There's a distinction in drug handbooks. From the best identify in nursing, Mosby's 2014 Nursing Drug Reference makes it effortless to discover the newest and most crucial info at the medicines you administer most often. greater than 5,000 medicinal drugs are profiled - together with 70 new entries on present medicinal drugs and medicine lately authorized through the FDA.
When these in healthcare may perhaps wish to imagine that they paintings to lessen stigma and social exclusion of others, this publication unearths many ideas wherein healthcare pros give a contribution to expanding those stipulations. Written through practitioners, a few of whom have themselves been stigmatised, the e-book exposes the hidden tactics of prejudice and the dogma of ideology that permeate modern healthcare.
Simply because nursing courses are locations the place scholars and school offer direct care to sufferers via medical reports, uncivil and disruptive acts has to be addressed in order that such behaviors don't spiral into aggression and jeopardize the educational and perform surroundings. growing and maintaining Civility in Nursing schooling positive factors unique examine in accordance with polling questions, tales, and empirical facts to supply an outline of educational incivility and to explain quite a lot of evidence-based options to acknowledge, hinder, and handle incivility in nursing schooling and transition to perform.
Concise but thorough assistance on the best way to effectively and accurately take care of grownup innovative care sufferers and their households recommended by way of the yank organization of Critical-Care Nurses (AACN) and written by way of best medical specialists in acute and revolutionary care nursing, this textbook covers all of the must-know information at the care of grownup revolutionary care sufferers and their households.
Cell size is indicated by the terms normocytic, microcytic, and macrocytic. Hemoglobin content is indicated by the terms normochromic, hypochromic, and hyperchromic. Table 1–6 shows anemias classified according to these terms and in relation to the results of RBC indices. To calculate the RBC indices, the results of an RBC count, Hct, and Hgb are necessary. , abnormalities of RBC size or extremely elevated WBC counts) may result in misleading RBC indices. For this reason, a stained blood smear may be used to compare appearance with calculated values and to determine the etiology of identified abnormalities.
Each chain of globin is associated with a heme group. Each RBC contains approximately 250 million molecules of hemoglobin, with some erythrocytes containing more hemoglobin than others. The oxygen-binding, -carrying, and -releasing capacity of Hgb depends on the ability of the globin chains to shift position normally during the oxygenation–deoxygenation process. Structurally abnormal chains that are unable to shift normally have decreased oxygen-carrying ability. This decreased oxygen transport capacity is characteristic of anemia.
13. Sacher and McPherson, op cit, p 32. 14. Ibid, p 41. 15. Ibid, p 41. 16. Ibid, p 43. 17. Ibid, p 32. 18. Hillman and Finch, op cit, pp 95–96. 19. Fischbach, op cit, p 88. 20. Hillman and Finch, op cit, p 42. 21. Sacher and McPherson, op cit, p 45. 22. Hillman and Finch, op cit, p 12. 23. Fischbach, op cit, p 43. 24. Sacher and McPherson, op cit, p 46. 25. Hillman and Finch, op cit, p 43. 26. Hole, JW: Human Anatomy and Physiology, ed 4. Wm C Brown, Dubuque, Iowa, p 603. 27. Hillman and Finch, op cit, p 43.


text:
Italian Footballers' Association
Associazione Italiana Calciatori
4,500 (2,500 professionals)
Damiano Tommasi, President
Gianni Grazioli, General Secretary
ENPALS, CIDS, FIFPro
assocalciatori.it
The Italian Footballers' Association (Italian: Associazione Italiana Calciatori), also referred to by the acronym AIC, is the association for footballers in Italy. It was established in 1968 and currently has 4,500 members, of which 2,500 are professionals.[1][2]
The aims of the AIC are to protect, improve and negotiate the conditions, rights and status of all professional players by collective bargaining agreements.[2]
2 Gran Galà del Calcio
The AIC was founded in Milan, on 3 July 1968. Among the charter members there were notable footballers, such as Giacomo Bulgarelli, Sandro Mazzola, Gianni Rivera, Ernesto Castano, Giancarlo De Sisti, Giacomo Losi and Sergio Campana. The latter, who is also a lawyer and had retired from football a year before, was appointed president of the association.[1] Campana held the position for 43 years, before announcing his intention to step down in April 2011.[3] Former footballer Damiano Tommasi was officially appointed as the new president on 9 May 2011.[4]
Gran Galà del Calcio[edit]
Since 1997, AIC has held the Gran Galà del Calcio (formerly the Oscar del Calcio until 2011), a series of awards given to the best players, the best coach and the best referee of Serie A every season.[5]
Super Formation Soccer 95: della Serie A, football video game licensed by Italian Football League and AIC (Associazione Italiana Calciatori)
Ace Striker, football video game licensed by Italian Football League and AIC (Associazione Italiana Calciatori)
^ a b "La storia". assocalciatori.it (in Italian). Associazione Italiana Calciatori. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
^ a b "Il ruolo". assocalciatori.it (in Italian). Associazione Italiana Calciatori. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
^ "Lettera aperta di Campana alla fine del suo mandato". assocalciatori.it (in Italian). Associazione Italiana Calciatori. 28 April 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
^ "Damiano Tommasi nuovo Presidente". assocalciatori.it (in Italian). Associazione Italiana Calciatori. 2 May 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
^ "Oscar del Calcio". assocalciatori.it (in Italian). Associazione Italiana Calciatori. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
This article about an association football-related organization is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
This article related to a European trade union is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_Footballers%27_Association&oldid=1024604915"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Television Sets (Flat Panel, DLP, CRT)
All other types of Televisions and Display Devices
Charlotte Motor Speedway and Panasonic Announce World's Largest HD Video Board
Super Moderator, Chief Content Editor
HDTV Magazine - Charlotte Motor Speedway and Panasonic Announce World's Largest HD Video Board
"Continuing a tradition of innovation and fabulous firsts, Speedway Motorsports Inc. (NYSE: TRK) Chairman and Chief Executive Officer O. Bruton Smith and Charlotte Motor Speedway officials announced a partnership with Panasonic to revolutionize the fan experience at motorsports events with the creation of the world's largest high-definition video board." ...
... "At an incredible length of 200 feet wide, standing 80 feet tall and weighing 165,000 pounds, the video board will cover an expansive 16,000 square feet and be located between Turns 2 and 3 along the backstretch of the legendary superspeedway. Fans seated throughout the frontstretch from Turn 4 to Turn 1 will have clear viewing angles of the gigantic board that will feature 720P high-definition visuals illuminated by more than nine million light emitting diode, or LED, lamps." ...
MrPogi
Moderator, , Webmaster of Cache Free TV
At 720p for the size described, thats a dot pitch of well over 1 inch. I am sure I've made displays approaching that size.. It's my job.
I believe this one approaches it in size, and even wraps the corners of the building:
Miracle Miles Shops (a 170-store shopping and entertainment center) that is anchored by the Planet Hollywood (formerly the Aladdin) hotel/ casino commissioned YESCO, Inc. (Las Vegas) to design and install a series of LED video screens (PRISM Display System with a 25mm pitch) that formed a media facade that fit across the upper third of the building. The media facade displays both faced The Strip and also vehicular traffic approaching it from the sides of the building.
Our standard highway billboard is 20 mm pitch:
Size14'-0 x 48'-0
Rows (pixels)208
Column (pixels)720
So, its about equal to 3 1/2 x 2 standard billboards at a bigger dot pitch, in fact, close to 2" between pixels. (Don't sit too close.)
My big screen can beat up your big screen.
J Old Motorola HD-uDTA-M works, but new X1 TV box doesn't Comcast 0 Dec 28, 2020
Old Motorola HD-uDTA-M works, but new X1 TV box doesn't
Started by jdifran


Kalashnikov's CEO, Aleksei Krivoruchko, told TASS Thursday, May 11, that Russia's newest reconnaissance and attack robot, will be ready for testing in 2018.
Kalashnikov demonstrated its first robotized system last year, the 7-tonne Soratnik, developed at the request of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. Soratnik is an armoured tracked vehicle equipped with a computerized control system, secure radio communications, target acquisition and tracking, and a weapons module. This robot is capable of interacting with other robot combat units, such as Zala Aero drones.
What we presented at the Army [2016 forum] was still an experimental model. We are now actively working with the Defense Ministry, finalizing the system and expecting to receive the first serial machine this year.
Remotely operable to a range of six miles, Soratnik can be fitted with a 7.62mm Kalashnikov PKTM machine gun, or a 12.7mm heavy machine gun, grenade launchers and up to eight Kornet guided missiles with a range of three miles.
Other unmanned systems include the Uran-6 mine-clearing robot and the Uran-9 combat model. Uran-9 is a tracked combat robot equipped with multiple weapon systems. A specially-designed turret is mounted with a 2A72 automatic cannon and a coaxial 7.62 mm machine gun with associated sights. Ten missiles are also fitted on a separate, collapsible carriage – four 9S120 Ataka guided anti-tank missiles and two 9S846 Strelets triple-missile MANPADS mounts, each carrying three 9K33 Igla.
We are pushing ahead with this work and hope to show some of our achievements at the Army-2017. I'm talking not about one vehicle, but a whole family of reconnaissance and attack vehicles of different class that can operate as a team.
No further details or pictures of the new robotic system have yet been released.
Photo: Russia Kalashnikov Nerekhta Attack Robot.


