text:
Review status: a revised version of this preprint was accepted for the journal AMT and is expected to appear here in due course.
Measurement of Black Carbon Emissions from Multiple Engine and Source Types using Laser-Induced Incandescence: Sensitivity to Laser Fluence
Ruoyang Yuan1, Prem Lobo2, Greg J. Smallwood2, Mark P. Johnson3, Matthew C. Parker3, Daniel Butcher4, and Adrian Spencer4 Ruoyang Yuan et al. Ruoyang Yuan1, Prem Lobo2, Greg J. Smallwood2, Mark P. Johnson3, Matthew C. Parker3, Daniel Butcher4, and Adrian Spencer4
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United Kingdom
2Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
3Rolls-Royce plc, Derby, DE24 8BJ, United Kingdom
4Department of Aeronautical and Automotive Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
Received: 16 Jul 2021 – Accepted for review: 13 Aug 2021 – Discussion started: 16 Aug 2021
Abstract. A new regulatory standard for non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) mass concentration emissions from aircraft engines has been adopted by the International Civil Aviation Organisation. One of the instruments used for the regulatory nvPM mass emissions measurements in aircraft engine certification tests is the Artium Technologies LII 300, which is based on laser-induced incandescence. The LII 300 has been shown in some cases to demonstrate a variation in response to the type of black carbon particle measured. Hence it is important to identify a suitable black carbon emission source for instrument calibration. In this study, the relationship between the nvPM emissions produced by different engine sources and the response of the LII 300 instrument utilising auto-compensating laser-induced incandescence (AC-LII) method was investigated. Six different sources were used, including a turboshaft helicopter engine, a diesel generator, an intermediate pressure test rig of a single sector combustor, an auxiliary power unit gas turbine engine, a medium-sized diesel engine, and a downsized turbocharged direct injection gasoline engine. Optimum LII 300 laser fluence levels were determined for each source and operating condition evaluated. It was found that an optimised laser fluence can be valid for real-time measurements from a variety of sources, where the mass concentration was independent of laser fluence levels covering the typical operating ranges for the various sources. However, it is important to perform laser fluence sweeps to determine the optimum fluence range, as differences were observed in the laser fluence required, between sources and fuels. We discuss the measurement merits, variability, and best practices in the real-time quantification of nvPM mass concentration using the LII 300 instrument, and compare that with other diagnostic techniques, namely absorption–based methods such as photoacoustic spectroscopy using a photoacoustic extinctiometer (PAX) and a Micro Soot Sensor (MSS), and thermal-optical analysis (TOA). Particle size distributions were also measured using a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS). Overall, the LII 300 provides robust and consistent results when compared with the other diagnostic techniques across multiple engine sources and fuels. The results from this study will inform the development of updated calibration protocols to ensure repeatable and reproducible measurements of nvPM mass emissions from aircraft engines using the LII 300.
How to cite. Yuan, R., Lobo, P., Smallwood, G. J., Johnson, M. P., Parker, M. C., Butcher, D., and Spencer, A.: Measurement of Black Carbon Emissions from Multiple Engine and Source Types using Laser-Induced Incandescence: Sensitivity to Laser Fluence, Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2021-209, in review, 2021.
Ruoyang Yuan et al.
RC1: 'Comment on amt-2021-209', Anonymous Referee #2, 02 Sep 2021
Review of: "Measurement of Black Carbon Emissions from Multiple Engine and Source Types using Laser-Induced Incandescence: Sensitivity to Laser Fluence" by Yuan et al.
The paper investigates the effects of laser fluence in laser-induced incandescence systems to quantify the mass concentration of non-volatile particulate matter emitted by several combustion systems. The goal of the study is very valuable and the results will help develop calibration protocols that are definitely needed.
- The LII community also uses the term nrBC (non-refractory black carbon), for example in atmospheric studies using the SP2 instrument. To allow for a better understanding between different communities, it would be valuable to discuss the terminology relations (nvPM vs. nrBC, for example) in addition to "soot" and "black carbon" already in the introduction. It could be also valuable to mention/discuss the SP2 approach, expected similarities, and differences in mass measurements, for example, etc.
- Maybe I missed it, but how is the fluence measured? The graphs are in a.u., and the authors talk about nominal fluence. I guess this is the fluence measured by some photodiode in the instrument itself. Is that correct? Is there any information provided on the calibration (linearity and slope) of these fluence values?
- I think a summary table with the optimal fluence ranges for the different sources would help in the future to provide a quick view of best operational conditions.
Lines 23-25: I find the following sentence a bit confusing, if an optimized and therefore constant (?) fluence is used, why would different fluence levels be used? Maybe the authors mean that in a range of fluence around the optimized vale, the mass concentration is unchanged? "It was found that an optimised laser fluence can be valid for real-time measurements from a variety of sources, where the mass concentration was independent of laser fluence levels covering the typical operating ranges for the various sources."
Lines 190 – 194: Filter-based measurements can also be negatively affected by humidity.
Line 198: I guess the PAX operates at 870 nm, but what about the MSS? Also 870 nm? Please clarify.
Line 199: Even with RI constant, the AAE might deviate from 1 somewhat, so the equivalence might not be perfect.
Line 200: What source was it? Also, how was the PAX calibrated?
Lines 258-260: Consider rewording the sentence to something like "A time-weighted normalisation (TN) method was used to account for scatter caused by any modest variations in the concentration of the source emissions". Also, why could one use the SMPS concentrations or the photoacoustic signals to account for source concentration fluctuations?
AC4: 'Reply on RC 1', Ruoyang Yuan, 20 Oct 2021
We thank Reviewer #2 for the review of the manuscript and supportive comments. The response to each comment (shown below in italics) is provided below.
The LII community also uses the term nrBC (non-refractory black carbon), for example in atmospheric studies using the SP2 instrument. To allow for a better understanding between different communities, it would be valuable to discuss the terminology relations (nvPM vs. nrBC, for example) in addition to "soot" and "black carbon" already in the introduction. It could be also valuable to mention/discuss the SP2 approach, expected similarities, and differences in mass measurements, for example, etc.
This paper we focused on the particular application for aircraft engine. The authors feel it may introduce confusion if using other terms (such as refractory Black Carbon (rBC) or single-particle soot photometer (SP2) instrument used in atmospheric studies).
2. Maybe I missed it, but how is the fluence measured? The graphs are in a.u., and the authors talk about nominal fluence. I guess this is the fluence measured by some photodiode in the instrument itself. Is that correct? Is there any information provided on the calibration (linearity and slope) of these fluence values?
The fluence was measured from an energy meter in the LII instrument and laser beam cross-section area in the probe volume, obtained from a beam profile camera. The information is added in the revised manuscript, in L257 and L359. The arbitrary unit of the laser fluence was changed to the measured value in mJ/mm2 in the text and figures (Fig. 2c, Figs. 4-7, and Figs. 9-11).
Figure 7 shows that the relationship between fluence and q-switch delay is consistent from instrument to instrument and lends confidence to the determination of laser fluence in this work.
3. I think a summary table with the optimal fluence ranges for the different sources would help in the future to provide a quick view of best operational conditions.
Optimal fluence ranges were clarified in the text for the different sources. Although with laser fluences shifting, these optimal range can collapse, the actual values (fluence shifting or the original optimal fluence range) may differ from source to source and be affected by the soot particle properties. Therefore, a summary table would not add additional value to the manuscript.
Sorry for the confusion. A constant (optimal) fluence is used in the real-time engine test.
To obtain this optimal fluence value, a series laser fluence sweep tests need to be performed covering the range of operation conditions of the source, such as demonstrated in Fig. 4 that the fluence sweep was performed at the idle and the high-power output conditions. The optimum value is determined from the optimum ranges from the sweep tests, as described in L303-307.
2. Lines 190 – 194: Filter-based measurements can also be negatively affected by humidity.
While it is true that filter-based measurements can be affected by humidity, the exhaust source for the measurements was heavily diluted prior to sampling (see figure 1). We did not observe any negative effects of humidity for the filter samples.
3. Line 198: I guess the PAX operates at 870 nm, but what about the MSS? Also 870 nm? Please clarify.
The MSS operates at a wavelength of 808 nm. The manuscript has been updated with this information (P7, L200).
4. Line 199: Even with RI constant, the AAE might deviate from 1 somewhat, so the equivalence might not be perfect.
Since the measurements reported in this manuscript are for non-volatile particulate matter, the assumption of an AEE = 1 is reasonable.
5. Line 200: What source was it? Also, how was the PAX calibrated?
The calibration source for the MSS was a CAST. The PAX was calibrated separately with ammonium sulphate and Aquadag solutions. The information is added to the revised manuscript in L200 - 202.
6. Lines 258-260: Consider rewording the sentence to something like "A time-weighted normalisation (TN) method was used to account for scatter caused by any modest variations in the concentration of the source emissions". Also, why could one use the SMPS concentrations or the photoacoustic signals to account for source concentration fluctuations?
