text:
The edge of chaos
A social history of student unrest at Southern Illinois University in the aftermath of Kent State.
Chapter 1: Overview
Chapter 2: Storms
Chapter 3: Old Main
Chapter 4: Toward the brink
Chapter 5: The Battle of Woody Hall
Chapter 6: Seven Days in May – Part 1
Thanks and appreciation
Publishing statement
Author's note: A version of this introductory chapter was published in the March/April issue of Illinois Heritage Magazine.
Photo by John J. Lopinot | Daily Egyptian
Students carry a demonstrator injured on the first day of protests
at Southern Illinois University on May 6, 1970.
"We are people of this generation, bred in at least moderate comfort, housed now in universities, looking uncomfortably to the world we inherit."
— Port Huron Statement, Students for a Democratic Society[1]
Newspaper teletype machines made a lot of racket even under normal circumstances, spitting out reports from the Associated Press, United Press International, Reuters and other wire services with a cacophonous, metallic clatter. When a dispatch merited immediate attention, a bell would ring; the more important the news, the more times it would ding. John Lopinot was walking past the teletypes on May 4, 1970, at the Daily Egyptian, the newspaper of Southern Illinois University in Carbondale, when a sudden change in the breakneck rhythm of the machines caught his attention.
"I remember hearing three dings, three bells, looking down and seeing, 'Kent State – Four dead,'" said Lopinot, a 19-year-old photographer for the newspaper. "That night, that's when the fires in the street started downtown, and that's when people started getting nervous, myself included."[2]
Ralph Kylloe also was a photographer for the Daily Egyptian in May 1970. The day after the Ohio National Guard opened fire on Vietnam War protesters at Kent State University, he squeezed into a meeting room at the SIU Student Center, where the Student Senate was gathered in emergency session. A standing-room only crowd listened to Student Body President Dwight Campbell call on SIU students to strike in response to the shootings. "We are dealing with a life-and-death situation," said Campbell, a student power activist from Chicago. "What happened at Kent State could well happen here tomorrow. We are involved in a civil war."[3]
Kylloe found himself torn between his responsibility as a photojournalist to document events and his emotions as a college student who shared Campbell's concern about Kent State. "A lot of people were really disgusted with the Establishment," Kylloe said. "I mean, to shoot and to kill protesters, that was just beyond me."[4]
Kylloe soon would face more tests of his objectivity, as would his colleagues at the Daily Egyptian, as they reported from one of the battlegrounds of a national student uprising that a presidential commission later would say had brought the nation to the "edge of chaos."[5] The Carbondale campus was among the nearly 30 percent of U.S. colleges and universities to experience a student strike following the Kent State shootings, and it was among the five percent of institutions where demonstrations turned violent.[6] Protests rocked other Illinois universities in May 1970, and classes at many state institutions were suspended for a week or more.[7] But Carbondale was the first place the Illinois National Guard was dispatched, and it was the last place troops were recalled.[8] SIU was the only Illinois university to be closed by civil disorder when, in the words of Illinois Gov. Richard Ogilivie, state officials decided they could not "keep universities open with a bayonet."[9]
"It was like a tornado forming"
Trouble did not slip into Carbondale in the middle of the night aboard one of the Illinois Central freight trains that rumbled as regularly as clockwork past the SIU campus. The staff of the Daily Egyptian had watched tensions building for months. Student activists and administrators were polarized, their positions hardened by months of conflict about everything from the Vietnam War to coed study hours in the women's dorms to the cost of a new residence for the university president.[10] By the spring of 1970, the balance favored confrontation over compromise. An unpopular war provided the fuel; Kent State was the spark; and an underlying tension between native and student populations enflamed passions.
"Not everybody who went out on that march the last night was against the war in Vietnam," said Jim Hodl, a Daily Egyptian staff member during the May 1970 protests. "They were against the cops; they were against anybody in authority because of what they had gone through. Some of them felt they got a nose full of pepper gas, and they said, 'What did I do to deserve this?'"[11]
Events quickly turned ugly in Carbondale once news of the Kent State shootings reached campus. On the afternoon of May 6, a rally attended by 3,000 people on the sun-dappled lawn of the university library was followed by the occupation of two campus buildings and the vandalism of offices for the Air Force ROTC program and a center for the study of Vietnamese language and culture. Protesters then marched through Carbondale's business district before returning to campus to challenge police and security forces.
Well into the evening, police would charge clumps of students, who would disperse and regroup a short distance away, where insults and anything else handy were hurled at the police, inviting another charge from the helmeted, baton-wielding officers. The ragged engagement stopped more than concluded only after both sides were exhausted.[12] By the end of the day, fifty-five students and twenty-eight police officers were treated for mostly minor injuries at local medical facilities, and 650 members of the Illinois National Guard had been activated for duty in Carbondale.[13]
Protesters targeted Carbondale merchants the following night after a volley of pepper gas turned a relatively peaceful sit-in into a riot that covered the compact, seven-block downtown business district in broken glass.[14] Nightly skirmishes between students; city, campus and state police; and National Guard troops continued until the evening of May 12, when an estimated 5,000 demonstrators surrounded the on-campus residence of SIU president Delyte Morris, who vamoosed before the mob arrived.
The university conceded to the protesters shortly after midnight with an announcement that it was closing for the remainder of the spring term.[15] "It was like a tornado forming," Rich Davis, a Daily Egyptian reporter, said of the post-Kent State turmoil. "You know, there's this cloud, and it kind of dips down, but you're not sure if it's a tornado until it touches the ground, and then it becomes very scary."[16]
A place not like its surroundings
Police made 543 arrests during the prolonged period of unrest, mostly for violation of a curfew, which was in effect between May 8 and May 12.[17] More than 320 students were charged with breaking either city or state laws; 106 of those were convicted in court.[18] Physical losses were modest. SIU incurred an estimated $25,000 worth of damage; Carbondale businesses had perhaps twice that amount, consisting almost entirely of broken windows.[19]
The cost of extra law enforcement, including the deployment of more than 1,000 National Guard troops to Carbondale, was estimated at $268,000.[20] But perhaps the highest price was paid in the loss of good will between the university and its host community. The feeling of the native population might have been summed up best by Carbondale Mayor David Keene, who watched protesters celebrate the closing of campus on May 12 with an impromptu street party and came to this conclusion: "If these are our children, God help us."[21]
Carbondale may have been an odd place for insurrection, but it was, in fact, an odd place for one of the country's largest student populations, whose explosive growth during the 1960s had drawn national attention.[22] Located 335 miles south of Chicago, Carbondale was 100 miles from the nearest urban area, accessible by two-lane highway, private airplane, bus or passenger train.[23] Still, SIU-Carbondale welcomed 23,002 full-time students in the fall of 1970, more than 2½ times its enrollment a decade earlier.[24]
Students outnumbered the resident population of Carbondale, which abutted but did not include the campus.[25] In 1970, in all of Jackson County, where SIU was located, there were more people ages 18-29 than there were aged 30 and older.[26] Demographics and the school's relative isolation energized a small but committed core of young radicals who were present by the start of the 1969-70 school year. "There was a rawness to the campus, a sense you could do a lot more," said Bob Carr, a journalism major who transferred to SIU in the fall of 1969 from the University of Illinois. "It was faster; it was more radical. … I think the fact that it was physically removed from Chicago may actually have worked to its advantage in that there was not an immediate connection with home."[27]
SIU was an anomaly in Southern Illinois, a region that had experienced chronic economic depression for decades.[28] Everywhere but in Jackson County, population had moved away; jobs had disappeared; and poverty had hung stubbornly above state and national averages. More than half of the population – 55.8 percent – in the counties around the SIU campus had no formal education past the eighth grade.[29]
Economic conditions even were worse for the region's minority population. In Jackson County, where seven percent of the population was African-American, a third of all black families had incomes below the poverty level.[30] The hardscrabble existence gave natives little in common with the idealistic young scholars in their midst, especially during the late 1960s, when more than a quarter of the SIU study body rode passenger trains downstate from Chicago to attend school.[31]
Harry Hix had moved to Carbondale in 1965 from Portales, New Mexico, to pursue graduate studies in journalism. A native of Stillwater, Oklahoma, Hix was struck by the diversity of people and opinions on the Carbondale campus. "My upbringing and experiences were of a much more conservative background than many of the students and people I encountered," said Hix, who eventually joined the faculty and was managing editor of the Daily Egyptian in May 1970.[32] The clash of cultures worked both ways. Said Kylloe, a Chicago native, "One of the people I hung around with, I went to his house one day, and he had a bunch of guns. And I said, 'Holy cow!' That was a little extreme for me. In reality, the guy was a duck hunter."[33]
Interaction between students and police and students and merchants were points of friction. "Much of Southern Illinois was very provincial," said Cathy Speegle, a journalism major from Anchorage, Alaska. "There were people in the community who really resented the presence of the university because here were all these kids who were in school – they didn't have to work a second job or jobs. And I really felt at the time, the police in Carbondale and the (Illinois) state police – you didn't want to mess with them."[34]
Jim Hodl recalled that while Carbondale merchants depended upon the student population for their livelihood, some were hostile toward students. He said that group became a target once violence erupted. "The businesses that were roughest on students were the ones who bought the most glass," he said[35]
How the events of May 6-12, 1970, are remembered is further evidence of the gulf between student and nonstudent perspectives. One published university history dismisses the time in a single paragraph as "the bad old days";[36] a former student activist puts a positive spin on the same event, calling it "the successful 1970 SIU strike against the war in Vietnam."[37]
SIU President Delyte Morris had a tradition of greeting new students on the Carbondale campus.
Father knows best
Architect of the university's dramatic growth was Delyte Morris, who assumed the presidency of SIU in 1948.[38] Morris drove enrollment increases with an open admissions policy and lower tuition than other public universities in Illinois. He parlayed that growth at the Illinois General Assembly into money for programs and buildings.[39] Remembered as the "father of SIU,"[40] Morris personified the philosophy of in loco parentis, which held that universities had a responsibility to act in the place of parents and set limits on students' personal conduct and freedom of movement.
SIU controlled where students could live, when women had to be in their dormitories at night and who could have automobiles on campus. Dissent was tolerated, but not disruption of academic activity.[41] Morris's attitude toward protest was reflected in his statement to the press after a group of aggrieved students were forcibly removed from his office in May 1968: "An unruly mob broke into my office. They were driven out by its security officers. Some are in jail, some in the hospital. All are expelled."[42]
The authoritarian approach was diametrically opposed to the student power movement of the period, which emphasized participatory democracy, direct action and the application of scholarship to real-world problems.[43] Morris, who was 63 when protests closed the Carbondale campus, couldn't fathom the changes occurring in student culture. He expected students to obey the rules, work within the system and respect the authority of his administration and the board of trustees.[44] He could not accept that young people attending SIU in the 1960s were different than those of the 1950s, when Carbondale students had been described as "fairly tolerant, and they accept without response the political course that others have laid out for them."[45]
Student dissent had been a spring tradition at SIU since at least 1965, judging from newspaper accounts and a Carbondale protest history, Carbondale After Dark, written by H.P. Koplowitz.[46] Ken Garen, a Daily Egyptian photographer, arrived on campus in 1965. He said the administration's handling of student grievances over many springs sowed the ground for what sprang up in 1970. "Each year, the students would get frustrated with the controls that were on them and go through these demonstrations, and there would be offers of reform. Then, when they came back in the fall, it was exactly the way it was when they left. Nothing happened."[47]
Robert MacVicar, chancellor of the Carbondale campus in May 1970, later would say that Morris "simply couldn't understand. He just had great difficulty understanding why anyone would want to close down an institution that was dedicated to making life better for its students and all of Southern Illinois."[48] Bob Carr recalled being summoned to the president's office in the fall of 1969 because of an article he had written for the Daily Egyptian about radical politics on campus. "The interview is a blur," Carr said. "I don't recall the specifics of it, but I do remember him calling into question why I would even write such a thing. I remember feeling: This guy just doesn't get it. He's from another era, another time."[49]
A recipe for chaos
The Report of the President's Commission on Campus Unrest concluded that the nationwide protests of May 1970 were powered by three issues: the Vietnam War, racial inequality and the nature of the university itself, which activists saw as supporting the war in Southeast Asia and perpetuating social inequity at home.[50] These themes filtered through largely autonomous groups on individual campuses, where local issues greatly influenced protest.[51] "There was a feeling that it was this big monolithic thing," said Carr, whose "beat" at the Daily Egyptian in 1969-70 was campus activism. "It wasn't. It was individuals making daily decisions about where they fell on the spectrum. And it was a huge spectrum."[52]
Reporters and photographers for the Daily Egyptian recall the leadership of activist groups as small and overlapping, with protests often doubling as social functions. As the 1969-70 academic year progressed, they said, the nature of dissent changed. "You could see the anger in the crowds escalating," Lopinot said. "The protests were getting louder; there were more people at them."[53] Reporter Win Holden said students got caught up in what was happening not just in Carbondale but nationwide. "There was this kind of casual approach to it that as events in the country mirrored those that were going on on campus, the level of both anxiety and drama escalated."[54]
The Vietnam War trumped any campus-specific cause celebre. Ellen Matheson Ramp, a member of the Daily Egyptian's staff in May 1970, never attended a protest rally before that spring. Still, she said the war was a topic of conversation at her sorority house, especially after a lottery system for the military draft was instituted. The first drawing was held in December 1969 to determine the order in which males aged 19 to 26 would be called for military service in calendar year 1970, when the U.S. armed forces would induct nearly 163,000 young men.[55]