text:
Saturday Extra
with Geraldine Doogue
ABC Radio National
This audio has expired.
American humour
By Alan Saunders on Saturday Extra
Cracking Up: American Humor in a Time of Conflict is the work of Paul Lewis, an English professor at the Boston College.
He has researched humour in American culture and politics and explains what his fellow countrymen laugh at and why.
Broadcast: Sat 2 Dec 2006, 8:45am
Alan Saunders:.A lighter note now. My next guest as an academic who researchers humour in American culture and politics. He's just released a book explaining what his fellow countrymen laugh at, and why.
And whether it's a belly-laugh, a wry chuckle, or even a nasty sneer, there are millions invested in finding that American funny-bone.
He's Paul Lewis, a Professor of English from Boston College and his book is called 'Cracking Up: American Humour in a Time of Conflict'. It's published by Chicago University Press. And he joins us now on the phone. Paul Lewis, good morning.
Paul Lewis: .Thank you so much, Alan, it's a pleasure to be with you.
Alan Saunders:.First of all the title, 'Cracking Up', now this has a double meaning, doesn't it?
Paul Lewis: .Yes. I think in America we argue a good deal about jokes. It's a very divided political time, so there are disagreements about the sort of jokes that people find funny and this operates in political campaigns as well as in all sorts of other disagreements about social norms and policies. But it has another meaning too, and I'm studying in this book, mostly jokes that are outside of what people would ordinarily first think of when they think about humour, that is not the jokes that people tell on a daily basis and not stand-up or professional humour, but sort of humour in odd corners of American culture, like humour in horror films, very sadistic humour of killing joke figures like Freddy Kruger from 'Nightmare on Elm Street'. And on the other side of this cracking division in American humour culture, there's a healing tradition, of positive humour associated with characters like Patch Adams and Norman Cousens, who believe that we need to get more humour into our life.
Alan Saunders:.What's happening on the other side though? Let's look at the Freddy Kruger side of things; what's happening here?
Paul Lewis: .Well it's interesting that it is on the other side, in the sense that there's so much emphasis on the benefits of humour, that when you come over and you look at the strain of sadistic humour in popular culture, and Freddy Kruger was very popular during the '80s and '90s, he influenced a lot of other pop culture writers and horror writers, characters like The Joker from 'Batman' and Hannibal Lecter from 'Silence of the Lambs' all very popular characters whose trademark is that they joked about their victims while they attacked them. And that may have one kind of function for people who go to see those movies, but when actual criminals commit the same kind of act and joke about it, it's a completely different matter.
Alan Saunders:.Well you tie in the torture at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq to the killing joke phenomenon; can you explain that for us?
Paul Lewis: .Yes. No-one talks lightly about what happened in the Iraq detention facility at Abu Ghraib, but those pictures, and one of the things that was most disturbing about them, at least to me, and to others I think, is that in some of those pictures the torturers, the American guards, people like Charles Grainer and Sabrina Harman, are shown laughing, smiling, at their victims while they're humiliating them, and that whole notion that you could use humour as an instrument of torture, it's very alien to people who think that humour is necessarily a good thing and always beneficial. But we need to think in a more nuanced way about the way humour can function.
Alan Saunders:.But is that a particularly American thing? I mean I assume that since time immemorial, torturers have probably laughed at their victims.
Paul Lewis: .I think you're probably right, and I don't mean to suggest that what's going on in America is all that different. We live in a global culture, don't we, and I think you're probably right, that the impulse to laugh at your victims, it may well be just a part of whatever constitutes a sadistic mentality. But I do think that it is the case that at least in a sort of popular cultural way, we've gone in for that very heavily over the last 20 years, I don't think that's necessarily related to actual incidences of it, but I do think it's interesting that the killing joker has become such a popular figure.
Alan Saunders:.Now you also point out in your book that America is divided as never before, along political lines, and you talk about the degree to which the last presidential campaign was fought by trading punchlines and gags, and perhaps the more recent mid-term elections even more so. What is new about this? Is there something unprecedented about the extent to which humour is being employed as a weapon?
Paul Lewis: .Yes. Well first of all I've got to go back just one step and say that I think we were more divided around the time of the Civil War.
Alan Saunders:.Yes, I'm sorry, as soon as I uttered those words, I thought about the Civil War, yes.
Paul Lewis: .Yes. I think that one of the things that's different in the way political humour is used is that if you imagine in the past you had people who were in power and you had satirists who would be writing about their abuses of power, their corruption and that sort of thing. Now you have political parties that actually hire joke-writers and are affiliated with satirists who might we working in talk radio or they might be working on the internet, putting out material that ridicules and attacks their opponents, or ideas which they think are ridiculous and should be mocked. So I think that's a little different, the notion that humour is an official instrument of power, is probably something that hasn't been done much in the past.
Alan Saunders:.Now John Kerry lost the presidential election, and he's recently been in trouble for making a rather bad joke, but what were the key gags that harmed him?
Paul Lewis: .Well I think back in 2004 the Republicans were able to portray him as a flip-flopping, north-eastern man who had married a woman of great wealth, so a kind of a gigolo, and also as someone who had pretended to have sacrificed and been injured in the Vietnam war, the Republican delegates at their convention in 2004 wore band-aids on their arms to show that that was the worst kind of wound that John Kerry actually got. And he was someone who fought and was injured in Vietnam, and those attacks were essentially false, but because they're conveyed humorously, if you challenge it, well then the rejoinder can always be 'Can't you take a joke?'
Alan Saunders:.And what about George Bush. I mean the Left used a few attempts at satire and ridicule that did win over an audience, but they backfired for a much bigger section of the public, labelling him with the cowboy stereotype, for example.
Paul Lewis: .Yes, that's exactly right. I mean Bush has always been pilloried mercilessly from the Left from his emergence onto the national political scene in 2000. He was mocked as someone who lacked intelligence, was inarticulate, and had bad ideas. Couldn't navigate an English unscripted sentence on his own. But 9/11 provided him with teflon coating, so that for one thing, people, professional humourists, Left or Right, just stopped using him as a target of humour. His popularity went up into the 90% ratings, unheard of at that time. And people wanted to believe desperately that he was a capable, strong, smart leader who could get us through this. And I think that protected him for quite a while from joking. Maybe long enough so that he squeaked through the 2004 election.
Alan Saunders:.Do you think there's a problem for politicians of looking too witty? Because if you look witty you kind of look clever, and that disturbs some of the electorate, and I'm thinking in this context of, say, Ronald Reagan. Reagan was quite a humorous guy, but you wouldn't really call him witty; he looked sort of folksy.
Paul Lewis: .He was affable. Everyone who met Reagan, even if they didn't like his politics, thought he was a charming folksy kind of guy, just as you say. Joking is very carefully managed in politics, and I think that might be another way in which things are a little different, at least here, these days. Politicians have jokes carefully crafted to work into their debate appearances. They want just the right combination of self-denigration and wit, but not to seem too clever, because as you say, if you're too smart, then you don't win over that percentage of the population that kind of doesn't want someone who's a smart alec, and I think Bush's opponents in both those races, Al Gore and John Kerry, were characterised as being a just little too smart and elitist.
Alan Saunders:.Now of course the more recent mid-term elections in the States didn't go nearly as well for Bush's side of politics as the last presidential election did; does that mean the Left has learned to tell better jokes?
Paul Lewis: .Well I think the Left has actually been getting more traction with its jokes over the last few years. You have to remember that in the summer of 2005, Hurricane Katrina struck, and the Emperor had, in a certain sense, had no clothing up until then, but it became perfectly clear to an overwhelming majority of my countrymen, that that was true when they saw how incompetent the President was in dealing with Katrina. Shortly after that the number of American casualties in Iraq went to 2000, and all of these benchmarks of the Bush presidency saw his popularity going down, and this allowed humourists and others attacking Bush from the left, people like John Stewart of Comedy Central's Daily Show, and Stephen Colbert, and Bill Marr, it allowed these Leftist comics to pile on and to have it sink in that maybe we do need a President who's more intelligent, more in charge and more effective.
Alan Saunders:.Now you talk about humour in post-9/11 America in the way fundamentalist Islam is often portrayed as humourless; why do you find that problematic?
Paul Lewis: .Well first of all, I think those in my country who say that fundamentalist Muslims have no sense of humour, probably have never met a fundamentalist Muslim, and so it's an easy assumption to reach. I think it's based on the idea that humour is necessarily a good thing, and we are necessarily good people, so people who disagree with us, even in very profound ways, must not have humour. But I think that people can be quite cruel, and can have opinions of all sorts and still find something's funny. In fact I would guess that there are a lot of fundamentalist Muslims around the world who think the United States is pretty funny. And we might not like that, but it's not really intellectually honest to say that they don't have a sense of humour. I just think that humour is a fairly universal human phenomenon, and it can be used to express ideas and opinions that are repellant, as well as ideas and opinions that we think are really worthwhile. And it's naïve to think that that wouldn't be the case and therefore to conclude without evidence, that people who are so different from us must be different in that they totally lack humour.
Alan Saunders:.I suppose people who do say that fundamentalist Muslims are humourless, just as people used to say in the '70s that feminists were humourless, I suppose the idea is that if you have a sense of humour, then there's a kind of pliability, there's a kind of sort of free play in your sensibility.
Paul Lewis: .So they don't have a sense of humour like our sense of humour, because we're so good at laughing at ourselves, I mean think about that. Think how often it is the course of a day that you are actually laughing about yourself, but even if that's true, and even if they're less flexibile and therefore less likely to be playful about their own ideas, that doesn't mean they can't use derisive humour. There's nothing like derision and ridicule with a schoolyard bully has a kind of humour about him, it's not admirable but there's no reason to say that he's not joking if he's calling you taunting names, laughing about it, and being clever in his own wicked way.
Alan Saunders:.Well, thank you very much for being clever in your not particularly wicked way. Paul Lewis, thank you very much indeed for joining us.
Paul Lewis: .Thank you, it's been a pleasure.
Alan Saunders:.And Paul Lewis is a Professor of English at Boston College, and he's the author of 'Cracking Up: American Humour in a Time of Conflict'. More details on his book on our website.
English Professor
Presenter Alan Saunders
Producer Scott Wales
Researcher Jason Di Rosso
Cracking Up: American Humor in a Time of Conflict
by Paul Lewis, Chicago University Press
Full episode 1hr 22min 11sec
Fiji politics
Vietnam and the WTO
Labor leadership
Limits to growth revisited
Radio National
link About Us
link Transcripts
Talkback: 1300 22 55 76 (cost of a local call)
Radio National: (02) 8333 2821
Online or On Air
on the ABC listen app
via DAB+ Digital Radio
on channel 26 on your TV
ask your smart speaker to "play ABC Radio National"
Radio National newsletter


Now welcoming the Boyle County Farmer's Market to historic Constitution Square! Come out every Saturday from 9am-1pm, April through October and shop local homegrown food including; fresh produce, meats, jams, baked goods, sand more. Pick up a beautiful bouquet of local flowers, stock up on locally made soaps, or add to your collection of local pottery and other gifts!


