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text:
When Blacks and Asians Clash
21 Comments on When Blacks and Asians Clash
Pictured Above: RadAsians a group of anti-racist, feminist, anti-homophobic, trans-inclusive Asian-identified students at UNC Chapel Hill. For more information please check out: https://www.facebook.com/uncradasians
Media stories about clashes between Asians and Blacks during the ongoing uprising in Baltimore, Maryland have been getting a lot of attention over the last week or so. There was this one on NPR, that at least attempted to offer a balanced view, and this one in the Daily Beast that, not surprisingly, didn't. In the end, most of the coverage is incomplete, and more designed to drive page views than provide real news.
Jeff Yang did a great job of taking this trend down on the CNN site. You should read the article. But there's more to this story that deserves some consideration.
What these stories also fail to tell us is that Asian-owned businesses in Black neighborhoods usually operate without incident, a situation that suggests the owners have professional or even cordial relations with their neighbors. If they didn't, they wouldn't be viable enterprises. But that's business as usual, and stories about business as usual don't drive page views.
Also in the category of business as usual is the ongoing neglect of primarily Black, low-income urban neighborhoods, and the day-to-day harassment of low-income Black people in these neighborhoods by police. We only cover that kind of harassment when it ends in death, which happens a lot, but not in most of the cases in which Black people are unjustly mistreated. This kind of business as usual for low-income Black people, should be newsworthy, or at least it would be if mainstream news outlets actually thought of Black people (and Asians, btw) as an important part of the audience they are serving. Sadly, they obviously don't.
But, there's even more. If you look closely at live television news feeds, you'll see that there are a fair number of Asian Americans among the protestors. Some of those Asian Americans are getting arrested for acts of civil disobedience alongside African Americans.
I call that remarkable in a city that is 2.6 percent Asian according to the most recent census. Remarkable maybe, but, apparently, not sensational enough to inspire the kind of rubber necking mainstream media thrives on.
By sensationalizing Black-Asian tensions (and isolating these tensions from the tensions between Blacks and whites, whites and Asians, Asians and Latinos, Native Americans and settlers, etc.) while also ignoring the context for them, the media also heightens those very same tensions. They heighten tensions by extrapolating from these isolated incidents to the attitudes of whole communities. Doing that causes us to anticipate tension. Anticipating tension, in turn, tends to cause those tensions to rise.
But, worse of all, these stories of tensions between Blacks and Asian are often, even usually, anti-Black. That's right. I said anti-Black, as in racist, even if maybe unintentionally.
They nearly always cast innocent Asian strivers as victims of Black rage gone wild, expressing itself in ways that appear savagely selfish, irrational, and driven by bigotry that has little if any basis in logic. By doing so, they feed a very old and very negative stereotype.
That stereotype is just that, a stereotype. But, it is, nonetheless, one of the popular justifications for mass incarceration and criminal profiling, and informs the kind of thinking that is driving the extraordinary number of incidents of brutality and death of Black people at the hands of police officers in the first place.
Tags #asians4blacklives, anti-black racism, baltimore, black lives matter, black-asian solidarity, black-asian trensions, do the right thing, freddie gray
By Scot Nakagawa
Scot is a community organizer, activist, cultural worker, and political writer. He has spent the last four decades exploring questions of racial injustice and racial formation and effective forms of resistance and strategies for change through community campaigns, cultural organizing, popular education, writing, and direct political advocacy.
Scot's primary work has been in the fight against vigilante white supremacist groups, white nationalism, Nativism, and authoritarian evangelical political movements. In this work, he has served as a strategist, organizer, and social movement analyst. Scot is a past Alston/Bannerman Fellow and the Association of Asian American Studies 2017 Community Leader. He is busy at work on a number of projects, including writing a playbook for anti-fascists, and a primer on race and power. His writings have been included in Race, Gender, and Class in the United States: An Integrated Study, 9th Edition; Killing Trayvons: An Anthology of American Violence; and Eyes Right!: Challenging the Right Wing Backlash.
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21 replies on "When Blacks and Asians Clash"
Ben Thompsonsays:
I don't mean to sound rude but I'm not sure I understand the point. Are you saying that the media is making a mountain out of a molehill when it comes to Black and Asian race relations? I hate to say it but I think these tensions are very real, and tend to be glossed over by highly educated, progressive thinkers who don't want it to disrupt their notion of a unified front. Asians have a long history of racism. People tend to excuse their racist Asian grandmothers by saying they're "traditional" or whatever, but in the end, it's just good old-fashioned (though mostly uninformed and non-malicious) racism. It shouldn't be excused, but it also shouldn't be ignored or treated like it doesn't exist.
Scot Nakagawasays:
Actually, I do understand these tensions exist. I'm not a formally "highly educated" person, if what you mean is college degrees. I grew up in a low-income, multi-racial situation and have lived most of my adult life in primarily Black neighborhoods where I've experienced the kind of tension you're pointing to here and where I've formed life-long friendships with some of my Black neighbors. I live in a majority Black neighborhood now and regularly chat with my Black neighbors who know me, visit with my dog when I'm on walks, etc., and where I occasionally feel some resentment, too. I also am not excusing the racism of Asians, grandmothers, mothers, me, or anyone. I've written on this site about the racial bigotry of my parents, example, and understand I'm far from perfect myself. My parents have lived most of their lives next to a military base where, for a long time, the only Black people they had personal contact with were very young enlisted men, often single, often in basic training, on pay day, and formed their opinions of Black people on that basis; an impression that was reinforced by racist media.
What I am saying, however, is that the media focuses specifically on these tensions and has since the LA uprising because it drives readership. The CVS that was trashed in Baltimore was a white-owned business. Other white-owned businesses were also trashed. We don't see stories that frame with as "white-Black" tensions. We also don't see stories of people getting along, working together, etc. Instead, the focus is repeatedly on these tensions. There are tensions all around – between Blacks and Asians, East Asians and Southeast Asians, Whites and just about everybody, Latinos and Asians, Latinos and Blacks, etc. What I'm suggesting is that the "evidence" of Black-Asian tension is drawn from the actions of a tiny minority of Black people in very unusual circumstances and then magnified as if they are simmering near the surface everywhere. But in middle class neighborhoods where Black and Asian people find themselves living side by side, there don't seem to be tensions, or at least no one seems to be attacking one another. On college campuses where Blacks and Asians attend school together, there appear to be fewer tensions between Blacks and Asians than between Blacks and whites and Asians and whites. But this is outside the frame of these stories because they aren't controversial. When we get along, the media looks the other way. When we don't – and it does happen – we hear that there are these tensions. I'm just suggesting that's lazy, exploitative journalism.
Cheng Liusays:
"Asians have a long history of racism. People tend to excuse their racist Asian grandmothers by saying they're "traditional" or whatever, but in the end, it's just good old-fashioned (though mostly uninformed and non-malicious) racism. It shouldn't be excused, but it also shouldn't be ignored or treated like it doesn't exist."
I don't see what your point is. Literally every racial group includes some racist people in it, Asians are no exception.
citygraysays:
I think its a bunch of hype. All of the Asian stores in my area actually HIRE African Americans. They are far from racist, but I do occasionally see the racism coming from the other side. Most of the people who shop at these stores have a good relationship with the Asian storekeepers/owners, but there is that ever present swathe of ignorant people who keep things off balance.
Robert Leesays:
Black-Asian tensions: Not cause of Baltimore (Opinion) – CNN.com
Jeff Yang: The narrative of animus between Asians and African Americans is a sad distraction from the real issues surrounding urban unrest.
CNN.COM|BY JEFF YANG
My response to Jeff Yang:
Blacks protecting Asian stores in Baltimore -same as in Newark NJ in 1968 – my dad's laundry was on Court & Washington Sts during the so called riot in Newark. Several years later he told me on that day someone came to our laundry, said something was going to happen that night, dont worry, just take a chair & sit outside your store, and nothing will happen to you or your glass windows. My dads laundry was unscathed. Clearly this exemplifies the warmth of Black/Asian relations. This was my experience growing up there. This was not a "riot" but an uprising. Contrary to Obama there is a purpose to Baltimore – to demonstrate disrespect for the values of property that are used to exploit other peoples.
Anna Chunsays:
There are several different view-points and personal experiences that people have faced- some positive experiences between Asians and Blacks and some that are negative. Historically there are numerous reasons why Asian and Black relations have been strained. Personally, my parents own a beauty supply store in a predominantly black city because their products cater to them specifically. The business has been open for more than 22 years now and throughout those 22 years it's only recently become relatively safe to the point where my parents don't feel like they need to watch every customer for fear of them stealing. It's been a rough journey, trust me, what child wants to see her mother beaten by people who come in for the sole purpose of stealing? Like I mentioned, there's a lot of background history, misunderstandings in each other's cultures and stereotypes that has shaped Asian and Black relations. More recently there has been steps to improve the two races relations but for the most part it's still the same as it was 22 years ago. The Baltimore riots reminded me of the LA riots, society in general still has a long way to go… Baltimore was a protest that unfortunately changed paths to a senseless riot- it did not give any righteous standing when it involved stealing, burning, and fighting.
I'm really sorry your parents and you suffered so, Anna. The point of the post, though, was that we ought not extrapolate from these incidents in low-income neighborhoods where anger runs high and relations are strained all around, including between black people and other black people, to all black people and their attitudes toward all Asians.
@Anna, I am always confused as to why Asians open stores in predominantly black cities or neighborhoods. They come to where it is overwhelming black, they know nothing of the culture, sometimes can't even properly communicate with the residents, have a chip on their shoulder and expect for people to welcome them with their over priced items with open arms. Sounds like they think they can exploit those people easier. I can't stand self righteous "white washed" Asians like you! You come on here and claim that only recently, after 22 years, your parents can "feel safe" in their store. Why were they there for so long if they felt so unsafe? Black people get tired of foreigners (don't know if your parents were born here or not, anyway…), specifically Korean, Chinese and Arabs, coming into the ghetto with their jacked up prices on merchandise and treating them like sub humans. And, I believe it's all by design because they could open stores anywhere but choose to come to those areas so they can take advantage of low income, mostly uneducated people. Too many Asians would rather side with the white racist regime and it's sickening. Not black you may be, but you are not white, regardless of your white spouses and neighborhoods. The civil rights movement paved the way for blacks, Asians and Hispanics. Japanese Americans were the only Asians to march alongside and protest with blacks during that era – that is telling. Maybe the LA and Baltimore riots were senseless to YOU, but when people are disenfranchised, profiled, and murdered, Dr. King said, "A riot is the language of the unheard." Hopeless and helpless people have taken shit so long, they riot. It's pathetic to hear people complain about rioting and stealing and not say a damned thing about a man who was beaten so badly his spine was broken. Pathetic.
josays:
Patty how are you confused? You dont know anything about business then. SUPPLY VS DEMAND. If there were black owned beauty stores or white owned or whatever, there would be a steady supply already…
Instead of then stating a general reason for this (money= business), you start to go into race and communication and exploitation… Do you need a weave? Do you need hair supplies? Well you can either boycott it or buy it. Thats life thats America..
And black people are foreign too..dont forget..we get tired of you too! And please stop quoting MLK! LOL. He would be rolling in his grave if he saw that you are quoting him to justify looting. thats what "low income, mostly uneducated people" do right? Thats what you typed anyway..
