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Pushing the Boundaries of Discovery
With six schools and an interdisciplinary graduate program, what ties the Faculty of Health Sciences together is a commitment to improving human health around the globe.
We are uniquely positioned to push the boundaries of discovery and work together, across disciplines and with our partner faculties and institutions, to develop a greater understanding of the scientific and social factors that impact our health.
The research conducted in the Faculty of Health Sciences is at the foundation of all we do. It influences how we teach, at both the undergraduate and graduate levels, and shapes our vision for the future of this faculty.
We look forward to growing our research portfolio, while also maintaining our commitment to providing a student experience that is second to none, as our students are our top priority.
Yours in Health,
S. Jayne Garland
More About S. Jayne Garland, PhD
Appointments Education Career Interests Activities Bio & Photo
Dean Faculty of Health Sciences
Professor School of Physical Therapy
PhD (McMaster)
MClSc (Western)
BScPT (Queen's)
Western University (Health Sciences)
Professor and Dean: 2016 - present
University of British Columbia (Department of Physical Therapy)
Director: 2009 - 2015
Western University (Physical Therapy)
Director: 2000-2008
Professor: 1989-2000
Canadian Physiotherapy Association
Canadian Institute of Health Research (Reviewer)
Dr. Garland is Professor and Dean of the Faculty of Health Sciences at Western University. Prior to joining Western as Dean in 2016, Dr. Garland was Professor and Director of the Department of Physical Therapy at UBC from 2009-2015. She was as a member of Western's Faculty of Health Sciences from 1989 to 2009, a tenure that included eight years as Director of the School of Physical Therapy (2000-2008). In addition to being a Registered Physiotherapist with the College of Physiotherapists of Ontario, Dr. Garland holds her BSc and MClSc in Physical Therapy from Queen's University and Western, respectively, and a PhD in Neuroscience from McMaster University. An active researcher, Dr. Garland is recognized internationally for her innovative techniques and advances in the motor control of force production, particularly under conditions of muscle fatigue, and for applying her work in motor control to several clinical populations, including breast cancer, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and end-stage renal disease.
A high resolution photo (JPEG) of Jayne Garland can be downloaded by clicking the link below. Please credit "Western University" when using this supplied image.
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STREET FIGHTER ALPHA You can't tell but I was saying that in my best "Alpha Announcer" voice. Tim and Dave look back on the classic Street Fighter spinoff series from the late 90's and unearth some surprisingly interesting stuff about it's history.
With the recent release of Miitomo in the US, Tim and Dave take a look back at Nintendo's surprisingly lengthy history of games that keep you coming back for a little more every day.
Ben, Dave, Tim and special guest pappy get together to guide you through the 2016 summer movie slate to see what looks like it might be worth your hard-earned dollar.


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Stories Issues Environment
In the Woods of Oklahoma, Researchers Are Helping to Rebuild a Bear Population
Researchers tracking bears resettling in the southeast watch and learn their habits to help humans adjust to their new neighbors.
April 25, 2021 Elizabeth Miller
Photo: Courtesy of Oklahoma State University
Bearpacker is Backpacker's annual celebration of bear safety, science, and stories.
Rambler, a black bear with brown points on his nose and eyebrows, spends late spring and early summer months in eastern Oklahoma. When autumn closes in, he moves west. As the crow flies, he covers about 60 miles, but as a bear walks, it's farther. It's no pleasure cruise: Rambler is after what he and his species need to survive.
Bears have been spilling over into Oklahoma from a reintroduction effort in Arkansas, and females occupy new landscapes more slowly than males do, so Rambler is compelled to travel east along the Ouachita Mountains each spring to find a mate. But, to the west, he finds few other bears nosing around for acorns in the dense stands of oak trees. With no one else to share the feast, he fattens up from about 350 to 450 pounds. Then, he piles up pine straw, digs a divot in the center, and curls up to hibernate in what looks like a huge bird's nest, its edges 3- to 4-feet tall.
Read More: I've Written About Human-Bear Incidents for Years. Here's What I Wish People Knew.
His radio collar sends signals back to Sara Bales Lyda, who since 2011 has worked for the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation to track bears resettling the state after a century-long absence. Collecting data on where a bear travels allows researchers to follow the bear's path and get a picture of the habitat and resources on the ground, Lyda says. But why they move matters less than figuring out where they're going and how stable their population is. These points are important for wildlife managers looking to balance human needs and bears' wants.
Bears aren't exactly newcomers to the Southeast. Historically, they were widespread across the region until settlers moved in and nearly wiped them out through habitat fragmentation and overhunting. Then, in the 1950s and '60s, Arkansas reintroduced them—"really progressive for that time," says Sue Fairbanks, a wildlife biology professor at Oklahoma State University. The bears didn't feel constrained by state boundaries either, spreading into Oklahoma and Missouri. As Lyda points out, that migration is very much in progress
"The open question is how they're going to be recolonizing areas, in what directions, and how are they going to move into those new areas," Lyda says. "You don't get answers in a short amount of time. You need a lot of years to really get down to business to figure out what's driving them."
The southeastern bears tend to be a little smaller than black bears found farther north. A few of them max out the researchers' scale, which tops out at 500 pounds, but most are much smaller. Some come in "cinnamon phase," their coats a reddish-brown. Scat surveys suggest Oklahoma's bears are more than 90% vegetarian, living off berries, acorns, chestnuts, and hickory nuts, Fairbanks adds. If meat shows up, it's often ants and bees. With little winter kill, deer is a rarity. They also trend toward higher elevations — possibly because that's where to find lots of acorns and few humans.
Male bears, like Rambler, travel more widely and seem less deterred by chunks missing from their forest habitat, crossing swaths of prairies and pastures females tend to avoid. Females tend to post up in a home territory adjacent to or even overlapping with their mother's, where they forage and den repeatedly. So as a new bear population moves into an area, it's a bit of a boys' club. A new population, like the one in the Ozarks in northeastern Oklahoma, won't be self-sustaining until there's a more even mix.
The importance of females to a stable population means that researchers pay very close attention to them. One bear in particular stands out for Lyda: Bertha was first collared in 2001 in southeastern Oklahoma. Lyda was still a master's student then, and Oklahoma's bear population was about a tenth of what it is now. Researchers have followed Bertha all her life, collaring her first at age 3, watching all the years she had cubs. She's now 25, and researchers are still keeping an eye on her.
"Bertha is near and dear to our hearts, because she's our first one that we've been able to track and know for sure how old she is and how long she reproduced in the state," Lyda said. "It's a success story for that region in terms of being a good habitat for her to live in."
Creating a "landscape of coexistence" means figuring out where bears can find forest cover and food sources, Fairbanks says. But just as important is negotiating the delicate relationship between humans and bears. Fairbanks's current research looks at how people feel about bears' return and how that affects how well the bears do. She's relaying what she's found so far—women tend to be more fearful of bears, and rural residents more often bothered by them—to the state wildlife agency to help target outreach efforts where they will make the biggest difference.
So far, the coexistence has been peaceful. Though tracking collars report bears passing through the campgrounds ringing a popular lake, no campers have reported sightings. Hikers spending time in the area spot scratched trees and scat, says Bo Lea, president of the Friends of the Ouachita Trail.
Animal sightings are more elusive. The 223-mile trail essentially echoes the route Rambler takes annually, Lea says. He's seen them elsewhere in the region, but not during his repeat thru- or section-hikes of the Ouachita. He hangs his food at night, but that's to dissuade raccoons.
Still, he says, he's glad to know they're out there.
"I think it's great—seems like it makes it more natural, having coyotes or bears," Lea says. "If you get a chance to see a bear in the Ouachita, that's a pretty special thing."
Ticks Are Changing the Way We Hike
Benjamin Tepler
When the Colorado River Came Back to Life
Should a River Have the Same Rights as a Person?
Elizabeth Miller
Bears Ears is Still in Limbo—and Oil and Mining Companies are Circling
Corey Buhay
Bear Science
Bearpacker
Bearpacker 2021
Blue Ridge Parkway Bans Picnics, Closes Trails After Unleashed Dog Sparks Bear Attack
Hikers Are Leaving Garbage at One of the Appalachian Trail's Most Famous Spots—and It's Attracting Bears

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Camps are not the best place for our animal friends. Please leave them at home if possible. If you have no alternative, bring your dog to the camp and please take responsibility for your furry friend. Please respect and note that people at the camp may be scared of your dog, or talk to you about its behaviour. Of course, the dog must not crap on the camp site – please take care of this!
We ask you to always keep your dog on a leash, especially in the community spaces. We know that it can be a difficult situation for many dogs and their keepers, but from experience of recent years it's desirable, since the camp site can be a very cramped space and in addition to people who are afraid of dogs there are many children on the site.
We recommend you not to take your animal friend to an action.


