Just letting you know there's a new post at 'Been There, Done That' (finally!) another 'What You're Asking', exploring real-life search terms that bring people here and to BTDT. Have an excellent Tuesday! If you came here for the forecast, you really should try ECLIPSE–give it a go, it won't hurt! And stay alert to possible serious changes in the arenas of Love and money–if you've done the groundwork, these could be really good, and will be in effect today and tomorrow, conservatively speaking (Venus conjunct Pluto in Capricorn).


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Home Working and Living Abroad – European Distinctions
Working and Living Abroad – European Distinctions
by August G. Minke
This book is a very sensible concise guide aimed at European nationals who want to work abroad. The book is admirably clear in addressing the issues that arise when moving abroad.
Micro Talk: Social Skills
Euro Area Economics – Exercises
Building Bridges across Cultural Differences
August G. Minke, Esq. holds degrees of Masters in Law (LL.M.) from Universiteit Utrecht in the Netherlands and from Pace University in White Plains, USA, where he also obtained a Certificate in International Law. Of Dutch and Belgian descent he grew up both in the Netherlands and in Belgium, as well...
More about August G. Minke
Traditionally, emigration was a lifelong commitment to settle in a land far away in the hope for a better life. These days, there are as many reasons as there are individuals. Whether love, money, opportunity, adventure or career move, the actual step of packing up your belongings and moving abroad, to survive in a different culture, requires a solid dose of courage and at least as much preparation. This book is a very sensible concise guide aimed at European nationals who want to work abroad. The book is admirably clear in addressing the issues that arise when moving abroad.
August G. Minke, Esq. is a consultant to European companies establishing a presence in the United States and worked with renown American law firms involved in international litigation with European aspects. He also trained corporate expatriates on successfully conducting business abroad. Mr. Minke has lectured on cross-cultural aspects of conducting business and occasionally serves as a resource for expatriate cross-cultural trainings for renown cross-cultural and language institutions and companies. Before moving to the U.S., Mr. Minke worked as a corporate lawyer and business manager in the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany, as well as for the Dutch Justice Department. Initially based in New York, he currently operates from Orange County, California.
August Minke holds degrees of Master's in Law (LL.M.) from Universiteit Utrecht in the Netherlands and from Pace University in White Plains, USA, where he also obtained a Certificate in International Law. Of Dutch and Belgian descent, he grew up both in the Netherlands and in Belgium, as well as in Indonesia.
What This Book Provides
The Basics of Free Movement in Europe
Basic Understanding of Culture and Language
Settling Tax Liabilities
Moving and Shipping
Electric and Electronic Devices
Bringing Your Car Along
Identification and Permits to Stay and Work
Additional Work Documentation
Lost Documents and Proof of Existence
Assistance Abroad
Work in Another Culture
Types of Employers
Searching for Work Abroad
The Foreign Job Application
Banks and Payments
Taxes and Social Security
Frontier Workers
Social Security Outside the EEA
Social Security in the EEA
Accompanying Family Members
Death Abroad
Wills and Testaments
Illegal Souvenirs

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The New Left overview is a bimonthly political journal protecting global politics, financial system, and tradition. It used to be verified in 1960. In 2003, the journal ranked twelfth by means of impression issue on a listing of the pinnacle 20 political technological know-how journals on the planet. in keeping with the magazine quotation reviews, the magazine has a 2012 influence issue of 1.485, score it twenty fifth out of 157 journals within the type "Political Science"and tenth out of ninety two journals within the class "Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary".
A 160-page magazine released each months from London, New Left assessment analyses international politics, the worldwide economic system, kingdom powers and protest routine; modern social conception, historical past and philosophy; cinema, literature, heterodox artwork and aesthetics. It runs a standard ebook overview part and contains interviews, essays, topical reviews and signed editorials on political problems with the day. 'Brief historical past of latest Left Review' supplies an account of NLR's political and highbrow trajectory considering its release in 1960.
The NLR on-line Archive contains the whole textual content of all articles released due to the fact that 1960; the total index could be searched through writer, name, topic or factor quantity. the whole NLR Index 1960-2010 comes in print and will be bought right here. Subscribers to the print version get loose entry to the complete on-line archive; or 3 articles from each one new factor can be found loose on-line. if you want to join NLR, you could make the most of detailed bargains through subscribing on-line, or touch the Subscriptions Director below.
NLR is usually released in Spanish, and chosen articles are available Greek, Italian, Korean, Portuguese and Turkish.
Alone one of the ex-Comecon international locations, Cuba has cast a particular direction in view that 1991—not transition to capitalism yet cautious adjustment to exterior switch, safeguarding its earnings in social provision and nationwide sovereignty. Emily Morris demanding situations the view that Havana should include the industry and undergo overseas capital whether it is to survive.
From Venice to Edinburgh, Porto to Rhodes, San Gimignano to Luang Prabang—the international historical past label as very important device for the worldwide vacationer undefined, yet loss of life sentence for the hurly-burly of genuine city life.
Former Kremlin consultant and election supervisor bargains a distinct account of the Russian leader's ideological formation and worldview. A Soviet-realist research of the flaws of the USSR and the particular motivations of the capitalist states.
Annealed via expansionism after the Civil conflict, may America's sectional divisions re-emerge if the empire falters? Kevin Pask explores the altering parameters—closing frontiers, emerging Sunbelt—of the nationalism that dares no longer converse its name.
Transcript of Sartre's 1961 Lecture on the Istituto Gramsci in Rome, formerly unpublished in English. A sustained philosophical riposte to Lukács's background and sophistication cognizance and argument for an idea of subjectivity as technique, vividly illustrated in concrete situations.
Reflections at the get together of the Rome Lecture and on its subject matters. Dialectic of the interior and the surface, the dazzling function of non-knowledge in subjectivity—and new applied sciences and labour techniques as experiential grounds for transformation at school consciousness.
Wolfgang Streeck on Peter Mair, Ruling the Void. analysis of Western democracy's hollowing within the ultimate paintings of a political-science master.
Michael Christofferson on Christophe Prochasson, François Furet. A former colleague provides the case for the defence.
Kristin Surak on David Pilling, Bending Adversity. Hopes for a Thatcherized Japan in Fukushima's wake from the FT's guy in Tokyo.
Hung Ho-Fung on Leo Panitch & Sam Gindin, The Making of world Capitalism. Canada presents the version for America's frictionless upward push to international supremacy.
What, then, is the message of this crucial e-book? Going past the normal layout of comparative politics, Mair seems to be much less at nationwide ameliorations among occasion structures than at commonalities and shared ancient trajectories. The 'golden age' of consultant democracy is in brief sketched. streeck: Mair 123 experiences With the appearance of common suffrage from round the 1900s, the sooner 'parties of notables' have been supplanted by way of mass-membership organisations with powerful, hierarchical buildings, unifying citizens at the foundation of shared social reviews and collective hopes for what the celebration could in attaining in executive.
What may now develop into of the process American democracy? 'All of Turner's later suggestion used to be colored by way of his uneasy resistance to the pessimistic implications of the frontier idea,' wrote Richard Hofstadter. 'If, as he had acknowledged, American democracy used to be born of loose land and won new power whenever it touched a brand new frontier, may well it no longer progressively lose power after the disappearance of the final frontier, and finally die for loss of its distinct nourishment? ' One resolution outfitted good with the optimism of the arrival of the yankee century: 'And but, stated Turner (using—was it for the 1st time?
That was once his mistake. His selection to come to the presidency in 2012 used to be a myth of grandeur. The consensus had made him right into a charismatic determine, and he believed in it. so that you are suggesting that the 'Putin consensus' has collapsed when you consider that past due 2011? whilst he stepped again from energy in 2007, Putin had made up our minds to test with a variety of the consensus. That used to be his relevant idea—the state wishes switch, it can't be governed by means of generals. The successor should be anyone diversified, or there'll be stagnation.
He imagines it because it was once within the Federal Republic of Germany after the struggle, lower than the management of Konrad Adenauer. There are events, certainly one of which has energy, and the second one waits, possibly for a very long time. The Social Democrats waited, i feel, from 1945 to 1970. It's a kind of one-and-a-half social gathering process. Putin constantly acknowledged that sooner or later sooner or later the competition will achieve strength, and we needs to be prepared for that second. by way of being prepared, he intended that we has to be either right here and there, that's, controlling either events.
Round 1880, Critique of Dialectical cause, Vol. I: conception of functional Ensembles, London 1976, pp. 232ff. five sartre: Subjectivity 109 one kind of employee was once outlined within the clearest real way via the common lathe. This used to be a certified employee who had performed years' apprenticeship, took delight in his paintings, and was once surrounded by way of unskilled labourers. The laptop outlined him simply because as soon as there's a common machine,6 person who isn't really heavily attached to specific features and plays completely provided that it's supervised, you wish a guy who can do this paintings, a proficient technician.


