Common food deer, moose, caribou, elk, bison, musk-oxen and beaver.
The howl, the spine-tingling howl, which they use to communicate, gives the wolf away. A lone wolf howls to attract the attention of his pack, while communal howls may send territorial messages from one pack to another. Some howls are confrontational. Similar to barking domestic dogs, wolves may simply begin howling because a nearby wolf has already begun.
Wolves are the biggest in the dog family. Adaptable gray wolves are by far the most common. Gray Wolves were all over the Northern Hemisphere. But wolves and humans have a long adversarial history. Though they almost never attack humans, wolves are considered one of the animal world's most fearsome natural villains. They do attack domestic animals, and countless wolves have been shot, trapped, and poisoned because of their love for domestic pets.
Wolfpack hierarchy is established strictly, with a dominant male at the top and his mate not far behind. Usually this male and female are the only animals of the pack to breed. All of a pack's adults help to care for young pups by bringing them food and looking after them while others hunt.
A pack is usually made up of a male parent, a female parent and their pups from the last few years. Usually, in the wild four to six pups are born together in a litter. Domestic wolf dogs with high-wolf content can have upward to 12 or more puppies in a litter.The pups in a litter are called litter mates. Their first home is usually a den, which can be a small cave or a hole dug in the ground. It must be big enough to shelter the mother and pups from weather and protect the pups from other animals that may want to hurt them. Packs sometimes use the same den for several years, or they may find a new den each and every year.
Wolf cubs grow inside their mother for about 63 days before they are born. At birth, the pups weigh only one pound, and their eyes are closed. They grow quickly. About 10 to 14 days after they are born, they open their eyes. By two weeks of age, the cubs can waddle, and about a week after that, they may come out of the den for the first time. At first, they live only on milk from their mother. By three weeks of age, they start eating meat. Since pups are too young to hunt, adult wolves bring meat to them in their stomachs. This ranges from small rodents to medium and very large animals. Depending on the location this can include deer, elk, moose, and bison. The pups lick around the mouth of the adult when it returns from the hunt, and the food comes back up into the adult's mouth. This sounds terrible to us, but wolf cubs seem to love it. The pups eat the regurgitated meat within seconds. Any pup who is less aggressive than his or her brothers and sisters gets less food. If pups are too persistent in their begging for food, adult wolves may growl to warn them to stop. The adults may also leave the area in an attempt to avoid the wolf puppies.
The Common Wolf is also known as the Gray Wolf. This is the type of wolf that most people are familiar with. However, they are often mistaken for other types of wolves out there. This is because the actual appearance of them can be drastically different based upon the location they are in.
Some of the Common Wolves out there only weigh about 55 pounds. Others can be closer to 90 pounds. Researchers have come across some that were almost 200 pounds but that is very rare. They range in length from 4 ½ feet to 6 feet. The colors of them can include brown, gray, black, red, white, and a mix of various colorings and shades.
The head and the muzzle of these wolves are narrow compared to other species. They also don't have the same mass across the shoulders. Yet they are still very powerful animals. They aren't as fast as other animals, but they have a stamina that can't be matched. So they may not have that initial speed but they can go the distance at a good rate.
The webbing between each toe allows the Common Wolf to be able to move easily regardless of the type of terrain they are on. They have very large feet so they are able to shift how their weight is distributed. This helps them when they are walking on snow so they don't sink into the soft areas.
They have very sharp teeth and jaws. It is believed they have more than three times the biting power behind them than the average canine. What is very interesting is that the saliva from a Common Wolf has been proven to help new tissues grow and to reduce the risk of an infection occurring.
The Common Wolf uses a variety of vocal and non verbal forms of communication within their pack. They are very dependent upon their social group and do all they can to maintain it. They can be aggressive towards other wolf packs, often using howling to inform them not to come into their established territory.
They will heavily mark their territory with urine and scents that they make in their body. Rolling around on the ground and rubbing against trees helps them to be able to release these scents. It can be very difficult for young Common Wolves to find their own habitat out there in the wild.
The Common Wolf is able to adapt to a variety of surroundings. As long as they can find food and they have a large habitat to move around in they seem to do very well. They are known to live in regions that include mountains, plains, deserts, grasslands, and even some urban locations. They are found throughout Northern America.
Most experts believe that the Common Wolf helps to bring order and balance to the ecosystems that they are a part of. They are very opportunistic when it comes to what they feed upon. This ranges from small rodents to medium and very large animals. Depending on the location this can include deer, elk, moose, and bison.
What is interesting is that they usually won't attack prey that stands still. Yet they can surround it for hours or days at a time. Should the animal run, that is when the Common Wolves will chase it and try to take it down.
Like other wolf pups, these will be fed regurgitated meat by members of the pack. That allows them to get the nutrition they need after they are done feeding from the body of their mothers. When they are ready to go on the hunt at about six months of age they will be learning how to survive.
The pups are allowed to fight for food when it is time to take part in such eating. Many experts believe this fight to get to consume food is part of how their order in the pack will be determined.
There is a long mating season for the Common Wolf. It can last from January through April. It seems that the higher elevation that they live in the later in the year that they will mate. The male alpha leader of the pack will mate with the beta female. However, he may also mate with other females in the pack. This is different that other species of wolves where he will only mate with the beta.
Once mating is successful it will be just over two months before the litter of pups arrives. They are deaf and blind at birth with each of them weighing one pound at the most. Generally each litter will have from 4 to 6 pups. However, it is possible for her to have many more than that. She will give birth to her young inside of a den.
There she will remain with them on and off for the first three months of life. She will leave only to get food for herself. This is necessary for her to continue making milk for the young to survive on. When they do come out of the den with her they will be cared for by the entire wolf pack.
The young wolves will continue to be a part of it until they are fully mature. About two years of age most of them will leave the pack to go start one of their own. Their drive to mate is often what triggers them to do so. If they remain in their Common Wolf pack of origin they may never have the opportunity to do so.
The Common Wolf does have problems with humans when it comes to predators. There are lots of farmers and ranchers out there that don't care for them. Other people see them as a menace or as a very dangerous type of animal. Therefore they don't really care if they end up being killed or not.
The Common Wolf is believed to have the best chance of survival in regards to all the other species of wolves. Many of them are endangered but the numbers of these are high enough that it isn't a huge concern at this point in time that they may not have a future.
The overall size of them will depend on where they happen to live in their region. Some of them only weight about 100 pounds. Others though can weigh up to 175. Some of them are about 3 feet in length when they are fully grown. Others are twice that long though at about 6 feet.
Some people believe that the Artic Wolf is a loner by nature but that isn't true. Those that are seen alone may be away from their pack to search for food. They can also be on their own looking to make their own pack. The size of these groups can be from just a couple of wolves to about twenty. Generally the size of the pack will depend on how much food happens to be available to them.
These wolves happen to be very territorial. However, most of them do have hundreds of miles that they can cover within their home range. As a result of this they don't really mind so much when other packs have a territory that overlaps. They do heavily mark their territory though with urine and their own scent.
Due to the location of the Arctic Wolf, they are very limited when it comes to the supply of food they can consume. Generally they will eat caribou and muskoxen. Since these animals are much larger than they are, it is a group effort to successfully take one down. Even though they are great hunters, their prey can often get away before they can attack from all sides.
When they do make contact though they will be successful. Arctic Wolves have very sharp teeth as well as powerful jaws. They are able to rip into the flesh and crunch the bones of the animals they capture. They can eat more than 20 pounds of meat at a time. They often know that it may be a while before their next meal so they will consume all that they possibly can when it is readily available to them.
Due to the freezing cold, a large animal that they kill may offer enough food for the entire wolf pack for several days. When that is the case they will take turns feeding and also protecting the kill from other animals. There are other times though when they must go for weeks without much food at all. It may also be necessary for them to move according to the movements of their prey. Otherwise the risk of not finding a meal soon enough becomes reality.
For the young pups that are outside of the mother's den but aren't old enough to hunt yet, they still need meat. In order to get it, the other members of the pack will offer them regurgitated meat that they have partially consumed.
As is the case with most species of wolves, only the alpha male and the beta female will be allowed to mate. That is often the reason why younger wolves about two years of age head out on their own. The urge to mate is very common and it will encourage them to make their own pack where they can mate.
The pups are born a couple of months after mating. About a month after mating the female will start to find a place where she can give birth. Often she will spend a great deal of time digging in the layers of ice to make a den. Sometimes it will prove to be too difficult though. Then she will have to find a den that is already in place, rocks, or even a cave where she can give birth.
It is very important that she has safe place for the young to be born. She can have up to twelve of them at once to care for. They are about one pound when they are born. They can't hear or see so they rely upon instinct and smell to survive in her care for the first couple of months of life.
She will need to leave them from time to time so she can go get food for herself. This can leave the young pups very vulnerable at that time. When they are approximately three months old they will join the rest of the pack with her. The entire pack will do what they can to help ensure these young are able to survive.
Due to the isolated areas where the Arctic Wolf lives, they don't have too many problems with predators. Sometimes the young can be eaten by other animals if they wonder out of the den on their own or they venture too far away from the pack. Occasionally battles with other packs can occur due to problems arising. This often involves a fight for territory, food, or mating rights.
The name of the Red Wolf stems from the fact that they can have a reddish coat on them. It is often a cinnamon shade of red. However, not all of them have this coloring as many of them are brownish. This is why they are often mistaken for other types of wolves as many people assume they all have red coloring to them.
Another distinct feature is that they have white around the muzzle area. They also have very large ears. This particular type of wolf also has a larger head than other species.
In the past the Red Wolves have been known to live around Texas and Florida. Today though there are very few of them remaining in those regions. Thanks to reintroduction projects by professionals they are now also living in South Carolina and North Carolina. They do seem to be doing quite well in those areas but it is going to take time to see how they do in the long term scheme of things.
The Red Wolf is very social by nature so they will form packs that have several levels of hierarchy within it. These packs can be as small as only two members but most of them have about twelve members. They are very territorial as well so they will heavily mark their area with their scent to keep other wolf packs from invading their space.
It is believed that the Red Wolf is often a lone hunter. They generally don't have the collaborated efforts of several pack members involved with a kill. As a result they tend to stick with smaller types of prey. Some that they survive on include mice, rates, rabbits, raccoons, and muskrats. When they do work as a team though they are able to successfully take down deer and have been known to attack cattle as well in certain areas.
The Red Wolf is considered to be mature between 22 and 24 months of age. Typically it is only the lead male and female of a pack that will reproduce. This activity takes place in February and March. The young cubs are born a couple of months later. A mother can have a single pup or as many as ten.
The Red Wolf seems to be much more protective of her offspring than other wolves. The young are born in a den but instead of later emerging with them publicly she will continue to move them around to other dens for several months. This helps to prevent the scent from becoming too strong and attracting other wolf packs that may also be predators of the young.
Before they are a couple of years old they will often leave the pack they were born into. Females have an easier time being accepted into another pack out there. The males often have to find their own territory and look for a single female that they can start a pack with.
The Red Wolf is currently listed as critically endangered so there are plenty of efforts in place to try to save them. Today there are many habitat locations that have been declared safety zones for them. However, the fact that they have killed cattle and some pets means that not everyone around these areas are happy with them.
The reddish or light brown coloring of the Indian Wolf is part of the reason that many believe it to be a fox when they catch a glimpse of it in the wild. They are very small wolves with an adult weighing between 40 and 60 pounds. They also have a coat that is shorter and less dense than other species of wolves. Since they live in a warm region though it is very fitting of their needs for survival.
These wolves are found on the open lands of India and they are able to survive in areas that are considered to be desert like in nature. Some of the locations in India where they have been known to roam include Pradesh and Gujarat.
While the Indian Wolf is able to howl just like other species, it rarely does. This is puzzling to experts. However, it is believed that they don't feel as territorial about their range as other species. Therefore they don't use the howl to warn others that they have already staked a claim in a given location.
For the Indian Wolf a diet that is composed of small animals is what they survive on. This includes rodents, rabbits, and raccoons. The pack will be very loosely around a given area and each of them will hunt for their own food. This hunting usually takes place at night and ends at dusk.
The mating process often takes place in October which is very different from other species of wolves. It is believed the timing of the rains which bring out additional food sources for these wolves is partial responsible for that timing. Generally it is only the lead male and lead female of a pack that will reproduce.
The young are born about two months later in a den. The mother will have several dens in a given area and move her young around often. They come out when they are about three months of age. The entire pack will help to care for them. While they mother goes to hunt for food others will care for them. It won't be long before they are joining her on hunting for their own food.
It is believed that only about 3,000 Indian Wolves remain in the wild today. This particular breed of wolf also doesn't seem to thrive in captivity. In fact, there is only one known location at this time where they are kept. This is the Jai Samand Sanctuary in Rajasthan.
There are stories in India about this particular wolf stealing small children. However, experts don't believe this is true. Instead they believe such stories have been passed along from generation to generation as a way to get children to stay close to the villages. It is also believed some children may have been taken by other animals, but that the Indian Wolf isn't to blame.
This particular wolf is known to kill livestock though which means it has become an enemy of people in those regions. They are also known to attack humans and experts believe this is due to their lack of food in their natural environment. Even though it is protected due to being endangered, hunting of them continues.
The Eastern Wolf is a distinct species even though many people mistake it for a subspecies of the Gray Wolf or the Red Wolf. Science has been able to prove that it is closely related to them but not at that level. This is a small to medium sized wolf with a light brown or reddish coat. They are very close in appearance to the well loved Husky dogs of Alaska as well.
They also have some longer hairs found in the coat that are usually black in color. As an Eastern Wolf gets older they will develop more of these long black hairs. They are often mistaken for coyotes due to their coloring and their build.
Most of them are found throughout Canada as well as in the United States around Mississippi. Today many of them live on a refugee in North Carolina. This is the result of a reintroduction plan that has been very successful so far with this type of wolf as well as several others.
The most common location of Canada where you will find the Eastern Wolf is around the Algonquin Provincial Park in Ontario. They do have very large home ranges that they follow. It is believed that many packs of Eastern Wolves follow the migration of the White Tail Deer as a way to make sure they have plenty to eat, especially in the winter months.
These wolves are very dependent upon the social aspects of their pack. They are quite loyal to each other and will do all they can to keep other packs of wolves out of their territory. This is why you will often hear them howling frequently out there in the wild. They are most active at night but they can also be seen out during the day.
The Eastern Wolf is able to consume a diverse type of diet. Sometimes they will hunt on their own but most of the time they will hunt with their pack. Some of the items they hunt alone include rodents, beaver, and muskrat. Those that they hunt with their pack include deer and moose. In some instances they have even been able to successfully kill a Black Bear.
While the young are fed regurgitated food like with other types of wolves, the pack doesn't leave some adults behind to protect them. Instead the pups are placed into a dent or other location to keep them safe until the rest of the pack returns. Should the young venture out on their own for adventure there is a very good chance they will be killed by other animals.
The alpha and the beta will mate in February, with the young being born about two months later. The female will retreat into a den and not come out until her pups are a couple of months old. She can have from 4 to 8 pups per litter.
The Eastern Wolf has been known to mate with different types of coyotes in their areas. This is a concern because it can definitely affect the overall genetics of this particular species of wolf. This type of behavior is very interesting due to the fact that most species of wolves will aggressively run off coyotes.
Most of the conservation efforts for them is done by the Coalition to Restore the Eastern Wolf, commonly referred to as CREW. Their goal is to ultimately increase the number of Eastern Wolves residing in the United States.
There have been quite a few problems in Canada due to the Eastern Wolf getting into livestock areas and killing them. As a way of retaliating many farmers and ranchers have started to hunt them even though it is illegal. Others are believed to be intentionally laying poison where these wolves will find it.
Range Description: Originally, the Grey Wolf was the world's most widely distributed mammal, living throughout the northern hemisphere north of 15°N latitude in North America and 12°N in India. It has become extinct in much of Western Europe (Boitani 1995), in Mexico and much of the USA (Mech 1970). Their present distribution is more restricted: wolves occur primarily in wilderness and remote areas, especially in Canada, Alaska and northern USA, Europe, and Asia from about 75°N to 12°N.
Population: Because of the diversity in climate, topography, vegetation, human settlement and development of wolf range, wolf populations in various parts of the original range vary from extinct to relatively pristine. Wolf densities vary from about one/12 km² to one/120 km².
Sillero et al. (2004) provide details, for each range country, on subspecies present, population status, approximate numbers, the percentage of former range occupied at present, main prey (where known), legal status, and cause of decline.
Habitat and Ecology: Ranges in all northern habitats where there is suitable food (Mech 1970), densities being highest where prey biomass is highest (Fuller 1989). Food is extremely variable, but the majority comprises large ungulates (moose, caribou, deer, elk, wild boar, etc.). Wolves will also eat smaller prey items, livestock, carrion, and garbage.
Major Threat(s): Their original worldwide range has been reduced by about one-third, primarily in developed areas of Europe, Asia, Mexico, and the United States by poisoning and deliberate persecution due to depredation on livestock. Since about 1970, legal protection, land-use changes, and rural human population shifts to cities have arrested wolf population declines and fostered natural recolonization in parts of Western Europe and the United States, and reintroduction in the western United States. Continued threats include competition with humans for livestock, especially in developing countries, exaggerated concern by the public concerning the threat and danger of wolves, and fragmentation of habitat, with resulting areas becoming too small for populations with long-term viability. There is sustainable utilization of the species' fur in Canada, Alaska, and the former Soviet Union and Mongolia.
Citation: Mech, L.D. & Boitani, L. 2010. Canis lupus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 09 December 2011.
Our Wolf Hybrid Ranch is nestled on 30 acres at the base of the Marble Mountain Wilderness .
Our unique setting allows the wolf dogs to have large swaths of land to run and play All wolves on our ranch are Continental Kennel Club (CKC) Registered.


