text:
Hannah Ng
The potential of ROCK inhibitors in the treatment of ocular disease
February 3, 2019 Hannah Ng, A/Prof Dipika Patel and Jie Zhang
Rho-associated coiled-coil protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitors, have shown significant therapeutic potential for a wide range of ocular and non-ocular diseases. This includes new treatments for corneal endothelial disease, glaucoma, cardiovascular disease (Fasudil), neuronal disease, certain types of cancer, pulmonary diseases, erectile dysfunction and gastrointestinal diseases.
Rho-kinases are one of the most studied kinases since their discovery in the mid 1990s, with almost 160 patent applications in the past 20 years. In humans, there are two highly-conserved isoforms, ROCK1 and ROCK2, with overlapping and compensatory function. They are grouped within the AGC family of serine/threonine kinases. Both isoforms are ubiquitously expressed in the human body, including most eye tissue except the lens. ROCK regulates a number of key cellular pathways that influence actomyosin contraction, cell adhesion, cytoskeletal organisation, cell cycle progression, metabolism and apoptosis.
As it is postulated that some disease processes are initiated by an overexpression of ROCK-mediated pathways, it has become an emerging target for treatment of disease. ROCK inhibitor acts on ROCK by competitively binding to its ATP-binding site, thereby influencing the outcomes of downstream ROCK-mediated cellular pathways.
ROCK inhibitors have wide-ranging effects in the human body when administered systemically, including a rapid and pronounced drop in blood pressure and reversible decrease in lymphocyte count. Development of therapies needs to overcome these potential adverse effects. ROCK2 specific inhibitors and soft inhibitors are being developed to mitigate systemic side effects. Topical use, such as in ophthalmology, partly bypasses these systemic limitations and has really taken off. This article summarises some of the notable current and future uses of ROCK inhibitor in the treatment of ocular disease.
ROCK inhibitors constitute a potential new class of glaucoma and ocular hypertension medication targeting the conventional pathway of aqueous humour drainage via the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal, which carries 80-90% of aqueous humour out of the eye. In contrast, most glaucoma medications only target the uveoscleral pathway (prostaglandins and α2-agonists) or aqueous humour production (ß-blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and α2-agonists). ROCK inhibitors relax the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal cells, reverse myofibroblastic changes, widen Schlemm's canal, increase permeability and reduce outflow resistance.
Laboratory studies have shown that cultured trabecular meshwork cells and Schlemm's canal endothelial cells treated with ROCK inhibitor undergo reversible changes including decreased actin stress fibres, focal adhesions and intercellular interactions. In addition, aqueous humour of glaucoma patients contain increased amounts of bioactive factors such as lysophosphatidic acid and TGF-ß2 that could cause cells to become myofibroblasts. ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 was able to suppress this fibrogenic activity in cultured trabecular meshwork cells and prevent their transition into myofibroblasts when they were exposed to these bioactive factors. These results suggest a central role of ROCK signalling in the pathogenesis of glaucoma.
The overall effect of ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 application by topical application or intracameral injection in animals is a dose-dependent increase in aqueous humour outflow and reduction in IOP. These are facilitated by trabecular meshwork relaxation, Schlemm's canal widening, increases in giant vacuoles in Schlemm's canal endothelial cells, expansion of juxtacanalicular tissue, relaxation of ciliary muscles and wash-out of extracellular matrix in the conventional pathway.
IOP-lowering in animals has also been demonstrated after administration of other ROCK inhibitors, including Y-39983, fasudil (HA-1077), H1152, netarsudil (AR-13324), and SR-367. Netarsudil also decreased episcleral vein pressure in rabbits. Some ROCK inhibitors also exhibited neuroprotective effects by promoting axon outgrowth and retinal ganglion cell survival in a number of animal models. Inhibition of the transformation of tenon fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, and improved success rate was evident in rabbits after receiving glaucoma filtration surgery. ROCK inhibitors could therefore potentially be developed into anti-scarring agents after filtration therapy.
Several ROCK inhibitors including Y-39983 (SNJ-1656), fasudil, AMA0076, AR-12286, and netarsudil (AR-13324) are being evaluated for their safety and efficacy for glaucoma and ocular hypertension in clinical trials. All produced hypotensive effects in healthy people.
The only ROCK inhibitor that has been approved for clinical treatment of ocular hypertension and glaucoma is ripasudil (K-155) and only in Japan. In a multicentre, prospective, open-label study in Japan, the effect of ripasudil 0.4% in patients with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, primary open angle glaucoma, or ocular hypertension was analysed.
When applied twice daily as monotherapy in 174 patients, the mean IOP reduction at 52 weeks compared to baseline at trough (before instillation) and peak (two hours after instillation) were −2.6 and −3.7 mmHg, respectively. As additive therapy (181 patients), the respective IOP reductions were −1.4 and −2.4 mmHg when combined with prostaglandin analogues, −2.2 and −3.0 mmHg with β‐blockers, and -1.7 and −1.7 mmHg with fixed combination drugs. When the 52 weeks was divided into two halves, additional IOP-lowering effects of ripasudil in the second half of the study were demonstrated (Fig 1). Eyes with baseline IOP >21 mmHg showed the greatest reduction in the second half. This long-term effect suggests that the ROCK inhibitor could have slowly remodelled the extracellular matrix of the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal, eliciting mild and delayed reduction in IOP. ROCK inhibitors may also restore blood flow around the optic disc, thereby slowing the progression of glaucomatous optic neuropathy, but further studies are required to investigate this.
Fig 1. (a) A bottle of Ripasudil (Japan) and (b) changes in IOP by 0.4% ripasudil. Changes in IOP before instillation (trough) or at 2h after instillation (peak) in monotherapy and combination therapy groups are shown
