General view of Cladh Hallan.
General view of the excavated roundhouses.
NF 7305 2203 An unusual 'figure of eight' stone-walled house was excavated by Sheffield University W of Cladh Hallan, near Daliburgh, South Uist. Work begun in 1994 was completed in 1995. The house was revetted into a Late Bronze Age midden (dated by a single radiocarbon determination of 2960 +/- 75 bp, and by the presence of coarse, flat rimmed ceramic vessels. The walls of the structure were well preserved on its W side, standing to over 1m. Floor layers were also intact. Bone and shell survive in the machair sand. The E and W ends of the building have been destroyed by quarrying and by wind erosion. Otherwise, the house survives in excellent condition. There is evidence of some stone robbing perhaps in the 19th century but the doorway between the two rooms, with a lintel in place, is well preserved. The small quantity of tumbled stones and the lack of organic material above the floors suggest that the structure was roofed neither with stone nor turf.
The floor levels in both rooms comprised a complex and compressed sequence of thin dark layers interspersed with thin layers of windblown sand. Otherwise the only internal features were the claylined stone trough and two post holes, one of which probably provided a central roof support, in the W room and a group of eight post or stake holes, an informal hearth and a low stone bench or footing in the E room. The doorway (0.73m wide) connecting the rooms had an extremely low roof, only 40cm off the ground, yet the floor surface under the door was worn thin from use. Connecting floor layers indicate that both rooms were in use at the same time, with the W room going out of use whilst floor layers were still being put down in the E room. The heaps of sand around the walls of the E room, its lack of a central post and its use for bronze working suggest that it was not roofed. The bronze debris in floor layer 233 included droplets, casting waste and part of a small bronze finger-ring.
On abandonment, the building filled up with clean windblown sand. This may well have been a rapid natural event. Amongst the blown sand were small, localised deposits of animal bones and large pottery sherds, from a dozen vessels, mainly coarse cooking wares. The generally rounded rims are similar to potery from the earliest broch layers at Dun Vulan. They may be ascribed to the Late Bronze Age on the basis of a TL date of 2860 +/- 260 (1170-650 BC).
M Parker Pearson, J Mulville and T Roper 1995.
NF 733 336-NF 758 140 Almost half of the South Uist machair has been surveyed between 1993 and 1995, in a single stretch from West Kilbride in the extreme S of the island to the N of the Ard Michael promontory, a distance of 20km with the width of the machair averaging about 1km (see unpublished reports, Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield). Existing RCAHMS records for prehistoric and early historic settlement sites number some 20 locations within this zone. The machair project has now increased this number to 81. Two of the RCAHMS sites, the broch/dun at Orosay (NF71NW 5) and the broch of Dun Ruaidh (NF72SW 7), are misidentifications.
The area most responsive to field survey on the machair is the section between Kildonan and Stoneybridge, the N 5km portion of the survey area. Here, where most of the surviving machair plain has not been covered by dunes, some 44 sites have been recognised. along with a grouping of Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age settlement mounds in the Kildonan area, the main settlement pattern is a set of clusters of Iron Age to Viking Age settlement mounds for each of the five townships. These Iron Age-Viking Age clusters may be viewed as predecessors to the township system first mapped in 1805 and still in use today.
A second concentration of sites has been found further S in the machair of Daliburgh and Kilpheder, where a total of 19 sites have been discovered in an area of 3 square kilometres. This density is all the more remarkable given the large extent of dune incursion on to the machair plain in this area. Within this zone two key house sites, both well preserved, have been excavated. One is Kilpheder wheelhouse (NF72SW 1) of Middle Iron Age date and the other is the Cladh Hallan double roundhouse (NF 7305 2203) of Late Bronze Age date. The most remarkable feature of prehistoric settlement in this area is the 500m long string of Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age settlement W of the modern cemetery. However, there is considerable potential for good preservation, as indicated by the 1994-95 excavations.
The results of the recent survey are by no means exhaustive but they do indicate a remarkable density of later prehistoric and early historic settlements on the machair. The pattern of proto-townships throughout the survey area holds reasonably well but there are gaps for the townships of Garrynamonie and Garryheillie.
An unusual 'figure-of-eight' stone-walled house (House 112) was excavated by Sheffield University W of Cladh Hallan in 1994 and 1995 (see unpublished reports, Dept Archaeology, Sheffield University). The house's abandonment is dated by TL on pottery to 2860+/-260 bp and by radiocarbon on articulated bone in the same deposit to 2310+/-65 bp. This suggests an Early Iron Age date. The house was revetted into a Late Bronze Age midden (dated by a single radiocarbon determination of 2960+/-75 bp, and by the presence of coarse, flat-rimmed ceramic vessels). In 1996 we excavated more of this midden (Area C) to gain more environmental samples and to cut it back so that some of it could be turfed and preserved. Amongst the large quantities of sherds, bones, shells and carbonised remains was a piece of a clay mould for casting wheel-headed pins. About 5m SE of the midden we found the missing humerus and limb bones of a juvenile, possibly a teenage girl, whose other remains had been found in 1992. Both finds are unstratified. Bones from a second body were interred in 1992 in the modern cemetery.
In 1996 we mapped the 600m long NNW-SSE spread of midden with Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age (LBA/EIA) sherds, at the centre of which was House 112. A hundred metres SE of this there is an active sand quarry (Area A) in which a deep midden and structures are exposed. Within the centre of this quarry we located the upper walls of a large LBA/EIA double-roomed roundhouse (House 401). Its W room has a diameter of 12.1m whilst its E room is smaller, c 4m in diameter. The floor layers survive at a depth of 0.4m below the surface of the midden; the house is filled with a complex deposit of midden layers and sand lenses. As with House 112, there was no trace of internal piers inside the W room. This would suggest that the tradition of pier construction, characteristic of the Middle Iron Age wheelhouses in the Western Isles, did not extend back into the LBA/EIA.