It does not appear to matter if you are actually a company supervisor, institution student, Educational institution grad or even merely a scientific research lover; these research laboratory expertise chances are actually valuable for everyone. Whether you intend to increase your customers or even know one thing brand new, take available times in to point to consider when the opportunity turns up once more as well as find exactly how a lab installment could possibly improve your know-how.
There is actually a specific aspect of puzzle bordering what really happens within a research laboratory. The details indoor air quality Malaysia experts carry out read about is actually the most recent clinical advance or even the absolute most latest injection analysts have actually dealt with to develop. However just how they came to that aspect is actually certainly never truly referred to. Having said that, a boosting amount of organizations level their doors to the general public. Those that are actually fascinated can easily experience a genuine research laboratory at the office, as well as talk to authentic researchers the inquiries they have actually regularly yearned to.
Whether organisations as well as social body systems level their doors for an involvement accessible time or even for informative objectives, the perks are actually certainly not only for the community. It is actually a possibility to include possible clients in the job that the provider carries out. Folks can easily notice the effort that is actually embeded bring in the items as well as organization an excellence, and also they are going to subsequently create a devotion. This suggests additional company for the provider.
The lab household furniture differs coming from conditioning enclosures, evaporators as well as microscopic lens, to heating & cooling units like Bunsen burners or even fridge-freezers. Laboratories that trying out unsafe components must utilize fume removal devices, including a fume bonnet. Through attracting sky coming from the front end of the cabinet, it handles to discharge the unsafe drugs away from the area. Security is among the essential aspects when functioning in a lab as a result of the harmful attribute of much of the methods and also products.
A wide variety of Colleges supply the possibility for possible pupils to invest time in their on-site research laboratories. This assists pupils acquire a more clear suggestion of the program information and also discovering strategy, yet it likewise supplies an option to find the degree of the centers that will go to their fingertip. Specialist labs commonly develop positions for College student to perform job expertise at some time in the course of their level training course. Certainly not merely are going to this provide pupils some key-experience for when they earn a degree, yet it will definitely additionally offer an odds to obtain some practical get in touches with.
Laboratories within a company variety coming from health care, processing, chemical, food-testing as well as tools screening, to ecological and also life science. The knowledge website visitors are going to possess is actually possibly various depending upon the function of the research laboratory, yet the research laboratory furnishings and also tools will certainly all be actually relatively identical.
For a beginning, there are going to be actually work stations for analysts to perform their tasks. There have to be actually lots of surface, however likewise a number of fuel water faucets as well as power outlets situated around the area. Sinks for cleaning up glass wares or even palm cleaning will certainly likewise be actually found at numerous factors. Storing area is actually yet another need, whether for individual items or even to save the device. This allows secure motion around the area as well as a set up workplace.


If you've ever lived in Richmond, you know about The Bizarre Bazaar! It has been a Richmond tradition for 37 years and there are two each year. There is The Spring Market, usually in April, and The Christmas Collection in December.
I drove all the way from Lynchburg to attend this year! My mom and I planned to spend just about the whole day at The Bazaar but we actually ended up stopping at two other craft shows! It really did become an all day event!
First we stopped by one of my favorite places for a small local artisan craft show at The Montpelier Center for the Arts and Education. This is actually where my husband and I had our beautiful wedding reception! The building serves many purposes from a library to a ruritan meeting place to a dance studio to a venue for various events. There is a beautiful ballroom surrounded with windows and a hallway around the entire ballroom. There is always beautiful, local art work hung up in the hallway. During our wedding reception there was animal themed art in the halls which was perfect for someone like me!
We showed up nice and early around 9:30am to start off our day!
There were maybe about 30 vendors that hand-crafted everything from goat's milk soap to pottery to wreaths and even beautiful woodwork. It was hard to keep my wallet in my purse!
Several vendors were showcasing their gorgeous handmade jewelry. There was even a lady who hand spun wool into yarn. I absolutely LOVE seeing the gifts and talents of my local community being showcased. Everyone has some sort of talent that they can put to work and I really enjoy supporting them in their endeavors. If you've been keeping up with my blog, you've probably noticed a pattern where I love finding Made in the USA products. As much as I love USA made products, I love locally made products even more!
After we spent almost 2 hours at the Montpelier Center, I was checking Facebook on my phone and a friend had commented that there was another craft show going on at a nearby high school that had about 75 vendors! I mentioned it to my mom and off we went!
Unfortunately I didn't get any pictures of that show but there were a lot of great vendors and products available there too! There were a few more direct sales type of vendors but also lots of cool handmade products. We spent another couple hours at this craft show and we each found a few good things for gifts so it was nice and successful. We also bought lunch there to support the school, which my mom and my older sister both attended, actually!
Now, onto the big daddy craft show! The Bizarre Bazaar!
I couldn't stretch my arm high enough to get even a fraction of what was there!! The Bazaar is held at the Richmond Raceway Complex which is a huge venue for all sort of events. The Bazaar alone took up their main building and 3 adjoining buildings! This year there were 475 vendors, primarily from Virginia and the nearby states but some even as far as Vermont.
This picture is deceiving because, let me tell you, there was rarely that much available walking space in the isles! This place was packed with people from all over Richmond! We spent about 4 hours going booth-to-booth trying not to miss anything! There was just so much to see...and taste!
By the end of it we were frankly quite tired! We each found a bit of stuff to buy and I found one of my favorite soup companies, Leonard Mountain! Their soups are delicious! They're "just add water" soups and are quick and easy. They're great by themselves or you can add all sorts of extras and it's always delicious! I blogged about one of the soups here. I had been hoping I'd see them because I was out of the soups I had bought last year. I ended up buying 7 soups at a craft show deal price. Yum! Winter is always the best time for soups, isn't it? I also bought some adorable reusable sandwich and snack bags for my husband's lunch! So glad I won't have to use hundreds of plastic baggies anymore! My mom also found plenty of gifts and we collected lots of business cards for reference.
Do you enjoy attending local craft shows? Is there a yearly event you just can't miss? What's your favorite product you only get from local vendors?
Hi Catherine! A little stalking and I found you! Glad you enjoyed the Montpelier Center art show. As a vendor I can say that Sandra did a brilliant job organizing it. I too loved the variety. (My pottery booth was right next to the woodcarver, several of his santas came home with me!) Hopefully I will see you again sometime.
Awesome! I started following your blog...feel free to follow mine too! ;) Your bowls and yarn were some of my favorite things at the Montpelier Center show! It was really nice to meet you!
I was happy to find this blog post. I googled "I'll be at the Bizaare Bazaar Richmond VA" to see if I could which vendors would be attending. My mother and I are driving up from NC for the Spring BB weekend. It'll be our first time attending and we're really excited!
That's awesome! I definitely recommend it...there's something for everyone and the vendors are wonderful! I'm hoping to attend the Spring show with my mom as well! We love the Bizare Bazaar!


Pembina reported a total of $891 million in earnings for the year, a 91 percent increase year over year. Much of that came in the fourth quarter, when the Veresen acquisition added to the bottom line and resulted in earnings of $445 million - 240 percent above the fourth quarter of 2016.
The acquisition of Veresen supports the continued execution of Pembina's long-term strategy by increasing its positioning to long-life economic hydrocarbon reserves, further integrating and enhancing its service offering including adding an entire natural gas value chain, extending reach into the U.S., while also increasing the company's portfolio of secured and unsecured growth projects. In short, Pembina is larger and more diversified. Throughout the year, $4.8 billion of new projects were placed into service. These assets include the company's Phase III expansion, third fractionator at Redwater, Canadian Diluent Hub, four major gas processing facilities (including Veresen Midstream), additional pipeline expansions as well as several other value-added capital projects.
In 2017, Pembina also secured approximately $1.2 billion in new growth projects which will further strengthen our competitive position and support market access solutions for our customers.
"When I look back over the year, I am incredibly proud of all that we have accomplished through the disciplined execution of a consistent strategy, combined with the hard work and determination of our employees who make our success possible," said Mick Dilger, Pembina's President and Chief Executive Officer.
With all the success that 2017 brought and the positive momentum thus far in 2018, Pembina states that it is well positioned for what should be another exciting and active year ahead. Ongoing efforts will continue to focus around building out the value-chain to provide customers with premium market access for energy products derived from western Canadian hydrocarbons.
"Since embarking on our transformational journey a few years ago, I am profoundly humbled by what Pembina has accomplished in becoming a leading North American energy infrastructure company. I want to thank our customers, shareholders, communities and employees for their support during such an extraordinary time for Pembina and I look forward to a prosperous future together," concluded Mr. Dilger.


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Georges Maurice Escoffier
8 April 1902–31 December 1964 (Age 62)
Constantine, Constantine, Algeria
The Life of Georges Maurice
When Georges Maurice Escoffier was born on 8 April 1902, in Constantine, Constantine, Algeria, his father, Germain Césaire Escoffier, was 48 and his mother, Marie Eugènie Jansen, was 41. He died on 31 December 1964, in St. Raphael, Var, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France, at the age of 62.
Learn about Georges Maurice's homeland.
Put your face in a costume from Georges Maurice's homelands.
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Germain Césaire Escoffier
Marie Eugènie Jansen
Eugène René Escoffier
Virginie Marie Escoffier
Germaine Marie Escoffier
René Émile Escoffier
Pierre Paul Escoffier
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1905 · The Law Separates Church and State
In December of 1905 a law was passed that separated church and state. It made it so that prayer could not be said before a parliamentary meeting or in schools. It also made it so that working on Sunday was legalized.
1914 · World War I
On July 31, 1914 French socialist leader, Jean Jaurés was murdered. A few days later Germany starts plans to invade France. Britain then started to occupy France. The battles that took place in France were First Battle of the Marne, Gallipoli, Jutland, Battle of Verdun, Battle of the Somme, and the Brusilov Offensive. 25 percent of the allied military deaths that happened in World War I were from France. Between civilian and military deaths France lost 1,697,800 people and 4,266,000 were wounded.
There are no historical documents attached to Georges Maurice.