Several generous donations in the past week helped The Aegis Empty Stocking Fund move past the $30,000 mark in fundraising for this year's drive to help needy Harford County children and their families during the Christmas holidays.
As of Monday, the Empty Stocking Fund had raised $32,500, but is still well short of its $80,000 goal. This year, the Empty Stocking Fund, which also accepts new, unwrapped toys, expects to help 364 families with 831 children.
Among recent donations received are $1,126.58 from Freedom Federal Credit Union employees and customers; $1,200 from Randall and Gina Pace; and $2,500 from Dr. Han Sohn and family.
Donations also have been received from Dottie and Bill Sewell, $100; Greg and Amy White, $100; Greg and Anne Fox, $200; and Friends of Harford Inc., $200.
Members of the all-volunteer committee that runs the Empty Stocking Fund thank each one for their support.
Anyone who would like to help brighten the holidays for 364 families with 831 children, may send a check, for any amount, to The Aegis Empty Stocking Fund, PO Box 189, Bel Air, Maryland 21014.
The Susquehanna Hose Company of Havre de Grace's House 1 at 451 N. Juniata St. in Havre de Grace will host a toy drive on Saturday, Dec. 1, from noon to 4 p.m. to benefit The Aegis Empty Stocking Fund.
The Susquehanna Symphony Orchestra will present The Duke Ellington arrangement of "The Nutcracker" on Saturday, Dec. 8, at 7:30 p.m. in the Bel Air High School auditorium. Patrons are asked to bring a new unwrapped toy to benefit The Aegis Empty Stocking Fund.
For more information on "The Nutcracker" performance, visit http://www.ssorchestra.org.


text:
HomeTagsParis
Tourism Quick LinksParis
Blog postFrance had 89 Million Visitors Last Year
France had 89 Million Visitors Last Year
With almost 90 million visitors in 2017, France remains the world's leading tourist destination for the third year in a row. According to the latest data from the Ministry of Culture and Digital, this boost is mainly due to an increase in…
Blog postThe Iconic Eiffel Tower in Paris
The Iconic Eiffel Tower in Paris
The Eiffel Tower is a massive, iron-and-glass structure in Paris that dates back to 1887. It's one of the most famous landmarks in the city and one of the most photographed structures in Paris. But there's more to it than that. The Eiffel…
Blog postThe Eiffel Tower is The Pride of France
The Eiffel Tower is The Pride of France
The Eiffel Tower is an iron tower in Paris, France, and is one of the city's most recognizable landmarks. It was built as a landmark to commemorate the centenary of the French Revolution. The Eiffel Tower was built by engineer Gustave Eiffel,…
Blog postThe Palace of Versailles in Versailles - France
The Palace of Versailles in Versailles - France
The Palace of Versailles is one of the most famous royal residences in the world. Built-in the 17th century, it is located in the town of Versailles which is about 25 miles from Paris and has been a tourist attraction for visitors from all over…
Blog postTourism has Boosted Private Apartment Rental
Tourism has Boosted Private Apartment Rental
Tourism is one of the fastest-growing industries in the world. In 2017, the global tourism market was worth over $1 trillion. The demand for tourism continues to grow, and cities are investing to make themselves more attractive as destinations.…