"I can vividly recall sitting around the television set and watching them pull numbers. A boyfriend's birthdate got matched with a draft number and depending on how high or low that draft number was, he was going to Vietnam," Ramp said. "It didn't matter where you were politically. It was where you were personally, knowing people who were being affected by it. Then you had to decide where you were politically."[56]
A focal point for anti-war sentiment at SIU was the Center for Vietnamese Studies and Programs, which was launched in the summer of 1969 with a $1 million grant from the federal Agency for International Development (AID). The university had provided teacher training in South Vietnam under AID contracts since 1961. Plans for a more formal program of Vietnamese scholarship were developed by the university in the fall of 1968.[57] Besides expanding the teaching program to include the study of Vietnamese literature and culture, the grant foresaw an undefined role for SIU in postwar "economic and social programming" in South Vietnam.[58]
Controversy engulfed the new center after Wesley R. Fishel, formerly of Michigan State University, was hired as a visiting research professor. Fishel had been chief of an MSU advisory group in Vietnam from 1956-1958. A 1966 article in Rampart's magazine had "outed" Fishel and MSU as being complicit with the CIA in the rise of South Vietnamese dictator Ngo Dinh Diem during the 1950s.[59] Fishel's and the center's presence on campus was a magnet for demonstrators in the months preceding the May riots. The center was one of two on-campus symbols of the Vietnam War to be attacked by protesters after Kent State – the other was the on-campus ROTC headquarters — and the study center had been the target of two earlier violent incidents that year.[60]
It wasn't just radical students who opposed the new program. A committee of the SIU History Department concluded that the center was "not primarily an organization devoted to the scholarly acquisition and dissemination of knowledge concerning Vietnam but has essentially political objectives."[61] The leading critic on campus was philosophy professor Doug Allen, whose views influenced members of Students for a Democratic Society and the Southern Illinois Peace Committee, the two main activist groups at SIU. "Off AID" became a rallying cry that could not be tamped down by administrators' proclamations of innocent intent.
"This was a unique program in the country," recalled Ken Garen. "The speculation was that it was brought to Carbondale because it was felt it was a safe university. There wasn't much political unrest, and the center could operate out there with little or no repercussions, which ended up not being true."[62] Bob Carr said activists were convinced the real purpose of the center was to be a front for the CIA in South Vietnam. "Whether all that were true, who knows?" he said. "But the popular feeling that it was a way station to put spooks in South Vietnam was what drove a lot of people to distraction."[63]
For Delyte Morris, the controversy was evidence of a broader conspiracy against his university. After an "Off AID" conference at SIU in February resulted in a violent clash between demonstrators and security forces, Morris told the Daily Egyptian that the center had become "a national target for student dissidents … bent on trying to destroy it."[64]
The Air Force ROTC program didn't draw as much as heat as the Vietnamese center, but it also was a target of protests prior to the May riots. In April, about two dozen protesters entered ROTC offices located in an on-campus academic building "and proceeded to smash windows and displays with rocks, sticks and umbrellas" according to a report by the ROTC unit commander. Two protesters were arrested.[65]
SIU administrators weren't the only ones concerned about campus protest. The FBI actively monitored student dissent at Illinois colleges and universities, as it did throughout the country. The FBI office in Springfield regularly exchanged information about activists with campus security officers and military intelligence agencies. Special attention was given to members of Students for a Democratic Society, a leading anti-war and student empowerment group. A review of FBI documents obtained through the Freedom of Information Act shows that the FBI kept tabs on at least eight organizations and 26 individuals at SIU between 1968 and the end of 1970.[66]
Student journalists at SIU in May 1970 cite the Vietnamese study center as just one of the persistent irritants, combined with the unimaginable – troops firing on protesters at Kent State – that triggered rioting in Carbondale. When the storm passed, the university would be changed, and Delyte Morris would see his otherwise stellar career come to an ignominious end, shuttled off to retirement by the SIU board of trustees before another school year began.[67]
"I think there was a lot of festering, and I think there also was an element of what we might call grieving. I remember reflecting on these students being shot … and thinking it could have happened on this campus," said Steve Brown, a Daily Egyptian staffer during the week of unrest. "So, I think there was a rage, a grieving, but certainly an emotionalism that had an accelerant on every other grievance you might have had."[68]
NEXT: Storms
Endnotes: Chapter 1
[1]Port Huron Statement of the Students for a Democratic Society, accessed 9 August 2004 at http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu. The document was adopted at the SDS national convention in Port Huron, Michigan, in June 1962.
2 John Lopinot, interview by author, by telephone, Carbondale, Illinois, 13 September 2003.
[3] Statement of Dwight Campbell to Student Senate, 5 May 1970, President's Office Collection, Box 569, General Correspondence folder, Special Collections and Archives, Morris Library, Sou hern Illinois University, Carbondale.
[4] Ralph Kylloe, interview by author, by telephone, Carbondale, Illinois, 30 September, 2002.
[5] "The Report of the Commission on Campus Unrest," reprinted in The Chronicle of Higher Education, 5 October 1970. President Richard Nixon created the commission in June 1970. It was chaired by William Scranton, former governor of Pennsylvania, and it is sometimes referred to as the Scranton Commission.
[6] Ibid, 75.
[7] For a discussion of protests at other Illinois colleges and universities, see Brian Keith Clardy, "The Management of Dissent: Responses to the Post Kent State Protests at Seven Public Universities in Illinois" (Ph.D. diss., Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1999); State of Illinois Joint Committee on Campus Disorders, Report of Findings and Recommendations, 76th General Assembly, 1970; Chicago Tribune, editions of 1 May 1970 through 15 May 1970; Taylor Pensoneau, In the Interest of the State (Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois Press, 1977).
[8] "5,000 Illinois Guardsmen Alerted," Southern Illinosian, 7 May 1970. (This article notes that of the 5,000 guard troops activated the previous evening, only about 80 were actually dispatched to a campus – SIU at Carbondale.); "Loyola Students to Allow Classes," Chicago Tribune, 11 May 1970 (This article reports that all Illinois National Guard troops have been released from active duty, "except for 900 still on duty at Carbondale.")
[9] Pensoneau, op cit., 165.
[10] All editions of the Daily Egyptian forthe 1969-70 school year were reviewed to identify issues that brought students, administrators and community authorities into conflict prior to the May 1970 protests that closed the school.
[11] Jim Hodl, interview by author, by telephone, Carbondale, Illinois, 9 February 2003.
[12] "Police, Students Clash; Several Hurt," Daily Egyptian, 5 May 1970.
[13] Max Turner, "Chronology of Events Related to the Closing of Southern Illinois University," C. Thomas Busch Collection, Box 5, Folder 13, Special Collections, Morris Library.
[14] "Police Gas Crowd; Then, Violence," Daily Egyptian, 8 May 1970. See also, Turner, chronology.
[15] "SIU Closed Indefinitely," Daily Egyptian, 13 May 1970. See also, Turner, chronology.
[16] Rich Davis, interview by author, in person, Evansville, Indiana, 21 July 2002.
[17] SIU Security Office, n.a., report of arrests made during disturbances at SIU, 6-18 May 1970, by SIU, Carbondale and Illinois State police forces, 6 January 1971, Box 662, Student Dissent folder, President's Office Collection, Special Collections, Morris Library.
[18] Southern Illinois University, "Wrap-up on Campus Disruptions," Alumni News 32, No. 9 (April 1971), 3.
[19] Robert G. Layer to Betty Fitzmaurice, personal correspondence, 9 March 1971, Box 662, Student Dissent folder, President's Office Collection, Special Collections, Morris Library. The letter from Layer, acting chancellor of SIU-C, to Fitzmaurice, a student at Joliet Junior College, noted that previously reported estimates of damages were "exaggerated."
[20] Zelah Scalf, "Extra Police Bills Total $286,000," Southern Illinoisan, 27 May 1970.
[21] "Carbondale, Edwardsville SIU Turmoil," St. Louis Post Dispatch, 14 May 1970.
[22] For articles about the growth of Southern Illinois University, see Lucia Mouat, "Mild Educator Molds Big Midwest Campuses," Christian Science Monitor, 17 July 1968, and George Leposky, "Education Explosion in Southern Illinois," Chicago American, 25 November 1968.
[23] U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population: 1970, Vol. 1, Characteristics of the Population, Part 15, Illinois – Section 1 (U.S Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1973). The closest urban area to Carbondale in 1970 was Evansville, Indiana, located 101 miles to the east. The closest urban center in Illinois was the East St. Louis-St. Louis area, 103 miles west of Carbondale.
[24] Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, registrar's report, Fall, 1976,1,Table 1.
[25] Census, 1970, Table 28. Population of 22,816 given for Carbondale, which would have included some students residing in off-campus housing.
[26] Ibid, Table 35.
[27] Bob Carr, interview by author, by telephone, Carbondale, Illinois, 17 September 2002.
[28] Greater Egypt Regional Planning and Development Commission, Franklin, Jackson, Jefferson, Perry and Williamson counties, Illinois, Initial Overall Economic Development Program Report, May 1967, B-16.
[29] Ibid, C1-8.
[30] Op cit., Census, 1970, Table 27.
[31] "Students from North increase," the Daily Egyptian, 19 February 1970. Enrollment figures given for both SIU-Carbondale and the smaller Edwardsville, Illinois, campus. Edwardsville's enrollment in fall quarter of 1969 was 12,152, compared to 23,002 for Carbondale.
[32] Harry Hix, interview by author, by telephone, Carbondale, Illinois, 20 September 2002.
[33] Kylloe, interview.
[34] Cathy Speegle, interview by author, by telephone, Carbondale, Illinois, September 2002.
[35] Hodl, interview.
[36] Betty Mitchell, Southern Illinois University, A Pictorial History, (G. Bradley Publishing, Inc.: St. Louis, Mo., 1993)
[37] Ray Lenzi to author Robbie Lieberman in Prairie Power, Columbia and London: University of Missouri Press, 2004) (p. 176), .
[38] Karen Blatter, "His Legacy Lives On," Daily Egyptian, Delyte Morris 50-year Commemorative Edition, 16 October 1998.
[39] Robert A. Harper, The University that Shouldn't Have Happened, but Did (Carbondale: Devil's Kitchen Press, 1998), 249.
[40] Op cit., Blatter.
[41] Dean of Students Wilbur Moulton to Chancellor Robert MacVicar, Interim Police on Campus Disorders, Sept. 25, 1968, Box 637, Crisis Management Committee folder, President's Office Collections, Special Collections, Morris Library.
[42] Statement of SIU president Delyte Morris, 8 May 1968, Box 453, Student Disturbances folder, President's Office Collection, Special Collections, Morris Library.
[43] For a discussion of the student activism at non-elite public universities in the 1960s, see Robbie Lieberman, Prairie Power, (Columbia and London: University of Missouri Press: 2004) and Kenneth J. Heineman, Campus Wars: The Peace Movement at American State Universities in the Vietnam Era, (New York and London: New York University Press, 1993). For a discussion of New Left politics and campus dissent, see John McMillen "You Didn't Have to be There: Revisiting the New Left Consensus" in The New Left Revisited, (Philadelphia, Temple University Press, 2003); Andrew Hunt, "How New Was the New Left," in The New Left Revisited; Francessca Polletta, "Strategy and Democracy in the New Left," in The New Left Revisited; Wini Breines, "Of This Generation: The New Left and the Student Movement," in Long Time Gone: Sixties America Then and Now, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001); and John Hellmann, American Myth and the Legacy of Vietnam, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986).
[44]"Mild educator molds big Midwest campuses," Christian Science Monitor, 17 July 1968.
[45]George Kimball Plochman, The Ordeal of Southern Illinois, (Carbondale, Southern Illinois Press, 1957), 578.
[46] H.B. Koplowitz, Carbondale After Dark, (Carbondale: DOME publications).
[47] Ken Garen, interview by author, by telephone, 17 September 2002, Carbondale, Illinois.
[48] "At first popular, Morris later lost students' favor," the Daily Egyptian, Oct. 16, 1998, Morris special edition, 3.
[49] Carr, interview.
[50] Scranton Commission, The Chronicle on Higher Education.
[51] Kenneth J. Heineman was one of the first historians to examine in detail the anti-war movement and student dissent at non-elite state universities. He found that students' tactics and perceptions of American societies reflected their immediate environment. The type of relationship groups had with university administrators and other students determined the method of dissent and the evolution of confrontation. See Heineman, Campus Wars, (p.125). Francesca Polletta, writing in The New Left Revisited, suggests that a centralized, bureaucratic structure was antithetical to the core values of the 1960s student activists. See Polletta, "Strategy and Democracy in the New Left," The New Left Revisited, (p.157). Robbie Lieberman and David Cochran state the historiography of the student movement supports the idea that there is no dominant narrative; "what the local stories tell us is that the supposed anomalies are (emphasis by author) the story." See Lieberman and Cochran, " 'It Seemed a Very Local Affair': the Student Movement at Southern Illinois University at Carbondale," in The New Left Revisited, (p. 23). Also, Lieberman, writing in Prairie Power, states that oral histories of former student activists at non-elite, Midwestern state universities, do not express a clear ideology. Rather, the campus activists of the late 1960s were closer to the Midwest populist tradition and favored the direct-action approach of the old Industrial Workers of the World rather than a particular intellectual tradition. See Lieberman, Prairie Power, (p. 6).
[53] John Lopinot, interview by author, by telephone, 18 September 2002, Carbondale, Illinois
[54] Win Holden, interview by author, by telephone, 2 May 2003, Carbondale, Illinois.
[55] Induction statistics from U.S. Selective System website, http:\\www.sss.gov, accessed 24 April 2019.
[56] Ellen Matheson Ramp, interview by author, by telephone, 20 May 2004, Bloomington, Indiana.
[57] Letter to Sen. J.W. Fullbright from John S. Hannah, administrator, Agency for International Development, 9 September 1969, Thomas Busch Collection, Box 5, Folder 8, Special Collections, Morris Library.
[58] Busch Collection, Box 5, Grant Application, Special Collections, Morris Library
[59] Warren Hinckle, Robert Scheer and Sol Stern, "The University on the Make," Ramparts, April 1966, accessed 25 May 2019, https://la.utexas.edu/users/hcleaver/357L/357LMSUinVietnam.pdf.
[60]"Police, students clash at Woody Hall," 31 January 1970, Daily Egyptian; "Weekend results: peaceful march, $15,000 damage," 24 February 1970, Daily Egyptian.
[61] "History committee says Viet Center academic threat," Daily Egyptian, 20 February 1970.
[62] Garen, interview by author.
[63] Carr, interview by author.
[64] "Weekend results: peaceful march, $15,000 damage," 24 February 1970, Daily Egyptian.
[65] "Student agitation," Southern Illinois University, author unknown, FBI letterhead memo, Freedom of Information Act request No. 0991941.
[66] Based on review of approximately 1,100 pages of FBI memoranda obtained via FOIA request No. 0991941, U.S. Department of Justice, by the author for documents concerning the monitoring of student dissent on Illinois college campuses from spring 1968 through calendar year 1970.
[67] For a discussion of Delyte Morris's relationship with the SIU Board of Trustees in 1969-1970, see Harper, The University that Shouldn't Have Happened, but Did, (pp. 263-300); "Stone House scandal brings Morris' tenure to a close," Daily Egyptian, Morris commemorative issue, 16 October 1998. See also, SIU board of trustees minutes for 19 June 1970, when the board accepted Morris's proposal to relinquish day-to-day responsibilities as SIU president and assume the title of president emeritus on Sept. 1, 1970, Special Collections, Morris Library.
[68] Steve Brown, interview by author, in person, 27 February 2003, Carbondale, Illinois.


