' competitiveness in trade logistics improved in the past two years, such that its rank jumped to 60th place among 168 countries in this year's edition of a biennial World Bank report.
The report titled "Connecting to Compete 2018: Trade Logistics in the Global Economy" showed the country's ranking move up from 71st among 160 countries in 2016.
The Philippines' Logistics Performance Index (LPI) score also rose to 2.9 this year from a score of 2.86 two years ago.
The World Bank explained that the LPI has six components, namely: customs, infrastructure, international shipments, logistics quality and competence, tracking and tracing, as well as timeliness.
"The LPI survey data provide numerical evidence on how easy or difficult it is in these countries to transport general merchandise-—typically manufactured products in unitized form," the World Bank said in the report.
Lower middle-income economies
The World Bank said that among lower middle-income economies, the Philippines was the fifth top performing in 2018 after Vietnam (ranked 39th with LPI score of 3.27), India (44th with score of 3.18), Indonesia (46th with score of 3.15) and Cote d'Ivoire (50th with score of 3.08).
In 2014, the Philippines placed 57th with an LPI score of 3; it ranked a higher 52nd with a score of 3.02 in 2012.
Across the six LPI components, the Philippines ranked the highest in international shipments, placing 37th with a score of 3.29.
The country's lowest LPI ranking of 100th place, meanwhile, was in timeliness, with a score of 2.98.
In customs, the Philippines was at 85th spot with a score of 2.53; in infrastructure, 67th (2.73); logistics quality and competence, 69th (2.78); and tracking and tracing, 57th (3.06).
World Bank data that aggregated the Philippines' LPI rankings as well as scores in 2012, 2014, 2016 and 2018, showed that the country had a mean rank of 64th, with an average score of 2.91.
Among the countries covered by this year's report, Germany has the highest LPI score of 4.2, while Afghanistan scored the lowest of 1.95.
"Logistics services are the backbone of international trade. Good logistics reduce trade costs, but supply chains are only as strong as their weakest link. For developing countries, getting logistics right means improving their infrastructure, customs, skills and regulations," said Caroline Freund, director of the macroeconomics, trade and investment global practice at the World Bank Group.
"With international trade becoming more dispersed through global value chains, good logistics are more important than ever. Small disruptions to a supply chain can spread rapidly to other countries and regions," said Christina Wiederer, economist with the World Bank Group's macroeconomics, trade and investment global practice and the report's co-author.