text:
rrh.org.au
James Cook University ISSN 1445-6354
Social determinants of self-evaluated good health status of rural men in Jamaica
Paul Bourne1 PhD, Research fellow and biostatistician *
* Paul Bourne
1 Department of Community Health and Psychiatry, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica, West Indies
3 December 2009 Volume 9 Issue 4
REVISED: 17 October 2009
ACCEPTED: 3 December 2009
Bourne P. Social determinants of self-evaluated good health status of rural men in Jamaica. Rural and Remote Health 2009; 9: 1280. Available: www.rrh.org.au/journal/article/1280
© Paul Bourne 2009 A licence to publish this material has been given to ARHEN, arhen.org.au
Introduction: A comprehensive literature review revealed a gap in health research regarding the determinants of good health for rural men in Jamaica. This study seeks to fill this void by examining cross-sectional survey data to model the social determinants of the self-reported good health status of rural men in Jamaica.
Method: A sample of 5041 males (≥15 years) was extracted from a national cross-sectional survey of 25 018 respondents. A stratified random probability sampling technique was used to draw the sample. Data were stored, retrieved and analyzed using SPSS for Windows 16.0 (SPSS; Chicago, IL, USA). Descriptive statistics were used to provide pertinent socio-demographic characteristics of the sample, and logistic regression was used to establish a predictive model for good self-reported health status in rural Jamaican males.
Results: Seventeen percent of rural men claimed that they had poor health, 4.9% had health insurance, 61.6% visited a healthcare practitioner, 96.0% purchased prescribed medications and 45.3% completed the course of prescribed medications. The social determinants of good health status of rural men in Jamaica are cost of medical care (OR = 0.916, 95% CI = 0.841-0.997); retirement income (OR = 0.0.382, 95% CI = 0.206-0.707); marital status: separated, divorced or widowed with reference to those never married (OR = 0.270, 95% CI = 0.178-0.410), and married with reference to never married men (OR = 0.465, 95% CI = 0.356-0.609); health insurance coverage (OR = 0.041, 95% CI = 0.027-0.063); number of children in household (OR = 1.200, 95% CI = 1.069-1.347); and number of durable goods owned (OR = 1.107, 95% CI = 1.050-1.166).
Conclusion: Children continue to be not only futuristic assets to parents, but they also currently improve the health status of rural men.
Key words: good health, health status, Jamaica, public health, rural men, social determinants of health.
full article:
In Jamaica, culturally and traditionally, health has been viewed as being on the other side of the sickness pendulum. This is also the case in many Western societies where health is seen as the 'absence of diseases'1-4, an approach both negative and narrow in scope. According to some scholars, such a concept of health emphasizes the absence of some disease-causing pathogens rather than the presence of health1-3. Such a perspective is in keeping with the traditional biomedical model that views exposure to specific pathogens as the cause of diseases in organisms. This began during the period 130-200 CE in ancient Rome2,5, and despite the efforts of WHO as early as 19464 and Engel6-10 to expand this image of health, it is still widespread in contemporary Jamaica.
Owing to this image of health, healthcare utilization for men can be interpreted as weakness rather than an opportunity for preventative care. With this cultural bias the tern 'sicky sicky' (sickly) is used to describe men who frequently visit healthcare facilities or claim that they are suffering from dysfunction. Men believe they must protect their machoism (masculinity) and will only visit healthcare facilities infrequently in an attempt to display strength; keeping sickness at a distance assists their social survivability. Task specialization is important for Caribbean males and they will not publicly execute certain functions11-14, because gender defines social roles and functions. Masculinity for the Caribbean man is synonymous with power, strength and 'toughness', and he must not show any 'softness' or fragility because these are associated with female behaviour. Therefore Jamaican males generally do not like reading or literature, the English language, home management, child care, nursing or cosmetology, and they cannot appear to be 'sicky sicky' or seek medical care.
Over the last two decades (1988-2007), statistics from the Planning Institute of Jamaica and the Statistical Institute of Jamaica (in Jamaica Survey of Living Conditions - JSLC)15 have showed that the percentage of Jamaican men reporting illness or ailments to be 16.3% (in 1990), and that 37.9% of these sought medical care. Women, however, reported more dysfunctions and sought more health care, except in 1991, 1995 and 1997 (Table 1). The latest health data available from Jamaica was collected in 2007; this showed that 13.1% of men reported illness and 62.8% of these sought health care. In comparison, 17.8% of women reported ailments and 68.1% visited healthcare facilities for medical care, and spent less time suffering from those illnesses (9.3 days vs 10.6 days for men). This health-gender differential accounts for the disparity in life expectancy between the sexes with women outliving men by 6 years5. Globally, this difference in life expectancy is 8 years more for women than men16,17, emphasizing the role that culture plays in denying men comparatively better health.
Table 1: Percentage of those seeking medical care, self-reported illness, and gender composition of those who report illness and seek medical care in Jamaica, 1988-2007
Although it is not possible to establish that in Jamaica urbanization has resulted in more illness being experienced by rural residents, the Jamaica Survey of Living Conditions (JSLC) revealed that in the period 1988-2007 there were more instances of self-reported illness/injury by rural Jamaicans than urban dwellers. In 2007, 17.3% of rural Jamaicans reported illness compared with 13.9% of those in 'other towns' and 14.1% of those in urban areas. Of those who reported illnesses, 59.9% indicated a chronic recurring ailment. The chronic ailments suffered by rural residents were asthma (8.2%), diabetes (10.8%), hypertension (22.6%) and arthritis (9.3%). The incidence of arthritis and diabetes were higher and lower, respectively, than for those in other geopolitical zones.
Statistics from the Statistical Institute of Jamaica18 indicated that the 5 leading causes of mortality in Jamaican men were cerebro-vascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, ischaemic heart disease, malignant neoplasm of the prostate and hypertensive disease. The rate of cancer in Jamaican men has been said to be greater than that of men in the USA19. If the Jamaican culture means that men are less likely to visit healthcare facilities and more likely to live in rural zones, what determines good health for rural men? A comprehensive review of Caribbean health literature, in particular Jamaican, revealed few relevant studies.
This study examines the social determinants of good health status for rural Jamaican men to assist in health planning. Because Jamaican men make less use of healthcare facilities than women, understanding those with good health may provide an insight into the lives of those with poor health.
Participants and questionnaire
The current research extracted a sample of 5041 respondents (20.2% of the survey) from a Jamaican national cross-sectional survey of 25 018 respondents20, based on those who lived in rural parishes and were male over the age of 15 years. The original survey used a stratified random probability sampling technique to draw the 25 018 respondents; the non-response rate was 29.7% with 20.5% not responding to particular questions; 9.0% did not participate in the survey and another 0.2% were rejected due to data cleaning. The Jamaica Survey of Living Conditions (JSLC) was commissioned by the Planning Institute of Jamaica (PIOJ) and the Statistical Institute of Jamaica (STATIN) to collect data from Jamaicans on their standard of living in order to assess government policies. These two organizations are responsible for planning, data collection and policy guidelines for Jamaica. The JSLC is an administered questionnaire where respondents are asked to recall detailed information about particular activities. The questionnaire covers demographic variables, health, immunization of children 0-59 months, education, daily expenses, non-food consumption expenditure, housing conditions, inventory of durable goods and social assistance. Interviewers are trained to collect the data, which is prepared by household members. The survey is conducted annually between April and July.
The multivariate model used in the present study is a modification of those of Grossman21, Smith & Kington22 and Bourne5,23, which captures the multi-dimensional concept of health and health status. The current study added some new factors, such as crowding and consumption per person in the household. Another fundamental difference between this and the former models is that the present study is area-specific and focused primarily on rural residence, which includes the majority of the poor in Jamaica. For effective health education and private care to take place, this cohort's health status must be understood.
Some critical variables used in this study and their definitions and measurements are provided in Table 2.
Table 2: Operational definitions of particular variables24,25
Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 16.0 for Windows (SPSS; Chicago, IL, USA; www.spss.com). Descriptive statistics included frequency, mean and standard deviation. Logistic regression was used to explore the relationship between the predictor variables and health status. The final model was based on those variables that were jointly statistically significant (p<0.05).
The Hosmer and Lemeshow test26 was used for goodness of fit of the model, and an odds ratio was used to interpret each significant variable27.
Demographic characteristic of sample
Of the sampled respondents 39% were young adults (15-30 years), 41.8% adults (31-59 years) and 19.2% elderly (≥60 years). In all, 83% reported good health. Only 61.6% (n = 371) of those who indicated poor health had visited a health practitioner in the last 4 weeks. Of those with self-reported health conditions, 96% claimed they had purchased medication, with only 45.3% mentioning that they completed taking the prescribed medication. Of those who responded to the health insurance question, 4.9% (n = 241) had private coverage (Table 3).
Table 3: Demographic characteristics of sampled population, rural residence in Jamaica
Multivariate regression
Of the 12 identified variables tested in this study, 6 were found to be statistically significant (p<0.05) for the final model (Table 4). These 6 social determinants are: retirement income, marital status, health insurance, number of children in the household, asset ownership (durable goods), and sex of respondents. The model provided a good fit to the data, based on the Hosmer and Lemeshow test.
Table 4: Logistic regression: explanatory variables of rural health of Jamaican men
Jamaica is among those Caribbean societies and developing countries in which men understand health in terms of sickness. They associate sickness with weakness and are less likely to attend healthcare facilities for preventative care because they believe this to be an indicator of weakness. This situation is prevalent in many developing nations. Often these men only become active participants in addressing their health conditions when these have become chronic, incapacitating or life-threatening, affecting their employability, livelihood or sexuality. For instance, men in the Caribbean, and in Jamaica particularly, are less likely to undergo digital prostate examinations; likewise, sexual dysfunctions are not spoken about. This later is not limited to Caribbean men. With Viagra the leading medicine world-wide, sexual dysfunction is not only seen as a weakness in men, but it also suggests how manhood is defined in many societies.
When Jamaican men have an illness their first remedy is self-care or self-medication, compared with women, who seek health care at an early stage in an illness and also for preventive care. It has been found that men are only willing to report life-threatening diseases such as heart disease, and that of those who suffer from erectile dysfunction only 10.5% seek help28. Reasons for barriers to health-seeking behaviour may be embedded in personal beliefs, perceived loss of control, or be related to levels of optimism29, ethnic background and tolerance to risk-taking. This is not limited to Jamaican men; a Malaysian study showed similar health-seeking behaviour, and also reported similarities in Pakistani men28.
Low et al. stated that 'erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common sexual disorder affecting men. Although new treatments for ED have emerged for many years, this does not directly translate into men actively seeking treatment for their ED problem'28. Aspects of this issue include the emphasis placed on biomedical treatment, men's perceptions of issues classified as health related, and even how health information is collected and measured. Low et al. stated 'some men did not see ED as a medical problem, while others accepted it as a normal consequence of ageing'28.
Rural Jamaican men's health
What constitutes good health for rural men in Jamaica? In this study, self-reported health status was used to examine the health of rural men. Is this a good measure? Self-rated health is a complex variable that captures multiple dimensions of the relationship between physical health and other personal and social characteristics. It is consistent in its capacity to predict mortality25,30. It has also been strongly associated with successful aging31. Ringen32 in a paper entitled 'Wellbeing, Measurement, and Preferences' argued that non-welfarist approaches to measuring wellbeing are possible despite subjectivity. The direct approach to establishing wellbeing, according to Ringen, is not better than gathering data by the indirect method (using social indicators). Questions are raised about whether utility is a function of goods and preferences or products and taste. Wellbeing is based on choices, which are a function of individual assets and options. Choices are sometimes 'irrational', which makes for a departure from empiricism32. Hence, self-reported health status (or subjective wellbeing) is a useful way to evaluate people's health.
Self-reported good health in rural Jamaican men is determined by medical expenditure, retirement income, marital status, health insurance, the number of children in the household and ownership of durable goods (excluding property and land). Of the 6 social determinants of rural men's good self-reported health, only 2 positively influence good health: the number of children in the household and ownership of durable goods. The current study revealed that young children (<14 years) not only positively determine the good health of rural men, but that for each additional child in the household, good self-reported health is likely to increase 1.2 times. Good health will also increase 1.1 times if more durable goods are owned by the rural man. Other studies have agreed that wellbeing is increased according to material resources32-35, and that children positively determine good health (or wellbeing).
The impact of number of children: Culturally in Jamaica, children have been seen as futuristic goods for parents (ie income in old age). This cultural reality accounts for the number of children in particular households. In the 1960s, the mean number of people per household was in excess of 6; in the 1970s this had declined to 4, and currently (2007) the figure is approximately 3 per household.
Although the national average is 3.3 people per household (2007), rural households had 3.415. Part of the rationale for more people per household in rural Jamaica is the number of children. Historically, rural people were farmers who owned land. The survivability of the family was based on the farm and the labor available to work it. Poor men who could not afford to hire more workers increased their workforce by using their own children, who would also support their parents in old age. The number of children, and males in particular, were a source of pride for men. The more the farm was worked, the greater the opportunity to acquire possessions. Currently children still provide psychological benefits for rural males, and fatherhood is associated with reduced risky behavior. This accounts for the positive influence of an increased number of children in the household on the wellbeing of rural men in Jamaica.
The impact of poverty: In 1997, the prevalence of poverty in the nation was 19.9%, with rural poverty 2.95 times greater than urban poverty (9.3%), and 1.85 times greater than in 'other towns' (14.8%). By 2007 the nation's poverty had fallen by 50.3% (to 9.9%); however, although rural poverty had fallen by 44.2% (to 15.3%) it was 3.83 times greater than in 'other towns', and 2.47 times greater than urban poverty. It is well established that poverty correlates with ill-health36, but this is not the case for rural Jamaican men for there is no significant statistical association between social class and good health status. It should be noted that rural poverty does not suggest an inability to consume, because the cultural family in rural zones extends beyond heredity to community. Within this social 'family', those who are poor, senior citizens, orphans, ill and children will be assisted by those who have more.
Apart from the labor supply aspect to large rural families, and the pride that children provide, poverty is another motivation for large households. Poverty encourages increased fertility and more children in rural areas, for the future contribution they will make to the economic improvement of the household. A strong association has been found between family size and wellbeing in adult years37, with each additional child in a family increasing future economic wellbeing. In Jamaica, children less than 15 years are unable to work, so their positive influence on rural men's good health is of a psychosocial nature. However poverty alleviation may be seen in terms of investment in a child/children, as equivalent to investing in stocks, bonds, shares.
Other determinants of rural men's good self-reported health