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Self-Guided Shikoku Wayfarer
6 Days , 5 Nights
Start / Finish
Tokushima / Tokushima
Technical Level
Home > Self-Guided Shikoku Wayfarer
A self-guided walking tour following in the steps of Kukai (774–835), founder of the Shingon Buddhist faith, along Shikoku island's renowned 88-temple pilgrimage.
Remote forest trails and quiet lanes lead from temple to temple through urban landscapes and picturesque mountainous countryside to the Pacific Ocean coast. Stay in temples and inns with onsen thermal hot spring baths and local cuisine.
March - December.
The Shikoku Wayfarer is a self-guided tour suitable for anyone can walk more than four hours in comfort. The route is through mountainous countryside, and along quiet country lanes and suburban streets. It includes some shorter but steep climbs and areas of uneven, rocky terrain. Please read more on Tour Levels here.
The Shikoku Wayfarer is a 6-day, 5-night tour starting and finishing in Tokushima. The Shikoku Wayfarer Extension is a 2-night, 3-day optional addition that visits the picturesque Iya Valley, Zentsuji and Kotohira. Tour accommodation is in Japanese inns and hotels. For more information please contact us.
The Shikoku Wayfarer Self-Guided Tour takes you deep into the smallest of Japan's four main islands, a ruggedly beautiful rural and spiritual region deeply associated with Kukai (774–835), one of Japan's salient spiritual figures, and the famous pilgrimage established in his memory. Kukai, posthumously also known as Kobo Daishi, is revered throughout Japan and to this day many Japanese travel to Shikoku to follow the route linking the pilgrimage's temples, numbered 1 through to 88.
The whole pilgrimage is a journey through Shikoku's four provinces; Tokushima, Kochi, Ehime and Kagawa, and is a symbolic and meditative path to nirvana. Temples 1–23 represent the Buddhist notion of awakening; 24–39 austerity and discipline; 40–65 attaining enlightenment>; and 66–88 entering nirvana. With such powerful connotations, long history and, at 1,200 kilometres (746 miles), sheer length, the pilgrimage has become deeply engrained into the scenery and daily life of Shikoku.
The whole pilgrimage, journeying from one charming temple to the next strung out along its circular route, takes up to two months. On the 6-day, 5-night Shikoku Wayfarer tour you visit temples found in Tokushima, those associated with Buddhist awakening; while the 3-day, 2-night Shikoku Wayfarer Extension takes you on to Kagawa, where you reach the ultimate destination, nirvana.
On the journey you will join pilgrims, colloquially known as O-henro-san, who are easily identified by their distinctive white clothing, conical sedge hat and wooden staff. The latter item is considered to be the embodiment of Kukai and represents the deep correlation between the pilgrim's steps and those of Kukai. You may wish to purchase some or all all of these items for use on your travels and also a noukyo, a book to obtain the official calligraphy script of each temple you visit. The pilgrimage is open to all, of no matter what, if any, faith; whether making the pilgrimage for ascetic, pious or tourist reasons, locals provide a warm welcome proffering sustenance to all who pass by.
In the modern age, pilgrims travel by many modes of transport including car, bus, taxi and bicycle. We combine some of these for your tour along with the original method on foot. On some days you may also shorten the walking, especially on more arduous sections, by taking one or more of these modern alternatives, or should you wish, lengthen the distance walked. However they travel, all pilgrims make their way to the Daishi-do, a hall enshrining the spirit of Kobo Daishi found at each of the 88 temples, to offer prayers and incense, and recite the Heart Sutra.
The Shikoku Wayfarer tour starts and finishes in Tokushima City; adding the optional Shikoku Wayfarer Extension allows you to continue on from Tokushima to Kotohira. Walk Japan provides tour participants with easily followed, detailed instructions on how to join and leave the tour. For further details please see the itinerary.
Accommodation is mostly in Japanese-style hotels and family-run inns, some with distinctive and traditional Japanese surroundings such as sliding paper shoji doors and straw tatami mat flooring. Onsen thermal hot spring baths, which feature throughout the tour, are a joy to relax in after the day's walking and also to freshen up in the morning. Your accommodation hosts provide a warm welcome and feasts of home-cooked, local cuisine that appeals both to the eye and the palate.
A Level 4 tour, the route includes undulating forest trails and steeper ascents and descents along sometimes uneven terrain. Participants should be reasonably fit and prepared to walk between four to six hours per day. The materials provided, including the Route Booklet, fully complement this tour and are based on Walk Japan's extensive research of Shikoku and its expertise derived from over 25 years of leading guided walking tours throughout Japan.
The Shikoku Wayfarer includes easy-to-follow, detailed instructions. Daily walking distances are between 3–18.5km (1.8–11.5 miles) and elevation gain averages between 100–1,100m (300–3,600ft). Options are provided to lengthen or shorten each day's itinerary to suit your energy levels. There are some ascents on well-maintained forest trail and also up steep stone steps. Care needs to be taken throughout this tour, especially when it is wet underfoot. Your main luggage is transferred for you between each accommodation and includes one overnight courier transfer (two in the case of a combination of the Shikoku Wayfarer tour and the Shikoku Wayfarer Extension). Also included are two transfers by private vehicle to the start and from the end of more remote walking trails, and another transfer by private vehicle to a train station.
A pre-tour pack. The pack includes details on how to prepare for your Wayfarer Tour, how to travel from your arrival point in Japan to the accommodation at the start of your tour, weather advice, checklist and so forth. Upon receipt of a completed manifest form, your pre-tour pack will be made available for online viewing. It can also be downloaded as a PDF file for offline use.
A Wayfarer Route Booklet, which is provided to you at your first night's accommodation, is an easily portable book including detailed maps, photographs, local site information such as lunch recommendations, historical background, and accurate instructions for walking the tour route.
Click here for a sample of the Wayfarer booklet.
Click here for a sample of the Wayfarer Supplementary Information.
5-nights' accommodation, 5 breakfasts and 4 dinners. (Extension: 2-nights' accommodation, 2 breakfasts and 2 dinners).
Main baggage transfer between accommodation including one overnight transfer (two overnight transfers in the case of the 7-night tour).
Three private vehicle transfers.
In-country (Japan), 24-hour English-language emergency support.
What is not included?
Not included are flights, lunches and drinks with meals, one dinner and transfers other than those noted in the itinerary.
The itinerary for the Shikoku Wayfarer Self-guided Tour is ground-only, beginning in Tokushima and ending either in Tokushima or Kotohira. Prior to the tour, Walk Japan will provide detailed instructions for travelling to your accommodation in Tokushima from Osaka's Kansai (KIX) Airport, and Tokyo's Narita (NRT) and Haneda (HND) Airports.
Please note that on Day 4 (and Day 6 in the case of the extension), your main baggage will be shipped in advance overnight to your post-tour accommodation. On this day, you will need to carry all items you require overnight and your daypack should be sufficiently large to accommodate these items.
Day 1 Bando
Your tour starts in the suburbs of Tokushima City at Bando, where you enjoy a leisurely night's stay in accommodation conveniently located near the start of your walk on Day 2. Those arriving earlier in the day may like to use the time by heading to the Naruto Strait, famed by mariners of old for its ferocious whirlpools, or visiting a unique exhibition documenting the fascinating cultural exchange between locals and German soldiers. The Germans, who had become prisoners of war in China during WWI, formed an orchestra and mounted over 100 concerts during their incarceration, including the first public performance of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony in Japan.
The Route Booklet, which you receive on check-in at the accommodation, includes details on these suggestions. It also provides advice on how to prepare for the pilgrimage ahead.
Accommodation: Japanese inn.
Meals: Dinner provided.
Total walking: N/A.
Total elevation gain: N/A.
Day 2 Bando – Anraku-ji
Temples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 & 6.
After breakfast, begin your pilgrimage with a visit to Ryozen-ji, the first of the Shikoku Pilgrimage's 88 temples. Within the temple precincts, aspiring pilgrims, known locally as O-henro-san, prepare for their journey by acquiring the distinctive accoutrements of white garb, sedge hat, walking staff and praying beads. You may wish to add some or all of these items to your walking gear. Certainly, however, make sure to obtain Ryozen-ji's goshuin, or temple stamp. These elegantly handwritten inscriptions are collected by pilgrims, one for each temple they visit.
Readied, you begin your pilgrimage; a journey of stages on a symbolic path to nirvana. From here to Yakuo-ji, temple 23, on Day 5 is the first of the four stages: awakening.
The pilgrimage route from here is generally flat and wends its way past paddy fields, plum orchards, market gardens and a towering kusunoki camphor tree, which has stood watch over pilgrims for centuries, as you make your way from temple to temple. Lunch is taken near Konsen-ji, the third of the 88 temples, and options include dining on udon wheat noodles, a popular Shikoku speciality, or eating al fresco with morsels bought in the local shops. The pilgrimage continues on, sometimes through quiet residential suburbs and at other times over gentle rises through forests to the fourth and fifth temples, respectively Dainichi-ji and Jizo-ji. The latter features a collection of over 200 rakan statues of Buddhist disciples, and an 800-year old ginko tree. A little further on is Anraku-ji, the sixth temple and your destination for the day.
Accommodation is in the temple's shukubo pilgrims' lodging. Here, enjoy a well-earned relaxing soak in the onsen thermal hot spring baths before a delicious and nourishing dinner. Take the opportunities available to guests to visit the temple's inner sanctum, view its holy treasures and participate in prayers.
For those who would like a further challenge, the route booklet provides details on a walk to the pilgrimage's seventh temple, Juraku-ji. Conversely, taxis can be used easily to shorten today's walking.
Accommodation: Shukubo lodging with onsen thermal hot spring baths.
Meals: Breakfast & dinner provided.
Total walking: 18km (11 miles).
Total elevation gain: 130m (427ft).
Day 3 Anraku-ji – Shosan-ji – Kamiyama Onsen
Temples 11 & 12.
Enjoy breakfast in your accommodation before transferring by a reserved/pre-paid vehicle to Fujii-dera, number 11 of the 88 temples. Today's walk, which starts here, passes through forests and includes some long mountain trails over three peaks. One trail section is colloquially known as henro-korogashi, the pilgrim tumbler, and care needs to be taken here especially in wet weather. Small shrines placed to either side of the path guide you on your way, as does Ippon-sugi-an, an ancient sugi cedar tree of great girth under which stands a serene statue of Kukai. A delightful farming hamlet heralds your arrival at Shosan-ji, Temple 12. Standing on top a mountain 800 metres above sea level, Shosan-ji is known for its spectacular setting amongst giant sugi cedar trees, the tops of which often disappear into enveloping mists.
Beyond, the pilgrimage trail descends into a small valley town, where a transfer by local bus brings you to tonight's accommodation in Kamiyama Onsen. Kamiyama, which literally means 'Mountains of the Gods', is an entirely appropriate name for this beautiful village. Relax and enjoy a well-earned bask in the accommodation's onsen baths before tucking into a traditional kaiseki dinner, a meal composed of multiple delicious dishes.
For those who prefer a more relaxed day, details are provided in the route booklet to reduce the walking by approximately seven kilometres and ascent gain by 580 metres.
Accommodation: Hotel with onsen thermal hot spring baths.
Total walking: 16.5km (10.3 miles).
Total elevation gain: 1083m (3,553ft).
Day 4 Kakurin-ji – Tairyu-ji – Naka
After breakfast a reserved/pre-paid taxi transfers you to either the base of a climb to Kakurin-ji, Temple 20, or directly to the temple itself. The former choice entails an ascent of 470 metres over four kilometres through beautiful forests. From Kakurin-ji the route follows an undulating forest trail and cobblestone paths down to a quiet mountain village. Cross the Naka-gawa river and begin today's final ascent though native woodlands aside cascading streams to Tairyu-ji, Temple 21. Secluded at the top of a pass and often draped in mist, Tairyu-ji is an ethereal embodiment of the spirit of the Shikoku Pilgrimage. After absorbing the serene atmosphere, a cable car eases the journey down to the town far below. A short distance away by local bus is your evening's accommodation, which is set aside a quiet river. Relax once again in the onsen baths here before a hearty dinner.
Total walking: 15km (9.3 miles).
Total elevation gain: 910m (3,000ft).
Day 5 Naka – Hiwasa – Tokushima
Temple 23.
Your morning starts with a scenic three kilometre walk along the Naka-gawa river. A hydroelectric dam provides the means to cross the river to reach a bus stop, from where a bus takes you on a gentle and scenic jaunt to Hiwasa, a quiet fishing town. The pagoda at Yakuo-ji, the 23rd temple on the Shikoku Pilgrimage, presides over the town and can be seen from miles away. From its top, a beautiful view is afforded over Hiwasa to the Pacific Ocean.
From here, a six kilometre looping walk leads you past Hiwasa Castle to a coastal ridge trail. Well-exercised pilgrim's legs will have no trouble navigating the ups and downs of this forest trail, which opens up repeatedly to views over the steely-blue sea.
Return to Hiwasa's town centre for journey by train to Tokushima City and your hotel accommodation for the night. Although dinner is not included this evening, the Route Booklet provides recommendations for making the most of the local fare including Tokushima ramen, Awaodori chicken, Naruto sea bream, and Sanuki udon noodles.
For those prefering a more relaxing time in Hiwasa, an option is available for a leisurely five-kilometre stroll through the town. This includes a visit to Ohama Beach, where loggerhead sea turtles spawn from May through August, and to the associated museum.
Accommodation: Hotel.
Meals: Breakfast provided.
Total walking: 11.1km (6.9 miles).
Day 6 Tokushima
The core five-night tour ends here with breakfast at the hotel. Convenient access to the station allows for ease of onward travel.
Accommodation: N/A.
Shikoku Wayfarer Extension (2-nights, 3-days)
Day 6 Tokushima – Iya Valley
Temples 13, 14, 15, 16 & 17.
Today, a walk through suburban Tokushima furthers your symbolic awakening with visits to Dainichi-ji, Joraku-ji, Kokubunji, Kannon-ji and Ido-ji – respectively Temples 13 through 17. From here a transfer by train brings you to the verdant Iya Valley and the famed kazura-bashi, a 45m-long vine bridge suspended 14 metres above the Iya River. With its uneven and widely-spaced wooden slats, with views to the river below and gentle swaying, crossing this bridge can be a thrill for even an adventurous individual. (Those who are more thrill-averse can view the bridge from afar or from the riverbed below). Otherwise, spend your time here enjoying the beauty of the mountainous valley, waterfalls and limpid river water.
An option for those who wish to skip the walking in Tokushima includes a short sightseeing boat ride through Iya's Oboke Gorge. Your accommodation tonight is a Japanese-style hotel well-known for its roten-buro outdoor onsen baths, impressive views of the surrounding mountains and charming hostess.
Accommodation: Hotel with onsen hot spring baths.
Total walking: 14.5km (9 miles).
Total elevation gain: 50m (164ft).
Day 7 Iya Valley – Zentsuji – Kotohira
Today, you enter nirvana, the final Buddhist stage, after being fast-tracked through the stages both of austerity and discipline, and of attaining enlightenment. After a hearty breakfast transfer by taxi to the nearest station for transfer to the town of Zentsuji, the birthplace and spiritual home of Kukai. Although the 75th temple, Zentsu-ji is located only one kilometre from the station, in keeping with the spirit of the pilgrimage we recommend a 14-kilometre walk through mixed forest and along quiet country lanes to Temples 71 through 75 as a final flourish to your tour.
From here, the pilgrimage winds its way through bamboo groves, aside paddy fields and through charming hamlets to Mandara-ji, Shusshaka-ji and Koyama-ji, respectively Temples 72, 73 and 74, before reaching Zentsu-ji, Kukai's birthplace. Here, an impressive five-storey pagoda towering over the precincts competes for attention with a gnarled kusunoki camphor tree, which reputedly has existed since the age of Kukai himself. Underneath the main hall, a pitch-black 100-metre tunnel provides the intriguing symbolic experience of passing through Buddhist purification to be reborn as one resurfaces into the daylight.
Transfer by local train to nearby Kotohira, where your accommodation once again includes onsen baths, for the perfect way to relax and revive in before dinner.
Accommodation: Japanese inn with onsen thermal hot spring baths.
Total walking: 14km (8.7miles).
Day 8 Kotohira
After breakfast, explore Kotohira, a town known not only for its onsen but also for Konpira-san, Shikoku's most visited Shinto shrine. A series of 785 steps rises up and through the shrine's precincts to the main hall. For those with the will power, another 583 steps bring you to the shrine's inner sanctum, where extensive views are afforded across the surrounding countryside. For the weary of foot, either hire a palanquin to take you to the top or jump on a bus.
Onward journey is easily made from Kotohira by train to Kochi, Takamatsu, Okayama and destinations further afield in Japan.
Accommodation: N/A
Total walking: approximately 3km (1.9 miles).
This itinerary is subject to change.
The itinerary for the Shikoku Wayfarer Self-Guided Tour is ground-only, beginning in Bando in Tokushima City and ending in Tokushima City. The airport closest to the tour's start is Tokushima Airport. Transport is also easily made from Osaka's Kansai International Airport.
FROM TOKYO'S HANEDA AIRPORT (HND)
Domestic flights between Tokyo's Haneda Airport and Tokushima Awaodori Airport (TKS) take 1 hour 10 minutes. On arrival, airport buses depart for Tokushima Station. The journey costs JPY440 per person and takes approximately 30 minutes.
FROM FUKUOKA AIRPORT (FUK)
Domestic flights between Fukuoka Airport and Tokushima Awaodori Airport (TKS) take 60 minutes. On arrival, airport limousine buses depart for Tokushima Station. The journey costs JPY440 per person and takes approximately 30 minutes.
FROM OSAKA'S KANSAI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT (KIX)
From Osaka's Kansai International Airport, highway buses depart for Tokushima Station. The journey costs JPY4,000 per person and takes approximately 2 hours 45 minutes.
Travel to Tokushima City can also be made by train – a round-about but interesting journey. Travel to Okayama by shinkansen bullet train for transfer by the Marine Liner express train over the Seto Ohashi Bridge to Takamatsu. At Takamatsu to Tokushima on the Uzushio express train.
The pre-tour pack includes more detailed instructions, including a map, for travel to the accommodation at the start of the tour.
PRICE JPY 158,000 ~
**20% discount for residents of Japan, available until March 2021**
Single supplement: Available on a limited basis from JPY10,000. Please contact us for more details.
Extension: From JPY64,000 (single supplement from JPY14,000). Please contact us for more details.
Included: 5 nights' accommodation; 5 breakfasts and 4 evening meals (Extension: 2 nights' accommodation, 2 breakfasts and 2 evening meals); luggage transfers; Wayfarer Route Booklet and Supplementary Information; three pre-booked private vehicle transfers; in-country (Japan), 24-hour English language emergency support.
Group size: Minimum one person, maximum eight persons.
Start date: Subject to accommodation availability, it is possible to start Wayfarer tours on any date.
Limited Availibility
Wed Mar 31, 2021 - Wed Apr 7, 2021
JPY 222,000
Tue Apr 6, 2021 - Tue Apr 13, 2021
Tue Apr 13, 2021 - Tue Apr 20, 2021
Fri Apr 16, 2021 - Fri Apr 23, 2021
Please note that values shown here are indicative only
Please input numbers only
Self-Guided Basho Wayfarer
6 days | May - November
Self-Guided Kumano Wayfarer