I was searching for a Property and found this listing (MLS® #83927482). Please send me more information regarding 17203 Saddle Ridge Pass, Cypress, Texas, 77433-5962. Thank you!
I'd like to request a showing of 17203 Saddle Ridge Pass, Cypress, Texas, 77433-5962 (MLS® #83927482). Thank you!


The story of Jonah is an interesting one that I heard retold in a sermon today. Jonah was a prophet of the Old Testament given the charge by God to preach to people in a town called Nineveh to help save them from destruction. Instead of accepting the mission from God, Jonah decides to head to a different town onboard a ship. God placed a wicked storm in the path of the ship that Jonah was aboard because of his disobedience. Weirdly, in the midst of this storm, Jonah fell into a deep sleep below deck on the ship. Now I've been on a few boats in my life and even a little wind or rough seas makes me uneasy. Jonah had to be awakened by the ship's captain who begged him to pray and pled for their lives because he was fearful they were going to perish. Hearing this part of the story today gave me tremendous pause as a result of so many newly "woke" individuals in our country. Jonah seemingly oblivious to the turmoil and tribulation going on around him comfortably slept below deck in a ship and slept soundly. How you might ask? Easily, when you are only concerned with yourself and selfish it becomes rather easy to ignore, block out, or silence the noise around you. When you have a privilege, one of the many perks of privilege is the comfortable insulation it provides. Like the fiberglass insulation people use to keep their homes a comfortable temperature, or extra layers we might wear to protect us and keep us comfortable in cold weather, privilege comfortable provides a sturdy and often exclusive buffer from the plight, suffering, and turmoil of those who are marginalized. Many folx maintain this comfortable buffer, protect their self-interest, and keep these privileged boundaries up for years.
Do your homework. I stand on the shoulders of many folx who did and continue to do this work before me. I humbly recognize and honor that regularly. I've noticed many people new to this work don't necessarily do that. Part of this work is researching, reading, and learning more about who has come before and showing respect for their work by elevating it. By doing this, you help solidify your genuine intent to engage in this work and show you are not in it for self-gain or praise. Don't use your new awareness of issues of inequity and injustice in education to immediately grab a microphone. Instead turn up the volume on someone else's microphone first and repeat this often.
Examine your relationships with others. Social media has been wonderful for people to use their platforms to vocally express their beliefs and/or express their thoughts to others as it relates to situations or a cause. But honestly, I worry that not enough of educators are actually doing the work or heavy lifting outside the graphic quotes, platitudes, and buzzword filled tweets I see on my TL. How are you contributing to or helping to maintain oppressive school environments? What sincere effort on your part has been made to make your friend and colleague circles more diverse and inclusive? How are you personally disrupting inequity at your school site? Have you directly addressed and admonished the colleague, family member, or friend who co-signs with those who spew hate?
While this isn't an exhaustive list of suggestions, but these are key ones for those wishing to enter in the arduous task of combating systemic racism, bigotry, inequality, and oppression that plague our schools. As a fellow colleague in this work, I implore you to not enter it lightly, it is way too serious for folx who aren't really committed or diligent. This work isn't easy, it is not glamorous, it is sometimes lonely, it is definitely uncomfortable most of the time. For those educators who have been recently awakened from a deep slumber like Jonah, and now realizing and grasping the rampant injustice and inequity in our schools, welcome to the work, it's a heck of a storm.