Royal Party Parade (back by popular demand) is one of 3 prints in our stunning Parade collection.
11" x 35" Print signed by Belle & Boo creator Mandy Sutcliffe.
Beautifully printed using light fast inks on 100% cotton rag paper.
This print is available unframed only and comes carefully rolled between tissue in a solid Kraft tube.
Due to the unusual size and shape of this print you will need to use a framing shop to ready it for hanging.


text:
ГлавнаяСтатьиCold-Water Immersion and the Treatment of Hyperthermia: Using 38.6°C as a Safe Rectal Temperature Cooling Limit
Планета Баскетбол
Номера | Статьи | Последнее поступление: Номер 102, 13.05.2010
Мир дзюдо
Номера | Статьи | Последнее поступление: Номер 5 (5), 06.12.2010
Инновационные технологии в подготовке спортсменов
Взрывная философия
Автор: Турчинский Владимир
Мои футбольные годы
Автор: Старостин Николай Петрович
Мои правила игры
Автор: Коллина Пьерлуиджи
Инновационные компьютерные и информационные технологии в спортивной отрасли
НаверхНазадНа главную Нарушены авторские права?
01 Октября 2010 Журнал	"Journal of Athletic Training"
Виды спорта: Общеспортивная тематика
Рубрики: Спортивная наука
Cold-Water Immersion and the Treatment of Hyperthermia: Using 38.6°C as a Safe Rectal Temperature Cooling Limit
Context: Cold-water immersion is recommended for the immediate field treatment of exertional heat stroke. However, concerns exist over potential overcooling of hyperthermic individuals during cold-water immersion.
Objective: To evaluate the recommendation that removing previously hyperthermic individuals from a cold-water bath at a rectal temperature (Tre) of 38.6°C would attenuate overcooling.
Design: Controlled laboratory study.
Setting: University research laboratory.
Patients or Other Participants: Participants included 6 men and 4 women (age = 22 ± 3 years, height = 172 ± 10 cm, mass = 67.8 ± 10.7 kg, body fat percentage = 17.1% ± 4.5%, maximum oxygen consumption = 59.3 ± 8.7 mL-kg-1-min-1).
Intervention(s): After exercising at an ambient temperature of 40.0°C for 38.5 ± 9.4 minutes, until Tre reached 39.5°C, participants were immersed in a 2.0°C circulated water bath until Tre decreased to either 37.5°C or 38.6°C. Subsequently, participants were removed from the water bath and recovered for 20 minutes at an ambient temperature of 25°C.
Main Outcome Measure(s): Rectal and esophageal temperatures were measured continuously during the immersion and recovery periods.
Results: Because of the experimental design, the overall time of immersion was greater during the 37.5°C trial (16.6 ± 5.7 minutes) than the 38.6°C trial (8.8 ± 2.6 minutes) (t9 = -4.740, P = .001). During the recovery period after cold-water immersion, both rectal (F1,9 = 50.540, P < .001) and esophageal (F1,6 = 20.365, P = .007) temperatures remained greater in the 38.6°C trial than in the 37.5°C trial. This was evidenced by low points of 36.47°C ± 0.70°C and 37.19°C ± 0.71 °C for rectal temperature (t9 = 2.975, P = .016) and of 35.67°C ± 1.27°C and 36.72°C ± 0.95°C for esophageal temperature (t6 = 3.963, P = .007) during the recovery period of the 37.5°C and 38.6°C trials, respectively.
Conclusions: Immersion for approximately 9 minutes to a rectal temperature cooling limit of 38.6°C negated any risk associated with overcooling hyperthermic individuals when they were immersed in 2°C water.
Key Words: core temperature, heat stress, recovery
• Cold-water immersion provides the greatest cooling rates possible for the treatment of hyperthermic individuals. However, the use of cold-water immersion might pose a risk of overcooling hyperthermic individuals as the result of a lack of rectal temperature monitoring, differences in the temporal response of various indices of core temperature, or a core temperature afterdrop after the cold-water immersion intervention.
• After cold-water immersion, rectal temperature continued to decrease and reached a low point of approximately 36.5°C and 37.2°C after rectal temperature cooling limits of 37.5°C and 38.6°C, respectively. Similarly, esophageal temperature reached a low point of approximately 35.7°C and 36.7°C after rectal temperature cooling limits of 37.5°C and 38.6°C, respectively.
• Immersion of hyperthermic individuals in 2°C water for approximately 9 minutes to a rectal temperature cooling limit of 38.6°C negated the risk of overcooling in a laboratory setting.
• From a clinical standpoint, the dangers associated with hyperthermia far outweigh those associated with overcooling of hyperthermic individuals. As such, cooling of hyperthermic individuals should be undertaken as quickly as possible.
Many athletic, occupational, and military activities potentially can expose individuals to a risk of exertional heat stroke.1-3 The length of time that core temperature remains above critical values is the main criterion determining the survival of individuals with exertional heat stroke.1 Therefore, any treatment strategy should be aimed at reducing core temperature immediately and as quickly as possible.1 Authors4-7 of many systematic reviews have concluded that cold-water immersion (between 2°C and 10°C) is the most effective strategy for the rapid treatment of exertional heat stroke. In fact, the American College of Sports Medicine1 and the National Athletic Trainers' Association8 currently recommend the use of cold-water immersion for the treatment of exertional heat stroke.
Cold-water immersion is recognized as the most effective cooling strategy for hyperthermic individuals because of the heat-transfer properties of water. Although cold-water immersion itself is a safe treatment intervention, extreme prudence is required when planning to remove individuals from the water bath, given the powerful cooling properties of cold water. In fact, the American College of Sports Medicine9 recognized that overcooling of hyperthermic individuals potentially places them at risk for hypothermia (ie, core temperature <35°C). Many investigators10-14 have emphasized the potential overcooling of hyperthermic individuals when using cold-water immersion as a treatment intervention. For example, Moran et al15 reported 2 cases in which soldiers with heat stroke became hypothermic as a result of excessive cooling. Furthermore, Proulx et al16 showed that core body temperatures can drop to levels considered hypothermic subsequent to a cold-water immersion treatment (core temperature afterdrop); however, individuals in their study16 were removed from the water bath at a normal rectal temperature of 37.5°C.
To counter the potential risk of overcooling hyperthermic individuals, researchers5,11-13 have proposed that individuals should be removed from cold water at rectal temperatures ranging from 38°C to 39°C. However, these recommendations are based on anecdotal evidence and, thus, offer somewhat arbitrary cut-off rectal temperature values. To our knowledge, only Proulx et al17 have attempted to experimentally, albeit indirectly, determine safe cooling limits from exercise-induced hyperthermia. Based on thermometric calculations, Proulx et al17 determined that for water temperatures of less than 10°C, 100% of the heat gained during exercise had been removed when rectal temperature reached 38.6°C. Yet calculating changes in body heat content using thermometry recently has been shown to be unreliable.18,19 Therefore, a safe rectal temperature cooling limit to prevent overcooling of hyperthermic individuals has not been validated experimentally.
Thus, the purpose of our study was to evaluate the recommendation of Proulx et al17 that removing hyper-thermic individuals from cold-water immersion at a rectal temperature of 38.6°C effectively avoids potential overcooling and subsequent hypothermia. We evaluated the hypothesis that removing hyperthermic individuals at a rectal temperature of 38.6°C rather than removing them at 37.5°C would prevent core temperatures from decreasing to levels considered hypothermic and would attenuate the core temperature afterdrop reported to occur subsequent to removing individuals from a cold-water bath at 2°C.
Ten healthy, physically active people (6 men, 4 women; age = 22 6 3 years, height = 172 6 10 cm, mass = 67.8 6 10.7 kg, body fat percentage = 17.1% 6 4.5%, maximum oxygen consumption = 59.3 6 8.7 mL-kg-^min-1) volunteered for this study. Physically active was defined as exercising at least 3 times each week at a medium intensity ($12 on the Borg20 scale) for at least 20 minutes. Maximum oxygen consumption was measured during a progressive treadmill running protocol conducted 5 to 7 days before the experimental trial, and the data were used to select the submaximal workload for the experimental exercise phase of the study. Body density also was measured using the hydrostatic weighing technique, and body fat percentage was calculated using the Siri21 equation. Women were tested in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, which was defined as 1 to 5 days after the onset of their self-reported menstruation. All participants gave written consent, and the experimental protocol was approved by the University of Ottawa Research Ethics Committee.
Rectal temperature was measured using a pediatric thermocouple probe (Mon-a-therm model 503-0021; Covi-dien-Nellcor, Boulder, CO) inserted to a minimum of 12 cm past the anal sphincter. Esophageal temperature was measured by placing a pediatric thermocouple probe (Mon-a-therm model 503-0021; Covidien-Nellcor) of approximately 2 mm in diameter through the participant's nostril. The location of the probe tip in the esophagus was estimated to be at the level of the eighth and ninth thoracic vertebrae.22 Skin temperature was monitored at 12 sites by Type T thermocouples (Concept Engineering, Old Say-brook, CT). Because the head and the chest were not entirely immersed in water, the area-weighted mean skin temperature was calculated by assigning the following regional percentages: upper back, 12%; lower back, 12.5%; abdomen, 12.5%; biceps, 9.5%; forearm, 9.5%; hand, 2%; quadriceps, 12%; hamstrings, 12%; front calf, 9%; and back calf, 9%.23,24 All temperature data were collected and digitized with LabVIEW software (version 7.0; National Instruments, Austin, TX) at 5-second intervals displayed graphically on a computer screen and recorded in spreadsheet format on a hard disk.
Each participant took part in 2 experimental trials that were separated by a minimum of 48 hours. All trials were performed at the same time of day to avoid circadian variations in skin and core temperatures. Participants were instructed to fast for at least 3 hours before experimentation and were instructed to consume 2 slices of whole wheat toast with butter and orange juice during the last meal. The participants wore shorts, athletic shoes, and a sports bra (women) and were fitted with the appropriate instruments upon arrival at the laboratory.
After instrumentation, the participants remained resting in the upright seated posture for 15 minutes at an ambient air temperature of approximately 25°C and a relative humidity of approximately 35%. Next, they entered a temperature-controlled chamber regulated at an ambient temperature of 40.0°C and a relative humidity of approximately 18% and ran on a treadmill at 65% of their predetermined maximum oxygen consumption until rectal temperature reached 39.5°C. Participants then were transferred (approximately 1.5 minutes) and immersed in a recumbent position in a circulated water bath (model J-315; Jacuzzi Spas International, Chino, CA) maintained at 2.0°C. Before entering the circulated water bath, participants were fitted with neoprene mitts and socks to reduce discomfort. Participants remained in the water until (1) rectal temperature reached 37.5°C or (2) rectal temperature reached 38.6°C. Participants subsequently were removed from the water bath, were seated on a chair, and were wrapped with towels for 20 minutes at an ambient air temperature of approximately 25°C and a relative humidity of approximately 35%.
Table 1. Rectal, Esophageal, and Skin Temperatures at Baseline Rest, End of Exercise, Before Cold-Water Immersion, and at the End of Cold-Water Immersion (Mean ± SD)
Temperature, °C
37.37 ± 0.26
End exercise
Preimmersion
End immersion
38.60 ± 0.05a
a Indicates different from the 37.5°C trial (P ? .05).
For each trial, baseline resting and end-exercise temperatures, exercise duration, cooling times, overall rectal cooling rates (start to end of immersion), and nadir rectal and esophageal temperatures during the recovery period were analyzed using paired-samples t tests. During the recovery period after cold-water immersion, rectal (n = 10) and esophageal (n = 7) temperatures also were analyzed using 2-way analyses of variance with repeated measures on time (1, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes) and on rectal temperature cooling limit (37.5°C, 38.6°C). Paired-samples t tests were used to perform pairwise post hoc comparisons. The a level was set at .05 and was adjusted during multiple comparisons to maintain the rate of type I error at 5% during the Holm-Bonferroni post hoc analysis. The data are presented as mean 6 SD unless otherwise indicated. All analyses were performed using SPSS (version 17.0 for Windows; SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL).