A digital magazine educating consumers on a plant-based lifestyle.
We were challenged to design and build a digital magazine with rich media and interactive content to showcase the client's new product range and educate users on its benefits.
We worked closely with the product teams to capture dynamic content in an easy-to-understand way.
Visit the Woolworths Digital Magazine by clicking the link below.


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How to Dispute Form 1099
by Alia Nikolakopulos & Reviewed by Ashley Donohoe, MBA - Updated May 03, 2019
If you receive income other than W-2 wages from your job, you'll receive a 1099 form at the end of the year. Companies and people who pay you report the income you receive to the Internal Revenue Service and to you on 1099 forms. There are 17 different types of 1099 forms, but the most common are 1099-MISC forms, which you'll receive if you're a freelancer or subcontractor; and 1099-R forms, for retirement plan distributions.
If a 1099 is incorrect, you have the right to dispute the amounts shown. You're never required to report or pay tax on erroneous 1099 information. Here's what to do to resolve the issue.
Gather Supporting Proof
Gather any proof that supports your dispute. This may include check stubs, written confirmations of payments you received, such as letters or emails from the company, and proof of deposit instruments from your bank. A proof of deposit instrument is a copy of the item you deposited to your bank, such as a check or money order. This shows the amount and date of the item you deposited, as well as the name of the company or person who issued the payment to you.
Contact the Issuing Company
Contact the company that issued the 1099. If you don't know the name of the person who paid you, ask to speak with the accounting department.
In most cases, a payer isn't required to send you a 1099 if you're paid less than $600 during the year. If this is the case, you don't need to contact the company for a 1099. Instead, simply report the amount you were paid on your tax return.
Explain the Error
Explain that you're disputing the amount shown on your 1099. Ask the company representative to explain the amount shown so you can match the information with your records. If you still don't agree, request a correction and offer to provide your documents as proof of your dispute.
If the company refuses to correct the 1099 by Feb. 14, call the IRS at 800-829-1040 and explain your situation. The IRS will contact the company that issued the 1099 and request a corrected form.
When You Get No Corrected Form
Use substitutions, if necessary. If the company doesn't provide the IRS with a correct 1099, or proof of why the original 1099 is correct by April 15, you may claim the amount you believe is correct on your tax return without a new 1099.
If you're disputing a 1099-MISC or form other than 1099-R, write a statement describing why the 1099 is incorrect and attach the statement, along with your proof, to your tax return. If you're disputing a 1099-R, download Form 4852 from the IRS website and complete it. Most of the information you need to fill out the form is shown on your original 1099-R. Attach your documents behind your 1040 before any other schedules or forms.
Consequences of Not Disputing
If you don't dispute an incorrect 1099, you'll pay more tax than you should if the 1099 amount is higher than it should be. If the incorrect 1099 shows less than it should, and you claim the amount, you could be hit with hard underpayment penalties if the issuing company later discovers the 1099 amounts were insufficient and sends a correct 1099 to the IRS.
In most cases, a payer isn't required to send you a 1099 if you're paid less than $600 during the year. If this is the case, you don't need to contact the company for a 1099, simply report the amount you were paid on your tax return.
If you don't dispute an incorrect 1099, you'll pay more tax than you should if the 1099 amount is higher than it should be. If the incorrect 1099 shows less than it should and you claim the amount, you could be hit with hard underpayment penalties if the issuing company later discovers the 1099 amounts were insufficient and sends a correct 1099 to the IRS.
IRS: Form 1099-MISC
IRS: Form 4852
NOLO: What If You Receive an Incorrect Form 1099-MISC?
With a background in taxation and financial consulting, Alia Nikolakopulos has over a decade of experience resolving tax and finance issues. She is an IRS Enrolled Agent and has been a writer for these topics since 2010. Nikolakopulos is pursuing Bachelor of Science in accounting at the Metropolitan State University of Denver.
What if My Taxes Are Incorrect?
What Do I Enclose With a Form 1040X?
What If I Just Realized I've Been Doing My Tax Returns Wrong?
What Happens if I Forgot to Add a 1099-R on My Tax Return?
What Happens If My W2 Is Incorrect?
How to Get a W2 From a Company That Is Not Around Anymore
When Should I Receive My W2 Form?
What Are Some Reasons My Tax Return Can Be Denied?
What to Do If I Forget a 1099-R?
How to Get Out of the Telecheck System
How to Do an Addendum on My Taxes
Can I Do My Taxes without a W-2?
Do I Have to Include My SSA-1099 on My Federal Income Tax Return?
What If I Got Paid Cash & Didn't Get a W2?
How to Obtain a Copy of a W2 Form
How Far Back Can I Challenge an IRS Audit?


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Q: Calculate cosine similarity given 2 sentence strings From Python: tf-idf-cosine: to find document similarity , it is possible to calculate document similarity using tf-idf cosine. Without importing external libraries, are that any ways to calculate cosine similarity between 2 strings?
s1 = "This is a foo bar sentence ."
s2 = "This sentence is similar to a foo bar sentence ."
s3 = "What is this string ? Totally not related to the other two lines ."

cosine_sim(s1, s2) # Should give high cosine similarity
cosine_sim(s1, s3) # Shouldn't give high cosine similarity value
cosine_sim(s2, s3) # Shouldn't give high cosine similarity value

A: I have similar solution but might be useful for pandas
import math
import re
from collections import Counter
import pandas as pd

WORD = re.compile(r"\w+")

def get_cosine(vec1, vec2):
    intersection = set(vec1.keys()) & set(vec2.keys())
    numerator = sum([vec1[x] * vec2[x] for x in intersection])

    sum1 = sum([vec1[x] ** 2 for x in list(vec1.keys())])
    sum2 = sum([vec2[x] ** 2 for x in list(vec2.keys())])
    denominator = math.sqrt(sum1) * math.sqrt(sum2)

    if not denominator:
        return 0.0
    else:
        return float(numerator) / denominator

def text_to_vector(text):
    words = WORD.findall(text)
    return Counter(words)

df=pd.read_csv('/content/drive/article.csv')
df['vector1']=df['headline'].apply(lambda x: text_to_vector(x))
df['vector2']=df['snippet'].apply(lambda x: text_to_vector(x))
df['simscore']=df.apply(lambda x: get_cosine(x['vector1'],x['vector2']),axis=1)

A: The short answer is "no, it is not possible to do that in a principled way that works even remotely well". It is an unsolved problem in natural language processing research and also happens to be the subject of my doctoral work. I'll very briefly summarize where we are and point you to a few publications:
Meaning of words
The most important assumption here is that it is possible to obtain a vector that represents each word in the sentence in quesion. This vector is usually chosen to capture the contexts the word can appear in. For example, if we only consider the three contexts "eat", "red" and "fluffy", the word "cat" might be represented as [98, 1, 87], because if you were to read a very very long piece of text (a few billion words is not uncommon by today's standard), the word "cat" would appear very often in the context of "fluffy" and "eat", but not that often in the context of "red". In the same way, "dog" might be represented as [87,2,34] and "umbrella" might be [1,13,0]. Imagening these vectors as points in 3D space, "cat" is clearly closer to "dog" than it is to "umbrella", therefore "cat" also means something more similar to "dog" than to an "umbrella".
This line of work has been investigated since the early 90s (e.g. this work by Greffenstette) and has yielded some surprisingly good results. For example, here is a few random entries in a thesaurus I built recently by having my computer read wikipedia:
theory -> analysis, concept, approach, idea, method
voice -> vocal, tone, sound, melody, singing
james -> william, john, thomas, robert, george, charles

These lists of similar words were obtained entirely without human intervention- you feed text in and come back a few hours later.
The problem with phrases
You might ask why we are not doing the same thing for longer phrases, such as "ginger foxes love fruit". It's because we do not have enough text. In order for us to reliably establish what X is similar to, we need to see many examples of X being used in context. When X is a single word like "voice", this is not too hard. However, as X gets longer, the chances of finding natural occurrences of X get exponentially slower. For comparison, Google has about 1B pages containing the word "fox" and not a single page containing "ginger foxes love fruit", despite the fact that it is a perfectly valid English sentence and we all understand what it means.
Composition
To tackle the problem of data sparsity, we want to perform composition, i.e. to take vectors for words, which are easy to obtain from real text, and to put the together in a way that captures their meaning. The bad news is nobody has been able to do that well so far.
The simplest and most obvious way is to add or multiply the individual word vectors together. This leads to undesirable side effect that "cats chase dogs" and "dogs chase cats" would mean the same to your system. Also, if you are multiplying, you have to be extra careful or every sentences will end up represented by [0,0,0,...,0], which defeats the point.
Further reading
I will not discuss the more sophisticated methods for composition that have been proposed so far. I suggest you read Katrin Erk's "Vector space models of word meaning and phrase meaning: a survey". This is a very good high-level survey to get you started. Unfortunately, is not freely available on the publisher's website, email the author directly to get a copy. In that paper you will find references to many more concrete methods. The more comprehensible ones are by Mitchel and Lapata (2008) and Baroni and Zamparelli (2010).