To the N of the house, buried 0.2m below the midden's surface, are traces of plough marks running parallel, approximately E-W and spaced c 0.10?0.15m apart. The midden layer is at least 1m deep and probably contains further stone structures. A midden layer above it has been largely destroyed by quarrying.
About 30m N of House 112, we investigated stonework exposed within a small quarry (Area B). The stones formed a rough wall which lay over a thin occupation layer. The wall may be part of a badly disturbed house or a rough field or enclosure boundary. A fired clay ball, two flint flakes and an adult human phalange came from this area.
NF 764 474 to NF 758 140 The South Uist machair has been surveyed between 1993-1996, from Cille Bhrighde (West Kilbride) in the extreme S of the island to Baile Gharbhaidh (Balgarva) at the N end of the island, a distance of 35km. This year, the number of known prehistoric and Early Historic settlement sites has now increased from 81 to 176.
The continuing pattern of Iron Age-Viking Age settlement clusters along the machair supports the hypothesis of 'proto-townships'; that the system of land allotment amongst the townships is essentially an Iron Age phenomenon which survived substantially intact until the Clearances of the early 19th century (see unpublished reports, Sheffield University). An unusual concentration of sites was found at Machair Mheadhanach in the Iochdar (Eochar) area, N of the rocket range and W of Loch Bee; some 35 settlement sites, ranging in date from the Late Bronze Age to the early post-medieval period, are strung out within a 2km line along a NW-SE axis. This multifocal pattern is very different from other settlement patterns on South Uist but still fits the 'proto-township' model.
The second major concentration of sites is at Drimore where a group of 14 settlement sites, of various dates, are arranged in a SSE-NNW line 750m long. Most of these were identified in the 1950s during survey and excavation in advance of the construction of the rocket range.
The pattern of hypothesised proto-townships throughout the survey area (unpublished report, Sheffield University) holds reasonably well but there are gaps for each of the six 'shieling' (gearraidh) townships of South Uist. This suggests that these shieling townships may have formed in the medieval period by sub-division of larger units, and thus do not have prehistoric predecessors. Other medieval peatland settlements are tentatively identified at Upper Bornish, Aisgernis (Askernish), Frobost and Cille Pheadair (Kilpheder). There is a strong possibility that most of the nucleated villages mapped by William Bald in 1805 are located on earlier post-medieval and medieval settlements. The movement of settlement off the machair mainly occurred in the post-Norse medieval period. The only exceptions are Baghasdal, where the machair settlement was abandoned only after 1805 supposedly due to 'machair fever' (James MacDonald pers comm), and Machair Mheadhanach which was deserted some time between 1654 and 1805.
NF 7305 2200 Following excavation of an Early Iron Age double roundhouse (House 112) in 1994-95 (Atkinson, Mulville andParker Pearson 1996), another double roundhouse (House 640) was excavated in 1998 along with a 7m diameter roundhouse (House 401). House 401 contained a deep sequence of deposits. Another roundhouse, House 726, lay directly beneath House 401. The centre of House 726 was set slightly to the N of its successor. The detailed sampling of three consecutive floor layers within House 401 linked the sequence of floors to a complex series of wall builds. Finds continued to be copious and unusual, including a copper-alloy disk, a fragment of shale bracelet, a stone loomweight, 14 scapula shovels, 18 antler picks, smashed pots and a disarticulated sheep burial, as well as many bone points, struck flints and pieces of worked pumice. A probable ram skull was found beneath the floor of the entrance.
The positioning of House 401 almost directly on top of House 726, and its subsequent continuous refurbishment, hints at a significant longevity of continuity in the occupation of this particular spot. Within this sequence ceramic change from flat-topped to rounded rims suggests occupation straddling the Late Bronze Age to Early Iron Age transition, perhaps over many generations. This practice of living on top of ancestral house foundations and floors may well be part of a significant change within the British Isles away from the Middle Bronze Age practice of relocating new houses at a distance from the old ones. The deep build-up of floors, together with the continuous renewal of walls, indicates that deposition within the house was a long-term continuous process and not an episode towards the end of the house's occupation as a dwelling.
The second significant discovery in 1998 was a multi-cellular house, House 640, to the NE of House 401. This was entirely excavated and consisted of an E entrance opening into a sub-circular E room which led into a sub-rectangular W room in the W wall of which were a large niche and a small niche. There was a single small hearth in the E room, the floor on the S side being littered with cooking stones and a broken pot. Although most of the stones in the walls had been extensively robbed, those of the large niche remained untouched. The niche was kept open after the rest of the house had filled with windblown sand, and was used for the setting of a small stone structure before being filled with large burnt cobbles. House 640 provides a useful comparison for the partial but previously unique double roundhouse about 100m to the W (House 112). It also highlights a dichotomy between these two multi-cellular houses and the roundhouse, House 401, in terms of their small size, absence of deep occupation layers and peripheral locations, which seems not to be chronological. The most likely current interpretation is that both multi-cellular and roundhouse architectures were in contemporary usage and were used in different ways, or at different times or by different people.
The third discovery was a large depression immediately NE of House 401, filled with dumped material which may derive from the interior of House 401. The results of resistivity survey suggest that this circular depression may be the void left by collapse of a house even earlier than House 401.
A further major discovery was the identification of earlier Bronze Age settlement underneath and in the immediate vicinity of the Late Bronze Age to Early Iron Age settlement area. Earlier Bronze Age pottery was found in occupation layers beneath windblown sand below the Late Bronze Age midden and Early Iron Age double roundhouse in Area C. Other probable Early Bronze Age finds were made elsewhere.