Health insurance coverage: Health insurance is a product people use for future health conditions. In the present study, a rural man was 0.96 times (or 96%) less likely to purchase health insurance. Health insurance coverage cannot be used to measure healthcare-seeking behaviour as it is a precaution, rather than a preventative measure. Rural men buy private health insurance in Jamaica for the high likelihood of ill-health; therefore, health insurance coverage is not a good indicator of preventative health - and rural men's good health is not improved by the purchase of this product. Similarly, those rural men who spent more on medical care were 0.08 times (or 8%) less likely to have good health. Expenditure on medical care is to restore good health and is therefore not a preventative approach to health care for rural men, contrary to previous studies5,23.
Marriage: The literature search suggested that married men have greater wellbeing than those non-married. Smith and Waitzman added that men's gains from marriage were greater than women's38. It has been said that 'many observers have theorized that married individuals have access to more informal social support than do non-married individuals'39, and this explains the higher quality of life of married couples than 'non-married' individuals. Some studies have shown that married people have a lower mortality risk39, and this eplains why they take fewer life-threatening risks38,40.
With a sample of 1049 Austrians aged 14 years and over, Prause et al. found that married individuals reported better subjective health-related quality of life index (8.3) than divorced persons (7.6), or singles (7.7)41. Smock et al. found a direct relationship between married women and economic wellbeing42. Their longitudinal data from the 1987-1988 National Survey of Families and Households (NSHH1) and a follow-up survey (NSFH2) revealed that married women had higher economic wellbeing than those who were divorced, with those who remarried matching their married counterparts and exceeding the wellbeing of single women. For divorced women, as for their married counterparts, educational attainment and work experience were positively associated with wellbeing.
Despite the plethora of studies showing a correlation between marriage and health, Lillard and Panis disagreed43. They found that healthier men were less likely to be married, and that the healthier married men married later in life and postponed remarriage. The study found that unhealthy men entered marriage at an early age, suggesting that these men do so for health reasons43. The results of the present study are consistent with this, finding that rural Jamaican men who had never married were more likely to report good health, compared with married or divorced men.
Retirement income: Another important finding that emerged from this research is the negative correlation of those who rural men who received retirement income with good self-reported health status. This is counter to studies that found increased income to mean greater wellbeing36,44,45. For example, Keister stated (in an article entitled 'Sharing the wealth: the effect of sibling on adult's wealth ownership') that there is 'little doubt that material resources can improve quality of life and wellbeing...'36. It has also been found that material resources have the capacity to improve one's choices, comfort level, state of happiness and leisure, which militates against static wellbeing46,47.
By way of explanation, retirement income is received primarily by those men older than 65 years, a cohort less likely to be in good self-reported health. The current findings were that rural men who received retirement income were 0.382 less likely to report good health in comparison with those who had not received this benefit, and this was the least predictor of good health status of the study.
Conceptual change
It may be that it is necessary to re-culturize health practitioners and health researchers regarding their views and their image of the health and wellness of rural men. Rather than focusing on disease, a positive approach was suggested by a group of Caribbean scholars who stated 'wellness involves the different measures that we use to maintain good health and is geared towards preventing illness and diseases'48. Health is broader than diseases4, and this confirms the use of social determinants in health discussions49-55. However, Davidson et al.'s conceptual framework for good health in Jamaica48 lacks specifics for rural residents or rural men48. Empirical studies have shown that self-reported illness, self-evaluated health status, happiness, and life satisfaction can all be used to measure health21-25,30,49,56, and self-reported illness or health status have been found to be good predictors of objective health (such as mortality or life expectancy)24,25,30.
The Jamaica Survey of Living Conditions collects data from Jamaicans on their living conditions, and among the questions is the item: 'In the last 4 weeks have you had an ailment or illness not caused by injury?'. The current study used the self-evaluated health conditions to measure health status, seeking to model the social determinants of health among rural men.
Since 2000 the WHO and others have discussed the use of social determinants of health in anticipating policy directions53,54,57. Like others before it4,48,57, the present study has shown the role of social determinants in determining good health. However, this study has distinguished factors specific to sex and geographic location, and this is significant in predicting the health (or wellbeing) of a populace or a sub-population1-3,5,21-23,49-55 - in this case rural Jamaican males.
Using self-reported health conditions to measure the self-evaluated health status of rural Jamaicans, Bourne & McGrowder56 found 12 socio-psychological variables that determined good self-reported health (cost of medical care; education; retirement income; health insurance coverage; house tenure; gender; crowding; psychological affective conditions, positive and negative; age; living arrangements; and typology in the number of people who resided in the household - age and sex). Although the current study used the same definition of self-evaluated health, the social determinants of good health for rural men were not necessarily the same. Identifying these for this specific sup-population provides a framework for understanding58-60 and addressing inequalities that exist in the health of males in Jamaica. This also offers a useful approach for future work.
In summary, good self-reported health status in rural men is a function of health insurance coverage, marital status, the number of children in the household, retirement income and ownership of durable goods (excluding property and land). This study provided insights into social factors that determine the good health status of rural men, and within this reality healthcare practitioners can now devise appropriate programs to address the health concerns of this cohort.
One way to improve the level of health in a population is to address the health concerns of the poor - in Jamaica this means rural residents. Men continue to seek less care than women, and when this is added to rurality, poor rural men seek even less health care. Addressing the health gaps that exist in the Jamaica population, particularly among rural men, is an urgent concern.
The present study highlights that social determinants of self-evaluated (or reported) health status may differ among countries, and even within nations and between sexes. Public health practitioners must understand this when seeking to make a difference.
Men, in particular rural men, have been understudied in Jamaica. This study has provided an understanding of some issues surrounding health from their perspective. These findings may be used to inform future studies. Policy-makers may also be able to use the information to inform health promotion, interventions and education campaigns specifically for rural men. The results of this study suggest that health status is experienced similarly among the rural men studied, regardless of social determinants. Current health policies may, therefore, not meet the needs of this particular group of men in Jamaica.
The results of this study also challenge the notion that education means people make better health choices, thereby gaining improved health status. This may explain the higher mortality in males as policies fail to reach the target population. Another issue highlighted by this study is the relationship between health and marital status, with married men reporting lower health status than single men, suggesting that rural married men should be included in health promotion campaigns. Further research is needed into the relationship between health and marital status in rural Jamaican men to understand the impact of their value systems, health challenges, health decisions and lifestyle on health inequality.
This study on the social determinants of health does not provide all the answers but it has identified some health inequalities among rural men in Jamaica. More answers are needed to effectively aid policy formulations. Policy implementation in Jamaica needs epidemiological monitoring and analyses over time in order to understand how to guide future research-based policy implementation.
1. Longest BB. Health Policymaking in the United States, 3rd edn. Chicago, IL: Health Administration Press, 2002.
2. Brannon L., Feist J. Health psychology. An introduction to behavior and health, 6th edn. Los Angeles, CA: Wadsworth, 2007.
3. Bourne PA. A theoretical framework of good health status of Jamaicans: using econometric analysis to model good health status over the life course. North American Journal of Medical Sciences 2009; 1(2): 86-95.
4. World Health Organization. Preamble to the 1948 Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, June 19-22, 1946. In: Basic documents, 15th edn. Geneva: WHO; 1948.
5. Bourne PA. Medical Sociology: modelling well-being for elderly people in Jamaica. West Indian Medical Journal 2008; 57: 596-604.
6. Engel G. A unified concept of health and disease. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 1960; 3: 459-485.
7. Engel G. The care of the patient: art or science? Johns Hopkins Medical Journal 1977; 140: 222-232.
8. Engel G. The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine. Science 1977; 196: 129-136.
9. Engel G. The biopsychosocial model and the education of health professionals. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1978; 310: 169-181
10. Engel GL. The clinical application of the biopsychosocial model. American Journal of Psychiatry 1980; 137: 35-544.
11. Barrow Christine. Caribbean Gender Ideologies: Introduction and Overview. In: B Christine (Ed.). Caribbean portraits: essays on gender ideologies and identities. Kingston, Jamaica: Ian Randle, 1998.
12. Chevannes B. Learning to be a man: culture, socialization and gender identity in five Caribbean communities. Kingston, Jamaica: The University of the West Indies Press, 2001.
13. Gayle H. Adolescent male survivability in Jamaica. Kingston, Jamaica: The Jamaica Adolescent Reproductive Health Project (Youth Now), 2002.
14. Parry O. Masculinities, myths and educational underachievement: Jamaica, Barbados, and St Vincent and the Grenadines. In: R Reddock (Ed.). Interrogating Caribbean masculinities: theoretical and empirical analyses. Kingston, Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press, 2004.
15. Planning Institute of Jamaica, Statistical Institute of Jamaica. Jamaica Survey of Living Conditions, 1989-2007. Kingston, Jamaica: PIOJ and STATIN, 2008.
16. United Nations. Statistical yearbook, 50th issue. New York: Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division UN, 2006.
17. United Nations. World Population Ageing, 2007 and United Nations. Washington: UN, 2007.
18. Statistical Institute of Jamaica. Demographic statistics 2007. Kingston, Jamaica: STATIN, 2008.
19. Glover FE Jr, Coffey DS, Douglas LL, Cadogan M, Russell H, Tulloch T et al. The epidemiology of prostate cancer in Jamaica. Journal of Urology 1998; 159: 1984-1986.
20. Statistical Institute Of Jamaica. Jamaica Survey of Living Conditions, 2007. Kingston, Jamaica: Statistical Institute of Jamaica, 2007.
21. Grossman M. The demand for health - a theoretical and empirical investigation. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1972.
22. Smith JP, Kington R. Demographic and economic correlates of health in old age. Demography 1997; 34: 159-170.
23. Bourne PA. Health Determinants: using secondary data to model predictors of well-being of Jamaicans. West Indian Medical Journal 2008; 57: 476-481.
24. Idler EL, Kasl S. Health perceptions and survival: do global evaluations of health status really predict mortality. Journal of Gerontology 1991; 46: S55-S65.
25. Idler EL, Benyamini Y. Self-reported health and mortality: a review of twenty-seven community studies. Journal of Health, Society and Behaviour 1997; 38: 21-37.
26. Homer D, Lemeshow S. Applied logistic regression, 2nd edn. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2000.
27. Hair JF, Black B, Babin BJ, Anderson RE, Tatham RL. Multivariate data analysis, 6th edn. Upper Saddle River: NJ: Prentice Hall, 2005.
28. Low W-Y, Chirk-Jenn NG, Choo W-Y, Hui-Meng T. How do men perceive erectile dysfunction and its treatment: a qualitative study on opinions of men? The Aging Male 2006; 9: 175-180.
29. Clarke VA, Lovegrove H, Williams A, MacPherson M. Unrealistic optimism and the health belief model. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2000; 23: 367-376.
30. Bourne PA. The validity of using self-reported illness to measure objective health North American Journal of Medical Science 2009; 1(5): 232-238.
31. Roos NP, Havens B. Predictors of successful aging: a twelve-year study of Manitoba elderly. American Journal Public Health 1991; 81: 63-68
32. Ringen S. Wellbeing, measurement, and preferences. Scandinavian Sociological Association 1995; 38: 3-15.
33. Blanchflower DG, Oswald AJ. Well-being over time in Britain and the USA. Journal of Public Economics 2004; 88: 1359-1386.
34. Lima ML, Nova R. So far so good: subjective and social wellbeing in Portugal and Europe. Portuguese Journal of Social Science 2006; 5(1): 5-33.
35. Becker GS, Philipson TJ, Soares RR. The quantity and quality of life and the evolution of world inequality. American Economic Review 2005; 95: 277-291.
36. Alleyne GAO. Equity and health. In: Equity and health: views from the Pan American Sanitary Bureau. Occasional publication no 8. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organisation; 2001; 3-11.
37. Keister LA. Sharing the wealth: the effect of sibling on adult's wealth ownership. Demography 2003; 40: 521-542.
38. Smith KR., Waitzman NJ. Double jeopardy: interaction effects of martial and poverty status on the risk of mortality. Demography 1994; 31: 487-507.
39. Goldman N. Marriage selection and mortality patterns: inferences and fallacies. Demography 1993; 30: 189-208.
40. Umberson D. Family status and health behaviors: social control as a dimension of social integration. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour 1987; 28: 306-319.
41. Prause W, Saletu B, Tribl GG, Rieder A, Rosenberger A, Bolitschek J et al. Effects of socio-demographic variables on health-related quality of life determined by the quality of life index-German version. Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental 2005; 20 359-365.
42. Smock P, Manning WD, Gupta S. The effects of marriage and divorce on women's economic wellbeing. American Sociological Review 1999; 64: 794-812.
43. Lillard LA, Panis CW. Marital status and mortality: the role of health. Demography 1996; 33: 313-327.
44. Alleyne GAO. Health and economic growth. In: Equity and health: views from the Pan American Sanitary Bureau. Occasional publication no 8. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organisation; 2001; 265-269.
45. Oswald AJ. Happiness and economic performance. Economic Journal 1997; 107: 1815-1831.
46. Easterlin RA. Building a better theory of wellbeing. In: Proceedings, Paradoxes of Happiness in Economics; 21-23 March 2003; Milan, Italy; University of Milano-Bicocca; 2003.
47. Easterlin RA. Income and happiness: towards a unified theory. Economic Journal 2001; 111: 465-484.
48. Davidson W, Wright V, Lowe H. The wellness handbook: your guide to healthy living. Kingston, Jamaica: Pelican, 2002.
49. Hambleton IR, Clarke K, Broome HL, Fraser HS, Brathwaite F, Hennis AJ. Historical and current predictors of self-reported health status among elderly persons in Barbados. Revista Panamericana de Salud Publica 2005; 17(5-6): 342-352.
50. Asnani MR, Reid ME, Ali SB, Lipps G, Williams-Green P. Quality of life in patients with sickle cell disease in Jamaica: rural-urban differences. Rural and Remote Health 8: 890. (Online) 2008. Available: www.rrh.org.au (Accessed 12 November 2009).
51. Diener E. Subjective well-being: the science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychological Association 2000; 55: 34-43.
52. Graham H. Social determinants and their unequal distribution clarifying policy understanding. The MilBank Quarterly 2004; 82(1): 101-124.
53. Wilkinson RG, Marmot M. Social determinants of health. the solid facts, 2nd edn. Copenhagen: World Health Organization, 2003.
54. Kelly M, Morgan A, Bonnefog J, Beth J, Bergmer V. The social determinants of health: developing evidence base for political action. Geneva: WHO, 2007.
55. Pettigrew M, Whitehead M, McIntyre SJ, Graham H, Egan M. Evidence for public health policy on inequalities: 1: the reality according to policymakers. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2004; 5: 811-816.
56. Bourne PA, McGrowder DA. Rural health in Jamaica: examining and refining the predictive factors of good health status of rural residents. Rural and Remote Health 9: 1116. (Online) 2009. Available: www.rrh.org.au (Accessed 12 November 2009).
57. WHO. The social determinants of health. (Online) 2008. Available: http://www.who.int/social_determinants/en/ (Accessed 28 April 2009).
58. Graham H. Intellectual disabilities and socioeconomic inequalities in health: an overview of research patterns, determinants and challenges. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual disabilities 2005; 18(2): 101-111.
59. Graham H, Kelly MP. Health inequalities: concepts, frameworks and policy. London: Health Development Agency, 2004.
60. Graham H. Tracking health inequalities in England: remedying health disadvantages, narrowing gaps or reducing health gradients. Journal of Social Policy 2004; 33(1): 115-131.
This PDF has been produced for your convenience. Always refer to the live site https://www.rrh.org.au/journal/article/1280 for the Version of Record.