The sentence has been reworded as suggested. One could use data from another measurement such as SMPS, PAX to account the source concentration fluctuations. In Fig. 12a, it shows the good response and agreement of PAX, MSS and LII to the fluctuation in the real-time measurement. But for the current study, the focus is on fluence characteristics from the LII instruments, especially in the fluence sweep characteristics, we weren't look at other instruments behaviours to account for the fluctuations.
Additional change made:
Added Figure 11c (attached in the supplement) and the text, showing the fluence data from six rigs and a total of 11 conditions after shifting the fluence axis of Rig C and E, load 1.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2021-209-AC4
This publication adresses an important uncertainty in aircraft nvPM measurement campains: The Laser-Induced-Incadescence method is known to show a carbon-particle-type dependent (artificial) response, which other instruments like the Micro Soot Sensor do not. Hence, it is very difficult to calibrate LII instruments properly, and also the repeatability of different experiments suffered from this shortcoming. Here, the authors show that by determining an optimal laser fluence range, LII performance can reach very good agreements with other reference measurement principles, irrespective of which engine or fuel type is measured. For future operational nvPM mass measurements, this work will prove to be very valuable for the establishment of SOPs, especially what concerns e.g. regular calibrations.
In general, the manuscript is of good quality: The language style is very consistent, the sections are mostly clearly formulated and well-organized. The illustrations are useful to undermine the different statements.
The authors describe their approach to find the "optimal fluence" of the LII for different rigs. Non-straightforward results are explained, pointing at possible factors influencing non-standard shapes of mass concentration curves vs. fluence.
Despite some shortcomings described below, I recommend publishing this manuscript after some modifications, as it is the first work considering a wide range of combustion engines as suitable LII calibration sources, thereby helping the measurement community to decrease nvPM mass measurements uncertainties.
Following points should be improved:
- The MSS is known to be influenced from ambient effects, like changes in humidity. I suspect a similar behavior of the LII, and I am convinced the manuscript would benefit from an additional discussion of ambient effects on LII measurements. E.g., what were ambient conditions during the measurements?
- The authors performed the measurements on the different rigs over different periods of time: Other than in Fig. 3, the reader gets very little information how the authors made sure to assume "stable combustion conditions" for all rigs. Was there any CO2 measurement attached to the rig? Is there any EGT measurement available, which could be used as a potential tracer for combustion stability? As well, little is known about the warm-up sequence of the engines, neither do the author describe if any exhaust gas treatment (especially for rigs E & F) was present.
- What is the essence of the project? What are, after all the measurements performed by the authors, the recommendations? Can a low-cost engine like in rig F be used as a calibration device for an LII, if aircraft emission measurements following ICAO Annex 16 Vol. 2 be performed operationally? If yes, how large are the remaining uncertainties in terms ov nvPM mass, and how does this uncertainty compare to e.g. MSS measurements?
L165: Add information what total volume was sampled onto the quarz filter
2. Methods: How did you define "stabilized conditions" for representative measurements? How long did you wait after any load change on the engines? Were the engines warmed up? Was any of the reciprocal engines fitted with any exhaust treatment mechanism?
Fig. 2/4 & others: It is only explained in line 358/359 why you are using arbitrary units instead of mJ/mm^2. I suggest adding this information earlier in your manuscript.
Fig. 10/11: I recommend adding a Loess curve as in Fig. 9 for consistency
Fig. 13: I am missing an explanation why the range for Rig E & F can't be more specifically indicated ("uncertainty" or "variability"?)
Technical Corrections
L44: Add "The" World Health Organization...
L49: CAEP & SARPs as abbreviation unnecessary, never used later
L80: Recommend to put all cited papers at the end of the sentence
L123: Add info: At which wavelengths? Comes too late (L138)
L141: Add comma after "or EC"
L151: "It is therefore important to operate..."
L425: relative -> relatively
L441-L445: Reformulate sentence: It is very lengthy and there seems to be some problems in the syntax.
L514: reformulate sentence after ", although was still..."
We thank the Reviewer #1 for the review of the manuscript and supportive comments. The response to each comment (shown below in italics) is provided below.
Points should be improved:
The MSS is known to be influenced from ambient effects, like changes in humidity. I suspect a similar behavior of the LII, and I am convinced the manuscript would benefit from an additional discussion of ambient effects on LII measurements. E.g., what were ambient conditions during the measurements?
In many investigations, we have never observed effects of humidity on the mass concentration reported by the LII 300 instrument. The instrument does measure the pressure and temperature in the sample cell and corrects the mass concentration to that at STP conditions of 0 °C and 1 atm. In other words, the ambient conditions do not have an impact on the measurement.
LII is not an absorption-based instrument, and at the temperatures the particles are heated to (~4000 K) the ambient conditions do not have an effect on the measurement of mass concentration. MSS is an absorption-based instrument, which only perturbs the temperature slightly from ambient conditions, and may be more susceptible to temperature and humidity.
The authors performed the measurements on the different rigs over different periods of time: Other than in Fig. 3, the reader gets very little information how the authors made sure to assume "stable combustion conditions" for all rigs. Was there any CO2 measurement attached to the rig? Is there any EGT measurement available, which could be used as a potential tracer for combustion stability? As well, little is known about the warm-up sequence of the engines, neither do the author describe if any exhaust gas treatment (especially for rigs E & F) was present.
In terms of the warm-up and stabilising, the engines/rigs were running at the set point for a short period while the real-time data of temperature and other operating conditions were monitored. Once these operational parameters were determined to be stable, the data collection for that particular set point was initiated. In terms of the EGT, a thermocouple was fitted on the exhaust of each engine/rig. The temperature along with other data were monitored and available as a tracer for combustion stability. There were no exhaust after-treatment on any of the engines/rigs.
What is the essence of the project? What are, after all the measurements performed by the authors, the recommendations? Can a low-cost engine like in rig F be used as a calibration device for an LII, if aircraft emission measurements following ICAO Annex 16 Vol. 2 be performed operationally? If yes, how large are the remaining uncertainties in terms ov nvPM mass, and how does this uncertainty compare to e.g. MSS measurements?
In section 3.5, P23, L527, we discussed that 'In terms of identifying a substitute for the aircraft gas turbine helicopter engine (Rig A) for calibrating the LII 300, Rig C (APU) appears to be the closest in terms of LII 300 response, with 1% higher than EC from TOA on the same source, well within the uncertainty of the methods'. The uncertainties were shown in Fig. 13 for each rig and addressed in P23, the second paragraph.
From the rigs investigated in this study, the APU seems to be the closet low-cost alternative engine calibration source for an LII. The next candidate would be the diesel generator but operating at a high power output (i.e., in the cases studied, Rig D, at 5 kW). The mass concentration results are within 1% between LII and MSS, and are about 10% higher than the TOA EC results. The error bar of each instrument (LII, MSS, PAX) overlaps within the uncertainty (16.7%) of the TOA EC determination. However, to assess suitability of replacing an aircraft gas turbine engine as a calibration source, 'further work is required to establish the repeatability and reproducibility of particles sources, as well as investigating additional laboratory sources including the miniCAST, MISG (mini-inverted soot generator), and nebulized carbon black particles', addressed in the summary section.
Information on the total volume sampled on to the quartz filter, along with other measurement details, has now been included in the manuscript (L165-169).
Methods: How did you define "stabilized conditions" for representative measurements? How long did you wait after any load change on the engines? Were the engines warmed up? Was any of the reciprocal engines fitted with any exhaust treatment mechanism?
The arbitrary units were replaced with mJ/mm^2 in the graphs and texts in the revised manuscript. We added a note on how the fluence was determined in the text, in P11, L267.
The Loess curve are added in Fig. 10 and Fig. 11 as suggested.
The range for Rig E and F has now been added in the caption of Fig. 13.
Added 'The' in L44.
L49: Removed CAEP, SARPs abbreviation as suggested.
L80: Moved all cited papers at the end of the sentence as recommended.
L123: Added the two wavelengths information in the sentence.
L141: Added comma after "or EC".
L151: Revised the sentence adding 'therefore'.
Changed relative to relatively in L429.
Rewrote the sentence in L451-L455.
L514: reformulate sentence after ", although was still..." This sentence has been reworded (now in L533).
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New standards and practices adopted by ICAO require particulate emissions from aircraft engines to be quantified during emissions certification tests. This study investigated the sensitivity of the LII technique to the type of black carbon sources using multiple rigs as emissions sources. It is found that optimised laser fluence can be valid for real-time measurements, providing robust and consistent results when compared with other diagnostic techniques across multiple engine sources and fuels.
New standards and practices adopted by ICAO require particulate emissions from aircraft engines...