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Prior to getting my position I studied a Bachelor and Master of Antarctic science at the University of Tasmania. My research during this time focused on the impact of Antarctic legacy waste sites and current day sewage disposal sites on benthic species, particularly Echinoids. In the Chown lab my main role is investigating effects of climate change on hydroregulation in arid and mesic arthropod species.


Feeling the lead down helps give confidence as to what type of bed you're fishing on.
Many carp anglers believe that too much use of a marker float will spook carp away from the swim and reduce the chance of catching. I also believe this is true, so I find it best to do most of my feature finding research on non-fishing days or sometimes during the close season. There is, however, a good method for detecting the lake bed composition when casting the lead of a baited rod. This method takes a bit of practice but it will greatly reduce the need to set up a marker float and the possibility of spooking carp in the swim. The technique is to feel the lead down after casting the rod. Danny Fairbrass of Korda Developments uses this technique all the time and as he says it means greater confidence in fishing for carp when you know your rig is on the exact type of surface it was designed for.
Finding the right lakebed spots will improve results!
Start by casting a rod to your chosen spot as normal but just as the lead is falling down towards the water start to feather the line coming off the spool by using your fingers, doing this will slow the lead down, and you'll notice the bait overtakes the lead. Just before the lead hits the water clamp down hard on the spool so the line becomes taught between the rod tip and the lead. As the lead starts to fall through the water gently raise the rod to maintain the line tension so you're able to feel how the lead hits the bottom. At the point, when the lead hits the lake bed feel for the type of thud it makes. If it hits hard and the rod tip bounces, then you know you've hit gravel or some type of hard bed. If you feel no bump yet the lead slows down before stopping, then you've probably landed on a bed of long weed. If there is a soft landing, then the lead may have plunged into soft mud or a silt bed.
The only problem with feathering the line down is it will change the total distance you can cast a lead, plus you may start to fall short on some casts. To compensate for this you'll need to cast harder than normal and control the distance by watching the lead as it flies through the air, then feather the line and clamp down hard when the lead reaches your chosen spot. After some practice you should find it can become just as accurate with every cast.
Another great advantage of feathering the lead down is it helps reduce the possibility of the hooklink tangling up around the lead as it hits the water. It virtually eliminates tangles, because, as the line is feathered, it causes the lead to slow down just before hitting the water. However, the hookbait continues at the same speed until it pulls straight. This causes the hook to travel beyond the lead and stretch to its furthest point. The result is a rig lying properly on the bottom with the hookbait at the furthest distance from the lead, and when a carp takes the bait, the weight of the lead is immediate, helping to set the hook quickly.
Should I Place Bait Close to the bend of Hook?