Guestsays:
"Black people are foreign too" come again? Black People fall into two categories Immigrants or Descendants of slaves, aka property, and 9/10 those immigrants are also descendants of slaves. And I too don't understand why Asians willingly open businesses in neighborhoods of people they look down on. The people they "serve" aren't good enough to be respected but hey, money.
eddy eesays:
1. "Black people get tired of foreigners (don't know if your parents were born here or not, anyway…)" You're whining that Asians are racist, while you're blatantly ignorant. Immigrant or not, people with American citizenship are NOT foreigners. They are AMERICANS.
2. "Japanese Americans were the only Asians to march alongside and protest with blacks during that era – that is telling." Another sign that you're ignorant of history, although you pretend to know it and quick to judge people. Until 80s and 90s (when Reagan and Bush government kicked in and social justice movement as a whole became less active), vast majority of Asian Americans were Chinese and Japanese. And even them were less than 1% of the entire population in the 60s. (If you don't know, Asians weren't allowed to migrate until early 60s, and people who immigrated in the late 19th century and early 20th century were Japanese and Chinese). Of course you couldn't see Koreans, Vietnamese, and other Asian ethnicity involved in the movement because they simply weren't living in the United States at that time. Also, with less than 1% of the entire population, Asian activists were silenced from the media.
I just can't stand these people who think they are learned when they don't even know the most basic history. So uneducated.
Josephsays:
Whites love this stuff; they did it in LA and they're doing it in Baltimore: pit Asians and blacks against each other as a means to divide and conquer both.
They can't have Asians and blacks united because it will come at the price of white power.
See them for what the mainstream white media for what it really is and call them out on it.
Bill Samuelsays:
Well a reason why over half of the businesses damaged in Baltimore were Korean owned is that Korean immigrants are willing to run stores in impoverished neighborhoods when others aren't. I don't think they were really targeted on the basis of the ethnicity of the owners.
But there have been crises at times. A couple of decades ago there was a string of murders of Korean owners of businesses in predominantly African-American neighborhoods. Resentment of the relative success of these immigrants compared to African-Americans born and raised in DC was definitely a factor. The Korean-American business community worked hard at developing good relationships with African-Americans at that time, and the wave of murders ended.
No Bill Samuel, it is NOT because of resentment due to the success of the businesses Koreans own in African American neighborhoods – how do you know, not being black? I have heard it hundreds of times: it's because these Koreans, who come from Korea, and have all their information about black people from the media, treat them like trash, curse at them in Korean, follow them around in the store, snatch money from their hands, throw water at them and short change them! You need to talk to some of the blacks if you want to know why they feel as they do. If they're so scared of black people, why open your store in their neighborhood? That's just stupid! They know the areas are impoverished and don't have a large supermarket chain and figure they can make money off of them. I just wish the blacks wouldn't buy from them and put their butts out of business.
Patty..
1. How many black owned beauty stores are there in America? I know..you can find national records of it..
2. How many successful wealthy black people are there in America? A lot..Trust me..A LOT.
3. How come they dont open up a beauty store themselves? For us Buy us right? Because even black people know not to trust black people.
4. And if they DONT open up a store..how does the black community get their weaves/ beauty products? Someone has to do it right? How come no blacks are doing it? The ones that are rich?
brownstockingsays:
Jo, your response feels incredibly racist and classist, especially number 3. Just…wow. Not helpful to the dialogue.
Scottsays:
Jo, you sound stupid.
You talk about you being tired of black people yet you have the GALL to open shops in BLACK neighborhoods and capitalize out of them. Secondly, stop acting like you have some profound knowledge of MLK yourself. The looting/rioting is what the media CHOSE to focus on to divert the attention away from the grassroots organizing going on in Baltimore. Seems to me like you're distracted yourself. Bottom line is, if you want to open a store in a black community, then fine. But don't act like you're doing anyone any favors besides yourself.
Shantel Dsays:
I didn't know Blacks and Asians had many problems when living side by side, if I go into the beauty supply store, the Asain lady is usually eyeing everybody , including the white people suspiciously. I've been cool with a lot of Asian people my age and younger and their elders just seem to be no nonsense and stuck in their ways more than racist.
I went to high school with a lot of Asian kids and they usually lived in the black neighborhood and were very submerged in black culture, it was always us( Blacks, Hispanics, Asians) against them when whites decided they wanted to call one of us a racial slur. I do see a lot of white media trying to pit us against each other, you know with them being the model minority and all. You'll see white media saying "they did it,why can't blacks" but you'll rarely see Asians participate in it.
I think white America uses the lack of Asians in the public eye as a way to exploit them and falsely add them to their side of every discussion , but 73% of Asian Americans voted for Obama(democrat), are for immigration, vote for gay rights, doesn't sound very "white to me".
RizingZansays:
It is laughable to read some of these comments, especially with Patty and Jo going at it. Joseph and Shantel said it right, its just all about pitting the races against each other, to find a way to redirect the blame from white people.
Oh and Patty, were you not "Tricia" from two years ago (from Scot's older posts)? Your sentence structure and tone is the exact same.
The Microscopic Giant » The 4-1-1 May 17, 2015says:
[…] When Blacks and Asians Clash – The media's sensational, racists narrative of protests/riots. [Scot Nakagawa] […]
Master Sergent Naruto Uzumakisays:
"Both" a Bigoted Black and Asian Boy will likely forget their idiotic hatred for one another the moment an AUTISTIC or ASPERGER RETARD like "ME" comes stumbling into the room ( That's right folks, I can say the "R WORD" because I'm Autistic ) Then they'll both gang up on us. Doesn't matter what skin color, eye shape, religion, or non-religion we are. We're the new J*PS. & NI**ERS.
Yeah, that's right people! Us "ASPIES" are pooped on much more than you will likely ever be in your own lifetime. Regardless of your skin color or religion. Indeed Dr. King wishing to see people judged by the "Content of Their Character" would likely be disappointed to see us be the new lynching boy. Us ASPIES hate racism and classism so quit making us the silent suffering class.
Doesn't matter if you're from the ghetto or the burbs your just a piece of garbage to bully and pick on. Let alone accept or give a job to. Better not forget their "Ghetto, Model Minority, and White Boys alike who might read this. Asperger's knows no color barriers invented by assanign peoples like you and you know who you are!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Which car is the perfect Yacht Rock car?
Cars and rock music are inseparably linked. From the cars' inception on drawing boards where music easily helps you visualize a new car's shape and form and purpose, to the marketing material where the car hits a floodlit stage or a sweeping road, to actually using the finished car for a quality time while blasting quality tunes – either as new, or 30 years since it first rolled off the lot.
And there are various genres to consider: punk rock when you just want to beat on the BRAT, hard, garage born rock when it's a rattlecanned hulk laying down sweet rubber, or classic rock'n'roll to really suit a pastel Chevy that's destined for a night out on the diner parking lot. Or then it's all about dusty, dirty trucks, Budweiser and Bob Seger. But still, there's one specific style of smooth music that perfectly fits some 30-40-year old cars, absolutely unparalleled from my point of view.
The entire discussion I've been having with some fellow music/car nerds is based on a love of late 1970s-early 1980s AOR music, often linked to yachting in SoCal due to its image. Countless overdubs to get everything right. State of the art equipment, for the crispest sound. Seasoned studio hands brought in for , yet days, weeks, months, years spent honing the albums to flawless perfection. It's all about expensive sound that only guitarists like Mark Knopfler could achieve in those proto-yuppie or full-on-yuppie days. But what are the cars that really seamlessly fit this kind of soundtrack?
The Datsun 280 ZX – as yacht as Japanese cars come.
To begin with, the cars in question really have to be American. It's only the perfect malaise era American personal luxury car manufacturing that really nailed the grandiose yacht rock hero car stylings. Japanese manufacturers tried, and got close to it (say, Datsun 280 ZX), but they do not always go hand in hand with perfectly finished smooth rock music, sometimes dangerously close to either or in their advertising.
British cars, on the other hand, were too tastefully made (think Jaguar XJ-S), designed for far shorter roads than the endless Pacific Coast Highways of the minds of true yacht rock aficionados. Of course, the Aston Martin Lagonda is the Phil Collins equivalent here – perfectly expensive, perfectly yuppie, and .
The Chrysler New Yorker – suitably Brougham for Steely Dan?
And French cars? Too much jazz, too much crooning – and while I find a Citroën SM or a Mercedes W116 or R107 to perfectly fit the late-'70s Steely Dan period, they can be too Steely Dan to really nail it. Glamour Profession, on Steely Dan's 1980 Gaucho album casually name-drops a Chrysler from which some basketball scout phone calls are made, and it's easy to visualize the car in question as a late 1970s New Yorker.
Is the R107 Mercedes-Benz SL the most Donald Fagen of cars?
Steely Dan's Donald Fagen was mentioned to drive in the Aja days, and there's definitely something R107 about him. Still, a yacht rock car is driven by the rocker himself, and a Steely Dan guy is better suited to spend time slightly drunk in the back seat, taunting the driver with all the snark powers his turtleneck can bestow on him. And a decadent W116 that smells of whiskey and cigars fits the Aja or Gaucho period Dan chords perfectly, but it's owned by someone who really couldn't care less about yachts or yacht owners.
Cadillacs, Lincolns, Jeeps – sold with help from yachts.
That leads us to the matter of actual yacht ownership. My point is, a yacht rock car doesn't absolutely need to be owned by someone who can also afford a yacht. If we're looking at marketing material, malaise era Cadillacs are often pictured at a harbor with yachts clearly seen in the background, but only the Allanté really rocks – the saloons and Broughams are too wafty, too formal. And the Allanté is also on the verge of slipping towards vaporwave with its digital dashboard and late-'80s sharp styling, and that's a completely different aesthetic. What I'm getting at is that the car should be something that can be photographed next to some yachts at a pier, but it can be far less stately than something driven by a yacht captain.
Sevilles and Devilles – land yachts?
The Pontiac Firebird Esprit – sumptuous, especially as Sky Bird Edition.
Initially, I thought of the Sky Bird editions of Pontiac Firebirds nailed the description. This was a late-1970s package for the Firebird Esprit, meaning the power plants gave a weak 150 horses if specified with the 305 V8, but the outside was two-tone light blue down to the wheels. Perfectly maritime color for true yachtiness.
The Pontiac Grand Prix Aero Coupe – yacht material nose cone?
But Pontiac has always been great at distilling some sportiness into the personal luxury coupe package. Take the Grand Prix Aero Coupe, which took the A/G-Body shared with Regals and Monte Carlos, but which used an awesomely '80s nose cone to smoothen out the front. And enough bits were body color. The Grand National and GNX are too dark, too menacing, too brute, too heavy rock; the Aero Coupe is closer to the required smoothness. As is the late '80s Bonneville despite its FWD sedan appearance. SSE it up, spec it in white and it's perfect.
As for Ford's output, mid-'80s Thunderbirds are closest. The late 1970s enormous "Torino" 'Birds are , the 1980 Box Birds are , but the fluid lines of the Aero Bird generation suit the style best. And sportswear editions are always a good match with yachting, hence the FILA Thunderbird's .
Is the "Aero Bird" the yachtiest T-Bird?
And since it's the malaise era we're talking about, build quality would only go as far as the newness of the car. Hall and Oates are easily yacht enough to fit the genre, and on Daryl Hall's Sacred Songs solo album – which in turn is too art rock or prog to suit this – there's a track called Survive, featuring these lamenting lyrics: "Whatever happened to you, the one that was so beautiful/ I always thought you were built to last / But I never saw anything fall apart so fast". In build quality terms, that's perfect.
The Buick Reatta – near-maritime naming despite dropping a letter.
But the thing about yacht rock is that it's perfectly serious and sincere, no matter how many are crafted out of it. 1970s carmakers and record producers both set out to make the best personal luxury cars and finest albums their equipment could produce. And in this commitment to expensive smoothness lies the enduring quality of the genre, be it car or rock.


