text:
York with his business colleagues since he says about two-thirds of the legal department are dedicated to supporting First Data's business functions.
Dan Charron, EVP and head of global business solutions at First Data, says the legal department is comprised of "embedded lawyers," because they are involved with business transactions early on in the process and attend monthly business review meetings.
"They're almost legal consultants
versus lawyers," Charron says. "A lot
of lawyers are interpretative and lin-
ear. First Data's lawyers are creative
and asymmetrical. They're part of the
Charron adds that many legal
departments have the mindset that
"'we're a successful legal department
if we don't get sued.' I think with this
group, it's 'we're not a successful legal
department if our company isn't grow-
ing and thriving.'"
The other one-third of the legal
department is made up of lawyers work-
ing on securities, governance, mergers
and acquisitions, IP and regulatory
First Data's business isn't just processing payments that occur between consumers and merchants. The company also partners with major financial institutions like Bank of America and Citibank.
Some deals are more complex than others, of course, but lawyers generally are going to be involved with the company's biggest transactions— working tirelessly to finalize contracts with the retailers, credit card companies and financial institutions with which it partners. To streamline the process, Rosman has introduced a couple of new benchmarks for his in-house attorneys since he arrived.
One that comes up most often with
the in-house lawyers and their outside
counsel is simply that the contracts are
now written in "plain English," as they
refer to it. Documents that were once
six pages have been trimmed to three,
in some cases. The company's non-
disclosure agreements were renamed
"information sharing agreements" and
since First Data rolled out the short-
ened contracts, 84 percent have been
returned countersigned with no edits.
The key was removing superfluous
language like "herein" and "afore-
mentioned."
"Simplify your language. Simplify
your contracts. All of that should come
together to make a negotiation go
faster and be better," Rosman says. "It
doesn't mean you don't have to negoti-
ate, but you're negotiating about things
that matter, not about words that don't
Robert Pile, partner with Eversheds
Sutherland, has worked with First Data
for more than 20 years and calls the
From left: Hilarie Calek, Adam Rosman, Joan Manhart, Chelsea Sizemore, Neil Wilcox, Jeff Wiggins, Kathy Hogy, Scot Silverglate and Jay Lauer


