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The History of Prefabrication: From Roman Forts to Modern Modular Housing
Author Redshift Video
History of Prefab Homes
Narrator: What do Roman forts, the Eiffel Tower, and post–World War II housing have in common? They're all built with a type of construction known as prefabrication.
Prefabrication allows various building elements to be built off-site in a factory or workshop and fitted together on-site, revolutionizing the industry by cutting down on time, cost, and labor needed to create a structure. Inspired by building techniques dating as far back as the Mesopotamian civilization, the first known prefab house was a panelized wood home shipped from England to Massachusetts, as housing for a fishing fleet.
Bungalows and Prefabricated Kit Houses
By 1837, prefabricated farm buildings and bungalows were becoming popular, and a London carpenter called Henry Manning produced the portable cottage for export to Australia. Just two years later, kit houses were shipped by rail for settlers during the California Gold Rush. Architects, engineers, and inventors began experimenting with cast iron, concrete, and other materials to explore how the technology could be developed.
The Eiffel Tower and Prefab Homes Postwar
And thanks to these explorations, a major milestone is reached in 1889 when Gustav Eiffel's temporary tower was assembled out of prefabricated iron elements in Paris. Because prefab groups similar construction tasks together and leverages assembly-line techniques, the Eiffel Tower was built very quickly and significantly cut down on the cost and labor required to build the iconic structure.
A few years later, the world's first prefabricated, precast concrete–paneled apartment blocks were pioneered in Liverpool, and soon after, Chicago-based Sears, Roebuck and Company set up an operation that packaged and shipped more than 400 different types of homes and buildings to anybody who had access to cash and a catalog. From 1908 to 1940, the company sold nearly 75,000 prefabricated homes. This was a significant accomplishment in making affordable housing available to anyone, fueled by the assembly-line and manufacturing techniques unleashed in the Industrial Revolution.
In 1917, Thomas Edison came up with the idea for building homes out of cast-in-place concrete. While they weren't a universal success, his revolutionary ideas paved the way for today's innovations and affordable 3D-printed housing.
Ten years later, prefabricated building helped solved housing shortages for post–World War I Europe. The industrial manufacturing methods that were essential during wartime were now key in creating prefab homes. And after the crash of '29, prefab housing sprang to life in the US, as traditionally built houses costing $5,000 or more could serve only a fraction of America.
Modular and Mobile Homes
In the same year, Buckminster Fuller began developing his vision for a metal-dome home that could be easily disassembled and transported. Six years later, in 1935, another design classic appeared in the shape of Wally Byam's Airstream Clipper. Technological advancements continued, and taking inspiration from Henry Ford's assembly-line production style, a developer called William Levitt singlehandedly created Levittown, New York, using a rapid-construction process. His 750-square-foot Cape Cod homes could be created in an amazing 16 minutes.
The postwar prefab-housing boom meant that by 1960, mobile homes accounted for 15% of US housing. In 1967, Moshe Safdie's Habitat 67 was presented at the World Expo. A few years later, architect Zvi Hecker pushed the boundaries of prefab housing even further with the striking Ramot housing complex.
In 1996, IKEA and Swedish construction company Skanska teamed up to create BoKlok houses, making homeownership attainable for Scandinavians with modest incomes. Yet what prefab made up for in cost and labor efficiency, it lacked in design. And throughout the 1990s, there was a decline in interest in prefab due to the stigma of over-standardization that developed around modular homes.
Tech Boosts Prefab With BIM, 3D Printing, Automation
By the 2000s, however, there was a renewed interest. In 2003, a prototype of a mobile dwelling unit was unveiled by LOT-EK. The unit was a converted shipping container, which featured extendable and retractable modules. Further breakthroughs in 3D printing made it possible to scale the fabrication of construction components and modules, whether houses, bridges, or skyscrapers.
In 2010, Broad Sustainable Building, specialists in low-cost, earthquake-resistant buildings, completed the 57-story Ark Hotel in Changsha, China, in just 19 days. And by 2016, the world's tallest building made with modular construction appeared in the New York skyline. One year later, KEF Infra harnessed the power of building information modeling and 3D-design software to build a 500-bed modular hospital in Calicut, which had one-quarter the per-bed cost of standard US hospital beds.
In 2018, Factory_OS opened its doors, a company that provides affordable prefabricated apartment units to the San Francisco Bay Area. Today, architects and designers continue to explore how prefabrication can change the world. The arrival of BIM, 3D printing, and automation have reawakened the possibilities. With further technological innovations, the creation of sustainable infrastructure in developing countries, and the mass production of affordable housing, the AEC industry is laying the groundwork for the future of building.
This article has been updated. It was originally published in February 2019.
The Redshift Video team creates compelling customer stories and thought-leadership videos.
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text:
Fu il quarantesimo vescovo di Arezzo.

Fratello di Ranieri, marchese di Toscana, resse la diocesi fra il 986 e il 1010.

Elemperto, oltre ad essere vescovo di Arezzo, era anche un feudatario, conte di Cesa in Val di Chiana, come dimostra un placito del 25 marzo 1010 pronunciato davanti al vescovo Elemberto nella sua casa dominicale posta in Cesa nelle Chiane; questo documento, rende storicamente certa la sua appartenenza ai Marchesi Bourbon del Monte Santa Maria.

Nel corso del suo episcopato, curò molte opere che diedero grande impulso alla diocesi aretina. Il duomo vecchio di Santa Maria e Santo Stefano, antica sede vescovile situata fuori delle mura della città, venne ristrutturato e consacrato da papa Giovanni XVIII.  Fu riorganizzata anche la scuola delle Arti liberali e della Sacre Scritture per la formazione culturale dei chierici, presso il cattedrale di San Donato. Nel 998 l'imperatore Ottone III, in visita alle reliquie di San Donato, incontrò il vescovo e il clero della diocesi.

In seguito ad una decisione del vescovo, il monastero benedettino di Sant'Angelo alla Ginestra fu trasformato in ospedale, ovvero in un luogo di accoglienza e ricovero per i pellegrini, che percorrevano la strada verso Roma.

Fu fondatore della Badia a Prataglia, oggi Badia Prataglia, e amico di San Romualdo a cui donò la vasta selva di Camaldoli.

Alla sua morte lasciò alla mensa vescovile di Arezzo i suoi beni patrimoniali della contea di Cesa.