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Sega Saturn Architecture
Classic edition - Last updated: December 24, 2022
The final product
A divided choice of memory
Another processor
Sega's offering
VDP1
As a powerful 2D console
As a challenging 3D console
Pixel processing
The new designs
An introduction to the visibility problem
The transparency issue
Interactive shell
No BIOS?
The Compact Disc (CD)
Expansion methods
Anti-Piracy & Homebrew
The Sega Saturn, released on 22/11/1994 in Japan
The Sega Saturn, released on 11/05/1995 in America and 08/07/1995 in Europe
Showing 'VA8' revision which includes all components in a single board.
Remaining RAM chips are fitted on the back
Welcome to the 3D era! Well… sorta. Sega enjoyed quite a success with the Megadrive so there's no reason to force developers to write 3D games right now.
Just in case developers want the extra dimension, Sega adapted some bits of the hardware to enable polygon drawing as well. Hopefully, the result didn't get out of hand!
Just like its close competitors drowned with options during the RISC fever, Sega had to go through all the conundrums of choosing a vendor that could bring up the next generation of games (including those with '3D' capabilities). In the end, the company chose a fresh CPU whose creator was desperately looking for an adopter, the Hitachi SuperH or 'SH'.
Hitachi's new creation implemented modern arts such as a RISC instruction set and a pipelined data path, however, Sega wasn't satisfied by the final product, especially due to the small 16-bit multiplier. Thus, Hitachi synthesised a second revision with a larger multiplier unit and other requirements on Sega's checklist [1], leading to a new CPU called SH-2.
Even so, Sega couldn't stand still after hearing what choice of CPU its competitors went for. So, they asked Hitachi to step up the clock frequency of the SH-2 - an impossible task once the chip is already out for manufacturing. Luckily, Hitachi had another trick up in their sleeve, multiprocessing. During the research phase of the SH, the team added minimal circuitry to allow the SH to work with other SHs within the same system at the same time. Upon hearing that, Sega decided on a two-chip configuration for the Sega Saturn. And the rest is history.
Having explained the origins, let's take a look at the shipped product.
This console has not one but two Hitachi SH-2 CPUs running at ~28.63 MHz each [2]. While both physically identical, they are placed in a master-slave state, where the first one may send commands to the second one. This can achieve some degree of parallelism, albeit both sharing the same external bus [3] (which can lead to congestion).
These processors are part of the Hitachi SH7600 brand, a series designed for embedded systems featuring [4]:
SuperH ISA: A special 32-bit RISC instruction set where instructions are 16-bit long. Not only does this design reduce the size of the programs, but since the CPU fetches instructions in 32-bit batches, two instructions can be retrieved in one cycle.
The speciality of compressing instructions to take out half the size was carried on by ARM with Thumb.
Five-stage pipeline: Execution of instructions is divided into five steps or stages. The CPU will queue up to five instructions where each one is allocated in one stage. This allows taking advantage of all the CPU's resources without idling while also incrementing the number of instructions executed per unit of time.
One multiplication unit: Speeds up multiplication operations with 64-bit/32-bit integers.
32-bit data bus: The external bus is shared across the two CPUs.
4 KB cache: Stores a small number of instructions and data previously fetched from memory to speed up future reads.
The specific CPU model selected for this console, the 'SH7604' or just 'SH-2', contain the following additions:
One division unit: Speeds up division operations with 64-bit/32-bit integers.
Internal DMA controller: Transfers data from memory independently (without the intervention of the CPU).
Please note that having two CPUs doesn't mean that games will work twice as fast! In practice, however, this requires very complex programming to efficiently manage CPUs that share the same bus. Cache also plays a critical part in this occasion.
The Sega Saturn contains a total of 2 MB of RAM for general purpose usage called Work RAM (WRAM). Now, these two megs are split between two very different blocks:
The first one provides 1 MB of SDRAM and due to its fast access rates, this block is also called 'WRAM-H'.
The other block contains the other megabyte, but it's named 'WRAM-L' since it uses DRAM instead, resulting in lower rates.
If the two SH-2 CPUs weren't enough, the console contains an additional coprocessor, the Saturn Control Unit or 'SCU' which is composed of two modules [5]:
A DMA controller: Arbitrates access to WRAM across the three main buses without the intervention of the CPUs.
A DSP: Used as a fixed-point 'geometry unit'. Compared to the SH-2, it does matrix/vectors calculations such as 3D transformations and lighting faster. However, it runs at half-speed and its instruction set is more complex. Moreover, it relies on the SH-2's WRAM to fetch and store data (using the DMA).
On the bright side, the SCU comes with 32 KB of SRAM for local use. On the bad side, the SCU can't access WRAM-L.
Since the Saturn is the first '3D console' reviewed for this series, let us first go over the fundamental design changes that made way to the new generation of 3D graphics:
GPU now relies on a frame-buffer: Graphics are no longer required to be rendered on-the-fly. Instead, the GPU reserves a portion of VRAM to draw a bitmap with all the computed geometry requested by the CPU, and then a video encoder picks up that region and outputs it through the video signal.
Consequently, having this reserved 'working space' allows the GPU to continue manipulating the bitmap even after finishing rendering the scene, so the CPU may now offload some exhaustive tasks such as lighting and anti-aliasing to the GPU. Here is when the term graphics pipeline starts to gain momentum.
More VRAM required: The use of a frame buffer implies an increment of memory requirements (which is not a big issue anymore), the amount of RAM required for a frame buffer is proportional to the dimension of the screen and the number of colours used. As an example, with 600 KB of VRAM we can contain a frame buffer of 640x480 pixels wide with 32k colours per pixel (16 bpp).
Additionally, programmers are free to organise their VRAM usage: Not every single bit has to be allocated for the frame buffer, so why don't we also use it to cache textures, render other frame-buffers concurrently and add colour lookup tables to speed things up?
CPU incorporates vector operations: A GPU with 3D capabilities would be incomplete without a proper CPU capable of feeding the required geometry. For that reason, next-gen CPUs include a form of specialised instructions that accelerates vector calculations, these are known as Single instruction multiple data or 'SIMD' extension.
In the case of the Saturn, vector operations are accelerated by the Saturn Control Unit (not by the CPUs).
This console includes two proprietary GPUs, each one serving different purposes while working concurrently. Some may argue that the new GPUs are an evolution of the classic VDP, while others may say it's a complete redesign… I think it's a bit of both.
Having said that, let's take a look at the two chips.
VDP1 Architecture.
The Video Display Processor 1 (VDP1) is a chip that draws sprites with geometric transformations [6]. The results are written onto a frame buffer, which is in turn streamed to the VDP2 for display.
This chip is programmed by sending 'drawing commands' to it. So, programmers are provided with 512 KB of dedicated RAM to store these drawing commands and the required materials (textures/tiles, colour lookup tables, etc).
Consequently, the VDP1 is designed to use quadrilaterals as primitives, which means that it can only compose models using 4-vertex polygons (sprites). The chip applies Forward Texture Mapping to connect texture points onto the quadrilateral, in that direction. It doesn't come with any filtering/interpolation technique, so the calculations are subject to aliasing.
The VDP1 also provides this selection of effects:
Two shading algorithms (Flat and Gouraud) for lighting.
Anti-aliasing: In this case, it duplicates pixels to cover gaps during mapping.
Clipping to discard polygons outside the camera's viewport.
Transparency to blend two non-opaque bitmaps.
Two 256 KB frame buffer chips are available to concurrently draw new scenes of the game without breaking the current one being displayed. When the secondary buffer is finished being drawn, the VDP1 starts broadcasting the latter instead (page-flipping), and the cycle continues.
The Video Display Processor 2 (VDP2) specialises in rendering large (4096×4096 pixels) planes with transformations (rotation, scale and translation) applied on them [7].
More importantly, the VDP2's renders on-the-fly (without a frame-buffer) like previous tile-based engines. It can display up to 16.7 million colours (24-bit). This chip is also responsible for displaying the VDP1's buffer, which can also be transformed and/or mixed with the VDP2's layers. The VDP2's 'frame' is composed of up to four 2D planes and one 3D plane; or two 3D planes.
This chip relies on tile-maps to compose planes and performs perspective correction for 3D texture mapping, this is a more sophisticated approach which takes into account the depth value to compute rotations.
Effects available include multi-texturing (mapping more than one texture per polygon) and shadowing. With the latter, after the VDP2 receives the sprites generated by the VDP1, it can reduce their brightness and blend them with half-transparency. Nonetheless, the VDP2 only receives a sprite stream from the VDP1 (in pace with the CRT beam) so this function tends to be tricky to encode and operate.
This chip also houses 4 KB of Colour RAM (CRAM) which is used to translate VDP1's custom colour values (index colours) into 24-bit RGB colours.
Finally, even though the VDP2 is limited to two 3D planes, nothing prevents the CPU from using its VRAM as frame-buffer area to draw additional 2D or 3D graphics in software.
I recommend checking out the sources (at the end of the article) if this section got your attention, since the VDPs have a lot more quirks that are beyond the scope of this article.
As you can see, the architecture of the graphics sub-system is quite complex, so it's interpreted differently depending on the needs:
The capabilities of the Saturn for drawing 2D scenes were huge compared to the MegaDrive or SNES, although they weren't the main selling point of this console.
Mega Man X4 (1997).
VDP1's Sprites plane.
In this case, the VDP1 is tasked with plotting traditional sprites without any 3D distortion applied.
The CPU sets up the VDP1 by writing over its registers and filling its VRAM with commands and tiles. The process can also be accelerated thanks to the DMA controller.
2D plane 1.
Mega Man X4 (1997). VDP2's Background planes.
The VDP2 is then instructed to draw background planes. These, along with the sprite layer, are automatically mixed to form a fully coloured scene.
The commanding part is fundamentally similar to the VDP1: Programmers got registers and VRAM to set up accordingly.
Some functions from the VDP2 can be exploited to create more realistic scenery, such as scaling to simulate a heatwave (see '2D plane 2').
Mega Man X4 (1997). Mixed planes (Tada!).
Not much mystery here, the VDP2 is responsible for the last step of sending the processed signal to the video encoder.
The VDP2 operates in sync with the CRT beam, meaning that its computations correspond to the pixels that will be displayed on the next scan line.
Here's where the Saturn shined and struggled at the same time. While this console had eight processors to take advantage of, it all came down to:
Whether programmers would be able to master most of the console's features during a small time frame (remember the console's commercial lifespan would be over once its successor is released, or even announced).
Whether their game would be shipped at a reasonable date.
For this reason, most games ended up dramatically ranging in quality since each studio came up with a unique solution.
Virtua Fighter Remix (1995).
3D models of characters without textures or background. Notice the primitives used to build the models.
So far we've been using individual regular quadrilaterals to form sprites and/or background layers. But what if we group multiple irregular primitives and arrange them to form a more complex figure? This is how 3D models come to fruition.
To put it in simple terms, classic 2D consoles like the Super Nintendo arranges their graphics (backgrounds and sprites) in quasi-rectangular areas. In some cases, such as with Mode 7, programmers can supply a rotation matrix to apply transformations over some of these areas. The Saturn, by contrast, allows defining 4-point quadrilaterals with arbitrary angles between their edges (Sega calls them 'distorted sprites'). Then, the VDPs' texture mapping capabilities paint the quadrilateral's area with a texture, the latter is scaled to conform to the polygon's shape.
In terms of operations needed with a 3D game, the CPUs and SCU are assigned to formulating a 3D world and project it in a 2D space. Then, both VDPs are commanded to render it, apply effects and finally broadcast it on TV.
Rendered scene with 3D models and backgrounds.
Either VDP can draw this new (projected) 3D space and stamp textures and effects. Now, which chip is 'in charge' varies between each game.
Some prioritised the VDP1 to draw the closest polygons and left the VDP2 to process distant scenery, others found interesting workarounds to task the VDP2 to draw closer polygons (thereby off-loading the amount of geometry fed into the VDP1). The challenge consists in designing an efficient engine that could display impressive graphics while keeping an acceptable frame rate.
These are some examples of characters that were re-designed for this console, the models are interactive so do try to fiddle with them!
Interactive model available in the modern edition
Sonic in Sonic R (1997).
185 quadrilaterals.
Tails in Sonic R (1997).
While the Saturn is only able to draw quadrangles, you'll soon notice that these models exhibit two triangles instead of a single quadrangle in 'Wireframe' mode. This is because the format used to encode this model (glTF, an open standard for modern 3D modelling), so your modern device can render it, doesn't support quadrangles at the time of this writing. So, I recommend switching to 'Surface' mode to observe the quads.
In some way, this tells you how the current graphics technology can struggle to reproduce their ~30-year-old predecessors!
When 3D polygons are projected onto a 2D space, it is crucial to determine which polygons are visible from the camera's position and which are hidden behind [8]. Otherwise, models are not drawn correctly, effects like transparency appear 'broken' and ultimately, hardware resources are wasted. This process is widely known as Visible surface determination or 'VSD' and it's a fundamental problem in the world of computer graphics. There are multiple papers published that describe algorithms that tackle this at different stages of the graphics pipeline. Some of them give very accurate results, while others trade precision for better performance.