text:
1Original theory
1.1Exceptional case
1.2Luck or special advantage
1.3Highly motivated
1.4Situational
Ultimate attribution error
The ultimate attribution error is a type of attribution error which proposed to explain why attributions of outgroup behavior is more negative (ie. antisocial or undesirable) than ingroup behavior (see in-group and out-group).[1] Ultimate attribution error itself described as a cognitive bias where negative outgroup behavior is more likely attributed to factors internal and specific to the actor, such as personality. The second component of the bias is a higher chance of attributing negative ingroup behavior to external factors such as luck or circumstance.[1] This bias is said to reinforce a negative stereotype and prejudice about the outgroup, and favouritism of the ingroup through positive stereotypes.[2] The theory was later extended to the bias that positive acts performed by ingroup members are more likely a result of their personality, whereas, if an ingroup member behaves negatively (which is assumed to be rare), it is more likely a result of situational factors.[3]
In the case of negative attribution of outgroup member's positive behaviours, four categories were proposed: the person with good behavior being an exception to a general rule, luck or special advantages, high levels of motivation, and situational causes. The theory proposed that ultimate attribution error can result through any combination of these four categories.[2]
The concept of the ultimate attribution error and the term itself was published by Thomas F. Pettigrew in 1979 as an extension of the fundamental attribution error which was pioneered in 1958.[1][4] Since its publication which at the time lacked a strong empirical basis, there was some support for the theory in that attributions tend to favor ingroup members rather than outgroup members.[1] The specific categorisation originally proposed had partial empirical support only for broader categories of motivational and cognitive attribution,[1] which was later used in social identity theory.[5] The term has since broadened to a field of research concerned with intergroup attribution bias, also known as intergroup bias or in-group favoritism, as a part of social psychology research.[5][6]
Original theory[edit]
Explaining away positive behavior in outgroup members.
In the case of negative attribution of outgroup member's positive behaviours, four categories were proposed. The four categories each correspond to combinations of two factors: perceived degree of controllability of act (low vs high) and perceived locus of control of act (internal vs external).[1]
Exceptional case[edit]
The "exceptional case" explanation is created at the intersection of low controllability of act and internal locus of control. Using this mode of reasoning, an individual excludes the particular outgroup member from the outgroup. That is, they individuate the outgroup member, disassociating them from the group. This view allows for the maintenance of prejudiced beliefs through categorizing the "good" member as an exceptional case, while the other members of their group are still seen as "bad".[1]
Luck or special advantage[edit]
The "luck or special advantage" explanation is created at the intersection of low-perceived controllability of act and external locus of control. This reasoning suggests that the outgroup member's positive behavior is not rooted in their skill, ability, or hard work. Rather, their positive outcome is beyond their immediate control and therefore of little significance. "Special advantage" extends this by suggesting that their group affiliation offers some advantage, and therefore the positive outcome is again of little significance.[1]
Highly motivated[edit]
The "highly motivated" explanation is created at the intersection of high-perceived controllability of act and internal locus of control. Similar to the exceptional case, the highly motivated explanation individuates the outgroup member and dissociates them from their group. The outgroup member's positive behavior is rooted in their drive to be seen as anti-stereotypic, an external force. Thus, they are not seen as intrinsically exceptional, but externally motivated, and, without this motivation, they would not be able to achieve success. That is, an outgroup member's positive behavior is evidence of their response to external pressures of their interaction with ingroup other. Therefore, without an external source of motivation, the outgroup member is just like any other low-achieving, negative-behavior outgroup member.[1]
Similar to the "exceptional case" explanation, this explanation allows for the maintenance of prejudiced beliefs. That is, the highly motivated outgroup member is seen as hard working, so there must be something wrong with the rest of them.
Situational[edit]
The "situational" explanation is created at the intersection of high-perceived controllability of act and external control of the act. An outgroup member's positive outcome is not rooted in their effort or ability, but a result of external situational factors that are, at least in some part, influenced by others. Therefore, their positive behavior is not their own, and is of little consequence.[1]
Pettigrew originally published the concept using three prior studies for an empirical basis.[1] One of these was a 1974 study which found results supporting the ultimate attribution error in the causal attributions between religious ingroup and outgroup members.[7] In a 2x2 between-group design, Hindu or Muslim participants were asked to make casual attributions for undesirable acts performed by Hindus or Muslims. Hindus attributed external causes to undesirable acts committed by fellow Hindus, but an internal cause for undesirable acts committed by Muslims. Conversely, Muslims attributed external causes to undesirable acts committed by fellow Muslims, but an internal cause for undesirable acts committed by Hindus. While Pettigrew and many others to follow would focus on race, this study offered clear evidence that similar mechanisms are at play among religious groups.
Another study that was drawn on for Pettigrew's original theory was a 1976 study of ethnocentric behavior. It found that white participants viewed black individuals as more violent than white individuals in an "ambiguous shove" situation, where a black or white person accidentally shoves a white person.[8] In a 2x2 between-group design, white participants viewed a black or white individual (harm-doer) ambiguously shoving a black or white individual (victim). In general, when a black harm-doer shoved another person (whether they were black or white), their behavior was attributed their high dispositional levels of violence (internal). On the other hand, when a white harm-doer shoved another person (whether they were black or white), their behavior was generally attributed to external constraints. The results suggested that the white students participating in the experiment possessed a lower threshold for labeling a behavior as violent when the harm-doer is black (outgroup) than when the harm-doer is white (ingroup).
In 1990, a meta-analysis of 19 ultimate attribution error studies offered limited support for Pettigrew's ultimate attribution error. Specifically, it found support for three aspects of the ultimate attribution error:[1]
more internal attribution for positive acts, and less internal attribution for negative acts, by ingroup than outgroup members;
more attribution of outgroup members' failures to lack of ability, and more explaining away of outgroup members' successes;
a preference for ingroup-serving versus outgroup-serving attributions for group differences.
Psychology portal
Actor–observer asymmetry
Cultural bias
Dispositional attribution
Group attribution error
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Hewstone, Miles (1990). "The 'ultimate attribution error'? A review of the literature on intergroup causal attribution". European Journal of Social Psychology. 20 (4): 311–335. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420200404. S2CID 143771916.
^ a b Stangor, Charles; Jhangiani, Rajiv; Tarry, Hammond (2022). Principles of Social Psychology (1st international H5P ed.).
^ Hewstone, M. (1989). Causal attribution: From cognitive processes to collective beliefs. Basil: Blackwell.
^ Pettigrew, T. F. (1979). "The ultimate attribution error: Extending Allport's cognitive analysis of prejudice". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 5 (4): 461–476. doi:10.1177/014616727900500407. S2CID 144300903.
^ a b Ma, Weijun; Feng, Rui; Lu, Binglei; Xie, Qiang; Jiang, Lianxiong; Liu, Xiting (19 December 2018). "The reducing effect of positive imagined intergroup contact on intergroup attributional bias". Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 49 (3): 168–177. doi:10.1111/jasp.12573. ISSN 0021-9029.
^ Hewstone, Miles; Rubin, Mark; Willis, Hazel (February 2002). "Intergroup Bias". Annual Review of Psychology. 53 (1): 575–604. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135109. ISSN 0066-4308.
^ Taylor, D. M; Jaggi (1974). "Ethnocentrism and Causal attribution in a South Indian Context". Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 5 (2): 162–171. doi:10.1177/002202217400500202. S2CID 146369394.
^ Duncan, B. L. (1976). "Differential social perception and attribution if intergroup violence: Testing the lower limits of stereotyping of Blacks". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 34 (4): 75–93. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.34.4.590. S2CID 11690461.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ultimate_attribution_error&oldid=1115432865"
Attitude attribution
Group processes
Sociological terminology
Cognitive biases
Causal fallacies
Prejudice and discrimination
This page was last edited on 11 October 2022, at 12:49 (UTC).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
<?php

use Sunra\PhpSimple\HtmlDomParser;

function updateStatistics($db) {

    global $FAVORITE_ACTORS;
    global $FAVORITE_ACTRESSES;

    $tableName = 'statistics';

    //Removing old values
    $db->executeUpdate('DELETE FROM ' . $tableName . ' WHERE 1');

    //Total movies
    $sql = "SELECT count(*) FROM movies";
    $result = $db->fetchAssoc($sql, array((int) 1));
    $db->insert($tableName, array('name' => 'allMovies', 'value' => (int) $result['count(*)']));

    //Most viewed actors
    $sql = "SELECT actors FROM movies";
    $movies = $db->fetchAll($sql);
    $db->insert($tableName, array('name' => 'mostViewedActors', 'value' => getHighest('actors', $movies)));

    //Most viewed directors
    $sql = "SELECT director FROM movies";
    $movies = $db->fetchAll($sql);
    $db->insert($tableName, array('name' => 'mostViewedDirectors', 'value' => getHighest('director', $movies)));

    //Favorite Actors
    $db->insert($tableName, array('name' => 'favoriteActors', 'value' => implode(',', $FAVORITE_ACTORS)));
    $db->insert($tableName, array('name' => 'favoriteActresses', 'value' => implode(',', $FAVORITE_ACTRESSES)));

}

function updateStatisticImages($name) {
    global $IMDB_FIND_URL;
    global $IMDB_NAME_URL;
    global $IMAGE_STATISTICS;

    foreach ($IMAGE_STATISTICS as $name) {

        foreach (getStatistic($name) as $entity) {

            if (!$entity['image']) {

                $url = $IMDB_FIND_URL . urlencode($entity['name']);
                $response = file_get_contents($url);
                $data = json_decode($response);

                if (property_exists($data, name_popular))
                    $name = $data->name_popular;
                else
                    $name = $data->name_approx;

                var_dump($data);

                $dom = HtmlDomParser::file_get_html( $IMDB_NAME_URL . $name[0]->id );
                $image = $dom->find('img[id=name-poster]', 0);
                var_dump($image->attr['src']);
                saveImage($name[0]->name, $image->attr['src']);