Due to its vasodilatory effects, conjunctival hyperaemia is a common side effect of topical ROCK inhibitor. As expected, conjunctival hyperaemia was reported in 74.6% of patients in the previous study. This 'cosmetic' side effect occurs rapidly after instillation but subsides relatively quickly. Interestingly, this side effect did not cause major problems in reducing adherence or satisfaction, and most cases were mild, transient and resolved spontaneously. Other side effects such as blepharitis (20.6%) and allergic conjunctivitis (17.2%) did cause 14.4% of patients to withdraw from the study. These will be pitfalls to watch out for when considering the application of ROCK inhibitors in the future.
Soft ROCK inhibitors that are more prone to degradation, such as AMA0076 and its modifications, have been under investigation. These drugs appear to be able to induce significant IOP lowering without significant hyperaemia in humans and animals.
Corneal endothelial disease
ROCK inhibitor has shown great promise in the treatment of corneal endothelial disease. It is well known that corneal endothelial cells lack proliferative potential in vivo. For patients with corneal endothelial disease, progressive loss of endothelial cells leads to stromal oedema and loss of visual acuity. The only sight-saving treatment available is a corneal donor transplant, which is limited by a growing corneal donor shortage.
Scientists have been working on developing alternative treatments for corneal endothelial disease. This includes bioengineering corneal endothelial cells in vitro, using both primary corneal endothelial and stem cell lines. In vitro studies have shown that the selective ROCK inhibitor-Y27632 improves primary corneal endothelial cell culture by aiding cell attachment, enabling retention of mature corneal endothelial cell morphology and enhancing cell yield. Recent work with embryonic, induced pluripotent and adult stem cells (including Transition Zone Stem cells) have shown that ROCK inhibitor also acts to enhance cell proliferation and differentiation.
In vivo animal studies have further shown that administration of ROCK inhibitor into eyes with damaged corneal endothelium facilitated corneal endothelial wound healing. For example, in mechanically scraped rabbit and primate corneal endothelium wound models, ROCK inhibitor injections into the anterior chamber were shown to restore corneal transparency after three months, while in control eyes the cornea remained oedematous.
Clinical trials using ROCK inhibitor have so far consisted of small pilot studies. A study of 11 patients with bullous keratopathy, trialled a single injection of cultured, corneal endothelial cells from a human donor into the anterior chamber of the affected eye. The donor cells were cultured in vitro in a medium supplemented with ROCK inhibitor. Patients were placed in the prone position for three hours after surgery to allow the cells to adhere to the posterior aspect of the cornea. After a 24-week period, restoration of corneal transparency, reduction in corneal thickness and improvement in visual acuity was observed. Patients were followed-up over a two year period and were shown to have no significant ocular or systemic side effects as a result of the treatment, suggesting that it may be feasible to use this technique in a larger trial. Issues with this approach include inconsistency in achieving a sufficient cell density with injection and the consequences of injecting cellular particles into the anterior chamber.
An alternative therapeutic approach that has been discussed in the literature is the culturing of corneal endothelial cells in vitro with ROCK inhibitor and growing the cells on an artificial Descemet's membrane or cell carrier. This could then be used as a partial-thickness graft for corneal transplantation, using the standard DMEK procedure currently used to insert a donor graft into eyes with corneal endothelial disease.
Larger and lengthier randomised-controlled trials are required to make any inferences about the efficacy of ROCK inhibitor in treatment. Despite the challenges that remain, the positive effect ROCK inhibitor has on corneal endothelial cell growth, proliferation and wound healing suggest that they have significant potential in providing an alternative treatment for patients with corneal endothelial diseases.
ROCK inhibitors also seem to possess anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting cell migration, invasion, and cytokinesis. Topical ripasudil was able to reduce aqueous flare in glaucoma patients with anterior uveitis. In a rat model of endotoxin-induced uveitis, systemic ripasudil significantly reduced infiltrating cells and protein exudation in the aqueous humour and the iris-ciliary body and reduced adherent leukocytes in retinal vessels.
In summary, ROCK inhibitors represent an exciting new class of drugs with demonstrated efficacy in treating glaucoma, with possible applications in corneal endothelial and inflammatory eye diseases. Ripasudil (generic name Glanatec) is not available in New Zealand yet and is quite expensive at approximately US$70/5ml. We hope to see further development of ROCK inhibitors with reduced side effects and reduced costs in the future.
Hannah Ng is a final-year medical student at the University of Auckland. She has an interest in ophthalmology and has recently completed a BMedSc (Hons) project with the Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre. In 2012, Hannah was awarded the Prime Minister's Future Scientist Prize and is now on the selection panel for the award.
Dr Jie Zhang is a research fellow in the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland. Jie is using her biomedical science background to devise treatments for ophthalmic conditions such as biocompatible scaffolds for corneal regeneration, and stem cell treatments for corneal endothelial diseases.
Defert O, Boland S. Rho kinase inhibitors: a patent review (2014 - 2016). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2017;27:507-515.
Narumiya S, Ishizaki T, Uehata M. Use and properties of ROCK-specific inhibitor Y-27632. Methods in enzymology 2000;325:273-284.
Honjo M, Tanihara H, Inatani M, et al. Effects of rho-associated protein kinase inhibitor Y-27632 on intraocular pressure and outflow facility. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001;42:137-144.
Honjo M, Tanihara H. Impact of the clinical use of ROCK inhibitor on the pathogenesis and treatment of glaucoma. Japanese journal of ophthalmology 2018;62:109-126.
Tanihara H, Inoue T, Yamamoto T, et al. One-year clinical evaluation of 0.4% ripasudil (K-115) in patients with open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Acta ophthalmologica 2016;94:e26-34.
Pipparelli A, Arsenijevic Y, Thuret G, Gain P, Nicolas M, Majo F. ROCK inhibitor enhances adhesion and wound healing of human corneal endothelial cells. PLoS One 2013;8:e62095.
Okumura N, Koizumi N, Ueno M, et al. ROCK inhibitor converts corneal endothelial cells into a phenotype capable of regenerating in vivo endothelial tissue. The American journal of pathology 2012;181:268-277.
8. Kinoshita S, Koizumi N, Ueno M, et al. Injection of Cultured Cells with a ROCK Inhibitor for Bullous Keratopathy. N Engl J Med 2018;378:995-1003.