Note

Voci correlate
Monastero di Sant'Angelo alla Ginestra

Collegamenti esterni

Vescovi di Arezzo

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Small-scale trade in Africa and the associated aspects are a much debated topic for many years. The central challenges are for the most part described on the basis of a shortage of capital, network analyses, crisis management strategies, adverse framework conditions and the characteristics of informal trade. Most recent research approaches give priority to the aspect of microcredits which allow small traders a better liquidity and are thus supposed to be a way out of poverty. The debate about small traders in the sub-Saharan context, however, has a relatively sparse focus on the response mechanisms of small traders to trading venues which are subject to constant change. The frequently occurring assumption that informal trade predominantly takes place without any institutional frame, quasi in a free space without regulation by an institution, is only partly applicable. How precise such framework conditions are designed and which influence they have on the small traders' ability to act is often left out – particularly since institutions which are supposed to manage the economic framework of the small traders, partly also in the informal sector and in the case of the present research on Chisokone market, are not at all able to cope with these administrative challenges. Regarding the preliminary considerations the present research wants to resolve the question which action strategies of small traders in both a fragile and unsecure but for many sub-Saharan countries typical institutional trading framework are promising, and which personnel and economic requirements have to be in place. The reaction to an institutional structure from the small traders' perspective will be described to answer the research question. Weak institutions are often not the only problem in the sub-Saharan context. The market players have to develop approaches adapted to the economic context which involve both classical business strategies and in addition action strategies which are rather unusual at a first glance. Chisokone market had been chosen as field of research because it is located in the centre of the copper belt and depicts the typical characteristics and challenges of small-scale trade in Zambia. This applies particularly for the informal but also increasingly for the formal sector. The field of research shows furthermore the prevailing difficulty in Zambia of local state and semi-state institutions to provide a functioning administration in this context. Another aspect here is that Chisokone market, although a central economic hub in the copper belt, lingers in a legal grey area. Theoretical concepts are suitable for analysing the field of research which take into account the relationship between individuals and institutions. Thus, the research initially deals with the new institutional economics where rationality assumptions and transaction cost models are predominant. In simple terms, the new institutional economics assumes that utility-maximizing individuals cooperate productively with each other in an incentive and punitive system. Such coherences, however, can only explain a part of the relationships between the traders and appearing institutions. The concept of neo-institutionalism takes into account by means of the decoupling theory that institutions may vary significantly in their actual procedures from their principal formal structure. This subsequently presented concept comes closer to the actual situation in Kitwe but is supplemented by the stakeholder-centred institutionalism. It takes questions regarding the interaction of stakeholders and institutions to the centre which contribute to the understanding of the establishment and transformation of institutions as they occur on Chisokone market. The increasingly closer Sino-African relations and the associated impacts on lower economic structures are also part of the subject matter of research. Local Chinese traders may not be an entirely new phenomenon but the increased competitive situation on the micro level is. This development affects even small traders in Africa over the past few years and they have to deal with this new group of traders. The central question against the background of the debate about institutional influence on small traders is examined by means of qualitative methods in part 3. Small traders, officials and experts in connection with Chisokone market were questioned with the assistance of semi-structured guideline interviews. Part 3 also describes the access to the field and the selection procedure. In addition, the method of observation was used which ensured a more holistic view to the field of research. The subsequent part 4 shows in detail the Chisokone market and its history, the most important characteristics and clarifies to what extent informal or formal economic activities are an issue. Part 5 deals with the institutions of Chisokone market and shows their roles. The following part addresses the impacts of the institutional insecurity on the subject matter of research. On the basis of empirical findings, part 7 shows in detail which strategies the small traders use. Following this, the typing commonly used in social sciences and already briefly mentioned in the section on methods is applied to answer the question of the personnel and economic requirements for successful trading. The section on results discusses possibilities and ways which measures in improving the economic surrounding for small traders seem really to make sense without entering into a debate in terms of development policy. Adequate action strategies and solution mechanism of small traders on Chisokone market can only be considered against the background of numerous personnel, institutional and political factors. On the basis of the present research it turned out that successful acting in the small-scale trade sector in Kitwe, but also throughout Zambia and possibly in similar structures in further countries of sub-Saharan Africa, does not only depend on operational aspects. Appropriate operational action strategies are the basic element for a successful business. If the small traders comply with them, the prospect to survive in the market is high. Nevertheless, skilful trading is often not enough because the local economic framework conditions are extremely unsecure and unpredictable. To face these challenges, the question was raised at the beginning which strategies could be promising in this regard. It is hardly surprising to see that classical business calculations such as an appropriate selection of the product range, a proper procurement policy and network strategies are favourable conditions for a positive business development in an admittedly rather unusual environment. The institutions which are supposed to do lobby work, want to impart entrepreneurial skills and represent the small traders' rights on their behalf are, at least in Kitwe, unsuitable due to their ineffectiveness. This creates conditions which provide economic development opportunities only to those who have an exceptional talent, affinity to create networks and a high willingness to take risks. In this context typing can show that only a small part of the small traders has all the skills to develop strategies which live up to the environment of Chisokone market. Their formula for success includes the following elements: • Assortment avoiding mass products with an excessive range of goods • Procurement of goods abroad allowing high profit margins; decoupling from local intermediaries • Hybrid business form also covering the supply of good for other small traders • Personal and local dissociation from institutional stakeholders involved in power struggles • Transfer to the formal sector • Separation of private and business funds • Dosed recruitment from family members The correct way to deal with local institutions can only be one part of the overall package of an enterprise. Nevertheless, it turned out that a large part of the traders, also due to their low economic affinity, uses another emphasis and invests a lot of time and resources in the interaction with such stakeholders. The rationality myths mentioned in the theoretical part play a major role in this context. Small traders, who lack entrepreneurial experience, often give credit to the announcements of the traders' organizations. In doing so, they lose sight of the fact that it is mostly more reasonable to decouple the course of business as far as possible from the activities of the institutional stakeholders. Moreover, it could be demonstrated that the mentioned environment even had been created by the traders themselves. The theoretical concept starting with institutional economics through to stakeholder-centred institutionalism constitutes a superstructure which nonetheless only explains by bits to what extent a trading environment undergoes changes. If the state has not created profound administrative structures, alternative structures occur. As Chisokone market shows, they cannot serve as a substitute for a functioning market management. This aspect applies in particular to a limitation of the number of traders which gives rise to a far too big supply.
Der Kleinhandel in Afrika und die damit verbundenen Aspekte sind ein seit Jahren viel diskutiertes Themenfeld. Die zentralen Herausforderungen werden zumeist anhand von Kapitalmangel, Netzwerkanalysen, Krisenbewältigungsstrategien, ungünstigen Rahmenbedingungen und den Charakteristika des informellen Handelns beschrieben. Neuere Forschungsansätze rücken den Aspekt der Mikrokredite in den Vordergrund, der Kleinhändlern eine bessere Liquidität ermöglicht und sie so aus der Armut führen soll. Allerdings erfolgt in der Debatte um Kleinhändler im subsaharischen Kontext eine relativ geringe Fokussierung auf die Reaktionsmechanismen von Kleinhändlern auf Handelsplätze, die permanenten Veränderungen unterworfen sind. Die dabei vielfach vorkommende Annahme, dass informelles Handeln überwiegend ohne institutionellen Rahmen, quasi in einem freien Raum ohne Regulation einer Institution stattfindet, trifft nur teilweise zu. Es bleibt oft außen vor, wie exakt solche Rahmenbedingungen ausgestaltet sind und welchen Einfluss sie auf die Handlungsmöglichkeiten der Kleinhändler haben. Zumal Institutionen, die den wirtschaftlichen Rahmen der Kleinhändler, teils auch im informellen Sektor und beim vorliegenden Untersuchungsfeld des Chisokone-Marktes, verwalten sollen, diesen administrativen Herausforderung gar nicht gewachsen sind. Die vorliegende Untersuchung will in Bezug auf die einleitenden Überlegungen also die Frage klären, welche Handlungsstrategien von Kleinhändler in einem brüchigen als auch unsicheren, aber für viele subsaharischen Länder typischen institutionellen Handelsrahmen erfolgsversprechend sind, und welche personalen sowie ökonomischen Voraussetzungen hierfür gegeben sein müssen. Zur Beantwortung der Fragestellung wird die Reaktion auf ein institutionelles Gefüge aus der Perspektive von Kleinhändlern beschreiben werden. Häufig trifft nicht nur das Problem schwacher Institutionen im subsaharischen Kontext zu. Die Marktteilnehmer müssen dem wirtschaftlichen Kontext angepasste Vorgehensweisen entwickeln, die sowohl klassische Unternehmensstrategien beinhalten, aber darüber hinaus auch auf den ersten Blick eher untypische Handlungsstrategien aufweisen. Der Chisokone-Markt ist als Untersuchungsfeld ausgewählt worden, da er im Zentrum des Kupfergürtels liegt und die typischen Merkmale und Herausforderungen des Kleinhandels in Sambia abbildet. Das gilt vor allem für den informellen, aber auch verstärkt für den formellen Sektor. Das Untersuchungsfeld zeigt darüber hinaus die in Sambia verbreitete Schwierigkeit lokaler staatlicher wie semistaatlicher Institutionen, ein funktionierendes Verwaltungswesen in diesem Bereich bereitzustellen. Dazu trägt bei, dass der Chisokone-Markt, obwohl er ein zentraler wirtschaftlicher Knotenpunkt im Kupfergürtel ist, in einer rechtlichen Grauzone weilt. Bei der Analyse des Forschungsfeldes eignen sich theoretische Konzepte, die das Verhältnis von Individuen und Institutionen berücksichtigen. Somit befasst sich die Untersuchung zunächst mit der neuen Institutionenökonomie, bei der die Rationalitätsannahme und Transaktionskostenmodelle dominierend sind. Die neue Institutionenökonomie geht, etwas vereinfacht ausgedrückt, davon aus, dass nutzenmaximierende Individuen in einem Anreiz- und Strafsystem produktiv miteinander kooperieren. Solche Zusammenhänge können aber nur einen Teil der Beziehungen zwischen Händlern und den auftretenden Institutionen erklären. Beim Konzept des Neoinstitutionalismus wird anhand der Entkopplungsthese berücksichtigt, dass Institutionen sich in ihren tatsächlichen Handlungsweisen von ihrer eigentlichen formalen Struktur her deutlich unterscheiden können. Dieses, im Anschluss vorgestellte Konzept, kommt der tatsächlichen Lage in Kitwe näher, es wird allerdings noch um den akteurzentrierten Institutionalismus ergänzt. Dieser rückt Fragen der Wechselwirkungen von Akteuren und Institutionen ins Zentrum, die zum Verständnis der Entstehung und Wandlung von Institutionen beisteuern, wie sie auf dem Chisokone-Markt vorkommen. Zum Untersuchungsgegenstand gehören auch die immer enger werdenden sino-afrikanischen Beziehungen und die damit verbundenen Auswirkungen auf untere Wirtschaftsstrukturen. Lokale chinesische Händler sind zwar kein ganz neues Phänomen, die gesteigerte Konkurrenzsituation auf der Mikroebene ist es hingegen schon. Von dieser Entwicklung sind auch Kleinhändler in Afrika seit einigen Jahren betroffen und müssen mit der neuen Händlergruppe umgehen. Die zentrale Fragestellung, die vor dem Hintergrund der Debatte um institutionellen Einfluss auf Kleinhändler steht, wird im Teil 3 mittels qualitativer Methoden untersucht. Dabei wurden Kleinhändler, Funktionäre und Experten im Umfeld des Chisokone-Marktes unter Zuhilfenahme von halb-standardisierten Leitfadeninterviews befragt. Der Teil 3 beschreibt auch den Feldzugang und das Auswahlverfahren. Zudem kam die Methode Beobachtung zum Einsatz, die einen ganzheitlicheren Blick auf das Forschungsfeld gewährleistete. Im anschließenden Punkt 4 erfolgte eine genaue Darstellung des Chisokone-Marktes und seiner Historie, der wichtigsten Merkmale, sowie die Klärung in wie weit informelles oder formelles Wirtschaften eine Rolle spielen. Der Abschnitt 5 befasst sich mit den Institutionen des Chisokone-Marktes und legt deren Rollen dar. Im nachfolgenden Punkt werden die Auswirkungen der institutionellen Unsicherheit auf die Untersuchungseinheit thematisiert. Der Abschnitt 7 zeigt auf Grundlage der empirischen Befunde im Detail welche Strategien von den Kleinhändlern angewandt werden. Um die Frage nach dem personalen und ökonomischen Voraussetzungen für erfolgreiches Handeln zu beantworten, kommt im Anschluss die in der Sozialwissenschaft gängige Typisierung zur Anwendung, die bereits im Methodenteil kurz angesprochen wurde. Im Ergebnisteil werden Möglichkeiten und Wege diskutiert, welche Maßnahmen bei der Verbesserung des ökonomischen Umfeldes für Kleinhändler, ohne in eine entwicklungspolitische Diskussion einzusteigen, wirklich sinnvoll erscheinen. Angemessene Handlungsstrategien und Lösungsmechanismen von Kleinhändlern auf dem Chisokone-Markt können nur vor dem Hintergrund zahlreicher personaler, institutioneller wie auch politischer Faktoren betrachtet werden. Dabei hat sich anhand der vorliegenden Untersuchung herausgestellt, dass erfolgreiches Agieren im Kleinhandelssektor in Kitwe, aber auch in ganz Sambia sowie möglicherweise in ähnlich gelagerten Strukturen in weiteren Ländern in Subsahara-Afrika, nicht alleine von betrieblichen Aspekten abhängt. Passende betriebliche Handlungsstrategien sind das Basiselement für ein erfolgreiches Geschäft. Werden diese von den Kleinhändlern befolgt, ist die Aussicht hoch, am Markt bestehen zu können. Dennoch reicht geschicktes Handeln häufig nicht aus, da die lokalen wirtschaftlichen Rahmenbedingungen hochgradig unsicher und schwer berechenbar sind. Um diesen Herausforderungen zu begegnen wurde eingangs die Frage aufgeworfen, welche Strategien diesbezüglich erfolgsversprechend sein könnten. Wenig überraschend hat sich herausgestellt, dass klassische betriebswirtschaftliche Kalküle, wie passende Sortimentsauswahl, richtige Beschaffungspolitik und Netzwerkstrategien, in einem zugegebenermaßen eher ungewöhnlichen Umfeld, günstige Voraussetzungen für eine positive Geschäftsentwicklung darstellen. Die Institutionen, die Lobbyarbeit leisten sollten, unternehmerische Fähigkeiten vermitteln wollen und im Namen der Kleinhändler deren Rechte vertreten, sind aufgrund ihrer Ineffektivität, zumindest in Kitwe, ungeeignet. Damit sind Voraussetzungen geschaffen, die wirtschaftliche Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten nur denjenigen ermöglichen, die über außergewöhnliches Talent, Netzwerkgenerierungsaffinität sowie hohe Risikobereitschaft verfügen. Die Typisierung kann in diesem Zusammenhang darstellen, dass nur ein geringer Teil der Kleinhändler die Fähigkeiten mitbringt Strategien zu entwickeln, die dem Umfeld des Chisokone-Marktes gerecht werden. Deren Erfolgsrezept beinhalten folgende Elemente: •	Sortimentsgestaltung, die Massenprodukte mit übersteigertem Warenangebot umgeht •	Warenbeschaffungskanäle im Ausland, die hohe Gewinnspannen ermöglichen; Abkopplung von lokalen Zwischenhändlern •	Hybride Unternehmensform die auch Warenversorgung anderer Kleinhändler umfasst •	Persönliche und örtliche Distanzierung von in Machtkämpfe verstrickten institutionellen Akteuren •	Übertritt in den formellen Sektor •	Trennung von Privat- und Geschäftskasse •	Dosierte Personalrekrutierung aus dem Familienkreis Der richtige Umgang mit örtlichen Institutionen kann nur ein Teil des Gesamtpaketes einer Unternehmung sein. Gleichwohl hat sich herausgestellt, dass ein Großteil der Händler, auch aufgrund ihrer niedrigen ökonomischen Affinität, eine andere Gewichtung vornimmt und viel Zeit und Ressourcen in die Interaktion mit solchen Akteuren investiert. Dabei spielen die im Theorieteil angesprochenen Rationalitätsmythen eine große Rolle. Kleinhändler, die geringe unternehmerische Erfahrung aufweisen schenken den Ankündigungen der Händlerorganisationen häufig Glauben. Dabei gerät aus dem Blickfeld, dass es meistens deutlich sinnvoller ist, den Geschäftsablauf so weit wie möglich von den Aktivitäten der institutionellen Akteure abzukoppeln. Darüber hinaus konnte gezeigt werden, dass erwähntes Umfeld teilweise sogar von den Händlern selbst geschaffen wurde. Das theoretische Konzept, angefangen bei der Institutionenökonomie bis hin zum akteurzentrierten Institutionalismus, bilden einen Überbau, der gleichwohl nur stückweise erläutert, in wie weit ein Handelsumfeld Veränderungen durchläuft. Wenn von staatlicher Seite keine fundierten administrativen Strukturen geschaffen wurden, treten Alternativstrukturen auf. Diese können, wie der Chisokone-Markt zeigt, kein Ersatz für eine funktionierende Marktverwaltung sein. Insbesondere gilt dieser Aspekt für die Begrenzung der Händleranzahl, die eine zu große Angebotsseite entstehen lässt.


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Gallery / Fan Art
The "Inside Out" Long Lead Press Day, including presentations by (left to right) Directing Animator Jamie Roe, Story Artist Tony Fucile and Supervising Animator Shawn Krause, as seen on April 1, 2015 at Pixar Animation Studios in Emeryville, Calif. (Photo by Marc Flores / Pixar)
The "Inside Out" Long Lead Press Day, including presentations by (right) Supervising Animator Victor Navone, as seen on March 31, 2015 at Pixar Animation Studios in Emeryville, Calif. (Photo by Deborah Coleman / Pixar)
The "Inside Out" Long Lead Press Day, including presentations by Co-Director Ronnie Del Carmen, as seen on March 31, 2015 at Pixar Animation Studios in Emeryville, Calif. (Photo by Marc Flores / Pixar)


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Home › Resources & Issues › Primers › Sex and Gender-Based Analysis (SGBA)
Sex and Gender-Based Analysis (SGBA)
Why sex and gender matter in health research, policy-making and practice
What is SGBA?
SBGA tools (general)
SBGA tools (specialized)
Applications of SGBA: Some examples
Links to government programs and resources
Health determinants
An understanding of sex- and gender-based analysis (SGBA) is crucial for engaging in effective health research, policy-making and practice. SGBA is a powerful tool for analyzing how both sex – rooted in biology – and gender – rooted in social roles shaped by environment and experience - affect our health.
Health research and practice have traditionally assumed a gender-neutral or gender-blind stance by using men as the standard for medical practice while excluding women from clinical trials and other research. More recently, and largely through the field of women's health, we have come to develop the SGBA tools to understand and improve women's health. SGBA is still in its formative stages but already making great strides. As Arlene Bierman writes, "In a relatively short period, sex- and gender-based analyses have contributed to an exponential growth in our knowledge about health differences between men and women." (Sex Matters, CMAJ, 2007 177(12)) New approaches to health research, such as "intersectionality" are further enriching and honing our SGBA tools.
And now it is clear that SGBA is a vital tool for improving the health of not only women but men as well. Through using SGBA, we are learning how women and men differ – often very significantly - in patterns of illness, disease risk factors, treatments and social contexts. And when we apply this expanded knowledge to policy and practice, it leads to better health outcomes for all.
The following list is a selection of Canadian and International resources available on the Internet to aid you in understanding and using SGBA.
For more information: The CWHN databases, from which these resources are drawn, are updated regularly with new resources. For more information about SGBA, please search our databases with terms such as: "sex and gender", "sex- and gender-based analysis", "gender-based analysis", "GBA". Search our database.
Better Science with Sex and Gender: A Primer for Health Research
By Joy Johnson, Lorraine Greaves, and Robin Repta, Women's Health Research Network, 2007
Aims to help researchers understand how sex and gender contribute to health, and suggests ways to incorporate this understanding into their research practices.
Serious Gaps: How the Lack of Sex/Gender-based Analysis Impairs Health
By Rosaly Correa-de-Araujo, Journal of Women's Health, December 2006, Volume 15, Number 10, pages 1116-1122
Looks critically at the need for SGBA in health research, practice and policy for improving health outcomes for women.
Gender-Based Analysis: Beyond the Red Queen Syndrome
By Karen R. Grant, Presentation at the GBA Fair, Ottawa Congress Centre, January 31, 2002
Advocates for the continuing need for gender-based analysis to assess the effects of health policies and programs on women and men.
Rising to the Challenge: Sex‑ and Gender‑based analysis for Health Planning, Policy and Research in Canada
By Barbara Clow, Ann Pederson, Margaret Haworth-Brockman, and Jennifer Bernier (Eds.), Atlantic Centre of Excellence for Women's Health, 2009
Provides a comprehensive overview of sex‑ and gender‑based analysis, including a discussion of core concepts and a number of case studies illustrating the application of SGBA to surveillance data, literature reviews and systematic reviews, health surveys, health policy making, health protection and health program development. A list of resources is included.
Gender Awakening Tool / Bibliography: Sex & Gender in Research
By Linda Nieuwenhoven and Ineke Klinge, Women in Science Research and Education Festival, 2007
Presents a checklist or step-by-step plan developed in Europe to assess if all relevant aspects of sex and gender have been considered in biomedical and health related research. Also contains a bibliography with references of literature on the integration of sex & gender aspects in health research.
Gender-Based Analysis in Planning
By the Prairie Women's Health Centre of Excellence, 2005
Offers recommendations from the Centres of Excellence for Women's Health and Working Groups of the Women's Health Contribution Program on how to more fully integrate GBA in research, planning and decision-making.
Just the Facts Ma'am: A Woman's Guide for Understanding Evidence about Health and Health Care
By the National Coordinating Group on Health Care Reform and Women (now Women and Health Care Reform), 2005
Provides tools for women to assess arguments and evidence about women, health and health care reforms, and to help women make their own decisions about health care and health care reforms.
Gender, Sex and Health Research Guide: A Tool for CIHR Applicantss
Canadian Institutes of Health Research
A guide to help CIHR applicants consider when and how sex and gender are implicated in proposed research projects.
The Gender and Health Collaborative Curriculum Project (GHCCP)
A self-guided learning tool for health practitioners to learn why and how to use sex-and gender-based concepts and approaches in medical practice and health research. Sponsored by the Ontario Women's Council.
Intersectionality: Moving Women's Health Research and Policy Forward
By the Women's Health Research Network, 2009
Explains how to apply an intersectional framework when carrying out women's health research. Shows how intersectionality can be used for studying, understanding, and responding to the ways in which sex and gender intersect with other variables and how these intersections contribute to unique experiences of health. Argues for an intersectional framework as the next step in the evolution of women's health research and policy.
Sex, Gender and Systematic Reviews
By Madeline Boscoe, Marion Doull and Vivien E. Runnels, in Rising to the Challenge: Sex‑ and Gender‑based analysis for Health Planning, Policy and Research in Canada, pp. 44-48, Atlantic Centre of Excellence for Women's Health, 2009
Describes the development of the Sex and Gender Appraisal Tool for systematic reviews and reports on its application with systematic reviews of cardiovascular diseases. Reinforces the conclusion that current systematic review models are not sufficiently sensitive to sex and gender and suggests opportunities to address this situation.
Gender Basic: Final Report
By Dr. Ineke Klinge, Centre for Gender and Diversity, School for Public Health and Primary Care (Caphri), Maastricht University, The Netherlands, 2008
Reports on The Gender Basic project that arose from the European Union gender equality policy for research. References a wide variety of SGBA tools and health research which has used SGBA in anxiety disorders, asthma, metabolic syndrome, nutrigenomics, osteoporosis, and work-related health.
Culturally Relevant Gender-based Analysis: An Issue Paper
By the Native Women's Association of Canada, 2007
Highlights the effects of gendered discrimination against Aboriginal women, and outlines recommendations on future work that is needed to ensure that culturally relevant gender-based analysis (CRGBA) is implemented effectively.
Gender-Based Analysis of Settlement
By the Canadian Council for Refugees, 2006
Discusses the importance of gender-based analysis within the settlement sector, dealing with issues of health, education, sexuality, employment, and family relations.
A Profile of Women's Health in Manitoba
By Lissa Donner, Harpa Isfeld, Margaret Haworth-Brockman, and Caitlin Forsey, Prairie Women's Health Centre of Excellence, 2008
Reports on a first-ever gender-based analysis of over 150 indicators of women's health. Provides new information on the health, health outcomes and health care use of women in Manitoba, using a broad perspective. Shows that what makes women healthy or unhealthy is not just a combination of physical and physiological conditions, but includes many other factors. Describes and explains these factors, and points to policies and programs which can lead to improvements and change.
Sex Matters: Gender Disparities in Quality and Outcomes of Care
By Arlene S. Bierman ,CMAJ, December 4, 2007, Volume 177, Number 12, pages 1520–1521
Identifies important sex and gender disparities in intensive care use and outcomes. Shows that, for example, critically ill women 50 years and older were less likely than critically ill men to be admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) and to receive potentially life-saving interventions, and they were more likely to die in ICU or in hospital. Notes that patient-level, provider-level and system-level factors contribute to observed sex and gender disparities in quality and outcomes of care for critical illness.
Gender-based Analysis and Wait Times: New Questions, New Knowledge
By Beth E. Jackson, Ann Pederson and Madeline Boscoe for the Women and Health Care Reform Group, 2006
Looks critically at wait times issues for women in Canada, using a gender-lens and gender-based analysis. Published as an Appendix to the Final Report of the Federal Advisory on Wait Times.
The Inclusion of Women in Clinical Trials: Are We Asking the Right Questions?
By Abby Lippman for Women and Health Protection, 2006
Addresses both the narrow and the wider issues evoked in considering the inclusion of women in clinical trials, highlighting especially where gender, even more than sex, is pertinent.
The Bare Bones of Sex: Part 1 - Sex and Gender
By Anne Fausto-Sterling, Signs, 2005, Volume 30, Number 2, pages 1491-1528
Argues that the sex/gender distinction has limitations when thinking specifically about the body and biology and that new theoretical approaches must be developed to analyze the interplay between biology and culture. Considers, for example, the sex/gender differences in bone development.
Institute of Gender and Health: Canadian Institutes for Health Research
Canada's national institute supporting research that addresses how sex and gender influence health.
Gender Matters: Institute of Gender and Health Strategic Plan 2009-2012
Maps a course for the strategic activities of the IGH from 2009 to 2012, through the Institute's annual allocation of strategic funding. Explains that this money will be directed toward capacity building and supporting priority research areas, and that additional dollars will be acquired by leveraging partnerships and working collaboratively with others.
Note: Provincial, territorial and regional health programs and policies for SGBA vary across Canada. See regional government health departments for information about each region's commitment to SGBA.
Gender-based Analysis/Gender Mainstreaming Annotated Bibliography
By the Status of Women Canada, 2002
Organized into five categories: guides/tools; policy and official documents; training; research; and, evaluation.
Gendering the Health Determinants Framework: Why Girls' and Women's Health Matters
By Cecilia Benoit, and Leah Shumka for the Women's Health Research Network, 2009
Clarifies the concepts in the health determinants framework (HDF) and examines its usefulness in understanding the health of a unique population group — girls and women — who face disadvantage due to structural inequities.
Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity through Action on the Social Determinants of Health
World Health Organization Commission on the Social Determinants of Health Final Report, 2008
Explains that social justice is a matter of life and death. Describes how, for example, a girl born today can expect to live for more than 80 years if she is born in some countries – but less than 45 years if she is born in others. Also shows that within countries there are dramatic differences in health that are closely linked with degrees of social disadvantage. Calls on the WHO and all governments to lead global action on the social determinants of health with the aim of achieving health equity.
CIDA's Policy on Gender Equality
By the Canadian International Development Agency, 1999
Argues that gender equality contributes substantially to improving the well-being of women, men, girls and boys in our partner countries. Discusses how CIDA remains committed to creating, with their partners, a better world for all where inequality on any grounds, be it gender, class, race or ethnicity, is finally overcome.
Gender Medicine
The peer-reviewed journal of the Partnership for Gender-Specific Medicine at Columbia University.


2	(1) On application, in the form required by the registrar general, the registrar general may register any religious representative as authorized to solemnize marriage.
(2) The application on behalf of a religious representative must be made by the governing authority with jurisdiction in British Columbia over the religious body to which the religious representative belongs.
(3) The wording of the form required by the registrar general may be varied according to the facts, to set out other qualifications for registration recognized by this Act.
(b) include in one certificate the names of any number of registered religious representatives who belong to the same religious body.
(c) the date of the religious representative's registration.
(6) The registrar general must issue a certificate of registration to each religious representative registered under this Act.
(b) the appropriate governing body of the religious body has designated a person to act in the place of a religious representative to perform all the duties imposed by this Act on a person solemnizing a marriage, other than solemnizing the marriage, in respect of marriages performed according to the rites and usages of the religious body.
(d) that the religious body to which the person belongs is sufficiently well established, both as to continuity of existence and as to recognized rites and usages respecting the solemnization of marriage, to warrant, in the opinion of the registrar general, the registration of its religious representatives as authorized to solemnize marriage.
(2) If a religious representative is in British Columbia temporarily, and, if resident and officiating in British Columbia, might be registered under subsection (1) as authorized to solemnize marriage, the registrar general may register the person as authorized to solemnize marriage during a period to be set by the registrar general.
(3) A certificate of registration issued under subsection (2) must state the period during which the authority to solemnize marriage may be exercised.
(b) has ceased to possess the qualifications entitling the person to be registered.
(2) On cancellation of the registration, the person whose registration is cancelled ceases to have authority to solemnize marriage under this Act.
(3) The registrar general must mail notice of the cancellation at once by registered mail to the person whose registration is cancelled, addressed to the person's last known address in British Columbia.
(4) Immediately on receipt of the notice of cancellation, a person who is notified under subsection (3) must deliver his or her certificate of registration to the registrar general for cancellation.
(c) has in any other way ceased to possess the qualifications entitling the religious representative to be registered.
5 (1) If the registrar general refuses the application made on behalf of a person for registration under this Act as a religious representative authorized to solemnize marriage, or if the registrar general cancels the registration of any religious representative, the person or the religious representative may appeal from the refusal or cancellation on a question of law to the Supreme Court within 3 months after the refusal or cancellation.
(2) On an application by the person or the religious representative, the court may direct the procedure to be followed in the appeal.
(b) order the registrar general to grant the application for registration or to reinstate the registration of the religious representative.
(4) An order under subsection (3) is final, and the registrar general must give effect to the order.
(d) the consent of guardians or parents, or any person whose consent is necessary to the validity of a marriage.
7 (1) A religious representative registered under this Act as authorized to solemnize marriage has and may exercise authority to solemnize marriage in accordance with this Act between any 2 persons neither of whom is under a legal disqualification to contract marriage.
(b) that the religious representative, so long as his or her registration remains in force, is a religious representative authorized to solemnize marriage.
(c) a treaty first nation member designated under the laws of the treaty first nation to solemnize marriages, which laws are authorized by that treaty first nation's final agreement.
(b) neither person is under a legal disqualification to contract marriage.
8 A religious representative or a treaty first nation designate may solemnize marriage only under a licence issued under this Act.
9 (1) All marriages solemnized under this Act by a religious representative must be in the presence of 2 or more witnesses besides the religious representative.
(2) The ceremony must be performed in a public manner, unless otherwise permitted by licence.
(3) Both parties to the marriage must be present in person at the ceremony.
10 If a person registered under section 2 (7) performs all the duties imposed by this Act on a person solemnizing a marriage, other than solemnizing the marriage, in respect of a marriage performed according to the rites and usages of the religious body for which the person is registered, the marriage is as valid as one performed by a religious representative.
(e) the validity of the marriage has not been questioned by action in any court.
(2) When a declaration is signed under subsection (1), the solemnization of the marriage is deemed for all purposes to be and have been lawful and valid from the date of the solemnization.
12 Subject to section 13, nothing in this Act is to be construed as in any way preventing Doukhobors from solemnizing, according to the rites and ceremonies of the Doukhobor religion, a marriage between any 2 persons, neither of whom is under any legal disqualification to contract marriage and either or both of whom are Doukhobors.
13 (1) When a marriage is to be solemnized under section 12, a parent of one of the persons to be married must proclaim the intended marriage openly in an audible voice at 2 successive meetings or gatherings of Doukhobors within the area of the Province where at least one of the parties to the intended marriage has resided for the preceding 8 days.
(2) If no parent is willing and able to proclaim the intended marriage, the proclamation may be made by the next of kin of either of the parties to the intended marriage.
(3) If no parent is willing and able to proclaim the intended marriage and no next of kin of either of the parties to the intended marriage is willing and able to proclaim the intended marriage, the proclamation of the intended marriage may be made by any person authorized by the parties to the intended marriage.
(4) At least 7 days before the date on which the marriage is to be solemnized, a person who has proclaimed an intended marriage under this section, or a person on their behalf, must provide the registrar general with a declaration, in a form acceptable to the registrar general, of the proclamation of the intended marriage.
(5) Immediately after the solemnization of the marriage, one of the spouses must make a written record of the solemnization and send the record to the registrar general.
(6) The record must be signed by both parties to the marriage and by 2 witnesses.
14 (1) The Lieutenant Governor in Council may designate a marriage commissioner to receive and inquire into applications for recognition of marriages contracted in accordance with the rites and ceremonies of the Doukhobor faith or creed.
(3) On being satisfied that a marriage has been validly entered into and solemnized in accordance with the rites and ceremonies of the Doukhobor faith or creed, the marriage commissioner must submit a report to this effect to the registrar general.
(4) On the direction of the registrar general, the marriage commissioner must register in accordance with section 25 a marriage in respect of which a report has been made under subsection (3) and prepare a record of the registration and deliver it to the registrar general under section 15 or 16 of the Vital Statistics Act.
(b) if one of the parties to the marriage is deceased, by more than one party to the marriage.
(6) On the registration of a marriage by the registrar general under the Vital Statistics Act, the marriage is deemed to have been valid from the date of its solemnization.
(b) either of the parties to the marriage subsequently contracted a valid marriage to a person other than the other party to the marriage, according to law.
(8) The child of a marriage, the solemnization of which is validated by this section, is for all purposes deemed to be and to have been legitimate from the time of birth.
(9) Nothing in subsection (8) affects any right, title or interest in or to property if the right, title or interest vested in any person before April 11, 1946.
(b) the final agreement of the treaty first nation authorizes the treaty first nation to make laws in relation to the marriage rites and ceremonies of the treaty first nation's culture.
15 (1) Subject to section 17, a religious representative must not solemnize a marriage under this Act unless the persons intending to marry possess a marriage licence that, under subsection (3), permits the religious representative to marry them.
(2) An issuer of a marriage licence may issue the licence if the application complies with section 16 and the applicants pay the prescribed fee.
(b) authorize the solemnization of the marriage of the persons named in it at any time within 3 months after it was issued.
16 (1) An application for a marriage licence must be made by filing with the issuer of marriage licences an affidavit, in the form required by the registrar general.
(b) if neither of them can conveniently attend before the issuer, before any person authorized by law to receive affidavits, in which case it must state the reason relied on to excuse personal attendance before the issuer.
(3) Until the licence is issued, the affidavit under subsection (1) or (2) must be kept by the issuer in the issuer's office.
(4) If the issuer of marriage licences is not satisfied as to the correctness of the statements made in any affidavit filed under subsection (1), the issuer may require the production of further affidavits or other evidence to the issuer's satisfaction before issuing the licence.
(b) examine under oath or otherwise the persons intending to marry or other witnesses respecting any matter pertaining to the issue of the marriage licence applied for, as the issuer may consider necessary or advisable.
(b) the marriage must not be solemnized unless a new licence is obtained.
18 No irregularity in the issue of a marriage licence obtained and acted on in good faith invalidates a marriage solemnized under it.
19 (1) If an order has been granted to an applicant under the Presumption of Death Act, on fulfillment of any preliminary requirements under this Act, an issuer of marriage licences may issue a licence authorizing the solemnization of a marriage to which the petitioner is an intended party.
(b) unless the other party to the intended marriage makes and delivers to the issuer of marriage licences or marriage commissioner an affidavit in the form required by the registrar general.
(3) The issuer of marriage licences or marriage commissioner must forward the certified order of presumption of death and both affidavits to the registrar general.
(4) The requirements of subsections (2) and (3) are in addition to all other requirements under this Act.
(c) each of the parties to the marriage says to the other, "I call on those present to witness that I, A.B., take C.D. to be my lawful wedded wife (or husband) (or spouse)".
21 (1) If any parties married by civil contract by a marriage commissioner desire a religious ceremony in addition, the marriage commissioner's certificate containing a copy of the registration of the marriage of the parties made under section 25 is sufficient evidence to any qualified religious representative that he or she is authorized to solemnize marriage between those parties.
(2) If parties married by a treaty first nation designate desire a religious ceremony in addition, the treaty first nation designate's certificate containing a copy of the registration of the marriage of the parties made under section 25 is sufficient evidence to any qualified religious representative that he or she is authorized to solemnize marriage between the parties.
(b) if an order is issued under subsection (2).
(1.1) A treaty first nation designate must not solemnize a marriage between 2 parties who have previously been married to, and are not divorced from, each other in accordance with the laws of any country, state or province unless an order is issued under subsection (2) in respect of the parties.
(b) that the certificate of the previous marriage or the registration of the previous marriage or the marriage register containing the entry of the previous marriage has been lost or destroyed or is unavailable because of circumstances beyond the control of the parties.
(3) The registration of the remarriage and every certificate issued in respect of it shall contain a statement of the date and place of the previous marriage.
23 (1) On paying the prescribed fee, a person may lodge a caveat with an issuer of marriage licences against the issuing of a licence for the marriage of a person named in the caveat.
(b) the caveat is withdrawn by the person who lodged it.
(3) This section does not apply in respect of an issuer of marriage licences appointed under section 31 (2).
24 (1) If the issuer decides against the person lodging the caveat, that person may appeal to the registrar general, on giving notice of the intention to appeal within 2 clear days after the decision, stating the grounds of the appeal.
(2) The decision of the registrar general on the appeal is final, and must be given effect by the issuer.
(3) The issuer may in case of doubt refer the matter of the caveat to the registrar general for advice.
(c) the treaty first nation of which the treaty first nation designate is a treaty first nation member.
(c) by the religious representative, marriage commissioner or treaty first nation designate who solemnized the marriage.
(3) Books for the registration of marriages under this section must be supplied free of charge by the registrar general but remain the property of the registrar general's office and must be returned to the registrar general on demand or on the holder ceasing to be authorized to solemnize marriage.
(4) The registrar general, or a person designated by the registrar general, may, during normal business hours and as often as the registrar general considers necessary, inspect marriage registers and compare them with the returns of marriages.
(b) if there is no successor appointed at the time of moving or transferring, to the registrar general.
26 A religious representative, marriage commissioner or treaty first nation designate by whom a marriage is solemnized must also observe and perform the duties imposed on him or her under the Vital Statistics Act respecting the records of the marriage.
27	A person who has custody of a marriage register who negligently loses or injures it, or negligently allows it to be injured, is liable on conviction to a penalty of not more than $50.
(c) if the minor has no living parents and no guardian, by the Public Guardian and Trustee or the Supreme Court.
(2) If a person whose consent under this section is required to a marriage is outside British Columbia, or unreasonably or from undue motives refuses or withholds consent to the marriage, or if his or her location is unknown and the court is satisfied that the location has not been found after a diligent search, the person in respect of whose marriage consent is required may apply by petition to the Supreme Court for a declaration under this section.
(b) the declaration is as effectual for all purposes as if the person whose consent is required had consented to the marriage.
(4) If a person whose consent is required under this section is a mentally disordered person, the Public Guardian and Trustee may consent to the marriage, if the proposed marriage appears to be proper.
(b) if the marriage is to be solemnized by a religious representative after publication of banns, with the religious representative.
(b) if the marriage is to be solemnized after the publication of banns, to the religious representative.
29 (1) Except as provided in subsections (2) and (3), a marriage of any person under 16 years of age must not be solemnized, and a licence must not be issued.
(2) If, on application to the Supreme Court, a marriage is shown to be expedient and in the interests of the parties, the court may, in its discretion, make an order authorizing the solemnization of and the issuing of a licence for the marriage of any person under 16 years of age.
(3) An order made under this section is subject to the observance of section 28, and must be filed in a manner similar to that provided in section 28 (5) in respect of a consent or declaration.
30 Nothing in section 28 or 29 invalidates a marriage.
31 (1) The minister may appoint a suitable person to be an issuer of marriage licences, with authority to receive and take affidavits for this Act.
(2) Without limiting subsection (1), if the final agreement of a treaty first nation contemplates the appointment of the treaty first nation as an issuer of marriage licences, the minister may appoint for the purposes of the solemnization of marriage under a law of the treaty first nation a person nominated by that treaty first nation to be an issuer of marriage licences on its behalf.
32 The minister may appoint marriage commissioners necessary for carrying out this Act.
33 An issuer of marriage licences who is not a salaried member of the public service is entitled to receive as commission for licences issued by him or her a sum set by the Lieutenant Governor in Council.
34 Every certificate, or copy of any registration or document under this Act, certified by the religious representative, registrar general, marriage commissioner or treaty first nation designate extracting it, is evidence of all the matters and things contained in it.
35 An issuer of marriage licences who issues a licence for a marriage, and a religious representative, marriage commissioner or treaty first nation designate who solemnizes a marriage, knowing or having reason to believe that either of the parties to the intended marriage or to the marriage is a mentally disordered person or is impaired by drugs or alcohol, commits an offence and is liable on conviction to a penalty of not more than $500.
(b) section 33 does not apply in respect of that nominee.
36 The Lieutenant Governor in Council may make regulations referred to in section 41 of the Interpretation Act.


Plugging in with Jim McNally.
Looooong-time friend and funny man Jim shows up for a wonderful conversation and catching up. HIGH VOLTAGE!
– Ever make a fishing rod out of a VCR?
You two together are my Journey reunion. Loved this.


That means the time of #zeddception is upon us.
"I don't know what the freak Zeddception is," you say? Let me explain.
On this day in 2013, deadmau5 triggered a sort of social epidemic (dubbed "Zeddception") that caused a ton of Zedd fans to change their Twitter icons to pictures of Zedd.
Today's not gonna last forever, so if you have a Twitter and want to take part in the chaos, change your icon now and attempt to tweet Anton himself.
I am just a single person in a physical world of several billion and a single user of an online network of tens of millions. As much as I love to feel helpful to this wiki by being really the only one who does much, I cannot do everything myself. Heck, even after spending countless hours researching various topics and scrolling through social media feeds, this wiki is still lacking in vital content.
For example, we don't have many images here. Why? Well, copyright and privacy are both valid reasons, but another reason is because I don't always have a whole lot of time to invest in Google Images searches. Like I said earlier, I'm literally the only one who actively contributes to this project, meaning I'm stuck finding every. Single. Image these days. However, if others decided to help out, not only would my job as this wiki's bureaucrat be so much easier—we'd cover more, and we'd do it faster.
It was while I was contemplating my dilemma that I came up with what I'm about to say. Wikis and wikias are meant to get the community involved, so why not do this?
And with that said, I now commence Operation Spectrum: Code Iris—the first of what I hope to be a series of community events.
Contents[show]What is "Operation Spectrum" in general?
Fans can be some of the greatest people when it comes to finding out information about what they love. OS is meant to harness that power in a way that many people can see, read, and even add on to.
What do you mean "Code Iris"?
So, what can I do to help out?
You have two options for contributions: visual and written. Feel free to do them both, but let me first list some things about both categories.
What if nobody contributes to this?
Inspired by a similar discussion on another wiki, I have decided to start a "Dream Collaborators" discussion here on this wiki.
Basically, the question is: Who would YOU like Zedd to collaborate with? Is it someone he's collaborated with in the past (e.g. Foxes or Miriam Bryant), or is it someone he's never worked with before?
If you're feeling really creative, you could also post what kind of song you'd want them to collaborate on (e.g. Would it be about unconditional love, like Spectrum? Tragic love, like Clarity? Or something totally random?).
As if Taylor Swift's renowned influential letter isn't already the Apple Music story of the year, all of us on the wiki are in for a surprise.
Don't see where I'm going with this?
Well, let me tell you then!
What if we, the Zedd Wiki, came up with some suggestions? I mean, chances that one of our vocalists will get chosen are unfortunately low (*looks away for a brief moment*)...but just being involved in the process, in my eyes, sounds like it could be real cool. And aren't wikis all about collaboration?
Listen to the demo as many times as needed, then post your thoughts below!
It's been over two years since Clarity (the album, that is) was first released. For those two years, nobody really had a clue about what Zedd's next studio album would be, or even if there would be a next one. Nobody really knew.
...for the release of True Colors!
As an added surprise: the original release date was scheduled to be May 19, 2015...but the date was changed to the 18th, meaning there's one less day we'll all have to wait!
As of the time I'm writing this, True Colors is only a few hours away from being released (unless you pre-ordered it via iTunes, in which case you should already have all the songs). For those of you who chose to buy it and have heard it already (and for those of you who will wake up tomorrow or a few days from now and listen to it)...what do you think about it? Is it better than Clarity? Worse? About the same? Share your thoughts below!
If you're feeling like giving it a star rating, see here.
Hello! My name is KCCreations, though you can just call me KC, and I am a bureaucrat here on the Zedd Wiki.
On February 7, 2015, I began running a bot on this wiki; her name is Little Codec (yes, Codec like the Zedd song; and I wanted to personify her), and she is primarily being used for changing page categories, link correction, and other minor fixes like that.
I wrote this announcement quite some time ago; however, due to other issues on the wiki, the vote on whether or not to get LC flagged was never completed. So I am starting it up again.
Do you want her flagged? Do you not? Or do you have no idea? Please respond with your honest thoughts.
I have highlighted this announcement to address an important issue: this wiki's bureaucrat situation.
These days, I have found myself doing almost all of the content creation, file uploading, social media-searching, Music Hub story-requesting, etc. on this wiki. Every now and then, a new contributor joins our almost nonexistent community, but almost all of them leave immediately after. Most of them never even joined to edit; rather, they joined to ask me to come on Community Central.
Raniero R, our current (and only) bureaucrat, rarely edits anymore. Every now and then, he edits his userpage or a template and/or, on occasion, uploads a photo. He may talk with an anon or ask me not to do something...but that's it.
As assistant administrator of the Zedd Wiki, I strive to make the wiki as detailed and welcoming as I can even when it seems like nobody else cares about it. That is why I am holding this vote.
Following the advice written in a blog post by Wikia Staff member Sannse, I will contact Staff and ask for them to revoke Raniero R's rights if the community is in favor of doing so. If not, this discussion will be closed until further notice.
Be sure to add the reason for your position after the vote.
Strong support: The current bureaucrat deletes my contributions without providing much of an explanation. Whenever I try to reason with him, he ignores me.
IT'S HERE!! Zedd and Selena Gomez's new collab I Want You to Know has been released! Have you heard it yet? (If not, see below.) If so, what do you think of it?
A comprehensive database and encyclopedia dedicated to providing information about the Russian-German electronic dance music artist. Enter now to learn more about the musician and how you can help the wiki grow!