Now, unlike academic/professional equipment, consumer hardware is incredibly limited, so the choice of algorithm is narrowed down to just a few… or none whatsoever.
Project Z-Treme (2019, Homebrew) [9].
This engine ditched Z-sort in favour of a binary space partitioning (BSP) approach, fixing the glitches.
The Sega Saturn approach is what I consider a 'semi-solved' case. The VDP1 doesn't implement any VSD function: You either feed the geometry in the correct order or you get a mess. However, Sega provided a graphics library called 'SGL' that implemented a solution called Z-sort or Painter's algorithm [10] which performs polygon sorting by software.
Essentially, SGL allocates a buffer to sort the polygons based on the distance from the camera (from furthest to nearest), then, issues the display commands to the VDP1 in that order.
One of the issues of Z-sort with 3D spaces is that its distance value (Z-order) is approximated, so graphic glitches may still appear. For this, programmers can skip SGL in favour of implementing their own algorithm.
In later articles, you will see alternative approaches. Some still rely on software, while others are accelerated by hardware.
The Sega Saturn is capable of drawing half-transparent graphics, in other words, mixing overlapping layers of colours (blending) to give the illusion we can see through them. Unfortunately, both VDPs aren't as coordinated as one would expect, so this effect will not work properly when these layers are found in different VDPs.
As a workaround, games can activate the 'mesh' property on a texture. With 'meshed' textures, the VDP1 sets the odd X/Y texture coordinates as 'transparent' (empty). Making it possible to blend other layers using the transparent pixels. Curiously enough, the mesh would appear blurred if the console was connected to the TV using the composite video signal (which was pretty much the standard back then, aside from RF) resulting in an accidental but effective way to accomplish half-transparency [11].
As you may suspect, this just wasn't viable for some games, so in the end, these had no option but to ditch half-transparency altogether… Although some studios found ingenious fixes, take a look at these two cases:
Sega's Daytona (1993).
Traveller's Tales' Sonic R (1997).
Both games command the VDP1 to draw foreground objects and background scenery. In turn, the VDP2 renders the landscape image far away and the stats in front of the 3D models. Consequently, VDP1 models with half-transparency won't refract the VDP2's landscape as the VDP1 is not aware of the VDP2's frame buffers.
Apart from my terrible gameplay, you'll notice that the background of the first game pops out of nowhere (no half-transparency) whereas the second game not only accomplished half-transparency but also a fading effect: Traveller's Tales found a workaround by changing the 'mix ratio' registers of the VDP2 (used for defining the texture's alpha) combined with switching the lighting levels as the character gets closer [12].
The sound subsystem consists of several parts [13]:
Motorola 68EC000: Controls the other components and interfaces with the main CPUs. It runs a sound driver to operate the neighbour components.
Saturn Custom Sound Processor (SCSP): Also referred to as Yamaha YMF292, it's composed of two modules:
A multi-function sound generator: Processes up to 32 channels with PCM samples (up to 16-bit with 44.1 kHz, a.k.a 'CD quality') or FM channels. In the case of the latter, a number of channels are reserved for operators.
A DSP: Applies effects like echo, reverb and chorus. The docs also mention 'filters' but I don't know if it means envelope or frequency filter (i.e. low pass, etc).
512 KB of RAM: Stores the driver, audio data (i.e. PCM samples) and it's also a working area for the DSP.
The new audio capabilities mean that studios can finally record/produce soundtracks in-house and then bundle them in the game without having to re-arrange it (as it happened with limited sequencers or chips with strict synthesis methods).
This has been possible thanks to a combination of many factors:
The new storage medium for games (CD-ROM) enables developers to store large soundtracks.
The audio endpoint receives and mixes PCM data with acceptable quality.
The audio subsystem provides enough power and bandwidth to stream PCM data in some compressed form, and then decode it on-the-fly.
Once the user powers on the console, the first component that starts up is the System Management & Peripheral Control (SMPC), a 4-bit microcontroller that takes care of initialising the neighbouring chips (such as switching on two SH-2s and setting them in a 'master-slave' configuration) [14].
Japanese version.
European and American versions.
Logo displayed after splash animation finishes.
Afterwards, the master SH-2's reset vector is set to 0x00000000 [15], which points to an internal ROM containing the Initial Program Loader (IPL). This program performs the following functions [16]:
Finish initialising the hardware.
If there's a cartridge inserted and it includes a program, continue booting from there.
If the 'Video CD' card is inserted, boot it.
If there's a disc inserted, check that it's genuine.
While at it, it displays the splash screen animation.
If the disc is genuine, boot the game.
If the disc is not genuine or there's no disc inserted, run the shell.
Alternatively to playing games, the Saturn included a music player called 'Multiplayer', from which a save manager can be opened.
Interactive shell called 'Multiplayer' or 'Audio CD Control Panel'.
Memory Manager. Moves saves between the cartridge and internal memory.
If a Video CD card is inserted, the player can reproduce MPEG video decoded from the card itself.
Unlike the PlayStation whose ROM chip bundled a BIOS, which in turn exposed APIs for programmers to use. The Saturn's ROM is often called 'IPL' presumably since its main job is to bootstrap the game and run the shell. However, the latter still stores some routines (called services) to manipulate the hardware (such as managing save data and power control). It even implements a 'semaphore'! (used to synchronise operations that involve multiple processors at the same time). Hence, that part of the ROM is called System program.
Official Sega Saturn games are loaded from the 2x CD-ROM reader. Its medium, the compact disc (CD), has a capacity of 680 MB and Sega Saturn games follow the ISO9660 standard for storing data [17]. Additionally, many games store audio tracks next to the data tracks for streaming uncompressed audio while executing the game.
The CD is an optical medium where information is stored by engraving pits and lands on its polycarbonate surface [18]. Then, an infrared light is beamed from the reader and the reflection produced on the CD's surface is used to read the information back.
The process of converting digital information (ones and zeroes) into pits and lands and viceversa is not simple by any means, especially since CDs must be robust enough to sustain day-to-day damage and intensive use; and reliable enough to store any kind of information without fear of data loss. Hence, as part of its specification, data is encoded using the Non-Return-to-Zero inverted (NRZi) model, meaning that the bitstream will be all zeroes until a land-to-pit or pit-to-land change is detected, at which a 1 will be appended instead.
This design works well until the reader encounters a sequence of ones (continuous pit and land changes) or long sequences of zeroes (constant pits or lands), at which the sensor will struggle to detect or keep synchronised, respectively. Thus, an additional model called Eight-to-Fourteen (ETF) modulation is applied. With this, a handful of zeroes are padded in-between the encodings, these help the sensor during the reading process.
On top of all this, further mechanisms of error detection may be added, although these are beyond the scope of this article. If you are interested in learning more, you can check out a slide presentation from RWTH Aachen University [19].
At first, Sega didn't provide complete software libraries and development tools (in fact, the initial documentation was inaccurate) so the only way to achieve good performance was through harsh assembly.
Later on, Sega released complete SDKs, hardware kits and some libraries to ease I/O and graphics operations. Overall, games are written in a mix of C and various assemblies targeting individual components.
Peripheral management and real-time clock are also provided by the aforementioned System Management & Peripheral Control (SMPC). The SMPC is controlled with commands sent by the SH-2s.
This console bundles a considerable number of external connectors and interfaces that only received a handful of uses, at most.
Behind the drive there's a cartridge slot officially used for additional storage (save data) or extra RAM. In Japan and the United Stated, a modem was also offered to provide online functionality.
At the back of the console, there's a slot for a Video CD Card that performs MPEG decompression for programs/games that support it.
Finally, there's a mysterious socket at the back of the console called Communication Connector. Sega didn't publish any documentation for developers, but after some reverse engineering efforts, people discovered that it's connected to the SCSP's MIDI pins and the two SH-2's serial interface (SCI) [20]. In any case, Sega released a Floppy drive that relied on this interface.
In response to the easiness of cloning a CD, Saturn added a copy protection system (along with region locking) to control the distribution of games.
Copy protection on CDs is applied by burning special data (called 'system area') out of reach from conventional burners, the Saturn refuses to boot the disc as a 'game disc' if the out-of-reach data is not found or it's invalid. The disc reader also contains a custom SH-1 processor that interfaces with the rest of the console using obscured protocols.
It's worth mentioning that since Saturn CDs follow the ISO9660 (a standard file system for CD data), PCs can read the game disc without problems (but, of course, they can't execute the game unless they use an emulator).
First of all, the classic method used for disabling the copy protection consisted in installing a mod-chip that could trick the CD reader when a burned disc is inserted. There was also a 'swap trick' that consisted in hot-swapping a genuine disc with a burned one just after the protection checks passed… with the risk of damaging the drive!
After the turn of the century, alternative but more sophisticated methods used for running unauthorised code were discovered, for instance:
An exploit in the copy protection mechanism was found and it allowed to boot up any disc game without going through the copy protection checks. This was subsequently in the form of a cartridge called pseudosaturn [21]. Due to the use of the cartridge medium, Action Replay cartridges are often re-flashed with pseudosaturn (though the flasher also needs to be bootstrapped somehow, most commonly through the swap trick).
This method is still being used as of 2022, although a new fork of pseudosaturn named 'Pseudo Saturn Kai' is installed instead.
Another method was reported in 2016 (almost 20 years later) by exploiting the fact that the Video CD add-on can inject unencrypted code to the CD subsystem (bypassing the CD reader altogether). This finally allowed users to load Homebrew independently of the ageing drive. The Video CD exploit is commercially distributed in a product called 'Satiator' (I'm not sponsored, by the way).
Finally, there's another commercial alternative that replaces the CD reader with an SD or SATA adapter. The Saturn still thinks it's reading from a CD, but the 'CD' is being emulated by the adapter, which is in turn reading from a disc image [22]. These products are called Optical Drive Emulators (ODE).
A Japanese Saturn I acquired to get more material for this article. While the games look fine, it was thanks to the Saturn's enormous Homebrew library that I was able to understand the real capabilities of this console.
A list of desirable tools and latest acquisitions for this article are tracked in here:
Acquired tools used
A JAP Saturn console with a controller and a ODE installed (£280, luckily a one-time investment)
Title of article: Sega Saturn Architecture - A Practical Analysis
URL: https://classic.copetti.org/writings/consoles/sega-saturn/
Date of publication: August 3, 2019
@misc{copetti-saturn,
url = {https://classic.copetti.org/writings/consoles/sega-saturn/},
title = {Sega Saturn Architecture - A Practical Analysis},
[1]R. Copetti, "Sega Saturn Architecture - A Practical Analysis", Copetti.org, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://classic.copetti.org/writings/consoles/sega-saturn/. [Accessed: day- month- year].
James a.k.a Professor Abrasive, Saturn optical drive emulator . Archived. ↩
cyberwarriorx, Pseudosaturn . Github. ↩
Sega of America, Saturn SCSP user's manual . ↩
Sega of America, Saturn overview manual (temporary version 1 - it was never replaced). ↩
Hitachi, SH-2: SH7604 product brief (Rev 0.2). ↩
Nikkei Electronics, The story of the hitachi SH-2 and the sega saturn (Translation). 1997. ↩
Hitachi, Single chip RISC microcomputer SH7000 and SH7600 series programming manual .
Sega of America, Sega saturn dual CPU user's guide . ↩
Sega of America, Sega saturn technical bulletin .
Sega of America, SCU user's manual - third version . ↩
Kommunikation und verteilte Systeme, Lehrstuhl für informatik 4 - optical storage media . RWTH Aachen University. ↩
Sega of America, Disc format standards - specification sheet . ↩
yabause.org, SH-2CPU . ↩
yabause.org, SMPC . Archived. ↩
Tech Toy Tinker, Sega saturn development . Archived. ↩
Sega of America, VDP1 user's manual . ↩
Sega of America, VDP2 user's manual - version 1.1 . ↩
Sega of America, SGL developer's manual . ↩
Low Score Boy, Sega saturn graphic in-depth investigations . Youtube.
Matt Greer, The sega saturn and transparency . ↩
Jon Burton, Sonic r's "impossible" fading . Youtube. ↩
Dr. John T. Bell, Visible surface determination (overview of different algorithms) . ↩
sonicfangameshq.com, PROJECT z-TREME (sega saturn) author: SAGE 2019 tech demo . Archived. ↩
sonicfangameshq.com, Sonic z-treme (saturn) author: SAGE 2018 demo . Archived.
Sega of America, Boot ROM user's manual . ↩
The Models Resource, 3D models . Archived.
Evan Amos, The vanamo online game museum .
Rodrigo Copetti (Me), Diagrams, casual photos, screenshots and videos .
Added explanation on how the CD medium works, thanks @david4599
Added CPU history
Added Operating System section
Expanded Anti piracy section
Expanded Graphics section
Corrected info about VDPs pipeline and audio channels, thanks @fafling, @XL2 and @TrekkiesUnite118 from SegaXtreme
Improved sources format
Expanded audio section
Updated motherboard and diagram
Added mention of the Communication Connector
New sub-section explaining the visibility problem
New memory section, thanks /u/EmeraldNovaGames.
Added more content to the CPU section, thanks Ponut64 from Sega Xtreme.
Small corrections, thanks /r/SegaSaturn.
Improved some explanations.
Added 3d models.
Better wording.
Added a quick introduction.
Corrected some explanations.
Improved wording.
Ready for publication.
« Super Nintendo Architecture PlayStation Architecture »