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ApplyProof's relationship to you is that of an independent service provider.
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12.9 Force Majeure Events
Neither Party will be liable for delays caused by any event beyond its reasonable control, including acts of God, except that non-payment of amounts due under these Terms and Conditions will not be excused by this provision.
12.10 Severability
Any provision of these Terms and Conditions that is found to be unenforceable will be severed from these Terms and Conditions and these Terms and Conditions will continue in full force and effect with respect to all other provisions.
12.11 Construction and Interpretation
Except as otherwise provided in these Terms and Conditions, the Parties' rights and remedies under these Terms and Conditions are cumulative. The term "includes" and "including" mean, respectively, "include without limitation" and "including without limitation". Headings are for reference purposes only and have no substantive effect.
12.12 Notices
Any notices, reports or other communications required or permitted to be given under these Terms and Conditions will be in writing, including email, and will be sufficient if delivered by hand or sent by registered mail, courier or fax addressed to you or ApplyBoard at their respective addresses as advised in writing.
12.13 Language
It is the express will of the Parties that these Terms and Conditions and all related documents have been drawn up in English.
13. Specific Provisions for Originator Users of ApplyProof
13.1 Introduction and Originator Users
ApplyProof is designed to permit Originator Users (e.g. schools, partners, third parties or other institutions) to digitally upload copies of certain documents for Recipient Users (e.g. students and/or immigration officials) to verify the authenticity of the source of documents. The following types of documents may be uploaded by Originator User: (i) Proof of Acceptance; (ii) Proof of Financial Support; (iii) Proof of Language Proficiency; and (iv) such other documents approved by ApplyProof (together, the "Documents"). Specifically, in addition to other features and functionalities, ApplyProof permits Originator Users to perform the following core actions:
Upload, Transfer, or Enable Access to the existing documents;
Generate Documents (i.e. to create a new document intended for Recipient Users);
Invalidate Documents (i.e. to remove access for Recipient Users to an existing document that has been generated); and
Revalidate Documents (i.e. to re-validate a document that has been previously invalidated).
When you are using ApplyProof as an Originator User, this Section 13 will apply to you.
13.2 Responsibilities of Originator Users
When using ApplyProof as an Originator User, you agree that you are responsible for:
Managing access to each document on ApplyProof through the features and functionality we make available to you;
Notifying Recipient Users whether the access to the access to documents have been granted and/or documents have been generated, invalidated or re-validated;
Ensuring only the above-mentioned Documents approved by us are uploaded to ApplyProof;
Communicating with Recipient Users how to access documents on ApplyProof;
Ensuring the Documents and data, information or other materials you make available on ApplyProof are accurate and timely;
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Putting in place practices and processes to mitigate any risks related to Recipient Users relying on the accuracy and timeliness of the Documents, data, information or other materials you make available on ApplyProof;
Managing access by your personnel (e.g. employees and contractors) to ApplyProof and ensuring that only authorized personnel use your Credentials and only on your behalf; and
Maintaining current contact information of a single point of contact that we can reach out to in order to facilitate your use of ApplyProof.
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In order for us to make available ApplyProof to you as an Originator User, we rely on you to provide us with the necessary rights to the Documents, including any information, data or other materials you make available contained in or related to such Documents, on ApplyProof ("Documents and Related Materials"), as well as your trademarks and logos. Accordingly, you grant us a world-wide, irrevocable, royalty-free and fully paid-up right and license to access, use, reproduce and display: (1) all Documents and Related Materials in connection with our provision of ApplyProof, including to you and Recipient Users; and (2) your name, trademarks, service marks and logo (the "Trademarks") for the purposes of making available ApplyProof to you and Recipient Users.
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professional services to integrate ApplyProof with Originator User's software and systems;
email services, which will enable you to use ApplyProof through email; or
templating services, which will enable you to use ApplyProof to provide data in an agreed upon method and receive a templated document from ApplyProof.
Any such professional services or value-added services will be subject to a separate agreement, addendum or order form that contains fees and other terms mutually agreed to by the Parties.
13.5 Public Announcements
Either Party may make a public announcement relating to these Terms and Conditions or use the other Party's name or logo in connection with advertising, promotional materials or publicity releases related to ApplyProof, provided that prior written approval is first obtained from the other Party.
13.6 Representations, Warranties and Indemnification Applicable to Originator Users
As the Originator User, you are responsible for ensuring you have the necessary rights to Documents and Related Materials for us to make ApplyProof available to you and any Recipient Users. Accordingly, you represent and warrant that you have all rights, consents and authority, and have made all applicable disclosures, in each case, as required by applicable laws (including privacy and data protection laws) to make available Documents and Related Materials to us, including for greater certainty, any Personal Information contained in such Documents and Related Materials.
You understand that Documents and Related Materials you transfer, access and/or upload to ApplyProof may be relied upon by third party Recipient Users (e.g., Immigration Officials) to make important decisions based on them and that you are solely responsible for the accuracy and timeliness of their contents and ensuring that any such Recipient Users understand that you, and not us, are responsible for the contents of the Documents and Related Materials.
In addition to Section 10 (Indemnity), you agree to defend and indemnify all ApplyBoard Parties from and against all Claims (as defined in Section 10), which may be suffered or incurred by the ApplyBoard Parties from or relating to: (1) any claims from Recipient Users related to your use of ApplyProof; (2) any Documents and Related Materials you have made available to us; and (3) the breach of your representations and warranties under these Terms and Conditions.
14. Specific Provisions for Recipient Users
(e.g., Students or Immigration Officials) of ApplyProof
14.1 Introduction and Recipient Users
ApplyProof is designed to permit Recipient Users (e.g., students, immigration officials or any other authorized user) to review digitally transferred and/or uploaded documents (e.g., Proof of Acceptance, Proof of Financial Support, and Proof of Language Proficiency) .) to access the documents and verify the authenticity of the source of documents. When you are using ApplyProof as a Recipient User, this Section 14 will apply you.
14.2 Sharing of Documents with Other Persons or Entities
As the Recipient User, you are responsible for keeping any notifications links, codes or passcodes in respect of any documents shared with you. If you share your documents through ApplyProof, including by sharing any notification links, codes or passcodes with other persons or entities, you authorize such other persons or entities to use ApplyProof in the capacity of a Recipient User to digitally review such uploaded documents to verify the authenticity of the source of the documents.
14.3 Disclaimers Applicable to Recipient Users.
YOU ACKNOWLEDGE AND AGREE THAT WE DO NOT, AND CANNOT, GUARANTEE THAT DOCUMENTS OR ANY OTHER DATA, INFORMATION OR OTHER MATERIALS MADE AVAILABLE BY US OR THROUGH APPLYPROOF IS TIMELY, COMPLETE, TRUE, ACCURATE, OR FREE FROM ERRORS. APPLYPROOF HAS BEEN MADE AVAILABLE FOR YOUR CONVENIENCE ONLY AND YOUR USE OF APPLYPROOF IS ENTIRELY AT YOUR OWN RISK. APPLYPROOF IS NOT A SUBSTITUTE FOR YOUR INDEPENDENT VERIFICATION OF ANY DOCUMENTS, DATA, INFORMATION OR MATERIALS OR THE SERVICES OF A PROFESSIONAL.
YOU ACKNOWLEDGE THAT APPLYPROOF IS NOT DESIGNED OR INTENDED TO VERIFY THE CONTENTS OF ANY DOCUMENTS. ACCORDINGLY, ANY CONCERNS, QUESTIONS OR INQUIRIES OR OTHER ISSUES ("ISSUES") RELATED TO THE DOCUMENTS OR THE CONTENTS CONTAINED THEREIN IS SOLELY BETWEEN YOU AND THE ORIGINATOR USER, AND NOT APPLYPROOF. IF YOU HAVE ANY ISSUES WITH THE DOCUMENTS OR CONTENTS CONTAINED THEREIN, IT IS YOUR RESPONSIBILITY TO RAISE SUCH ISSUES DIRECTLY WITH THE ORIGINATOR USER.
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Sixth logo text Created with Sketch.
Dynamic and diverse, Berkhamsted Sixth offers our pupils a stimulating and supportive transition from senior school to the next step in their lives – whether university or an apprenticeship.
At Berkhamsted, we support and encourage our students to become fully-rounded people who appreciate the opportunities that they enjoy and the chances that they have to help others and make positive contributions to their communities. We believe that it is importnat to help students to follow their passions, to develop their intrinsic motivation, and to do their best in all that they do, whether it is in examinations, on the extra-curricular front or in serving other people.
We create an environment that encourages our Sixth students to be intellectually inquisitive, helping them to develop into young adults who enjoy learning, relish a challenge, can overcome a setback and look forward to the future with optimism.
We expect our students to be active and reflective, to be able to study effectively as an individual or to work collaboratively with others, to be able to complete research independently, to develop the ability to think critically, to read increasingly ambitiously, to be confident in giving presentations and to engage with enthusiasm in stimulating conversations about the rapidly changing world.
We understand that this will not always be easy. Our staff give our students opportunities, responsibilities and challenges. We hold them accountable for how they respond and ask them to have high expectations of themselves in their daily actions to match their admirably ambitious goals.
We listen to our students and empower them to be able to manage their emotions, relationships and difficulties. We never withhold opportunities to learn, which are often found through their own problems and struggles. We encourage our students to discover that it is equally as important to learn to fail, as it is to succeed. They learn to handle disappointments, to enjoy success and to show empathy to others within the community.
We are here to support and challenge our students, helping them grow into adventurous, motivated individuals with the purpose, drive and determination to succeed and the compassion and social skills required to be part of an effective team. They learn to appreciate and notice their own strengths and to value the qualities of others so that all students feel valued and appreciated as individuals and there is a friendly and mutually supportive community.
At Berkhamsted, we believe that our students develop by taking responsibility for their actions. It is normal for teenagers to make mistakes and they can be wonderful learning opportunities. We like to work with parents to ensure that students will learn that choices have consequences and that something positive can come out of problems and difficulties.
We strive to ensure that our students leave Berkhamsted Sixth with resilience, ambition and motivation and the courage to be the best people that they can be and the self-compassion to accept themselves as they are. They are independent, confident and resourceful, equipped with the skills and strategies they will need to enter the next stage of their lives as leaders.