As a Black man trying to master the art of growing America's forbidden fruit, Yareem Barnes-Ivey lives in two different worlds.
His other foot rests in a world where cannabis gives Black Americans two options: covert therapy or public persecution. As a cannabis grower, the 35-year-old—like most Black Americans—has learned the art of shapeshifting, as he oscillates between growing herb and owning a mainstream business. Residing in Colorado Springs, Barnes-Ivey's has nurtured an experimental relationship with the plant. It's a new privilege– but he doesn't experience it all the time, as he travels frequently around the United States for work.
Barnes-Ivey's love for the outdoors and her gifts runs deep. As a boy, he loved playing with bugs and getting his hands dirty. "I've always been intrigued by nature," he says.
Before Barnes-Ivey began his relationship with the herb, he says he acted as the "weed police" on Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University's (FAMU) campus before he experiencing his first joint.
During his senior year, Barnes-Ivey interned with the Gadsden County Public Defender's Office in Quincy, FL., as an investigator working on small possession charges. His perception of cannabis drastically shifted because it showed him that the number of Black men in the Quincy jail was more than 20:1.
Barnes-Ivey says being a black man in the cannabis industry is similar to being a black man in any other industry: there is a lack of resources available for minorities looking to expand into the larger market. "For me and what I want to accomplish, finances are my issue, which is the issue [for] most small growers trying to compete or stay afloat with big businesses moving in," he told High Times.
Through his entrepreneurial skills and love for playing in mother nature's garden, he wants to show his two young sons the importance of following their heart and not letting systems of mental and physical oppression stop them from cultivating their own freedom.