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Q: How can I download image using GridFSBucket? I tried everything I found on internet but nothing solved my problem. I really need help on this problem.
I'm following the tutorial "How to upload/store images in MongoDB using Node.js, Express & Multer" (https://www.bezkoder.com/node-js-upload-store-images-mongodb/).
I successfully uploaded the images. I can see the images on my navigator if I use the url from my backend (http://localhost:8080/chat/files/9f722635-bffc-4d4c-aa71-340c4a488ac2.jpeg). However, I can't use this url to display the image on my frontend (react native).
The problem doesn't seem to be related to my frontend, as I can access images from any other url with the same code. Moreover, when I tried to make a GET request on the postman with the same url, the image is not displayed in the body of the response.
My code is exactly the same of the tutorial.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


About this journey The average travel time between Agde and Paris is 4h55 minutes. The quickest route is 3h59 minutes. The first train leaving Agde is at 04:34, the last at 20:36. There is an average of 17 trains a day between Agde and Paris, leaving approximately every 48 minutes.


Kenyan socialite, Vera Sidika, who just got off a relationship with Otile Brown has broken up with her new boyfriend who keeps begging her for money.
Sharing a screenshot of their last chat, Vera Sidika stated that even though he claimed that he will pay back, stated that women do find it a turn off when a man keeps asking for money. According to Vera Sidika, her new boyfriend has always been asking for money from their second week of dating.


text:
Q: Interpolate a 3D array in Python I have a 3D NumPy array that looks like this:
arr = np.empty((4,4,5))
arr[:] = np.nan
arr[0] = 1
arr[3] = 4

arr
>>> [[[ 1.  1.  1.  1.  1.]
      [ 1.  1.  1.  1.  1.]
      [ 1.  1.  1.  1.  1.]
      [ 1.  1.  1.  1.  1.]]

     [[ nan nan nan nan nan]
      [ nan nan nan nan nan]
      [ nan nan nan nan nan]
      [ nan nan nan nan nan]]

     [[ nan nan nan nan nan]
      [ nan nan nan nan nan]
      [ nan nan nan nan nan]
      [ nan nan nan nan nan]]

     [[ 4.  4.  4.  4.  4.]
      [ 4.  4.  4.  4.  4.]
      [ 4.  4.  4.  4.  4.]
      [ 4.  4.  4.  4.  4.]]]

I would like to interpolate along axis=0 so that I get the following:
>>> [[[ 1.  1.  1.  1.  1.]
      [ 1.  1.  1.  1.  1.]
      [ 1.  1.  1.  1.  1.]
      [ 1.  1.  1.  1.  1.]]

     [[ 2.  2.  2.  2.  2.]
      [ 2.  2.  2.  2.  2.]
      [ 2.  2.  2.  2.  2.]
      [ 2.  2.  2.  2.  2.]]

     [[ 3.  3.  3.  3.  3.]
      [ 3.  3.  3.  3.  3.]
      [ 3.  3.  3.  3.  3.]
      [ 3.  3.  3.  3.  3.]]

     [[ 4.  4.  4.  4.  4.]
      [ 4.  4.  4.  4.  4.]
      [ 4.  4.  4.  4.  4.]
      [ 4.  4.  4.  4.  4.]]]

I've been looking at the SciPy module and there seems to be methods to do this on a 1D and 2D array, but not 3D like I need - though I may have missed something.

A: A solution using apply_along_axis:
import numpy as np

def pad(data):
    good = np.isfinite(data)
    interpolated = np.interp(np.arange(data.shape[0]),
                             np.flatnonzero(good),
                             data[good])
    return interpolated

arr = np.arange(6, dtype=float).reshape((3,2))
arr[1, 1] = np.nan
print(arr)

new = np.apply_along_axis(pad, 0, arr)
print(arr)
print(new)

output:
[[ 0.  1.]
 [ 2. nan]
 [ 4.  5.]]

[[ 0.  1.]
 [ 2. nan]
 [ 4.  5.]]

[[0. 1.]
 [2. 3.]
 [4. 5.]]

[edit] The first proposed solution:
With some modification of the code from this answer:
import numpy as np
from scipy import interpolate

A = np.empty((4,4,5))
A[:] = np.nan
A[0] = 1
A[3] = 4

indexes = np.arange(A.shape[0])
good = np.isfinite(A).all(axis=(1, 2))

f = interpolate.interp1d(indexes[good], A[good],
                         bounds_error=False,
                         axis=0)

B = f(indexes)
print(B)

gives:
[[[1. 1. 1. 1. 1.]
  [1. 1. 1. 1. 1.]
  [1. 1. 1. 1. 1.]
  [1. 1. 1. 1. 1.]]

 [[2. 2. 2. 2. 2.]
  [2. 2. 2. 2. 2.]
  [2. 2. 2. 2. 2.]
  [2. 2. 2. 2. 2.]]

 [[3. 3. 3. 3. 3.]
  [3. 3. 3. 3. 3.]
  [3. 3. 3. 3. 3.]
  [3. 3. 3. 3. 3.]]

 [[4. 4. 4. 4. 4.]
  [4. 4. 4. 4. 4.]
  [4. 4. 4. 4. 4.]
  [4. 4. 4. 4. 4.]]]

It works well only if NaNs are all on same slice. The slice in which there is an isolated NaN will be ignored.

A: From the comment provided by xdze2 and previous answer here, I came up with this:
import numpy as np

def pad(data):
    bad_indexes = np.isnan(data)
    good_indexes = np.logical_not(bad_indexes)
    good_data = data[good_indexes]
    interpolated = np.interp(bad_indexes.nonzero()[0], good_indexes.nonzero()[0],
    good_data)
    data[bad_indexes] = interpolated
    return data

arr = np.empty((4,4,5))
arr[:] = np.nan

arr[0] = 25
arr[3] = 32.5

# Apply the pad method to each 0 axis
new = np.apply_along_axis(pad, 0, arr)

The 'pad' method essentially applies the interpolation and the np.apply_along_axis method ensures that this is applied to the 3D array.