Exercise Period
Baseline rectal (t9 = 0.101, P = .92), esophageal (t9 = 0.384, P = .71), and mean skin (t9 = 0.264, P = .8) temperatures (Table 1) did not differ between the 37.5°C and 38.6°C trials. Exercise time taken to reach a rectal temperature of 39.5°C was not different between trials: 35.6 6 7.4 minutes for the 37.5°C trial and 38.8 6 9.9 minutes for the 38.6°C trial (t9 = 0.812, P = .44). All participants met this criterion. Exercise resulted in an increase in rectal temperature (from baseline) of 2.20°C 6 0.29°C and 2.18°C 6 0.26° for the 37.5°C and the 38.6°C trials, respectively (t9 = 0.233, P = .82). Rectal (t9 = -0.751, P = .47), esophageal (t9 = 0.303, P = .77), and mean skin (t9 = -0.123, P = .90) temperatures were similar between trials at the end of the exercise (Table 1).
Water Immersion
Rectal (t9 = -2.021, P = .07), esophageal (t9 = -0.136, P = .90), and mean skin (t9 = -0.801, P = .44) temperatures at the start of immersion in the water bath did not differ between trials (Table 1). The overall time of immersion was greater during the 37.5°C trial (16.6 6 5.7 minutes) than the 38.6°C trial (8.8 6 2.6 minutes) (t9 = -4.740, P = .001). As expected from the experimental design, rectal (t9 = 76.437, P < .001) and mean skin (t9 = 2.752, P = .02) temperatures at the end of immersion were lower during the 37.5°C trial. However, we found no differences between trials for esophageal temperature at the end of immersion (t6 = 1.138, P = .30) (Table 1). We also found no differences in the overall rectal temperature cooling rates between the 2 trials: 0.14°C/min 6 0.05°C/ min for the 37.5°C trial and 0.12°C/min 6 0.04°C/min for the 38.6°C trial (t9 = -1.543, P = .16).
Recovery Period After Water Immersion
After exiting the water bath, rectal temperature decreased as a function of recovery time (F5,45 = 40.955, P < .001) and was different between trials (F19 = 50.540, P < .001). This was evidenced by a greater rectal temperature throughout the recovery period after the 38.6°C trial (Figure). Similarly, esophageal temperature changed as a function of recovery time (F530 = 0.5 5 5, P = .03), with an initial decrease followed by a slow but gradual rise toward end-immersion values (Figure). Esophageal temperature remained greater after the 38.6°C trial than after the 37.5°C trial (F1 6 = 20.365, P = .007). Rectal temperatures reached nadirs of 36.47°C 6 0.70°C and 37.19°C 6 0.71°C (t9 = 2.975, P = .02), and esophageal temperatures reached nadirs of 35.67°C 6 1.27°C and 36.72°C 6 0.95°C (t6 = 3.963, P = .007) after participants were removed from the water bath at rectal temperature cooling limits of 37.5°C and 38.6°C, respectively. After the 38.6°C trial, rectal (37.19°C 6 0.71°C; t9 = 0.741, P = .48) and esophageal (37.15°C 6 0.53°C; t6 = 0.246, P = .81) temperatures returned to levels comparable to baseline values at the end of the 20-minute postimmersion recovery. However, after the 37.5°C trial, rectal (36.47°C 6 0.70°C; t9 = 3.866, P = .004) and esophageal (36.26°C 6 0.91°C; t6 = 2.674, P = .04) temperatures were still lower than baseline values after the 20-minute postimmersion recovery.
Cold-water immersion is the criterion standard intervention for the field treatment of exertional heat stroke. However, cold-water immersion might pose a risk of overcooling hyperthermic individuals as a result of (1) a lack of rectal temperature monitoring, (2) differences in the temporal response of various indices of core temperature, or (3) a core temperature afterdrop after the cold-water immersion intervention. Although safe cooling limits have been established,17 they were based on indirect calculations of changes in body heat content, which recently have been shown to be inaccurate.18,19 Therefore, our study provides empirical evidence demonstrating that a rectal temperature cooling limit of 38.6°C (mean immersion time of approximately 9 minutes) negated each of the aforementioned risks when hyperthermic individuals were immersed in 2°C water. On the other hand, removing these individuals at a rectal temperature of 37.5°C posed a greater risk of overcooling, as evidenced by a longer immersion time (mean of approximately 17 minutes) and by lower postimmersion rectal and esophageal temperatures.
Lack of Core Temperature Monitoring
From a clinical standpoint, the dangers associated with hyperthermia far outweigh those associated with overcool-ing hyperthermic individuals. Therefore, cooling hyper-thermic individuals should be undertaken as quickly as possible, even if a measurement of core temperature is not readily available. Although rectal temperature should be monitored when treating hyperthermic individuals, this measurement might not be available in a field setting or emergency situation. In this case, Casa et al5 recommended that cooling times should not exceed 15 to 20 minutes. In our study, it took only 8.8 6 2.6 minutes (range, 5.8 to 11.8 minutes) of cooling to attain a safe rectal temperature cooling limit of 38.6°C during immersion in 2°C water. However, our study was limited ethically in the level of hyperthermia achieved during exercise (rectal temperature = 39.5°C). In reality, exertional heat stroke is exemplified by core body temperatures greater than 40 °C. Based on the average rectal temperature cooling rate from our study (0.13°C/min), it is possible to calculate the cooling times required to decrease rectal temperature to 38.6°C for individuals with rectal temperatures typically associated with exertional heat stroke. These cooling times for end-exercise rectal temperatures of 40°C (104°F), 40.5°C (104.9°F), 41°C (105.8°F), 41.5°C (106.7°F), and 42°C (107.6°F) are presented in Table 2. Furthermore, Cost-rini14 reported that rectal temperature cooling rates in individuals with heat stroke were greater than those of hyperthermic individuals, ranging from 0.15°C/min to 0.20°C/min. Therefore, we also have included immersion times based on these cooling rates in Table 2. Considering that the main objective of any treatment strategy for hyperthermic individuals is to reduce their core temperatures below the threshold level for tissue injury (ie, approximately 40°C),1 our data further support the suggestion that cooling time should not exceed 15 to 20 minutes5 when a measurement of rectal temperature is not available in a field setting or emergency situation.
Differences in Temporal Response Between Indices of Core Temperature
Even when the core temperature of hyperthermic individuals is monitored during a cold-water immersion intervention, a potential risk of overcooling is still present because of differences in the temporal response of various core temperature indices. Rectal temperature is the criterion standard measurement of core temperature available in a field setting25,26 and should be used whenever possible to monitor a hyperthermic individual's core temperature during a cold-water immersion treatment.1,5 However, rectal temperature has a relatively slow response time compared with esophageal temperature, both during exercise and subsequent cold-water immersion.17,27,28 Differences between rectal and esophageal temperatures are mostly due to differences in tissue mass and blood flow distribution at the sites of measurement.29-30 However, both measurements of core temperature provide equally valuable information. Esophageal temperature best represents the temperature of the heart and of the blood perfusing the brain, whereas rectal temperature best represents the temperature of vital organs located in the visceral area. In our study, esophageal temperature was recorded simultaneously with rectal temperature to highlight the fact that although hyperthermic individuals are cooled to a "normal" resting rectal temperature during a cold-water intervention, temperatures elsewhere in the body might be at levels that are considered hypothermic. For example, in our study when individuals were removed from the water bath at a normothermic rectal temperature of 37.5°C, average esophageal temperature was approximately 36.38°C. On the other hand, when individuals were removed from the water bath at a safe rectal temperature cooling limit of 38.6°C, esophageal temperature was approximately 36.94°C. The approximately 0.5°C greater esophageal temperature at the end of the 38.6°C immersion attenuated the subsequent afterdrop and reduced the likelihood that values would reach the hypothermic threshold of 35°C.
Core Temperature Afterdrop
A core temperature afterdrop is characterized by a sustained decrease in core temperature after removal from cold-water immersion and occurs because of conductive and convective (via the blood) heat transfer from the periphery to the core.31,32 This phenomenon has been observed16,33 with cold-water immersion after exercise-induced hyperthermia. In our study, when participants were removed from the water bath at a rectal temperature of 37.5°C, their rectal temperatures subsequently attained a low point of approximately 36.5°C at the end of the recovery period. However, if participants were removed at a rectal temperature of 38.6°C, rectal temperature only reached a low point of approximately 37.2°C. Furthermore, esophageal temperatures were prevented from dropping below 36.0°C when using a rectal temperature cooling limit of 38.6°C, with a nadir point of only approximately 36.7°C (range, 35.3°C-38.0°C), as compared with approximately 35.7°C (range, 34.4°C-37.5°C), which was achieved when using a rectal temperature cooling limit of 37.5°C. Nonetheless, given that core temperature continued to decrease regardless of rectal temperature cooling limit, it needs to be monitored after the removal of previously hyperthermic individuals from a cold water bath. One of the authors (D.J.C.) anecdotally reported that some individuals treated for hyperthermia demonstrate a hypothermic freefall, despite being removed from the water bath, at rectal temperatures as high as 38.8°C. He observed this rare circumstance in individuals who had exertional heat stroke and who had initial precooling temperatures that were greater than 42.5°C. In these instances, rectal temperature might drop to as low as 33.5°C, which may be due to impaired thermoregulatory function because the drop in rectal temperature (eg, >5°C) is much greater than the rectal temperature afterdrop (#1°C).
Our study provides empirical data to support the safe rectal temperature cooling limit of 38.6°C proposed by
Proulx et al.17 However, the cooling times in our study are specific to a 2°C cold-water immersion treatment and ultimately will vary according to immersion temperature. Future authors should consider examining safe cooling limits at various water temperatures (eg, 10°C-20°C). Cooling times and the core temperature response to cold-water immersion will differ depending on the physical characteristics of the individuals being immersed.34,35 Lemire et al35 recently demonstrated that rectal temperature cooling rates during 2°C water immersion after exercise-induced hyperthermia were strongly associated with an individual's lean body mass-to-body surface area ratio. Therefore, bigger, leaner hyperthermic individuals might require longer cooling times to achieve a safe rectal temperature cooling limit of 38.6°C. Finally, because of the unknown external validity of experimental trials performed in a laboratory, we must be cautious in extending these findings to the field environment. The participants in our study were exposed to controlled hyperthermia; therefore, it is uncertain how comparable these data are for cooling individuals who have had thermoregulatory failure.
Cold-water immersion provides the greatest cooling rates possible for the treatment of hyperthermic individuals. However, the use of cold-water immersion may pose a risk of overcooling hyperthermic individuals as a result of a lack of rectal temperature monitoring, differences in the temporal response of various indices of core temperature, or a core temperature afterdrop after the cold-water immersion intervention. Our results provide strong empirical evidence that immersion for approximately 9 minutes to a rectal temperature cooling limit of 38.6°C will negate each of these risks when hyperthermic individuals are immersed in 2° C water.
This research was supported by grant No. RGPIN-298159-2004 from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (Dr Kenny). Dr Kenny was supported by a University of Ottawa Research Chair Award. We thank all the participants who volunteered for this study.
1. American College of Sports Medicine, Armstrong LE, Casa DJ, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand: exertional heat illness during training and competition. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007; 39(3):556-572.
2. Bonauto D, Anderson R, Rauser E, Burke B. Occupational heat illness in Washington State, 1995-2005. Am J Ind Med. 2007;50(12): 940-950.