NF 7305 2200 Excavations by teams from Sheffield, Southampton and Bournemouth Universities continued in an area of c 450m2 (Area A) in the northern part of a large and deeply stratified settlement mound 90m N-S by 80m E-W. Previous excavations had uncovered a double roundhouse (House 640) and a roundhouse (House 401) with a deep sequence of floors and wall alterations (Marshall, Mulville, Parker Pearson and Gidlow 1998). In 1999 House 401 was found to be one of three roundhouses in a N-S line, each of them sharing a 'party wall' in the form of a brown sand deposit which ringed each of the revetted stone house walls and separating the house interiors by 2-3m. This line of houses probably continues under the deep dune which covers most of the site. Ground-penetrating radar survey revealed the presence of anomalies in the central part of the dune but these have not yet been interpreted. The 244 special finds in 1999 include a copper-alloy ring, two bone pins, a bone needle, 30 bone points, a dog tooth pendant, a carved pig's tusk, a wild boar tusk, 18 antlers (mostly picks), 14 scapula shovels, four spindle whorls, a whalebone adze and other whalebone artefacts, polishing, grinding and chopping stones, flaked stone, and worked pumice.
This building is remarkable for its extraordinary longevity of occupation and for the variety of unusual deposits within and below its floors. Although the deepest two of the eight floors remain to be excavated, this house has produced a stratified sequence of pottery types which probably spans most of the first millennium BC. In the top layers were vessels with rounded, thickened rims comparable to those found in 1994 in the double roundhouse in Area C about 100m to the NW (House 112, associated with a radiocarbon date of 2310+/-65 bp [AA-17477], c 750-200 BC) and in the earliest levels at Dun Vulan. These overlapped with and were preceded by vessels with flat-topped rims. Earlier in the sequence were vessels with flat-topped but inwardly angled rims. Towards the lower deposits, rims became thickened, concave-topped and almost T-shaped, similar to those from the midden below House 112 (associated with a radiocarbon date of 2960+/-75 bp [OxA-3352], c 1400-995 BC). Because of radiocarbon calibration problems in the 1st millennium BC, the hearths of Houses 401 and 1370 have been sampled for archaeomagnetic dating. Thermoluminescence samples from the site are also being processed. There is another chronological change evident in the stone tools, with flakes of quartz and flint becoming scarce during the house's period of occupation.
Dog burials - two dogs were buried beneath the floor, one NW of the E-facing doorway and the other across the doorway. The former was decapitated. A dog's paw was also found in a lower floor layer in the SE quarter of the house.
Antler deposits - at least four of the main post-pipes in the entrance area of the house contained near-complete antlers placed in the empty post-pipes where the post had been removed. Antlers were also laid on the floor of the house, especially in its W end where these included antler picks and a large antler 'prodder' or goad.
Sheep burials - unlike the dogs, these were all disarticulated and one was a cremation. All but one were placed in pits on the N side of the roundhouse. The other was placed on the N side of a small circular room (see below) to the E of the house, in the side of a storage pit.
Cattle scapula shovels - a group of these were found in two pits on the NW side of the house.
Smashed pots - these continued to be found only on the southern side of the house. In two cases groups of vessels were deliberately buried in pits on the south-western edge of the floor. A remarkable group is a pair of smashed pots associated with scapula and antler tools, worked bones and worked stone tools lying on the floor in the south-eastern quarter of the house. These may represent an abandoned floor surface, covered over before the next floor above was laid down.
Saddle quernstones - until this year there had not been a single find of a saddle quern base. In the centre of the house, within layer 595, a large stone box was located NE of the hearth. Two of its five slabs were from two different, worn saddlestones.
During the house's eight phases of occupation its architecture changed radically although the use of space within the roundhouse seems to have remained relatively constant. The entrance consistently faced due E and one of the large doorway post-holes was recut and reused throughout much of the building's use. The S side, and especially the SE part, was consistently full of red peat ash and pottery, suggesting its use as a kitchen and cooking area. The W end has consistently produced special deposits of pottery and antlers. The N side had raised areas, turfed patches and shallow depressions suggestive of sleeping accommodation. The distribution of charred plant remains suggests that winnowing and parching took place in the NE corner. In contrast, the building's shape underwent several changes. It began as a 'heart-shaped' structure with inset doorway and entrance passage. The house was initially linked to the small circular room immediately to its E and beyond the doorway. The purpose of this smaller roundhouse is unknown because its six floor layers were cut through by four later storage pits, but it may have been a storeroom. It had not only an interior stone wall but also an exterior wall forming a small bastion which raised the house above the low ground to the E. Connected to this exterior wall were stone revetments along the external E wall of the main house. By the time floor 595 was installed, the main house was fully circular and the smaller roundhouse seems to have gone out of use.
This house had a relatively short occupation span compared to House 401. It appears to have been constructed at the same time but was abandoned after its floor had been replaced only once. Although only its northern half lay within the excavation area, it can be interpreted as a 'heart-shaped' building with an E- facing doorway and a central hearth. As yet, there is no sign of a small circular room to its E. After abandonment its walls were heavily robbed and it filled with windblown sand. Just E of the house, this sand had filled a set of at least six cattle hoof prints made in antiquity. In the layers above this sand were traces of E-W ploughmarks (also prehistoric), with some N-S. There was also a curving gully which appears to have partially surrounded House 401 on its S side after House 801 went out of use.
A 1m wide trench was excavated N-S through this structure and the layers above it. The N side of House 1370 lay close to the edge of the settlement mound, the layers of which dipped steeply downwards to the N beyond this house's sand wall. The shape of the house cannot be determined yet but its internal diameter was probably about 6m, similar to the other two. It appears to have had only the one floor layer before being abandoned. Above the thin abandonment layer of windblown sand was a series of thin soil layers which included a floor surface and hearth but with no trace of associated walls. There was evidence for metalworking in this area after the abandonment of House 1370, in the form of small molten lumps of copper alloy and a broken tuyere made of fine clay. Small pieces of metalworking slag were found scattered in various locations across the site.
The latest layers across the site were patches of red hearth ash. These may originally have formed a single layer but modern quarrying and erosion have destroyed any possible stratigraphic associations between them. In the northern part of the site, these red ash patches were laid on top of a pattern of E-W ploughmarks which cut into the layers above House 1370. The unusual double roundhouse, House 640 (found in 1997 in the NE part of the site) cut through one of these red ash spreads. It is thus most probably the latest feature on the site and clearly separate from the N-S line of roundhouses. Subsequently, almost the entire settlement mound was sealed beneath a 2-4m deep deposit of windblown sand.