>> > > Sorry for not responding earlier.  NACK on this patch.
>> > > does not belong in ctdb/tools.
>> > > - This code and doc belongs in ctdb/utils/etcd.
>> > > - This should be installed only with --enable-etcd (or such option).
>> > --enable-etcd-reclock configure switch. Would this be sufficient?
>> > makefiles to only generate/install if --enable-etcd-reclock is flagged.
> I agree with manpages staying in doc.
> In patch 2, we need to add a check for etcd python module.
> We also need to install the man page conditionally.
builds/tests are failing.  That's the reason for urgency (and my bad mood).
manpages and getting rid of the unnecessary ctdb/doc/Makefile.


The New York Times has claimed that Chinese hackers have "persistently" attacked its computers over the past four months following the an investigation into Premier Wen Jiabao's family's fortune.
The newspaper claimed that hackers had stolen reporters' passwords and hunted for files on the investigation, published last October, which claimed that Mr Wen's family had accumulated at least $2.7 billion in "hidden riches" .
China said the accusations of hacking were "groundless". At the time of the report, China claimed it was false, that it had smeared the country's name and had ulterior motives.
The report, which was posted online on Oct 25, embarrassed the Communist Party leadership, coming ahead of a fraught transition to new leaders and exposing deep-seated favouritism at a time when many Chinese are upset about a wealth gap.
"For the last four months, Chinese hackers have persistently attacked The New York Times, infiltrating its computer systems and getting passwords for its reporters and other employees," the newspaper said on Thursday.
"Security experts hired by The Times to detect and block the computer attacks gathered digital evidence that Chinese hackers, using methods that some consultants have associated with the Chinese military in the past, breached The Times's network."
The hackers broke into the email accounts of Shanghai bureau chief, David Barboza, who wrote the story on Mr Wen's family, and Jim Yardley, the paper's South Asia bureau chief in India who was previously the Beijing bureau chief, it added.
"Computer security experts found no evidence that sensitive emails or files from the reporting of our articles about the Wen family were accessed, downloaded or copied," said Jill Abramson, the paper's executive editor.
Security experts found evidence that the hackers stole the corporate passwords for every New York Times employee and used those to gain access to the personal computers of 53 employees, most of them outside The New York Times's newsroom, the paper said.
"Experts found no evidence that the intruders used the passwords to seek information that was not related to the reporting on the Wen family."
Computer security experts at Mandiant, the company hired by the newspaper, said the hackers tried to "cloak" the source of their attacks "by first penetrating computers at United States universities and routing the attacks through them".
"This matches the subterfuge used in many other attacks that Mandiant has tracked to China."


Eight teachers from Wisconsin public schools recently became National Board Certified, including UW-Madison alumna Lindsay Norrish.
Norrish received her undergraduate degree in elementary education from the School of Education in 2009 and today works for the Madison Metropolitan School District.
National board certification is considered the gold standard in teacher certification. In addition to the eight teachers who joined the ranks, another 75 Wisconsin educators renewed their national certification this year, the Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction announced in a news release.
National board certification is open to all educators who have a baccalaureate degree and three years of classroom experience in either a public or private school. The National Board for Professional Teaching Standard's founding mission is to advance the quality of teaching and learning through rigorous standards for what accomplished teachers should know and be able to do, a national voluntary system for certifying teachers who meet those standards, and related education reforms to integrate national board certification in American education and to capitalize on the expertise of National Board Certified Teachers.


Sweet & Sour Cauliflower Fill 1 Created with Sketch.
Tonight's takeout-inspired dish highlights a bevy of bright produce, including seasonal cauliflower—which we're roasting to bring out its sweetness before combining it with bell pepper and bok choy. An irresistible sauce of sweet hoisin and honey, spicy sambal, and nutty sesame oil glazes the vegetables and brings their flavors together. We're serving it all over a bed of jasmine rice, and topping off each plate with a soft-boiled egg for richness.
Remove the honey from the refrigerator to bring to room temperature. Place an oven rack in the center of the oven, then preheat to 450°F. Heat a small pot of water to boiling on high. Wash and dry the cauliflower. Cut out and discard the core; cut the head into small pieces. Place on a sheet pan. Drizzle with olive oil and season with salt and pepper; toss to coat. Arrange in an even layer. Roast 23 to 25 minutes, or until browned and tender when pierced with a fork. Remove from the oven.
While the cauliflower roasts, in a small saucepan, combine the rice, a big pinch of salt, and 2 cups of water; heat to boiling on high. Once boiling, cover and reduce the heat to low. Cook 12 to 14 minutes, or until the water has been absorbed and the rice is tender. Turn off the heat and fluff the cooked rice with a fork. Cover and set aside in a warm place.
While the rice cooks, carefully add the eggs to the pot of boiling water; cook for exactly 7 minutes. Drain and rinse under cold water for 30 seconds to 1 minute to stop the cooking process. When cool enough to handle, carefully peel the cooked eggs.
While the eggs cook, wash and dry the remaining fresh produce. Peel and finely chop the ginger. Cut out and discard the stem, ribs, and seeds of the pepper; thinly slice lengthwise. Cut off and discard the root ends of the scallions; thinly slice, separating the white bottoms and green tops. Cut off and discard the root end of the bok choy. Roughly chop the leaves and stems, keeping them separate. In a bowl, whisk together the hoisin sauce, vinegar, honey (kneading the packet before opening), sesame oil, 2 tablespoons of water, and as much of the sambal oelek as you'd like, depending on how spicy you'd like the dish to be.
While the cauliflower continues to roast, in a large pan (nonstick, if you have one), heat 2 teaspoons of olive oil on medium-high until hot. Add the ginger, pepper, white bottoms of the scallions, and bok choy stems; season with salt and pepper. Cook, stirring frequently, 2 to 3 minutes, or until softened and fragrant. Add the bok choy leaves; season with salt and pepper. Cook, stirring occasionally, 2 to 3 minutes, or until slightly wilted. Turn off the heat.
Add the roasted cauliflower and sauce to the pan of cooked vegetables. Cook on medium-high, stirring frequently, 1 to 2 minutes, or until thoroughly combined and the vegetables are coated. Turn off the heat. Season with salt and pepper to taste. Divide the cooked rice among 4 dishes. Top with the finished vegetables and peeled eggs; season with salt and pepper. Garnish with the peanuts and green tops of the scallions. Enjoy!


JYP Entertainment has released the music video of the Wonder Girls' 'Nobody'. The video seems to be a re-work version of the original MV. There were new scenes but it's pretty much a dubbed version. I don't know if it's a good idea to recycle the old video though. Comparison will definitely occur and the English version is in the losing end.
I found new and much better fancams and it seems their debut was decent enough. I still don't know if the Jonas Brothers' fan got interested in them. The purpose of opening for the Jonas Brothers was to introduce them to a wider audience and not to perform to Jonas Brothers' fan that are Wonder Girls fan.
I heard that they did good.