Peace can be found in many different ways. We are on an adventure to find them all.
Often times peace can be hard to find in yourself. We understand this feeling and we can help.
We are always looking for fellow peace keepers that want to make a difference. If you feel how we feel and see what we see, join us today and find your peace.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisialiquip ex ea commodo consequat.
All over the world children struggle with access to a quality education. Here at Keep the Peace we have an on-going cause to do as much as we possibly can to help these youngsters become our future.
We are a small charity but we have big plans and lots of passion for finding peace.
Our volunteer base is growing each and everyday. If you like what we are all about. Join us..
Keep the Peace is not just a charity but a lifestyle brand. We want to promote peace in all the ways we possibly can.
Peace is not just a word or an idea, it's a way of life. This is how we promote peace.
Morbi lacus purus, mattis eget bibendum ac, dapibus vel lorem.
Duis at porttitor lectus. Nulla nec euismod tellus.
Donate Today to Help Educate the Youth!
Keep the Peace is a true non-profit that focuses on helping the people of this world to find peace within themselves. Peace can be found in so many ways. We are on an adventure to find them all. We also have a life style clothing brand that promotes the essence of peace in our world. If you feel how we feel and see what we see, join us as a fellow Peace Keeper. No matter what happens, always Keep the Peace.


text:
Q: Troubles importing inner class into main activity on Java (Android) I'm making an Android app that makes use of AsyncTask to download some data. To make my code a bit more readable I re-created this code on a separate class ("ContentManager"). However, I don't know how to import it into my main activity.
Here's the code on my main activity, which doesn't work (error: "Cannot resolve symbol DownloadJson"):
public class MyApp extends AppCompatActivity {
    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_category_list);

        ContentManager contentManager = new ContentManager();
        ContentManager downloadJsonTask = new contentManager.DownloadJson();

        downloadJson.execute("http://.../api/...");

    }
}

And here's my AsyncTask code, that lives in a class file (ContentManager.java on the same package folder than the main activity):
public class ContentManager {

    // DownloadJson is a class that gets a JSON response given a url specified on the call
    public class DownloadJson extends AsyncTask<String,Void,String> {

        @Override
        protected String doInBackground(String... urls) {

            // Defined required variables
            String result = "";
            URL url;
            HttpURLConnection urlConnection = null;

            // Try to download content
            try {

                url = new URL(urls[0]);
                urlConnection = (HttpURLConnection)url.openConnection();

                InputStream in = urlConnection.getInputStream();
                InputStreamReader reader = new InputStreamReader(in);

                int data = reader.read();

                while (data != -1) {

                    char currentCharacter = (char)data;

                    result += currentCharacter;

                    data = reader.read();
                }
                return result;
            }
            catch(MalformedURLException e){
                e.printStackTrace();
            }catch(IOException e){
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            return null;
        }
    }
}

How can I import an inner class from another file? Is this the correct way of doing it?

A: Ah, i'm old :)
The problem is with your declaration of DownloadJson class.
Simply because it is non static inner class.
And as such it requires you to provide outer class reference to create an instance.
So forcing our way to simply create instance is:
DownloadManager dm = new DownloadManager();
dm.new DownloadJson ();
// But this is simply ridiculous right?

The proper way is to add static to your DownloadJson class
public static class DownloadJson extends AsyncTask<String,Void,String> {

And with that usage is much simpler:
DownloadJson json = new ContentManager.DownloadJson();

So the last thing is to say why, and what actually happens :)
There are two ways to declare inner class
1 - Non static
public class A {
    int value;
    public class B {
    }
}

The B class hold an reference to upper class and as such it needs to be created from class A, or to be created with class A reference (as context), declaring our inner class this ways makes possible to access any non static method, variable or  type of upper class as if u would normally in upper class. So writing this code is correct inside B class
void setUpperValue() {
    value = 30;
}

2 - Static
public class A {
    int value;
    public static class B {
    }
}

The B class hold no reference to upper class and us such does not need any additional context to create however it cannot access to local (non static variables).
So invoking inside class B:
value = 20;

Will make compile time error

A: Updated answer:
ContentManager.DownloadJson downloadJsonTask = contentManager.new DownloadJson();

A: There are at least 2 solutions:
1. You can create method in ContentManager to create the instance of DownloadJson class.
public DownloadJson createDownloadJson()
{
    return new DownloadJson();
}

2. You can create DownloadJson as static class. After that you can create new instance of DownloadJson in MyApp class using this snippet
DownloadJson downloadJson = new ContentManager.DownloadJson()

A: Instead this line
ContentManager downloadJsonTask = new contentManager.DownloadJson();
use this
ContentManager.DownloadJson downloadJsonTask = contentManager.new DownloadJson();
It should works fine.
Here is some more about nested class (for example how create a static nested class or inner class): http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/javaOO/nested.html

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Criminal Actors
The most extensive database on organized crime in the Americas
LA UNIÓN TEPITO
COLOMBIA MAFIA
DID ONE LAST TOUR OF HIS PRIME REFUGE
Home ᐳ News ᐳ Brief ᐳ 'Coyotes' Smuggling Haitians into Brazil
Thousands of Haitians are seeking a new life in Brazil
'Coyotes' Smuggling Haitians into Brazil
BRAZIL / 23 APR 2013 BY MIRIAM WELLS EN
Brazilian authorities have raised the alarm about human smugglers taking advantage of the mass illegal immigration wave into the country's Amazon region.
In the last few weeks more than 5,000 immigrants have surged into the Amazon state of Acre from the neighboring countries of Bolivia and Peru. State governor Tiao Viana told BBC Mundo authorities had identified "the presence of coyotes making a lot of money. This worries us."
Most of the immigrants are Haitian, though some come from as far as Bangladesh and Senegal. Acre declared a state of emergency earlier this month in response to the immigration wave, and a federal task force sent to deal with the crisis, issued more than 900 Haitian immigrants with residency and work permits.
Brazil is not the only Latin American nation dealing with Haitian immigrants. Mexican authorities reported the dismantling of a trafficking network of 30 people which brought Haitians into Mexico with false identification, according to El Informador.
InSight Crime Analysis
As Brazil continues to grow in economic power and influence, it is becoming an increasingly attractive destination from people fleeing poverty in the region's poorest countries, Haiti being a prime example. The upcoming 2014 World Cup and 2016 Olympics provide even more incentive, as these huge events will provide work for low-skilled laborers. This combination of factors provides prime conditions for organized criminals to take advantage of people's desperation and charge large amounts of money for smuggling services. There is also the risk of traffickers luring people into situations of exploitation.
Brazil experienced a similar crisis last year when thousands of Haitians emigrated into the Amazon region, prompting a national debate about immigration. The nation has also made moves to deal with human trafficking - a $3 million, three-year plan to combat the crime was announced in February which includes ten new control posts on border towns, the training of 400 staff and amendments to the penal code to criminalize illegal adoption, organ extraction and forced labor.
BRAZIL HUMAN SMUGGLING HUMAN TRAFFICKING
We want to sustain Latin America's largest organized crime database, but in order to do so, we need resources.
HUMAN SMUGGLING
At Nightfall, Cocaine Extractors Move Through Port of Rotterdam
NEWS / 20 JAN 2022
Anti-Corruption Judge Becomes Next Target of Guatemala Prosecutors
How the MS13 Became Lords of the Trash Dump in Honduras
Colombia's 'King' of Drug Subs Goes Down But Vessels Proliferate
10th Front - Ex-FARC Mafia
COLOMBIA / 18 JAN 2022
With US Policy, Mexico Crime Groups See Double the Opportunity in Northbound Migrants
São Paulo Security Chief Stands Down Amid Wave of Violence
BRAZIL / 22 NOV 2012
São Paulo's secretary for public security has resigned, following criticism of his handling of a wave of gang-police violence in…
Chihuahua Attorney General Opens Juarez Human Trafficking Investigation
HUMAN TRAFFICKING / 12 JAN 2011
An anti-human trafficking coalition identified a number of possible prostitution recruitment centers throughout Ciudad Juarez this week, prompting the Chihuahua…
Brazil Starts New Year With Series of Brutal Prison Killings
BRAZIL / 9 JAN 2017
Nearly 100 prisoners have been killed in Brazil since the start of the year, in a display of extreme violence…
About InSight Crime
Guatemala Social Insecurity Investigation Makes Front Page News
InSight Crime's latest investigation into a case of corruption within Guatemala's social security agency linked to the deaths of patients with kidney disease made waves in…
Venezuela El Dorado Investigation Makes Headlines
InSight Crime's investigation into the trafficking of illegal gold in Venezuela's Amazon region generated impact on both social media and in the press. Besides being republished and mentioned by several…
Gender and Investigative Techniques Focus of Workshops
On November 23-24, InSight Crime conducted a workshop called "How to Cover Organized Crime: Investigation Techniques and A Focus on Gender." The session convened reporters and investigators from a dozen…
InSight Crime Names Two New Board Members
In recent weeks, InSight Crime added two new members to its board. Joy Olson is the former executive director of the Washington Office on Latin America…
Senate Commission in Paraguay Cites InSight Crime
InSight Crime's reporting and investigations often reach the desks of diplomats, security officials and politicians. The latest example occurred in late October during a commission of Paraguay's Senate that tackled…
Stay Informed with Weekly InSight
Get fresh updates on organized crime from across the region delivered to your inbox.
We go into the field to interview, report and investigate. We then verify, write and edit, providing the tools to generate real impact.
Our work is costly and high risk. Please support our mission investigating organized crime.
Directors and Team
Information Processing Policies