NF 7305 2203 Work continued on the N-S line of three sunken-floored roundhouses and on the yard area in front of them (DES 1999, 91-3). The excavation trench was extended a few metres to the S in order to excavate the whole of the southern roundhouse interior. Above it lay a later house, the N half of which had been entirely destroyed by sand quarrying. The remains of this house (1500) consisted of a central hearth, a floor surface, two stretches of walling (one of which may have been secondary), many post-holes and a pit containing a pot and raw potting clay. There was an unusually high number of bone points from these post-holes. A pot had been buried beneath the W part of the wall, presumably as a foundation deposit before construction. The S roundhouse (801) turned out to be sub-rectangular and in its well-preserved floor were a central hearth, a machair turf spread in the NW, a low earthen 'bench' and stone niche in the S side, and a line of stones which guided movement sunwise into the house.
The middle roundhouse (401) has archaeomagnetic dates of c 800-650 and c 900-750 BC for its fourth and fifth floors respectively (out of eight). This year we completed excavation of its third and second floors and began excavation of the first phase. As in previous years we found evidence of hearth ash, pottery and bones in the SE, remnant machair turfs piled up in the NW, and pottery across the S half but almost entirely absent from the N half. There was also a sunken 'cellar' area in the SW corner in the first phase. Under the successive builds of the wall on its SW and W sides we found further deposits of pottery prior to construction of walling. From the fill layer on top of the first floor we found a bronze tanged chisel and an Early Bronze Age flint barbed-and-tanged arrowhead. From the NE corner came a broken bronze tanged blade which had been left on the uppermost of the thin floor lenses immediately before the fill layer was deposited on top. Excavation of the entrance passage and the circular 'porch' area was also completed.
The N house (1370) was excavated to the top of its floor layer. Large sherds from several pots had been tipped into a wide pit on its S side. It appears to have had a circular 'porch' and its entrance was 'blocked' after desertion by a pit filled with rubble. Most of its inner wall stones were robbed whereas many of those on the exterior of the earth wall core remained in situ. This house was sub-circular, in contrast to the oval first phase of 401 and the sub-rectangular shape of 801, despite the fact that all three were built together with shared earth wall cores.
This information is taken from the account of the excavations at Cladh Hallan published in Discovery and Excavation, Scotland 2001.
In August and September 2001, excavations at Cladh Hallan were completed on the terraced row of three roundhouses. During excavation, the preserved floor surfaces at all three roundhouses were sampled using flotation, geochemistry, geophysics and soil micromorphology revealing a standardised and repetitive use of internal space in all three roundhouses. These patterns were similar to those seen at other Iron Age sites in Wessex (the Fitzpatrick sunwise model), with areas for cooking, working bone and stone and sleeping. Within each of the houses a human skeleton was found buried in the NE corner, whilst a fourth was found nearby. Excavation had shown the houses were built contemporaneously, so these interments were probably made around the same time. Disarticulated sheep burials were found within the middle and N houses in the SW corners near the walls.
Further deposits recovered from the floors included a scattered deposit of clay mould fragments within the entrance area of the middle house; saddle querns; a gold-plated bronze ring (known as a 'hair ring' or 'ring money'); bronze wire; smashed pots and many animal bones. The evidence of metalworking suggests long-distance metal trading connections, as does the gold-plated bronze ring, common in Ireland and known throughout Britain but not in the Western Isles.
The remains of a fourth building were identified, and following its abandonment, its ruins were used as a dump for large quantities of dog coprolites, amongst which a bone blade was found.
This information is taken from the account of the excavations at Cladh Hallan published in Discovery and Excavation in Scotland 2002.
NF 731 218 Excavations at Cladh Hallan in August and September 2002 continued in the same location as in previous years (DES 2001, 102-4). The objective was to complete excavations below the lowest floors of the three Late Bronze Age roundhouses (NF72SW 17). The numerous small pits, post-holes and stake-holes below the floors of the middle and N houses were excavated, together with a row of large pits which were dug underneath - and prior to - the front walls and entrances of the houses. Sections of ground surface beneath the wall cores were also investigated. The sub-floor layers beneath the S house consisted, unexpectedly, of a complex stratified and intercut sequence of four structures, of which the lowest was a Northton-style U-shaped house. This house was built directly on top of a small cremation cemetery with early Late Bronze Age pottery. Underneath, a thick layer of windblown sand covered a Beaker-period ploughsoil which spanned the entire length of the site.
A cluster of three late Bronze Age roundhouses, and an unusual early Iron Age 'figure-of-eight' stone-walled house nearby, are near Daliburgh on the west coast of South Uist. Work at the site begun in 1994 and was still continuing in 2002. This is a ground-breaking project by the University of Sheffield which has succeeded in finding a small settlement, not far from Dun Vulan broch (NF72 1), which dates to the very beginning of the twelve centuries or more of the late Bronze and Iron Ages of western Atlantic Scotland. Until these excavations, only Jarlshof and Clickhimin in Shetland (HU30 1 and HU44 1) and Howe, Pierowall and Bu in Orkney (HY21 6, HY44 8 and HY20 4), had structures from these early occupation levels.
These were located in 1996 while mapping the 600m long spread of midden with late Bronze Age and early Iron Age sherds. A hundred metres south-east of this there is an active sand quarry (Area A) in which a deep midden and structures are exposed. Within the centre of this quarry the upper walls of a large double-roomed roundhouse (House 401) were found. Its west room has a diameter of 12.1m whilst its east room is smaller and about 4m in diameter. The floor layers survive at a depth of 0.4m below the surface of the midden and the house itself is filled with a complex deposit of midden layers and sand lenses. As with House 112 there were no traces of internal piers; the wheelhouses in the Western Isles thus appear to have been a new development in the middle Iron Age.
To the north of the house, buried 0.2m below the midden's surface, are traces of plough marks running parallel, approximately east-west.