text:
package zip_utils

import (
	"archive/zip"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"os"
	"path/filepath"
	"strings"
)

func extractSingleFile(file *zip.File, dest string) error {
	zippedFile, err := file.Open()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer zippedFile.Close()

	extractedFilePath := filepath.Join(dest, file.Name)

	if file.FileInfo().IsDir() {
		if err = os.MkdirAll(extractedFilePath, file.Mode()); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to create directory %s : %v", extractedFilePath, err)
		}
	} else {
		if err = os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(extractedFilePath), file.Mode()); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to create directory %s : %v", filepath.Dir(extractedFilePath), err)
		}

		outputFile, err := os.OpenFile(extractedFilePath, os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE|os.O_TRUNC, file.Mode())
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf(" failed to create file %s :%v", extractedFilePath, err)
		}
		defer outputFile.Close()

		if _, err = io.Copy(outputFile, zippedFile); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to copy %v to %s : %v", outputFile, zippedFile, err)
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// Unzips a file under the specified destination directory, optionally filtering out by subdirectory prefix.
func unzipFile(filename string, subdirectory string, dest string) error {
	zipReader, err := zip.OpenReader(filename)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer zipReader.Close()

	for _, file := range zipReader.Reader.File {
		if len(subdirectory) > 0 && !strings.HasPrefix(file.Name, subdirectory) {
			continue
		}
		err := extractSingleFile(file, dest)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// Unzips a file under the specified destination directory.
func UnzipFile(filename string, dest string) error {
	return unzipFile(filename, "", dest)
}

// Unzips a file under the specified destination directory, filtering out by subdirectory prefix.
func UnzipSubdirectoriesFromFile(filename string, subdirectory string, dest string) error {
	return unzipFile(filename, subdirectory, dest)
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Holidays to Madeira put the 'great' in the great outdoors. The island comes loaded with everything from tropical gardens to hiking trails worth lacing your boots up for.
Up-and-coming Madeira
Families and arty types aside, Madeira's rapidly becoming the destination of choice for the trendy twenty-something crowd. For one thing, the island is forging a reputation as one of Europe's top spa destinations, so it's girlie getaways a go-go. And, while it won't wipe Ibiza off the nightlife map any time soon, there's an up-and-coming club scene to boot.
Picture-perfect island
Wine and football aside, there's no question what brings people to this good-looking Portuguese isle. Its gardens. The whole island is so packed with plants and tropical flowers that it's been dubbed the Floating Garden. For the best, try Funchal on the south coast. It's home to the Madeira Botanical Gardens – an 80,000-square-metre patch showcasing something green from every continent. And if you're just interested in pretty views from above, head to the lookout point at Cabo Girao – it's Europe's highest cliff and comes complete with a glass-bottomed balcony.
Câmara de Lobos and Santa Cruz
Holidays to Madeira aren't just for towel-in-hand types. The pretty landscape of Câmara de Lobos, a fishing village that's 10 minutes' drive west of Funchal, prompted Winston Churchill to put paintbrush to canvas. And Santa Cruz, in the east, is a big hit with families, thanks to its pebbled beach and bustling pavement cafés.
Famous exports
It's a tough call to name Madeira's most famous export. On the one hand, you've got their sweet dessert wine. It goes down a treat – especially when it's splashed into a trifle. On the other, there's the fancy footwork of footballer Cristiano Ronaldo. Real Madrid's headline-grabbing midfielder was born in the island's capital, Funchal.
Ride a cable car over Funchal
Tuck into fresh seafood
Visit the Ronaldo museum
Destinations in Madeira
Holidays to Funchal dish up walks around flower-freckled gardens, lazy days at seafront lidos and boat trips to spot sperm whales.
Canico de Baixo
Canico de Baixo holidays pack in pretty pebbly beaches, both new and old towns, and easy access to the famous city of Funchal.
Holidays to Santana transport you to a world of natural wonder and slow-lane living on Portugal's far-flung volcanic island.
Holidays to Santo da Serra introduce you to golf courses and hiking trails with unspoiled views across Portugal's volcanic island.
Set above the volcanic remnants of ancient days, holidays to Sao Vicente truly take you the roots of Portugal's wild island.
It's the gold-sand beach that gets all the claps on Calheta holidays. Plus, restaurants and bars have shuffled their way up to the marina next door.
Surrounded by cliffs and fronted by a dramatic coastline, holidays to Ponta do Sol showcase the best of Portugal's far-off island wonderland.
Holidays to Santa Cruz take you to an away-from-it-all spot in Madeira. But with a waterpark, a kid-friendly beach, and easy access to the capital Funchal, you won't be short on things to do.
Show More Destinations Show Fewer Destinations
Dubrovnik and Islands
Porto Santo Island
Our destinations in Madeira
Family holidays in Madeira
Luxury holidays in Madeira
All inclusive holidays in Madeira
Last minute holidays in Madeira
DESTINATIONS IN Madeiray