3. Carter R III, Cheuvront SN, Williams JO, et al. Epidemiology of hospitalizations and deaths from heat illness in soldiers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(8):1338-1344.
4. McDermott BP, Casa DJ, Ganio MS, et al. Acute whole-body cooling for exercise-induced hyperthermia: a systematic review. J Athl Train. 2009;44(1):84-93.
5. Casa DJ, McDermott BP, Lee EC, Yeargin SW, Armstrong LE, Maresh CM. Cold water immersion: the gold standard for exertional heatstroke treatment. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2007;35(3): 141-149.
6. Smith JE. Cooling methods used in the treatment of exertional heat illness. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(8):503-507.
7. Hadad E, Rav-Acha M, Heled Y, Epstein Y, Moran DS. Heat stroke: a review of cooling methods. Sports Med. 2004;34(8):501-511.
8. Binkley HM, Beckett J, Casa DJ, Kleiner DM, Plummer PE. National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement: exertional heat illnesses. J Athl Train. 2002;37(3):329-343.
9. Castellani JW, Young AJ, Ducharme MB, Giesbrecht GG, Glickman E, Sallis RE. American College of Sports Medicine position stand: prevention of cold injuries during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38(11):2012-2029.
10. Knochel JP. Environmental heat illness: an eclectic review. Arch Intern Med. 1974;133(5):841-864.
11. Sandor RP. Heat illness: on-site diagnosis and cooling. Physician Sportsmed. 1997;25(6):35-40.
12. Harker J, Gibson P. Heat-stroke: a review of rapid cooling techniques. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 1995;11(4):198-202.
13. Shapiro Y, Seidman DS. Field and clinical observations of exertional heat stroke patients. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1990;22(1):6-14.
14. Costrini A. Emergency treatment of exertional heatstroke and comparison of whole body cooling techniques. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1990;22(1):15-18.
15. Moran DS, Heled Y, Shani Y, Epstein Y. Hypothermia and local cold injuries in combat and non-combat situations: the Israeli experience. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2003;74(3):281-284.
16. Proulx CI, Ducharme MB, Kenny GP. Effect of water temperature on cooling efficiency during hyperthermia in humans. J Appl Physiol. 2003;94(4):1317-1323.
17. Proulx CI, Ducharme MB, Kenny GP. Safe cooling limits from exercise-induced hyperthermia. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006;96(4): 434-445.
18. Jay O, Reardon FD, Webb P, et al. Estimating changes in mean body temperature for humans during exercise using core and skin temperatures is inaccurate even with a correction factor. J Appl Physiol. 2007;103(2):443-451.
19. Jay O, Kenny GP. The determination of changes in body heat content during exercise using calorimetry and thermometry. J Hum Environ Syst. 2007;10(1):19-29.
20. Borg GA. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1982;14(5):377-381.
21. Siri WE. Gross composition of the body. In: Lawrence JH, Tobias CA, eds. Advances in Biological and Medical Physics. New York, NY: Academic; 1956:239-280.
22. Mekjavic IB, Rempel ME. Determination of esophageal probe insertion length based on standing and sitting height. J Appl Physiol. 1990;69(1):376-379.
23. Hardy JD, DuBois EF. The technique of measuring radiation and convection. J Nutr. 1938;15(5):461-475.
24. Layton RP, Mints WH Jr, Annis JF, Rack MJ, Webb P. Calorimetry with heat flux transducers: comparison with a suit calorimeter. J Appl Physiol. 1983;54(5):1361-1367.
25. Casa DJ, Becker SM, Ganio MS, et al. Validity of devices that assess body temperature during outdoor exercise in the heat. J Athl Train. 2007;42(3):333-342.
26. Ganio MS, Brown CM, Casa DJ, et al. Validity and reliability of devices that assess body temperature during indoor exercise in the heat. J Athl Train. 2009;44(2):124-135.
27. Gagnon D, Lemire BB, Jay O, Kenny GP. Aural canal, esophageal, and rectal temperatures during exertional heat stress and subsequent recovery period. J Athl Train. 2010;45(2):157-163.
28. Taylor NA, Caldwell JN, Van den Heuvel AM, Patterson MJ. To cool, but not too cool: that is the question. Immersion cooling for hyperthermia. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(11):1962-1969.
29. Moran DS, Mendal L. Core temperature measurement: methods and current insights. Sports Med. 2002;32(14):879-885.
30. Sawka MN, Pandolf KB. Physical exercise in hot climates: physiology, performance, and biomedical issues. In: Pandolf KB, Burr RE, eds. Medical Aspects ofHarsh Environments. Vol 1. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General at TMM Publications, Borden Institute, Walter Reed Army Medical Center; 2001:87-133, http://www.bordeninstitute.army. mil/published_volumes/harshEnv1/Ch3-PhysicalExerciseinHotClimates. pdf. Accessed May 25, 2010.
31. Mittleman KD, Mekjavic IB. Effect of occluded venous return on core temperature during cold water immersion. J Appl Physiol. 1988;65(6):2709-2713.
32. Romet TT. Mechanism of afterdrop after cold water immersion. J Appl Physiol. 1988;65(4):1535-1538.
33. Clements JM, Casa DJ, Knight JC, et al. Ice-water immersion and cold-water immersion provide similar cooling rates in runners with exercise-induced hyperthermia. J Athl Train. 2002;37(2):146-150.
34. Anderson GS. Human morphology and temperature regulation. Int J Biometeorol. 1999;43(3):99-109.
35. Lemire BB, Gagnon D, Jay O, Kenny GP. Differences between sexes in rectal cooling rates after exercise-induced hyperthermia. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(8):1633-1639.
Address correspondence to Glen P. Kenny, PhD, University of Ottawa, School of Human Kinetics, 125 University, Montpetit Hall, Room 367, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5. Address e-mail to gkenny@uottawa.ca.
Помимо статей, в нашей спортивной библиотеке вы можете найти много других полезных материалов: спортивную периодику (газеты и журналы), книги о спорте, биографию интересующего вас спортсмена или тренера, словарь спортивных терминов, а также многое другое.
спортивная наука
Профилактика нарушения репродуктивного здоровья студенток средствами физической культуры
Ключевые слова: студентки, нарушения репродуктивного здоровья, профилактика, физическое воспитание, морфофункциональные показатели. Введение. Студенческий возраст - один из критических периодов в биологическом, психическом и социальном...
Влияние экстремального спорта на становление личности подростка
Динамику роста интереса к занятиям экстремальными видами спорта (ЭВС) можно проследить по все возрастающему количеству различных экстрим-соревнований, фестивалей и др. праздников. Эти признаки роста популярности являются косвенными, однако...
Основные показатели физического развития, спортивных результатов и возможность использования их для прогнозирования индивидуальных результатов в плавании
Цель данной работы: установить, какие показатели физического развития с ростом спортивного мастерства можно учитывать для прогнозирования спортивного результата в плавании. Организация и методики исследования: изучена индивидуальная динамика...
Владимир Смирнов
Советский и казахстанский лыжник, олимпийский чемпион, четырёхкратный чемпион мира, четырёхкратный серебряный и двукратный ...
Иван Поддубный
Российский и советский профессиональный борец, атлет и артист цирка. Один из самых выдающихся профессиональных борцов ...
Игорь Вовчанчин
Чемпион мира по кикбоксингу IAKSA (1993), Вале Тудо (1998), победитель Кубка мира по панкратиону IAFC ...
СибКрай.ru
Сибкрай.ru (www.sibkray.ru) – общественно-политическое интернет-издание. Ежедневно на сайте освещаются самые ...
«Мир» — межгосударственная телерадиокомпания, вещающая на русском языке.
Day.Az
Day.Az - информационная служба национального масштаба. Проект совмещает функции ежедневной газеты, аналитического журнала ...
Управление по физической культуре, спорту и туризму Тамбовской области
Управление по физической культуре, спорту и туризму Тамбовской области является органом исполнительной власти области и ...
Министерство спорта и туризма Астраханской области
Министерство спорта и туризма Астраханской области является региональным органом исполнительной власти, осуществляющим ...
СОК "Кунцево" / Фитнес-центр "World Class"
Демаркационная линия
линия, условно пролегающая между 4 и 5 горизонталями, разделяющая при этом шахматную доску на две равные части.
борьба преимущественно тактическими средствами с использованием открытых линий, диагоналей, дальнобойности фигур и т.п. (см. также Закрытая игра).
прием в велосипедном спорте, при котором езда выполняется стоя на педалях.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Penny Hooks, MD - What is psychoanalysis?
Originally called the talking cure, psychoanalysis is the foundation of all the talk therapies. The theories on which analysis is based provide a framework for understanding and helping individuals with a wide variety of difficulties.
Psychoanalysis helps people learn how they became who they are and why they do and feel the things they do, paving the way towards the emotional freedom necessary to make substantive, lasting changes. It helps people recognize and manage their strengths and weaknesses, accept themselves and realize their fullest potential as human beings in a complex world.
Unconscious conflicts can create disharmony, unhappiness, and inhibition that may be expressed through difficulties in personality, relationships and work. Psychoanalytic treatment reveals how these unconscious forces are affecting current behavior. By fostering self awareness, it helps individuals to feel better about themselves and make healthier choices in life.
Analysts help their patients to uncover their life's narrative. Destructive aspects of the story they tell themselves affect their present lives. By understanding their own story, and exploring the ways in which it limits them, they can they can change the way they see themselves and the world. They can make informed choices about the way they conduct their present and future lives.
Analysis is an intimate working partnership. In the course of psychoanalysis the patient becomes aware of the underlying sources of his or her difficulties (not simply intellectually, but emotionally) by re-experiencing them with the analyst in the safety of the analytic setting. This natural process (called transference) enables the patient to change his or her behavior, relationships, sense of self in deep and long-lasting ways.
The goal of the analysis of children and adolescents is the removal of the psychological roadblocks that interfere with normal development.
Sigmund Freud was the father of psychoanalysis. Many of his insights into the human mind, which seemed so revolutionary at the turn of the 20th century, are now widely accepted.
Freud saw that those who sought to change themselves encountered powerful obstacles in the dark and invisible forces of human nature. But he also showed us that psychological understanding and empathic curiosity about ourselves could enlarge the realm of reason and responsibility, and thereby alleviate individual suffering.
Psychoanalysis has helped countless people around the world to heal, change and grow. While psychoanalysis began as a tool for relieving emotional suffering, it is also a method for learning about the mind and a theory of human development.
Psychoanalysis provides insight into a range of human activity, both in the consulting room and in the world at large. In so doing, psychoanalysis continues to have a profound impact on many aspects of contemporary culture.
Some people come to analysis because of repeated failures in work or in love, brought about not by chance but by self-destructive patterns of behavior. Others come because the way they are — their character — substantially limits their freedom and their pleasures. And still others seek analysis to definitively resolve psychological problems that were only temporarily or partially resolved by other forms of treatment.
One person may live a constricted life of isolation and loneliness, incapable of feeling close to anyone. Another may be plagued by private rituals or compulsions or repetitive thoughts about which no one else is aware. A victim of childhood abuse might suffer from an inability to trust others. One of the most common reasons for entering analysis is the problem of finding and maintaining a stable and loving relationship.
Psychoanalysis is especially suited to getting to the root of long-term problems and patterns ("I have difficulty in my personal relationships" or "I never excel at or feel satisfied in my work" or "I keep missing deadlines at work") rather than immediate issues ("I just broke up with my boyfriend").
People from all walks of life, including business leaders, health-care professionals, teachers and mothers, have found that psychoanalysis has helped them greatly.
PART 2: Is Psychoanalysis Right for Me?
This material was written by Gail M. Saltz, M.D., co-chair, Committee on Public Information.