Edit after comment by @vpekar:
The bottom line of this answer is to stress the fact that while naive methods do exist (e.g. addition, multiplication, surface similarity, etc), these are fundamentally flawed and in general one should not expect great performance from them.

A: Try this. Download the file 'numberbatch-en-17.06.txt' from https://conceptnet.s3.amazonaws.com/downloads/2017/numberbatch/numberbatch-en-17.06.txt.gz and extract it. The function 'get_sentence_vector' uses a simple sum of word vectors. However it can be improved by using weighted sum where weights are proportional to Tf-Idf of each word.
import math
import numpy as np

std_embeddings_index = {}
with open('path/to/numberbatch-en-17.06.txt') as f:
    for line in f:
        values = line.split(' ')
        word = values[0]
        embedding = np.asarray(values[1:], dtype='float32')
        std_embeddings_index[word] = embedding

def cosineValue(v1,v2):
    "compute cosine similarity of v1 to v2: (v1 dot v2)/{||v1||*||v2||)"
    sumxx, sumxy, sumyy = 0, 0, 0
    for i in range(len(v1)):
        x = v1[i]; y = v2[i]
        sumxx += x*x
        sumyy += y*y
        sumxy += x*y
    return sumxy/math.sqrt(sumxx*sumyy)

def get_sentence_vector(sentence, std_embeddings_index = std_embeddings_index ):
    sent_vector = 0
    for word in sentence.lower().split():
        if word not in std_embeddings_index :
            word_vector = np.array(np.random.uniform(-1.0, 1.0, 300))
            std_embeddings_index[word] = word_vector
        else:
            word_vector = std_embeddings_index[word]
        sent_vector = sent_vector + word_vector

    return sent_vector

def cosine_sim(sent1, sent2):
    return cosineValue(get_sentence_vector(sent1), get_sentence_vector(sent2))

I did run for the given sentences and found the following results
s1 = "This is a foo bar sentence ."
s2 = "This sentence is similar to a foo bar sentence ."
s3 = "What is this string ? Totally not related to the other two lines ."

print cosine_sim(s1, s2) # Should give high cosine similarity
print cosine_sim(s1, s3) # Shouldn't give high cosine similarity value
print cosine_sim(s2, s3) # Shouldn't give high cosine similarity value

0.9851735249068168
0.6570885718962608
0.6589335425458225

A: Well, if you are aware of word embeddings like Glove/Word2Vec/Numberbatch, your job is half done. If not let me explain how this can be tackled.
Convert each sentence into word tokens, and represent each of these tokens as vectors of high dimension (using the pre-trained word embeddings, or you could train them yourself even!). So, now you just don't capture their surface similarity but rather extract the meaning of each word which comprise the sentence as a whole. After this calculate their cosine similarity and you are set.

A: The simplest answer I can come up with includes CounterVectorizer.
Suppose we have 3 pieces of text.
text_1 = """ """

text_2 = """ """

text_3 = """ """

documents = [text_1, text_2, text_3]

*To compute cosine similarity, we need the count matrix of words from each document

import pandas as pd

# Create the Document Term Matrix
count_vectorizer = CountVectorizer(stop_words='english')
count_vectorizer = CountVectorizer()
sparse_matrix = count_vectorizer.fit_transform(documents)

# OPTIONAL: Convert Sparse Matrix to Pandas Dataframe if you want to see the word frequencies.
doc_term_matrix = sparse_matrix.todense()
df = pd.DataFrame(doc_term_matrix,
                  columns=count_vectorizer.get_feature_names(),
                  index=['text_1', 'text_2', 'text_3'])
df

*And simply cosine similarity function does the job from sklearn.

from sklearn.metrics.pairwise import cosine_similarity
print(cosine_similarity(df, df))

A: A simple pure-Python implementation would be:
import math
import re
from collections import Counter

WORD = re.compile(r"\w+")

def get_cosine(vec1, vec2):
    intersection = set(vec1.keys()) & set(vec2.keys())
    numerator = sum([vec1[x] * vec2[x] for x in intersection])

    sum1 = sum([vec1[x] ** 2 for x in list(vec1.keys())])
    sum2 = sum([vec2[x] ** 2 for x in list(vec2.keys())])
    denominator = math.sqrt(sum1) * math.sqrt(sum2)

    if not denominator:
        return 0.0
    else:
        return float(numerator) / denominator

def text_to_vector(text):
    words = WORD.findall(text)
    return Counter(words)

text1 = "This is a foo bar sentence ."
text2 = "This sentence is similar to a foo bar sentence ."

vector1 = text_to_vector(text1)
vector2 = text_to_vector(text2)

cosine = get_cosine(vector1, vector2)

print("Cosine:", cosine)

Prints:
Cosine: 0.861640436855

The cosine formula used here is described here.
This does not include weighting of the words by tf-idf, but in order to use tf-idf, you need to have a reasonably large corpus from which to estimate tfidf weights.
You can also develop it further, by using a more sophisticated way to extract words from a piece of text, stem or lemmatise it, etc.

A: Thanks @vpekar for your implementation. It helped a lot. I just found that it misses the tf-idf weight while calculating the cosine similarity.
The Counter(word) returns a dictionary which has the list of words along with their occurence.
cos(q, d) = sim(q, d) = (q · d)/(|q||d|) = (sum(qi, di)/(sqrt(sum(qi2)))*(sqrt(sum(vi2))) where i = 1 to v)

*

*qi is the tf-idf weight of term i in the query.

*di is the tf-idf

*weight of term i in the document. |q| and |d| are the lengths of q
and d.

*This is the cosine similarity of q and d . . . . . . or,
equivalently, the cosine of the angle between q and d.

Please feel free to view my code here. But first you will have to download the anaconda package. It will automatically set you python path in Windows. Add this python interpreter in Eclipse.

A: Without using external libraries, you can try BLEU or its alternatives. You can refer to its standard implementation: SACREBLEU.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
<?php
defined('TYPO3_MODE') || die('Access denied.');

call_user_func(
	function()
	{

		\TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Utility\ExtensionUtility::registerPlugin(
			'SD.SdGooglemaps',
			'Gm',
			'Google Maps'
		);

		\TYPO3\CMS\Core\Utility\ExtensionManagementUtility::addStaticFile('sd_googlemaps', 'Configuration/TypoScript', 'Google Maps');

		\TYPO3\CMS\Core\Utility\ExtensionManagementUtility::allowTableOnStandardPages('tx_sdgooglemaps_domain_model_marker');

		\TYPO3\CMS\Core\Utility\ExtensionManagementUtility::addLLrefForTCAdescr('tx_sdgooglemaps_domain_model_map', 'EXT:sd_googlemaps/Resources/Private/Language/locallang_csh_tx_sdgooglemaps_domain_model_map.xlf');
		\TYPO3\CMS\Core\Utility\ExtensionManagementUtility::allowTableOnStandardPages('tx_sdgooglemaps_domain_model_map');

		\TYPO3\CMS\Core\Utility\ExtensionManagementUtility::allowTableOnStandardPages('tx_sdgooglemaps_domain_model_coordinate');

		\TYPO3\CMS\Core\Utility\ExtensionManagementUtility::allowTableOnStandardPages('tx_sdgooglemaps_domain_model_style');

		\TYPO3\CMS\Core\Utility\ExtensionManagementUtility::allowTableOnStandardPages('tx_sdgooglemaps_domain_model_styler');

		// Add Flexform
		$GLOBALS['TCA']['tt_content']['types']['list']['subtypes_addlist']['sdgooglemaps_gm']='pi_flexform';
		$GLOBALS['TCA']['tt_content']['types']['list']['subtypes_excludelist']['sdgooglemaps_gm']='recursive,pages';
		\TYPO3\CMS\Core\Utility\ExtensionManagementUtility::addPiFlexFormValue('sdgooglemaps_gm', 'FILE:EXT:sd_googlemaps/Configuration/FlexForms/flexform_gm.xml');

	}
);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Multiple Section Hide & Show with HTML & CSS I have html button that show/hide the inner sections (Not main section) of my page, I have main section inside main section I five inner sections the details of problem and goals are mentioned in detail with code in below.
1. Details about my goal
I want to achieve the hide/show event on the same (single button) without changing its label when user click the button all inner sections should be hidden on the page and again when the user click same button it should show all sections including the one have html button.
2. Expected and actual results
Expected results is same as my goal above and actual result in my code is not giving the idea to put the all 5 section to hide.