Berkhamsted Sixth is an environment that encourages our students to develop into intellectually inquisitive, motivated and ambitious young adults who aim to challenge themselves academically and also beyond the classroom.
"I am proud to be a student at Berkhamsted Sixth. Staff and students alike aspire to treat each other with the utmost consideration. It is this friendly and warm community that allows us to achieve our goals with a positive attitude. We strongly believe in the value of serving each other and the wider community and this shows itself in charity work, goodwill, encouragement and day-to-day politeness – all of which have enriched my experience at Berkhamsted.
Being surrounded by driven and ambitious individuals has encouraged me to pursue my own interests to a high level. There is great diversity in the range of aspirations and talents. I have found that watching my peers present on topics unrelated to my personal academic focus, for example, within our Crawford Society, which has been thought-provoking.
This environment of aspiration and ambition motivates students to work hard in the classroom and also play hard in other areas of the school. My time at Berkhamsted has led me to take part in school music, Duke of Edinburgh awards, art and hockey. Having joined the school in Year 9, throwing myself into these extra-curricular activities helped me to settle in, make friends and relax from school work. To anyone joining our Sixth Form, I would thoroughly recommend seizing these opportunities.
While my personal interests are not all curriculum-related, I have enjoyed partaking in subject-based clubs too. Often student-led, these are as intellectually stimulating as you want them to be. Whether you have an interest in engineering, psychology, classics, languages or art (to mention but a few of our societies!) there is something for everyone to take part in, if they wish.
The thing I will take away at the end of my time at Berkhamsted is this sense of independence. I have enjoyed the opportunity to explore academic pathways through engaging lessons, lectures and clubs, which have sparked new areas of curiosity. However, what I will appreciate and look back on most are the skills for independent learning I have developed in my time at the school.
"With the support and opportunities on offer here, your time at Berkhamsted isn't whatever you might think of it now – it's what you're going to make of it.
Studying the subjects that fascinate and inspire you, Berkhamsted Sixth nurtures not only students' independent thinking and academic curiosity, but also friendships and memories that you will keep for a lifetime. We pride ourselves in being an international, diverse school, which interacts with the wider community, particularly in our student-led charity initiatives.
My advice for prospective students is to choose the subjects you love the most – as you will be dedicating lots of time to them! – and to not only expect, but look forward to a real challenge. Embracing and learning from the challenges you will encounter at Berkhamsted will give you a true sense of achievement. Be brave, throw yourself into the deep end, try new things and make the most of this incredible opportunity.
At Berkhamsted, there is so much on offer beyond the academic. I have greatly enjoyed immersing myself in the school's dynamic performing arts scene – some of the opportunities Berkhamsted has given me include performing a duet to HM The Queen; music tours to Austria, Czech Republic and Italy and senior drama productions, including composing the live score to Molière's 'The Miser' at the Edinburgh Fringe (2018).
Whatever they may be, you can explore your passions here and you will get out what you put in, whilst being integrated into a supportive and inclusive student body.
You will be challenged here, but, if you make the most of the opportunities, you will feel so proud to belong to this vibrant school community and its values of being adventurous, aiming high with integrity, and serving others.
Berkhamsted Sixth students have full access to a multitude of fully-equipped facilities including libraries, science labs, drama and music facilities and extensive art and Design Technology areas.
Our Sixth Form students also have access to their House rooms, Sixth Form café and dining halls, plus the the use of extensive sporting facilities and 40 acres of playing fields.
Our main Sixth Form centre is based on our Castle campus in our original school buildings established around our historic Old Hall, which was completed in 1544.
Our Sixth Form students attend both our Kings and Castle campuses, benefiting from our excellent facilities at both sites. They often enjoy the walk between the sites and the feeling of independence it affords them.
The main Sixth Form centre at Castle includes ten House rooms, a recently refurbished café and our careers library. Other features of Castle include the School Chapel which dates back to the late 19th century and Deans' Hall, which was built in the early 20th century.
Juxtaposed alongside our historic buildings on Castle campus is The Chadwick Centre, our spectacular art and design centre which also incorporates spacious, modern dining facilities for our Sixth Form students' use.
Kings campus is the home of our 500-seat Centenary Theatre which hosts our weekly assembly, as well as professional music and drama productions throughout the school year.
The Knox-Johnston sports centre – which including facilities such as as a 25m heated swimming pool, sports hall and fitness suite – is located adjacent to Kings. There are first-class sports pitches and facilities to cater for a wide range of sporting interests. The 1st and 2nd team football and rugby pitches were re-laid in 2018 and a new 3G all-weather lacrosse and netball pitch was opened in 2019.
Our most recent addition to Kings is the Nash-Harris building, which benefits from a spacious dining hall, fully-equipped modern classrooms and laboratories and a second floor 'floating' chapel with a stained glass window that forms the focal point of the building.
The wellbeing of our pupils is of the utmost importance to us at Berkhamsted. We provide a safe, confidential and supportive environment in which our students can feel secure, enabling them to grow to achieve their full potential.
Our proactive wellbeing strategy helps keep our pupils well, detects early signs of potential problems and supports any student who is experiencing pastoral difficulties.
We believe that collaboration between our students, parents and staff is crucial for our pupils to flourish. We will always speak the truth kindly to parents and to listen to parents in return.
We are here to help our pupils work through the difficulties of teenage life and develop coping strategies to prepare them for their future, developing into resilient, independent, young adults who have a sense of purpose and compassion.
Our dedicated Wellbeing team is led by our Director of Pupil Wellbeing. The team includes nurses, counsellors and coaches as well as chaplaincy staff, who support our teaching staff in their pastoral roles.
Our medical centre is accessible during the school day and our medical officer has a special responsibility for our boarders. Our qualified counsellors are available for confidential counselling six days per week.
Our aim at Berkhamsted Sixth is to instill our students with a strong sense of discipline and accountability within a relaxed and friendly atmosphere.
We recognise that every student is an individual with differing needs, worries, motivations and aspirations. It is only by listening and getting to know our students that we can help them realise their dreams and be the person they want to be.
We encourage our students to take responsibility for their self-discipline, adhering to our school rules and Code of Conduct. We believe our pupils develop by taking responsibility for their mistakes as and when they make them, rather than adopting a culture of blaming others or seeking excuses. We do not expect them to be perfect, but we do expect them to be willing to acknowledge when they have made poor choices and to be prepared to learn from them for the future.
Everyday discipline at Berkhamsted falls within the remit of our school staff, supported by the Heads of Houses. Any serious breaches of discipline are dealt with by the Deputy Heads or Heads in consultation with the Heads of Houses. We work with parents and reply on their support in guiding students through their Sixth Form years.
Our Christian foundation was established when our School was founded in 1541 and the foundation remains as much a part of school life and tradition as it was 477 years ago.
We have two school chapels and two full-time chaplaincy staff who provide pastoral care and support to our students through lunchtime drop-in clubs, extra-curricular Christian Unions and the opportunity to take Confirmation classes.
All Berkhamsted students attend one chapel service each week, which are Christian in their focus but still accessible to those of other faiths and none.
Christmas, Easter and Remembrance Day are marked with special services and there is a half termly after-school communion service, which is open to anyone in the school community.
We believe that social action and spiritual development are vital to the development of our students, enabling them to become well-rounded individuals with a strong community focus and sense of compassion.
We aim to raise questions, stimulate our students with debate and provide them with opportunities to contribute and reflect.
At Berkhamsted we place great value on the benefits that our students gain from their experience of living in a community. Developing resilience and independence, boarding is the ideal way to prepare our students for the next stage of their life at university and beyond.
Although the majority of our pupils are day pupils, we also offer various flexible boarding options for our pupils aged 11-18, with full-time termly and weekly boarding options available to pupils in Year 9 onwards.
Full-time boarding allows our senior students to focus on their academic studies while still participating fully in all that Berkhamsted Sixth has to offer.
We also offer a number of boarding places to Sixth Form students from overseas.
We aim to create a boarding environment in which the happiness and wellbeing of our students is paramount, with our pastoral care, chaplaincy and medical staff available to guide and support every pupil.
Our two boarding houses – St John's for girls and Incents for boys – are located on Chesham Road within a few minutes walk of our Senior and Sixth campuses – Castle and Kings – and the town centre.
Both boarding houses have individual study bedrooms for Senior and Sixth pupils, which are furnished and decorated to a high standard.
There are two common rooms, kitchen facilities and a large garden, which is shared between the houses. Pupils can also meet together in the dining area.
Our boarders have access to the sports facilities of the Senior School, alongside free private membership to our Knox-Johnston sports centre, which offers a fitness suite, sports hall and 25m swimming pool. Classes range from aqua aerobics to pilates.
Computers with Wi-Fi access are available in both boarding houses and house outings are arranged on a regular basis.
Our flexible and occasional boarding options ensure pupils who live far away from our School are able to participate fully in our extensive after-school activities.
Flexible boarding – which is charged at a nightly fee – is the ideal solution for parents who frequently work away or travel abroad and need the assurance that their children are well cared for. Parents are free to make a regular booking, or use the flexible boarding option on an ad-hoc basis.
Weekly boarding typically runs for four nights per week, from Monday to Thursday.
If you'd like to discuss boarding at Berkhamsted for your son or daughter or you'd like to visit one of our boarding houses, please just get in touch and we'll be happy to help.
Jennie secured a grant from the Old Berkhamstedian's travel fund. She trekked the Himalayas on a five week expedition. Jennie reflects upon the year long process which started with fundraising and planning.