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Spike in hate crime and racial abuse reported across UK post Brexit
As reports from across UK show rise in hate crime following referendum, racial abuse victim tells MEE it is 'like going back in time to 1970s'
A member of the right-wing English Defence League shouts at police escorting Muslim demonstrators in London on 11 September 2011 (AFP)
Areeb Ullah
Published date: 30 June 2016 09:31 UTC | Last update: 6 years 7 months ago
Reports of hate crimes against Muslims, EU migrants and Brits of non-white origin have spiked since Britain voted to leave the European Union, according to the police and social media users.
A police hate crime reporting site on Monday said there has been a 57 percent spike in reported racist incidents since the vote on Thursday. The National Police Chiefs' Council said there were 85 reports between Thursday 23 June and Sunday 26 June compared with 54 reports for the corresponding four days, a month ago.
Using the hashtag #PostRefRacism, hundreds also took to social media to document and highlight instances of hate crime witnessed or experienced over the weekend after Britain voted to leave the EU.
Many of those allegedly attacked say their perpetrators cited Britain's decision to leave the EU as justification for their actions.
A 46-year-old Londoner, who is half-Egyptian and half-Pakistani, but was born, educated and subsequently worked in the UK her whole life, told Middle East Eye how she was verbally abused on a busy high street in Surrey on Saturday afternoon.
She said that she was visiting her elderly mother when a man in his mid-30s started yelling that Britain was going to be great again and would get millions back from the EU.
"He turned around to look at me and said, 'You – people like you – are going to be out of here soon'," she said. "I was so stunned. This has never happened to me before. I was born and have lived in London all my life."
She said she was concerned about giving her name to media in case her elderly mother found out about the incident and felt isolated and afraid. To her, the Leave campaign has helped to give an outlet to hate speech.
"I don't know if it's a sign of things to come, and I definitely do not think that people who voted to leave endorse this kind of behaviour, but the way the campaign was run has given a platform for a small minority and it has given this [racist] minority the courage to speak out."
"I feel like in one weekend, we have gone back in time to the 1970s."
NPCC hate crime chief, Assistant Chief Constable Mark Hamilton, said in a statement that the police online hate crime reporting site True Vision had seen an "increase in reports of hate crime" like this over the last few days.
"This is similar to the trends following other major national or international events. In previous instances, crime levels returned to normal relatively quickly but we are monitoring the situation closely," he said.
Labour councillor Alice Perry said a fellow councillor was verbally abused in London.
Someone came up to one of our black British Cllrs in Sainsbury's and said "Go back to the jungle you monkey, get out of my f--ing country"
— Alice Perry (@aliceperryuk) June 27, 2016
Londoner Kerem Brullee meanwhile tweeted about a woman in a north London bank allegedly shouting at him, "This is England. We're white, get out of my country."
https://twitter.com/KeremBrulee/status/746748379921813508
Basheera Khan, also living in London, tweeted "a (white English) man called me a foreigner. Out loud. My first experience of casual racism in London, even. Thanks, Brexit"
Numerous reports of attacks against EU migrants on social media, in particular Polish migrants, have also surfaced.
The London Metropolitan police were called to investigate racist graffiti that was allegedly smeared on a Polish community building in London on Monday morning according to the Evening Standard.
Police are also investigating a hate crime in the Cambridgeshire town of Huntingdon, where Polish families were posted signs in Polish and English saying, "Leave the EU, no more Polish Vermin" on the day of the referendum result.
these cards have actually been put through letter boxes of Polish families in Huntingdon today. I could weep pic.twitter.com/P3maK1Vasf
— fencelt (@howgilb) June 25, 2016
Muslim and Polish community groups have both issued statements of condemnation against hate crimes that have been reported, and called on their communities to report any incidences they encounter or witness to the police.
The Polish Embassy in the UK has released a statement on Twitter stating their "shock" and concern about the "recent incidents of xenophobic attacks against the Polish community," and have urged Polish nationals who fall victim or witness xenophobic abuse to report it to the local authorities.
The Muslim Council of Britain (MCB) told Middle East Eye that it plans to release guidance to mosques across the UK on how to report hate crimes, and to establish relationships with local police forces in preparation for any potential hate crimes on the last few days of Ramadan.
"There has been a hatred against immigrants simmering below the surface for a long time," the MCB's assistant secretary general Miqdaad Versi told MEE.
"There has been an outpouring of hatred against migrants of all backgrounds. Whether it's a Polish man being beaten up or abuse against a Muslim woman wearing a hijab."
Versi believes that the referendum results have legitimised the views of "those who wish to divide us" as a "majority of people have voted in line with their thinking on immigration".
Versi argues that intolerance towards immigrants in the UK has been stoked by the media and politicians for years for electoral purposes.
Since the weekend, Labour MP Jess Philips has put a question in Parliament to request data on whether there has been an increase in incidents of racial hatred being reported over the weekend compared to before the referendum.
I will be putting in a parliamentary question to find out all incidents of racial hatred in the UK this weekend compared with last week
— Jess Phillips MP (@jessphillips) June 25, 2016
London Mayor Sadiq Khan has called on the public to "stand guard" against hate crime. Khan was joined by London Metropolitan Police commissioner Bernard Hogan Howe, who ordered his officers to be "extra vigilant" for hate crimes in a press conference earlier today.
Assistant Chief Constable of the West Midlands Police, Carl Foulkes, where many voted to leave the EU, said: "We've analysed recorded hate crime figures from April 1 to June 26 and not witnessed any spike in offences since the referendum result was announced.
"On average, we record 10 hate crimes per day and the number of incidents reported to us in the last three days is in line with that average."
However, research and policy analyst Farah Elahi, from the Runnymede Trust, says despite a steady increase in the reporting of hate crimes over the years, "it is still significantly under-reported as the 2014 Crime Survey of England and Wales highlighted that 43 percent of personal hate crimes were not reported to the police".
Hamilton added: "We strongly encourage anyone who thinks they may have experienced or witnessed hate crime to report it by calling the police on 101, contacting Crimestoppers or using our True Vision website, where you can also find advice about staying safe. In an emergency, always dial 999.
"Everyone has a right to feel safe and confident about who they are. Being yourself is not a crime: hate crime is."
"Crime motivated by hatred or hostility towards someone because of who they are or their religious beliefs is absolutely deplorable and will not be tolerated.
Karen Bradly, Minister for Preventing Abuse, Exploitation and Crime in a press statement said: "The government is working closely with communities to increase reporting and increase confidence that their concerns about hate crime will be taken seriously by the police and courts."
The government, she said, only began to report incidents of Islamaphobia last April in a bid to better "understand the nature of hate crime".
British Prime Minister David Cameron has previously criticised the Leave campaign's "obsession" with immigrants, accusing it of stoking intolerance and division with extreme warnings on immigration and suggesting that Britain will be seen as a "narrow, insular and inward looking" country if it left the EU.
Cameron had also called for action against intolerace in a Cabinet meet held on Monday and told parliament in his first statement after the EU referendum that it had a "responsibility" to bring the country together.
The Leave campaign did not respond to MEE's request for comment in time for publication.
- Additional reporting by Simona Sikimic
This article is available in French on Middle East Eye French edition.
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text:
Common name of a group of flowering plants
For other uses, see Thistle (disambiguation).
Milk thistle flowerhead
Cirsium arizonicum, showing arachnoid cobwebbiness on stems and leaves, with ants attending aphids that might be taking advantage of the shelter.
Thistle is the common name of a group of flowering plants characterised by leaves with sharp prickles on the margins, mostly in the family Asteraceae. Prickles can also occur all over the plant – on the stem and on the flat parts of the leaves. These prickles are an adaptation that protects the plant from being eaten by herbivores. Typically, an involucre with a clasping shape similar to a cup or urn subtends each of a thistle's flowerheads.
The comparative amount of spininess varies dramatically by species. For example, Cirsium heterophyllum has minimal spininess while Cirsium spinosissimum is the opposite.[1] Typically, species adapted to dry environments have greater spininess.
The term thistle is sometimes taken to mean precisely those plants in the tribe Cardueae (synonym: Cynareae),[2] especially the genera Carduus, Cirsium, and Onopordum.[3] However, plants outside this tribe are sometimes called thistles, and when this is done, "thistles" would form a polyphyletic group.
A thistle is the floral emblem of Scotland and Lorraine, as well as the emblem of the Encyclopædia Britannica.
Biennial thistles are particularly noteworthy for their high wildlife value, producing such things as copious floral resources for pollinators, nourishing seeds for birds like the goldfinch, foliage for butterfly larvae, and down for the lining of birds' nests.[4][5][6]
2 Economic significance
4 Medical uses
5 Heraldry
5.1 Scottish thistle
5.2 Thistle of Lorraine
6 Place names
Carduus nutans in the early morning light.
Thistledown, a method of seed dispersal by wind. The tiny seeds are a favourite of goldfinches and some other small birds.
Genera in the Asteraceae with the word thistle often used in their common names include:
Carduus – musk thistle and others
Carlina – carline thistle
Carthamus – distaff thistle
Centaurea – star thistle
Cicerbita – sow thistle
Cirsium – common thistle, field thistle and others
Cnicus – blessed thistle
Cynara – artichoke, cardoon
Echinops – globe thistle
Notobasis – Syrian thistle
Onopordum – cotton thistle, also known as Scots or Scotch thistle
Scolymus – golden thistle or oyster thistle
Silybum – milk thistle
Sonchus – sow thistle
Plants in families other than Asteraceae which are sometimes called thistle include:
Kali – Russian thistle, Tartar thistle, or tumbleweed, plants formerly classified in the genus Salsola (family Chenopodiaceae)
Argemone mexicana – flowering thistle, purple prickly poppy
Economic significance
Thistles, even if one restricts the term to members of the Asteraceae, are too varied a group for generalisation; many are troublesome weeds, including some invasive species of Cirsium, Carduus, Silybum and Onopordum.[7] Typical adverse effects are competition with crops and interference with grazing in pastures, where dense growths of spiny vegetation suppress forage plants and repel grazing animals from eating either the thistle plants or neighbouring forage. Some species, although not intensely poisonous, do affect the health of animals that swallow more than small amounts of the material.[8][9]
Conversely however, the genus Cynara includes commercially important species of artichoke and some species regarded as major weeds are commercial sources of vegetable rennet used in commercial cheese making.[10] Similarly, some species of Silybum that occur as weeds, also are cultivated for seeds that yield vegetable oil and pharmaceutical compounds such as Silibinin.[11][12][13]
Other thistles that nominally are weeds are important honey plants, both as bee fodder in general, and as sources of luxury monofloral honey products.[7][14][15]
Six-spot burnet moths on a thistle flowerhead
Thistle flowers are the favourite nectar sources of the pearl-bordered fritillary, small pearl-bordered fritillary, high brown fritillary, and dark green fritillary butterflies.[16] Thistles (and thistle-seed feeders) also provide important sustenance for goldfinches and are strongly favored by many butterflies besides fritillaries such as the monarch, skippers, and the tiger swallowtail[disambiguation needed]. Additionally, hummingbirds will feed on the flowers of the biennial species (which feature large flowers, as compared with the perennial Canada thistle).