*What I have tried so far

document.getElementById("Ayat-3").classList.add("hide-section");
document.getElementById("Ayat-4").classList.add("hide-section");
document.getElementById("Ayat-5").classList.add("hide-section");
document.getElementById("Ayat-6").classList.add("hide-section");
document.getElementById("Ayat-7").classList.add("hide-section");

function toggleHide() {
  var section = document.querySelectorAll('.hide-section');
  section.forEach(el => el.classList.toggle('d-none'));
}
#button {
  color: white;
  background-color: green;
  padding: 12px;
  font-size: 14px;
  width: 25px;
  height: 25px;
  border: 5px;
  border-color: blue;
  cursor: pointer;
  border-radius: 150px;
}

.button:hover,
.button:focus {
  background-color: white;
}

.d-none {
  .display: none;
}
<button onclick="toggleHide()">Hide/Show Sections</button>

4. Errors that I am facing
In the above code there is error to hide all mentioned five sections and click on first time its hiding only three sections and same when click second time the different three sections being hidden, i want to hide all five and show up all on second click.

A: To hide multiple elements with a single button click you can use the querySelectorAll in combination with the forEach command. Then you give all the elements you want to be effected by the script the same class:

function toggleHide() {
  var section = document.querySelectorAll('.hide-section');

  section.forEach(el => el.classList.toggle('d-none'));
}
.d-none {
  display: none;
}

Section will not hide

Section will hide

Section will hide

Section will hide

Section will hide

<button onclick="toggleHide()">Hide/Show Sections</button>

A: Here is the final working code, I expected some help from the experts here to identify the errors but anyways its done now.
 <!DOCTYPE html>

<button id="Mybutton" onclick='hideSections()'>[1:2]</button>


text:
Business News›Corporate›'Can't miss bus to become a base for EV making'
'Can't miss bus to become a base for EV making'
ETtech Last Updated: Oct 17, 2019, 07:43 AM IST
The minister said he was critiqued for his innovative ideas pertaining to electric vehicles and ethanol as an alternative to petrol and diesel, while these are becoming a reality now.
India's bid to electrify its bus fleet is progressing swiftly and the country must not "miss the bus" for creating a local manufacturing base for electric vehicles, union minister for road transport and highways Nitin Gadkari has said.
"Our dream of electrification is progressing very swiftly. Electric as a fuel is so cheap, pollution free, and cost will be competitive once the scale increases," Gadkari said at the launch of Bajaj Auto's electric two-wheeler here on Wednesday.
"We should not miss this bus. Along with 'Make in India', we should see that India becomes the manufacturing hub for electric automobile manufacturing. This is difficult, but not impossible," Gadkari said.
The minister said he was critiqued for his innovative ideas pertaining to electric vehicles and ethanol as an alternative to petrol and diesel, while these are becoming a reality now. "Our critics would tell us that this (switch to electric vehicles) is not possible. But there is no such thing as 'out-of-box' for the government," said Gadkari. He said the government's policies are aimed at reducing the costs of capital, production and power to make manufacturing here more competitive.
"Slowly, as we reduce these prices, we will become competitive to export in the global market," Gadkari said.
He said the government diluted its tough stand on switch to electric vehicles to assure the industry of its support. "We should not give the impression that the government is against the industry," Gadkari said.
electric vehiclesNitin gadkariglobal marketmanufacturingbajaj auto


text:
ICYMI: Democrats Unite Behind Mary Burke in Wisconsin Dells
Democrats made one thing clear in Wisconsin Dells this weekend: our state is ready for a new direction. United behind the leadership and vision of Mary Burke, Democrats rejected the radical agenda of state Republicans and the failed policies of Scott Walker that made Wisconsin 9th out of our 10 Midwestern neighbors in job creation.
In the wake of a court ruling lifting a ban on marriage equality in Wisconsin, Democrats shined a light on an agenda that works to give everyone in our state a chance to move up and get ahead. For too long, the divisive politics and policies of Scott Walker have moved our state backwards.
Wisconsin cannot afford four more years of lagging behind the rest of the nation in jobs, education, and healthcare. Hard working families in every corner of the state want a leader who is working for them, making it easier to find work, making their neighborhood schools better, and improving their community.
Democrats united behind that central vision over the weekend. Delegates approved a platform that supports raising wages for hard working households, a one-of-a-kind student loan reform, and equal access to affordable, quality healthcare for all.
With less than 150 days until the November election, the Democratic party emerged from convention weekend strong and united behind Mary Burke's vision for the state. The latest Marquette Law School poll shows Mary Burke and Scott Walker tied at 46 percent, with Mary's numbers clearly trending upwards as more people across Wisconsin learn about her "Invest for Success" plan. Mary Burke emerges from the state convention with all the momentum on her side.
The Wisconsin State Journal spoke to delegates over the weekend united over the weekend behind the cause of electing Mary Burke in November. Kathleen Marsh, 67, a retired teacher from Townsend, said of Burke, "I'm ready to go out and go work for her," Marsh said.
Waldo Asp, 80, co-chairman of the Sawyer County Democratic Party, said Burke listens to the concerns of families in the northern part of the state, "I hear her saying the kinds of things we in northern Wisconsin say are important, responsible and balanced," said Asp, who is particularly concerned about environmental protection and the state's tourism industry. "She has listened to us and paid attention to what we're asking her."
Jun 09, 2014 News Scott Walker's Abandoning Wisconsin Families Tour Trumps Mental Health Board


The U.S. Department of the Treasury Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, commonly known as FinCEN, has assessed a civil penalty in the amount of $75 million against the owner of Tinian Dynasty Hotel and Casino for "willful and egregious violations" of the Bank Secrecy Act.
Hong Kong Entertainment is facing criminal charges on the same issue. The trial will commence on Tuesday in the U.S. District Court for the NMI.
Bishop also refused to comment when asked how the $75 million fine will affect the trial.
In a statement yesterday, Calvery said that Tinian Dynasty didn't just fail to file a few reports but the casino operated for years without an anti-money laundering program in place.
Calvery said Tinian Dynasty failed to file thousands of currency transaction reports, or CTRs, and its management willfully facilitated suspicious transactions and even provided helpful hints for skirting and avoiding the laws in the U.S. and overseas.
"Tinian Dynasty's actions presented a real threat to the financial integrity of the region and the U.S. financial system," the director said.
FinCEN has the authority to investigate casinos for compliance with and violation of the Bank Secrecy Act, or BSA.
In her determinations yesterday, Calvery said Tinian Dynasty willfully violated the BSA's program and reporting requirements from 2008 up to the present.
Calvery said Tinian Dynasty failed to develop and implement an anti-money laundering program, failed to report transactions involving currency in amounts greater than $10,000, and failed to detect and adequately report suspicious activities and transactions in a timely manner.
The BSA and its implementing regulations require casinos to develop and implement written anti-money laundering programs that are designed to assure and monitor compliance with the BSA.
Calvery said no member of the Tinian Dynasty staff was delegated responsibility for day-to-day compliance with the BSA, and the casino failed to develop and implement policies, procedures, and internal controls to ensure compliance with the BSA.
She noted that Tinian Dynasty never conducted any independent testing of the casino's systems to ensure compliance and did not have sufficient procedures in place to detect or report suspicious transactions.
Further, the director said, casino personnel were not trained in BSA recordkeeping requirements or in identifying, monitoring, and reporting suspicious activity.
She said Tinian Dynasty's failure to develop and implement an anti-money laundering program contributed to its willful failure to file CTRs at the request of undercover Internal Revenue Service agents posing as Russian businessmen.
Calvery pointed out that the casino's failure to develop and implement an anti-money laundering compliance program also contributed to its willful failure to file CTRs on other transactions for nearly four years.
Calvery cited that during an April 29, 2013, search conducted at Tinian Dynasty, law enforcement agents discovered a stack of more than 2,000 unfiled CTRs.
When asked about these CTRs, Calvery said, the casino's chief auditor advised that he assumed that filing them was a low priority because nobody ever noticed that they were not being filed.
Calvery said from at least May 3, 2012, through March 4, 2013, Tinian Dynasty engaged in a pattern of accommodating gamblers who desired to conduct transactions with large amounts of cash without the casino reporting their transactions.
She said during a criminal investigation, undercover agents, posing as casino patrons, told Tinian Dynasty's casino manager and its VIP services manager that they planned to gamble large amounts of money and expressly requested that the casino not report their gaming transactions to the government.
The director said that, on May 3, 2012, the VIP manager assured an undercover agent posing as the New York-based representative of a Russian businessman that his client could bring large amounts of currency and that the casino would not file reports related to the client's activity at the casino.
She said when two other undercover agents arrived at the casino on Feb. 8, 2013, the VIP manager and other casino employees assisted them with eight transactions, each of which required the filing of a CTR. The total amount involved in the eight transactions was $510,130.
FinCEN has identified more than 2,000 CTRs that the casino failed to file between Jan. 1, 2009, and April 22, 2013.
Calvery said before being indicted for BSA violations in May 2013, Tinian Dynasty had never filed a single suspicious activity report.
On Monday, U.S. District Court for the NMI Chief Judge Ramona V. Manglona ruled that the U.S. Congress has given the U.S. Department of the Treasury Secretary the authority to regulate casinos in the CNMI.
Manglona said because Treasury has been duly authorized by Congress under a statute to expand the definition of the United States to include the CNMI, and because Treasury has promulgated regulations consistent with that authority, it has the authority to enact regulations to prevent money laundering by casinos licensed in the CNMI.
Manglona discussed the Treasury Secretary's authority in her order that denied Hong Kong Entertainment' motion to dismiss the indictment against the company for lack of federal jurisdiction and failure to state an offense.
The U.S. government filed in November last year 158 criminal charges against HKE.
The charges are one count of conspiracy to cause a financial institution to fail to file a CTR, 155 counts of failure to file a CTR, one count of failure to file a suspicious activity report, and one count of failure to maintain an effective anti-money laundering program. The indictment has also a notice of forfeiture.
HKE, through counsel Berline, has moved to dismiss the indictment on grounds that it was not obligated to file CTRs because Congress has not given Treasury the authority to regulate casinos in the CNMI.
Assistant U.S. attorneys Marivic P. David and Ross K. Naughton have stated that the parties are awaiting a final decision from the Department of Justice relating to a proposed settlement, which if approved, will resolve the need for a jury trial.
The trial was re-set several times following the parties' request to postpone because the U.S. Department of Justice's Main Justice in Washington, D.C. has yet to issue a final decision regarding the settlement deal that the U.S. Attorney's Office and HKE have agreed to in principle to dismiss the criminal case.
The parties agreed to dismiss the case against HKE in exchange for the company's forfeiture to the U.S. government of $3.02 million, plus other terms and conditions.
The trial was supposed to commence last Feb. 9, but the judge postponed it to April 7, then June 9, 2015, upon the parties' request.