            }
        }
    }
}

function getStatistic($key) {
    global $db;
    $sql = "SELECT * FROM statistics where name='".$key."'";
    $statistic = $db->fetchAll($sql);
    $result = array();
    $entities = split(',', $statistic[0]['value']);

    foreach ($entities as $entity) {
        $result[] = array(
            'name' => $entity,
            'image' => getImage($entity)
        );
    }

    return $result;
}

function getImage($name) {
    global $db;
    $sql = "SELECT * FROM images where name='".$name."'";
    $image = $db->fetchAll($sql);
    if ($image)
        return $image[0]['value'];
    else
        return null;
}

function getHighest($name, $movies) {
    $elements = array();

    foreach ($movies as $movie) {
        foreach (split(',', $movie[$name]) as $element) {
            if (array_key_exists($element, $elements))
                $elements[$element] += 1;
            else
                $elements[$element] = 1;
        }
    }

    global $MOST_VIEWED_MAX;
    $result = "";
    arsort($elements);
    reset($elements);

    for ($i=0; $i<$MOST_VIEWED_MAX; $i++) {
        $result = $result . key($elements) . ",";
        next($elements);
    }

    return substr($result, 0, -1);
}

function getMovie($id) {
    global $db;
    $sql = "SELECT * FROM movies where id=".$id;
    $result = $db->fetchAll($sql);
    return $result[0];
}

function getMovies($rating, $times, $limit) {
    global $db;
	$finalLimit = ($times-1)*$limit . ', ' . $limit;

    $sql = "SELECT * FROM movies where my_rating=".$rating." LIMIT ".$finalLimit;
    $movies = $db->fetchAll($sql);
    return $movies;
}

function getPoster($url) {
    return file_get_contents($url);
}

function convertImage($url){
    $imagedata = file_get_contents($url);
    $base64 = 'data:image/jpg;base64,' . base64_encode($imagedata);
    return $base64;
}

function saveImage($name, $imageUrl) {
    global $db;
    $base64 = convertImage($imageUrl);
    $data = array('name' => $name, 'value' => $base64);
    $db -> insert('images', $data);
}

function testStatistics($db) {
    //Total movies
    $sql = "SELECT count(*) FROM movies";
    $result = $db->fetchAssoc($sql, array((int) 1));
    var_dump(array('name' => 'allMovies', 'value' => (int) $result['count(*)']));

    //Most viewed actors
    $sql = "SELECT actors FROM movies";
    $movies = $db->fetchAll($sql);
    var_dump($tableName, array('name' => 'mostViewedActors', 'value' => getHighest('actors', $movies)));