Close to Murrisk, this national memorial of Ireland's Great Famine between 1845 and 1849, can be visited. The memorial was designed by John Behan, an artist from Dublin, showing a ship shaped like a coffin.
The National Famine Memorial is located on the Wild Atlantic Way 9 kilometres west of Westport, opposite the parking area on the foot of Croagh Patrick.


We affirm the Holy Bible as the inspired Word of God and the basis of our beliefs.
We voluntarily band ourselves together as a body of baptized believers in Jesus Christ, personally committed to sharing the good news of salvation to lost mankind.
Take the bus and leave the driving to us.
Meets every Saturday @ 6:00 pm.
The FBCGS Youth Group is made up of members from 6th grade through 12th grade. Many of our youth are active members of FBC Granite Shoals, participating in the worship services and serving in and through the ministries of the church.
We are an exciting, growing youth ministry for students from 6th to 12th grades that is focused on JESUS!
We want to see Him lifted up in all that we do!
Our mission is to draw women of all ages into a relationship with Christ, and then nurture the growth of this relationship through prayer, outreach, discipleship, fellowship, and ministry.
Our prayer is to be spiritually mature women, confident in our gifts and courageous in our words so we can reach out in love to impact our church, our home, and our community for Christ.
We laugh, pray, and encourage each other in Christian love. We want to welcome and encourage all ladies to come and be a part of us and grow with us in Christ. If you have any thoughts on specific studies you would like to do, please email me at [email protected] .
The women are currently meeting every Tuesday evening at 6:30 and are studying the book of Proverbs.
Come and enjoy fellowship, and the opening of God's word.
Matthew 19:14 -- Jesus said, "Let the little children come to me, and do not hinder them, for the kingdom of heaven belongs to such as these."
As Deacons, we minister to the church as representatives of the pastor in matters that will further the growth of the individual member and the congregation as a whole. It is our responsibility to attend to the needs of the members of the church, as related to spiritual and temporal needs that may arise. As Deacons, we are passionate about developing a Christ-like congregation and we are committed to a standard of ministry as proclaimed by the word of God.
Meets the 2nd Saturday of each Month @ 8:00 am.
The primary mission of the Finance Ministry is to oversee the finances of the church and promote what we call "prudent stewardship." We are responsible for the accurate accounting of our funds and we monitor expenditures by all the other ministries. We write a monthly newsletter called "Dollars and Saints" in which we disclose the current financial condition of the church for the benefit of those who could not attend the Business Meeting. It also sometimes includes what we hope is helpful financial advice and some guidance from Scripture.
In addition, since many of us have prior business and financial experience, we have undertaken some additional training in the area of Financial Counselling. We are in a position to offer some advice and help to our members such as assistance with balancing your checkbook, budgeting, debt control or reduction and, in general, advice as to how to be a "prudent steward" of whatever riches God has given each of us. If you would like to learn more about this aspect of our ministry, just call the office and one of us will get in touch with you.
It really helps if we always remember that everything we have or will ever have comes from God because that helps us better prioritize how we use those blessings.
We are truely blessed.to have a God that Loves and Cares for his Children!
Do you have something or someone that you want a group of warrors praying for with our Lord Jesus Christ?