Some thistles (for example Cirsium vulgare, native to Eurasia), have been widely introduced outside their native range.[17] Control measures include Trichosirocalus weevils, but a problem with this approach, at least in North America, is that the introduced weevils may affect native thistles at least as much as the desired targets.[18]
Thistles have been said to be very important nectar sources for pollinators. Some ecological organizations, such as the Xerces Society, have attempted to raise awareness of their benefits, to counteract the general agricultural and home garden labeling of thistles as unwanted weeds. The monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus for instance, was highlighted as traditionally relying upon taller large-flowered thistle species such as Tall thistle, Cirsium altissimum, for its migration.[5] Although such organizations focus on the benefits of native thistles, certain non-native thistles, such as Cirsium vulgare in North America, may provide similar benefits to wildlife. Some prairie and wildflower seed production companies supply bulk seed for native North American thistle species, for wildlife habitat restoration, although availability tends to be low. Thistles are particularly valued by bumblebees for their high nectar production. Cirsium vulgare ranked in the top 10 for nectar production in a UK plants survey conducted by the AgriLand project which is supported by the UK Insect Pollinators Initiative.[6] Bull thistle was also a top producer of nectar sugar in another study in Britain, ranked third with a production per floral unit of (2323 ± 418μg).[4]
Medical uses
Maud Grieve recorded that Pliny and medieval writers had thought it could return hair to bald heads and that in the early modern period it had been believed to be a remedy for headaches, plague, canker sores, vertigo, and jaundice.[19]
According to legend, an invading Norse army was attempting to sneak up at night upon a Scottish army's encampment. During this operation one barefoot Norseman had the misfortune to step upon a thistle, causing him to cry out in pain, thus alerting Scots to the presence of the Norse invaders. Some sources suggest the specific occasion was the 1263 Battle of Largs, which marked the beginning of the departure of King Haakon IV (Haakon the Elder) of Norway who, having control of the Northern Isles and Hebrides, had harried the coast of the Kingdom of Scotland for some years.[20]
Reverse of 2017 pound coin: thistle, shamrock, leek, & rose.
Reverse of 1967 florin: thistles, shamrocks, leeks, & rose.
Reverse of five pence: crowned thistle.
Scottish thistle as a Heraldic badge.
Badge of the Yeomen of the Guard.
Badge of James VI & I. Thistle dimidiated with a Tudor rose.
The thistle has been the national emblem of Scotland since the reign of King Alexander III (1249–1286).[citation needed] It is found in many Scottish symbols and was used on silver coins issued by King James III in 1474, the first coins to feature a thistle.[21][22] In 1536, the bawbee, a sixpence in the pound Scots, was issued for the first time under King James V; it showed a crowned thistle. Thistles continued to appear regularly on Scottish and later British coinage until 2008, when a 5p coin design showing "The Badge of Scotland, a thistle royally crowned" ceased to be minted, though it remains in circulation. The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle, the highest and oldest chivalric order of Scotland, has thistles on its insignia and a chapel in St Giles's Kirk, Edinburgh, dubbed the Thistle Chapel. The thistle is the main charge of the regimental badge of the Scots Guards, the oldest regiment in the British Army.
Both the Order of the Thistle and the Scots Guards use the motto Nemo me impune lacessit, the motto of the House of Stuart and referring to the thistle's prickly nature. Pound coins with this motto and a thistle were minted in 1984, 1989, and 2014. The combination of thistle and motto first appeared on the bawbee issued by King Charles II. In 1826 the grant of arms to the new National Bank of Scotland stipulates that the shield be surrounded by thistles and "thistle" is used as the name of several Scottish football clubs. Since 2013 a stylised thistle, crowned with the Scottish crown, has been the emblem of Police Scotland, and had long featured in the arms of seven of the eight pre-2013 Scottish police services and constabularies, the sole exception being the Northern Constabulary. As part of the arms of the University of Edinburgh, the thistle appears together with a saltire on one of the escutcheons of the Mercat Cross in Edinburgh. The coat of arms and crest of Nova Scotia - "New Scotland" - briefly Scotland's colony, has since the 17th century featured thistles. Following his ascent to the English throne, King James VI of Scotland & I of England used a badge consisting of a Tudor rose "dimidiated" with a Scottish thistle and surmounted by a royal crown.[23] As the floral emblem of Scotland it appears in the Royal Arms of the United Kingdom thereafter, and was included in the heraldry of various British institutions, such as the Badge of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom alongside the Tudor rose, Northern Irish flax, and Welsh leek. This floral combination appears on the present issues of the one pound coin. Beside the Tudor rose and Irish shamrock the thistle appears on the badge of the Yeomen of the Guard and the arms of the Canada Company. Issues of the historical florin showed the same flora, later including a leek. The thistle is also used to symbolise connection with Scotland overseas. For example, in Canada, it is one of the four floral emblems on the flag of Montreal; in the US, Carnegie Mellon University features the thistle in its crest in honour of the Scottish heritage of its founder, Andrew Carnegie, and Annapolis, Maryland features the thistle in its flag and seal. The thistle is also the emblem of the Encyclopædia Britannica, which originated in Edinburgh, Scotland.
Which species of thistle is referred to in the original legend is disputed. Popular modern usage favours cotton thistle (Onopordum acanthium), perhaps because of its more imposing appearance, though it is unlikely to have occurred in Scotland in medieval times; the spear thistle (Cirsium vulgare), an abundant native species in Scotland, is a more likely candidate.[24][25] Other species, including dwarf thistle (Cirsium acaule), musk thistle (Carduus nutans), and melancholy thistle (Cirsium heterophyllum) have also been suggested.[26]
Thistle of Lorraine
Coat of arms of Nancy, former capital of the Duchy of Lorraine.
The thistle, and more precisely Onopordum acanthium, is one of the symbols of Lorraine, together with its coat of arms which displays three avalerions, and the Cross of Lorraine.
Lorraine is a region located in northeastern France, along the border with Luxembourg and Germany. Before the French Revolution, a large part of the region formed the Duchy of Lorraine. In the Middle Ages, the thistle was an emblem of the Virgin Mary because its white sap would bring to mind the milk falling from the breast of the Mother of God. It was later adopted as a personal symbol by René of Anjou, together with the Cross of Lorraine, then known as the Cross of Anjou. It seems through his book Livre du cuer d'amours espris that the Duke chose the thistle as his emblem not only because it was a Christian symbol, but also because he associated it with physical love.[27]
The thistle and the cross were used again by his grandson, René II, Duke of Lorraine, who introduced them in the region. The two symbols became hugely popular among the local people during the Battle of Nancy in 1477, during which the Lorrain army defeated Burgundy. The Duke's motto was "Qui s'y frotte s'y pique", meaning "who touches it, pricks oneself", with a similar idea to the Scottish motto "Nemo me impune lacessit". Nowadays the thistle is still the official symbol of the city of Nancy, as well as the emblem of the AS Nancy football team, and the Lorraine Regional Natural Park.[28][29]
Carduus is the Latin term for a thistle (hence cardoon, chardon in French), and Cardonnacum is the Latin word for a place with thistles. This is believed to be the origin of name of the Burgundy village of Chardonnay, Saône-et-Loire, which in turn is thought to be the home of the famous Chardonnay grape variety.
^ "Melancholy Thistle". NatureGate. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
^ "Cardueae". Tree of Life webproject. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
^ "Thistle". Merriam-Webster's online dictionary. Retrieved 30 November 2007.
^ a b Hicks, DM; Ouvrard, P; Baldock, KCR (2016). "Food for Pollinators: Quantifying the Nectar and Pollen Resources of Urban Flower Meadows". PLoS ONE. 11 (6): e0158117. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158117. PMC 4920406. PMID 27341588.
^ a b Eckberg, James; Lee-Mäder, Eric; Hopwood, Jennifer; Foltz Jordan, Sarah; Borders, Brianna (2017). "Native Thistles: A Conservation Practitioner's Guide". The Xerces Society. The Xerces Society. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
^ a b "Which flowers are the best source of nectar?". Conservation Grade. 15 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
^ a b Rakesh Kumar Gupta, Wim Reybroeck, Johan W. Veen and Anuradha Gupta (18 September 2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security. Springer. pp. 47–. ISBN 978-94-017-9199-1. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ W. T. Parsons; Eric George Cuthbertson (2001). Noxious Weeds of Australia. Csiro Publishing. pp. 189–. ISBN 978-0-643-06514-7.
^ Watt, John Mitchell; Breyer-Brandwijk, Maria Gerdina: The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa 2nd ed Pub. E & S Livingstone 1962
^ Vioque, Montserrat; Gómez, Rafael; Sánchez, Emilia; Mata, Carmen; Tejada, Luis; Fernández-Salguero, José (2000). "Chemical and Microbiological Characteristics of Ewes' Milk Cheese Manufactured with Extracts from Flowers of Cynara cardunculus and Cynara humilis as Coagulants". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 48 (2): 451–456. doi:10.1021/jf990326v. PMID 10691655.
^ Pepping, J (June 1999). "Milk thistle: Silybum marianum". Am J Health Syst Pharm. 56 (12): 1195–7. PMID 10484652.
^ Laekeman, G; De Coster, S; De Meyer, K (2003). "[St. Mary's Thistle: an overview]". J Pharm Belg. 58 (1): 28–31. PMID 12722542.
^ Alemardan, Ali; Karkanis, Anestis; Salehi, Reza (2013). "Breeding Objectives and Selection Criteria for Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) Improvement". Not Bot Horti Agrobo. 41 (2): 340–347.
^ C. Marina Marchese; Kim Flottum (4 June 2013). The Honey Connoisseur: Selecting, Tasting, and Pairing Honey, With a Guide to More Than 30 Varietals. Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. pp. 206–. ISBN 978-1-60376-332-5.
^ Technical Bulletin. The Department. 1940. pp. 5–.
^ Bracken for Butterflies Archived 3 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine leaflet c0853 by Butterfly Conservation, January 2005
^ Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten., Asteraceae , Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
^ Takahashi, Masaru; Louda, SM; Miller, TE; O'Brien, CW (2009). "Occurrence of Trichosirocalus horridus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Native Cirsium altissimum Versus Exotic C. Vulgare in North American Tallgrass Prairie". Environmental Entomology. 38 (3): 731–40. doi:10.1603/022.038.0325. PMID 19508782.
^ Grieve, Maud. "A Modern Herbal". Retrieved 3 June 2011.
^ Webmaster, John Duncan (4 April 2009). "Scots History Online". UK: Scots History Online. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
^ A Complete Guide to Heraldry.
^ "University of Glasgow - The Hunterian - Visit - Exhibitions - Exhibition Programme - Scotland's Own Coinage". www.gla.ac.uk. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
^ Fox-Davies, A.C. (1907). Heraldic Badges. London: John Lane. p. 117. OCLC 4897294 – via Internet Archive.
^ "Flowers of Scotland: Thistle". Twocrows.co.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
^ "Why is the THISTLE a Scottish national symbol?". Ormiston.com. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
^ "Scotland Fact File: The Thistle". Visitscotland.com. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
^ Christian Pfister (1908). Histoire de Nancy. 1. Berger-Levrault. p. 554.
^ "Le chardon". Tela Botanica. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
^ "Origine du blason de Nancy". Nancy WebTV. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thistles.
Look up thistle in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Texts on Wikisource:
"Lily-Bell and Thistle-down" (a fairy tale) in Flower Fables by Louisa May Alcott (1855)
Allen, Charles Grant Blairfindie (November 1886). "Thistles" . Popular Science Monthly. 30.
"Thistle". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
"Thistle-Down" (a poem) in Flint and Feather by E. Pauline Johnson (1912)
Article Thistle in English Wikipedia took following places in local popularity ranking:
71 place in 2020-08-09
Presented content of the Wikipedia article was extracted in 2020-08-23 based on https://en.wikipedia.org/?curid=2193890