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This policy was last updated: July 3, 2018.


Today is Ada Lovelace Day, a day to celebrate the women of math, science, and technology, and the challenge today is to write a blog post highlighting a woman that inspires us. I blogged an interview with my mum a few years ago (the first woman in tech I ever knew!), so this year, I thought I'd highlight a few women that inspire me today.
Sara started GirlDevelopIt in New York, with the goal of getting more women in web development by actually teaching them how to do it. She inspired me to run a GirlDevelopIt in Sydney, and I still remember those months as some of my favorite down under. In addition to being the force behind GDI, Sara still develops - just yesterday, she wrote an uber-useful Chrome extension that I installed instantly.
I first knew of Gina for starting lifehacker, a popular blog of tips for using tech and optimizing your digital life (and the biggest source of traffic for my little Profane Game). I then knew her as the author of "The Complete Guide to Google Wave", an attempt to explain how to use Wave to the average joe. I was on the Wave team then, and I knew that was no small feat. And now, I know her as a developer, working on an open-source web app for social media analysis. Blogger, author, coder, speaker - Gina does it all.
I met Leigh just this week, at the WITI Next-Gen Summit, where Leigh and I talked to high school girls about how we got into tech and why we love it. Leigh started off with a history degree, but when she realized she had a thing for analyzing customer data, she started data science departments at Rhapsody and then BookRenter, where she is now. Most companies don't have data scientists nor realize they need one, so Leigh is paving the way for others with her interest. When she's not analyzing data, she's preparing for triathlons. Impressive.
I also met Kendall this week - she's actually one of the girls that Leigh and I talked to at the conference. She's a high school junior who's already started programming for her robotics team (C++!) and wants to learn more. She's also set a fun challenge for herself: build a house. I hope Kendall represents the next generation of women in tech!


text:
Category: inequality
Women vs. Society
Woman. It is one simple word. A word that everyone knows. A word that describes roughly 50% of the world population. The Oxford English Dictionary defines a woman as:
The female human being; the female part of the human race, the female sex.
What one should note about the above definition is that none of it suggests that a woman is somehow lacking in certain qualities. It does not state that a woman is unfit to make political decisions. It does not say that being a woman means a person is not cut out to succeed in the corporate world. It does not state that the government is more suited to decide about a woman's body than she is. Yet society seems to have trouble understanding that.
Although there is undeniable evidence of the immense amount of progress that has been made towards the emancipation of women, as 2015 marked the year when the last country that denied women the right to vote* – Saudi Arabia, finally passed a law that gives its entire adult population a voice in the election process, it is not all roses. Continue reading "Women vs. Society" →
Is Universal Basic Income the future?
Martin Luther King, Richard Nixon and Eleanor Roosevelt are figures rarely discussed in the same breath. Yet they all shared one characteristic: support for a version of a concept now known as Universal Basic Income (UBI). As it is still in the trial phase, defining what exactly UBI is, and how it should be implemented, is not straightforward.
Continue reading "Is Universal Basic Income the future?" →
Behind Bars: Rethinking the Morality and Economics of Prisons
"It is said that no one truly knows a nation until one has been inside its jails. A nation should not be judged by how it treats its highest citizens, but its lowest ones." The words of Nelson Mandela, the first black president of South Africa and a man who spent 27 years locked up as a political prisoner, ring true even in the modern age.
Therefore, the question is: how do the nations of today present themselves when put under the scrutiny of these words?
Continue reading "Behind Bars: Rethinking the Morality and Economics of Prisons" →
The Invisible Economy: The case for a cashless society in Britain
Slowly but surely, the digital age has changed many aspects of our lives, from how we interact with people to the way we source information. It is only natural, then, that our means of exchange also undergo rapid change.
Continue reading "The Invisible Economy: The case for a cashless society in Britain" →
Billionaires: What should be done about them?
"Wherever there is great property, there is great inequality," echoed the words of Adam Smith, the father of modern economics. He could not have been more right at any other time than the present.
Continue reading "Billionaires: What should be done about them?" →
Hong Kong Protests: Danger, Democracy, and Disillusionment in the Far East
On Sunday, 18th August, 1.7 million people gathered in Hong Kong's second-largest pro-democracy march, defying a police ban and increasingly sinister warnings from the Chinese Central government. The demonstration, the latest in a series of protests which have gripped the island region, was initially sparked in June 2019 by a widely controversial extradition-bill which would empower local authorities to detain and extradite individuals to countries Hong Kong does not have formal agreements with, including Mainland China and Macau. Fears were ignited that these laws would undermine the autonomy of the region by placing Hong Kongers and visitors under mainland Chinese jurisdiction, where forced confessions and unfair trial procedures for political prisoners are common. Continue reading "Hong Kong Protests: Danger, Democracy, and Disillusionment in the Far East" →

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Take this thrilling off-road beach buggy tour around Paternoster and zoom through the sand with your superb tour guide, Deon.
Get ready to enjoy this two-hour beach buggy tour of Paternoster with your qualified tour guide Deon.
To start this thrilling experience, you'll arrive at the beautiful location of Paternoster, where you'll be warmly welcomed by Deon who'll go through what you'll be doing throughout the two-hour experience. While driving out towards the beach, you'll notice the incredible surroundings and wildlife. Be sure to look out for the different species of birds, as well as dolphins, whales and penguins swimming along the seafront. Along the way, Deon will tell you all the information you could wish for about the beautiful area - including its history, about its beaches and villages. This tour can be tailor-made and altered to completely suit your preferences. Whether you just want to zoom along the beachfront taking in the scenery or enjoy a commentary throughout - you'll be sure to have lots of fun!
This two-hour beach buggy tour of Paternoster is a fantastic experience to complete with a friend to get to know the area and enjoy the fabulous views along the beach.
This Beach Buggy experience is available all year round, weather permitting.
This Beach Buggy Tour of Paternoster has a combined weight limit of 220 kg.
This buggy experience has a duration of two hours.
Please arrive at the venue for 10am.
Participants: The Two-Hour Beach Buggy Tour of Paternoster is for 2 participants.
This experience is available for two participants.
Please wear weather appropriate clothing.