text:
Deželsko sodišče () je pojav fevdalizma v habsburških dednih deželah, in pojem iz pravne zgodovine. Deželska sodišča so bila osnovna upravna enota v okviru dežele, preko katerih se je vršila javna oblast za neprivilegirane osebe (podložnike). Sedeže so imela na zemljiških gospostvih in v mestih. Deželska sodišča so bila pristojna za sojenje v primeru večjih kaznivih dejanj, imela so policijsko oblast, opravljala pa so tudi vojaško-mobilizacijske funkcije. Deželska sodišča so se formirala v 13. stoletju, obstajala pa so do zemljiške odveze leta 1848.

Zgodovina razvoja deželskih sodišč
Deželska sodišča so se oblikovala v 13. stoletju, ko se v deželah začne oblikovati deželno pravo in formirati deželno plemstvo. Njihovo funkcijo je podrobneje opredelil Karlov kazenski red () iz leta 1532, dopolnil pa kazenski red vladarice Marije Terezije iz leta 1768 ().

Sistem deželskih sodišč ostane na slovenskem v veljavi do prihoda Francozov leta 1809, ki so v Ilirskih provincah ukinili deželska sodišča, in uvedli državna sodišča (po odhodu Francozov so sodstvo prenesli v okraje). V drugih deželah se je star sistem ohranil do zemljiške odveze leta 1848.

Funkcije deželskega sodišča
»Prav tako naj se vsi ljudje v naši deželi Koroški zberejo trikrat na leto v vseh naših deželskih sodiščih in po prisegi, ki jo morajo izreči, povedo, če je v deželi kaj škodljivega ali nesojenega, in če je kaj, kar bi bilo treba sodišču poravnati. … Tudi imajo naši gospodje na Koroškem pravico soditi svojim služabnikom … Vsak naj svojim kmetom sodi zaradi zadev, ki se dogajajo na njegovem gospostvu, razen v zadevah, kjer gre za smrt. O tem naj sodi naš sodnik. Tisti gospodje, ki imajo krvno sodstvo, in ki v svojem sodišču ugotovijo, kaj je v deželi škodljivega, lahko v teh zadevah postopajo in sodijo.«—Iz deželnega ročina za Kranjsko in Koroško, 1338.