text:
Things from the 1950s that are gone forever from American life
Certain parts of life will remain with us forever, and some things go extinct for various reasons. In the 1950s, a few items vanished from American culture forever. If you can believe it, there was actually an X-ray shoe-fitting machine. This machine was touted as a new way to check fit among adults and even children. Medical associations issued warnings of the danger of these machines, and states began to ban them until they became obsolete.
Doing laundry by hand was a 1950s tradition. Housewives would use the sink, a washboard, and a ringer to clean the family's clothes. They would hang the clothes to dry on the clothesline outside, and afterward, they would iron for a full day.
The 1950s was the last decade phone calls were made with a switchboard operator as phones switched to self-service rotary dials. The coveted Twin-lens reflex camera also disappeared in the late 50s. The twin-lens provided a viewfinder for the photographer.
One school skill that was very important in the 50s was practicing cursive on the blackboard. Penmanship was a necessity among students. As typewriters developed, there was less focus on cursive writing on the blackboard. The hub of culture and social interaction was the local soda fountain, typically located in a drug store. Kids would gather to share a malt after school. Fast food and the ability to get soda at the grocery store helped make the soda fountain vanish.
Before the internet, the fountain of all knowledge was 'Encyclopedia Britannica.' Not only would it educate you, but it was also a status symbol. Families paid in installments after buying from salesmen who walked door-to-door.
The 1950s provided bunny ears on tv sets to help receive a signal. The bunny ears were wrapped with tinfoil and adjusted to amplify a weak reception. These no longer exist, along with the strange custom of 'Panty raids,' which involved a group of males breaking into girls' bedrooms to steal a piece of intimate apparel.
Phonebooth stuffing was also a brief fad in the late 1950s. 25 South African students made it inside one phone booth, and after hearing this, everyone tried it. 1950s cars were sold without seatbelts, and the iconic 1957 Chevy Bel-Air was the dominant vehicle of the era. Some great memories and amazing things were a part of the 1950s, but they are now gone forever.
Archie Bunker's unlikely new friend has the studio audience roaring with laughter
Eddie Albert "Reading of The Creation" on The Ed Sullivan Show
Johnny Cash & John Denver sing "Country Roads" in recovered footage
Tim Conway makes everyone crack up during this Carol Burnett skit
Incredible 'Angels Cried' duet from Alan Jackson and Alison Krauss
Carol Burnett's 'Lost Purse' skit is 11 minutes long, and every second is hilarious
Andy Griffith and Don Knotts hilarious Gettysburg Address scene
Tim Conway is Blond… James Blond (Are you smiling yet?)
Tim Conway keeps Harvey Korman on the edge of hilarity for 7 funny minutes
97-year-old farmer charms Johnny Carson and the audience
People Want Home Economics Back in Schools
Tim Conway and Harvey Korman's "Dog Sketch" is a hilarious classic
Check out these 1960s kitchens and their vibrant decor
Archie Bunker predictably does not like his new beer-less diet
Elvis Presley's final performance gets upgraded to stunning 4K
Opie learns about spoiled brats on The Andy Griffith Show
Everyone's favorite 'I Love Lucy' scene gets stunning color and 4K upgrade
Neil Sedaka sings 'Happy Birthday Sweet Sixteen' on American Bandstand
Remember when every home had one of these?