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Georgetown takes new cybersecurity measures in response to national attacks
By Annemarie Cuccia
Illustration by Deborah Han
All Georgetown students will now be required to install DUO, a multi-factor authentication service, to access university systems for the coming semester, the university announced on July 21.
This move, as the announcement acknowledges, comes in the wake of increased cybersecurity concerns due to a higher reliance on online services and home networks during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. While cyberattacks against both the Twitter accounts of powerful figures, including former President Barack Obama and Democratic candidate Joe Biden, and COVID-19 research centers have gained national attention, individuals and small businesses have also seen upticks in attacks since the reliance on telework increased.
The implementation of DUO for all students was largely based on increased threats to all forms of online information and accounts, according to acting Chief Information Security Officer and Chief Engineer Marty Johnson.
"A global increase in Cybersecurity activity, that generally exploits the fear and uncertainty we all feel, has made it apparent that simple username/password authentication methods are no longer sufficient to protect the systems that we are now using in an increasingly fluid and distributed manner," Johnson wrote in an email to the Voice.
Previously, only faculty, staff, student employees, and associates had to be enrolled in DUO, because their university accounts contained sensitive information such as bank account details. However, the university announcement explained, the fact that the Fall 2020 plan calls for nearly all students to work and learn remotely broadened the need for security.
"Because many members of the Georgetown community will be studying and working remotely as an integral part of [the Fall 2020] plan, there is an increased risk of cybersecurity attacks against the network and your sensitive data," the email read.
Increased vulnerability to attacks is not an issue specific to Georgetown, but rather a systemic problem revealed in the months since the pandemic began. In a study released by VMware Carbon Black, an internet security provider, 91 percent of all respondents reported attacks have increased since March.
There are a few reasons for this, according to Micah Sherr, an associate professor at Georgetown in Computer Science. When employees (or students) work from home, it becomes more difficult to detect suspicious patterns of behavior that might indicate an attack. Previously, activity outside the "norm," meaning from off-campus, was one indicator of a potential cyber attack.
"With everyone being virtual, we've thrown the norm out the window," Sherr wrote in an email to the Voice. "There is no longer any norm. Folks work from different locations and time zones, and that makes differentiating between authorized usage and attacks far more difficult."
This deviation from normal circumstances also presents a challenge to individuals, Sherr said. People are changing up their routines and installing new software, such as Zoom. This means they are less likely to be able to separate routine emails from phishing attempts or identify malware.
Additionally, hackers can mimic communications surrounding the pandemic, such as government communications, according to a report from Georgetown's SCS.
"For example, I suspect that a phishing attack purporting to be UIS asking users to install a new "GU-approved" patch to Zoom (which would in fact be malware) is more likely to succeed now than had it been done pre-COVID19," Sherr wrote.
Universities are particularly vulnerable to cyberattacks because their systems often contain sensitive information and unreleased or proprietary research findings. Large networks also offer many points of access to hackers. Students and faculty need fairly open access to the network to research and communicate, but in some of the same systems, administrators and staff manage sensitive personal information.
Rather than relying on on-campus wifi, the majority of students and faculty will be logging on to their accounts via home networks and will be utilizing sites such as Canvas and Google Drive to share assignments at a higher rate, which means there will be more points of access for attackers to target.
At the same time, Sherr pointed out, universities prefer not to restrict access to information beyond what is necessary.
"It's critical to remember—and I can't emphasize this enough—that the University has an obligation to respect academic freedom, and a big part of that is enabling access to information. And today, for better or worse, "access to information" oftentimes equates to unfettered access to the Internet," he wrote.
Sherr and Johnson both identified multi-factor authentication services as one useful strategy in preventing attacks on such a network. If you try to access a Georgetown-related account (Google accounts, Canvas, Box, etc) with a DUO account, a notification will be sent to you via another device to approve the login. This is intended to ensure no one logs into your account that is not you, and that you are notified of any outside login attempts.
DUO relies on two factors, which Sherr called "something you have" and "something you know." Requiring anyone who wants to log in to provide both a piece of information (a password) and showing you have something that ostensibly belongs to you (your phone) raises the bar for hackers, Sherr wrote.
While the addition of DUO is not convenient for students, Sherr believes the cybersecurity benefits make the few seconds to confirm your identity worth it.
"Requiring a little extra work for a lot more security is the smart move, even if it does impose a modest annoyance," he wrote.
Annemarie Cuccia
Annemarie is the Voice's service chair and photo editor, and former editor in chief. She's a senior in the SFS who has been described as "well acquainted with vegetables."
More: Cyber Security, Cybersecurity
Changes to initial spring COVID-19 protocols aim to combat Omicron
By Margaret Hartigan and Jupiter Huang
GUSA passes legislation advocating for students during virtual learning period
By Franzi Wild
Georgetown and other national universities allegedly part of price-fixing cartel to limit financial aid
By Ethan Greer