Deželska sodišča so bila osnovna upravna enota v okviru dežele, pristojna za neprivilegirane osebe. Teritorialno je bilo to zemljiško gospostvo, katerega lastnik je dobil pravice do krvnega sodstva (). Deželska sodišča so bila pristojna za večja kazniva dejanja ( oz. Malefiz), predvsem za hude telesne poškodbe, posilstva, čarovništvo in požiganje. Imela so tudi policijsko oblast, ter opravljala upravne (nadzor nad sejmi) in vojaško-mobilizacijske naloge.

Za civilne, in manjše kazenske zadeve () neprivilegiranih oseb pa je bilo pristojno patrimonialno sodišče.

V letih 1438-41 so vzpostavili še deželne četrti (), ki so združevale več deželskih sodišč skupaj, poveljeval pa jim je četrtni glavar. Deželne četrti so bile pristojne predvsem za vpoklic podložnikov v času večje vojaške ogroženosti, v kasnejših obdobjih pa tudi za pobiranje davkov.

Postopek sojenja na deželskem sodišču
Najpomembnejši uradnik je bil krvni sodnik (), kvalificirani sodnik, ki je moral biti osebno prisoten pri sojenjih v večjih kazenskih zadevah. Sodni postopek je bil inkvizitoren (izhajal je iz domneve krivde, obtoženi ni imel možnosti obrambe), sojenje pa se je izvajalo s prisedniki, ki so bili v obdobju do 16. stoletja v glavnem župani ali kmetje, od 16. stoletja dalje pa meščani. Postopek se je izvedel za zaprtimi vrati, sodba pa se je razglasila javno, na trgu. Deželski sodnik je lahko izrekal različne kazni, predvsem denarne, telesne, sramotilne (pranger), možen pa je bil tudi izgon iz dežele. V 17. stoletju so bili pogosti čarovniški procesi in javne usmrtitve.

Če deželsko sodišče ni imelo stalno nastavljenega krvnega sodnika, je lahko postopek samo začelo, ni pa ga moglo končati. V nekaterih primerih so deželska sodišča lahko izrekala nižje kazni, če krvni sodnik ni bil dosegljiv. Nadzorna instanca za sodbe deželskih sodišč je bila notranjeavstrijska vlada v Gradcu, predvsem pri primerih, ki so bili primerni za pomilostitev.

Viri
 Boris Golec (ur.): Arhivistika 4, Zgodovina institucij na Slovenskem (Ljubljana, 2004).
 Josip Žontar, Razvoj deželskih sodišč na Gorenjskem, v: Slovenski pravnik (Ljubljana, 1938,  letnik 52, številka 7/8).

Reference

Glej tudi

Zgodovina Slovenije
Srednjeveško pravo
Fevdalizem

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Replacement parts for patient goggles including elastic straps, Spectrashield foam and silicon I-Shield rings.
Replacement head strap for I-Shield. Fits most other similar eyewear.
Quantity of 6 Pair (12 Pieces) for Spectraview and Spectrashield Laser and IPL patient goggles.
The v900L Visualization System is a visual enhanement tool, allowing the medical professional to more easily see approximately 1mm below the skin's surface. The v900L is recommended as a visualization tool during the treatment of telangiectasia and spider veins. The v900L combines a proprietary superior white light LED with two-way polarization to enhance the vision of medical professionals during dermal inspection procedures by removing surface glare from the patient's skin, promoting improved viewing of sub-surface features. Reflected light is magnified and then polarized again as it passes back through the Visi-Shield to the viewer.
Ships within the United States only. Not available for export.


text:
The Elder Scrolls V Skyrim VR
Released 17th November 2017
A true, full-length open-world game for VR has arrived from award-winning developers, Bethesda Game Studios. Skyrim VR reimagines the complete epic fantasy masterpiece with an unparalleled sense of scale, depth, and immersion. From battling ancient dragons to exploring rugged mountains and more, Skyrim VR brings to life a complete open world for you to experience any way you choose. Skyrim VR includes the critically-acclaimed core game and official add-ons - Dawnguard, Hearthfire, and Dragonborn.
Dragons, long lost to the passages of the Elder Scrolls, have returned to Tamriel and the future of the Empire hangs in the balance. As Dragonborn, the prophesied hero born with the power of The Voice, you are the only one who can stand amongst them.
PlayStation VR Required.
PEGI 18+: The level of violence can become gross and can include horrific methods of bringing severe injury or death including torture, decapitation or dismemberment. Violence against vulnerable characters such as children and the elderly may feature, along with motiveless violence against multiple innocents.
Sexual violence and threat are also classified at PEGI 18 and sexual activity with visible genital organs can be shown. The game may include detailed descriptions of criminal techniques, or it may glamorise the use of illegal drugs.


Upon arrival in Pangkalan Bun Airport, you will be picked up by our local guide and he will take you to) to the TanjungPuting National Park (approx. 2 hours). A Kelotok is wooden river Houseboat Kumai harbor by car (approx. 20 minutes). Then you will proceed by Houseboat (Kelotok specially made for tourist and local tourist with a roof which forms the upper deck (so you can easily view the tropical rainforest). You will slowly or fast explore the quiet Sekonyer River to observe the presence of wild animals (ex. Proboscis Monkeys, macaques, and differentkinds of birds). Then stop at Camp 1 Tanjung Harapan Station to see the feeding time at 15h00. But all of this deppent what time you gonna leave from Jakarta Airport and then what time you will be at Pangkalan Bun Airport. So, when your flight start leave from Jakarta Airport in the morning you will have time to see the Feeding Time at Camp 1 Tanjung Harapan Station at 15h00. If you leave start flight from Jakarta Airport in the afternoon past 14h00 and then be at Pangkalan bun Airport around 15h30. So, you guys will late to see Feeding Time at 15h00 in Camp 1 Tanjung Harapan Station. Overnight on the Houseboat.
On the boat you will find a table, chairs, mattresses/cushions, pillows, mosquito nets,toilet, kitchen and generator for electricity thing on Houseboat.
After breakfast at 7h00, you will travel up the river by houseboat for approx. 2 hours to Camp Leakey (Research Center). Before arriving at the Camp Leakey, you will stop in PondokTangui station to see the feeding time at 9h00, and then proceed to Camp Leakey. After lunch on the Houseboat, you have the opportunity to take a short trekking in Camp Leakey or visit the information center, before seeing feeding time of orangutans at 14h00. After that my guide will bring you guys back to the boat and my teams to give you Tea,Coffe,Snacks and then going continue to down river direct to Camp 1, and overnight in Tanjung Harapan Station and you can enjoying the natural surroundings of the river and free time for you. Overnight on the Houseboat.
After breakfast at 8h00, my guide will bring you guys crossing to Tanjung Harapan Village to walk around the village and to visit souvenir shop and take a look people on the village or you can visit to the school and after that my guide bring you back to the boat and my teams will give you Tea,Coffe, Softdrink, snack and give you lunch. After that my teams will bring you back to Kumai Village at 13h00 by boat and after that my guide will preparing car for you to Blue Keceubung Hotel in Pangkalan bun Town and my guide will help you to check in your room and you can bring all your language to the room and my guide will going back to Kumai Village and my guide let you to take a rest at room of Blue Kecubung Hotel in Pangkalan Bun Town.
After breakfast at 7h00/8h00, my guide will pick up you at Blue Kecubung Hotel In Pangkalan Bun Town and after that my guide will bring you by car direct visit to Mendawai village house colors unigue area Pangkalan bun town and walk on the boardwalk, Old Market, Mall Indra Kencana, Yellow Place inside, walking on boardwalk direct to Market againt, Souvenir shop and stop at special Grill Fish and Grill chicken restaurant or another restaurant in Pangkalan Bun town and back to Blue kecubung hotel . Take a bath you can have a dinner at Blue kecubung hotel and free time and time to sleep. And next day on morning after breakfast at 7h00/8h00, my guide will pick up you at Blue kecubung hotel and take you to the Airport and say good bye.
Please send your phone number Whatsapp to us, just for comunication faster all about this Orangutan tours or otherwise you take my phone number : +62 813 4920 1974.Wa/Call.
* Visit to Tanjung Harapan Village and walk around the village to see the activities peoples.
* Visit to Camp 1. One Time. Visit to Camp 2. One Time. Visit to Camp Leakey 3. One Time.
* Meals ( Breakfast.Lunch.Dinner on boat ) Bread Breakfast,jams, pancake, Egg, Juice squash, Chicken, Fish, Prawn,Squid, season and another foods.
* Treekking night time at Camp 2 and Camp 1 and all of this depending your flight time be at Pangkalan bun around at 09h00/10h25 it oke and you could trekking at night time also see for Feeding Time at 15h00 in Camp One when you be at Pangkalan Bun Airport.