    //Most viewed directors
    $sql = "SELECT director FROM movies";
    $movies = $db->fetchAll($sql);
    var_dump($tableName, array('name' => 'mostViewedDirectors', 'value' => getHighest('director', $movies)));
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Fortunately studies have shown that similar large, yellow orbs in the sky have been know to curb the duldrums during the gray season. Sunglasses watch: the addition of this sign raises the need for sunglasses in the area that now stretches from the super bright LED ad signs in Fife to the east now west to Portland Ave.
by Nick on 4/3/2008 @ 10:27am Ewwwwwwww!
Well, I suppose it IS investment in an area that needs it, and it won't be quite as bad as those seizure-inducing LED signs that are constantly flashing in your face. It sure seems like the DOT should have some regulations on things like that. Steady-lit signs are one thing, flashing giant TV screens are quite another. Shouldn't the DOT be implementing policies that encourage drivers to look at the road and focus on driving, rather than everything else?
by Erik on 4/3/2008 @ 11:33am Unfortunately, they are not subject to the billboard ban on highways.
by NineInchNachos on 4/3/2008 @ 12:11pm where's ELF when you need them? slackers.
by ZestyJenny on 4/3/2008 @ 2:44pm Isn't it heinous? I was sort of hoping maybe all those pieces don't go together or something.
by Erik on 4/3/2008 @ 2:54pm The whole area of I - 5 has been hit with every sort of monster billboard over the last 5 years. Now it looks like driving into Vegas.
by Marty on 4/3/2008 @ 4:19pm "It sure seems like the DOT should have some regulations on things like that."
"Unfortunately, they are not subject to the billboard ban on highways."
It would not matter what regulations the City, the County or the State put in place. The EQC is not subject to the regulation. They are their own country!!!
We never took that part from them, so they can do what they wish with it.
by Frinklin on 4/3/2008 @ 7:29pm We never took that part from them, so they can do what they wish with it.
Well, let's take care of that. Who's for invasion?
Americans. We deserve every billboard, casino and cigarette factory they throw at us.
by NineInchNachos on 4/3/2008 @ 8:54pm A country of laws and freedom build on stolen land by the sweat of slave labor.
... not to be a party pooper or anything.
by fredo on 4/3/2008 @ 10:01pm Kevin, we're not supposed to call it "gambling." We're supposed to call it "gaming."
There's a simple solution to these eyesores placed on sovereign Indian property, but in proximity to the freeway. All we have to do is erect a large opaque barrior along the freeway where the signs are located. Poplar trees planted on 6 ft. centers would probably do the trick. Or perhaps some pre-stressed concrete panels with Indian symbols expressed in relief.
by KevinFreitas on 4/4/2008 @ 6:46am ...we're not supposed to call it "gambling."
Haha, good catch. I game every Wed. night with some buddies online where we play first-person shooters and chat with each other to catch up and stay in touch. Rest assured there's no money in it which helps makes the game a game. Nothing against gambling once in a while for the heck of it but there's a reason these kinds of places thrive and it's called addiction.
It ain't just big, it's double or more the height that is shown in the pics at the top of this page. What a monstrosity.
by KevinFreitas on 4/4/2008 @ 9:08pm Yes, see those little orange things atop the blue crane? That's a construction worker. Yea, taking into account that scale that makes the left pole in that shot about 150' tall.
by fredo on 4/6/2008 @ 10:11am The poplar trees I previously recommended will now have to be planted on a 75' tall berm.
by Angela on 4/7/2008 @ 9:57am When I drove by this morning I found that they had added cross beams to the structure. If you look at Kevin's 4/4 picture you can see their location – there is a beam from the top of the green to the next little extension you can see sticking out in the gray then a huge gap and another beam at the top that fits between the little extensions you can see there. I initially thought that the big oval EQC sign would be placed in the gap but when my commute took me further down I-5, passing the Fife EQC, I realized that on their sign that big gap is filled with one of those Jumbotron like billboards!
If that is the case for this new sign, it means that the giant oval will be raised to the very top of those columns and then the giant flags will placed on top of the oval! Anybody want to calculate what the berm/ poplar height would need to be in this scenario?!
by KevinFreitas on 4/7/2008 @ 10:00am Hopefully those are just cross supports but I wouldn't put it past them to throw in a jumbotron. Eesh. Fortunately it's not right up against the freeway which means any view blocking won't have to be quiet as tall. Still... can't imagine drivers along that stretch need more visual distraction.
by izenmania on 4/7/2008 @ 11:19am Oh, I'm sure it will be an electronic billboard. The EQC does host a lot of events that they will want to dynamically advertise.
by Angela on 4/23/2008 @ 9:02am They have began attaching the screens. I was wrong about the gap in the middle being a jumbo screen...It would appear that the entire thing is going to be one! So far, I would say they have covered a third of the gray pole area in black display panels.
by Dave L. on 4/23/2008 @ 2:16pm I noticed the screens going in today also - It will drarf the retina-burning signs and structures they have on their Pacific Highway location and the sky-high giant jumping salmon billboard north of the Fife curve.. More huge signs going up on River Road, too. Correct me if I am wrong or inaccurate, but a Tribal member once told me that patches of land not owned by the tribal nation can be deeded over, thus making each billboard-sized patch of land in prime viewing loctions very valuable to those wanting to sell to a tribal member. True?