text:
Морско́й леопа́рд () — вид настоящих тюленей, обитающий в субантарктических регионах. Своё название получил благодаря пятнистой шкуре, а также из-за весьма хищного поведения. Морской леопард питается главным образом теплокровными позвоночными, в том числе другими тюленями и пингвинами.

Внешний вид
У морского леопарда очень обтекаемое тело, позволяющее развивать в воде большую скорость. Его голова необычно приплюснута и выглядит почти как у пресмыкающихся. Передние конечности сильно удлинены и передвижение в воде морской леопард осуществляет с помощью их сильных синхронных ударов. Самец морского леопарда достигает длины около 3 м, самки несколько крупнее с длиной до 4 м. Вес самцов составляет около 270 кг, а у самок он достигает 400 кг. Максимум — около 600 кг при длине до 4,5 м. Окраска в верхней части тела тёмно-серая, а внизу серебристо-белая. На голове и по бокам виднеются серые пятна, дающие ему сходство с леопардом, откуда и происходит название.

Распространение
Морской леопард — обитатель антарктических морей и встречается по всему периметру антарктических льдов. В частности, молодые особи приплывают к берегам субантарктических островов и встречаются на них круглогодично. Изредка мигрирующие или заблудившиеся животные попадают в Австралию, Новую Зеландию и на Огненную Землю.

Поведение

Питание
Наравне с косаткой морской леопард является доминирующим хищником южного полярного региона, будучи в состоянии достигать скорости до 40 км/ч и погружаться на глубину до 300 м. Он постоянно охотится на тюленей-крабоедов, тюленей Уэдделла, ушастых тюленей и пингвинов. Большинство морских леопардов в течение своей жизни специализируется на охоте на тюленей, хотя некоторые специализируются именно на пингвинах. На добычу морские леопарды нападают в воде и там же убивают, однако если животные спасаются бегством на лёд, то морские леопарды могут последовать за ними и туда. Множество тюленей-крабоедов имеют на теле рубцы от нападений морских леопардов.

Примечательно, что морской леопард питается в равной мере и мелкими животными, такими как криль. Рыба в его питании играет второстепенную роль. Мелких рачков он фильтрует из воды с помощью своих боковых зубов, напоминающих по структуре зубы тюленя-крабоеда, но менее сложных и специализированных. Через отверстия между зубами морской леопард может выцеживать из пасти воду, фильтруя при этом криль. В среднем его пища на 45 % состоит из криля, на 35 % из тюленей, на 10 % из пингвинов и на 10 % из других животных (рыб, головоногих).

Размножение
Морские леопарды живут поодиночке. Лишь молодые особи иногда объединяются в небольшие группы. Между ноябрём и февралём у морских леопардов прямо в воде проходит спаривание. За исключением этого периода у самцов и самок практически не бывает контактов. Между сентябрём и январём на льду рождается один-единственный детёныш, который вскармливается молоком матери на протяжении четырёх недель. В возрасте от трёх до четырёх лет морские леопарды обретают половую зрелость, а их средняя продолжительность жизни составляет около 26 лет.

Нападения на людей

Иногда морские леопарды нападают и на людей. 22 июля 2003 года жертвой подобного нападения во время погружения в воду стала британская учёная Кирсти Браун. На протяжении шести минут морской леопард удерживал её зубами на глубине 70 м, пока она не задохнулась. Это пока единственный смертельный случай нападения на человека, связанный с морскими леопардами, хотя известно о неоднократных нападениях в прошлом. Морские леопарды не боятся нападать на лодки, выпрыгивают из воды, чтобы схватить человека за ногу. Объектами подобных нападений обычно становятся сотрудники исследовательских станций. Причиной такого поведения леопардов является их склонность нападать из воды на животных, находящихся на краю льдин. При этом морскому леопарду из воды нелегко распознавать или различать, кто именно является его добычей. Известный канадский фотограф и лауреат нескольких премий Пол Никлен, фотографировавший подводную охоту морских леопардов на пингвинов, утверждает, что с этими животными можно установить мирный контакт. По его рассказам, морской леопард повторно приносил ему свою добычу и проявлял скорее любопытство, чем агрессивность.

Численность и статус
После тюленя-крабоеда и тюленя Уэдделла морской леопард является наиболее многочисленным тюленем Антарктики. По оценкам учёных, его популяция в южных морях насчитывает около 400 тысяч особей. На сегодняшний день этот вид не находится под угрозой исчезновения.

Примечания

Литература
 Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World. 6th Edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9

Настоящие тюлени
Морские млекопитающие
Животные, описанные в 1820 году
Монотипические роды млекопитающих
Млекопитающие Антарктики

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Protesters attempt to interrupt Liz Truss' first speech as Prime Minister by playing Mad World and using air horn
Members of the public protested outside of Downing Street as Truss put forward her vision for the UK.
Protesters attempted to drown out Liz Truss' first speech as the UK's new Prime Minister this evening by playing loud music as she addressed the nation.
Members of the public stood outside of Downing Street as Truss put forward her vision for the UK which included preparing a multibillion-pound package to help Britons cope with soaring energy costs and the cost-of-living crisis.
The song Mad World by Tears for Fears could be heard as well as an air horn which attempted to drown out the newly appointed Prime Minister.
New British Prime Minister Liz Truss arrives at Number 10 Downing Street, in London, Britain September 6, 2022. REUTERS/Phil Noble
PHIL NOBLE
New Prime Minister Liz Truss said the UK would "ride out the storm" as she prepared a multibillion-pound package to help Britons cope with soaring energy costs.
Stefan Rousseau
In her first speech in the role, she acknowledged the economic headwinds facing the country but promised action this week to help with energy bills.
Speaking in Downing Street, she said: "I'm confident that together we can ride out the storm, we can rebuild our economy and we can become the modern brilliant Britain that I know we can be.
Ms Truss became Prime Minister in Balmoral after an audience with the Queen, who had earlier received Boris Johnson's resignation.
While Mr Johnson had delivered his farewell speech in sunshine, Ms Truss had to dodge torrential showers in Westminster for her address from a podium outside the black door of No 10.
She vowed to create an "aspiration nation", promising to tackle the issues that have been holding Britain back for years by building "roads, homes and broadband faster".
In an acknowledgement of the immediate problem facing households across the country, she said: "I will take action this week to deal with energy bills and to secure our future energy supply."
conservative party politics news liz truss


text:
Q: Switch operands in loops Python 3 I want to be able to switch operands each time through a loop. So the first time through I'd like to add column. The second time through the loop I'd like to subtract from column. The third time through I would like to subtract from column and subtract from row. The fourth time through I'd like to subtract from column and add to row. Is this possible to write one loop to accomplish this instead of several? Thanks for the help!
#add
for x in range(1,8):
    if game[column+x][row] == 'W':
        game[column+x][row] = 'B'
    elif game[column+x][row] == 'B':
        return
#subtract
for x in range(1,8):
    if game[column-x][row] == 'W':
        game[column-x][row] = 'B'
    elif game[column-x][row] == 'B':
        return
#etc....
for x in range(1,8):
    if game[column-x][row-x] == 'W':
        game[column-x][row-x] = 'B'
    elif game[column-x][row-x] == 'B':
        return

for x in range(1,8):
    if game[column-x][row+x] == 'W':
        game[column-x][row+x] = 'B'
    elif game[column-x][row+x] == 'B':
        return