New Delhi: Air Chief Marshal BS Dhanoa said on Monday that while Pakistani jets were beaten back when they had entered Indian airspace on February 27, the favourable result could have been even more decisive had the Indian Air Force inducted Rafale jets in time.
Highlighting how Pakistani jets, including the F-16s, were thwarted in their misadventure, the IAF chief said that Rafale jets could have been even more effective. "The results would have been further skewed in our favour had we inducted our Rafale aircraft in time," he was quoted as saying by news agency ANI while delivering the Arjan Singh memorial lecture here.
Pakistani jets had crossed into Indian airspace after India had successfully targeted terror hubs in Balakot. The PAF jets, however, failed to hit their intended targets, thanks to a quick response from IAF jets. "Post our strike on terror training camp, to thwart impending strike on our soil, PAF launched a riposte on 27 Feb against Indian military targets. Did they succeed in their objective? Answer is clear 'No' as attack was thwarted while we achieved our objective in Balakot," Dhanoa said.
India had scrambled Mig-21 Bison and Mirage-2000 fighter jets against a PAF fighter contingent which also had F-16s. Dhanoa credited the success to the fact that both Mig-21 Bisons and the Mirage-2000 had been upgraded. He however said that Rafale could have made an even bigger impact in the dogfight.


Follow the beautiful Oak lined driveway to the Texas Style Rock Homes with a welcoming wrap around front porch. All fenced and a High fence for a large garden. Master BR suite is a complete wing of its owns with the 2 secondary BRs on the other side of the house. Kitchen and Family room with a rock fireplace makes you feel right at home. Guest House, 40X40 Work Shop, storage bldg., 2 car garage. Huge back patio with a fire pit for those cool evenings. Other items, on demand water heater, rain gutters, high speed internet, well water storage tank. Has it all.
Great lot close to the Guadalupe River and all types of recreation! Over 1/2 an acre ready to build your dream home on in Rivermont. There are beautiful trees towards the back of the lot. Enjoy your morning coffee while watching the dear that roam through the neighborhood. The HOA includes three community parks with river access from one of the parks. There is a community swimming pool, tennis courts and BBQ/picnic area. Easy access to San Antonio, Bulverde, Blanco, New Braunfels and Boerne. Great Comal ISD schools, Smithson Valley High School. No Mobile/Modular Homes allowed.
This is a TRUE MUST SEE STUNNER Ranch, minutes from the VIBRANT intersection of Hwy 281 and TX 46 in Kestrel Airpark accessible, Ahern Ranches community. Magnificent home with the FINEST appointments. Separate roomy guest house and award wining Zars Pool. State of the art, Kentucky Derby style Barn for the most discriminating horse lovers: 3 stalls with rubber floor, horse-wash station, Saddle room, gigantic warehouse, 3 living quarters, indoor/outdoor observation, fenced horse arena w/plenty of room to play. OWNER FINANCE AVAILABLE, CALL FOR DETAILS.
Listen as the wind blows gently through the trees that surround this elevated level homesite. Serene,the address describes the relaxed Lifestyle that this amazing cul de sac lot offers. Stonewall lined building site is ready to go. Enjoy views to the east/southeast across beautiful Canyon Lake, watch the moon rise over the water & night skies filled with twinkling stars. Leave the city behind,build your dream home and start living the good life now. Great amenities including community pool,waterfront park,tennis,RV storage & nature preserve. Central water and underground utilities, septic required. Award winning schools and no city taxes. Easy access to San Antonio, Austin, New Braunfels, Bulverde & Blanco.
One of the premier riverfront home sites in the Texas hill country, 600 ft of waterfront located on the beautiful Guadalupe River. Imagine the lifestyle that can be enjoyed tucked away from the hustle bustle of city life, privacy, the pure joy of sitting at waters edge and just being, stargazing, wildlife watching & peaceful country views. A cleared building site surrounded by mature live oaks is awaiting your dream home. Located in the gated Rio Central area of Mystic Shores offering great amenities including a pool, tennis, lakefront park, walking trails and a nature preserve. Central water, underground utilities, no city tax, award winning schools. Own your own piece of paradise today.
Panoramic Views, Blazing sunsets and glistening stars describe this custom homesite located in the gated Pennesula of Mystic Shores. Unwind at days end with a glass of your favorite beverage, relax & enjoy the views of beautiful Canyon Lake & Guadalupe river from the front or back porches of that home youve been dreaming about. Cleared and ready to build, this is the time to do it. Level build site, nice Oaks, & underground utilitiesamenities you would expect, waterfront park, pool, tennis, RV storage & more. Make this one yours now.
WANT TO GET AWAY AND BE CLOSE TO AMENITIES? ABSOLUTELY FANTASTIC 16 ACRE TRACT THAT WILL BLOW YOU AWAY WHEN YOU SEE IT. MUCH MORE THAN MEETS THE EYE! SELLER HAS INVESTED MUCH MORE THAN HE WILL RECOVER. UTILITY CONDUIT RUN UNDERGROUND WITH BOXES AND PULL LINES THROUGHOUT THE PROPERTY. PROPERTY IS COVERED WITH VARIOUS HARDWOODS, DEVILS HOLLOW CREEK RUNS THROUGH AND A PICTURESQUE POOL THAT COULD EASILY BE DAMMED UP PROVIDING YEAR ROUND PLEASURE. CONEX HAS POWER, PHONE AND INTERNET SERVICE. TAXES $20 YR.
The Hill Country-the way life should be. Live it on this remarkable estate lot with 600ft of Guadalupe River frontage. Cleared with level building site in the midst of beautiful oaks in park like setting. Relax on your porch, take in the meandering river, wildlife, star filled night sky. Gated community with underground utilities & numerous amenities including nature preserve, pool & tennis. Private, serene & close to all the hill country has to offer, boating, fishing, wine tasting, music & food.
Great lot in coveted Mystic Shores. This lot has nice elevation offering views across the immediate ridge as well as some fantastic distant views. Walking this lot is easy and very helpful in determining a desired view for building your dream home. Neighborhood has lots of amenities including underground electricity, community water supply, multiple parks, community/fitness center/ sports court, large swimming pool and tennis courts, just to name a few.
Beautiful treed lot with view to build your dream home. Level to slight slope with good building spot in area of nice custom homes. Good restrictions, underground utilities, city water. Min size is 2300SF, no time limit to build. Best amenities around including 140 acre nature preserve, lakefront park, pools, playground, tennis, volleyball, walking path & community center. Owners RV & boat storage nearby. Great Comal County schools. Easy commute to San Antonio, Austin, New Braunfels.
KW Commercial and Bachman Real Estate Group present +/- 12 acres with +/- 1,500 frontage on US Hwy 281 in Spring Branch Texas. Located in the ETJ of Spring Branch with currently no zoning or restrictions. Canyon Lake Water Supply is currently installing a central water line along the frontage of this property. Approximately 3.5 acres is in the 100-year floodplain leaving +/- 8.5 net acres for development. Possible uses of the floodplain include parking and storage. Access through a shared driveway easement. Plenty of frontage for other potential Hwy 281 driveways. High visibility and traffic count location is ideal for commercial or multi-family development.
A beautiful residential home site that just needs your dream home placed on it. Varying sizes of oak tress grace this site. This community will give you that country living with modern conveniences near by. Excellent schools in the CISD and Smithson Valley High School. Custom built homes will surround you and keep your home value strong. Dream big at The Crossing at Spring Creek.