A second double roundhouse (no. 640) was excavated in 1998 together with another single roundhouse 7m in diameter (no. 401) which contained a deep sequence of deposits. Another roundhouse (no. 726) lay directly beneath House 401. The detailed sampling of three consecutive floor layers within House 401 linked the sequence of floors to a complex series of wall builds.
Finds continued to be copious and unusual, and included a copper-alloy disk, a fragment of a shale bracelet(extremely unusual in the Outer Isles), a stone loom weight, 14 scapula shovels, 18 antler picks, smashed pots and a disarticulated sheep burial, as well as many bone points, struck flints and pieces of worked pumice. A probable ram skull was found beneath the floor of the entrance.
The positioning of House 401 almost directly on top of House 726, and its subsequent continuous refurbishment, hints at a long and continuous occupation of this particular site. Within this sequence the change of the occupants' pottery from flat-topped to rounded rims suggests a time span straddling the late Bronze and early Iron Ages, perhaps lasting many generations. This practice of living on top of ancestral house foundations and floors may well be part of a significant change within the British Isles away from the middle Bronze Age practice of relocating new houses at a distance from the old ones. The deep build-up of floors, together with the continuous renewal of walls, indicates that deposition within the house was a continuous, long-term process and not an episode towards the end of the house's occupation as a dwelling.
The second significant discovery in 1998 was a multi-cellular house (no. 640) to the north-east of House 401. This was entirely excavated and consisted of an east entrance opening into a sub-circular east room which led into a sub-rectangular west room in the west wall of which were a large and a small niche. There was a single small hearth in the east room, the floor on the south side being littered with cooking stones and a broken pot. Although most of the stones in the walls had been extensively robbed, those of the large niche remained untouched. The niche was kept open after the rest of the house had filled with windblown sand, and was used for the setting of a small stone structure before being filled with large burnt cobbles.
House 640 provides a useful comparison for the partial but previously unique double roundhouse about 100m to the west (House 112). It also highlights the difference between these two multi-cellular houses and the roundhouse (no. 401) in terms of their small size, absence of deep occupation layers and peripheral locations, which seem not to be chronological. The most likely current interpretation is that both multi-cellular houses and roundhouses were in use and in different ways, or at different times or by different people.
The middle roundhouse (no. 401) is remarkable for its extraordinary length of occupation and for the variety of unusual deposits within and below its floors. Although the deepest two of the eight floors remain to be excavated, this house has produced a stratified sequence of pottery types which probably spans most of the first millennium BC. In the top layers were vessels with rounded, thickened rims comparable to those found in 1994 in the double roundhouse in Area C about 100m to the north-west (House 112, associated with a radiocarbon date of 2310 +/- 65 bp, or about 750-200 BC : AA-17477) and in the earliest levels at Dun Vulan. These overlapped with, and were preceded by, vessels with flat-topped rims. Flat-rimmed pottery, consisting of small bucket-shaped vessels, was found in a clear late Bronze Age context (8th/7th century BC) in the Covesea Cave in Morayshire (Benton 1931: Coles 1960). Earlier in the sequence were vessels with flat-topped but inwardly angled rims.
Towards the lower deposits, rims became thickened, concave-topped and almost T-shaped (this characteristic T-shaped rim has been dated in Sutherland to the early first millennium BC), similar to those from the midden below House 112 (associated with a radiocarbon date of 2960 +/- 75 bp, or about 1400-995 BC: OxA-3352).
Because of radiocarbon calibration problems in the 1st millennium BC, the hearths of Houses 401 and 1370 have been sampled for archaeomagnetic dating. Thermoluminescence samples from the site are also being processed. There is another chronological change evident in the stone tools, with flakes of quartz and flint becoming scarce during the house's period of occupation.
During excavations the preserved floor surfaces at all three roundhouses were sampled using flotation, geo-chemistry, geophysics and soil micro-morphology and they revealed a standardised and repetitive use of internal space in all three roundhouses. These patterns were similar to those seen at other Iron Age sites in Wessex (the Fitzpatrick sunwise model), with areas for cooking, working bone and stone and sleeping. Within each of the houses a human skeleton was found buried in the north-east corner, whilst a fourth was found nearby. Excavation had shown the houses were built contemporaneously, so these interments were probably made around the same time. Disarticulated sheep burials were found within the middle and north houses in the south-west corners near the walls.
Discussion. Since this excavation is ongoing, and since only verbal summary descriptions have been published, detailed comments would be premature. However it is clear that the Sheffield University team have discovered a site of crucial importance for Atlantic Iron Age studies, and one which lies at the very beginning of the whole sequence of stone buildings running from about 700 BC to AD 500. One point which may prove important is that there appears to be no sign in the architecture of the hollow-wall construct-ion characteristic of brochs and no sign of the Everted Rim pottery which appears in Shetland a short time later.
Finds. Further deposits recovered from the floors in 2001 included a scattered deposit of clay mould fragments within the entrance area of the middle house [10, Illus. 42]. There were also saddle querns, a gold-plated thick bronze ring (known as a 'hair ring' or 'ring money') [10, Illus. 41], bronze wire, smashed pots and many animal bones. The evidence of metalworking suggests long-distance metal trading connections, as does the gold-plated bronze ring; these are common in Ireland and known throughout Britain but have not previously been found in the Western Isles.
Work continued in 2002 and revealed a Northton-style U-shaped house at a low level. This house was built directly on top of a small cremation cemetery with early late Bronze Age pottery. Underneath, a thick layer of windblown sand covered a Beaker-period plough soil which spanned the entire length of the site.
The two-roomed, figure-of-eight house (no. 112) was revetted into a late Bronze Age midden, itself dated by a single radiocarbon determination of 2960 +/- 75 bp, and by the presence of coarse, flat rimmed pots. The abandonment of the house is dated by TL on pottery to 2860 +/- 260 bp and by radiocarbon on articulated bone in the same deposit to 2310 +/- 65 bp. This suggests an early Iron Age date, though the flat-rimmed pottery should imply a specifically late Bronze Age date. The walls of the structure were well preserved on its west side, standing to over 1m. Floor layers were also intact and bone and shell survive in the machair sand. The small quantity of tumbled stones and the lack of organic material above the floors suggest that the structure was roofed neither with stone nor turf.