text:
Top of the Gulf Regatta From 30 April 2015 - 04 May 2015
The annual Top of the Gulf Regatta takes place at Ocean Marina Yacht Club, Jomtien Beach, which has grown to become the largest by boat number and become the center of boat racing in Asia. Besides that, this event helps to promote the tourism of Pattaya. Top of the Gulf Regatta is an international boat racing which has the international standard from International Sailing Federation or ISAF. This competition also attracts various participants from various countries that sail Keel Boat and Multihulls, beach catamarans, dinghies and Optimists.
Songkran Festival 2015 From 12 April 2015 - 21 April 2015
Songkran or Water Festival is a Thai traditional New Year Day which falls on April 13-15 every year. It is one of the most important festivals that has been performed not only in Thailand but also in neighbouring countries. Traditionally, the activities in Songkran day begin in the early morning when faithful Thai Buddhists go to the temple to make merits by offering food to monks and listening to the Dhamma talk. In the afternoon, Thai Buddhists sprinkle scented water on Buddha images. During this time, the younger people ask blessings from the elders and pour scented water over their elders' hands. In return, the elders wish them good health, happiness and prosperity. Additionally, anyone who goes out on the street is likely to get a thorough soaking. The splashing water over friends or anyone will give them a new year blessing.
CHA-AM International Kite Festival 2015 From 28 March 2015 - 29 March 2015
There are many activities in this "International Kite Festival" to keep the participants occupied such as the shows of Fantasy kites from various countries along with the kite exhibition. There will plenty of food and handicraft booths everywhere.
Wai Khru Muay Thai Ceremony 17 March 2015
Wai Khru ceremony is a demonstration of the Muay Thai boxers' respect and gratitude to the teachers in submission to the serious and patient teaching and training. The ceremony is very important, which shows sincere appreciation and perseverance and also raise the spirit of the boxers. In the earlier day of the event, the boxers have to attend the rituals to worship Nai Khanom Tom who was the famous Thai boxer. Next, enjoy Thai art and culture performances including the traditional Thai tattoo, making of Aranyik swords, performing of Thai martial arts, and an exhibition of ancient weapons. In the late afternoon, there are Wai Khru Muay Thai ceremony, worshipping Thai ancestral kings and brave soldiers who protected the motherland; namely King Naresuan the Great, King Suea, and Phraya Phichai Dap Hak and see the demonstrative performance at night.
The Golden Kinship Celebration 19 February 2015
China and Thailand have forged a lasting kinship through their shared history and descendants of Thailand. Also, this month in 2015, it is a special occasion to celebrate the 60th birthday of Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn. There will be various performance in this event which is the cooperation between Thailand and The People's Republic of China. Besides that, there will be street-market along the Yaowarat Street.
Chinese New Year Festival 19 February 2015
Chinese New Year is the most important traditional Chinese holidays, which is the longest and most important festivity in the Chinese calendar. Chinese New Year is celebrated in countries and territories with significant Chinese populations such as Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Singapore, Vietnam and Thailand. People spend their money to buy presents, decorations, materials, food, and clothing. It is also traditional for every family to thoroughly cleanse the house, in order to sweep away any ill-fortune and to make way for good incoming luck. In Thailand, each year, visitors can experience the traditional Chinese culture in many areas throughout the country, each unique area attracts thousands of visitors to enjoy the events.
Honda LPGA Thailand 2015 19 February 2015
Honda LGPA is the ladies professional golf tournament which top 60's world money list woman golfers and 10 exemptions compete in the 72-hole stroke play. Moreover, the event has served as the platform for the development of women's golf in Thailand. It also has given opportunity to the youth to play alongside the world's best golfers at the tournament and to compete at the highest level of women's golf.
Wedding Ceremony on Elephants Back 14 February 2015
Wedding Registration on Elephants is held on Valentine's day at Elephant Study Center, Tah Toom District, Surin Province. The ceremony known as "Sud Tae Ceremony", is the traditional wedding of the local tribe called "Guay". The highlight during the ceremony is the marriage registration on the elephant-back, symbolizing the love of the couples on Valentine's day. It is believed that the wedding registration on elephants will bring about good fortune and prosperity to the couples. Additionally, the couples will experience in many activities such as Bai Si Soo Kwan, a parade of a symbolic sum of money representing dowry, traditional drum performance and dancing. This wedding ceremony is very unique and will be the unforgettable memories of all couples.
PTT Pattaya Women's Open From 08 February 2015 - 15 February 2015
The Tennis "PTT Pattaya Open" is a women's professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts, which is one of the longest women tennis tournament in the world history with the top vote as the Tournament of the Year in 2010 at the international series category. Many world top tennis players come to join this exciting tennis tournament every year that will attract more visitors to come to Thailand. The tournament not only focuses on attracting the world's top tennis stars, but also supports the local Thai tennis players by offering them wild cards into the qualifying rounds and the main
Discover Thainess Parade 14 January 2015
Discover Thainess Parade is the event that offers the story of Thainess via the traditional parade which shows the essence of 'Thainess' through the Thai way of life, Thai culture and Thai experiences.


Results 1 - 12 of 26 Die Feststellung von Lücken im Gesetz: Eine methodologische Studie über Voraussetzungen und Grenzen der richterlichen. Editorial Reviews. Review. "Die große Festschrift wird dem großen Anlass gerecht. Sie könnte Buy Privatrechtsdogmatik im Jahrhundert: Festschrift für Claus-Wilhelm Canaris zum Geburtstag (German Edition): Read Kindle Store Reviews. Claus-Wilhelm Canaris (born 1 July , Liegnitz, Germany) is a German . is a East German film about the history of the Red Orchestra espionage ring. Canaris is a West German drama film directed by Alfred Weidenmann and starring O. E. Hasse, Barbara Rütting and Adrian Hoven. It portrays real events during the Second World War when Wilhelm Canaris Alice Treff as Fräulein Winter; Herbert Wilk as Hauptmann Degenhard; Klaus Miedel as André, Franz.
Until his retirement in he was professor of Private LawCommercial law and Labour law the University of Munich. Canaris was born in Liegnitz claus wilhelm canaris movies, Germany.
His father was Constantin Canaris. He was appointed full professor at the University of Graz inat the University of Hamburg in and finally returned to Munich in taking the chair of his academic teacher Karl Larenz. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediatelyespecially if potentially libelous or harmful.
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The Province of Cebu, through 2019 Annual Budget intends to apply the sum of ONE MILLION FOUR HUNDRED THOUSAND PESOS ONLY (Php1,400,000.00) being the Approved Budget for the Contract (ABC) to payments under the contract for the SUPPLY AND DELIVERY OF ONE (1) LOT VARIOUS FISHING MATERIALS (DRUM FLOATS, BALL FLOATS, ROPES & PLYNET) FOR DISTRIBUTION TO IDENTIFIED 20 SANCTUARY SITES OF CEBU PROVINCE under Advertisement No. 19-030. Bids received in excess of the ABC shall be automatically rejected at bid opening.
The Province of Cebu now invites bids for the SUPPLY AND DELIVERY OF ONE (1) LOT VARIOUS FISHING MATERIALS (DRUM FLOATS, BALL FLOATS, ROPES & PLYNET) FOR DISTRIBUTION TO IDENTIFIED 20 SANCTUARY SITES OF CEBU PROVINCE. Delivery of the Goods is FORTY-FIVE (45) CALENDAR DAYS. Bidders should have completed, within two (2) years from the date of submission and receipt of bids, a single contract similar to the Project. The description of an eligible bidder is contained in the Bidding Documents, particularly, in Section II. Instructions to Bidders.


text:
package com.google.gxp.compiler.validate;

import com.google.gxp.compiler.alerts.ErrorAlert;
import com.google.gxp.compiler.alerts.SourcePosition;
import com.google.gxp.compiler.base.AbbrExpression;

/**
 * An {@link com.google.gxp.compiler.alerts.Alert Alert} that indicates that
 * a conflicting variable name was found.  This can come from either nested
 * <gxp:abbr>s with the same name, or a <gxp:abbr> with the same name as a
 * <gxp:param>.
 */
public class ConflictingVarNameError extends ErrorAlert {
  public ConflictingVarNameError(SourcePosition pos, String displayName, String name) {
    super(pos, displayName + " has the same name as an outer variable: " + name);
  }

  public ConflictingVarNameError(AbbrExpression abbr) {
    this(abbr.getSourcePosition(), abbr.getDisplayName(), abbr.getName());
  }
}


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Q: Auto-hide taskbar in Chrome I use the auto-hide taskbar feature and I have problems with Google Chrome when it is maximized: the taskbar will not pop up at mouse hover over the taskbar position (really annoying).
I know that Google admits it is a bug and it hasn't been fixed yet, and probably it will never be fixed.
My question is if you know a workaround to avoid this issue.