text:
E-Procurement Manager - Northern Ireland
E-procurement Manager jobs
A type of procurement commonly found in B2B, B2C and business-to-government situations, e-procurement is a sourcing method that relies on technology - particularly the internet and other networks.
There are many different types of e-procurement and positions in this field could involve tasks like sourcing, tendering, reverse auctioning and enterprise resource planning.
Those in e-procurement manager roles will generally be responsible for organising and implementing best practice strategies and ensuring all goods and services that are procured in this manner match the quality expectations. Other key performance indicators include ensuring each project adheres to the set budget and time scale.
In most cases, you will need to provide regular reports on the market for the goods and services you are responsible for procuring. On-going monitoring of the suppliers, prices and alternative options will also be necessary.
As an E-procurement Manager, you will also be in charge of a team, so tasks may include things like training employees, motivating your staff and dealing with issues that arise within your area of responsibility.
The skills required
For those thinking of applying for roles as E-procurement Managers, a strong working knowledge of the various technologies is a must. You should have experience with the various e-procurement software packages, as well as other computing tasks - such as creating spreadsheets and using word processing programs.
Excellent organisation skills are vital and you should be confident in your ability to negotiate and communicate with a wide range of people - from suppliers through to company stakeholders and your own team.
Search for E-procurement Manager opportunities with Cast UK
As experts in all aspects of supply chain and procurement recruitment, the team at Cast UK can help you to find the next role in your career. Our highly qualified consultants have all worked in various parts of these fields themselves, giving them a unique understanding of what makes the best candidate for a particular role.
We work with clients and candidates in locations across the country to match the best talent to every vacancy. To find out more about how Cast UK can help you recruit an E-Procurement Manager for your business or find you a job as an E-Procurement Manager then contact one of our consultant team on 0161 825 0825.
E-Procurement Manager Jobs in Northern Ireland
The smallest country in the UK, Northern Ireland has traditionally been associated with industries like shipping, rope making and textile manufacture. In fact, during the American Civil War, the supply of cotton from the States was cut and Belfast gained the nickname Linenopolis, as Irish linen helped to alleviate problems caused by the shortage.
During the 18th and 19th centuries, Belfast was home to many of the world's top shipbuilders, including Harland and Wolff, the firm that went on to build the RMS Titanic, her sisters the Britannic and Olympic and other vessels like the HMS Belfast during the early 20th century.
Northern Ireland has also seen its share of violence and civil unrest, during a period known as the Troubles, which lasted from the late 1960s until the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998.
Since then, the country has grown more stable and a number of redevelopment projects have helped to turn Northern Ireland into a thriving place with an economy based mainly in the service sector - although many of the older business are still in operation. What's more, there are plenty of opportunities for those seeking E-Procurement Manager vacancies.
Just some of the companies with regional headquarters or other facilities in the region include DuPont and Caterpillar. In addition, Short Brothers, one of the first companies in the world to produce aircraft, moved to Northern Ireland in 1948 - today it owned by Bombardier Aerospace and produces flight control systems and other components.
Cast UK - helping you discover new roles
If you're ready to take your career to the next level, Cast UK can help you find a new E-Procurement Manager position in Northern Ireland.
Our team of recruitment specialists have extensive knowledge of the procurement, logistics and supply chain industries and we are dedicated to finding the right candidate for each role.
To find out more about how Cast UK can help you find and recruit candidates within Northern Ireland or source a new job in Northern Ireland then contact one of our consultant team on 0161 825 0825.
Related E-Procurement Manager jobs in Northern Ireland
Purchasing Analyst
Strategic Buyer
Purchasing Coordinator
Popular Cities & Towns
View all cities & towns
Popular Counties
View all counties


Great fintail - 2 previous owners. Twin carb model, column shift. Low mileage 0 approx. 200 000 kms. Excellent mechanical condition. Resprayed, interior redone dyed. Fitting new tyres today. Excellent drive brakes. All spares ex dealers still. Car has such presence solid quality. Chrome like new. HAve standard steel wheels.


B. 29 Dec 1808 at Athlone, Ireland Ref.
M. 5 Dec 1839 at Malta Ref.
D. 27 Aug 1873 at Ref.
Colonel Robert Pitcairn, twenty-third in descent, the second son of Sir James Pitcairn, was born at Athlone on the 29th of December 1808. He entered the Staff Corps on the 19th of June 1826. In February 1829 he Ws transferred to the 12th Regiment. He exchanged in 1830 to the 7th Fusiliers, and in February 1831 to the 92nd Highlanders. He was gazetted Captain 6th September 1839, and Major 11th November 1851; Lieut.-Colonel, and appointed Staff officer of Pensioners for the Northern Division in 1857. Pitcairn married at Malta, on the 5th December 1839, Eliza, fifth daughter of General G Cardew of the Royal Engineers.
Colonel Pitcairn died on the 27th August 1873, leaving two sons and four daughters.