The term intelligent dance music (idm) was coined in the 1990s to describe experimental electronica. Stylistically, idm does not adhere to the more common aesthetics of dance music and makes use of more experimental sounds, rhythm and structure. Intelligent dance music (IDM) is a genre of electronic music that emerged in the early 1990s. Its creation was influenced by developments in underground dance music such as Detroit techno and various breakbeat styles that were emerging in the UK at that time. Stylistically, IDM tended to rely upon individualistic experimentation rather than adhering to musical characteristics associated with specific genres of dance music.
The range of post-techno styles to emerge in the early 1990s were described variously as "art techno", "ambient techno", "intelligent techno", and "electronica". In the United States, the latter is often used as a catchall term to describe not only downtempo or downbeat/non-dance electronic music but also electronic dance music (EDM). Usage of the term "intelligent dance music" has been criticised by electronic musicians such as Aphex Twin as derogatory towards other styles and is seen by artists such as Mike Paradinas as being particular to the U.S. In 2014, music critic Sasha Frere-Jones observed that the term "is widely reviled but still commonly used". He regards UK acts Aphex Twin and Autechre as central to the evolution of the genre.


In Tibetan Buddhism, the figure of Tara is revered as a bodhisattva, one who strives toward enlightenment and compassion for the benefit of all sentient beings. Tara, like other figures in the Eastern tradition, appears in many aspects, each associated with different beneficial qualities and identified by a different color and ritual implements. There is a White Tara, a Black Tara, a Red Tara, and so on. Tara is depicted in thangkas, religious paintings on cloth, and in mandalas, representations of the universe in balance, often showing figures from the Buddhist pantheon and arranged in symmetric, geometric compositions.
An interest in exploring creative uses for technology and merging it with the ancient, universal form of the mandala led artists and longtime collaborators Max Almy and Teri Yarbrow to create Blue Tara and White Tara, two pieces that combine state-of-the-art nanotechnology and projection in dazzling displays of color and light. The artists have installed Blue Tara at David Richard Gallery for Projected, a group exhibit of digital arts, and have placed White Tara in Currents, at El Museo Cultural de Santa Fe.


We are here to help you know God and have a stonger and more fulfilling relationship with Him. We strive to use the creative abilities and the resources God has given us to encourage you through Bible truths.
Click on to the Scripture Songs tab for free downloads of scripture verses set to fun and nastalgic type songs. They can help you to quickly memorize key and valuable passages .You can hide the Word of God away in your hearts -be ready at any moment to use them to share your faith or to encourage yourself in the Lord. Download foundational verses such as The Ten Commandments(Exodous 20:1-17), The Golden Rule (Luke 6:31), The Romans Road ( Romans 3:23 and Romans 6:23) and John 3:16. We will be adding more of them as quickly as the Lord allows.
Also tab onto Jo's devos for inspirational applications of God's Word.
Check out our prophesy related messianic play soundtrack Messenger of Light and our Christmas play soundtrack A Christmas To Remember complete with many KJV scripture songs as well as humorous and lighthearted original tunes.
Be looking for more original and music to help you in your relationship with the Lord.
We hope you will join us and be strengthened and encouraged in the Lord.
Signup for encouraging dovotions and fun.