The floor levels in both rooms formed a complex and compressed sequence of thin dark layers interspersed with thin layers of windblown sand. Otherwise the only internal features were a clay-lined stone trough and two post- holes (one of which probably provided a central roof support), in the west room and a group of eight post- or stake-holes, an "informal" hearth and a low stone bench or footing in the east room. The 0.73m-wide doorway connecting the rooms had an extremely low roof, only 40cm above the ground, yet the floor surface under the door was worn thin from use.
Connecting floor layers indicate that both rooms were in use at the same time, with the west room going out of use whilst floor layers were still accumulating in the east room. The heaps of sand around the walls of the east room, its lack of a central post and its use for bronze working suggest that it was not roofed.
Finds. The bronze-working debris in floor layer 233 included droplets, casting waste, including a piece of a clay mould for casting wheel-headed pins (also known as Swan's neck sunflower pins), and also part of a small bronze finger-ring. The pins are typologically dateable to the 6th and 5th century BC by Coles and are found all over mainland Scotland (Coles 1960, 89). Moulds for casting them have also been found in the earliest village at Jarlshof in Shetland (HU30 1).
On abandonment, the building filled up with clean windblown sand in what may have been a rapid natural event. The generally rounded rims are similar to pottery from the earliest layers at Dun Vulan. They may be ascribed to the late Bronze Age on the basis of the TL date mentioned.
3. A late Bronze Age warrior élite?
Cladh Hallan is the first clear evidence of a late Bronze Age settlement in the Outer Isles, just as Dun Lagaidh is the first hillfort of the period to be identified on the west coast (NH19 2). Like Dun Lagaidh, Cladh Hallan has not produced direct evidence of metal weapons but, as also in the case of the hillfort on Loch Broom, leaf-shaped bronze swords of the same period have been found locally. Two were found some time before 1864 at the bottom of about 10 - 12 ft of peat at Eochar, near the north-west end of the island [8, 9], at about NF/7746; they had presumably been thrown into what was then a loch as offerings.
The inhabitants of Cladh Hallan had some high-status objects like the gold- plated lock ring, and a presumably travelling smith made for them (among other things) wheel-headed pins of the same kind as that found near Dun Lagaidh. It therefore seems quite likely that this settlement was made and lived in by a similar warrior élite. Whether there are any strongholds of this period on the island remains to be discovered.
Sources: 1. NMRS site no. NF 72 SW 17: 2. Discovery and Excavation, Scotland, 1995, 110; Ibid. 1996, 110; Ibid. 1998, 103; Ibid. 1999, 91-3 and fig. 24; Ibid. 2000, fig. 32, 97-8; Ibid. 2001, 102-4, figs. 41, 42; Ibid. 2002, 121-2: 3. Armit 2003, 39: 4. Bewley 2003, 52: 5. Campbell 2002, 140: 6. Parker Pearson and Sharples 1999: 7. Mulville, Parker Pearson, Sharples, Smith and Chamberlain 2003, 22-3, 28 and 30: 8. Fojut, Pringle and Walker 2003: 8. Anderson 1879: 9. NMRS site NF 74 NE 13: 10. Parker Pearson, Sharples and Symonds 2004.
Cladh Halainn is a later prehistoric settlement on the W coast of S Uist. The site consists of a row of conjoined roundhouses, excavated as part of the SEARCH project (DES 2002, 121–2). The excavation revealed that human remains had been interred within each of the excavated dwellings.
however, further human remains may lie immediately below the surface of the track.
Under the floor of one of the houses, archaeologists made the very unusual discovery of two mummified bodies – male remains, dated to around 1600BC, and a female who died around 300 years later. But the surprises didn't stop there. Radiocarbon dating of the remains and charred grain on the floor of the house suggests they spent hundreds of years out of the ground before being buried under the roundhouse.
The delayed burial is thought have been to be part of a ritual belief or severance to ancestors. Ethnographic studies outside Europe have shown that preserved human remains of prominent people or ancestors were sometimes stored and retrieved for particular ceremonies or festivals. The treatment of the Cladh Hallan bodies after death suggests ancestor worship was also strong in prehistoric Europe. Could it be that these people were important ancestors, leaders, rulers, or prominent in their community for some other reason?
The skeletons were still articulated, indicating that skin and sinew were holding them together when they were buried – something not possible in the damp climate of South Uist without some form of artificial preservation. It is thought that the bodies had been preserved in a peat bog shortly after death (it is estimated this would have taken between 6 and 18 months), but not then buried until about 1120BC – some 200-300 years later. After this extended period above ground in a preserved state, they had then been carefully placed under the floor of one of the roundhouses as it was constructed (this is sometimes referred to as a 'foundation deposit').
But a number of mysteries remain. Why was one body made up of different individuals? And why were they eventually buried in the floor of this particular house? Both skeletons were intact, and arranged in a tight foetal position. Intriguingly, the woman had two of her teeth removed and placed in her hands after death. The male remains are even more puzzling – the torso and limbs of one man, the skull of another, and a jawbone from a third. The three had died over a span of 150 years.
Archaeologists believe that a community of farmers built this series of small but substantial roundhouses around 2000BC, during the Early Bronze Age. Partially dug down into the sand, this type of building became quite common in the Western Isles during later periods. A large round hole would be excavated before being lined with big stones to prevent it collapsing inwards. The roof would then be spanned, probably using driftwood, before being thatched using marram grass from the nearby sand dunes.
An incredibly detailed understanding of Bronze Age life at Cladh Hallan has emerged through meticulous excavation and recording of material from the floors of these houses. We have learnt how food was prepared, where craft activities took place and where the inhabitants slept at night.