A: By your code I'm assuming you want to mark each 'W' surrounding cell with 'B'. This should be enough:
neighbours = [
  (-1, -1),
  (-1,  0),
  (-1,  1),
  ( 0, -1),
  ( 0,  0),
  ( 0,  1),
  ( 1, -1),
  ( 1,  0),
  ( 1,  1)
  ]

game = [
  ['W', 'W', 'E'],
  ['' ,  '',  ''],
  ['' ,  '',  '']
]

print game

row, col = 1, 1 # center of the game's table

for x, y in neighbours:
   if game[row + x][col + y] == 'W':
      game[row + x][col + y] = 'B'

print game

A: I created a list of operands and iterated through the list.That worked


text:
Jacks and Overton Impress in Abu Dhabi
By Emily ClarkNovember 22, 2021No Comments
Will Jacks and Jamie Overton have both made impressive contributions to the Abu Dhabi T10 League that started this weekend.
After a slow start for both players, they hit lift off yesterday with Overton blasting 33 off 18 balls for his 'Team Abu Dhabi' side to be named Man of the Match as they beat the Deccan Gladiators by four wickets at the Sheikh Zayed Stadium in Abu Dhabi. Overton also contributed an over that went for just four runs.
Later that night, at the same stadium, another Surrey man lead his side to victory – this time Will Jacks.
Jacks hit 57 off just 22 balls, striking at an incendiary rate of 259.09, as his Bangla Tigers chased down the 127 they had been set to win by the Northern Warriors (who feature Surrey T20 skipper Chris Jordan).
Jacks' big hitting overshadowed more high profile team mates such as Andre Fletcher and Faf du Plessis as his side won with five balls remaining.
The Surrey trio will continue playing group matches until Thursday December 2nd, with the play offs and final taking place on Friday December 3rd and Saturday December 4th.
The league is available to watch in the UK on the FreeSports channel, with matches generally starting at 2pm and 4pm, with an extra slot at weekends at 12pm.


text:
Report: The world is (still) not ready for CRISPR babies
Jeff Schmerker | Nov 9, 2020
Scientists grapple with the power of CRISPR editing and the ethical questions it raises
In late 2018, Chinese scientist He Jiankui announced that he had successfully used CRISPR-Cas9 to modify the DNA of two human embryos before birth, an act that apparently created the world's first gene-edited human "CRISPR babies."
He reportedly was working on a project to help people with fertility problems—in this case, it was an HIV-positive father and an HIV-negative mother, and He, who was a scientist at the Southern University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen, edited the CCR5 gene in the embryos to make them genetically resistant to HIV. The first babies whose genes were edited with CRISPR were twin girls born in October 2018, with a third baby born in 2019. All were reportedly born healthy.
Response to the birth of CRISPR babies
The reaction to He's announcement was swift and decisive. He had applied with a Chinese clinical trial registry to conduct the experiment, but the experiment had no independent confirmation and was not peer reviewed. Chinese authorities suspended his research activities, and he was detained on campus and later fired by the school. Scientists in China and around the world criticized the research, and He was eventually sentenced to three years in prison and a fine of more than $400,000; two co-collaborators were also indicted but found guilty of lesser offenses.
CRISPR gene editing techniques have been successfully used in everything from zebrafish to mice and pigs to non-human primates—and have even given us hornless cows. The next frontier is CRISPR gene editing in humans. A study published earlier in 2020 noted preclinical research of CRISPR therapy in laboratory models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, perinatal lethal respiratory failure, and genetic deafness.
It's possible that CRISPR editing could be successfully used to edit genes in human embryos, but for now, it's simply too risky to do so, a high-profile international commission announced in September.
The Sept. 3 report was authored by officials from the National Academy of Medicine, the National Academy of Sciences, The Royal Society, and the International Commission on the Clinical Use of Human Germline Genome Editing.
A summary of the report noted that the idea behind He's work was not irrational—"Heritable human genome editing could represent an important option for prospective parents, with a known risk of transmitting a genetic disease, to have a genetically related child without that disease and its associated morbidity and mortality."
However, the report continues, there is no framework anywhere in the discipline—or on the planet, for that matter—that lays out "safe and effective methodologies that could form the necessary steps in a translational pathway for any clinical uses of heritable human genome editing." Once such a methodology is developed, the report adds, individual countries must debate both the ethical and scientific considerations of CRISPR gene editing in humans, which should include unmet needs, long-term societal implications, issues of cost and access, and local ethical, moral, and religious views.
Establishing a framework for CRISPR gene editing in humans
Before science can progress with genetic editing in humans, the report said, science must first decide how to progress in the first place. Unknowns that must be figured out include connections between genetic changes and health, an understanding of the limitations of human genome editing, and an understanding of the limitations of genome editing in embryos. To those ends, the report makes a number of recommendations:
No genome editing in human embryos should take place until it's possible to do so without causing undesired changes in the embryos, and the process should be reliable and efficient.
A major national conversation needs to take place to decide if heritable human genome editing should even take place.
If editing goes forward, it should be limited to cases when a single gene mutation, solely responsible for causing a "serious" disease, can be safely and effectively changed in cases where there are no other options.
No pregnancy should be established with a gene-edited embryo until evidence shows it can be done efficiently and precisely.
Evaluation of human embryos prior to transferring to the mother should include developmental milestones and a biopsy that shows there are no unintended edits or additional off-target variants.
Research into the development of methods to produce functional human gametes from cultured stem cells should continue, as the more stem cell-derived gametes there are, the more options prospective parents have.
Any country where the use of human genome editing is being considered should have mechanisms and competent regulatory bodies in place to ensure best practices, ethical work, informed decision making, a sound review of science and ethics, publicly accessible application details, and open discussion about the results of relevant work.
An international scientific advisory panel should be established to review data, provide input, and publish updates on advances in related technologies and research. There should also be a diverse international body that can evaluate and make recommendations on any proposed new class of use, and an international mechanism through which concerns about research or conduct could be raised.
Researching the safety of CRISPR gene editing in humans
"The technology is not presently ready for clinical application," Richard Lifton, president of the Rockefeller University in New York City and co-chair of the commission, told Nature.
How long it takes to get to that point is a matter of open debate. Haoyi Wang, a developmental biologist at the Chinese Academy of Sciences' Institute of Zoology in Beijing and a member of the commission, told Nature it could be years before CRISPR editing techniques are perfected to the point where they don't generate unwanted changes in genes and produce streamlined outcomes.
Notably, the commission's findings were not universally praised. One critic was Sarah Norcross, the director of the U.K.'s Progress Educational Trust. She said, "The circumstances in which the world's first genome-edited babies were born in 2018 were lamentable, both scientifically and ethically, and lessons needed to be learned. Unfortunately, this report goes too far in the other direction. The criteria the report sets out, for the first acceptable clinical use of germline genome editing in humans, are far too narrow. Furthermore, the report strays beyond its scientific remit ... The World Health Organization is still deliberating on the governance of genome editing, and should not feel constrained by this report's governance recommendations if it sees fit to deviate from them."
Another critic was Dr. Helen O'Neill from University College London. O'Neill noted that the standards set forth in the report are not the same as the ones used for in vitro fertilization.
"Stating that, 'A biopsy should demonstrate that the intended edit is present in all biopsied cells, with no evidence of unintended edits' seems out of touch with the current practice of a threshold criteria for transfer of mosaic aneuploid embryos," O'Neill said.
Denis Rebrikov, a Russian DNA sequencing specialist pursuing a project to correct a deafness mutation in couples who each have the aberrant gene, said the report's recommendations were so narrowly drawn that the cases for which the commission would allow germline editing would be exceedingly rare.
The vast majority of comment following the commission's report, however, was supportive, with some cautioning that such editing likely could never be allowed.
"I continue to struggle to imagine plausible situations in which clinical germline editing provides a path forward to address an unmet medical need that cannot be provided by other options," Harvard University chemist David Liu told Science.
He's sentencing—the court ruled that He pursued the editing for "fame and profit"—and penalties effectively put an end to his gene-editing career. For now, as Wei Wensheng, a gene-editing researcher at Peking University in Beijing, told Nature, the punishments "are definitely a deterrent to similar misconduct in China."
Acts like the sentences, the commission's report, and the newly-established Scientific Citizenship Initiative, a Harvard program which aims to align scientific research with societal needs, point to the fact that science is becoming more socially aware, equitable, and just, wrote molecular biologist and Yale scholar Natalie Kofler.
"Editing the genes of embryos could change our species' evolutionary trajectory," Kofler wrote. "Perhaps one day, the technology will eliminate heritable diseases such as sickle-cell anemia and cystic fibrosis. But it might also eliminate deafness or even brown eyes. In this quest to improve the human race, the strengths of our diversity could be lost, and the rights of already vulnerable populations could be jeopardized ... Compassion allows us to see the twin babies with altered genomes as living, breathing humans whose health (and whose future children's health) might be compromised. Humility reveals how little we know about this nascent technology and the potential risks that these girls are now burdened with."
crispr genome editing DNA genetics genome CRISPR genome editing


text:
Les Forces Armades de Corea del Nord (en coreà: 조선인민군) conegudes també com a Exèrcit Popular de Corea estan dividides en tres cossos; la Força Terrestre de l'Exèrcit Popular de Corea, la Armada de l'Exèrcit Popular de Corea, la Força Aèria de l'Exèrcit Popular de Corea, la Força Estratègica de Coets de Corea, els Guàrdies Rojos Obrers i Camperols, i les Forces Especials de Corea del Nord. Aquestes forces estan compromeses en la defensa del territori nacional nord-coreà enfront de les possibles agressions per part de les forces imperialistes de l'exterior. Tanmateix, per a comprendre la funció de les forces armades de Corea del Nord cal conèixer la geografia i la història d'aquest país.