The rootin', tootin' Cowgirl is the fastest hand in the Wild West with a lasso. Whether she's pulling a stuck calf out of a ravine or rounding up that rascally Bandit for the fourteenth time this week, she can throw her rope quicker than anything, and catch whatever she's aiming at, too.
With the help of her lasso, the Cowgirl has been known to stop a charging bison, hoist the broken end of a bridge across a canyon, knock a water tower down to put out a barn fire, and set a runaway locomotive back on its tracks. About the only thing she hasn't been able to do with it so far is help the Cowboy track down his missing horse…but she sure aims to try!


text:
Honey crystals
Categories: Bee products, Honey facts |
The process of formation and growth of honey crystals is called crystallization. Crystallization of honey is a natural physical phenomenon that begins in any honey sooner or later. But there is no any chemical changes of the crystallizing substance. The main condition of crystallization of honey is a supersaturated solution. It's not stable and gradually become stable and saturated by crystallization of excess sugars, especially glucose. With the crystallization the saturation of the solution decreases. If the solution is no longer supersaturated, the crystallization process is terminated. Factors which have a significant effect on the crystallization process are: sugar range of honey, water content, temperature and duration of storage, the presence of seed crystals and various activities for the processing of honey.
Sugar range of mature honey is represented mainly by glucose and fructose. Floral honeys contain about 70-80%, honeydew honeys – approximately 50-65% of reducing sugars. These two monosaccharides partly come from the starting materials or are formed from contained in them sucrose under the influence of allocated enzymes of bees. Both sugars are in different ratios in the honey . Most often fructose prevails, the amount of which is 34-41%, while the glucose ranges from 28 to 35%. New methods for the analysis of sugars showed that sugar range is very wide. But crystallization of honey is largely determined by the quantitative ratio of fructose and glucose.
The ratio of fructose and glucose is one of the options to pre-estimate the intensity of the crystallization of honey. Honeys with high fructose crystallize very slowly, and crystallized honeys tend to soften and exfoliate. Crystals of glucose move down, and the top becomes the dark, rich in fructose liquid. These honeys are difficult to sell, because they look like a spoiled product. The crystal growth rate can be even expressed by mathematical formula.
Not only the ratio of fructose to glucose has a significant impact on the course of crystallization of honey, but also the ratio of "pure" glucose to the water. If this ratio is greater than 2:1, then, of course, you should wait for the crystallization. At a ratio of less than 1.7 the honey will most likely remain liquid. Honeys with a water content of 15 to 18% show a marked tendency to crystallize, while the honey with a water content of 18% crystallizes with less intense due to the decrease of concentration of sugar. Honeys with low water content have less intense of crystallization and remain liquid longer due to its high viscosity. Generally honeys with a water content of 17 to 18% have fine-grained, soft and plastic consistency crystallization. Honeys with a very low water content in the crystalline state are often hard "like a stone". Honeys with a high water content are softer. By mixing honey with different content of water you can get optimum humidity and achieve a good consistency.
The temperature greatly affect on the crystallization of honey. Low storage temperature slows the crystallization process, as due to the increased viscosity of honey the rate of molecular diffusion decreases. At high temperatures honey crystallizes with the formation of large crystals. If honey is stored at temperatures below -45 ° C (-49 F), then it hardens without freezing. The reason for this is the high concentration of sugar, significantly reducing the freezing point. Crystallization is also terminated, because limited molecular motion stops the formation of germ crystals. This effect can be observed in the storage of honey at 10 ° C (50 F) and below. At low temperatures the formation of crystals in the honey hardly occurs. Honeys, in which starter seed crystals were put, remained at -1 ° C (30 F) the liquid for two years. Optimal with respect to the crystallization of honey is the storage temperature from 10 to 18° C (60 F). To avoid reducing the quality of honey, it is better to stick to the lower boundary (50 F). By Dicey honeys crystallize faster at a constant temperature of 14 ° C (57 F). Storage temperature of crystallized honey has an impact on its consistency and flexibility. Lard-looking honeys should be kept in a cool place, and room temperature is more suitable for coarse honeys. Honeys of medium consistency are inexhaustible in a larger temperature range.
If honey is kept at a temperature above 25 ° C (77 F), the crystallization slows down, because the increase of temperature reduces the degree of saturation of honey glucose. When you store honey at 30 ° C (86 F) the beginning of the crystallization is delayed for months. Honey can be stored in a liquid state for a long time, if at first you sustain it for at least 5 weeks at 0 ° C (32 F) and then store at 14 ° C (57 F). Honeys, thus treated, remain liquid for two years. Samples, which were stored at 14 ° C (57 F) without cold storage, crystallized in 5 weeks. Through targeted heat treatment in which the seed crystals are destroyed, you can prevent or delay the crystallization of honey for long. Hadorn and Tsyuriher reported that crystallized honeys remain liquid for 8-12 months after heat treatment. This treatment of honey is when you briefly heat to a relatively high temperature and immediately cool it to prevent changes in quality. This method, known in the dairy and brewing production, is called pasteurization, especially widely used in the U.S., Canada and Europe. As a result of pasteurization you will not only prevent crystallization, but also destroy sugar yeast, which can cause the fermentation of honey. Pasteurization requires a costly equipment such as heat exchangers and various centrifuge with hot air supply.
Disadvantage of all these methods is that they can lead to a qualitative change of honey, especially in the case where, after heating the honey you can not quickly cool it. In Germany and neighboring European countries such techniques are not practiced.
Storage time also affects the course of the crystallization of honey. The gradual decrease in the number of glucose that occurs in the process of "maturing" of honey, increases with increasing temperature, resulting in a glucose-fructose ratio changes in favor of fructose, which prevents crystallization. Honey crystallization starts with the formation of so-called seed crystals. Under this name we understand the microscopic particles such as crystals of glucose and pollen grains, which attach all the new crystals. These "primary crystals", first of all, form on the walls and the bottom of the tank and "grow" by adding of new sugar crystals, resulting in formation of larger and larger structures, which are combined with each other. The final result is a single, solid crystalline structure with components of liquid honey between the individual links of it.
If there is no seed crystals or very little of them, they form first from glucose molecules, which combine to form tiny crystals that grow in a specific order. Since only part of the excessive amount of glucose molecules is linked by crystals, they grow in the crystal stars, like in the coarse honey. Primary crystals of glucose form mainly at 5-7 ° C (42 F), the optimum temperature for the growth of these crystals is 14-15 ° C (59 F).
Different honeys crystallize differently. Rape honey often forms small crystals with a middle or solid consistency, while dandelion honey has a very firm texture and coarse structure. Honeys, which crystallize rapidly, should not be sold in liquid form, as they will crystallize in a short time and will lose their form. Beekeeper should strive more to influence the course of crystallization, so that they become plastic and fine-grained. For this, there are two ways:
– Mechanical crushing of crystals and their uniform distribution throughout the mass of honey;
– Adding of about 5-10% of fine-grain "started honey" into the liquid honey.
Mechanical processing of honey in order to influence the crystallization process begins when extracting honey from the comb. In the process of pumping you break the existing small crystals of glucose. In small farms after removing the foam the honey is mixed by a triangular beech slat, sliding on the vessel wall with one of the planes of the slat and breaking the primary crystals. Arisen shards of crystals are evenly distributed throughout the mass of honey without getting the air into the honey. With the increase of the length of the mixing process crystallization is accelerated and graininess reduces, as seed crystals are evenly distributed throughout the mass of honey and are not able to grow to a large size.
If the honey is stored in a dry place at a temperature of 14-15 ° C (59 F) and is stirred daily, soon it will become cloudy and will get consistency of the "mush". Once the honey starts to harden, it's time to pour. Now honey will get a fine-grained structure and remain pliable as by mixing the communication between the crystals was broken.
The same effect is achieved by the so-called "vertical" mixing honey, when you move up and down the mounted on the metal handle plate with holes in the honey, not getting the air.
Mixing honey by hand – it's very hard work. In the presence of a large number of honey it is recommended to get electric accessories. Specialty stores offer a range of wood and metal bits, which can be inserted in reduction gear driven by an electric drill. When buying racks and attachments you should pay attention to the fact that their surface should be protected by a plastic cover, otherwise there is a risk of getting of metal or plastic particles from the packaging into the honey.
Some farms use mixers to influence the process of crystallization. Beater should be located close to the wall of the rotating container. Favorable effect on the crystallization is in the "slightly debauched" honey, especially if the honey was already quite crystallized. The same effect is achieved if the honey, prepared in the same manner is passed under high pressure through a nozzle without air. These methods have long been used in the cosmetic industry for the manufacture of creams and pastes. Coarse or hard honeys today can be made creaming and plastic by using special mills or rolls. Since the connections between the crystals are broken, then processed honeys have unstable consistency. Depending on the humidity of these honeys, sooner or later separate. In large bee farms honey is still kept in tanks that are equipped with heated-tool for mixing. After pumping honey flows into the sump, from which, after removal of the foam it is pumped to the storage tanks. In this case, to influence the course of crystallization the best is making the "starter". To the liquid honey is added about 10% of microcrystalline "model" honey. This honey should be heated to about 20 ° C (68 F) for easier mixing. Uniform distribution of the starter throughout the mass of liquid honey is a prerequisite for success. This can be achieved easily by stirring, during which it must be ensured that the honey does not get the air, because it can cause a fluffy white layer on the surface of honey, especially if it's a low humidity. After the mixing honey can be poured. In the phase of crystallization the honey is stored in a dry place at a temperature of 14 ° C (57 F), which should be as constant as possible. Under favorable conditions, the crystallization lasts 3 days. Temperature variations delay the crystallization. For this reason, in practice, the crystallization lasts two weeks. Method of starter is used for many honey and ensures the stability of the crystal texture of the product for many years. Next, we will briefly tell how to prevent the crystallization of honey.
In the U.S. and Canada usually is used filtered honey. In this honey as possible are removed the particles that cause the crystallization process, such as pollen grains, crystals of glucose and air bubbles. Lothrop and Paine first described the honey filtering under pressure using diatomite. In the future, other methods have been developed that work on the same principle. However, all of these methods must be rejected, since they require the use of high temperature. Because by using it you not only remove pollen grains and other substances, but you can change its color and taste. In accordance with the requirements of the quality of honey imposed by the Decree about honey and standards of the German Federation of Beekeepers these honey processing methods are invalid, because honey's substances can neither be removed nor added, and the biological structure of the honey can not undergo changes that go beyond well-defined limits.
Very elegant way to prevent crystallization of honey was developed and patented by Hontarsky. In this case, all present in honey crystals of glucose are dissolved and all air bubbles and foreign substances are removed except for honey characteristic inclusions.
By using of ultrasonic and electromagnetic waves it is also possible to reduce the rate of crystallization of honey. The effect of ultrasonic treatment is based on the destruction of glucose molecules. Since in this case you damage the enzymes of the honey, this method is not suitable. The use of electromagnetic waves, in contrast, does not cause any changes in the quality of honey. Richter's method is applied immediately after evacuation of honey. In this case, the honey goes through a certain device in which it is affected by low-frequency electric field. It is assumed that treated in this way honey remains liquid for a long time. In practical beekeeping, such a device has not found wide application.
White truffle honey
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Organic raw honey
Make a honey extractor
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text:
Development of universal metrics for adaptation effectiveness
11 Apr 2018 por South Pole en Noticias
Adaptation to climate change in the developing world is increasingly supported by international climate financing, yet we lack a universal metric for assessing its effectiveness.
A new article co-authored by South Pole's Martin Stadelmann and the University of Zurich's Axel Michaelowa (published in a new UNEP DTU report) argues for the urgent need to reach an international consensus on a set of simple metrics for the assessment for the success of these adaptation projects.
In mitigation, policy action effectiveness can be measured through metric 'tonnes of CO2 equivalent reduced.' Without an equivalent standardised metric for adaptation projects, adaptation finance vehicles such as the Adaptation Fund or the Green Climate Fund (GCF) encounter challenges when comparing program success and allocating funds efficiently.
Moreover, there may be a backlash in industrialised countries that provide finance for these adaptation projects if international climate funds continue to be unable to show clear comparable results. Such public criticism against adaptation projects could become as severe as the campaign against the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in the mid-2000s which contributed, alongside the global economic crisis, to the post-2011 crash in price of emissions credits.
The history of mitigation policies shows that, in order to avoid such a situation, commonly agreed metrics and methodology for calculating indicators are a precondition for policy-makers and the general public to trust the policy instruments.
Universal metrics can be either top-down and derived from policy-makers, or bottom-up and derived from stakeholder input. Stadelmann and Michaelowa have developed two simple metrics for adaptation projects ('Saved Wealth / Saved Health'), using a top-down approach.
You can read more about this approach and its application to a case study of an adaptation project in Vietnam in the original article on pages 63-74 of the UNEP DTU report.