text:
Gabon Press review South Africa South Sudan African Union
African press review 15 November 2018
By Michael Fitzpatrick Issued on 15-11-2018 Modified 15-11-2018 to 09:38
Summits are big news in Africa today: an African Union summit on reform, an Igad summit on peace in South Sudan.
African Union leaders are set to gather this weekend for a special summit aimed at pushing through long-debated reforms to their pan-continental body, the main story in this morning's Kenyan Daily Nation tells us.
The proposed reforms are intended to streamline and empower the African Union, an ambitious effort for an organisation often seen as toothless and donor-dependent, and analysts say time for forging a deal is short.
Egypt, which will assume the chairmanship of the AU early next year, has little interest in the reforms, according to the International Crisis Group.
The special summit is being held at AU headquarters in Addis Ababa this Saturday and Sunday at the insistence of Rwandan President Paul Kagame, the current AU Chairman and pioneer of the reforms.
So far South Africa, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Comoros, Togo and Ghana have confirmed they will be sending their presidents.
Nigeria and Mozambique will be sending foreign ministers to the two-day summit.
SABC funds parties, fleeces workers
The South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) is under fire on the front page of the tabloid Sowetan.
"SABC spends millions on parties and bonuses, while sacking workers," the headline reads.
The SABC board and its senior executives appeared before the parliamentary standing committee on public accounts yesterday, to account for irregular expenditure incurred by the public broadcaster in the past year.
One MP from the opposition Democratic Alliance asked how it was possible for the company to sack workers while squandering 14 million rand (900,000 euros) on an awards ceremony and party.
The top three executives at the troubled broadcaster earn more than 800,000 euros each year between them. Yet the corporation has appealed to the government for a three-billion-rand bailout (185 million euros) just so it can continue to pay salaries.
What happened Sierra Leone's Ebola money?
The alleged misuse of funds intended to fight Ebola is back in the spotlight in Sierra Leone.
The story makes the front page of this morning's regional paper the East African.
According to the report, the national Anti-Corruption Commission has reopened files in an unspecified number of cases.
The Ebola epidemic, which erupted in early 2014 in Guinea and spread to Liberia and then Sierra Leone, claimed nearly 12,000 lives.
Hundreds of millions of US dollars were poured into the fight from both foreign and local sources.
The Sierra Leone government itself allocated 10 million euros to fight the disease. A report from the auditor general said at least one-third of that amount remained unaccounted for.
There have been reports that much of the money in the three countries was diverted into the personal accounts of officials in charge of the battle against the virus.
South Sudan peace deal for review
The Inter-Governmental Authority on Development will meet in Addis Ababa tomorrow to discuss the peace progress in South Sudan.
A brief email released to the media yesterday afternoon indicated that the regional bloc's Council of Ministers will meet in the Ethiopian capital.
On the agenda are the implementation of the Revitalised Agreement for the Resolution of Conflict in South Sudan, and progress in Somalia.
Press freedom in Gabon endangered
Press freedom is being eroded in Gabon according to the international action organisation, Reporters Without Borders.
This follows the suspension of a newspaper for commenting on the hospitalisation of President Ali Bongo.
Gabon's media regulator, the High Authority for Communications, on Friday handed a three-month suspension to local newspaper L'Aube, slapping a six-month suspension on its editor.
The daily had run an article saying the country had been put on "very dangerous autopilot" in Bongo's absence.
It called on Prime Minister Emmanuel Issoze-Ngondet to name the Speaker of the Senate, Lucie Milebou Mboussou, as interim president to fill the power vacuum.
RSF's Africa representative Arnaud Froger called for the immediate lifting of the suspension, "the latest act in a worrying erosion of freedom of the press in Gabon in recent months".
Ali Bongo was hospitalised in Saudi Arabia last month while attending an investment forum. He is believed to have suffered a stroke.
Italy's Salvini welcomes legal African …
Nine migrants picked up off British …
Trump lashes out at Macron on European …
Migrants arrive in Britain from France …
'Yellow vests' to test Emmanuel …