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text:
/**
 * Created by Hendrik Strobelt (hendrik.strobelt.com) on 1/28/15.
 */

/*
 *
 * ======================================================
 * We follow the vis template of init - wrangle - update
 * ======================================================
 *
 * */

/**
 * DistVis object for HW3 of CS171
 * @param _parentElement -- the HTML or SVG element (D3 node) to which to attach the vis
 * @param _data -- the data array
 * @param _metaData -- the meta-data / data description object
 * @param _eventHandler -- the Eventhandling Object to emit data to (see Task 4)
 * @constructor
 */
DistVis = function(_parentElement, _data, _channel, _eventHandler){
    this.parentElement = _parentElement;
    this.data = _data;
    this.channel = _channel;
    this.eventHandler = _eventHandler;
    this.displayData = [];
    this.bins = 100;
    this.controls = [];

    // TODO: define all "constants" here
    this.margin = {top: 20, right: 20, bottom: 50, left: 80},
    this.width = 700 - this.margin.left - this.margin.right,
    this.height = 150 - this.margin.top - this.margin.bottom;

    this.initVis();
}

/**
 * Method that sets up the SVG and the variables
 */
DistVis.prototype.initVis = function(){

    var that = this; // read about the this

    //TODO: implement here all things that don't change
    //TODO: implement here all things that need an initial status
    // Examples are:
    // - construct SVG layout
    // - create axis
    // -  implement brushing !!
    // --- ONLY FOR BONUS ---  implement zooming

    // TODO: modify this to append an svg element, not modify the current placeholder SVG element
    this.svg = this.parentElement.append("svg")
        .attr("width", this.width + this.margin.left + this.margin.right)
        .attr("height", this.height + this.margin.top + this.margin.bottom)
      .append("g")
        .attr("transform", "translate(" + this.margin.left + "," + this.margin.top + ")");

    // creates axis and scales
    this.format = d3.format("s");

    this.x = d3.scale.linear()
        .range([0, this.width]);

    this.y = d3.scale.pow()
        .range([this.height, 0]);

    this.xAxis = d3.svg.axis()
        .scale(this.x)
        .tickFormat(this.format)
        .orient("bottom");

    this.yAxis = d3.svg.axis()
        .scale(this.y)
        .tickFormat(this.format)
        .orient("left");

    this.area = d3.svg.area()
        .interpolate("monotone")
        .x(function(d) { return that.x(d.x); })
        .y0(this.height)
        .y1(function(d) { return that.y(d.y); });

    this.brush = d3.svg.brush()
        .on("brush", function(){
        // Trigger selectionChanged event. You'd need to account for filtering by time AND type
        e = that.brush.extent();
        $(that.eventHandler).trigger("brush",[e[0],e[1],that.channel]);

        });

    this.svg.append("g")
        .attr("class", "x axis")
        .attr("transform", "translate(0," + this.height + ")")

    this.svg.append("g")
        .attr("class", "y axis");

    //labels for x and y axis
    this.svg.append("text")
        .attr("text-anchor", "middle")
        .attr("transform", "translate("+ (-35) +","+(this.height/2)+")rotate(-90)")
        .text("Counts");

    this.svg.append("text")
        .attr("id","xlabel")
        .attr("text-anchor", "middle")
        .attr("transform", "translate("+ (this.width/2) +","+(this.height+45)+")")
        .text("Selected Readout: "+this.channel);

    this.svg.append("g")
        .attr("class","brush");

    //TODO: implement the slider -- see example at http://bl.ocks.org/mbostock/6452972
    //this.addSlider(this.svg)

    // filter, aggregate, modify data
    this.wrangleData();

    // call the update method
    this.updateVis();
}

/**
 * Method to wrangle the data. In this case it takes an options object
  */
DistVis.prototype.wrangleData= function(){

    // displayData should hold the data which is visualized
    // pretty simple in this case -- no modifications needed
    that = this;

    var data = this.data.map(function(d) {
        return  d[that.channel];
    });

    this.controls = this.data.filter(function(d){return d.welltype == "P" || d.welltype == "N"; });
    //set domain for scales

    this.x.domain(d3.extent(data))

    var histogram = d3.layout.histogram()
        .bins(this.x.ticks(that.bins))
        (data);

    this.y.domain(d3.extent(histogram.map(function(d) {return d.y;})));

    this.displayData = histogram;

}

/**
 * the drawing function - should use the D3 selection, enter, exit
 * @param _options -- only needed if different kinds of updates are needed
 */
DistVis.prototype.updateVis = function(){

    // TODO: implement update graphs (D3: update, enter, exit)

    // updates axis
    this.svg.select(".x.axis")
        .call(this.xAxis)
        .selectAll("text")
        .style("text-anchor", "end")
        .attr("dy", ".35em")
        .attr("transform", "translate(-5,5) rotate(-60)");

    this.svg.select(".y.axis")
        .call(this.yAxis)

    //draw all the controls
    var controls = this.svg.selectAll(".controls")
        .data(this.controls,function(d){return d.platewell;});

    controls.enter()
        .append("line")
        .attr("class","controls")
        .attr("x1",function(d) {return that.x(d[that.channel]); })
        .attr("x2",function(d) {return that.x(d[that.channel]); })
        .attr("y1",0)
        .attr("y2",this.height)
        .attr("style",function(d) {
            return "stroke:"+(d.welltype=="P" ? "red" : "green") +";stroke-width:1;stroke-opacity:0.3";
        });

    controls.exit().remove();

    // updates graph
    var path = this.svg.selectAll(".area")
      .data([this.displayData])

    path.enter()
      .append("path")
      .attr("class", "area")
      .style("opacity",0.6);

    path
      .transition()
      .attr("d", this.area);

    path.exit()
      .remove();

    this.brush.x(this.x);

    this.svg.select(".brush")
        .call(this.brush)
        .selectAll("rect")
        .attr("height", this.height);

}

/**
 * Gets called by event handler and should create new aggregated data
 * aggregation is done by the function "aggregate(filter)". Filter has to
 * be defined here.
 * @param selection
 */
DistVis.prototype.onSelectionChange= function (selectionStart, selectionEnd){

    // TODO: call wrangle function

    // do nothing -- no update when brushing

}

DistVis.prototype.onPlateChange= function (d){

    // TODO: call wrangle function
    this.data = d;

    this.brush.clear();

    this.wrangleData();

    this.updateVis();
    // do nothing -- no update when brushing

}

DistVis.prototype.onChannelChange= function (c){

    // TODO: call wrangle function
    this.channel = c;

    this.parentElement.select("#xlabel")
        .text("Selected Readout: "+this.channel);

    this.wrangleData();

    this.updateVis();
    // do nothing -- no update when brushing

}
/*
 *
 * ==================================
 * From here on only HELPER functions
 * ==================================
 *
 * */

/**
 * creates the y axis slider
 * @param svg -- the svg element
 */
DistVis.prototype.addSlider = function(svg){
    var that = this;

    // TODO: Think of what is domain and what is range for the y axis slider !!
    var sliderScale = d3.scale.linear().domain([0.1,1]).range([0,this.height])

    var sliderDragged = function(){
        var value = Math.max(0, Math.min(200,d3.event.y));

        var sliderValue = sliderScale.invert(value);

        // TODO: do something here to deform the y scale
        that.y.exponent(sliderValue);

        d3.select(this)
            .attr("y", function () {
                return sliderScale(sliderValue);
            })

        that.updateVis({});
    }
    var sliderDragBehaviour = d3.behavior.drag()
        .on("drag", sliderDragged)

    var sliderGroup = svg.append("g").attr({
        class:"sliderGroup",
        "transform":"translate(-70,30)"
    })

    sliderGroup.append("rect").attr({
        class:"sliderBg",
        x:5,
        width:10,
        height:200
    }).style({
        fill:"lightgray"
    })

    sliderGroup.append("rect").attr({
        "class":"sliderHandle",
        y:200,
        width:20,
        height:10,
        rx:2,
        ry:2
    }).style({
        fill:"#333333"
    }).call(sliderDragBehaviour)

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub