We will be opening 2 hours early on RSD at 9am. Line forms with the first person who shows up and will run west on Frankfort (toward the river, Hilltop, Sweet Surrender, etc). THIS YEAR WE WILL BE CLOSING AT 9PM.
All Special Release RSD items will be primarily in two places in the store: on the wall and column shelves and in the front of the record bins in the punk-indie-alternative section. The front window area will house all RSD 7-inches. LP releases will line the walls in alphabetical order, starting to the immediate left and running clockwise through the entire store. So if you're looking for a Bowie picture disc release, it will likely be in the front of the store on a shelf over the punk-indie-alternative section. If Robyn is on your wish list, it may be around the corner on a shelf over the cheap LPs, or further up over the CDs, or in one of the RSD labeled bins. All RSD merch will be clearly labeled with orange price stickers. Pieces placed on the columns will be in random order. Box sets will likely be in a special section devoted just to them. As always, if you need help locating an item, just ask. We are happy to help!
Also, as RSD is following new release Friday, New releases LPs will be specially marked in their own bin.
Make sure to join us ALL DAY for a fun day of festivities. We have specially designed Guestroom mugs for the occasion, and DJ sets from, Spinsters Union of Louisville, White Reaper (DJ SET ONLY), and Nathan Salsburg, plus a KR8VN8VS Records Showcase, and performances from Buddy Crime and Joan Shelley.


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0000017d-4e0c-dda1-a7fd-4fde73920000
Ann Arbor's STEAM At Northside Sees Jump In Enrollment
89.1 WEMU | By Andrew Cluley
Published September 8, 2014 at 5:39 PM EDT
Andrew Cluley
89.1 WEMU
Ann Arbor Public Schools have rolled out a variety of new initiatives this year. Many of the changes are a result of last year's Listen and Learn tour by Superintendent Jeanice Swift. The new STEAM at Northside program's different approach to education has resulted in an enrollment spike.
When Jeanice Swift came to Northside Elementary School to hear from parents a year ago the building was operating at less than 50 percent capacity. Instead of worrying about possibly closing the school, the challenge now is finding ways to accommodate over 400 students in the lunchroom. The change came after a switch to a science, technology, engineering, arts, and math or STEAM based curriculum.
New principal Joan Fitzgibbon says children are getting a complete education through an emphasis on project based learning."They'll have a science project where they then can bring in things like reading or math as it's applicable to what they're studying. So they'll still have the skills taught in some part of the day, and somedays all of the of the day, you know, but what will be different is they'll always have this project going on in the background," Fitzgibbon says.
This hands on approach to learning has fans among kids and their parents. Nicole Robichaudsays so far it's been a great start to second grade for her son Jack. "Comes home very excited every day, learning something new and actually not even realizing he was learning. So that was kind of cool," Robichaud says.
Fitgibbon says at this point in the school year, especially with so many new students, they're still building a community of learners. She says by the end of the month another portion of the new program will be in place. Every student will have an I-pad or tablet to enhance the curriculum.
Like 89.1 WEMU on Facebook and follow us on Twitter— Andrew Cluley is the Ann Arbor beat reporter, and anchor for 89.1 WEMU News. Contact him at 734.487.3363 or email him acluley@emich.edu.
WEMU News Ann ArborAnn Arbor Public SchoolsBack to School 2014Joan FitzgibbonSTEAM at Northside
Like many, I first came to this area when I started school at the University of Michigan, then fell in love with the community and haven't left. After graduating from U of M in the mid 1990's I interned at WDET for several years, while also working a variety of jobs in Ann Arbor. Then in 1999 I joined the WEMU news team.
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Three super earths_orbiting_hd7924
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Sérgio Sacani
, Supervisor de Geologia na Halliburton
artigo descreve a descoberta de dois novos exoplanetas, classificados como Super-Terras ao redor da estrela próxima, HD 7924.
Published in: Science
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1. In Preparation for ApJ Preprint typeset using LATEX style emulateapj v. 5/2/11 THREE SUPER-EARTHS ORBITING HD 79241,2 Benjamin J. Fulton3,7,* , Lauren M. Weiss4,8 , Evan Sinukoff3,9 , Howard Isaacson4 , Andrew W. Howard3 , Geoffrey W. Marcy4 , Gregory W. Henry5 , Bradford P. Holden6 , Robert I. Kibrick6 In Preparation for ApJ ABSTRACT We report the discovery of two super-Earth mass planets orbiting the nearby K0.5 dwarf HD 7924 which was previously known to host one small planet. The new companions have masses of 7.9 and 6.4 M⊕, and orbital periods of 15.3 and 24.5 days. We perform a joint analysis of high-precision radial velocity data from Keck/HIRES and the new Automated Planet Finder Telescope (APF) to robustly detect three total planets in the system. We refine the ephemeris of the previously known planet using five years of new Keck data and high-cadence observations over the last 1.3 years with the APF. With this new ephemeris, we show that a previous transit search for the inner-most planet would have covered 70% of the predicted ingress or egress times. Photometric data collected over the last eight years using the Automated Photometric Telescope shows no evidence for transits of any of the planets, which would be detectable if the planets transit and their compositions are hydrogen-dominated. We detect a long-period signal that we interpret as the stellar magnetic activity cycle since it is strongly correlated with the Ca II H & K activity index. We also detect two additional short-period signals that we attribute to rotationally-modulated starspots and a one month alias. The high-cadence APF data help to distinguish between the true orbital periods and aliases caused by the window function of the Keck data. The planets orbiting HD 7924 are a local example of the compact, multi-planet systems that the Kepler Mission found in great abundance. Subject headings: planetary systems — stars: individual (HD 7924) 1. INTRODUCTION The archetypal planets of our Solar System—Jupiter the gas giant, Neptune the "ice" giant, and Earth the ter- restrial planet—represent an incomplete inventory of the planet types in our galaxy. We are locally impoverished in "super-Earths," the broad category of planets inter- mediate in size and mass between Earth and Neptune. Doppler searches of nearby stars showed that super- Earth planets in close-in orbits are plentiful (Howard et al. 2010; Mayor et al. 2011). Results from the Kepler mission confirmed and refined our knowledge of the size and orbital period distribution of these and other planets (Howard et al. 2012; Petigura et al. 2013; Fressin et al. 2013). These planets have a wide range of bulk densities (Marcy et al. 2014), suggesting a diversity of composi- tions spanning rocky planets with negligible atmospheres 1 We refer to this planetary system as the "Levy Planetary System" to thank Ken and Gloria Levy for their generous con- tribution to the APF facility. 2 Based on observations obtained at the W. M. Keck Observa- tory, which is operated jointly by the University of California and the California Institute of Technology. Keck time was granted for this project by the University of Hawai'i, the University of California, and NASA. 3 Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawai'i, 2680 Wood- lawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA 4 Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berke- ley, CA 94720, USA 5 Center of Excellence in Information Systems, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA 6 University of California Observatories, University of Califor- nia, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA 7 National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellow 8 Ken and Gloria Levy Graduate Student Research Fellow 9 Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Graduate Student Fellow * bfulton@hawaii.edu (Howard et al. 2013; Pepe et al. 2013) to puffy planets with thick gas envelopes (Kipping et al. 2014). Interme- diate planets with densities of ∼ 3 g cm−3 are consistent with a broad range of interior structures and atmosphere sizes. Planets smaller than ∼1.6 Earth radii (R⊕) are more likely to have a high density and presumed rocky composition (Weiss & Marcy 2014; Rogers 2015). The large population of super-Earths orbiting close to their host stars was a surprise. Population synthe- sis models of planet formation had predicted that such systems would be rare (Ida & Lin 2004; Mordasini et al. 2009). Planet cores were expected to mostly form be- yond the ice line and rarely migrate to close orbits un- less they first grew to become gas giants. Nevertheless, close-in, low-mass planets are common and often appear in compact multi-planet systems (Lissauer et al. 2011; Fang & Margot 2012). Theoretical models are catching up, with refinements to the disk migration and multi- planet dynamics in the population synthesis family of models (Ida & Lin 2010; Alibert et al. 2013; Schlichting 2014; Lee et al. 2014). A new class of "in situ" forma- tion models have also been proposed in which systems of super-Earths and Neptunes emerge naturally from mas- sive disks (Hansen & Murray 2012; Chiang & Laughlin 2013). The Eta-Earth Survey (Howard et al. 2010) at Keck Observatory played a important role in the discovery that super-Earths are abundant. Using the HIRES spectrom- eter, our team searched for planets in a volume-limited sample of 166 nearby G and K dwarf stars. Our search yielded new planets (Howard et al. 2009, 2011a,b, 2014) and detection limits for each star. Putting these to- gether, we measured the prevalence of planets in close-in orbits as a function of planet mass (M sin i). This mass arXiv:1504.06629v1[astro-ph.EP]24Apr2015
2. 2 Fulton et al. function rises steeply with decreasing mass: planets in the mass range 3–10 M⊕ are about twice as common as 10–30 M⊕ planets. The first low-mass planet discovered in the Eta-Earth Survey was HD 7924b (Howard et al. 2009, H09 here- after), a super-Earth with a mass of 8.7 M⊕ and an orbital period of 5.4 days. We have continued to ob- serve HD 7924 and other Eta-Earth Survey stars using HIRES. These additional measurements probe smaller masses and larger star-planet separations. We have also started observing a subset of the Eta-Earth Survey stars with the Automated Planet Finder (APF; Vogt et al. 2014a), a new telescope at Lick Observatory. APF is a robotic 2.4-m telescope designed exclusively for Doppler discovery of exoplanets. It feeds the high-resolution Levy Spectrometer (Radovan et al. 2010) that uses an io- dine reference spectrum to calibrate the wavelength scale and point spread function (Butler et al. 1996), achiev- ing a Doppler precision similar to HIRES while running without human intervention during an observing night. APF exploits high measurement cadence (nearly nightly) to disentangle the complicated low-amplitude signals of multi-planet systems in the face of stellar activity. In this paper we announce two additional super-Earths orbiting HD 7924 based on RVs from the Keck-HIRES and APF-Levy spectrometers. We describe the proper- ties of the star HD 7924 in Sec. 2 and our Doppler mea- surements from APF/Levy and Keck/HIRES in Sec. 3. Our analysis of the RV data, including discovery of the three Keplerian signals and consideration of false alarm probabilities, alias periods, and chromospheric activity, is described in Sec. 4. We conclude with a discussion and summary in Sec. 9. 2. STELLAR PROPERTIES HD 7924, also known as HIP 6379 or GJ 56.5, is a nearby (16.82 pc; van Leeuwen 2007) and bright K0.5V dwarf star (von Braun et al. 2014). It is slightly metal poor relative to the Sun and hosts one previously known planet. It is relatively inactive with log RHK = −4.89 (Isaacson & Fischer 2010), but we do detect some low- level chromospheric activity nonetheless (see Section 4.5). We list our adopted stellar parameters in Table 1. Most of our spectroscopically-derived stellar parame- ters are adopted from H09, which were originally de- rived by Valenti & Fischer (2005) using the Spectroscopy Made Easy (SME) LTE spectral synthesis code. How- ever, HD 7924 has been the focus of several studies since the discovery of HD 7924b. Santos et al. (2013) per- formed a uniform analysis of 48 planet-hosting stars. They find Teff = 5133 ± 68 K, log g = 4.46 ± 0.12, and [Fe/H] = −0.22 ± 0.04 for this star. von Braun et al. (2014) use the empirical relations of Boyajian et al. (2012) to calculate a mass of 0.81 M for HD 7924 with an error estimate of 30%. We computed the stellar mass and radius from Teff , log g, and [Fe/H] using the Tor- res et al. (2010) relations and found 0.81 ± 0.02 M and 0.75 ± 0.03 R . All of these values are within 1-σ of our adopted values. HD 7924 was observed by von Braun et al. (2014) using long-baseline interferometry on the Georgia State University Center for High Angular Resolution Astron- omy (CHARA) Array (ten Brummelaar et al. 2005). We TABLE 1 Adopted Stellar Properties of HD 7924 Parameter HD 7924 Source Spectral type K0.5V von Braun et al. (2014) B − V (mag) 0.826 H09 V (mag) 7.185 H09 J (mag) 5.618 ± 0.026 Cutri et al. (2003) H (mag) 5.231 ± 0.033 Cutri et al. (2003) K (mag) 5.159 ± 0.020 Cutri et al. (2003) Distance (pc) 16.82 ± 0.13 van Leeuwen (2007) Teff (K) 5075 ± 83 von Braun et al. (2014) log g (cgs) 4.59+0.02 −0.03 H09 [Fe/H] (dex) −0.15 ± 0.03 H09 v sin i (km s−1) 1.35 ± 0.5 H09 L (L ) 0.3648 ± 0.0077 von Braun et al. (2014) M (M ) 0.832+0.022 −0.036 Takeda et al. (2007) R (R ) 0.7821 ± 0.0258 von Braun et al. (2014) log RHK −4.89 Isaacson & Fischer (2010) SHK 0.20 Isaacson & Fischer (2010) adopt their value for Teff of 5075 ± 83 K that they ob- tained by fitting the spectral energy distribution from op- tical through infrared wavelengths. They also obtained precise values for the luminosity and radius that we list in Table 1. These values are consistent within 1−σ with the values adopted in H09 that were based on fitting stellar evolution models with spectroscopic parameters. Mason et al. (2011) conducted high-resolution speckle imaging of HD 7924 and detected no companions within three V magnitudes of HD 7924 with separations between 0. 03 and 1. 5. 3. MEASUREMENTS 3.1. Keck/HIRES Spectroscopy We collected 599 new RV measurements for HD 7924 over the last 5 years since the discovery of HD 7924b (H09) using the HIRES spectrograph on the Keck I tele- scope (Vogt et al. 1994). When this new data is combined with the data from H09 and APF we have over 10 years of observational baseline (see Figure 1a). Our data col- lection and reduction techniques are described in detail in H09. On Keck/HIRES we observe the star through a cell of gaseous iodine in order to simultaneously forward model the instrumental line broadening function (PSF) and the subtle shifts of the stellar lines relative to the forest of iodine lines. The HIRES detector was upgraded in August of 2004 and the RV zero-point between the pre-and post-upgrade data may not necessarily be the same. For this reason, we allow for separate RV zero- points for the pre-upgrade, post-upgrade, and APF data sets. All RV measurements and associated Ca II H & K SHK activity indices (the ratio of the flux in the cores of the H & K lines to neighboring continuum levels) are listed in Table 2. 3.2. APF/Levy Spectroscopy The Automated Planet Finder is a 2.4 m f/15 Cassegrain telescope built by Electro-Optical Systems Technologies housed in an IceStorm-2 dome located at Lick Observatory atop Mount Hamilton, 20 miles east of San Jose, California. The telescope operates completely
3. Three Super-Earths 3 unattended using a collection of Python, Tcl, bash, and csh scripts that interact with the lower level software op- erating on the Keck Task Library keyword system (Lup- ton & Conrad 1993). Every scheduled observing night, our automation software queries an online Google spread- sheet (that serves as our target database) and creates two observing plans: one for good conditions and the other for poor. Weather permitting, shortly after sun- set the observatory opens automatically and determines whether to use the observing plan designed for good or poor conditions by monitoring a bright star. Once the observing plan is started, the high-level software contin- ues to monitor the conditions and adjusts the schedule or switches observing plans if necessary. Observations of our targets (primarily for radial velocity measurements) continue throughout the night until conditions deterio- rate too much to remain open or the until morning 9- degree twilight. The Levy Spectrograph is a high-resolution slit-fed op- tical echelle spectrograph mounted at one of the two Nasmyth foci of the APF designed specifically for the detection and characterization of exoplanets (Vogt et al. 2014b; Radovan et al. 2014; Burt et al. 2014). Each spec- trum covers a continuous wavelength range from 3740 ˚A to 9700 ˚A. We observed HD 7924 using a 1. 0 wide decker for an approximate spectral resolution of R = 100, 000. Starlight passes through a cell of gaseous iodine that serves as a simultaneous calibration source for the in- strumental point spread function (PSF) and wavelength reference. In addition, we collected a high signal-to-noise spectrum through the 0. 5 wide decker (R = 150, 000) with the iodine cell out of the light path. This spectrum serves as a template from which we measure the rela- tive doppler shifts of the stellar absorption lines with respect to the iodine lines while simultaneously mod- eling the PSF and wavelength scale of each spectrum. APF guides on an image of the star before the slit using a slanted, uncoated glass plate that deflects 4% of the light to a guide camera. Photon-weighted times of mid- exposure are recorded using a software-based exposure meter based on guide camera images that monitors the sky-subtracted light entering the slit during an exposure (Kibrick et al. 2006). We measure relative radial velocities (RVs) using a Doppler pipeline descended from the iodine technique in Butler et al. (1996). For the APF, we forward-model 848 segments of each spectrum between 5000-6200 ˚A. The model consists of a stellar template spectrum, an ultra high-resolution Fourier transform spectrum of the iodine absorption of the Levy cell, a spatially-variable PSF, a wavelength solution, and RV. We estimate RV uncertain- ties (Table 2) as the uncertainty on the mean RV from the large number of spectral segments. Well-established RV standard stars have a RV scatter of ∼2–3 m s−1 based on APF measurements. This long-term scatter represents a combination of photo-limited uncertainties, stellar jitter, and instrumental systematics. We collected a total of 109 RV measurements of HD 7924 on 80 separate nights (post outlier rejection) over a baseline of 1.3 years with a typical per-measurement uncertainty of 2.0 m s−1 . For both the APF and Keck data, Julian dates of the photon-weighted exposure mid-times were recored dur- ing the observations, then later converted to Barycentric TABLE 2 Radial Velocities of HD 7924 BJDTDB RV Uncertainty Instrument1 SHK (– 2440000) (m s−1) (m s−1) 12307.77162 5.23 1.31 k · · · 12535.95639 3.24 1.16 k · · · 13239.08220 -3.00 0.91 j 0.218 13338.79766 3.83 1.08 j 0.227 16505.99731 -7.97 1.46 a · · · 16515.90636 3.88 1.63 a · · · (This table is available in its entirety in a machine-readable form in the online journal. A portion is shown here for guidance regarding its form and content.) 1 k = pre-upgrade Keck/HIRES, j = post-upgrade Keck/HIRES, a = APF Julian date in the dynamical time system (BJDTDB) us- ing the tools of Eastman et al. (2010)11 . We rejected a handful of low signal-to-noise ratio spec- tra (S/N < 70 per pixel) and measurements with un- certainties greater than nine times the median absolute deviation of all measurement uncertainties relative to the median uncertainty for each instrument. This removed a total of 11 RVs out of the 906 total measurements in the combined data set (Keck plus APF). After outlier rejection we bin together any velocities taken less than 0.5 days apart on a single telescope. Since data taken in short succession are likely affected by the same systematic errors (e.g. spectrograph defocus), these measurements are not truly independent. Binning helps to reduce the effects of time-correlated noise by preventing multiple measurements plagued by the same systematic errors from being given too much weight in the Keplerian analysis. When the data are binned to- gether and the uncertainty for the resulting data point is added in quadrature with the stellar jitter (an additional error term that accounts for both stellar and instrumen- tal systematic noise), the binned data point receives only as much weight as a single measurement. While this likely reduces our sensitivity slightly we accept this as a tradeoff for more well-behaved errors and smoother χ2 surfaces. An independent analysis using the unbinned data in Section 4.4 finds three planets having the same orbital periods, eccentricities, and masses within 1-σ as those discovered by analyzing the binned data. 4. KEPLERIAN ANALYSIS 4.1. Discovery We identify significant periodic signals in the RVs using an iterative multi-planet detection algorithm based on the two-dimensional Keplerian Lomb-Scargle (2DKLS) periodogram (O'Toole et al. 2009). Instead of fitting si- nusoidal functions to the RV time series (Lomb 1976; Scargle 1982), we create a periodogram by fitting the RV data with Keplerian orbits at many different starting points on a 2D grid over orbital period and eccentricity. This technique allows for relative offsets and uncertain- ties between different data sets to be incorporated di- rectly into the periodogram and enhances the sensitivity 11 IDL tools for time systems conversion; http://astroutils.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/time/.