(HOBOKEN, NEW JERSEY) - The Research & Development Council of New Jersey will honor Stevens Institute of Technology President Nariman Farvardin as Educator of the Year during the 37th Edison Patent Awards Ceremony and Reception on November 3, 2016, at the Liberty Science Center.
During President Farvardin's five-year tenure, Stevens has won top prize at the 2015 U.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon, risen dramatically in U.S. News & World Report rankings of the nation's top universities, and been ranked as high as #3 in the U.S. for return on investment.
The R&D Council will also honor Nokia Bell Labs President and Nokia Corporate Chief Technology Officer Dr. Marcus Weldon and former New Jersey Economic Development Authority CEO Caren Franzini for their unique contributions to research and development, business and STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) education.
Additional winners will be recognized for innovative patent work spanning 11 R&D categories, including agriculture, biotechnology, defense, drug delivery technology, enabling technology, energy, industrial process, industrial product, medical device, medical technology and telecommunications.
For more than half a century, the Research & Development Council of New Jersey has been dedicated to cultivating an environment supportive of the advancement of research and development in New Jersey. Established in 1962, the Council was created to serve as a unified voice for the three R&D sectors — industry, academia and government — to work with the State to create an environment R&D could thrive in. The R&D Council is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization whose membership includes representatives from academia, government and industry, including several Fortune 500 companies. More information can be found at the R&D Council's website: rdnj.org.


text:
Women's Soccer Archive
Follow the Buckeyes on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram
COLUMBUS, Ohio — The Ohio State women's soccer team has added five student-athletes to its 2016 recruiting class, head coach Lori Walker announced Tuesday.
"Our 2016 class helps fill in some gaps on our roster by adding players with both technical savvy and physical bite," Walker said. "This group will add depth to each line and help our team return to a program known for our physical presence. This class is tough at the core in the air and in the tackle and the Big Ten will feel the presence of these players over time. I am excited to regain this physical element that we have been lacking recently."
Three of the players hail from California (Courtney Gazmarian, Kaylee Karsh and Haley Walker-Robinson) while one comes to Columbus from Pennsylvania (Bryce Watts) and another from Virginia (Meghan Kammerdeiner).
A look at the student-athletes joining the Buckeyes in 2016:
Courtney Gazmarian — Forward — La Cañada Flintridge, Calif.
Real SoCal; Harvard Westlake High School
Gazmarian has three years of club experience under the direction of Alberto Bru … lettered all four years at Harvard Westlake High School … named All-Mission League as a senior … a starter on 2013 and 2014 Surf Cup champion teams with Real SoCal … enjoys going to the beach, running and hiking … daughter of Robert and Gayla Gazmarian … has three siblings: Brianna, Bobby and Lexy … Brianna is entering her second season with the Buckeyes' women's soccer team.
Coach Lori Walker: "Courtney is a crafty forward who usually attacks from wide positions. She negotiates the end line and is excellent at serving balls into the box. Courtney has good pace and can be a dangerous goal-scorer for us."
Meghan Kammerdeiner — Forward — South Riding, Va.
McLean Youth Soccer; Freedom High School
Kammerdeiner has played five years for Clyde Watson and Brent Lieba at McLean Youth Soccer … has two years of high school experience at Freedom High School … started the last three seasons for McLean, leading the team in goals each of the last two years … led Freedom in goals in 2013 and 2014 on her way to two all-district honors and an all-region selection … team captain in 2014 … also ran track in 2015 and 2016, finishing 16th in the state in the 100 meters in 2015 … enjoys cooking in her free time … member of Hope Club, Latin Club, Fellowship of Christian Athletes, Freedom Eagle Counseling Team, PEER Counseling and National Honors Society … daughter of Roger and Kim Kammerdeiner … father ran track at George Mason while mother played soccer at George Mason … Kim, a goalkeeper, helped George Mason to a national championship in 1985 and was on the U.S. national team that won the World Cup in 1991 … has two sisters, Kaitlyn and Molly, and a brother, Brendan.
Coach Lori Walker: "Meghan is a power forward who is very strong and explosive with her speed. She's an accurate goal-scorer who is capable of playing any of the three front positions but I see her as a center forward who will compete from the moment she gets on campus. Meghan is very competitive and will bring a tremendous work rate to our team."
Kaylee Karsh — Midfielder — Mission Viejo, Calif.
West Coast FC; Capistrano Valley High School
Karsh has eight years of club experience, the last five with West Coast FC under the direction of Doug Swanson … played two years for Capistrano Valley High School … was a four-year captain of West Coast FC, helping the team to a regional championship in 2012 and a national championship in 2015 … named second team All-South Coast League as a freshman and first team all-league as a sophomore … enjoys spending time with friends, listening to music and cheering on the Denver Broncos, Ohio State and Barcelona … member of Namibia Education Fund and National Honors Society … daughter of Allen and Andrea Karsh … has a younger brother, Brennan.
Coach Lori Walker: "Kaylee is a very dominant player in the air and we anticipate using her in a defensive midfield role. She's very skillful and has great vision and feel for proper passes. She is a fierce competitor. We anticipate she'll compete for a starting role immediately and add to our flexibility in rotating players in midfield."
Haley Walker-Robinson — Defender — Vista, Calif.
Carlsbad United; Rancho Buena Vista High School
Walker-Robinson has seven years of club experience, the last four under coach Michael Duggan with Carlsbad United … played four seasons at Rancho Buena Vista High School … part of the 2015 U-18 national champion team and named Best 11 in the U-18 national tournament … member of National Premier League finalist team in 2013 … team captain as a senior at Rancho Buena Vista … named first team All-CIF as team won CIF Division 1 championship … also lettered three years in track … enjoys going to concerts, spending free time at the beach and reading … three-year member of Environmental Club at Rancho Buena Vista … daughter of Sarah Walker.
Coach Lori Walker: "Haley has a physical presence about her game which will leave a mark. She will play primarily in the back line, whether that's wide initially until she grasps our system or centrally. Long-term, I see her as a powerful center back that is dominant in the air, explosive on the sprint and powerful in the tackle. Haley has an attitude of fury and bite to her that will make her a great addition to our team."
Bryce Watts — Forward — Etters, Pa.
PDA New Jersey; Red Land High School, University of Florida
Watts comes to Ohio State after spending her freshman season at the University of Florida … spent three years with PDA New Jersey under the direction of Bill Bustamante … helped PDA to eighth place at ECNL nationals in 2014 … also played four years for Penn Fusion, helping the team to three state titles, a regional championship and the 2012 ECNL national championships … lettered four years at Red Land High School where she was a two-time all-state selection … also lettered one year in track and field … daughter of Randy and Kathy Watts … has two older siblings, Brooks and Brinley.
Coach Lori Walker: "Bryce joined us mid-year and we couldn't be happier with her transition. She is a back-to-goal, powerful forward who is willing to work hard for her teammates. She is deadly when faced up striking balls with various services and will add a true target to our already mobile, athletic front line."
Arden Holden Signs with BIIK Kazygurt
My Road Trip - Izzy Rodriguez
Kammerdeiner Draws Inspiration from Mom's National Team Career
Buckeyes in France | Women's World Cup Group Stage Update


text:
Q: Unexpected error in Central Admin Site Sometimes my Central Administration site throws an unexpected error while accessing it for the first time of the day. Later on refreshing the browser, the central admin home page lands correctly and everything works fine as expected. I have encountered this issue few times. On investigating ULS logs I found below exceptions reported. I am running a 16 GB RAM on my WFE/App server and Distributed Cache service is running.
Getting Error Message for Exception System.Web.HttpException (0x80004005): Request timed out.

Application error when access /default.aspx, Error=Request timed out.

Safe mode did not start successfully. System.Threading.ThreadAbortException: Thread was being aborted.
 at System.Array.Copy(Array sourceArray, Int32 sourceIndex, Array destinationArray, Int32 destinationIndex, Int32 length, Boolean reliable)
 at System.Reflection.Assembly.GetTypes()
 at Microsoft.SharePoint.ApplicationRuntime.SafeAssemblyInfo.EnumAssemblyTypes(EnumSafeTypeCallback addSafeTypeCallback, Boolean logExceptions)
 at Microsoft.SharePoint.ApplicationRuntime.SafeControlsList.InitSafeControlsInfoFromConfig(Boolean inNonVRootAppDomain, SafeControlsContainer safeControlsContainer, SPWebApplication app, SPUrlZone zone)
 at Microsoft.SharePoint.ApplicationRuntime.SafeControlsList..ctor(SPWebApplication app, SPUrlZone zone)
 at Microsoft.SharePoint.ApplicationRuntime.SafeControls..ctor(SPWebApplication app, SPUrlZone zone)

Unexpected Exception in SPDistributedCachePointerWrapper::InitializeDataCacheFactory for usage 'DistributedViewStateCache' - Exception 'Microsoft.ApplicationServer.Caching.DataCacheException: ErrorCode<ERRCA0018>:SubStatus<ES0001>:The request timed out.. Additional Information : The client was trying to communicate with the server : net.tcp://TDCLPPMWEBAPP01:22233
 at Microsoft.ApplicationServer.Caching.DataCache.ThrowException(ResponseBody respBody, RequestBody reqBody)
 at Microsoft.ApplicationServer.Caching.DataCacheFactory.GetCacheProperties(RequestBody request, IClientChannel channel)
 at Microsoft.ApplicationServer.Caching.DataCacheFactory.GetCache(String cacheName)
 at Microsoft.SharePoint.DistributedCaching.SPDistributedCachePointerWrapper.InitializeDataCacheFactory()'.

A: Looks like the server is not warmed up first time.

SharePoint app pools recycle every night, or they get cranky. But
  because they recycle every night the first person to hit SharePoint
  each morning has to wait for the app pools to warm back up, which
  makes them cranky

Reference - Using PowerShell to warm up SharePoint 2013
Download the below powershell script and you can schedule it to run as per your schedule. This will warm up the web applications and the service applications so you wont face this time out issue.
SPbestwarmup

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Imperial Glass Co can be found at N 1st St 444. The following is offered: B2B Doors & Windows. The entry is present with us since Sep 8, 2010 and was last updated on Nov 14, 2013. In Fresno there are 11 other B2B Doors & Windows. An overview can be found here.
Posted on February 13, 2013. Brought to you by merchantcircle.