text:
Tim EDGAR
Tim Edgar is an Independent Communication and Public Affairs Consultant, Freelance Journalist and Communication Coach.
Tim is British but has spent most of his career overseas. He has lived and worked in the Middle East, the Far East and for the past 20 years in Brussels, Belgium.
He is a former daily newspaper journalist and TV news reporter who later moved into public relations and marketing communications.
Tim began his career as a regional daily newspaper journalist in the United Kingdom. He subsequently moved to the Middle East where he launched and edited one of the first English-language daily newspapers in the region, the Gulf News.
He has since worked for a number of leading global public relations consultancies in Europe and the Far East including Shandwick, Burson-Marsteller and Porter Novelli and he has orchestrated communication programmes in the Middle East, USA and Latin America.
Tim is a registered lobbyist in Brussels and London and is an active member of the UK National Union of Journalists (NUJ) and the International Association of Business Communicators (IABC).
For more details please see LinkedIn or use the contact form to request a CV.
© 2021 Tim Edgar


text:
require "formula"

class Freetds < Formula
  homepage "http://www.freetds.org/"
  url "http://mirrors.ibiblio.org/freetds/stable/freetds-0.91.tar.gz"
  sha1 "3ab06c8e208e82197dc25d09ae353d9f3be7db52"
  revision 2

  bottle do
    sha1 "7f98f1313e932185398c72237b7ac0d408cea986" => :mavericks
    sha1 "ecef51129ffd5d25543a9775960d5cea716bae78" => :mountain_lion
    sha1 "f261d6b8309af7642198ad87a2b63599a08602e3" => :lion
  end

  head do
    url "https://git.gitorious.org/freetds/freetds.git"

    depends_on "autoconf" => :build
    depends_on "automake" => :build
    depends_on "libtool" => :build
  end

  option :universal
  option "enable-msdblib", "Enable Microsoft behavior in the DB-Library API where it diverges from Sybase's"
  option "enable-sybase-compat", "Enable close compatibility with Sybase's ABI, at the expense of other features"
  option "enable-odbc-wide", "Enable odbc wide, prevent unicode - MemoryError's"
  option "enable-krb", "Enable Kerberos support"

  depends_on "pkg-config" => :build
  depends_on "unixodbc" => :optional
  depends_on "openssl"

  def install
    system "autoreconf -i" if build.head?

    args = %W[
      --prefix=#{prefix}
      --with-openssl=#{Formula["openssl"].opt_prefix}
      --with-tdsver=7.1
      --mandir=#{man}
    ]

    if build.with? "unixodbc"
      args << "--with-unixodbc=#{Formula["unixodbc"].prefix}"
    end

    if build.include? "enable-msdblib"
      args << "--enable-msdblib"
    end

    if build.include? "enable-sybase-compat"
      args << "--enable-sybase-compat"
    end

    if build.include? "enable-odbc-wide"
      args << "--enable-odbc-wide"
    end

    if build.include? "enable-krb"
      args << "--enable-krb5"
    end

    ENV.universal_binary if build.universal?
    system "./configure", *args
    system "make"
    ENV.j1 # Or fails to install on multi-core machines
    system "make", "install"
  end

  test do
    system "#{bin}/tsql", "-C"
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Sew It Fabulous is a new and unique fabric and notion shop. They are the only fabric and sewing shops of its kind in Boerne and they offer many different services, classes and products.
Antique, vintage and natural home décor collections with an emphasis on western, Americana, industrial and "Man Cave" Decor. Discover many "one of a kind" trinkets, treasures and art from around the globe.
COMING SOON to 153 Main: Studio 153 will operate as a public art gallery and studio that will have art for sale, as well as Hill Country made soaps, lotions, and natural cosmetics.


Anybody work out with sandbags??
Since I picked up my shoulder injury I have been concentrating mostly on HIIT, boxer circuits and sandbag circuits.
My Sandbag circuit is getting a little old now though and I could do with mixing it up a little.
Anybody know any good / challenging circuits I could try out?
This is how my sandbag circuit looks at present.
20k bag - As many reps as you can in 3 mins – 1 min rest.
This guy has some good sandbag ideas.


It is always encouraging to see things becoming more established, and this year as we met for the 3rd Adobe Training event in Romania, it was obvious to see progress. Not only were there more nations from Eastern Europe represented, but also people that had previously attended, were building on what they had learnt and were excited to take in as much as possible.
From the 30th Sept – 3rd Oct 2008, around 26 participants gathered at Hotel Perla for this year's training. I was so encouraged to see 4 who had driven from Bulgaria, 1 Slovakian, 4 missionaries based in Austria and a good number of Romanians working side by side learning together. The cultural mix was great and added that international flavour. When I spoke with Rouman Gigov from Bulgaria at last years' training, he promised that he would bring at least three friends with him, because he felt it was so beneficial for him, and he wanted to bless others with such a great opportunity. Sure enough four of them joined us and we enjoyed to hear of the work they are involved in there in Bulgaria. This year as he returns to Bulgaria, he wants to raise up even more people to come for next year's training!
We were all so thankful to the trainers from ulrich-media and pre2media for their tremendous gift of these days together. It was interesting to hear one participant explain ...'the training event was really enjoyable and I felt we could learn more, because it was lots of hands on type training. We would be explained certain things and then were able to actually do it on our laptops, which we brought with us. When we didn't understand certain things the trainers would come and work with us on our computers. In other courses I have done, it was taught, but there was not the possibility to practise''.
The participants were broken into three groups - beginners, intermediates and advanced users of the Adobe programmes. This helped the trainers to teach at the right level for each group and also in making the groups smaller it gave the personal touch and an openness for more effective learning.
The trainers were excited to see participants who had attended in previous years, developing in their ability to use the programmes and of course the continuity helps in building relationships.
For the first time a group from the 'Media College' attended. This was helpful teaching and is part of their ciriculumn, but it also gave the students opportunity to interact with people that are using these programmes in their work situation daily.
At the end of the first day I was told by a participant ...'if what I have learnt today was all I would learn for these days here, then it was well worthwhile me attending. Of course I am sure in the coming day's I will learn even more'. This was a reminder of how valuable this yearly training event is to those that attend. As we talked further over dinner he explained some of the projects which he had been working on previously and that they were taking him a number of weeks to complete. He could already see that he had gained a better understanding of the programmes and felt more comfortable using them, which he felt would cut down the time needed for such projects to around two days. Any employer would be happy with these types of changes!
It reminded me of the fact that this is really benefitting not only the participants, but also the ministries which these participants are involved in, as they are seeing more books produced in a faster and more efficient way.
It was with excitement that we were able to fix and announce the dates for next year's training event, which will be from the 29th Sept-3rd Oct 2009, held at the same conference site just outside Oradea, Romania. We look forward to seeing many come back to continue to build on their skills, and we're excited to be learning from the CS4 programmes, which will be released by then.


The job is taking graphic design .psd (preview attached) and turning it into a Wordpress website (including sample texts and structure). Will send WP test server access.
All text should be editable and buttons should move a bit on mouse hover. Should be at least partially responsive.
No need to do Discord panel and typing effect as we'll use plugins for that.
It would be great if photo/video galleries could look the same or similar to design, maybe we could buy a gallery plugin to save time on coding?