4. 4 Fulton et al. to moderate and high eccentricity planets. We fit the Keplerian models using the Levenberg- Marquardt (L-M) χ2 -minimization routine in the RVLIN IDL package (Wright & Howard 2009). Multi-planet models are sums of single-planet models, with planet- planet gravitational interactions neglected. Such an ap- proximation is valid since the interaction terms are ex- pected to be 1 m s−1 for non-resonant, small planets. We define a grid of search periods following the prescrip- tion of Horne & Baliunas (1986) and at each period we seed an L-M fit at five evenly-spaced eccentricity values between 0.05 and 0.7. Period and eccentricity are con- strained to intervals that allow them to vary only half the distance to adjacent search periods and eccentricities. All other model parameters are free to vary, including the parameters of any previously identified planets. The pe- riod and eccentricity for previously identified planets are constrained to be within ±5% and +5 −10%, respectively, of their initial values but all other parameters are un- constrained. This prevents slightly incorrect fits of the first detected planets from injecting periodic residuals that could mimic further planetary signals. The 2DKLS periodogram power at each point in the grid is Z(P, e) = χ2 − χ2 B χ2 B , (1) where χ2 is the sum of the squared residuals to the cur- rent N + 1 planet fit, and χ2 B is the sum of the squared residuals to the best N-planet fit. In the first iteration of the planet search (comparing a 1-planet model to a 0-planet model), χ2 B is the sum of the squared error- normalized residuals to the mean (the B subscript stands for baseline). The 2D periodogram is collapsed into a 1D periodogram as a function of period by taking the maximal Z for each period searched (i.e. the best fit eccentricity for every period). We start the iterative planet search by comparing a 0-planet model (flat line) to a grid of 1-planet models. A strong signal at a period of 5.4 days is detected at very high significance in the first iteration. This planet was initially discovered by H09 using only 22% of the data presented in this work. When we calculate two vs. one planet and three vs. two planet periodograms, we find two additional highly significant signals with peri- ods of 15.3 days and 24.5 days respectively (see Figure 1). These two periodic signals are best fit by Keplerian orbital models with semi-amplitudes of 2.3 m s−1 and 1.7 m s−1 , respectively, with no significant eccentricity. See Tables 3 and 4 for the full orbital solution. We find a fourth, significant signal at ∼2400 days, but we also find a very similar signal (approximately sinu- soidal with the same period and phase) upon inspection of the time series of SHK stellar activity measurements (see Figure 2). Although we fit for this periodic sig- nal as an additional Keplerian we do not interpret this as an additional planet. Instead we interpret this as the signature of the stellar magnetic activity cycle. We searched for a fifth periodic signal and found two addi- tional marginally significant peaks at 17.1 days and 40.8 days. Due to their marginal strengths and the fact that the two periods are related by the synodic month alias (1/17.1 ≈ 1/40.8 + 1/29.5) we are especially cautious in the interpretation of these signals. We scrutinize these TABLE 3 Orbital Parameters Parameter Value Units Modified DE-MCMC Step Parameters1 log(Pb) 0.73223 ±2e − 05 log(days) √ eb cos ωb 0.15 +0.13 −0.17 √ eb sin ωb -0.09 +0.18 −0.15 log(Kb) 0.555 +0.023 −0.024 m s−1 log(Pc) 1.184663 +9.2e−05 −9.3e−05 log(days) √ ec cos ωc 0.20 +0.17 −0.24 √ ec sin ωc 0.11 +0.17 −0.20 log(Kc) 0.364 +0.037 −0.040 m s−1 log(Pd) 1.3883 +0.00027 −0.00031 log(days) √ ed cos ωd 0.31 +0.16 −0.24 √ ed sin ωd 0.02 +0.30 −0.37 log(Kd) 0.219 +0.052 −0.057 m s−1 Model Parameters Pb 5.39792 ±0.00025 days Tconj,b 2455586.38 +0.086 −0.110 BJDTDB eb 0.058 +0.056 −0.040 ωb 332 +71 −50 degrees Kb 3.59 +0.20 −0.19 m s−1 Pc 15.299 +0.0032 −0.0033 days Tconj,c 2455586.29 +0.40 −0.47 BJDTDB ec 0.098 +0.096 −0.069 ωc 27 +52 −60 degrees Kc 2.31 +0.21 −0.20 m s−1 Pd 24.451 +0.015 −0.017 days Tconj,d 2455579.1 +1.0 −0.9 BJDTDB ed 0.21 +0.13 −0.12 ωd 119 +210 −97 degrees Kd 1.65 ±0.21 m s−1 γpost-upgrade Keck -0.19 ±0.16 m s−1 γpre-upgrade Keck 2.0 +1.1 −1.2 m s−1 γAPF 0.28 +0.46 −0.47 m s−1 σjitt 2.41 +0.11 −0.10 m s−1 1 MCMC jump parameters that were modified from the physical parameters in order to speed conver- gence and avoid biasing parameters that must phys- ically be finite and positive. candidate signals in depth in Sections 4.4 and 4.5. We also see a peak at around 40 days in a periodogram of the SHK time series after the long-period signal from the stellar magnetic activity cycle is removed that is presum- ably the signature of rotationally modulated star spots. We conclude that the 17.1 and 40.8 day signals are most likely caused by rotational modulation of starspots, but the 5.4, 15.3, and 24.5 day signals are caused by three planetary companions with minimum (Mp sin ip) masses of 8.7 M⊕, 7.9 M⊕, and 6.4 M⊕. 4.2. Characterization We determine the orbital parameters and associated uncertainties for the three planet system using the ExoPy Differential-Evolution Markov Chain Monte Carlo (DE-
5. Three Super-Earths 5 10 5 0 5 10 15 RV[ms] a) 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 Year 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 BJD 2450000 10 0 10 Residuals b) 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 Phase 5 0 5 c) Period [days] 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 d) = 5.40 days = 3.59 m s = 0.06 = 8.68 M 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 Phase 5 0 5 e) Period [days] 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 f) = 15.30 days = 2.31 m s = 0.10 = 7.86 M 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 Phase 10 5 0 5 10 g) 10 100 1000 10000 Period [days] 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 h) = 24.45 days = 1.65 m s = 0.21 = 6.44 M RV[ms]RV[ms]RV[ms] Fig. 1.— Best-fit 3-planet Keplerian orbital model plus one additional long-period Keplerian to model the stellar magnetic activity cycle. The model plotted is the one that produces the lowest χ2 while the orbital parameters annotated and listed in Tables 3 and 4 are the median values of the posterior distributions. a) Full binned RV time series. Open black squares indicate pre-upgrade Keck/HIRES data (see §3.1), open black circles are post-upgrade Keck/HIRES data, and filled green diamonds are APF data. The thin blue line is the best fit 3-planet plus stellar activity model. We add in quadrature the RV jitter term listed in Table 3 with the measurement uncertainties for all RVs. b) Residuals to the best fit 3-planet plus stellar activity model. c) Binned RVs phase-folded to the ephemeris of planet b. The two other planets and the long-period stellar activity signal have been subtracted. The small point colors and symbols are the same as in panel a. For visual clarity, we also bin the velocities in 0.05 units of orbital phase (red circles). The phase-folded model for planet b is shown as the blue line. d) 2DKLS periodogram comparing a 2-planet plus activity model to the full 3-planet fit when planet b is included. Panels e) and f), and panels g) and h) are the same as panels c) and d) but for planets HD 7924 c and HD 7924 d respectively.
6. 6 Fulton et al. 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 BJD 2450000 10 5 0 5 10 15 RadialVelocity[ms] 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 BJD 2450000 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 10 5 0 5 10 15 RadialVelocity[ms] Spearman correlation = 0.57 Fig. 2.— Velocity-activity correlation. Top: Binned RV time series of the post-upgrade Keck data with planets b, c, and d sub- tracted. Middle: Binned SHK time series of the post-upgrade Keck data only. Note the similarities between the variability in the top and middle panels. Bottom: Spearman rank correlation test of the velocities with SHK values (Spearman 1904). MCMC, Ter Braak 2006) engine described in Fulton et al. (2013) and Knutson et al. (2014). We treat the total RV model as a sum of Keplerian orbits each parameter- ized by orbital period (Pi), time of inferior conjunction (Tconj,i), eccentricity (ei), argument of periastron of the star's orbit (ωi), and velocity semi-amplitude (Ki) where i is an index corresponding to each planet (b – d). An RV "jitter" term (σjitt) is added in quadrature with the mea- surement uncertainties at each step in the MCMC chains. We also fit for independent RV zero-points for the APF, pre-upgrade Keck, and post-upgrade Keck data. The long-period RV signal presumably caused by the stellar magnetic activity cycle is treated as an additional Ke- plerian orbit with the same free parameters as for each of the three planets. In order to speed convergence and avoid biasing parameters that must physically be finite and positive we step in the transformed and/or combi- nations of parameters listed in Table 3. We add a χ2 penalty for large jitter values of the following form χ2 new = χ2 + 2 n ln 2π(σ2 vel,n + σ2 jitt), (2) TABLE 4 Derived Properties Parameter Value Units eb cos ωb 0.0073 +0.0210 −0.0076 eb sin ωb -0.0031 +0.0063 −0.0190 ab 0.05664 +0.00067 −0.00069 AU Mb sin ib 8.68 +0.52 −0.51 M⊕ Sb * 113.7 +3.7 −3.6 S⊕ Teq,b ** 825.9 +6.6 −6.5 K ec cos ωc 0.017 +0.051 −0.018 ec sin ωc 0.008 +0.037 −0.013 ac 0.1134 +0.0013 −0.0014 AU Mc sin ic 7.86 +0.73 −0.71 M⊕ Sc * 28.35 +0.92 −0.89 S⊕ Teq,c ** 583.6 +4.7 −4.6 K ed cos ωd 0.059 +0.084 −0.054 ed sin ωd 0.001 +0.076 −0.074 ad 0.1551 +0.0018 −0.0019 AU Md sin id 6.44 +0.79 −0.78 M⊕ Sd * 15.17 +0.49 −0.48 S⊕ Teq,d ** 499 ±4 K * Stellar irradiance received at the planet relative to the Earth. ** Assuming a bond albedo of 0.32; the mean total albedo of super-Earth size planets (Demory 2014). where σvel,n is the velocity uncertainty for each of the n measurements (Johnson et al. 2011). We fit for the 23 free parameters by running 46 chains in parallel continuously checking for convergence using the prescription of Eastman et al. (2013). When the number of independent draws (Tz as defined by Ford 2006) is greater than 1000 and the Gelman-Rubin statis- tic (Gelman et al. 2003; Holman et al. 2006) is within 1% of unity for all free step parameters we halt the fit- ting process and compile the results in Table 3. We also list additional derived properties of the system in Table 4 that depend on the stellar properties listed in Table 1. 4.3. False Alarm Assessment We attempted to empirically determine the probabil- ity that Gaussian random noise in the data could con- spire to produce an apparent periodic signal with similar significance to the periodogram peaks corresponding to each of the planets. We calculated 1000 2DKLS peri- odograms, each time scrambling the velocities in a ran- dom order drawn from a uniform distribution. We lo- cated and measured the height of the global maxima of each periodogram and compare the distribution of these maxima to the periodogram peak heights at the periods of the three planets in the original periodograms. The power for each periodogram within the set of 1000 is a ∆χ2 between a 2-planet plus activity model to a 3-planet model assuming the other two planets as "known". Fig- ure 3 shows that the distribution of maxima from the pe- riodograms of the scrambled data are clearly separated from the original peaks. None of the trials produce peri- odogram peaks anywhere near the heights of the original
7. Three Super-Earths 7 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 Periodogram power 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Numberoftrials originalpeakofplanet Planet ( & removed) 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 Periodogram power 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Numberoftrials originalpeakofplanet Planet ( & removed) 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 Periodogram power 0 50 100 150 200 250 Numberoftrials originalpeakofplanet Planet ( & removed) Fig. 3.— Top: Distribution of maximum periodogram peak heights for 1000 2DKLS periodograms of scrambled RV time se- ries. For each periodogram planets c, d, and the magnetic activity cycle were subtracted before scrambling the data set. The vertical dashed blue line marks the height of the original peak for planet b which is clearly separated from the distribution of peaks caused by random fluctuations. Middle: Same as the top panel for planet c. Bottom: Same as the top panel for planet d. peaks corresponding to the three planets. Because the 2DKLS periodogram allows eccentric solutions, we ex- plore the scrambled RVs for non-sinusoidal solutions and are therefore sensitive to a wide variety of false alarm signals. We conclude that the false alarm probabilities for all three planets are < 0.001. 4.4. Searching for Period Aliases The high cadence of the APF data set allows us to explore short-period orbital solutions. Traditional obser- vations on large telescopes such as Keck often yield only a few nights of data per year, making it difficult to deter- mine whether a short orbital period is an alias of a longer period, or a true physical signal. Although planets with orbital periods shorter than one day are uncommon in the galaxy (around 0.83 ± 0.18 % of K dwarfs; Sanchis- Ojeda et al. 2014), eleven ultra-short period planets have been found12 due to their high detectability. To search as carefully as possible for short period signals, we use the unbinned data sets, which consist of 797 RVs from Keck and 109 RVs from the APF. Our use of the unbinned data in this section also provides independent confirmation of the results obtained with the binned data above. Dawson & Fabrycky (2010) outline a rigorous proce- dure to distinguish between physical and alias periods. Our method for finding the orbital periods and distin- guishing aliases is as follows: 1. Determine the window function of the data to un- derstand which aliases are likely to appear. 2. Compute the periodogram of the data, determining the power and phase at each input frequency. 3. If there is a strong peak in the periodogram, fit an N-planet Keplerian (starting with N=1), using the periodogram peak as the trial period. 4. Subtract the N-planet Keplerian from the data. 5. Compute the periodogram of the Nth planet in the model and compare it to the periodogram of the Nth planet in the data minus the model of the other planets. 6. If a second peak in the periodogram has similar height to the tallest peak and is located at an alias period, repeat steps 3-5 using that trial period. 7. If you explored an alias period, choose the model that minimizes χ2 and best reproduces the ob- served periodogram. Subtract this model from the RVs. 8. Treat the residuals as the new data set and go back to step 2. Examine the residuals from the N-planet fit for additional planets, and continue until there are no more signals in the periodogram. The window functions of the individual and combined Keck and APF RV time series are shown in Figure 4. The window function is given by W(ν) = 1 N N j=1 exp(−2πiνtj), (3) where ν is the frequency in units of days−1 and tj is the time of the jth observation. The data sets are com- plementary: 109 RVs from APF over the past year are well-distributed over the months and the year, and so are only susceptible to the daily aliases, whereas the 797 RVs from Keck over the last decade are distributed in a way that gives some power to daily aliases as well as longer-period aliases. The power in the combined win- dow function illustrates that we might be susceptible to daily aliases, and weak signals in the periodogram might even be susceptible to monthly or yearly aliases. 12 Based on a 2014 Nov 20 query of exoplanets.org (Wright et al. 2011; Han et al. 2014)
8. 8 Fulton et al. To take the periodogram of the time series, we use a version of fasper (Press & Rybicki 1989) written for Python. We find the same peaks in the periodogram of the data and residuals at 5.4, 15.3, and 24.5 days that we interpret as planets. The periodograms of the data and periodograms of the Keplerian models associated with these periods are shown in Figure 5. Again, we recover a fourth peak at 2570 days that we attribute to long- term stellar activity due to the correlation between the RVs and the SHK values. The 3 planet plus stellar ac- tivity model found with the alias-search method yields periods, eccentricities, and planet masses within 1-σ of the results quoted in Table 3 for all three planets. ωb is consistent within 1-σ, but inconsistent for planets c and d. However, the arguments of periastron for all three planets are poorly constrained due to their nearly cir- cular orbits. We find a fifth peak at 40.8 days, which is also prominent in the periodogram of the stellar ac- tivity and is likely the rotation period of the star. The 40.8-day signal has a strong alias at 17.1 days and so we test Keplerian models at both 40.8 days and 17.1 days to discriminate which is the true signal and which is the alias (see Figure 6). We find that the periodogram of the model 40.8 day signal better matches the alias structure in the periodogram of the data, and so we prefer 40.8 days as a candidate stellar rotation period. 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 Frequency (day−1 ) −2.0 −1.5 −1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 WindowFunction APF Keck Keck + APF Fig. 4.— The window function of the Keck and APF RV time series. While the APF window function has some power at fre- quency multiples of one day, it is flat otherwise, whereas the Keck window function has power at low frequencies (corresponding to long-period aliases) and power in broader swaths around the fre- quency multiples of one day. 4.5. Chromospheric Activity Although this star is relatively inactive with RHK val- ues in the literature between −4.89 (Isaacson & Fischer 2010) and −4.85 (Canto Martins et al. 2011), some low- level chromospheric activity is detectable with our high- precision RVs. The most obvious feature is the long pe- riod signal with a period of ≈6.6 years and an amplitude of ≈5 m s−1 . Although this signal looks promising as a long-period sub-Jupiter mass planet candidate, upon inspection of the SHK time series we notice that this ac- tivity indicator is highly correlated with this long-period signal in the velocities (see Figure 2). We interpret this signal as the signature of the stellar magnetic activity cycle of which we have observed nearly two full cycles. If we subtract this long-period signal from the SHK val- ues and make a periodogram of the residuals we find a marginally significant peak at ≈41 days. This is most likely caused by rotational modulation of starspots, be- cause 41 days is near the expected rotation period (38 days, Isaacson & Fischer 2010) for a star of this spectral type and age. To gain confidence in the source of these Doppler sig- nals (activity or planets) we employed a time-dependent RV-SHK decorrelation that probes evolution of the RV periodogram on timescales of the stellar rotation. Sim- ple linear decorrelation is limited by the natural phase offset between RV and activity signals. At any given time, the measured RV and activity both depend on the flux-weighted fractional coverage of the magnetically ac- tive region on the stellar disk. The measured SHK peaks when the magnetically active regions are closest to the disk center, where its projected area is largest and the star would otherwise be brightest. However, the RV approaches zero at the center of the stellar disk. The activity-induced RV shift is maximized when the active region is closer to the limb, ∼1/8 phase from center (e.g. Queloz et al. 2001; Aigrain et al. 2012). In addition, the magnetically active regions continuously evolve on timescales of several stellar rotation periods weakening the RV-SHK correlations over long timescales. Motivated by these limitations, our alternative RV- SHK decorrelation method is effective on timescales of both the long-term magnetic activity cycle and the stel- lar rotation period. All APF data are excluded from this analysis because activity measurements are not presently available. Starting with the same outlier-removed time-series as described above, we bin together any radial velocity and SHK measurements taken on the same night. The pe- riod of the long-term stellar magnetic activity cycle is then identified from a Lomb-Scargle (LS) periodogram of the activity time-series. That period serves as the ini- tial guess in a subsequent single-Keplerian fit to the RV time-series using rv mp fit. Next, planet candidates are identified using an iterative approach in which the num- ber of fitted planets N increases by one starting at N = 1. N + 1 Keplerians are fit at each step, one accounting for the long-term stellar magnetic activity cycle: 1. Determine period of Nth planet candidate: Identify the period, PN , of the highest peak in the LS periodogram of the residuals to the N-planet Keplerian fit to the RV time-series. 2. Obtain best N-planet solution: Perform an (N +1)-planet Keplerian fit with initial guesses be- ing the N Keplerians from the previous fit plus a Keplerian with initial period guess PN . 3. Repeat: Steps 1-2 for N = N + 1. We wish to subsequently remove residual RV signa- tures that can be confidently attributed to magnetically active regions rotating around the stellar surface. Since the lifespan of such regions is typically a few rotation periods, each measured RV was decorrelated with SHK activity measurements within ±100 days. We chose ±100
9. Three Super-Earths 9 Period (day) 0 50 100 150 200 250 Powerb P=5.4 d Phi=3.8 Data Period (day) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Powerb P=5.4 d Phi=4.17 3-Planet + Activity Model Daily Alias Yearly Alias Monthly Alias Period (day) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Powerc P=15.29 d Phi=1.57 Period (day) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Powerc P=15.29 d Phi=1.61 1 10 100 1000 Period (day) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Powerd P=24.45 d Phi=3.1 1 10 100 1000 Period (day) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Powerd P=24.47 d Phi=2.92 Fig. 5.— Left: LS periodograms of the data associated with each planet identified, from top to bottom: planet b, planet c, and planet d. In each panel, signals from the other planets and stellar activity have been subtracted. The phase of the frequency associated with the peak is given in radians. Right: LS periodograms of the best Keplerian model for each of the planets, from top to bottom, planets b, c, and d. The periodogram of each Keplerian model reproduces the peak period and alias structure of the data. P=40.83 d Phi=2.0 Period (day) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Power Data P=40.83 d Phi=2.03 Period (day) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Power Model (40d) P=17.09 d Phi=6.04 1 10 100 1000 10000 Period (day) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Power Model (17d) Daily Alias Yearly Alias Monthly Alias Fig. 6.— Top: a candidate periodic signal at 40.8 or 17.1 days emerges in the periodogram of the residuals to the 3-planet plus long-term stellar activity model. These two periods are related to each other by the one synodic month alias. Either 40.8 days or 17.1 days could correspond to the rotation period of the star, although the 40.8 day period is more prominent in the periodogram of the SHK values. To test both periods, we model the best-fit Keplerian at 40.83 days (center) and 17.1 days (bottom) and show their periodograms, complete with phase information.
10. 10 Fulton et al. day windows because such windows were long enough to allow us to detect the 41 day rotation period in each win- dow, and short enough to capture long-term variability in the power spectrum on time-scales of hundreds of days. However, before discussing our decorrelation technique, we investigate the degree to which our RV and SHK mea- surements are correlated and the reliability of our planet candidate signals. Figure 7 shows a time-series of LS periodograms cor- responding to all RVs measured within ±100 days. Each panel contains more than 100 individual columns cor- responding to each periodogram derived from all data within ±100 days of the times for each column. These periodograms are only displayed at times when a mini- mum data cadence requirement (discussed below) is met and are grayed out elsewhere. Individual periodograms have been normalized independently to facilitate inter- epoch comparison of the relative distribution of power across all periods. In each panel from top to bottom, an additional planet signal has been removed from the data. The long-term magnetic activity cycle is removed from the data in all three panels. The fitted longterm magnetic activity-induced component has also been re- moved in all cases. After removing planet b (top panel), the majority of epochs/columns show significant power at 15.3 days, corresponding to planet c. The few excep- tions are epochs with the lowest cadence. The higher ca- dence epochs also have significant power near 24.5 days, corresponding to planet d. The 24.5-day signal is more apparent after planet c is also removed (middle panel). The presence of 15.3-day and 24.5-day peaks across all high-cadence epochs is consistent with the coherent RV signature of a planet. Figure 7 also reveals significant RV power at ∼30– 50-day periods which can be attributed to magnetically active regions (i.e. spots and plages) rotating around the stellar surface at the ∼40.8-day stellar rotation pe- riod. The activity-induced RV shifts dominate the peri- odograms after the planets b, c and d have been removed (bottom panel). A number of epochs also show substan- tial power at ∼ 17.1 days. This is unlikely to be the signature of a fourth planet as the period corresponds to the monthly synodic alias of the 40.8-day rotation pe- riod. Moreover, a system of planets with 15.3-day and 17.1-day periods is unlikely to be dynamically stable. The direct correlation between RV and stellar activity on stellar rotation timescales is further highlighted in Figure 8. The top panel is the SHK-analog of Figure 7 in that each column is the running periodogram of all SHK measurements within ± 100 days. The suite of 30-50-day peaks mirror those in the RV periodograms of Figure 7, indicating that magnetic activity is responsible for RV variation on these timescales. The observed ∼20-day range in the period of these activity-induced peaks might seem surprisingly large, given that differential stellar rotation is likely of order several days (e.g. the observed difference in rotation pe- riod at the Sun's equator and 60◦ latitude is ∼5 days). However, some of this variation could also be statisti- cal noise, simply an artifact of the limited sampling of ∼40-day signals over a relatively small time baseline. To test this hypothesis, we generated a synthetic RV time series of the exact same cadence as our real Keck ob- servations and attempted to recover an injected signal of period 40.8 days. We first injected our three-planet model, adding Gaussian noise with standard deviation 2.36 m s−1 , the median velocity error in the post-upgrade Keck dataset (see Table 6). We then superposed the 40.8- day sinusoid of semi-amplitude 1.46 m s−1 . The chosen semi-amplitude is the median of semi-amplitudes of all Keplerian fits to activity-induced RVs as determined by our decorrelation algorithm (see below). We applied the same planet-detection algorithm described above to these simulated data and subtracted three Keplerians from the best 4-Keplerian model, leaving only the 40.8-day signal. The bottom plot in Figure 8 shows the resulting 200- day-running-window periodogram, akin to the bottom plot in Figure 7. The ∼10–15 day fluctuation in the recovered period of the injected 40.8-day signal is consis- tent with activity-induced features in our real SHK and RV data. We conclude that the varying power of the RV signal with periods of 30-50 days observed in the real data is a limitation of the observing cadence and not intrinsic to the star. The strong correlation observed between RV and stel- lar activity indicates tremendous potential for decorre- lation to validate our planet candidates. We apply a decorrelation algorithm that iterates through each RV measurement v(ti) where ti is the time of the ith mea- surement: 1. Define subsets Si and Vi, consisting of all SHK and RV measurements within 100 days of time ti. 2. Define nS and nV as the number of datapoints in Si and Vi respectively. If nS and nV > nmin then proceed to next step, otherwise revert to step 1 for i = i + 1. 3. Identify the period, Pi, of the highest peak in the LS periodogram of Si. 4. Perform a single-Keplerian fit to Vi with fixed pe- riod Pi. 5. Subtract Keplerian fit from v(ti). 6. Repeat for i = i + 1. As step 2 indicates, we only decorrelated an RV mea- surement with SHK activity if both the number of SHK and RV measurements within ±100 days, nS and nV re- spectively, exceeded some minimum number, nmin. This was done to avoid removal of spurious correlations. nmin was chosen by examining the dependence of correlation significance on nS and nV . More specifically, for each RV measurement, we computed the Pearson product- moment correlation coefficient, r, between RV and SHK periodograms from all data within ±100 days. In cases of nS and nV between ∼10–20, r values were widely dis- tributed between 0-1, suggesting correlations were spuri- ous. Supporting this notion, the best-fitting Keplerians to the activity-correlated RV noise had unusually large semi-amplitudes, as high as 10 m s−1 , even in cases where r > 0.5. In contrast, when nS and nV exceeded 23, r ranged from 0.34-0.76, with a median of 0.51 and semi- amplitudes were a more reasonable 1-3 m s−1 . We there- fore adopted nmin = 23 resulting in activity decorrelation of 115 of 281 RV measurements.
11. Three Super-Earths 11 The top panel of Figure 9, shows the evolution of the periodogram of the entire RV time series as the activ- ity decorrelation scheme is cumulatively applied to data points in chronological order. That is, the columnar pe- riodogram at each given time, t, corresponds to that of the entire RV time series, with activity decorrelation of all RV measurements before and including time t. Plan- ets b and c have been removed as well as the long term magnetic activity. The bottom panel dispays the RV pe- riodograms before and after activity decorrelation, cor- responding to the leftmost and rightmost periodograms in the top panel respectively. After decorrelation the pe- riodogram has significant power at 24.5, 35.1, and 40.8 days and several other more moderate peaks. However, after decorrelation (rightmost column), the 24.5 signal dominates, in support of its planetary origin, while most other peaks, including those at 40.8 days and 35.1 days, have been drastically reduced, consistent with manifesta- tions of stellar activity. The single exception is the peak at 17.1 days. While it is unclear why this peak does not vanish, we remind the reader that is the monthly syn- odic alias of the 40.8 day stellar rotation period, and a planet with such an orbital period would likely be dy- namically unstable with planet c (P=15.3 days). The 3- planet result of this analysis is consistent with the other analyses previously described. This method of decorre- lating stellar noise from RV measurements will be useful for distinguishing planets from stellar activity in other high-cadence RV planet searches. 5. PHOTOMETRY Photometric observations of planet host stars can be used to measure stellar rotation, detect planetary tran- sits, and sense false planet detections in RV signals. We collected 1855 differential photometry measurements of HD 7924 using the T8 0.8 m automated photometric tele- scope (APT) at Fairborn observatory in Arizona. The measurements were collected between 31 December, 2006 and 1 December, 2014. The instrument uses two photo- multiplier tubes to measure flux in Str¨omgren b and y fil- ters simultaneously. The b and y measurements are later combined into a single (b + y)/2 passband to improve signal to noise. The telescope nods between the target star and several comparison stars. A more detailed de- scription of the observing procedure and data reduction can be found in H09 and Henry et al. (2013). We noticed season to season offsets in the photometry of HD 7924 with a maximum amplitude of ∼ 1.5 mmag. These off- sets are well correlated with the SHK values during the same time. To better characterize the photometric vari- ability on short timescales we remove these offsets for the subsequent analysis. The 1855 photometric observations are plotted in the top panel of Figure 10 and summarized in Table 5, where we have removed yearly offsets by dividing the observa- tions in each season by the seasonal mean. We find a significant periodic signal in the full photometric dataset with a period of 16.9 days and peak-to-peak amplitude of 1.9 ppt. This is similar to the 17.1 day period found in the RVs and most likely a signature of the stellar ro- tation. Spots may form on opposite hemispheres and cause photometric fluctuations at one half of the orbital period. When the data are broken up into the individual observing seasons we find that the strongest photomet- 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Period[days] 15.3 (planet c) 24.5 (planet d) Planet b removed 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Period[days] 24.5 (planet d) Planets b, c removed 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 JD-2450000 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Period[days] Planets b, c, d removed 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 RVpowerwithin±100days Fig. 7.— Top: Periodogram of Keck HIRES RV measurements ± 100-days versus time (JD-2450000) with our Keplerian model of planet b (P=5.4 days) removed. Each colored, single-pixel column is a unique periodogram of all RV measurements within a 200- day window centered on the time indicated on the horizontal axis. Dark grey boxes indicate times of observation having fewer than 24 measurements of both RV and SHK within ± 100 days. Each periodogram has been normalized independently by dividing all periodogram powers by the maximum periodgram value. Middle: Same as top, with planets b and c removed. Bottom: Same as top, with planets b, c, and d removed. ric periodicity happens during the 2012-2013 season and has a period of 41.5 days. This season corresponds to the time of maximal SHKactivity index. Starspots dur- ing this time likely dominate the rotationally induced signal in the RV data. No significant periodic variability is found in the pho- tometry at the periods of the three planets. A least- squares sine wave fit to the data gives semi-amplitudes of 0.11 ppt, 0.25 ppt, and 0.17 ppt at the orbital periods of planets b, c, and d respectively. Figure 11 shows the photometric data phase-folded to the periods of each of the three planets. This gives further evidence that the 5.4, 15.3, and 24.5 day signals are planetary in nature and not caused by stellar activity that would be visible in the photometry at those periods. With the APT data we are able to rule out transits deeper than ≈2 ppt for planet b and 5-8 ppt for plan- ets c and d. We binned the data in bins of width 0.005 units of orbital phase around the time of center transit for each of the planets. For planet b, the lowest binned measurement within the uncertainty window of the tran- sit time is 2.3±1.2 below the mean suggesting that tran- sits deeper than 3.5 ppt do not occur. With a mass of 8.7 M⊕ we can rule out non-grazing transits of a pure hydro-
12. 12 Fulton et al. 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 JD-2450000 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Period[days] 40.8 (activity) 35.1 (activity) 17.1 (activity) Simulated planets b, c, d removed 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 RVpowerwithin±100days 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Period[days] 40.8 (activity) 35.1 (activity) 17.1 (activity) 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Spowerwithin±100days Fig. 8.— Top: Same as Figure 7 but for SHK (stellar activity) data. Bottom: Same as Figure 7 bottom panel but for a synthetic RV time-series created by superposing a 1.46 m s−1, 40.8-day si- nusoid with the best 3-planet model to the real Keck RVs and 2.36 m s−1 Gaussian noise, then fitting for and removing the best 3-planet model (P=5.4, 15.3, 24.5 days). Time sampling matches the real-data. Dark grey boxes indicate times of observation having fewer than 24 measurements of both RV and SHK within ± 100 days. Epoch-to-epoch fluctuation in the recovered period of the injected 40.8-day signal is an artifact of time-sampling, Keplerian fitting noise, and injected Gaussian noise. 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Runningactivity-decorrelatedRVpower (fulltime-series) 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 JD-2450000 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Period[days] Planets b, c removed 24.5 (planet d) 40.8 (activity) 35.1 (activity) 17.1 (activity) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Period [days] 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 RVPower 17.1 (activity) 24.5 (planet d) 35.1 (activity) 40.8 (activity) Planets b, c removed After activity decorr. Before activity decorr. Fig. 9.— Top: Running periodogram of the entire RV time-series, where only the subset of RV measurements that precede each time have been decorrelated with stellar activity. Keplerian models of planets b (P=5.4 days), c (P=15.3 days) and the long-term-stellar- magnetic-activity have been removed. Dark grey boxes indicate times of observation having fewer than 24 measurements of both RV and SHK within ± 100 days. All periodogram powers have been normalized to the same color scale. Bottom: Periodogram of entire RV time-series before and after decorrelation with stellar activity. The periods of peaks attributed to planets and stellar activity are labeled accordingly by dashed vertical lines. gen planet, but transits of a denser planet would not be detectable in our data (see Figure 11). Our constraints on possible transits of planets c and d are not as strong because their ephemerides have not yet been subject to intense campaigns to search for transits. However, the lowest binned measurements within the transit windows for planets c and d are 6.23 ± 1.5 ppt and 3.4 ± 1.5 ppt, respectively, and suggest that transits deeper than 7.7 ppt for planet c and 4.9 ppt for planet d are not present in the data. This rules out transits of a pure hydrogen planet d, but the lowest binned measurement for planet c is consistent with the depth of a transit caused by a pure hydrogen planet. However, if this were a real event we would expect the neighboring measurements to also be slightly lower than the mean since the transit duration is longer than the width of the bins but this is not the case. Both of the neighboring measurements are higher than the mean flux level. We conclude that transits of planets with compositions dominated by hydrogen for any of the three planets are unlikely, but more and/or higher preci- sion observations are needed to exclude transits of rocky planets. 6. SPITZER TRANSIT SEARCH A photometric campaign to look for transits of HD 7924b using the Spitzer Space Telescope showed no evi- dence of transiting planets larger than 1.16 R⊕(2−σ con- fidence, Kammer et al. 2014). However, they assumed a circular orbit which caused them to underestimate the uncertainty on the time of transit. We find an ephemeris that is inconsistent with that of Kammer et al. (2014) by ∼ 3 − σ, but nearly identical to that of H09. With the new ephemeris listed in Table 3 we calculate a time of transit for the epoch during which the Spitzer ob- servations were collected of 2455867.07+0.09 −0.11. The Kam- mer et al. (2014) observations would have covered 70% of the predicted ingress or egress times assuming a per- fectly edge-on viewing angle for the orbit. The a priori transit probability for planet b is 6.4%. Assuming the Kammer et al. (2014) observations are of sufficient pre- cision to detect any ingress or egress that would have occurred within their observational window, the a poste- riori transit probability is 2.0%. Figure 12 compares the observational window of the Spitzer observations to the predicted time of transit based on the ephemeris of this work. 7. ARCHITECTURE AND STABILITY 7.1. Compact Multi-planet Systems In order to compare the architecture of the HD 7924 system with other compact multi-planet systems we com- piled a catalogue of similar multi-planet systems from Kepler. We restricted the Kepler multi-planet systems to those with exactly three currently known transiting planets in the system13 , a largest orbital period less than or equal to 30 days, and all three planets must have radii smaller than 4 R⊕. This left a total of 31 systems from the sample of confirmed Kepler systems (Borucki et al. 2011; Batalha et al. 2013; Marcy et al. 2014; Rowe et al. 2014). Their architectures are presented in Figure 13. We notice nothing unusual about the architecture of HD 7924 when compared with the Kepler systems. Most 13 As returned by a 2014 Nov 24 query of exoplanets.org
13. Three Super-Earths 13 TABLE 5 SUMMARY OF APT PHOTOMETRIC OBSERVATIONS Observing Julian Date Range Sigma Prot 1 Full Amplitude2 Season Nobs (HJD − 2,440,000) (mag) (days) (mag) 2006–2007 231 14100–14158 0.00212 17.1 ± 0.2 0.0021 ± 0.0004 2007–2008 524 14370–14523 0.00215 17.1 ± 0.1 0.0011 ± 0.0003 2008–2009 464 14728–14867 0.00208 45.7 ± 0.5 0.0013 ± 0.0003 2009–2010 123 15092–15222 0.00212 · · · · · · 2010–2011 140 15459–15598 0.00239 18.1 ± 0.1 0.0024 ± 0.0005 2011–2012 125 15823–15963 0.00222 16.8 ± 0.1 0.0021 ± 0.0005 2012–2013 109 16185–16330 0.00235 41.5 ± 0.8 0.0027 ± 0.0006 2013–2014 100 16555–16674 0.00168 25.1 ± 0.3 0.0022 ± 0.0004 2006–2014 1816 14100–16674 0.00197 16.8922 ± 0.0014 0.00098 ± 0.00013 1 Period of most significant peak in a periodogram analysis. 2 Amplitude of best-fit sine function with the period fixed to Prot. of these multi-planet systems contain three planets with masses between 5-10 M⊕ and semi-major axis between 0.05 and 0.3 AU. The systems of Kepler-194, Kepler- 124, Kepler-219, Kepler-372, Kepler-310, Kepler-127, and Kepler-342 all host one inner planet and two outer planets that are closer to each other than to the inner- most planet as in the HD 7924 system. The Kepler-372 system is particularly similar with one planet orbiting at 0.07 AU and a pair of outer planets orbiting at 0.14 and 0.19 AU. This demonstrates that the HD 7924 system is not abnormal in the context of other known compact multi-planet systems. While this is not a direct demon- stration of dynamical stability, the fact that many other systems exist with very similar architectures gives strong empirical evidence that the HD 7924 system is a stable planetary configuration. The HD 7924 planetary system is one of very few RV- detected systems hosting three super Earths. Only HD 40307 (Mayor et al. 2009a), and HD 20794 (Pepe et al. 2011) are known to host three planets with masses all below 10 M⊕. Both of these stars are unobservable from most northern hemisphere observatories. If we expand the mass limit to include systems with three or more planets with masses below 25 M⊕ we find four additional systems that match these criteria, HD 69830 (Lovis et al. 2006), Gl 581 (Mayor et al. 2009b), HD 10180 (Lovis et al. 2011), and 61 Virginis (Vogt et al. 2010). These systems are difficult to detect given their small and com- plex RV signals and HD 7924 is the first discovery of such a system since 2011. 7.2. Dynamical Stability In order to check that the HD 7924 system is dynami- cally stable for many orbital periods we ran a numerical integration of the three planet system using the MER- CURY code (Chambers 1999). We started the simula- tion using the median orbital elements presented in Ta- ble 3 and let it proceed 105 years into the future. We assume that the system is perfectly coplanar with zero mutual inclination and we assume that the masses of the planets are equal to their minimum masses (sin i = 0). No close passages between any of the three planets were found to occur (≤1 Hill radius) during the entire simula- tion, suggesting that the system is stable in the current configuration. Following the arguments of Fabrycky et al. (2014) we calculated the sum of separations between the planets (b to c, plus c to d) in units of their Hill radii. Fabrycky et al. (2014) found that the sum of the separations for the vast majority of Kepler multi-planet systems is larger than 18 Hill radii. The sum of the separations between the planets of the HD 7924 system is 36 Hill radii, pro- viding further evidence that this system is stable and not abnormally compact relative to the many Kepler multi- planet systems. 8. APF VS. KECK Since this is the first publication from our group utiliz- ing APF data we perform a comparison between the two data sets to assess their relative performance. First, we use the automated planet detection algorithm described in §4.1 on each data set independently. When the APF and Keck data are analyzed independently the 5.4, 15.3, and 24.5 day signals are the first to be identified in both cases (albeit with much lower significance in the APF data alone) making it extremely unlikely that these sig- nals could be caused by instrumental systematic noise. The binned measurement uncertainties for the APF data are generally higher than those of Keck (before stel- lar jitter is accounted for). This is not surprising since the APF data is usually collected at lower signal to noise than the Keck data. However, since we are allocated many more nights on APF we can collect more measure- ments over a shorter amount of time. It took ∼13 years to collect 281 binned measurements with Keck, but only 1.5 years to collect 80 binned measurements with the APF. In addition, HD 7924's circumpolar track at Lick Ob- servatory and the long nights during the winter months in Northern California both increase the observability of this target. The standard deviation of the residuals to the best fit model are similar in the two cases at 2.8 m s−1 for APF and 2.5 m s−1 for the post-upgrade Keck data. In order to compare the tradeoffs between higher cadence and higher precision we define a metric similar to the "photometric noise rate" as used by Fulton et al. (2011) to compare the relative performance between pho- tometric data sets. We define a "velocity noise rate" as VNR = σ √ Γ , (4) where σ is the RMS of the velocities and Γ is the mean number of observations per year. We assume that no further signals are present in the data and/or they con- tribute negligibly to the RMS. The VNR gives the ap- proximate K in m s−1 that would be detectable with