by Angela on 5/13/2008 @ 8:57am The EQC Oval was put up over the weekend. It's nestled in between the two columns resting on the bar that is at the level of the second tabs down in Kevin's last picture.
I love Heather's idea of the energy-producing spinning flags!
Saw them testing the sign today. The thing is monstrous but, as Angela pointed out to me on the phone, as you drive north on I-5 it's largely blocked by another huge ClearChannel billboard just off Portland Ave and some trees. I'm sure the bright LEDs will burn right through those and onto our retinas though.
Can anyone say movie night? There's a big empty lot nearby the new sign so I say we buy time on it once in a while to bring back the drive-in experience. Think the EQC would go for that?
by intacoma on 5/15/2008 @ 8:57am I heard to help pay for the electricity they are going to have a row of quarter slots on the bottom for people to play, sweeeet!
by ensie on 5/17/2008 @ 12:13am Nice!
by Erik on 5/17/2008 @ 12:17am Nice Joe. Very good. Making parodies of Tacomics. No doubt RR is proud.
by NineInchNachos on 2/21/2009 @ 11:24am hey how did I miss this Izenmania cartoon!? Not bad.
by ElectricElliot on 2/21/2009 @ 11:44am If the Washington State government were to dissolve, those signs would be the first things to be brought down.
by NineInchNachos on 2/21/2009 @ 11:48am No way, with no government and a switch to digital TV.. the sign would be more valuable as mass media entertainment.
I'm picturing repleted hacking opportunities and "ZOMBIES AHEAD"
by seejane on 2/21/2009 @ 11:10pm While the signs are ugly they do bring a lot of people into the casino to pay reparations... and the Puyallups give a lot of money back to the community.
by Mofo from the Hood on 2/22/2009 @ 9:23am This sign is nothing more than a high-tech compromise forced on the tribe by non-native disciples of Al Gore. The original marketing plan stated that the tribe would advertise the location of the casino by smoke signals.
by izenmania on 2/23/2009 @ 9:07am "hey how did I miss this Izenmania cartoon!? Not bad. "
I do not know. I posted it in at least two places.


Good day fellow avid radio listeners. Raise your hand if you have an Ipod. Great that is a lot of you. Now raise your hand if have ever heard a song on the radio while you were driving and you really liked it, but by the time you got to where you were going you forgot what it was or the radio station did not say who the artist was or the name of the song. That has happened to me on more than one occasion. Well, my friends there is a way that we can get those songs that we really like coming from our local radio stations. This is possible through what is called song tagging. Finally someone has come up with a way for us to get those great songs to play whenever we are in the mood.
So what is song tagging and how do we use it? Well, my friends it is very simple to use but it requires the new type of radio called HD Radio. This is accomplished by connecting the Ipod to the radio and when you hear a song you really like you hit the tag button. The songs title is then stored in a play list called tagged and when you sync to your computer you will be able to buy the song from Apple iTunes or have it so you can buy the CD.
There are many places where you can get this revolutionary radio for your home or car. One such receiver you can get is the Jensen JiMS 525i. This unit is for your home or office or for an RV. It has an Ipod dock, and comes with an am/fm radio to listen to all of your favorite radio stations.
The best thing of all about HD Radio is that it is 100% free ground based AM/FM radio. This is not satellite radio so there are no subscriptions to buy. Another great point to remember is that the audio quality is that of listening to a CD. Just as HDTV has made TV better HD Radio has made radio better. Once you go digital you will never go back.


text:
OLD KING COAL
China, world's largest emitter of greenhouse gasses, will tax carbon
The tax man cometh.
Image: AP/Andy Wong
China's Ministry of Finance has announced that the country will levy a tax on carbon emissions, reports Xinhua. Policy experts in the United States and Europe have long argued that a carbon tax is the most effective way to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses, but implementing one in most large industrialized countries has always seemed politically infeasible.
In the same announcement, China's Ministry of Finance said that direct taxes on resources, including coal and water, will also be forthcoming.
Details on the carbon tax are scant, but previous reports indicated that it would come into force by 2015 and might start at 10 yuan ($1.60) per tonne of carbon, rising to 50 yuan ($8) per tonne by 2020. Notably, the tax would be collected by local tax authorities, and not municipal environmental protection bureaus.
Aside from concerns about climate change, China's carbon tax could be an effort to stem the country's enormous appetite for coal, which is now nearly as large as the rest of the world combined.
Global coal consumption
Image: US Energy Information Administration
The country's coal imports are projected to reach 400-500 million tonnes (440-550 tons) by 2015, an increase of between 71% and 113% over China's 2012 imports of 234.3 million tonnes of coal. But domestic production of coal in China dwarfs imports, at 3.66 billion tonnes in 2012. For comparison, the world's second largest coal producer, the US, produces about a third as much coal per year.
Proposals for a direct tax on carbon are also being discussed in Europe as an alternative to the continent's ailing cap and trade system for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. In the US, Senators Barbara Boxer and Bernie Sanders have proposed a carbon tax of $20 a ton.