Corea del Nord és el nom amb què és coneguda la República Popular Democràtica de Corea (RDPC), un estat de l'Àsia oriental que ocupa la meitat septentrional de la península de Corea. Limita al nord predominantment amb la Xina, excepte una petita àrea al nord-est, on ho fa amb Rússia; a l'est està banyada pel mar del Japó i a l'oest per la mar Groga. La frontera meridional és amb Corea del Sud, amb la qual va formar un sol estat fins al 1948. La capital és la ciutat de Pyongyang, amb més de tres milions d'habitants, i les ciutats principals són Hamhung, Chongjin i Nampo, totes amb més de mig milió d'habitants.

La dominació japonesa sobre Corea va acabar amb la fi de la Segona Guerra Mundial l'any 1945. Corea va quedar llavors dividida en dues parts pel paral·lel 38: l'antiga Unió Soviètica va prendre el control de la part Nord, i les forces dels Estats Units van ocupar la part Sud. Els dos bàndols van ser incapaços d'acceptar la implantació d'una administració conjunta a Corea. Això va conduir al fet que el 1948 s'establissin dos governs independents, un al Nord i un altre al Sud, cadascun reclamant la seva sobirania sobre la totalitat de la península.

Les creixents tensions entre els governs del Nord i del Sud van desembocar en la Guerra de Corea quan el 25 de juny de 1950 l'exèrcit de Corea del Nord va creuar el paral·lel 38 (que actuava de frontera) i va atacar a les forces del Sud. La guerra va continuar fins al 27 de juliol de 1953, quan el Comitè de les Nacions Unides, els voluntaris de la República Popular de la Xina i el govern de Corea del Nord van signar l'armistici de la Guerra de Corea. Una zona desmilitaritzada va ser establerta per a separar els dos països.

Corea del Nord va ser dirigida des de 1948 per Kim Il-sung fins a la seva mort el 8 de juliol de 1994. Després, el 8 d'octubre de 1997, el seu fill Kim Jong-il va ser nomenat Secretari General del Partit del Treball de Corea. L'any 1998 va ser nomenat President de la Comissió Nacional de Defensa. Les relacions internacionals van millorar. Fins i tot va haver-hi una històrica cimera entre el Nord i el Sud en el mes de juny de l'any 2000. Tanmateix, les tensions van tornar a fer-se visibles amb la represa per part de Corea del Nord del seu programa defensiu per tal d'aconseguir armes nuclears.


text:
Nasturtium officinale W. T. Aiton
Family: Brassicaceae
Indiana Flora
Gleason & Cronquist
Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz in Flora of North America (vol. 7)
Plants glabrous throughout or sparsely pubescent. Stems 1-11 (-20) dm. Cauline leaves: petiole not winged, base auriculate; blade 3-9(-13)-foliolate, (1-) 2-15(-22) cm; lateral leaflets sessile or petiolulate, rachis not winged, blade smaller than terminal; terminal leaflet (or simple blade) suborbicular to ovate, or oblong to lanceolate, (0.4-)1-4(-5) cm × (3-)7-25(-40) mm, base obtuse, cuneate, or subcordate, margins entire or repand, apex obtuse. Fruiting pedicels divaricate or descending, straight or recurved, 5-17(-24) mm. Flowers: sepals 2-3.5 × 0.9-1.6 mm; petals white or pink, spatulate or obovate, 2.8-4.5(-6) × 1.5-2.5 mm, (base to 1 mm), apex rounded; filaments 2-3.5 mm; anthers 0.6-1 mm. Fruits (0.6-)1-1.8(-2.5) cm × (1.8-)2-2.5(-3) mm; ovules (28-)36-60 per ovary; style 0.5-1(-1.5) mm. Seeds biseriate, reddish brown, ovoid, (0.8-)0.9-1.1 (-1.3) × (0.6-)0.7-0.9(-1) mm, coarsely reticulate with 25-50(-60) areolae on each side. 2n = 32. Flowering Feb-Sep. Flowing streams, ditches, lake margins, swamps, marshes, seeps; 0-3000 m; introduced; Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que.; Ala., Alaska, Ariz., Ark., Calif., Colo., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Idaho, Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Mont., Nebr., Nev., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.C., N.Dak., Ohio, Okla., Oreg., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Utah, Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va., Wis., Wyo.; Europe; Asia; n Africa; introduced also elsewhere in the New World, tropical and s Africa, Australia.
From Flora of Indiana (1940) by Charles C. Deam
Infrequent to rare in the glaciated area of the state, becoming rare or absent south of this area. It is found in the outlets of springs and in ditches and small streams which are fed by springs. Where it is found it is generally very abundant, often forming a complete stand over the entire surface of the water. This is the culinary watercress.
Indiana Coefficient of Conservatism: C = null, non-native
Wetland Indicator Status: OBL
Duration: Perennial Nativity: Non-Native Lifeform: Forb/Herb General: Perennial aquatic or semi-aquatic herb; succulent stems floating, creeping or ascending, rooting at the nodes, 10-80 cm or more long; glabrous. Leaves: Pinnately divided into ovate to orbicular segments, the terminal one the largest, 1-10 cm long, narrowly clasping at the base. Flowers: Racemes without bracts; pedicels spreading to ascending, 5-13 mm long; sepals 2-3 mm long, green or with white tips; petals white, 3-5 mm long, oblanceolate. Fruits: Siliques spreading or curved upward, 1-3 cm long, 2-3 mm wide; style about 1 mm long. Ecology: Found in water or very wet soil; 1,500-7,500 ft (460-2285 m); flowers April-August. Distribution: Introduced to all of N. America, found in every state in the US; south through MEX, C. America and S. America; throughout much of the rest of the world on every continent. Notes: Highly distinct and ubiquitous plant of wetlands; distinguished by the fact it is only in wet places; has creeping, highly branched stems which cover areas, root at nodes and float in water; pinnately compound leaves; inflorescences of white petals and elongated fruits. Greens have a spicy mustard taste. Ethnobotany: Havasupai used for food. Other tribes and cultures around the world eat as greens. Sold in some supermarkets. Etymology: Rorippa is an Anglo-Saxon work rorippen with an uncertain meaning, while nasturtium-aquaticum is from the Latin nasus tortus, a twisted nose. Synonyms: Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum, Sisymbrium nasturtium-aquaticum, Nasturtium nasturtium-aquaticum Editor: SBuckley 2010, FSCoburn 2015
Vascular plants of NE US and adjacent Canada
Perennial; stems submersed or partly floating, or prostrate on mud, freely rooting; lvs of 3-9 obtuse segments, the lateral ovate to rotund, the terminal much larger, usually rotund; fls 5 mm wide, the pet twice as long as the sep; mature pedicels divaricate, 8-15 mm; frs slender, 1-2.5 cm, the beak 1 mm; seeds coarsely reticulate; 2n=32, 48, 64. Native of Eurasia, now widely established in clear quiet water throughout the U.S. and s. Can. All summer. (Radicula n.; Sisymbrium n.; Nasturtium microphyllum; N. officinale) Some botanists now restrict the name R. nasturtium-aquaticum to the "diploid" race (2n=32), and call the tetraploids (2n=64) R. microphylla (Boenn.) Hyl., regarding the plants with 2n=48 as vegetatively reproducing hybrids. The two types differ as follows:
Gleason, Henry A. & Cronquist, Arthur J. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. lxxv + 910 pp.
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Patrick Alexander
Gertrudes Yanes-Arvayo
Thomas Van Devender
Sue Carnahan
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We finally left Mindelo on Saturday afternoon. It was hard to say goodbye to everyone we'd met. Our throats were sore - not sure whether from headcolds or all the black volcanic dust that gets blown around when the wind gets up.
The winds were strong for the first few hours, gusting F7 at times as we made our way around the west of Sao Vicente, heading for Santiago (again). Once clear of the island the winds were generally F5 and the seas quite kind so we made good progress.
We decided to stop at an anchorage called Porto Rincao, halfway down the west coast of Santiago, rather than continue and make landfall at Praia in the dark. Our first option, a small cove just north of the village, didn't work out well. We dropped the anchor in 18 metres on what looked like a sandy bit but dragged onto rocks and couldn't get it up! After retrieving the tripping line and tugging on it, we realised the chain was stuck not the anchor. Fortunately the water was crystal clear so we could see what was happening. After quite a bit of manoeuvering we managed to get it free - and retreated to the beach off the little fishing village nearby where we anchored with no problem. Locals - enjoying their Sunday afternoon on the beach - paddled out in a dinghy to show us where to anchor and to say hello.
Yesterday we had clear skies and little wind for the passage down to Praia so we motored enjoying even better views of the fascinating coastline than last time. Apart from a few small fishing boats along the coast the only other vessel we saw was a catamaran at anchor in Cidade Velha. Entering Praia harbour we saw a cruise ship was visiting and then realised there were already two yachts in the anchorage. It's positively busy here!
We decided to anchor as close to the beach next to the Maritime Police office as possible. After doing a recce we dropped our anchor in about 4 metres but it dragged. Retrieving it we found it had picked up a mass of matted weed so we've now anchored a bit further off.
The plan is to spend a few nights here, then to head west to the islands of Fogo and Brava before heading out into the blue yonder.