text:
The capacity of oysters to regulate energy metabolism-related processes may be key to their resilience against ocean acidification
Priscila Goncalves*, Kelli Anderson, David Andrew Raftos, Emma Louise Thompson
Bivalve molluscs, such as oysters, are threatened by shifts in seawater chemistry resulting from climate change. However, a few species and populations within a species stand out for their capacity to cope with the impacts of climate change-associated stressors. Understanding the intracellular basis of such differential responses can contribute to the development of strategies to minimise the pervasive effects of a changing ocean on marine organisms. In this study, we explored the intracellular responses to ocean acidification in two genetically distinct populations of Sydney rock oysters (Saccostrea glomerata). Selectively bred and wild type oysters exhibited markedly different mitochondrial integrities (mitochondrial membrane potential) and levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in their hemocytes under CO2 stress. Analysis of these cellular parameters after 4 and 15 days of exposure to elevated CO2 indicated that the onset of intracellular responses occurred earlier in the selectively bred oysters when compared to the wild type population. This may be due to an inherent capacity for increased intracellular energy production or adaptive energy reallocation in the selectively bred population. The differences observed in mitochondrial integrity and in ROS formation between oyster breeding lines reveal candidate biological processes that may underlie resilience or susceptibility to ocean acidification. Such processes can be targeted in breeding programs aiming to mitigate the impacts of climate change on threatened species.
Aquaculture Research
https://doi.org/10.1111/are.13663
hemocytes
Saccostrea glomerata
selective breeding
10.1111/are.13663
ARC grant link
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'The capacity of oysters to regulate energy metabolism-related processes may be key to their resilience against ocean acidification'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
oysters Agriculture & Biology
energy metabolism Agriculture & Biology
Saccostrea glomerata Agriculture & Biology
metabolism Earth & Environmental Sciences
breeds Agriculture & Biology
breeding Earth & Environmental Sciences
population type Earth & Environmental Sciences
Adapting to climate change: Does enhanced metabolism provide heritable protection against ocean acidification and increasing temperature in oysters?
Raftos, D., Haynes, P., O'Connor, W., Parker, L., Ross, P., Portner, H. & MQRES, M.
Goncalves, P., Anderson, K., Raftos, D. A., & Thompson, E. L. (2018). The capacity of oysters to regulate energy metabolism-related processes may be key to their resilience against ocean acidification. Aquaculture Research, 49(5), 2059-2071. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.13663
Goncalves, Priscila ; Anderson, Kelli ; Raftos, David Andrew ; Thompson, Emma Louise. / The capacity of oysters to regulate energy metabolism-related processes may be key to their resilience against ocean acidification. In: Aquaculture Research. 2018 ; Vol. 49, No. 5. pp. 2059-2071.
@article{b6d468d871b645c8a722daee14052b13,
title = "The capacity of oysters to regulate energy metabolism-related processes may be key to their resilience against ocean acidification",
abstract = "Bivalve molluscs, such as oysters, are threatened by shifts in seawater chemistry resulting from climate change. However, a few species and populations within a species stand out for their capacity to cope with the impacts of climate change-associated stressors. Understanding the intracellular basis of such differential responses can contribute to the development of strategies to minimise the pervasive effects of a changing ocean on marine organisms. In this study, we explored the intracellular responses to ocean acidification in two genetically distinct populations of Sydney rock oysters (Saccostrea glomerata). Selectively bred and wild type oysters exhibited markedly different mitochondrial integrities (mitochondrial membrane potential) and levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in their hemocytes under CO2 stress. Analysis of these cellular parameters after 4 and 15 days of exposure to elevated CO2 indicated that the onset of intracellular responses occurred earlier in the selectively bred oysters when compared to the wild type population. This may be due to an inherent capacity for increased intracellular energy production or adaptive energy reallocation in the selectively bred population. The differences observed in mitochondrial integrity and in ROS formation between oyster breeding lines reveal candidate biological processes that may underlie resilience or susceptibility to ocean acidification. Such processes can be targeted in breeding programs aiming to mitigate the impacts of climate change on threatened species.",
keywords = "climate change, environmental stress, hemocytes, reactive oxygen species, Saccostrea glomerata, selective breeding",
author = "Priscila Goncalves and Kelli Anderson and Raftos, {David Andrew} and Thompson, {Emma Louise}",
doi = "10.1111/are.13663",
journal = "Aquaculture Research",
publisher = "Wiley-Blackwell, Wiley",
Goncalves, P, Anderson, K, Raftos, DA & Thompson, EL 2018, 'The capacity of oysters to regulate energy metabolism-related processes may be key to their resilience against ocean acidification', Aquaculture Research, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 2059-2071. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.13663
The capacity of oysters to regulate energy metabolism-related processes may be key to their resilience against ocean acidification. / Goncalves, Priscila; Anderson, Kelli; Raftos, David Andrew; Thompson, Emma Louise.
In: Aquaculture Research, Vol. 49, No. 5, 05.2018, p. 2059-2071.
T1 - The capacity of oysters to regulate energy metabolism-related processes may be key to their resilience against ocean acidification
AU - Goncalves, Priscila
AU - Anderson, Kelli
AU - Raftos, David Andrew
AU - Thompson, Emma Louise
N2 - Bivalve molluscs, such as oysters, are threatened by shifts in seawater chemistry resulting from climate change. However, a few species and populations within a species stand out for their capacity to cope with the impacts of climate change-associated stressors. Understanding the intracellular basis of such differential responses can contribute to the development of strategies to minimise the pervasive effects of a changing ocean on marine organisms. In this study, we explored the intracellular responses to ocean acidification in two genetically distinct populations of Sydney rock oysters (Saccostrea glomerata). Selectively bred and wild type oysters exhibited markedly different mitochondrial integrities (mitochondrial membrane potential) and levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in their hemocytes under CO2 stress. Analysis of these cellular parameters after 4 and 15 days of exposure to elevated CO2 indicated that the onset of intracellular responses occurred earlier in the selectively bred oysters when compared to the wild type population. This may be due to an inherent capacity for increased intracellular energy production or adaptive energy reallocation in the selectively bred population. The differences observed in mitochondrial integrity and in ROS formation between oyster breeding lines reveal candidate biological processes that may underlie resilience or susceptibility to ocean acidification. Such processes can be targeted in breeding programs aiming to mitigate the impacts of climate change on threatened species.
AB - Bivalve molluscs, such as oysters, are threatened by shifts in seawater chemistry resulting from climate change. However, a few species and populations within a species stand out for their capacity to cope with the impacts of climate change-associated stressors. Understanding the intracellular basis of such differential responses can contribute to the development of strategies to minimise the pervasive effects of a changing ocean on marine organisms. In this study, we explored the intracellular responses to ocean acidification in two genetically distinct populations of Sydney rock oysters (Saccostrea glomerata). Selectively bred and wild type oysters exhibited markedly different mitochondrial integrities (mitochondrial membrane potential) and levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in their hemocytes under CO2 stress. Analysis of these cellular parameters after 4 and 15 days of exposure to elevated CO2 indicated that the onset of intracellular responses occurred earlier in the selectively bred oysters when compared to the wild type population. This may be due to an inherent capacity for increased intracellular energy production or adaptive energy reallocation in the selectively bred population. The differences observed in mitochondrial integrity and in ROS formation between oyster breeding lines reveal candidate biological processes that may underlie resilience or susceptibility to ocean acidification. Such processes can be targeted in breeding programs aiming to mitigate the impacts of climate change on threatened species.
KW - climate change
KW - environmental stress
KW - hemocytes
KW - reactive oxygen species
KW - Saccostrea glomerata
KW - selective breeding
UR - http://purl.org/au-research/grants/arc/DP120101946
U2 - 10.1111/are.13663
DO - 10.1111/are.13663
JO - Aquaculture Research
JF - Aquaculture Research
Goncalves P, Anderson K, Raftos DA, Thompson EL. The capacity of oysters to regulate energy metabolism-related processes may be key to their resilience against ocean acidification. Aquaculture Research. 2018 May;49(5):2059-2071. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.13663


text:
Smaller N.B. communities more efficient: report
FREDERICTON – A new report ranking the province's municipalities suggests smaller communities are more efficient and effective when it comes to delivering services and using taxpayers' dollars.
The Atlantic Institute for Market Studies released its first New Brunswick Municipal Performance Report this week, suggesting smaller villages and towns are more efficient than larger urban centres.
"There's no excuses not to be efficient or effective, whether you're big, small or medium-sized (or) whether you've got fancy urban demands or demands around growth or whether you're small and facing decline," said Charles Cirtwill, executive vice-president of AIMs.
Florenceville, Cambridge-Narrows and Port Elgin were ranked as the top three municipalities within the report. St. Martins, Grand Manan, Sainte-Anne-de-Madawaska, Dorchester, Doaktown, Bertrand and Canterbury all made the Top 10.
But Cirtwill warned against jumping to the conclusion that larger communities are wasteful and inefficient.
For example, although Moncton ranks 53rd with a "C," the city still ranked strongly in some categories, such as economic development.
Cirtwill said municipalities aren't always scrutinized as closely as provincial and federal governments.
"There isn't a lot of information out there. People don't know who to ask or where to go," he said.
"This really is an exercise in trying to give people a single-point access to start talking about municipal performance on a much regular basis."
By Atlantic Institute for Market Studies| 2009-04-09T00:00:00+00:00	April 9th, 2009|In the Media|Comments Off on Smaller N.B. communities more efficient: report