Take a Pottery Class, Learn Something New!
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Our facility is located in the historic Bridgeport Art Center, located 5 miles south of downtown Chicago. With ample parking, we offer weekly adult pottery classes and kid's workshops. In addition to our exceptional facility, we are also pleased to be home of Circle Line Gallery with ongoing ceramic exhibitions and performances and pottery events.
Sign up for Beginning Wheel Throwing Pottery Classes or Independent Study. Summer Session only $295 for 8 Weeks!
We offer beginning, intermediate and advanced levels of study. Our pottery classes include all levels of wheel throwing and hand building. We also offer workshops in raku, soda fire, wood firing and glazing techniques. In addition to our rich course structure and facility we offer kid's classes and workshops.
Whether you slip-cast pottery, figure sculpt, wheel throw or are a conceptual ceramicist, we have the space for you. Our family of independent study students range from the hobbyist, newly graduated, the professional maker doing craft fairs or artist showing with galleries.
Looking to host something special with your friends or co-workers? Chicago Ceramic Center is the ideal space to host your own private clay event or pottery class party. Whether it be a birthday party, bridal shower, bachelorette party, co-ed baby shower, corporate team-building event, or just a girl's night out, we have the space and teacher for you.


text:
Referee League Index
Ray Jones
Kiyan Prince
LFW Awaydays 2009/10
Saturday, 3rd Jul 2010 13:52 by Clive Whittingham
The final league table for LoftforWords' Awaydays, a column charting the progress of the LFW team as they follow QPR around the country.
59 - Palace, Selhurst Park, 10/04/10, 2-0 (Buzsaky, Gorkss)
56 - Derby, pride Park, 24/10/09, 4-2 (Taarabt, Mahon, Simpson, Buzsaky)
55 - Exeter, St James' Park, 11/08/09, 5-0 (Routledge 3, Ephraim, Pellicori)
54 - Newcastle, St James' Park, 30/09/09, 1-1 (Watson), Plymouth, Home Park, 15/08/09, 1-1 (Helguson)
52 - Blackpool, Bloomfield Road, 16/01/10, 2-2 (Connolly, Taarabt), Bristol, Ashton Gate, 18/08/09, 0-1
51 - Barnsley, Oakwell, 24/04/10, 1-0 (Leigertwood), Chelsea, Stamford Bridge, 23/09/09, 0-1, Peterborough, London Road, 06/02/10, 0-1
50 - Forest Green, The Lawn, 23/07/09, 2-0 (Stewart, Pellicori)
49 - Doncaster, Keepmoat Stadium, 21/11/09, 0-2, Preston, Deepdale, 27/03/10, 2-2 (Priskin, Ramage)
48 - Sheffield, Bramall Lane, 03/01/10, 1-1 (Simpson), Swansea, Liberty Stadium, 04/10/09, 0-2
47 - Sheffield, Hillsborough, 07/11/09, 2-1 (Simpson, Gorkss)
46 - Oxford, Kassam Stadium, 24/07/09, 2-2 (Mahon, Routledge), Wycombe, Adams Park, 03/08/09, 2-1
45 - Ipswich, Portman Road, 28/12/09, 0-3
42 - Cardiff, Cardiff City Stadium, 19/09/09, 2-0 (Simpson 2), Scunthorpe, Glanford Park, 29/08/09, 1-0 (Taarabt)
39 - Nottingham, City Ground, 26/01/10, 0-5, Reading, Madejski Stadium, 16/03/10, 0-1
37 - Middlesbrough, Riverside Stadium, 27/02/10, 0-2, Leicester, Walkers Stadium, 05/04/10, 0-4
36 - Coventry, Ricoh Arena, 13/02/10, 0-1
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Newsletter : 7fax0803..txt
Egyptian Soldiers Murder Sudanese Refugees
According to a group of IDF soldiers, Egyptian soldiers opened fire on a group of Sudanese refugees as they tried to cross the border into Israel, killing four.
The soldiers told their story on Thursday night in a report for Channel 10 news. The soldiers said that they attempted to rescue a Sudanese man who had managed to escape the Egyptian soldiers. However, they said, the Egyptian soldiers managed to overtake the man and began beating him with clubs. The man died from the beating, they said.
Rice Calls for Deeper Israeli-Palestinian Talks
By Jim Teeple (VOA News-Ramallah)
Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice met with Palestinian leaders Thursday on the final day of her Middle East tour aimed at gaining support for a U.S.-sponsored Middle East peace conference later this year.
Meeting with Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas and his newly appointed prime minister, Salaam Fayyad, Rice announced the U.S. would provide Abbas' Palestinian Authority with $80 million to boost and reform its security forces. U.S. officials traveling with Rice said for now the Palestinians would receive about $10 million of that money. Disbursing the rest they said would require the approval of Congress.
At a news conference with Abbas, Rice said President Bush wants the upcoming peace conference to support bilateral talks between Israelis and Palestinians aimed at eventually achieving a Palestinian state. She says Bush is serious about advancing the idea of a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
"The president of the United States has no desire to call people together for a photo opportunity," she said. "This is to call people together so that we can really advance Palestinian statehood. Now we have a lot to do between now and the fall, but I am here to consult and have discussions about the meeting, but also to see what we can do advance the bilateral track [between Israelis and Palestinians]."
Rice said she would probably return to the region before a peace conference takes place. The time and venue for any such conference has yet to be set. She also said she has received assurances from Israeli leaders that they would discuss substantive issues at the conference.
Israeli leaders said while they support holding the conference, "final status issues," such as the return of Palestinian refugees, permanent borders with the Palestinians and the status of Jerusalem should not be part of the agenda. Saudi Arabian officials have said they would consider attending the conference, but only if it deals with such substantive issues, including the dismantling of Israeli settlements in the West Bank.
For his part, Abbas said on Thursday Palestinians would be flexible when it comes to the conference agenda, adding that he would like to see the so-called "road-map peace plan" that calls for an Israeli withdrawal from the West Bank and an end to Palestinian violence, serve as a guideline for the upcoming conference. He said specific steps to achieve a Palestinian state could be negotiated at a later date. Abbas also rejected any move to reconcile his Fatah movement with Hamas.
Hamas leaders criticized Rice's visit to Ramallah, saying it was designed to divide Palestinians. In June, Hamas soundly defeated Fatah forces loyal to Abbas in the Gaza Strip, taking over the territory and dividing the Palestinian territories in two. Abbas called the Hamas takeover a great crime that could not be forgiven unless Hamas leaders gave up power in Gaza and apologized for their actions.
Karaites Hold First Conversion in 500 Years
A fringe Jewish sect that rejects the authority of post-biblical rabbinic law performed its first conversion in 500 years. The Karaite Jews of America, a sect with 1,000 members, gathered in a northern California synagogue Tuesday for the ceremony, according to a report in a Northern California Jewish news weekly.
After a year of study, 10 adults and four minors -- from locations as far afield as the Czech Republic, Australia and Canada -- swore fealty to Karaite Judaism.
The Karaites trace their origins to eighth century Persia and are estimated to number 35,000 worldwide. Their rejection of rabbinic interpretation of the Bible has led to some odd and seemingly un-Jewish customs, such as prostrate prayer and removal of footwear in the synagogue. Karaites permit the mixing of milk and poultry, but they refuse the use of any lights on the Sabbath.
Turning Point: Israeli Air Attack Flips Global Press Coverage of Hizbullah-Israel War
By Newswise
This week marks the one-year commemoration of the Israeli air strike on the Lebanese village of Qana, the pivotal moment of last summer's Hizbullah-Israel war. The Qana attack left 27 civilians dead and changed world opinion on the conflict. It also flipped global press coverage of Hizbullah and Israel, according to a new study from the University of Maryland.
The study found that the Qana attack on July 30 was the pivotal event in shifting media coverage of the conflict. "Following the Israeli attack on the Lebanese town, the press became less critical of Hizbullah and more neutral over all. This was the `Qana-effect' on news," noted the study's project director Jad Melki, a visiting journalism professor at Towson State University and the research director of the International Center for Media and the Public Agenda (ICMPA) at the University of Maryland, which conducted the study.