A: Apply a theme to Google Chrome to fix it.

A: You can temporarily force out the auto-hidden taskbar from cover by bringing up the Start menu.
Use Ctrl + Esc to force the Windows Start menu to display, and with it, the taskbar will pop up.

A: Try pressing F11 twice.  It works for some.

A: Yes, to get the task bar back, Restore Down, or double click an empty place on top. Then minimize the window. Then Restore the window, then Maxamize it. :) It works for me.

A: From a Google support thread here:

I'm running Windows 7, 32 bit and had the same problem that the taskbar (on autohide) won't appear with Chrome maximized. I solved this by setting the Properties -> Compatibility -> Compatibility mode to "Windows Vista (Service Pack 2)" for chrome.exe.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Christie's auctioned off an artificial intelligence (AI) artwork for the first time this past October, hard on the heels of a pioneering all-AI art exhibition held at New Delhi gallery Nature Morte. While the market is eager to move the work, the field raises questions about ownership, obsolescence and the art world jobs that algorithms can't do.
Detail of Mario Klingemann, Chicken or Meat? Series 1, 2018. Courtesy of the artist.
Many makers of AI art use generative adversarial networks (GANs), technology that allows a computer to study a library of images or sounds, make its own content according to what it has learned, test its own success against the original media, and then try again, improving incrementally through trial and error. The artworks resulting from this back-and-forth between two artificial neural networks—which include prints on paper, videos, and multimedia installations—are often disquietingly lifelike, the flora and fauna of the uncanny valley.
Munich-based Mario Klingemann, for instance, trained an algorithm on portraits of Old MastersOld Masters paintings before exposing it to webcam footage of himself (see above picture). The process results in a video of melting, many-eyed grotesques that are often compared to the works of Francis BaconFrancis Bacon.
Detail of Memo Akten, Deep Meditations, 2018. Courtesy of Nature Morte, New Delhi.
London-based Turkish artist Memo Akten was among the first artists to sell an AI artwork, with his GCHQ fetching $8,000 at a charity auction Google hosted in San Francisco in 2016. Two years later, Christie's auctioned off its first AI artwork: a piece by Paris-based collective Obvious, entitled Portrait of Edmond Belamy (2018), which has sold for $432,000. Its impressive price would seem to suggest that in future we will get computers to make art for us!
Portrait of Edmond Bellamy at Christie's in New York. Photograph: Timothy A Clary/AFP/Getty Images.
In some respects, AI art is like any other nascent form trying to elbow out some space in the art market. Aparajita Jain, the co-director of Nature Morte, says she priced the works in the gallery's recent "Gradient Descent" exhibition "quite aggressively" from $500 to $40,000, to help establish AI art as a genre. One piece that the gallery sold was by Wellington artist Tom White, who creates Kandinsky-esque abstracts from AI understandings of everyday items such as binoculars and electric fans. Jain says the show has attracted a new audience, suggesting that AI art could help grow the market with demographics outside of the finance and real estate crowds that dominate the art market. "I've seen many atypical art collectors purchasing my work—including scientists, video game makers, and researchers in computer vision and AI," White says.
Tom White, Electric Fan, from the series "Perception Engines" 2018. Courtesy of Nature Morte, New Delhi.
In press materials for "Gradient Descent", the gallery Nature Morte stated that the works are created "entirely by AI in collaboration with artists". Obvious even signed their work with the mathematical equation for the algorithm they used, rather than the collective's name. As much as artists and gallerists may enjoy attributing authorship to AI, and emphasize that they cannot anticipate just what an AI algorithm will produce, legally, there is no doubt as to whether it's the human artist or the AI who owns the finished work. AI is simply a tool artists use, the way a photographer uses a camera or Adobe Photoshop in the creation of their images, says Jessica Fjeld, assistant director of the Cyberlaw Clinic at Harvard Law School.
"Humans are deeply involved with every aspect of the creation and training of today's AI technologies, and this will continue to be true tomorrow and for the foreseeable future," Fjeld says. "For me, the far more interesting question is who among these people acquire rights in the outputs, not whether the software itself could have any claim of ownership," she adds. Fjeld and her research partner Mason Kortz identify four key elements that go into AI art, each of which implicate copyright in various ways. These are: (1) the inputs; (2) the learning algorithm; (3) the trained algorithm; and (4) the outputs themselves.
All of the artworks mentioned in this article are being sold as outputs—prints, videos, and installations. Someone who copied these outputs and attempted to resell them would infringe on the human artist's copyright, no different than if they'd forged an oil painting or reproduced a photograph without permission. But AI art does throw up some new challenges.
Detail of Harshit Agrawal, The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Algorithm, 2018. Courtesy of Nature Morte, New Delhi.
While much AI art is made using open-source resources, such as Google's TensorFlow and Facebook's Torch environment, Fjeld says artists who create their own algorithms (elements 2 and 3) own those, too. "The artist could sell the code as a work, though I'm not aware of that having happened yet," she says. It's an interesting idea, though, and one that may appeal to collectors, who could then use an AI artist to create their own, previously unseen outputs.
Preserving the means to execute code as it was intended—especially where it interacts with proprietary software or hardware—could be challenging, however. Also many artists making AI art rely on public domain image or audio libraries to train their algorithms. ImageNet, SoundNet and Google Art are popular examples. One reason for this is that using copyrighted images in a training set (element 1) could yield outputs that too closely resemble a certain image.
In theory, "Gradient Descent" curator says the fact that AI artists don't copy images or audio per se means they should be free to learn from copyrighted images, too, just as art students learn from textbooks and trips to MoMA. Anna Ridler, another of the artists in "Gradient Descent" is even more copyright hygienic, using her own sketches and photography in her training sets. "It is this construction of a database—what to include, what not to include, that becomes a creative act and very much part of the piece," she says. "Because these databases are, in a way, in themselves artworks (I've made them), it will be nearly impossible for someone to replicate my work," Ridler says.
Anna Ridler, Untitled (from the Second training set), from the series "Fall of the House of Usher" 2018. Courtesy of Nature Morte, New Delhi.
AI art does not pose an immediate threat to the livelihoods of human artists. Human artists using AI own their work—as long as it's created using open source algorithms and training sets, or those they've created themselves. But the rise of AI art has far broader long-term implications for the art market. The curator Kalyanaraman, believes it has the potential to change non–AI art as radically as the invention of photography changed painting, giving rise to Impressionism, Expressionism and other schools more interested in the expression of uniquely human perception and emotion. He suggests that human artists using AI could easily create novel forms in painting and even surprising and challenging conceptual art, to the extent that such art is a direct visualization of a description.
Artists whose work simply looks new (like Piet Mondrian's did), or can be described rather than felt, may see interest in their practice decline, and collectors of such works may see them lose value, the same way merely realistic images are no longer all that compelling in the age of photography, Photoshop, and digital illustration. Kalyanaraman offers Mark Rothko and Paul Klee, painters that, in different ways, emphasize the experience of a work as a relationship between two sentient beings—the former by engulfing the viewer in a tsunami of fire, the latter by tickling his feet—as the sort of artists who will endure.
"All of our perception is bundled in with our emotions," he says. That sort of thing will be much harder for an algorithm to approximate.


OFFICE workers gave up their Saturday morning to transform the interior of the Berkshire County Blind Society.
Staff from businesses on Arlington Park in Theale grabbed a paintbrush each and got to work on the building in Erleigh Road, east Reading.
volunteers tidied up the garden.
Richard Cochrane, chief executive of the Berkshire County Blind Society, said: "It was a big job they did and they really were working flat out.
"The staff couldn't believe their eyes when they came in on Monday morning and saw how nice and bright it looked.
"It's a complete transformation. We really couldn't be more delighted."
Staff from Arlington Securities, Ernst & Young, Prudential, Field Seymour Parkes and Osborne Clarke started the Berkshire Community Foundation Community Spirit Project at the Blind Society on Thursday night by washing down the walls.