text:
Tag Archives: art takes you to some funny places
Meta-Practice, Research
Cultivating inefficiencies
June 23, 2010 cwongyapart takes you to some funny places, Chu Yun, inefficiencies, Jeremy Deller, Jerry Saltz, newspapers, paper, printing, printmaking, procurement, skills Leave a comment
As S. Barich pointed out to me, Jerry Saltz recently wrote:
"Like most people in the art world, I'm basically making this up as I go. The art world is about trying to invent new definitions of skill." (Jerry Saltz, "Work of Art Season Premiere: Judge Jerry Saltz Recaps," NYMag.com, June 10, 2010)
One of my skills, if I could call it that, is procurement. Even after all these years, I'm surprised at how much time and energy I spend sourcing materials.
Since I respond to the materials that I work with, I often can't start a project until I have them in hand. Yet identifying and getting the right materials can take weeks. Beyond brushes, paint, paper, frames and the usual, Dick Blick and Aaron Bros aren't much help. Besides, I'm too self-conscious a consumer; I know their target audiences are Sunday painters and scrapbook keepers. One must get creative.
As an artist, I'm constantly negotiating how to materialize my ideas. The frustrating thing is reaching limits persistently and pervasively — a recipe for pessimism, according to Martin E. P. Seligman in Learned Optimism.
For example, recently I envisioned producing a multiple: a circular, printed on newsprint in full color, of about 100 copies, at the size of a standard advertising insert, roughly 11×12 inches folded or 22×12 flat. This, it turns out, is not feasible. I've become a customer service nightmare, making ridiculous requests.
Digital printers don't want to run newsprint (which is lightweight, only 16-18#s) in their machines; the lowest weight they'll accept for double-sided full color jobs is 60-70#. Further, they'll resist anything but standard sizes: 11×17, 13×19, 12.25×18.25. These sizes are efficiencies that work across multiple industries — paper mills, presses, reprographics — but not me, not now. What I need to use, like what I need to produce, are inefficiencies in the system.
Circulars are typically printed on offset web presses, the massive kind that fill warehouses. These presses take too long to set up to produce my piddly quantity. I could do it if I had to make like 5,000 copies, or had about $5k to spend.
Newspaper Club in the UK produces bespoke short-run newspapers. Too bad they don't ship internationally. An article on Time reveals that Newspaper Club prints on large newspapers' presses during their inactive times. I contacted some small, local papers to see if they'd bang out an odd job for me, and they courteously but firmly denied my request.
When I produced Sorted, a gilt badge, I contacted many vendors, who would only take on jobs with minimums of 200-250 pcs, way out of my budget. I finally found a vendor that specializes in badges for schools (such as "hall monitor") that would make smaller quantities of custom badges at reasonable prices. So I took the same tack and looked up school newspaper printers. (I remember buying indie newspapers at Epicenter about home schooling; which couldn't have had a large circulation.) But times sure have changed. It turns out the young whippersnappers today produce online school newspapers. Of course!
So maybe I have to do this myself. I could make a relief, intaglio or screen print. But that would mean four color separations and a week to produce the edition. The result would be Fine Art. Bummer. I'm just not interested in making a crispy-clean print to mat and frame for this project. I want to make a circular — a big, glossy, tacky, cheap, off-gassing circular. Viewers would handle it with bare hands. Gasp!
Now I'm thinking about freedom and familiarity, and how once again, even the most mundane materials are irrevocably tied with a feeling of constriction. That what I can imagine must be shoved through the machinations of capitalism and global manufacture, and it risks being extruded in unrecognizable form.
To make objects is to direct form-making. I don't think twice about 8.5×11 inch Letter-sized sheets most days, but today, it seems oppressively inescapable.
The process of de-materialization is ongoing. I'm thinking more about making less. Returning to examples like Chu Yun and Jeremy Deller.
To be optimistic is to take a selective perspective. I'm refusing to let these vendors' limitations become my own. This project will materialize with the right materials, or not at all. Time to get creative.
another entry in the "art takes you to some funny places" diary
August 10, 2009 cwongyapart takes you to some funny places, David Moises, N. Sean Glover, This Leave a comment
Maybe it's too soon to say, but based on my initial experience, being a curator seems like one part Director, one part Gopher. I expected to fetch odds and ends for the exhibition, but I was bit surprised how much artists entrusted me with creative decisions regarding their art. Guess I'll just have to get used to it.
Two items I found myself chasing down recently:
78-rpm records. N. Sean Glover's cardboard record player works better with fatter grooves. A Jackson Five 33 had to do for the opening. (It seemed fitting because "I Want You Back" was on heavy rotation in the shops while I was in Manchester.) But today, at the East Bay Depot for Creative Re-Use, I scored two 78s — Sarah Vaughn and the Benny Goodman Sextet.
Butane. David Moises' Egoshooter is a modified barbecue lighter. Lighters can go in the mail completely emptied of fuel, so it was my job to re-fuel it for the exhibition. The gallery (understandably) didn't want visitors to get hurt, but I just couldn't show the Egoshooter disarmed — I was plagued with memories of grad school critiques of art "with no teeth." Not having ever owned a refillable lighter, I wandered the aisles of CVS before I realized that, of course, butane is probably kept behind a counter, next to cartons of cigarettes. The CVS in North Oakland, formerly Long's, was sort of an ideal place to find such a slightly obscure, anachronistic item. (It was also the source for my new white painter's pants. Maybe I'm projecting, but I get a lot more respect at Home Depot when I'm wearing proper Dickies.)
Art & Development, Community
August 3, 2008 cwongyapart takes you to some funny places Leave a comment
You could think of art as a series of problems and solutions. There are visual or formal problems, of course. But it's a month away from the Galleon Trade exhibition at YBCA (opens September 4), and I need to solve technical problems.
Working in different media is challenging, but it's great because I'm constantly dipping into new fields of knowledge. Right now, I'm learning about DC (direct current, as opposed to AC, alternating current), and solar power and batteries (both of which are 12 volt DC).
Mostly, I get by with some how-to books, videos and reading Wikipedia. But some problems are too complicated or unique. I wish I had a go-to tinkerer, a mad scientist who lives in a crappy Victorian surrounded by guard dogs in West Oakland, like in Ang Lee's Hulk. But in real life, I turn to artist-friends like Erik Scollon and Chris Bell. In addition to their technical knowledge, they have experience and, critically, access to resources.
This is about as far away from the artist-genius myth as you can get, but it's true: sometimes problem-solving hinges on procurement — sourcing the bits and pieces that add up to make installations. One of my biggest challenges is the extreme segmentation of our late capitalist markets. There's only so much the average shopper needs from an art store, hobby shop, fabric store or hardware store. Then there are artists. I have to source materials in quantities large and small from random outlets. My installation will be comprised of materials from solar companies, battery distributors, Urban Ore (a recycled goods shop in Berkeley), a specialty industrial electrical connector manufacturer, a marine supplier. In my research, I've also purchased goods from a train hobby shop. Art takes you to some funny places!
I shared a moment about this with Jessica Tully. She is using a special aerosol chalk in her Syndicate spray stencils. When she called local hardware stores to get more chalk, staffers often suggested spray paint. Sometimes they'd say that spray chalk doesn't exist. I get similar responses too, and they're not helpful. Nobody likes to be told we're making stuff up. We're not yahoos, we're just artists. Trust us!
Getting Back on the Screenprinting Horse
November 26, 2007 cwongyapart takes you to some funny places Leave a comment
"Art takes you to some funny places."– Mario Ybarra Jr.
Just got back from Creative Screen Tech of San Leandro, CA. It's a screen equipment and service shop, and was recommended by Thien Pham, the artist behind the brilliant I Like Food restaurant-review-as-comic-strip. CST will output film from my digital file and burn a stencil onto my screen.
The last time I used my screen was 10 years ago. I don't have access to vacuum exposure units, and besides, I never did well with photo emulsion anyway, so CST's help is crucial. I'm working on a booklet project, and I think screen printing is going to be the best method for achieving a desired effect.
The only thing I'm worried about is that my screen needs to be washed out. The stencil was hand painted with Speedball screen filler. I hate Speedball products — they're for hobbyists, and are low quality. But when you're inspired and faced with the task of supply procurement, which could take hours, Speedball's wide availability is dangerously appealing. As Leland Wong points out, screenprinting is getting more specialized and expensive. When I took my screenprint class 10 years ago, there seemed to be many more local vendors.
I just hope these CST guys are able to wash out the embarrassingly nineties stencil.


Amazing metal star headpiece, hand made as a custom piece for an editorial photoshoot. Each star was hand cut and formed from metal and then they were wired together on a base allowing the piece to be worn. This headpiece is a delicate and elegant piece, extremely light to wear and very eye-catching.


WAYNE ROONEY last night vowed to continue banging in the goals for England.
The Manchester United star has rediscovered his touch in front of goal for his country with a vengeance.
He claimed two more in the 5-1 World Cup qualifying defeat of Kazakhstan at Wembley on Saturday.
The 22-year-old has scored five times in his last five competitive matches for England, having suffered a drought of 16 goalless games before that.
Sporting a new cropped haircut, Rooney is aiming to cut down Belarus in Minsk on Wednesday.
Victory would see Fabio Capello's men open up a five-point gap on top of Group Six.
Admitting he has tended to score in "spurts" during his career, Rooney commented: "When I play for United, it's always been like that.
"It's always been they come all at once and then a little break and then they come again.
Rooney's double on Saturday followed a Group Six strike against Croatia last month and successive goals in the Euro 2008 qualifying campaign a year ago, in matches with Estonia and Russia.
Prior to the Russia game, the last time Rooney had scored in a competitive match was at Euro 2004, when he claimed two in the 4-2 victory over Croatia.
But Rooney bristled at suggestions his international goals record – 17 in 47 appearances – was not what it should be for a player of his talent.
"I wouldn't say my record is too bad at international level. It's just outside one in two," he claimed – although it is, in fact, one in 2.76.


Retro coupling pontoons are available for hire or sale and made from materials, heavy duty steel and lightweight aluminium.
Our heavy duty steel pontoons are easily connected to one another using a patented connection detail to deliver floating platforms with an uncharacteristically high load capacity suitable for a variety of applications. Retro coupling pontoons are delivered to site on conventional road transport or by boat and can be used on rivers, lakes and all types of inland waterway.
In addition to the pontoons and connectors, we can supply ancillary items such as access bridges, guide piles and ears, electric winches complete with associated power units and automatic ballasting systems.
– Available for hire or sale.
– All-round safety rail option.
– Available with guide pile pontoons and drill through holes.
Our steel coupling pontoons are available in two standard plan sizes - 6m x 3m and 12m x 3m - and three depths - 1m, 1.2m and 1.5m.


Hill Dickinson Trust Corporation Ltd is based in . Find contact details of Hill Dickinson Trust Corporation Ltd, including phone, email and work address.
Read client reviews and endorsements for Hill Dickinson Trust Corporation Ltd.
Explore legal articles, questions,answers and legal videos, published by Hill Dickinson Trust Corporation Ltd.Send an instant message via message box.


text:
7th Floor, Bookshop House 50/52 Broad Street Lagos Island.
About VSL
Purchase and Sales of Shares
Stockbrokers to Issues
Funds and Portfolio Management
Investment and Financial Advisory
Chief Luke E. Okafor
Chief Godwin Anyichie
Chief David Ogbodo Ll.B. Bl (hons.)
Mr. Stephen S. Mayaki
Mrs. Victoria Chinwe Okafor
Mr. Gabriel Ilori Akinyemi Fcs
Mr. Oyekola Oluremi
Mr. Ogunbemi Banji
Mr. Ogungbemi graduated from University of Lagos in 1977 with 2nd Class Upper Degree in Finance.
He obtained an MBA from the University of Ibadan in 1984. He is a certified member of Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport (UK) in 1990. He is a Fellow of the Association of Certified Chartered Accountants (ACCA) UK.
Mr.Ogungbemi after graduation worked in National Oil, where he rose to the top management level before joining Shell Petroleum. At Shell, he rose to the position of Managing Director Shell Nigeria Oil Products Ltd. He voluntarily retired from this position in 2009. After leaving Shell, Mr. Ogungbemi became the pioneer MD/CEO of Benin Petroleum Services SA (Cotonu, Benin), a company he nurtured from inception until the full capacity of the depot was
completed and was up and running receiving finished petroleum products. He voluntarily retired from this position after completing the terms of his employment contract.
Mr. Ogungbemi has held various other top management positions. Worthy of mention are; Manager Shell Nigeria Oil Products Ltd (2004 – 2007) – West Africa Region Business Projects , Ghana and Project Manager (2003- 2004) N.W & E Africa ( Based in Accra Ghana).
Mr. Ogungbemi has extensive experience in the Oil and Gas industry at top management positions and brings this experience to bear on all his endeavours. He joined the Board of Valmon Securities Limited in 2014. He is married and lives in Lagos with his family.
About Valmon Securities Limited
CSCS Account Opening Form
Identificaion Form
CSCS Transfer Form
valmonsecuritiesltd@gmail.com
8172466061 | 09080033779 08030728060 | 08033216745
VALMON SECURITIES © 2018. All Right Reserved. | Site Credits