A quick, clean and simple website for a green real estate investor in Southern California. The site is a business card site to introduce both prospective buyers and investors. Site features a property gallery and a lead generator form.


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Samuel Ligon is currently writing and publishing a serial novel—Miller Cane: A True & Exact History—which will appear in fifty installments in Spokane's weekly newspaper, The Inlander, as well as online, on Spokane Public Radio, and as a podcast. Ligon is the author of four previous books of fiction, including two novels—Among the Dead and Dreaming and Safe in Heaven Dead—and two collections of stories, Wonderland, illustrated by Stephen Knezovich, and Drift and Swerve. Ligon is co-editor, with Kate Lebo, of Pie & Whiskey: Writers Under the Influence of Butter and Booze. His stories have appeared in Georgia Review, Prairie Schooner, New England Review, and elsewhere. His essays appear in the Inlander. He teaches at Eastern Washington University in Spokane, and is Artistic Director of the Port Townsend Writers' Conference.
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A fraudulent historian who makes his living conning the victims of mass shootings returns home to save the young daughter of the woman he loves, taking her with him on his roadshow across the worn out heart of America, staying one step ahead of what's after them.
READ IT HERE
Wonderland – Stories
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Buy from Lost Horse Press
Music: F1 (Traveler feat. Alt Cosmo and jr.FRZa) by Sandro Kait