The concept of a signature grape for the Hudson Valley has long been one on the minds of many of the region's wine growers, but it was a casual conversation and a tasting of Glorie Farm Winery's Cab Franc at a wine event that sparked winemakers, Doug and MaryEllen Glorie, and publishers, Robert Bedford and Linda Pierro, to consider the adoption of Cabernet Franc as the calling card of the region. They formed the Hudson Valley Cabernet Franc Coalition in 2016 armed with the support of other local growers, winemakers, and industry organizations. The Hudson Valley Cabernet Franc Coalition's mission is to showcase the many high-quality, terroir-driven Cab Franc wines produced by a growing number of dedicated winemakers, and to encourage more plantings of Cabernet Franc vines throughout the Hudson Valley. The Hudson Valley Cabernet Franc Coalition is a 501(c)(6) non-profit corporation.
Look for this bottle sticker on signature wines! Wines with the Coalition's hawk icon on the neck of the bottle are authentic Hudson Valley Cabernet Franc wines. These high-quality wines are produced by the Coalition's Legacy Members and adhere to strict standards of production that raise the bar to define the true character of Hudson Valley Cabernet Franc.
The sticker guarantees that a minimum of 85% of the grapes used in making the wine are grown in the Hudson Valley and that the wine has been aged for at least 12 months. The hawk symbol represents the unified commitment of Coalition Members to grow and produce Cabernet Franc wines that capture the region's terroir in every sip.
More than a casual visitor to the Hudson Valley, a diverse variety of hawks can be seen soaring over fields and open spaces, nesting high up in trees that overlook many of the region's vineyards. These powerful creatures are a beneficial aid to farmers to reduce crop damage and to keep other pests in check, and are a welcome indication that a vineyard's ecosystem is healthy and balanced. An increase in sightings of these regal raptors late in summer can even signal the coming of a fruitful harvest!
The Coalition's mission is to encourage more vineyard plantings of the Cabernet Franc grape and boost recognition of the Hudson Valley's distinctive Cabernet Franc wines. Special promotions and events will be announced to promote the region's terroir-driven Cab Francs. Support the Coalition! Take part in these activities and support the efforts of its members to claim Cabernet Franc as the signature grape of the Hudson Valley. Click here to contact us.
Doug and MaryEllen Glorie have been active in the Hudson Valley wine scene for many years. They are passionate about agriculture, and Doug has been growing wine grapes since 1983 on Glorie Farms. In addition to producing estate grown wines, Doug also supplies grapes to many wineries in the region. Their approach to making Glorie wines has been influenced by their extensive travels to wine regions in Portugal, Italy and France, throughout New England and the Mid-Atlantic states, and primary wine regions on the west coast.
Doug is a founding member of Hudson Valley Wine and Grape Growers Association. He is also an active member of New York Farm Bureau, Cornell Cooperative Extension, and the Hudson Valley Research Lab. He currently serves as President of the Hudson Valley Cabernet Franc Coalition.
MaryEllen has been active in the Shawangunk Wine Trail since Glorie Farm Winery joined in 2006, assuming responsibility for recruiting Tourism Partners and producing the annual brochure from 2009-2012, then serving as President for three years, 2013-2015, and continuing to serve as Vice President in 2017. She currently serves as Treasurer of the Hudson Valley Cabernet Franc Coalition.
Bob Bedford and Linda Pierro are media, marketing, and publishing professionals with experience that spans decades and across several disciplines, working with large-scale national companies and smaller regional brands. Passionate about the Hudson Valley's art, craft, and culture, in 2007 the couple founded Flint Mine Press, an independent publishing group with a mission to produce books and publications that celebrate the rich history and flavor of the region.
In 2008, they founded Hudson Valley Wine Magazine, a definitive resource that supports and promotes the vibrant local wine and craft beverage industry, and winner of several industry awards. In 2016, the couple launched the Ultimate Hudson Valley Cider + Apple Spirits Guide.
Bob brings his experience as multi-media producer in the corporate arena to his role as Executive Editor of Flint Mine Press. He has co-written and edited numerous articles and books relating to craft beverage history, and is the author of The Story of Brotherhood, America's Oldest Winery. Bob's historical acumen and photographic editing skills to help distinguish Flint Mine Press's books and publications. Bob currently serves as Vice President of the Hudson Valley Cabernet Franc Coalition.
Before her current roles as Managing Editor and Design Director, Linda garnered decades of experience as Creative Director at NYC-based design and marketing firms, including a business in Manhattan she co-owned and operated for more than 20 years. At Flint Mine Press, she is responsible for overseeing content development for Hudson Valley Wine and the Ultimate Cider Guide, and shapes the look of every published work. She recently established Flint Media Inc., a design and consulting company in the Hudson Valley that specializes in identity and promotion. Linda currently serves as Secretary of the Hudson Valley Cabernet Franc Coalition.


text:
Центральний Кармель () — житловий, культурний і розважальний район на хребті Кармель в Хайфі.

Ще на початку 80-х років XIX століття був майже нежилу територію, покриту кам'яними валунами і порослу колючим чагарником. Його розвиток почався, коли розбагатіли поселенці з німецької колонії почали будувати тут вілли, готелі, розбивати парки.

Розширення "німецької експансії" в цьому районі призвело до неминучого зіткнення з проживаючими неподалік і підтримуваними з Парижа монахами-кармелітами. У світлі розгорівся в цей час війни між Пруссією і Францією ця суперечка вилилася в справжні "бойові дії" на, здавалося б, далекому від Старого світла Кармелі. Так Хайфа увійшла в орбіту протистояння європейських держав.
І лише втручання "верхів": канцлера О.фон Бісмарка і папи римського Луї XIII дозволило прийти до компромісний угодою про розподіл святої гори. Територія на захід від нинішнього проспекту Сіонізму відходила кармелітам, а на схід - Темплер, або, як вони себе називали "новим кармелітам". Так з'явилися тут райони "Французький Кармель" і "Німецький Кармель" або "Кармельхейм", як його охрестили "нові тамплієри".
Перша назва збереглося і на карті сучасної Хайфи, а друге перетворилося в Центральний Кармел.

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Посилання
 Сдерот Ха-Насси, головна вулиця Центрального Кармелю  на Карти Google
 Променад Луї  на Карти Google

Райони Хайфи

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I'm so sorry to anyone who had to deal with my website's atrocious mobile compatibility caused by the neglect of one line.
This has been remedied, and the web designer has been sacked.
So I'll just get back to that art instead.
PostedTuesday, 24 November 02015 Tagsblog, sketch.


If you're looking for a new, exciting, way to have fun, meet people, and stay in shape, rugby might be for you! The Cincinnati Kelts welcome players of all experience levels looking to join our rugby family! All it takes to join is showing up at the field with a mouth guard, a pair of cleats, and the desire to play one of the fastest growing sports in America! Check us online at www.KeltsRFC.com or Facebook ( https://www.facebook.com/KeltsRugby/) for more info!