Bronze artefacts were unearthed, as well as tools for cutting and scraping out of chipped flint and quartz. Their pottery was decorated with fine lines and indentations, known across Europe as Beaker ware. There was also evidence of the community using ash, household waste and peat mixed with the machair sand to improve the fertility of the soil around their settlement, to help grow crops such as barley.
Cladh Hallan is located on the Daliburgh Machair on the island of South Uist. The Machair is an area of low-lying arable or grazing land formed near the coast by the deposition of sand and shell fragments by the wind. The machair at various points along South Uist contains a complete cross-section of settlement history from 2000 BC to AD 1300. Numerous sandy hills can be spotted indicating the location of former settlements where the wind-blown sand has accumulated, preserving them for thousands of years. The alkaline nature of this sand has also allowed for a high level of preservation of materials such as bone which, in more acidic areas, would be much less likely to survive.
The outline of the Cladh Hallan roundhouses has been restored in stone and can be seen today by following the track out to the Hallan Cemetery.


text:
Posts Tagged 'Film production Hungary'
Hipster Budapest Caught on Camera!
Posted in Locations, tagged Film production Hungary, locations in Budapest, locations in Hungary on July 20, 2014| Leave a Comment »
via chemicalbrothers.com
Every now and again a clip comes along that doesn't feature Budapest's most recognized, blue-chip locations (The Chain Bridge, The Castle, or the State Opera House) but rather uses the gritty urban feel of the inner city of Pest. One such video surfaced recently in the Chemical Brothers single "The Boxer". Here you can see a hyper-kinetic basketball bouncing around of its own volition deep in Districts VII, VIII, and IX. These are streets that are filled with apartment buildings erected post WWII (socialist block houses) and Bauhaus-influenced office buildings. You can also see a healthy bit of what the city streets that have yet to be renovated and pedestrianized look like. In short: the part of Budapest tourists don't usually visit.
Not long ago, businessinsider.com asked if Budapest was the hipster capital of Europe, and this video makes a case that it is. The vibe is a kitsch, retro, 70s feeling that is very hip indeed these days. And for added hipster cred, check out the Lada (the boxy car) and rotary phones. Retro and nostalgia rule. The song is not necessarily new either: it comes from the 2005 album Push the Button and features Charlatans' singer Tim Burgess on vocals. But it took the 2011 previously unreleased alternate version of "The Boxer' to rate this super video.
So here we have one more niche Budapest can fill: hipster heaven. Berlin, eat your heart out (and wipe your beard: there are crumbs in it).
From the Archives: A Walk Through Budapest's District 7
Posted in Hungarian Culture, Locations, Uncategorized, tagged Dohány Street Synagogue, Erzsébet Varós, Film production Hungary, Goszdu Udvar, locations in Budapest, locations in Hungary, Rumbach Synagogue on June 2, 2014| Leave a Comment »
Note: This is a re-print of the PPM Hungary newsletter, which can be signed up for here.
What better way to enjoy the warm weather in Budapest than to take a casual stroll through a neighborhood that is a living history: the visually exciting and atmospheric inner-town 7th District. Let us guide you through the streets, past the architectural triumphs and haunted courtyards of Erzsébet Varós, the renown Jewish District.
Start in front of the Dohány Street Synagogue, the largest synagogue in Europe (and the second largest in the world), a protected UNESCO World Heritage site. It is easy to gaze up and admire the Byzantine design incorporated by architects Christian Friedrich Ludwig Förster. But imagine looking up and seeing Alolf Eichmann, Hitler's logistical manager of the deportation of Hungarian Jews, gazing back down at you. Upon arriving in Budapest and taking up an office in the synagogue, Eichmann reportedly said that they would, "eat the Jews with paprika." The synagogue has recovered since those dark times, and is currently active as a place of worship and a must-see tourist sight.
Walking down narrow Rumbach Street, we arrive at lesser-known Rumbach Synagogue. Architect Otto Wagner created a brooding Moorish façade that could easily be mistaken for a mosque. Abandoned since WWII, the synagogue is undergoing restoration. Recently, when Yoko Ono was spending time in Budapest, she considered renting it as an artist studio. View the synagogue as a seed that has lay dormant for a long period, and is just about to sprout and come to life.
At the end of Rumbach Street, we turn right to find ourselves in Goszdu Udvar (courtyard), one of the more visually striking locations in Budapest, where light and shadow fall like spaces on a chess board. The row of residential buildings, connected by a long shopping arcade, has recently been renovated. There you can find cafes, art galleries and the storefronts of local artisans. But can you imagine, during WWII, families camped out in the courtyard, cooking over open fires? In history and appearance, Gozsdu offers both light and dark. Exiting the arcade on Dob Street leaves us within a few blocks of our starting point, the magnificent Dohány Street Synagogue.
Go to Hungary! (or just watch the video)
Posted in Hungarian Culture, Locations, tagged Film production Hungary, locations in Budapest, locations in Hungary on February 2, 2014| Leave a Comment »
Oh but there have been a lot of videos making the rounds lately touting the elegant gorgeousness of Budapest past and present. If you look back through this blog's posts, you will find but a few. Or just click here and here.
The latest addition to our video library comes from the Hungarian Board of Tourism, and goes beyond the borders of Budapest in its scope. Highlighting the unique beauty of the entire country, over the course of the video you will be taken to such destinations as Héviz, home to the world's largest thermal lake, then on to Lake Balaton. Of course, Budapest is not left out, with stunning scenes from illustrious sights like New York Café, Heroes' Square, the National Theatre, the Chain Bridge, and even a ruin pub. Recent Hungarian technological innovations like light-transmitting concrete also get some play, as does a deconstruction of some local cuisine. So, thanks tourism board, for this awe-inspiring tribute to the nation's wealth of singularly tourist – and film – friendly sights.