14. 14 Fulton et al. 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 HJD - 2450000 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03RelativeFlux[(b+y)/2] 1 10 100 1000 Period [days] 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Power 16.9 days 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 Phase [P=16.9 days] 0.985 0.990 0.995 1.000 1.005 1.010 1.015 RelativeFlux[(b+y)/2] Fig. 10.— Differential photometry of HD 7924 from APT. Top: Relative flux time-series of HD 7924 in the combined Str¨omgren (b + y)/2 passband. Seasonal offsets are removed by dividing by the mean within each season. The standard deviation of the pho- tometric time series is 2.3 parts per thousand (ppt). Middle: LS periodogram of the photometric time series. Bottom: Differential photometry from APT phase-folded to the 16.9 day peak found in the LS periodogram and binned to widths of 0.1 phase units (red circles). The light grey points and open red circles show the same data wrapped by one period. The peak-to-peak amplitude of the 16.9 day photometric signal is 1.1 ppt. S/N=1 after one year of observing at typical cadence. Of course, we generally require S/N 1 in order to con- sider a signal a viable planet candidate, but the VNR still gives a good reference point for comparison. We list the VNR and other performance characteristics for Keck and APF data for HD 7924 and two well-known RV standard stars (HD 10700, and HD 9407) in Table 6. The velocities for the three stars are compared side- by-side in Figure 14. The VNR for APF data is 25–50% smaller than that of Keck indicating that we will be sen- sitive to smaller planets once we have observed the stars for a comparable amount of time or, in other words, our APF data will be of comparable sensitivity to the exist- ing Keck RVs in 1/2 to 3/4 of the length of time it took to reach that sensitivity at Keck. We are actively tuning and perfecting our Doppler analysis pipeline for APF. Recently, we implemented an experimental technique to correct the velocities for any correlations of the RVs with environmental parameters (e.g. atmospheric pressure, CCD temperature). This technique reduces the RV RMS for Keck data slightly (5-10%), but significantly reduces the RMS for APF ve- locities in most cases and up to a factor of two in some cases. The RV RMS for HD 9407 and HD 10700 reduce to 2.24 m s−1 and 1.67 m s−1 respectively when correla- tions with non-astrophysical variables are removed. 9. DISCUSSION & SUMMARY We present the discovery of two additional super-Earth mass planets orbiting the bright K0.5 dwarf HD 7924. These planets join a previously-known planet in a sys- tem with at least three super-Earth mass planets. The two new planets have minimum masses of Mc sin ic = 7.8 M⊕ and Md sin id = 6.3 M⊕, and orbit HD 7924 with semi-major axis of ac = 0.113 AU and ad = 0.155 AU. Both planets receive far too much radiation from HD 7924 to be within the habitable zone as defined by Kop- parapu et al. (2013) with incident stellar irradiation val- ues 114, 28, and 15 times that received from the Sun by Earth for planets b, c, and d respectively. Assuming that these planets have bond albebos similar to the mean to- tal albedos of super-Earths (At = 0.32, Demory 2014) their equilibrium temperatures are 826, 584, and 499 K. The stellar magnetic activity cycle is clearly visible in our long-baseline RV time series and we observe nearly two complete cycles. We simultaneously model the RV shift due to the magnetic cycle and the three planets in order to extract accurate planetary parameters. A ten- tative RV signal from rotationally-modulated starspots is also found and we perform a rigorous analysis to de- termine that the planetary signals are distinct from the stellar activity signals. With the largely expanded data set we are able to re- fine the ephemeris of planet b and show that additional transit monitoring is needed. Since HD 7924 is near the ecliptic pole, it will be near the continuous view- ing zone for the James Webb Space Telescope (Gardner et al. 2006) and a transiting planet would make an excel- lent candidate for space-based transmission spectroscopy. The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Telescope (Ricker et al. 2014) will observe HD 7924 once launched and will be able to conclusively determine if any of the three planets are transiting. This system is a good example of a compact system of short-period planets for which high-cadence observa- tions are incredibly valuable to determine the coherence of signals and detect the true physical periods as opposed to aliases. Since we know that short-period super-Earth size planets are common (Howard et al. 2010), we expect our continued nearly nightly observations with the APF to uncover many more systems like HD 7924 from which we will build a comprehensive census of the small planets in our local solar neighborhood. We are very grateful for the donations of the Levy fam- ily that helped facilitate the construction of the Levy spectrograph on APF. Without their support the APF would not be contributing to the discovery of planets like
15. Three Super-Earths 15 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 Semi amp = . ± . 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 RelativeFlux Semi amp = . ± . 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Orbital Phase 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 Semi amp = . ± . 0.990 0.992 0.994 0.996 0.998 1.000 1.002 1.004 0.990 0.992 0.994 0.996 0.998 1.000 1.002 1.004 RelativeFlux 0.04 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.04 Orbital Phase 0.990 0.992 0.994 0.996 0.998 1.000 1.002 1.004 Fig. 11.— Differential photometry from APT of HD 7924 phase-folded to the ephemerides of the three planets. Left: Differential photometry phase-folded to the orbital period of planet b (top), c (middle), and d (bottom). Red circles are the photometry measurements grouped in bins of width 0.04 units of orbital phase. The grey shaded region spans the uncertainty in mid-transit time. The semi-amplitude of a sine wave least squares fit to the data is annotated at the bottom of each panel. Right: Same as the left panels zoomed in around the phase of center transit. The individual measurements are omitted and the red circles correspond to binned photometry data in bins of width 0.005 units of orbital phase. The three curves are Mandel & Agol (2002) transit models for planets with the masses listed in Table 4 and densities of iron (black), water (blue), and hydrogen (green). TABLE 6 APF vs. Keck Radial Velocity Precision Instrument RMS Median Uncertainty1 Nobs 2 Mean Cadence VNR3 (m s−1 ) (m s−1 ) (days) m s−1 y−1 HD 7924 Pre-upgrade Keck/HIRES 1.20 2.64 7 110.4 0.66 Post-upgrade Keck/HIRES 2.50 2.36 281 13.5 0.48 APF/Levy 2.80 2.86 80 5.9 0.36 HD 10700 (τ Ceti) Pre-upgrade Keck/HIRES 2.87 2.84 84 17.5 0.63 Post-upgrade Keck/HIRES 2.32 2.22 190 19.4 0.53 APF/Levy 2.16 2.12 66 7.0 0.30 HD 9407 Pre-upgrade Keck/HIRES 1.89 1.94 12 162.8 1.26 Post-upgrade Keck/HIRES 1.89 1.86 202 18.3 0.52 APF/Levy 2.34 2.30 104 4.5 0.26 1 Stellar jitter has been added in quadrature with the binned velocities such that the χ2 of the velocities with respect to their median value is 1.0. 2 Binned in units of 0.5 days. 3 See Equation 4.
16. 16 Fulton et al. 866.6 866.8 867.0 867.2 867.4 867.6 867.8 BJD 2455000 Relativeprobability posterior PDF (this work) observations (Kammer et al. 2014) Most likely start and end times (this work) Fig. 12.— Comparison of the transit search time window covered by the Spitzer observations of Kammer et al. (2014) to the transit times as calculated from the updated ephemeris in this work. The thick black line shows the posterior probability density function (PDF) of the mid-transit time for the transit that was targeted by Kammer et al. (2014). The blue shaded region shows the time window covered by their observations, and the red dashed lines show the most likely ingress and egress times. these. In their honor we informally name the HD 7924 system "The Levy Planetary System". We thank the many observers who contributed to the measurements reported here. We thank Kyle Lanclos, Matt Radovan, Will Deich and the rest of the UCO Lick staff for their invaluable help shepherding, planning, and executing ob- servations, in addition to writing the low-level software that made the automated APF observations possible. We thank Debra Fischer, Jason Wright, and John John- son for their many nights of observing that contributed to the Keck data presented in this work. We grate- fully acknowledge the efforts and dedication of the Keck Observatory staff, especially Scott Dahm, Greg Dopp- man, Hien Tran, and Grant Hill for support of HIRES and Greg Wirth for support of remote observing. We are grateful to the time assignment committees of the University of Hawai'i, the University of California, and NASA for their generous allocations of observing time. Without their long-term commitment to RV monitoring, these planets would likely remain unknown. We acknowl- edge R. Paul Butler and S. S. Vogt for many years of contributing to the data presented here. A. W. H. ac- knowledges NASA grant NNX12AJ23G. L. M. W. grate- fully acknowledges support from Ken and Gloria Levy. This material is based upon work supported by the Na- tional Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under Grant No. 2014184874. Any opinion, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessar- ily reflect the views of the National Science Founda- tion. G. W. H. acknowledges support from NASA, NSF, Tennessee State University, and the State of Tennessee through its Centers of Excellence program. This research made use of the Exoplanet Orbit Database and the Exo- planet Data Explorer at exoplanets.org. This work made use of the SIMBAD database (operated at CDS, Stras- bourg, France), NASA's Astrophysics Data System Bib- liographic Services, and the NASA Star and Exoplanet 0.03 0.10 0.30 1.00 [AU] Kepler-142 Kepler-194 Kepler-124 Kepler-171 Kepler-319 Kepler-48 Kepler-325 Kepler-219 HD 7924 Kepler-52 Kepler-288 Kepler-106 Kepler-357 Kepler-372 Kepler-245 Kepler-332 Kepler-331 Kepler-178 Kepler-53 Kepler-58 Kepler-275 Kepler-298 Kepler-126 Kepler-37 Kepler-295 Kepler-338 Kepler-310 Kepler-174 Kepler-399 Kepler-127 Kepler-342 Fig. 13.— The architecture of Kepler multi-planet systems com- pared with the architecture of the HD 7924 system. We plot the Kepler systems with exactly three currently known planets, a largest orbital period of 30 days or less, and a maximum plan- etary radius of 4 R⊕. The HD 7924 planets are plotted as filled black circles. The systems are sorted by the semi-major axis of the shortest period planet in the system. The size of the circles is proportional to planet radius. The radii of the HD 7924 planets have been calculated as Rp R⊕ = 0.371 Mp M⊕ 1.08 (Weiss & Marcy 2014). Database (NStED). Finally, the authors wish to extend special thanks to those of Hawai'ian ancestry on whose sacred mountain of Maunakea we are privileged to be guests. Without their generous hospitality, the Keck ob- servations presented herein would not have been possi- ble.