Tanzania in East Africa is a paradise – blessed with nature and wildlife. People love this country for open skies, abundant greenery and the flora and fauna that Tanzania is blessed with. But it is known for its nature parks especially Serengeti National Park.
When you're in Tanzania, you've an opportunity to enjoy nature including idyllic beaches to the full. There is nature everywhere as the natural locations are left untouched from the development. It is a nice place to be and enjoy your vacations to the full. No doubt that Tanzania is a preferred vacation destination and also an ideal honeymoon destination.
Honeymoonworldwide.in can provide you a customize travel package, if you are going for honeymoon and your destination is Tanzania. If you haven't finalized your honeymoon destination then consider visiting Tanzania. This East African country will provide you the peace and tranquility you need to enjoy a very private stay with your better half.
It is Africa where there is abundance of wildlife and where there is a variety of fauna. It is where you can meet nature, relax in natural settings and experience closeness to the paradise called nature. Take a round of this East African country on the web to know the places to visit. Make your itinerary by choosing your destinations on the web and go to the website that is your travel partner.
When you are traveling, you need help in booking air tickets, booking accommodation and arranging transportation. Also you need someone, who can take care of your shopping, dining and sightseeing needs. For the best service, you can rely on Honeymoonworldwide.in.
Start your travel online from this travel website and enjoy your travel to the full. Your travel partner will take care of all your travel related needs.
2 Nights accommodation at Ngorongoro Sopa Lodge.
1 Night accommodation at Lake Manyara Kirurumu Lodge.
3 Nights accommodation at The Mantra Resort at Pemba Island.
Cost of all transfers and game-drives conducted in a Special Safari vehicle with an English speaking driver/guide.
Return airfare from Arusha - Pemba Island – Arusha.
Return transfer from airport at Pemba Island.
1 Night accommodation at The Arusha Ceffee Lodge at Arusha.
2 Nights accommodation at Tarangire Treetops at Tarangire.
2 Nights accommodation at The Manor at Ngorongoro.
2 Nights accommodation at Serengeti Migration Camp at Serengeti.
All transportation and Sightseeing on Private basis.
Inter-city transfers by Private Aircraft.
2 Nights accommodation at Sanctuary Swamp Camp at Tarangire National Park.
2 Nights accommodation at Sanctuary Kusini Camp at Southern Serengeti Park.
3 Nights accommodation at Saadani Safari Lodge at Saadani National Park.
1 Night accommodation at Saadani River Lodge.
All necessary transfers and entrance fee.


While making the website AgroBnB, I noticed that all these lodging venues are beautiful, but some of them could use an upgrade with photo's and even better have a 30 second drone video of their awesome farms and lodging venues. The whole reason I made this website is to promote Ecotourism and hopefully give these farmers an extra source of revenue, so how could I get them better pictures and a Drone video without charging much money or any money at all. My solution is dronestays.com and phostays.com. Both are the same concept, I want to have qualified photographers to take pictures of these lodging venues for free in return for a 2 night stay at the lodging establishment.
I want to build these two websites, but I don't have enough lodging venues, so this is sign up page for lodging venues and for additional photographers. The photographer side has been very easy. I have photographers ready to get started, most are retired and are looking for a cheap way to travel and they are fantastic photographers so I am hoping this is a win-win for everyone involved. Similar to AgroBnB, I am not currently taking any commission on either side. I am just linking up photographer to lodging venue.
Please email millerab78@yahoo.com. Please put in the header to the email "DroneStays Hotel" if you are looking for Drone photography and "Phostays Hotel" if you are looking for still picture photography. This will alert me that you are interested and I will link you up with an appropriate photographer. At this point, I only plan to link up photographer with the lodging venue and after the footage is complete, please email me a copy of the video or photo's so I can upload the video on the website and the lodging venue will also get a link to their website.
Please email millerab78@yahoo.com. Please put in the header to the email "Dronestays photographer" if you are interested in Drone photography and "Phostays photographer" if you are skilled at still photo's. Also include at least 2 videos that you have taken and edited for Drone photographers and for still photographers please include at least 10 pictures of interior style photos. NOT EVERY PHOTOGRAPHER WILL GET APPROVED.