text:
Слоупно — чешский топоним:
 Слоупно — муниципалитет в районе Градец-Кралове Краловеградецкого края Чехии.
 Слоупно — муниципалитет в районе Гавличкув-Брод края Высочина Чехии.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Google-Bred Waymo Aims To Shift Robotic Cars Into Next Gear
Google's self-driving car spin-off is accelerating efforts to convince the public that its technology is almost ready.
Michael Liedtke, AP Technology Writer
Google's self-driving car spin-off is accelerating efforts to convince the public that its technology is almost ready to safely transport people without any human assistance at all.
Waymo, hatched from a Google project started eight years ago, showed off its progress Monday during a rare peek at a closely guarded testing facility located 120 miles (193 kilometers) southeast of San Francisco. That's where its robots complete their equivalent of driver's education.
The tour included giving more than three dozen reporters rides in Chrysler Pacifica minivans traveling through faux neighborhoods and expressways that Waymo has built on a former Air Force base located in the Californian Central Valley city of Atwater.
The minivans smoothly cruised the roads — driver's seat empty and passengers in the back — at speeds of up to 35 mph (56 kph). By contrast, the Waymo-powered minivans that have been driving volunteer riders in the Phoenix area still use safety drivers to take over control if something goes wrong.
But Waymo's real goal is to get to the point where people in cars are nothing but passengers.
Waymo CEO John Krafcik told reporters that the company will be making some cars and freight trucks totally driverless fairly soon, though he didn't provide a specific timetable. "We are really close," he said. "We are going to do it when we feel like we are ready."
Since Google began working on self-driving cars in 2009, dozens of established automakers such as General Motors and Ford Motors have entered the race, along with other big technology companies, including Apple and ride-hailing service Uber. The competition is so fierce and the stakes so high that Waymo is currently suing Uber , alleging that one of its former managers stole its trade secrets and took them with him when he joined Uber in 2016 as part of an elaborate scheme. The trial in that high-profile case is scheduled to begin in early December.
Waymo is hoping to infuse its technology into ride-hailing services such as its current partner, Lyft, and big-rig trucking companies. It also intends to license its automated system to automakers such as Fiat Chrysler Automobile, which is already using it in 100 Pacifica minivans.
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Tevez calls for mental change at Juventus
Carlos Tevez insists Juventus must change their attitude if they are to transform their recent tradition of struggling in Europe.
Despite dominating on the domestic front, securing three consecutive Serie A titles, Juve have not won the UEFA Champions League since 1996, and they slipped to a second straight Group A defeat at the hands of Olympiacos on Wednesday.
The 1-0 result owed much to the performance of Olympiacos goalkeeper Roberto, who kept the visitors at bay following Pajtim Kasami's 36th-minute opener, and it means the Greek club climb to second at Juve's expense.
"Roberto put in an incredible performance and Olympiacos can thank him for the victory," Tevez told Sport Mediaset.
"We have to turn over a new leaf and find something within ourselves. We must remember that we are Juventus. We certainly didn't come here to lose.
"The history of Juventus has always been a bit like this, they do well in Serie A and struggle in Europe. If we want to become a great team then we have to turn that around and I believe we can change it.
"I think it is an issue of mentality and it depends only on us to change."
Juventus now face an uphill task to progress to the next round, three points behind Olympiacos and Atletico Madrid on six, with the return fixture against Olympiacos to come next.
Goalkeeper and captain Gianluigi Buffon feels the outcome of Wednesday's match could have been different, had his side played to their usual level in the first half, but now admits they will struggle to advance.
Buffon told UEFA's official website: "We played a great second half creating a lot of chances, while we were just a normal team before the break.
"Probably we would have needed the same intensity for the whole game. Now our European path is complicated."
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Office Director's Citation, Health Care Financing Organization, Office of Clinical Standards and Quality
Oncology Fellowship
ON-ICRS Research Fellowship 2018
Outstanding Faculty Service Award
Outstanding Presentation Award. APS Gastrointestinal & Liver group.
Outstanding Research Award, Korean Society of Industrial Management System Conference
P4 Preceptor of the Year 2016-2017
Pathologist of the Year
Zieske, Arthur W. (Recipient), 2016
Paul Miller Service Award
Pelotonia postdoctoral fellowship
Pew Biomedical Scholars internal nomination Houston Methodist
Phi Kappa Phi Award for Research Excellence, The Honor Society, Louisiana State University
PISA 2020 George K. Michalopoulos Junior Faculty Scholar Award
Zhu, Luchang (Recipient), 2020
Yang, Z. (Recipient), Li, F. (Recipient), Li, Z. (Recipient) & Hamilton, Dale J. (Recipient), 2018
PPS Innovation Award
Preceptor of the Year for Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience Rotations
Swan, J. T. (Recipient), May 2013
Predoctoral Training Grant
"Premio Italia Giovane" for the category 'Excellence in Academia'
Corradetti, B. (Recipient), Oct 2016
President Award for Transformational Excellence
Presidential Citation
Zimmerman, J. L. (Recipient), 2017
Presidential Citation Award for Excellent Service, American Society for Bioethics & Humanities
President's Award for Research Excellence
President's Award for Transformative Excellence
President's Award for Excellence in Peer-Reviewed Publication
Butner, J. (Recipient), Wang, Zhihui (Recipient) & Cristini, Vittorio (Recipient), Jan 4 2021
President's Award for Excellence in Research
President's Award for Transformational Excellence for Outstanding Academic AchievementsPresident's Award for Transformational Excellence for Outstanding Academic Achievements
Professor of Biological Sciences
Publons Peer Review Awards
Xing, Junji (Recipient), Sep 17 2019
Recognition of Service Award
Reliant Energy Grant
Bruce, Courtenay (Recipient), May 1 2020
Research and Education Foundation Excellence in Medication Safety Award
Research and Education Foundation Literature Award for Student Research
Research training grant
Reviewer for International Journal of Obesity
RNA Society New Faculty Mentorship Program
Kiss, Daniel L. (Recipient), Oct 2017
RNA Society Research Presentation Fellowship
Kiss, Daniel L. (Recipient), Melton, B. (Recipient) & Stevenson, S. (Recipient), Mar 1 2022
Role of Histone H4K16 acetylation in DNA damage response and stem cell differentiation.
Pandita, T. (Recipient), Nov 18 2016
Rotary Club Honorary Recognition
Hegde, Muralidhar (Recipient), Dec 27 2019
Rous-Whipple Award
Rous-Whipple Research Award
Musser, James M. (Recipient), Oct 22 2016
Saul Horowitz, Jr. Memorial Award - Given to a graduate of the Mount Sinai School of Medicine who, since graduating, has made a significant contribution to medical investigation
SCCM Presidential Citation for Outstanding Contributions
Ratnani, Iqbal (Recipient), Jan 1 2015


text:
UH Portage Medical Center
More UH Portage Medical Center
Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Services Close to Home
You don't have to be a competitive athlete to see a sports medicine doctor. You don't have to be an athlete at all.
Jacob Calcei, MD
Most patients do not play competitive sports, but deal with acute or chronic injuries from exercise, training or even from their jobs.
Whether you're hurting from a chronic repetitive stress injury or an acute injury from a fall, sports medicine programs use the same diagnostic tools and non-operative treatments they use with pro athletes to help the body heal.
"Even musicians and mechanics get sprains and strains doing what they love," says Jacob Calcei, MD, a University Hospitals sports medicine specialist. "Sports medicine is about evaluating and treating patients with an acute injury or chronic problem and getting them back to work and other activities they enjoy. Our goal is to help restore mobility to keep our patients moving and active."
Commonly treated ailments involve knees, shoulders, hips, and backs – pretty much all the moving body parts.
Most injuries don't require surgery. With proper treatment and rehabilitation, most patients can return to activity at, or near 100 percent. Advances in injectable medications and diagnostic ultrasound have made non-surgical treatments much more effective.
Sports medicine doctors identify and repair injured muscles, joints, ligaments, and tendons with nonoperative measures, when possible, with treatments including injections of steroids and other therapies such as platelet-rich plasma, which helps create a healing response at the site of injury. Ultrasound imaging allows doctors to inject therapeutics to the precise location of the injury, and track progress of the repair. The treatments are used for athletes and non-athletes alike.
They work with our highly trained rehabilitation specialists at UH Portage Medical Center to help people of all ages regain independence, function and confidence after an illness or injury.
Within our centers for rehab services, experienced physical therapists, and occupational therapists work one-on-one with each patient to help them reach their personal goals and improve activities of daily living.
"While most patients come through the door because they are hurt, sports medicine programs also work with patients on injury prevention, nutrition, and performance enhancement. Psychological aspects of injury and rehabilitation are also an important part of the program. It is important to individualize care based on the patient and their specific injury, while treating the patient as a whole," Dr. Calcei says.
Dr. Calcei's offices are located at:
UH Portage Orthopedic Center
6847 N Chestnut St., Suite 105
UH Streetsboro Health Center
9318 State Route 14, Suite B
Streetsboro, OH 44241
Make an appointment today by calling 216-983-PLAY.
UH Rehabilitation Services in Portage County include locations in Ravenna, Kent, and Streetsboro.
To learn more, or to schedule an appointment, call:
Ravenna: 330-297-2770
Kent: 330-676-9544
Streetsboro: 330-626-5701
Make an appointment with a medical professional at UH Portage Medical Center.


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Installation of the two largest turbines ever tested at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, a 1.5 MW turbine manufactured by General Electric. The new turbines also allow NREL to take a significant step forward in generating its own clean electricity and meeting the Laboratory's aggressive sustainability goals and reduce greenhouse gas emissions for its expanding research campus and support facilities. Image by Pat Corkery / NREL.
Energy is a paradox: it brings us light, warmth, security, and mobility. But on the other hand, energy extraction, burning of fossil fuels, and the unequal distribution of energy resources have wrought environmental and social problems for humanity. Energy use is at the root of climate change and many other issues, and we are seeing the beginnings of a global shift in energy sources and energy policy toward more cooperative, sustainable use of energy. The topics around energy are relevant in all science disciplines as well as in engineering, policy, social science, and economics.
This series of web pages begins with the physics of energy and proceeds through a discussion of energy in biological systems and throughout the earth system. Energy's influence on human society is explored from the point of view of different sources of energy, the ways in which we use energy, how we make decisions about energy, and the society-wide impacts of energy use. Taken together, these concepts describe energy literacy.
According to the Energy Literacy Framework from the US Department of Energy, Energy Literacy is an understanding of the nature and role of energy in the universe and in our lives. Energy Literacy is also the ability to apply this understanding to answer questions and solve problems.
4. Various sources of energy can be used to power human activities, and often this energy must be transferred from source to destination.


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Q: Using the TYPE command inside a Redis / Lua Script I am attempting to use the Redis TYPE command inside a Lua script (executed via EVAL)
local key_type = redis.call("TYPE", key)

According to the Redis documentation, this should return a string of "none", "zset" etc.
However the type of the returned value is a lua table. Comparing the value to a string always returns false.
I've managed to get around the problem by changing the call to
local key_type = redis.call("TYPE", key)["ok"]

This value is indeed a string and does work in string comparison commands. I am worried that this is a bug in my particular version of Redis and it will break in future versions when I upgrade.
Does anyone know if this is expected behaviour, or a bug?

A: The TYPE command returns a status reply (a.k.a simple string), e.g  "+list\r\n".
On Redis scripting side, call is implemented by luaRedisCallCommand which performs the real Redis command behind the scenes.
Once successfully executed, this function converts the command result with redisProtocolToLuaType.
When a status reply is encountered, this function creates a Lua table with "ok" as key, and the status reply as value (see redisProtocolToLuaType_Status). So:

*

*there is no bug,

*this is why redis.call("TYPE", key) is a table (and thus you need to get the value for the "ok" key as you did, to get key's type as a string).