Despite Hizbullah's killing of 12 Israeli reservists in Kfar Giladi following Israel's attack on Qana, coverage of Hizbullah remained more favorable. "That's not to say, however, that the press viewed Hizbullah more favorably than it did Israel.," noted Prof. Susan Moeller, the study's supervisor and the director of ICMPA.
"Hizbullah rarely received any directly sympathetic coverage—and while Israel's sympathetic coverage fluctuated throughout the war, it never dipped below Hizbullah's. But at the start of the conflict, Israel received much more positive coverage than Hizbullah and by the end of the war the level of criticism was almost at the same level."
Three other events registered as significant in the coverage: August 12, the day the UN Security Council adopted resolution 1701; July 20, a day of unprecedented violence and bloodshed on both sides; and July 25, the day following an Israeli air strike that killed three UN peacekeepers in south Lebanon. Four out of the five events impacted the coverage in a way that worked against Israel and in Lebanon's and Hizbullah's favor. "By the end of the war in mid-August, the press declared Hizbullah the winner of the war," Melki said.
ICMPA's study looked at 14 major English-language newspapers from around the world: The Daily Star (Lebanon), Financial Times (UK), Herald Sun (Australia), Irish Times, Jerusalem Post (Israel), Los Angeles Times, Press Trust (India), South China Morning Press, The Guardian (UK), New York Times, The Independent (UK), The Nation (Pakistan), Turkish Daily and the Washington Post
The study tracked their coverage over time, and additionally ranked them according to authority, depth, source balance, frame balance and empathy. Overall, the coverage was surprisingly even-handed: one-fifth of the articles analyzed were reported from Lebanon, and another one-fifth were reported from Israel; 46 percent of the articles were critical of Israel, and 51 percent were critical of Hizbullah.
Which were the best? The Washington Post, The Guardian and the Irish Times.
Which were the worst? Perhaps no surprise, The Daily Star (Lebanon), the Jerusalem Post (Israel) and the Turkish Daily—all from the region, and all limited either literally or politically on their ability to station correspondents on both sides of the conflict.
The Washington Post, the Financial Times and the Nation (Pakistan) received the highest scores for balance. The Financial Times scored best on authority (was the coverage first-hand and from the front lines?), and the New York Times had the greatest depth of coverage. The study is available online at http://www.icmpa.umd.edu
Haredim Visiting Majdanek Vandalize Death Camp
Israel has denounced before the inappropriate behavior of visitors to former Nazi concentration and extermination camps, but when a group of Israeli citizens cut loose inside a camp, the shame is immeasurable.
On Tuesday evening, a group of 35 strictly Orthodox young men arrived at the Majdanek death camp near the city of Lublin in eastern Poland. The camp museum site closes at 6 p.m. and the barracks preserved inside it close an hour earlier.
The group arrived to the camp some 15 minutes before it was due to close and though no reason has been given to explain the urgency that propelled the men to enter the camp at that late hour, it was evidently strong enough for them to rip the entrance gate from its hinges and walk inside.
In a letter sent to Israel's ambassador to Poland, David Peleg, the Lublin police chief wrote that the camp security guards found the group inside Barrack 14 as they surveyed the grounds before locking up for the night.
Museum administrators alerted the local police department and contacted the embassy. Peleg managed to convince the group to sign a letter of confession and pay for the damaged property. In return, the museum agreed not to press charges so that the group would be spared questioning by the police.
The Polish media reported extensively on the incident. Following the embarrassing publicity the embassy received requests from the offices of the Polish president and foreign affairs minister, seeking more information regarding the event.
Unfortunately, this is not the first time camps in Poland have been subjugated to inappropriate behavior from Israeli visitors. On July 23rd the Auschwitz museum director sent a complaint to the embassy claiming that a group of 60 Israeli college students arrived at the gates of the Auschwitz-Birkenau camp at 11 pm and demanded to be let inside.
The guards, preferring to avoid a confrontation with the group, allowed them to remain inside the camp grounds despite the fact that the site was closed. The group only left at around 5 a.m.
Peleg said he viewed both incidents with the utmost severity since they damaged Israel's reputation. In a report to the Foreign Ministry in Jerusalem he wrote: "I think that the message must get across to groups visiting Poland that this is a sovereign nation, and the most basic rule must be to respect the country and its rules, and that includes Auschwitz and Majdanek.
"This incident illustrates the enormous sensitivity with which these group visits are handled. The vast majority of visits are conducted without any problems (some 30,000 Israeli youths visit Poland every year) and contribute greatly to cooperation between the two countries and two peoples, it's a terrible shame that these isolated incidents stain the rest."
Rabbis Issue Edict Banning Mixed Shows
Rabbis in Israel issued an edict Wednesday barring men and women from attending mixed theaters even though most facilities have segregated entrances and seating. The edict took effect as early as Thursday when a concert in honor of 82-year-old cantor Ben-Zion Shenker at the Wohl Center in Ramat Gan was canceled. Shenker is one of the leading composers of Chassidic music.
Organizer David Zaira told Ynet that he had planned to sell over 200 tickets for religious women for whom a separate section was designated. The edict drove Zaira, after consultations with rabbis and other organizers, to cancel the show for fear that making it a men-only event would insult religious women.
Sephardic Chief Rabbi Shlomo Amr backed the edict, saying that although men and women were seated separately, there was a danger that they mixed outside theaters. "Since evenings like these allowed for easy debaucheries if not inside then outside theaters, confusion is easy. Therefore music shows, although segregated, are strictly forbidden," he said.
Jesuits May God's Word to Second Life
Catholic missionaries have always trekked to dangerous parts of the Earth to spread the word of God -- now they are being encouraged to go into the virtual realm of Second Life to save virtual souls.
In an article in Rome-based Jesuit journal La Civilta Cattolica, academic Antonio Spadaro urged fellow Catholics not to be scared of entering the virtual world which may be fertile ground for new converts wishing to better themselves. "It's not possible to close our eyes to this phenomenon or rush to judge it," Spadaro said. "Instead it needs to be understood ... the best way to understand it is to enter it."
Second Life is a simulation game where players can create a virtual version of themselves -- an avatar -- and interact with other people in the three-dimensional world.
According to its Web site, it has a population of more than 8 million residents and millions of dollars change hands there every month. "Is there (cyber) space for God?" Spadaro aaka in his article which says there are already virtual churches and temples serving countless religions. He quotes a Swedish Muslim who says his avatar prays regularly as he prays in real life.
Spadaro warns the uninitiated that "the erotic dimension is very present" in Second Life, that people can buy genitalia for their avatars in a world that is "open to any form of erotic stimulation from prostitution to pedophilia."
While the virtual world might be a refuge for some people seeking to flee the real one, it is also full of people seeking something more from life, including, possibly, religious enlightenment, he said.
"Deep down, the digital world can be considered, in its way, mission territory," he said. "Second Life is somewhere where the opportunity to meet people and to grow should not be missed, therefore, any initiative that can inspire the residents in a positive way should be considered opportune."