Can you imagine keeping your windows open all winter long? The heat loss, cold drafts and all that money spent on wasted energy would be staggering. But if your home has folding pull-down attic stairs, a whole-house fan, a fireplace or clothes dryer, you may be doing the equivalent of leaving the windows open every day.
Drafts from these often overlooked spaces waste energy and cost you big in the form of higher energy bills. They are also the largest source of heating and cooling loss in your Keller home.
Most homeowners are well aware of the benefits that caulk and weather-stripping provide to minimize energy loss and drafts. But what can you do about drafts from the four largest energy leaks in your home - the folding attic stairs, the whole house fan, the fireplace and the clothes dryer? Here are some tips and techniques that can easily, quickly and inexpensively seal and insulate these areas.
Because your attic space is ventilated directly to the outdoors, the attic space can be very cold in the winter, and in the summer it can be very hot. And what is separating your conditioned house from your unconditioned attic? Only a thin sheet of plywood.
Try this yourself: at night, turn on the attic light and shut the attic stairway door. If you see any light coming through, it means your heated and air-conditioned air is leaking out of these large gaps in your home, 24-hours a day.
An easy, low-cost solution to this problem is to add an insulated attic stair cover that seals the stairs and stops drafts and energy loss. Add the desired amount of insulation over the cover to restore the insulation removed from the ceiling.
When whole-house fans are installed, a large hole (up to 16 square feet or larger) is created in your ceiling. The ceiling and insulation that were there have to be removed, leaving only the drafty ceiling shutter between you and the outdoors.
An easy solution to this problem is to add a whole house fan shutter seal. Made from white textured flexible insulation, you simply install the seal over the ceiling shutter, secure it with Velcro, and trim it to fit.
The shutter seal can also be used to seal and insulate air conditioning vents, and is easily removed when desired.
It's ironic that while fireplaces are intended to heat up a house, they can create some seriously cold drafts.
Fireplaces, especially during the winter heating season, are energy losers. One study showed that an open damper on an unused fireplace in a well-insulated house can raise overall heating-energy consumption by 30 percent. Another recent study showed that for many consumers, their heating bills may be more than $500 higher each winter because of the drafts and wasted energy caused by fireplaces.
Even if the damper is shut, it's not air-tight, and glass doors don't stop the drafts either. Your chimney is an opening that leads directly outdoors - just like an open window and like a giant straw sucking your expensive heated or air-conditioned air right out of your Keller home!
A simple way to avoid this problem is to add a Fireplace Plug to your fireplace. Available from Battic Door, a company known for their energy conservation products, the Fireplace Plug is an inflatable pillow that seals the fireplace damper, eliminating drafts, odors, and noise. The pillow is removed whenever the fireplace is used, then reinserted after.
In many homes, the room with the clothes dryer is the coldest room in the house. In the winter, cold drafts come in through the duct, through your dryer and into your house. Many dryer vents use a sheet-metal flapper to try to reduce these drafts. This is very primitive technology that does not provide a positive seal to stop the drafts.
Compounding the problem is that over time, lint clogs the flapper valve, causing it to stay open.
A surprisingly simple solution to this problem is to add a dryer vent seal. This will reduce unwanted drafts, and also keeps out pests, bees and rodents. The vent will remain closed unless the dryer is in use. When the dryer is in use, a floating shuttle rises to allow warm air, lint and moisture to escape.


What's Left: Surrender or Resurgence?
Just when you thought the Obama administration's education policy couldn't get any worse, it did.
Last week Obama nominated founder and CEO of New Schools, Ted Mitchell, to the second highest post at the Department of Education.
Mitchell and his organization have been at the forefront of the education privatization movement and this confirms the bad news that rather than rethinking some of its unsuccessful, wrong-headed education policies, the administration has doubled down and is now completely in the tank with the corporate education reformers.
In education "privatization" refers to the contracting out of traditional public education services to for-profit companies or to charter schools that are set up as nonprofit organizations. In many ways, the Mitchell nomination reflects the ongoing battle being fought in Washington and in school districts across the country. It's a battle that pits the views of teachers, their unions and community groups against a movement that is backed by wealthy philanthropists and corporations.
And with this nomination Obama just handed the fox the keys to the henhouse.
Fortunately, it appears that a bipartisan, grassroots coalition of groups have created enough concern in Congress to stop it. A recent Washington Post article indicates that progressives managed to move Nancy Pelosi to oppose fast track for the TPP. Indeed the Post notes that the division over the TPP "represents a major remaining 'fault line' in the Democratic Party" with progressives opposing TPP and neoliberal Democrats trying to jam it through.
Yes, that debate has already begun with some even openly calling on Hillary Clinton not to run for president in 2016 because she would not be able to carry the message about fighting income inequality with the same credibility as someone like Senator Elizabeth Warren.
[D]uring the 1980s and early 1990s, fears of a relentless Republican juggernaut pressured those left of center to take a defensive stance, focusing on the immediate goal of electing Democrats to stem or slow the rightward tide. At the same time, business interests, in concert with the Republican right and supported by an emerging wing of neoliberal Democrats, set out to roll back as many as possible of the social protections and regulations the left had won. As this defensiveness overtook leftist interest groups, institutions, and opinion leaders, it increasingly came to define left-wing journalistic commentary and criticism.
Objectives that cannot be met within one or two election cycles seem fanciful, as do any that do not comport with the Democratic agenda. Even those who consider themselves to the Democrats' left are infected with electoralitis. Each election now becomes a moment of life-or-death urgency that precludes dissent or even reflection.
For liberals, there is only one option in an election year, and that is to elect, at whatever cost, whichever Democrat is running. This modus operandi has tethered what remains of the left to a Democratic Party that has long since renounced its commitment to any sort of redistributive vision and imposes a willed amnesia on political debate. True, the last Democrat was really unsatisfying, but this one is better; true, the last Republican didn't bring destruction on the universe, but this one certainly will. And, of course, each of the "pivotal" Supreme Court justices is four years older than he or she was the last time.
Why does this tailing behind an increasingly right-of-center Democratic Party persist in the absence of any apparent payoff? There has nearly always been a qualifying excuse: Republicans control the White House; they control Congress; they're strong enough to block progressive initiatives even if they don't control either the executive or the legislative branch. Thus have the faithful been able to take comfort in the circular self-evidence of their conviction.
Each undesirable act by a Republican administration is eo ipso evidence that if the Democratic candidate had won, things would have been much better. When Democrats have been in office, the imagined omnipresent threat from the Republican bugbear remains a fatal constraint on action and a pretext for suppressing criticism from the left.
The nostalgic mist that obscures this record is perfumed by evocations of the Clinton prosperity. Much of that era's apparent prosperity, however, was hollow — the effects of first the tech bubble and then the housing bubble. His administration was implicated in both, not least by his signing the repeal of the 1933 Glass–Steagall Act, which had established a firewall between commercial and investment banking in response to the speculative excesses that sparked the Great Depression. And, as is the wont of bubbles, first one and then the other burst, ushering in the worst economic crisis since the depression that had led to the passage of Glass–Steagall in the first place. To be sure, the Clinton Administration was not solely or even principally responsible for those speculative bubbles and their collapse. The Republican administrations that preceded and succeeded him were equally inclined to do the bidding of the looters and sneak thieves of the financial sector. Nevertheless, Clinton and the Wall Street cronies who ran his fiscal and economic policy — Robert Rubin, Lawrence Summers, Alan Greenspan — are no less implicated than the Republicans in having brought about the economic crisis that has lingered since 2008 . . . It is difficult to imagine that a Republican administration could have been much more successful in advancing Reaganism's agenda.
The crucial tasks for a committed left in the United States now are to admit that no politically effective force exists and to begin trying to create one. This is a long-term effort, and one that requires grounding in a vibrant labor movement. Labor may be weak or in decline, but that means aiding in its rebuilding is the most serious task for the American left. Pretending some other option exists is worse than useless. There are no magical interventions, shortcuts, or technical fixes.
While I don't necessarily agree with everything Reed says in this essay, his clear-sighted focus on the historical roots of the Democrats' move to the right with the Democratic Leadership Council, Bill Clinton, and the New Democrats who followed in his footsteps is crucial to understanding the current political landscape.
Indeed, any analysis of the current state of the Democratic Party and/or what qualifies for the left that ignores this key history is not worthy of serious consideration. With this context in mind, arguments that the Democrats at the local, state, or national level have moved too far to the left are ahistorical at best and ham-handed attempts to bludgeon dissent at worst. It would be far more accurate to say that the left has not been much of a factor in our politics at all despite the fact that the base of the Democratic Party is becoming increasingly progressive.
As Reed concedes in his piece and many other astute political observers have pointed out elsewhere, there is widespread consensus inside the Democratic Party and the Democratic base around social issues and identity politics. Where the rubber hits the road is on the question of our time—what to do about economic inequality. Do we stay on the same path that has essentially brought us two neoliberal parties (one socially reactionary and economically neoliberal and the other that is socially liberal but still economically neoliberal) or do we try, against the odds, to challenge the current hegemony?
In other words, we need to dream bigger.
To see a Bill Moyers interview with Adolf Reed about his essay click here. For an interesting survey of responses to Reed see this.


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