Focusing on the core values of Islam and its impact on of the lives of people.
Haboub al Khair lectures will start from 3rd of Ramadan until 9th Ramadan - from May 19 to 25 and will be held at four mosques across the UAE, including Mirdif Grand Mosque in Dubai, Amna Al Kabeer Mosque in Ajman, Shaheed Issa Al Badwawi Mosque in Hatta, and Sheikh Zayed Mosque in Umm Al Quwain.
A total of 28 lectures will be held in Arabic, dealing with various concerns such as the family and community, the path to righteousness, fasting and repentance, reflections on a happy life, the various aspects pertaining to the Names of Allah, and other topics enriching the faith of Muslims during the holy month of Ramadan and throughout the year.
Emirati reciters of the Holy Qur'an will hold Taraweeh prayers before lectures throughout the entire week-long program at Mirdif Grand Mosque.
Moreover, Haboub al Khair has been expanded this year to include the expat Muslim communities. A total of seven lectures will be held at various mosques around Dubai which will be delivered by Imams in different languages, including English, Malabari, Urdu and Bengali.


Let classical music fill your ears at Dillington House - a stunning concert venue nestled in the beautiful, yet accessible, South Somerset countryside.
The theatre was created from the old coach house in 1962, before being completely rebuilt in 1993. It has excellent acoustics and sightlines, and is the perfect size for chamber music and other small-scale performances.
Dillington House has been bringing internationally renowned musicians to the West Country since the 1960s. In its earliest days, the theatre played host to performers such as Dame Janet Baker, Peter Pears, Bernard Roberts, Mitsuko Uchida, Jacqueline du Pre, Julian Bream and the Amadeus Quartet.
More recent visitors include The Brodowski String Quartet, Bernard d'Ascoli, The Allegri String Quartet, The Sacconi String Quartet, The Pavao String Quartet, Ian Bostridge, Elizabeth Watts, Jack Liebeck and Charles Owen.
December sees the staging of a very popular festive concert, while every August, Dillington House hosts a classical guitar festival - a series of public concerts devoted to the guitar, and timed to coincide with our popular Guitar Summer School.
But this is only a taste of what's on offer: to find out more about our upcoming concerts, follow the links below.
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Q: how to connect oracle in excel in windows 7 64 bit I am trying to connect to Oracle Database with MS Excel 2007 in windows 7 64-bit.
The oracle database being present in my manager laptop, and I have database name,username,password and IP address. When I am trying to connect I get below image error.
Please help me in these with simple steps!!

A: The error message indicates that the Oracle client is not installed on the local machine. You say the database is on a different machine (server). ODBC cannot access remote software: you need to install the Oracle client software on the PC where you want to use Excel.
The Oracle Instant Client should have everything you need. It's a lightweight install designed for just this scenario. Download it from OTN here.


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The instance Christian Science in the light of Holy Scripture, by I.M. Haldeman represents a material embodiment of a distinct intellectual or artistic creation found in Biddle Law Library. This resource is a combination of several types including: Instance, Electronic.
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A La Niña weather pattern could shake up winter forecasts across the country.
High snow totals are expected in the Rocky Mountains and across northern states, into the Great Lakes.
If temperatures dip a little, as they did last week, the La Niña pattern can mean more snow for folks in the south and northeast as well.
Dreams of a white Christmas may come true this year.
The National Weather Service is out with its predictions for the beginning of winter (which starts December 21), and its shaping up to be a month of heavy snow around the Great Lakes. The week of December 24 is expected to usher in high winds for the southwestern US and heavy rain across the lower Mississippi Valley and the southeast.
We've already seen a very snowy fall. Earlier this month, people from Texas to Florida were pummelled with unusual snow totals – spots in the Florida panhandle got up to 2 inches, while Corpus Christi, Texas saw its eighth-snowiest day in recorded history, with a full inch of powder.
"Those are areas where we wouldn't even talk about a snowfall forecast in general, because it's such a rare event there,"Meteorologist Stephen Baxter, who studies long-term seasonal forecasts at the National Weather Service, told Business Insider.
Meanwhile in New York City, seven inches of snow were recorded last week in Central Park. That's a high total for a place that usually gets an average of 35 inches over an entire year.
Baxter said some of the seasonal weirdness can be explained by this year'sLa Niña weather pattern. A La Niña wintergenerally ushers in wet, snowy winters for the northern states (especially in the Great Lakes region and the Rocky mountains) and a warm, dry season in the South. But when temperatures dip, as they did last week, that can mean a lot of snow – even in the south.
It's slightly paradoxical: A mild La Nina effect can lead to more snow for everybody.
La Nina weather patterns tend to block the west-to-east flow of the jet stream, and more storms gets stuck over the Pacific Ocean.
Snowy weather in the Rockies is good news, Baxter said – both for ski resorts and the annual water stores in the mountains of the western US.
"We expect a fairly healthy snow pack to develop this year," he said, a welcome trend for water resource managers. ButLa Niña also means its likely there will be less precipitation in other spots.
"That includes parts of Southern California where drought could be exacerbated by dry weather," Baxter said. That region has already been devastated by a dry, hot summer and a fall full of crippling wildfires.
This all comes with the usual caveats, of course: While this winter is projected to be a mild one for much of the country, long-range forcasts are never certain.


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Amadou Traoré ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Amadou Traoré (Sänger) († 2014), burkinischer Sänger
 Amadou Traoré (Fußballspieler, 1979) (* 1979), burkinischer Fußballspieler
 Amadou Traoré (Fußballspieler, 2002) (* 2002), französisch-guineischer Fußballspieler

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The Government's media officials were unable to confirm or deny reports that Prime Minister Tuilaepa Dr. Sa'ilele Malielegaoi required urgent medical treatment when he arrived in China on Sunday.
A source in China told BTL that the Prime Minister was on a flight from Auckland when he became unwell. He was reportedly taken to a hospital from the airport.
The Samoa Observer contacted the C.E.O. of the Ministry of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, Agafili Shem Leo, for a comment yesterday.
At press time last night, nothing had been received.
Let's hope our Prime Minister is in good health in China.
The definition of Independence Day has a distorted definition these days.
Leaders can celebrate and talk of so many achievements over the years but you are still not free.
Pacific countries like Samoa, Fiji, Solomon Islands celebrate Independence Day every year, but remnants of colonial influence still remain … religion, building structures and the English language itself to name a few. And there are other Pacific Island countries who are still struggling for freedom.
Papua New Guinea, for one, celebrated 43 years of Independence … it makes you wonder what about West Papua … will they ever join the celebration..?
Funny that New Zealand Broadcaster who said Pacific Islanders are "leeches" and only want money from New Zealand. She is obviously badly informed.
But then that's not surprising.
To start with, she is from Africa where they apparently say things like that all the time.
And she obviously hasn't read up on the history of the mutual relationship between Pacific countries and New Zealand where the latter has benefitted from immensely. Just take rugby for instance.
So technically she's right about the "leeches" part.
But it's a two-way street. New Zealand is as much a leech to the Pacific as we are to them.


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OTHER READERSBest Publishing2020-07-31T00:55:20+03:00
Best Readers Series
LEVEL 1: 'How Wrong Can You Be?'
'How Wrong Can You Be?' is the story of a kidnapping involving the daughter of a famous football team manager.
The Best Readers are a series of simplified reading books for the schools, written by British authors who have long experience of teaching. The stories are of many different kinds. Some are adventure stories of the traditional type, while others are real-life stories of rescue from disaster or travelers' tales with a non-fiction element giving students the opportunity to learn about other countries and cultures.
All the recordings were made at a studio in London.
Unlike the 'City of Secrets' series, where the same story continues throughout four books, each story in the Best Readers series is an independent unit.
All Stories specially written for the Series
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Richly and Creatively Illustrated
Vocabulary explained at the back of the Book
Before Reading and After Reading questions on each section of the Story
LEVEL 2: 'Land of the Long White Cloud'
'Land of the Long White Cloud' is about an English girl who goes to New Zealand and makes friends with some of the country's original inhabitants – the Maoris.
LEVEL 3: 'Incident at Eagle Rock'
'Incident at Eagle Rock' is the true story of a father and son who lose their way while skiing at Kartalkaya and have to survive in the mountains for days before they are finally rescued.
LEVEL 4: 'Short, Sweet and Sour'
'Short, Sweet and Sour' is a collection of short stories that make us think about the darker and funnier sides of the human imagination. What is real? What do we imagine? How does what we believe change us?
C.E.F B1+ & B2
Back to Readers Page.