text:
Ryo is an unincorporated community in Gordon County, in the U.S. state of Georgia.

History
A post office called Ryo was in operation from 1894 until 1904. The name may be derived from Spanish, meaning "river".

References

Unincorporated communities in Gordon County, Georgia
Unincorporated communities in Georgia (U.S. state)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
THE FALKLANDS CONFLICT, APRIL - JUNE 1982
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HMS PLYMOUTH on fire in San Carlos Water after being bombed by Argentine Mirage "Dagger" aircraft of the Argentine VI Air Brigade on 8 June 1982. A Sea King MK4 helicopter hovers over PLYMOUTH's starboard side while the frigate HMS AVENGER stands by to render assistance.
1945-1989 (production), 1945-1989 (content)
Royal Navy official photographer
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FLEET PHOTOGRAPHIC UNIT, HMS EXCELLENT COLLECTION
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Royal Navy, PLYMOUTH (HMS)
Royal Navy, AVENGER (HMS)
Falklands Conflict
San Carlos Bay, Falkland Islands
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Falklands Conflict 1982
Royal Navy 1945-2000


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PURPA and Distributed Energy Resources Blog
Home » Ninth Circuit Mandates Use of Multi-Tiered Avoided Cost Rates Where Utilities Make Purchases From QFs In Meeting Renewable Portfolio Standards
Ninth Circuit Mandates Use of Multi-Tiered Avoided Cost Rates Where Utilities Make Purchases From QFs In Meeting Renewable Portfolio Standards
By Jennifer Key & Richard Roberts on April 25, 2019
Posted in PURPA, PURPA Rates
"We hold only that where a utility uses energy from a QF to meet a state RPS, the avoided cost must be based on the sources that the utility could rely upon to meet the RPS." Californians for Renewable Energy v. CPUC (CARE)
Wow! This ruling is now binding within the Ninth Circuit and could have ripple effects throughout the country.
In 2010, in CPUC v. SCE, FERC reversed several decades of PURPA policy and precedent on avoided costs, permitting States with Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) to base avoided cost rate calculations on the costs of other renewable resources regardless of whether alternative non-renewable sources were available at lower cost. This is referred to as "multi-tiered" avoided cost rates. The Ninth Circuit has now taken FERC's re-interpretation of the rules for determining avoided cost rates a giant step further. Where FERC held that States have discretion to adopt multi-tiered avoided cost rates, the court in CARE turned it into a mandate.
The concept of multi-tiered avoided cost rates has always been legally questionable (and, indeed, has never been subjected to challenge before a court). It is legally suspect because it permits the States to set avoided costs that could impose higher costs on customers than they would have incurred absent the PURPA mandate. This runs contrary to the central principle behind avoided cost pricing according to FERC, which is to prevent the PURPA mandate from increasing a utility's costs to serve its customers – that "utilities (and their ratepayers) be in the same financial position as if they had not purchased QF power." As the Supreme Court explained, FERC's adoption of full avoided cost requires utilities to pay "the same costs had they generated the energy themselves or purchased it from other sources" and, therefore, holds the utility and its customers harmless. PURPA, thus, compels utilities to buy from certain renewable generators, but caps the price based on the alternatives the utility would have built or bought absent the purchase mandate. In CARE, however, the Ninth Circuit arguably turned this principle on its head – with regard to any QF purchase made to meet an RPS. The decision forbids States from considering the costs of the generation resources the utility would have built or bought in the absence of PURPA.
Here is some background on the FERC decisions upon which the court relied. In SoCalEdison, FERC held the California PURPA program violated PURPA and its implementing regulations because the CPUC did not consider all sources in reaching its avoided cost determinations. It stated: "that regardless of whether the State regulatory authority determines avoided cost administratively, through competitive solicitation (bidding), or some combination thereof, it must in its process reflect prices available from all sources able to sell to the utility whose avoided cost is being determined." In other words, in calculating a utility's avoided cost rate, all types of resources were to be considered. This interpretation seemingly reflects Congress' intent in adopting PURPA, that QFs were to compete with other resources on equal footing.
In CPUC v. SCE, FERC, however decided that any time the SoCalEdison decision spoke of "all sources," it really meant "all sources able to sell to the utility." FERC explained that the fact it did not expressly include that phrase in every instance in SoCal Edison was "of no moment" as "it was there implicitly." In sum, FERC found that it "would be illogical to read SoCal Edison as authorizing consideration for purposes of setting a utility's avoided costs of sources that are, in fact, not able to sell to that utility." That said, FERC did not mandate that all states adopt multi-tiered avoided cost rates. For example, the FERC stated "the concept of a multi-tiered avoided cost rate structure can be consistent with the avoided cost rate requirements." On rehearing, FERC made the voluntary nature of this new idea even more clear, stating "because a state may determine what particular capacity is being avoided, the state may rely on the cost of such avoided capacity to determine the avoided cost rate. Thus, the avoided cost rate may take into account the cost of electric energy from the generators being avoided, e.g., generators with certain characteristics." (Emphasis added, internal citations deleted.) To top it off, FERC emphasized that, "while the Commission provided guidance on the concept presented by the CPUC, states may have other ways of establishing avoided cost rates that may be consistent with the Commission's PURPA regulations."
The Ninth Circuit CARE case garnered little notice as it proceeded thought the court, perhaps due to the fact that the lead plaintiff (CARE) had failed to successfully prosecute claims in myriad FERC and court proceedings. The complete dismissal of CARE's claims by the district court, presumably lulled any observers into a lack of concern. But, with the Ninth Circuit, the plaintiffs finally had some success. The plaintiffs alleged that the CPUC-set avoided cost rates under certain PURPA programs could not be set using a natural gas plant and cost benchmark. The CPUC had a standard avoided cost rate for all under 20 MW QFs (renewable or cogeneration) that used such a benchmark. The plaintiffs argued that if a QF's power was used to meet an RPS standard the avoided cost had to based on energy sources that would meet the RPS. The Ninth Circuit agreed. It found "[w]here a utility uses energy from a QF to meet the utility's RPS obligations, the relevant comparable energy sources are other renewable energy providers, not all energy sources that the utility might technically be capable of buying energy from." It remanded the issue of whether the CPUC's various PURPA programs met this standard back to the district court.
The potential impacts of this decision are significant and of course apply to a huge region of the country; all Ninth Circuit utilities outside of California are still required to buy from renewable resources up to 80 MW in size, with California utilities required to purchase from QFs up to 20 MW. RPS programs are pervasive throughout this region. This means that, in accordance with CARE, each of these States with an RPS mandate will be required to set one or more tiers of avoided cost rates to apply to the utilities' purchases from QFs made to meet RPS. These tiered avoided costs will be required to exclude consideration of the prices of any resources that would not have been eligible to meet the applicable RPS. This has the potential to harm customers by increasing power prices for PURPA-compelled purchases, unless the appropriate avoided cost rate for a utility would otherwise be based on purchasing from or building a facility that qualified for the RPS.
Notably, in other respects, the Ninth Circuit did affirm the district court on issues such as whether net metering customers who are paid in cash for excess energy were required to be paid a capacity component under PURPA (No!). It also decided that QFs could be compelled to transfer their Renewable Energy Credits to their purchasing utilities, if the state had such a policy, a conclusion that had already been reached by other federal courts.
CARE was decided by a vote of 2-1, with a powerful dissent from Judge Nguyen. It may be challenged en banc or on Petition for Certiorari. FERC may also be asked to weigh in on the court's interpretation of its avoided cost rules and regulations.
The Montana QF Stampede and the Varying Roles of the Judiciary in Enforcing PURPA
FERC to Address Several PURPA Issues In Coming Weeks and Months
Words with Enemies – PURPA and the Capacity Purchase Obligation
District Court Order Provides PURPA Guidance – On "As Applied" Versus Implementation Claims
Ninth Circuit Reinforces the Appropriate Role of Courts in PURPA Implementation Claims
The Steptoe PURPA and Distributed Energy Resources blog focuses on legal and policy issues raised by distributed energy resources (DERs) (devices interconnected at distribution that can produce or provide energy and other electric services at retail or wholesale) and the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA).
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