Note: when you directly return the table, Redis takes care to get the value associated to the "ok" key, and returns it as a status reply, e.g:
> EVAL 'return redis.call("TYPE", "foo")'
set

See this code section for more details.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Investigators for special counsel Robert Mueller have been asking witnesses about President Donald Trump's business activities in Russia before the 2016 campaign as he considered a White House bid, CNN reported.
According to the outlet, which cited unnamed sources, questions have included the timing of Trump's decision to seek the presidency, potentially compromising information the Russians might have had about him, and why efforts to brand a Trump Tower in Moscow fell through.
"You ask everything even if you don't think it's credible," one source told CNN, adding, "the allegations are out there, and it was checking the box."
In an interview with The New York Times last July, Trump said he would view any investigation of his or his family's personal finances as a "violation" by Mueller that crosses a red line.
Trump's lawyers previously have said Trump's business dealings from the time before he was a presidential candidate do not fall under the scope of what Mueller is authorized to investigate by the Justice Department, CNN noted.
Investigators for FBI special counsel Robert Mueller have been asking witnesses about President Donald Trump's business activities in Russia before he announced his White House bid, according to CNN.


text:
HomeSereno won't quit despite 'below the belt' attacks of her detractors
Sereno won't quit despite 'below the belt' attacks of her detractors
Photo from Supreme Court
Manila, Philippines – Chief Justice Maria Lourdes Sereno reiterated that she will not resign and will only continue to fight for judicial independence despite the attacks at the ongoing impeachment which she described as 'below the belt".
On Sunday, one of Sereno's spokesperson, Jojo Lacanilao, said that those attempts to put the Chief Justice in a bad light were all part of black propaganda of her detractors.
Sereno also noted the lack of support from her colleagues in the Supreme Court.
"Officials of Congress have already asked her (Sereno) to resign. We feel it's below the belt. This is just a squeeze play for her to resign," Lacanilao said in a statement.
"That's not going to happen. She will be there. We will ask Congress to actually prove any complaint that they have and [we will face them] in the Senate, and we know we have a strong case," Lacanilao also said.
According to Lacanilao, the testimonies of six incumbent Supreme Court Justices had no bearing in the impeachment trial as they were all purely personal opinions, and not enough grounds to remove Sereno from her post.
"Most of the things they have said are disagreements with the Chief Justice on how the rules of the Supreme Court would be interpreted. Some of them are complaints about management or maybe leadership style," he said.
Lacanilao added that it was no secret that some of Sereno's colleagues do not like her and was not happy when she was appointed as the Chief Justice bypassing other senior associates to become the head of the Judiciary.
"Most of the things they have said are disagreements with the Chief Justice on how the rules of the Supreme Court would be interpreted. Some of them are complaints about management or maybe leadership style," Sereno's spokesperson said.
Lacanilao added that it is a public knowledge that some people are out to destroy the Chief Justice.
He also said that Sereno has been "very prudent in handling the judiciary's resources" and it is not true that the Chief Justice had been living a luxurious life using the tax payers money.


Back in '09, most skate shoes were breadloaves. Nike SB pro Stefan Janoski set out to break the mould. He wanted his signature shoe to be flatter, lighter and lower, so he could feel everything underfoot. "Make my feet bleed", he told us. We gave him a super-thin vulcanised sole and a collar so low it needed that iconic heel band to stay in place. We also gave him responsive Nike Zoom Air to keep his feet from bleeding for real. The result showed Stefan's no-nonsense personality in every detail—right down to the motto on his old-school patch.


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Toby joins forces with a famous PI to save a general from embarrassment. The uniformed man standing before Toby Peters is General Douglas MacArthur, a soldier who considers himself the only man who can defeat the Japanese. But though he may be all-powerful in the South Pacific, today he is in Los Angeles with a problem only a detective can solve. The general has an eye on a post-war promotion to the White House, and an aide has stolen his war chest, his donor list, and a handful of embarrassing private letters. To get them back, Toby may need some help. Lucky for him, he's just met Dashiell Hammett, one of the finest crime novelists of all time. Dodging his mistress while he's waiting to rejoin the army, Dash needs amusement and thinks Toby's case sounds like a lark. In fact, the assignment proves dangerous. Toby may not be a soldier, but he's finally gotten a chance to die at a general's whim. About the Author. Stuart M. Kaminsky (1934-2009) was one of the most prolific crime fiction authors of the last four decades. Born in Chicago, he spent his youth immersed in pulp fiction and classic cinema - two forms of popular entertainment which he would make his life's work. After college and a stint in the army, Kaminsky wrote film criticism and biographies of the great actors and directors of Hollywood's Golden Age. In 1977, when a planned biography of Charlton Heston fell through, Kaminsky wrote Bullet for a Star, his first Toby Peters novel, beginning a fiction career that would last the rest of his life. Kaminsky penned twenty-four novels starring the detective, whom he described as "the anti-Philip Marlowe." In 1981's Death of a Dissident, Kaminsky debuted Moscow police detective Porfiry Rostnikov, whose stories were praised for their accurate depiction of Soviet life. His other two series starred Abe Lieberman, a hardened Chicago cop, and Lew Fonseca, a process server. In all, Kaminsky wrote more than sixty novels. He died in St. Louis in 2009. Review quote. "Impressive. . . . Kaminsky has staked a claim to a piece of the Russian turf. . . . He captures the Russian scene and characters in rich detail." - The Washington Post Book World. "Quite simply the best cop to come out of the Soviet Union since Martin Cruz Smith's Arkady Renko in Gorky Park." - The San Francisco Examiner. "Stuart Kaminsky's Rostnikov novels are among the best mysteries being written." - The San Diego Union-Tribune. "For anyone with a taste for old Hollywood B-movie mysteries, Edgar winner Kaminsky offers plenty of nostalgic fun . . . The tone is light, the pace brisk, the tongue firmly in cheek." - Publishers Weekly. "Marvelously entertaining." - Newsday. "Makes the totally wacky possible . . . Peters [is] an unblemished delight." - Washington Post. "The Ed McBain of Mother Russia." - Kirkus Reviews.
Toby joins forces with a famous PI to save a general from embarrassment.
The uniformed man standing before Toby Peters is General Douglas MacArthur, a soldier who considers himself the only man who can defeat the Japanese. But though he may be all-powerful in the South Pacific, today he is in Los Angeles with a problem only a detective can solve. The general has an eye on a post-war promotion to the White House, and an aide has stolen his war chest, his donor list, and a handful of embarrassing private letters. To get them back, Toby may need some help. Lucky for him, he's just met Dashiell Hammett, one of the finest crime novelists of all time. Dodging his mistress while he's waiting to rejoin the army, Dash needs amusement and thinks Toby's case sounds like a lark.
In fact, the assignment proves dangerous. Toby may not be a soldier, but he's finally gotten a chance to die at a general's whim.
Stuart M. Kaminsky (1934-2009) was one of the most prolific crime fiction authors of the last four decades. Born in Chicago, he spent his youth immersed in pulp fiction and classic cinema - two forms of popular entertainment which he would make his life's work. After college and a stint in the army, Kaminsky wrote film criticism and biographies of the great actors and directors of Hollywood's Golden Age. In 1977, when a planned biography of Charlton Heston fell through, Kaminsky wrote Bullet for a Star, his first Toby Peters novel, beginning a fiction career that would last the rest of his life.
Kaminsky penned twenty-four novels starring the detective, whom he described as "the anti-Philip Marlowe." In 1981's Death of a Dissident, Kaminsky debuted Moscow police detective Porfiry Rostnikov, whose stories were praised for their accurate depiction of Soviet life. His other two series starred Abe Lieberman, a hardened Chicago cop, and Lew Fonseca, a process server. In all, Kaminsky wrote more than sixty novels. He died in St. Louis in 2009.
Copyright © 2012 by The Mysterious Press, LLC, 58 Warren Street, New York, NY. U.S.A.
All rights reserved, including without limitation the right to reproduce this e-book or any portion thereof in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of the publisher.
This is a work of fiction. Names, characters, places, and incidents either are the product of the author's imagination or are used fictitiously. Any resemblance to actual persons, living or dead, businesses, companies, events, or locales is entirely coincidental.
The President of the United States ordered me to break through the Japanese lines … for the purpose, as I understand it, of organizing the American offensive against Japan, a primary object of which is the relief of the Philippines. I came through and I shall return.
There was no point in trying to talk to Major Castle.
We were sitting in the back of a big, 1940 custom-built Packard Darrin Victoria One-Twenty watching the coast go by and the sun go down. The driver was a tall, dry bolt of a man whose name I didn't know but found out later. Castle hadn't given it to me when he picked me up in front of my office on Hoover Street in Los Angeles.
Castle hadn't told me much on the phone when he had called. He said he was on a mission for General Douglas A. MacArthur. The mission involved me. He asked if I would meet him but the request sounded more like an order. It was the kind of request I might consider turning down if I had a few bucks in the bank and he hadn't suggested that the outcome of World War II was about to be laid on my battered desk.
It was September 1942, a clear Tuesday during which I had done some shopping—three pairs of socks and a new shirt from Hy's for Him on Melrose. That left me with enough for a bag of tacos from Manny's and gas to get my bleached Crosley through the next week.
Major Castle had come when I clearly needed a client.
I had shaved in the morning, gone shopping and waited to change into a pair of new socks and the fresh shirt until I got to the office I shared with Sheldon Minck, D.D.S. Sheldon was off that day on a mission of his own, the nature of which he did not share with me.
I had suggested to Castle that I meet him in front of the Farraday Building. The alternative would have been for him to pass through the dark pit of tooth decay that was Shelly's dental office, past the spit sink, into the Cabinet of Dr. Caligari I used for an office. It wasn't impressive enough for army brass.
Just before four, when I was scheduled to meet Castle, I had checked my face in Shelly's mirror. Flat nose, graying hair, lopsided smile. The body was a slightly bulky 165 pounds on my five-nine frame, but that didn't hurt when your business was looking like a mug and occasionally acting like one. A half century of abuse had molded my body for the job. The bad back didn't show and the scars were covered by clothing.


Microsoft's Rewards program has been scheduled for a facelift for some time now. Previously known as Bing Rewards, the new Microsoft Rewards program not only branches out beyond being tied solely to Bing search but also allows participants to earn points by shopping at the Windows Store or providing feedback as an Insider among other avenues.
Alongside the release of Windows Insider preview build 14926, Insiders have been given more details about the program, the rollout, and how to join.
For anyone interested in joining the revamped Microsoft Rewards program can get more details here. Hopefully, Microsoft will advertise this updated version and get more Windows, Windows 10 Mobile, and casual shoppers involved.
How many Bing/Microsoft Rewards points do you have?