17. Three Super-Earths 17 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 10 5 0 5 10 15 20 RadialVelocity[ms] star = HD 10700 N = 274 timespan = 14.1 years RMS = 2.32 m s Keck 07/1309/1311/1301/1403/1405/1407/1409/1411/14 10 5 0 5 10 15 20 star = HD 10700 N = 66 timespan = 455 days RMS = 2.16 m s APF 199920012003200520072009201120132015 10 5 0 5 10 15 20 RadialVelocity[ms] star = HD 9407 N = 214 timespan = 16.1 years RMS = 1.88 m s Keck 07/1309/1311/1301/1403/1405/1407/1409/1411/14 10 5 0 5 10 15 20 star = HD 9407 N = 104 timespan = 465 days RMS = 2.34 m s APF Fig. 14.— A comparison between RV performance at Keck and APF for two well known RV standard stars. These stars are some of the most well-observed stars at both Keck and APF. In the first 1.5 years of APF operations we have already collected nearly half of the data that has been collected at Keck over the last ∼15 years. Stellar jitter has been added in quadrature with the binned velocities such that the χ2 of the velocities with respect to their median value is 1.0. REFERENCES Aigrain, S., Pont, F., & Zucker, S. 2012, MNRAS, 419, 3147 Alibert, Y., Carron, F., Fortier, A., Pfyffer, S., Benz, W., Mordasini, C., & Swoboda, D. 2013, A&A, 558, A109 Batalha, N. M., et al. 2013, ApJS, 204, 24 Borucki, W. J., et al. 2011, ApJ, 736, 19 Boyajian, T. S., et al. 2012, ApJ, 757, 112 Burt, J., Vogt, S. S., Butler, R. P., Hanson, R., Meschiari, S., Rivera, E. J., Henry, G. W., & Laughlin, G. 2014, ApJ, 789, 114 Butler, R. P., Marcy, G. W., Williams, E., McCarthy, C., Dosanjh, P., & Vogt, S. S. 1996, PASP, 108, 500 Canto Martins, B. L., das Chagas, M. L., Alves, S., Le˜ao, I. C., de Souza Neto, L. P., & de Medeiros, J. R. 2011, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 530, A73 Chambers, J. E. 1999, MNRAS, 304, 793 Chiang, E., & Laughlin, G. 2013, MNRAS, 431, 3444 Cutri, R. M., et al. 2003, VizieR Online Data Catalog, 2246, 0 Dawson, R. I., & Fabrycky, D. C. 2010, The Astrophysical Journal, 722, 937 Demory, B.-O. 2014, The Astrophysical Journal, 789, L20 Eastman, J., Gaudi, B. S., & Agol, E. 2013, PASP, 125, 83 Eastman, J., Siverd, R., & Gaudi, B. S. 2010, PASP, 122, 935 Fabrycky, D. C., et al. 2014, ApJ, 790, 146 Fang, J., & Margot, J.-L. 2012, ApJ, 761, 92 Ford, E. B. 2006, ApJ, 642, 505 Fressin, F., et al. 2013, ApJ, 766, 81 Fulton, B. J., Shporer, A., Winn, J. N., Holman, M. J., P´al, A., & Gazak, J. Z. 2011, The Astronomical Journal, 142, 84 Fulton, B. J., et al. 2013, ApJ, 772, 80 Gardner, J., et al. 2006, Space Science Reviews, 123, 485 Gelman, A., Carlin, J. B., Stern, H. S., & Rubin, D. B. 2003, Bayesian Data Analysis, 2nd edn. (Chapman and Hall) Han, E., Wang, S. X., Wright, J. T., Feng, Y. K., Zhao, M., Fakhouri, O., Brown, J. I., & Hancock, C. 2014, PASP, 126, 827 Hansen, B. M. S., & Murray, N. 2012, ApJ, 751, 158 Henry, G. W., et al. 2013, ApJ, 768, 155 Holman, M. J., et al. 2006, ApJ, 652, 1715 Horne, J. H., & Baliunas, S. L. 1986, ApJ, 302, 757 Howard, A. W., et al. 2009, ApJ, 696, 75 Howard, A. W., et al. 2010, Science, 330, 653 Howard, A. W., et al. 2011a, ApJ, 726, 73 —. 2011b, ApJ, 730, 10 —. 2012, ApJS, 201, 15 —. 2013, Nature, 503, 381 —. 2014, ApJ, 794, 51 Ida, S., & Lin, D. N. C. 2004, ApJ, 604, 388 —. 2010, ApJ, 719, 810 Isaacson, H., & Fischer, D. 2010, The Astrophysical Journal, 725, 875 Johnson, J. A., et al. 2011, ApJS, 197, 26 Kammer, J. A., et al. 2014, ApJ, 781, 103 Kibrick, R. I., Clarke, D. A., Deich, W. T. S., & Tucker, D. 2006, in Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, Vol. 6274, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, 1 Kipping, D. M., Nesvorn´y, D., Buchhave, L. A., Hartman, J., Bakos, G. ´A., & Schmitt, A. R. 2014, ApJ, 784, 28 Knutson, H. A., et al. 2014, ApJ, 785, 126 Kopparapu, R. K., et al. 2013, The Astrophysical Journal, 765, 131 Lee, E. J., Chiang, E., & Ormel, C. W. 2014, ApJ, 797, 95 Lissauer, J. J., et al. 2011, ApJS, 197, 8 Lomb, N. R. 1976, Ap&SS, 39, 447 Lovis, C., et al. 2006, Nature, 441, 305 —. 2011, A&A, 528, A112 Lupton, W. F., & Conrad, A. R. 1993, in Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, Vol. 52, Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems II, ed. R. J. Hanisch, R. J. V. Brissenden, & J. Barnes, 315 Mandel, K., & Agol, E. 2002, ApJ, 580, L171 Marcy, G. W., et al. 2014, ApJS, 210, 20 Mason, B. D., Hartkopf, W. I., Raghavan, D., Subasavage, J. P., Roberts, Jr., L. C., Turner, N. H., & ten Brummelaar, T. A. 2011, AJ, 142, 176 Mayor, M., et al. 2009a, A&A, 493, 639 —. 2009b, A&A, 507, 487
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PowerPoint 2016: Shortcuts
Evidence for a_spectroscopic_direct_detection_of_reflected_light_from_51_peg_b
The puzzling source_in_ngc6388_a_possible_planetary_tidal_disruption_event
Small scatter and_nearly_isothermal_mass_profiles_to_four_half_light_radii_fr...
Low altitude magnetic_field_measurements_by_messenger_reveal_mercury_ancient_...
Type iax supernovae_a_new_class_of_stellar_explosion
Detection of a_supervoid_aligned_with_the_cold_spot_of_the_cosmic_microwave_b...
The event horizon_of_m87


text:
PRESS RELEASE – JASON WYATT RESIGNS AS LEAD SINGER
PRESS RELEASE – JASON WYATT RESIGNS AS LEAD SINGER	jasonwyatt
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE – April 17, 2014
LOST TRAILERS LEAD SINGER JASON WYATT RESIGNS FROM BAND
Wyatt Departs Band to Pursue Solo Career and Launch of New Production Company
Nashville, Tenn. (April 17, 2014) – Today, Jason Wyatt, lead singer of country music duo The Lost
Trailers announced his resignation from the band. Wyatt cites a resurgence of interest in restarting
his solo career and a need to better focus on the growth of his music production, songwriting and
artist development company, Jason Wyatt Productions canadianviagras.net. Rounding out the next chapter of his
career, Wyatt has been signed on as a consultant and producer with American Country Star, the
Nashville-based national music competition for aspiring country artists.
"I really appreciate these last few years with the Trailers," says Wyatt. "I have loved playing to all of
the great fans around the country. All I can say is, stay excited… there's a lot more to come."
Wyatt is currently hard at work on his upcoming solo album, currently slated for a fourth quarter,
2014 release.
The Lost Trailers saw two Top-40 Country hits during the 2011-2014 tenure with Wyatt, including the
upbeat "American Beauty", used in a featured montage to celebrate Olympic gold medalist Gabby
Douglas, and the fan favorite "Underdog", the group's first single released with Wyatt as the band's
front man.
For more information on Jason Wyatt, visit www.jasonwyattproductions.com or contact
management at:
Management – Bradly Greene
bradly@habitatmc.com
CLICK TO DOWNLOAD PDF – JW PRESS RELEASE
Copyright Jason Wyatt 2014. Website by The Purple Turtle.


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text:
Mission Mangal (2019)
23rd August 2019 / 1 Comment
When India's ISRO successfully launched a probe (MOM) to the "red" planet in 2014 it made history – it was the fourth space agency to reach Mars, the first country to do so in its maiden attempt, and, it did this in a fraction of cost compared to others. I got intrigued. The movie Mission Mangal (2019) is a cinematic take on the people behind that mission which made India proud. I have been generous with my MangoIdiots rating of a "Ripe" for things the film didn't have: including lengthy family dramas, love duets, soap opera style treacheries, and, little on the favourite punching-bag topics of incompetent Babus and corrupt Netas.
Over the decades, Hollywood has made several films where the underdogs succeed on "impossible" projects including Apollo 13 (1995) and First Man (2018). For Bollywood, this genre is new and I am glad they are coming with films like Parmanu (2018) and this one. It is easier to be bold in narrating the facts like in a documentary when most of the personalities involved have retired and much of the material have eventually been released to the public domain. Without that luxury to support them, R.Balki and Jagan Shakti have succeeded in writing an engaging screenplay about India's Mangalyaan mission.
Though the film starts with the focus on the hero Akshay Kumar, who plays the role of a rebellious Mission Director, it is Vidya Balan, appearing as the Project Director quickly grabbing the baton and running with it to the finish line. The film is dominated by strong, intelligent and bold female characters, played well by Sonakshi Sinha, Taapsee Pannu & Kirti Kulhari. I liked that the flashbacks to all of these characters were dealt within a minute and not slowing the flow of the present timeline.
The Women Power in the forefront – Mission Mangal (2019)
Getting a moviegoer to understand a bit about complex subjects of space science like Geocentric phase, Heliocentric phase and solar storms is not easy – here the writers have done well with their demo of turning the gas off after the cooking oil reaching the desired temperature while frying pooris. Similarly – though cliche- was the example of restarting (rebooting) a home computer. I wish they have covered more on how the team crossed many of their scientific challenges.
The film touches on a subject most will fear to even acknowledge, the religious conversions (say from Hinduism to Islam) and deals it with grace. A father is shown shouting at his young son, an aspiring musician, taking an interest in Islam, after his role model A.R.Rahman; whereas the mother character handles the same issue with dignity and respect to the boy and to the God(s). We also see the portrayal of an elderly Brahmin man welcoming and hosting his colleague, a divorced muslim lady, in his house, when the landlords in the area are reluctant to rent her a house because of her religion.
I enjoyed the many references in the film to Dr Kalam and his work, including on how a leader should handle failure and success – The mission director (played by Akshay Kumar) takes the full brunt of a failed mission and in a reverse, pushes his entire team to the limelight after a success.
Overall, a good story to watch this month.
BiographyBollywoodIndia
Theri (2016)
The Dancer (2016)
R.Karthij
4th April 2020 at 10:30 am Reply
Very good movie… got a sense of satisfaction from a movie after a long time.


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