The online System Variable database for AutoCAD was completed yesterday (the last of the descriptions were added). Today the complete PDF of the system varaiables has been updated and uploaded, which is the first time in about 3 years ago. The PDF is an almost identical version of the online database with a few differences. The differences are that all content on the variables can be viewed from a single source (kind of obvious) and the PDF does not list which variables trigger the change system variable event handler. If you find any problems with the content, please let me know.
You will need to login/sign-up on the website to download the PDF. Signing up is free as always.
A few weeks ago I updated the online versions of the AutoCAD Commands and System Variables Reference databases. While all the work is not done yet on the system variables side, an offline version of the Commands Reference database has been created and published as a PDF. This PDF shows the same information as the online database, except in a format that is much easier to print and take with you when not connected to the Internet. A PDF version of the System Variables Reference database is still in the works. Once it is ready for posting, I will let everyone know.
In addition to the Command References PDF being made available, I also updated the General Quick Reference Guides for AutoCAD 2008 (yes, I know a little late) and AutoCAD 2009. The General Quick Reference Guides offer a quick reference to the shortcut keys, command aliases and some other features of AutoCAD. Versions of the General Quick Reference Guides are available all the way back to AutoCAD R14 and up to AutoCAD 2009.
In order to access the PDFs, you must be a member of HyperPics.com which as always is free of charge and advertisement free.


text:
Contents: Overview - Backplot - Questions - Analysis - Notes - JMS
As Earth reacts to the Drakh plague, the Excalibur sets out on its mission to find a cure.
Production number: 108
Original air date: June 9, 1999
DVD release date: December 7, 2004
Written by J. Michael Straczynski
Directed by Janet Greek
Earth has been quarantined since the Drakh plague was released.
The Excalibur has captured the first Drakh prisoner of war.
Galen saved Gideon's life nine years ago, during the technomages' exodus from known space ("The Geometry of Shadows").
Why was Gideon's ship destroyed nine years ago?
What are the new rules regarding telepaths? Clearly they aren't exactly the same as the old Psi Corps rules; Matheson, for example, wasn't wearing gloves. Who enforces the rules now?
How strong a telepath is Matheson? Would he have been of any use in the interrogation of the Drakh commander? Or is such probing forbidden by the new rules governing telepaths?
Gideon referred to the Excalibur as the most advanced warship ever built by humans. Is he aware of the Minbari involvement in the ship's construction?
The Drakh commander referred to himself as a councilman. Is there a Drakh government distinct from the military? What is the relationship between the two apparently different species who make up the Drakh?
Assuming the technomages all departed at once and weren't in transit for a very long time, this episode takes place in 2268. The technomages departed B5 in 2259 ("The Geometry of Shadows") and Gideon said he'd been rescued nine years earlier.
Explorer-class ships such as the one commanded by Gideon before he was assigned to the Excalibur were first introduced in "A Distant Star." Their missions typically take them far beyond known space for extended periods of time, mapping out new systems and making contact with alien civilizations.
The question of whether life ever existed on Mars is still unresolved in 2268.
Effects oddity: the fire burning in front of the crashed Drakh ship is symmetrical.
jms speaks
Just for the record: I think the first one -- the only one written directly at TNT's behest -- is probably the weakest one, certainly the one I find least interesting. It's lumbered with buckets of exposition, explaining things that don't need explaining, too many fights, too many explosions, too much swaggering around, all stuff the net wanted.
Then we go back to the show we wanted to make...Path of Sorrows is terrific, Well of Forever is a solid character story, The Long Road is just pure fun (that's pretty much reverse broadcast order, btw)... there's one or two in the bunch that are a bit slower than I'd like, but those are the exception rather than the rule.
Just to get my own feelings on this out there.
My take on #1 is that this is the weakest of the bunch, because this is the only one written at the behest of TNT; it's exposition heavy, too much swaggering macho stuff, no real depth, just stuff blowing up. The ones that follow are much better.
All that exposition is what TNT wanted...and one of the reasons was that they weren't going to rerun ACtA before it...then they were, which made it all unnecessary...then they ran ACtA AFTER the ep...which makes NO kind of sense.
"The mutiny was clumsy, but I like Gideon, Galen, Dureena and Trace. (And from the way it opened, my first thought was, "this must be some of the extra violence TNT wanted. Ugh.")
Ding.
"Will we find out why Gideon wouldn't have his exec scan the Drakh?"
The rules about unauthorized scans still apply. Matheson has to operate even under stricter rules re: privacy now than before. You'll see more on this later.
"The only really weak spots, to me were the " Earth in a panic" scenes, which looked an awful lot like newsreel footage"
TNT note: we need to SEE Earth in turmoil, if we just hear about it nobody's going to get it. They had us insert that.
"The opening scene cracked me up. Look there's a fight, as close to wrestling as you can get on a starship."
Yep. That's one of the mandates they put on the first ep...they wanted to start with a fist-fight.
Were any of the riot scenes staged?
It was all real footage.
As for the exposition...one reason they asked for so much was because they said it was going to air months after ACTA, and nobody'd remember, and it wouldn't get rerun...then after we shot WZ they decided they *would* rerun ACTA before WZ...then a few weeks ago they decided to run ACTA -- which has all the info needed for WZ -- AFTER WZ.
Now perhaps you get a small sense of what we've been up against.
"I admit, I'm one of the folks who didn't particularly warm to the [riot] footage. It seemed not to fit."
It didn't. Moreover, the order for that stuff came in about two days before we were supposed to begin shooting, so we had to hurriedly redesign the set to include the wall monitor, and change other aspects of the filming, then hurriedly find some footage that would work (sorta).
"I suppose there were few options."
None. What you have to understand is that we were at this point, in the writing of this episode, on hiatus...awaiting the okay to go back into filming. And though it was never said overtly, there was always the undercurrent of "If TNT doesn't get this one script the way they want it, they may not give the OK. So give them what they want just this one time."
I did what I could with what they demanded, and tried to fight as much as I could. For instance, in one scene, where Gideon tells the others to meet him in the conference room, the TNT note was, "How does Gideon know where the conference room is? We should have a scene where he's shown the conference room."
My reply: "He knows where the conference room is because when he's escorted to the bridge by Matheson, *HE CAN SEE IT FROM HIS CHAIR*."
(It was one of those bang-your-head-against-the-wall moments.)
The overall problem, which many folks don't understand, is that in a script you have a finite number of minutes and pages. Let's say 42 pages. Now, the script is written the way you want, kinda, with some nice character moments and stuff. Then they want more exposition. You can't just append it to the page count, you have to stay at 42 pages. So you have to cut stuff *out* to make room for the stuff they want put *in*. The first thing out the door is character, followed quickly by humor.
There was, for instance, a nice clash with the senator and the intelligence guy over Gideon's background, why he's the wrong person for the job, why Sheridan picked him specifically for the job...which had to go in order to put in more exposition (and lengthen the opening fight scene in the teaser by about a third, another TNT request).
For me, a lot of what makes an episode fun are the character moments, but there was no longer room for them...they had to go out to make room for dry expositional stuff or stuff blowing up.
Which is why I picked "The Long Road" as the one to follow in the broadcast order...it's one big character piece, with a fair amount of humor, and just fun. A little expository in the second act, but nothing unreasonable.
Stil, I'm proud of what we did with "War Zone," because it was a little like someone handing you an inner tube and a tree branch and telling you to make a radio telescope out of it. It ain't pretty, but it does the job we had put in front of us.
(One aside...some folks on the net picked up my comments about War Zone made here earlier and said I was apologizing after the fact for the episode, once the reactions came in...but the date stamp on the message, here and on the nets, clearly indicate that I made those statements BEFORE the episode aired. I know *exactly* where the faults are in the eps, where they work and where they don't work, and have always tried to be the first one on record about them because that seems right to me. This is, after all, about the process of educating people about how TV works, the decisions that get made and how you deal with them.)
Why did the scene with the senator and the intelligence guy have to be cut?
Because something had to go time-wise to make room for other stuff. If we'd kept *that*, then something ELSE of similar time would have to go, such as Dureena's scene in the cell with Gideon, or the like. The amount of air time we have per episode does not change.
Also...they said the senator scene was too long (which it *wasn't* before the big montage/video/the senator explains it all for you sequence was added in), and to cut stuff out of that scene and add it to the fight in the beginning.
Why did Sheridan pick Gideon?
Sheridan picked him for the qualities that made him exactly the *wrong* person from their point of view...obstinate, difficult, independent, not prone to following orders from home, not politically astute...but he'll get the job done.
"Somehow I get the feeling that the reason the Detroit Free Press reviewer said that Crusade looked "like it came from the planet Cheez-Whiz" can be summed up in 3 letters.... TNT. Unfortunately, if the first episode were all I had to go by I'd have to agree with him."
And I would as well.
That's the thing about all this...in the negative comments about War Zone -- and actually there have been far fewer than I'd anticipated -- there ain't much that I'd disagree with. If anything, they've tickled me because they reflect EXACTLY what I'd said when these things were asked for. It's been a massive validation.
"Did they at least give you a blindfold and a cigarette? "
Not orally, no.
"And the differences were SO transparent (the fist fight, the earth scenes, the posturing, etc.) I sure wish I could have seen a JMS script as opposed to a "JMS with TNT" script."
The other 12 fit the bill.
"And yet I don't recall a scene in which you fragged the head of ITN or any other network."
No, but there were occasional little hidden messages in the episode, as when a character says, "We've had to make some compromises to get this show on the road." No one noticed that one, despite being rather literal.
"In the scenes with the Senator on Mars I wasn't sure Cole was in the same room with the other two during the dialogue. Too many cuts back and forth and his eyes seemed to move around oddly. Was this scene editted back together from separate filmings?"
At one point in editing we needed some close-ups, and there weren't any in that part, so we kind of borrowed some from earlier in the sequence. We do this a lot, when there isn't coverage of some parts of scenes, rarely does anyone notice the eyeline difference.
Why does Dureena give the impression she's never seen the Excalibur before?
Actually, she never gives that impression; her reaction to the others seeing the ship and being impressed is to shrug and say, "It'll do." She's not impressed because she's already been there.