A Young Wine in an Old Year: Hungarian Újbor
Posted in Cuisine, Hungarian Culture, Wine, tagged újbor, Film production Hungary, Hungarian wine, locations in Hungary, Saint Martin's Day on November 4, 2013| Leave a Comment »
Excuse us if we seem a little tipsy. It's November which means that while it may be a difficult time for sunbathers, it is a great time for wine lovers. That's because November is 'new wine' season, when vineyards release a limited amount of the year's vintage. 'Újbor' in Hungarian, it is better known by its French name, Beaujolais nouveau. The product of early harvest red grapes (though to a lesser degree you will see whites and rosé) Hungarian újbor is usually light, fruity, and highly potable.
The celebrations of the new wine go hand in hand with St. Martin's Day. As such, two of the reasons we think Hungary has become the second top tourist destination in the world converge in November: wine and festivals. Hungary is a country that celebrates all its culinary niches with festivals, and újbor is no different. How St. Martin himself became identified with the release of new wine is largely speculation. Some say it is due to his generous nature, while others maintain it is merely because he is from the town of Tours in France, the nation traditionally identified with a finicky wine culture.
St. Martin's new wine festivals happen in the middle of the month, taking place across the country. In Budapest we have the Saint Martin's Day Festival that unfolds over three days at the ever-glamorous Gellért Hotel. If you want a less ritzy venue, the Hungarian Museum of Agriculture in Budapest's City Park also sponsors a November 9th St. Martin's Day celebration, offering tastings of goose dishes as well as újbor, along with a program of folk crafts and dancing. Both venues have goose on the menu: in Hungary the bird is traditionally served with new vintage wines, as it is believed to bring good fortune for the coming year.
So don't feel too bad as autumn transitions into winter – do as the Hungarians do and celebrate new beginnings and the great things to come.
About the author: For a manuscript critique, click through to Wordpill Manuscript Editing.
Hungarians in Hollywood: Zsa Zsa Gabor
Posted in Famous Hungarians, Uncategorized, tagged Famous Hungarians, Film production Hungary, locations in Hungary, Zsa Zsa Gabor on October 28, 2013| 1 Comment »
Her name is synonymous with glamor – no not her birth name Sári Gabor – but Zsa Zsa, a simple Hungarian girl who became Hollywood royalty. It is fair to say that before there was Paris Hilton, before Angelina Jolie, and other starlets who became obsessions of the American public and media, there was Zsa Zsa. Born in 1917 in Budapest, which was still part of the Austro-Hungarian empire, it wasn't until just before World War II that Gabor was able to flee Europe (she would have to, her mother was Jewish).
Before retiring due to health reasons, Zsa Zsa spent over 70 years in the entertainment industry in the USA. Her career stretches far back as the Milton Berle Show, which many consider the first real successful TV comedy show, all the way up to spots on the David Letterman Show. In between there are almost a hundred TV and film credits, from roles on much-loved shows as Bonanza to Mr. Ed, from The Love Boat to The Fresh Prince of Bel Air, all the while getting the American ear accustomed to her sultry Hungarian accent.
Gabor's life was as dramatic as the roles she played. All in all, she was married nine times. When a reporter asked hew who many husbands she had, she famously said, "You mean other than mine?" She was first proposed to at the tender age of 15, and indeed took the Turkish diplomat as her first husband. But by 19 she had been crowned Miss Hungary, and it was obvious she was determined to make a career for herself in entertainment. Divorced before the age of 20, Gabor emigrated with her mother the US. Not long after, she met hotel magnate Conrad Hilton, who became her second husband. In 1952 Gabor got her big break in Hollywood, being offered a part in a Fred Astaire movie. The rest, dah-ling, is history.
Though she became an American citizen, Zsa Zsa never fully lost her trademark Hungarian accent, as you can see in the clip below.
Emmy Eminence
Posted in Famous Hungarians, Film Professionals, Locations, tagged Film production Hungary, Gabor Homonnay, The Borgias, The Emmys on September 29, 2013| Leave a Comment »
It's true that Americans tend to dominate the circle of Emmy Award winners, as the show is intended to honor the best in American television. But occasionally a show such as The Borgias comes along, which is shot outside of America and uses a largely foreign crew. The producers made the right choice in bringing the Canadian-Irish-Hungarian produced Borgia mini-series shoot to Hungary, because not only did they come away with a critically acclaimed show, local costume designer – Gábor Homonnay – won a Creative Arts Emmy Award for his role in providing the elaborate costumes worn by 16th century Italian noblemen and women, not to mention Pope Alexander VI. Homonnay has also worked on the upcoming film 47 Ronin, and 2009-released film The Nutcracker 3D, both shot in Hungary.
The Borgias was shot mostly at the Korda Studios in the town of Etyek, just outside of Budapest. Homonnay had up to 70 people working on the costumes, and praised his entire team in his acceptance speech. It is worth pointing out that Hungary's special effects technician Gábor Kiszelly, hairdresser Judit Halász and art director Judit Varga were also among nominees for an award. That makes for a lot of local talent.
Emmys aside, The Borgia's brought some serious and much-justified buzz to Hungary, with an article on one of the world's most visited news/entertainment sites, Buzzfeed. In the article, Irish executive producer James Flynn explains: "Hungary had the 'hot look' the show needed for the mostly Italy-based story" and goes on to explain that "with a few exceptions, the whole crew speaks English." The show, starring Jeremy Irons, ran a total of four seasons on US cable network Showtime.
Congratulations to Hommany and all the other Hungarian Emmy nominees. Take that, Game of Thrones.
Hungarians in Hollywood: Vilmos Zsigmond
Posted in Famous Hungarians, Film Professionals, tagged Famous Hungarians, Film production Hungary, Laszlo Kovacs, Vilmos Zsigmond on September 21, 2013| Leave a Comment »
photo by Petr Novák
There are so many famous Hungarian cinematographers that Wikipedia has a page dedicated to them alone. But the most renown must be Vilmos Zsigmond. He is responsible for filming such classics as Close Encounters of the Third Kind, The Deer Hunter, and Deliverance. Over the course of his career he was nominated for an Oscar four times and won once for Close Encounters.
Zsigmond's life it worthy of a film itself. Born in 1930 in the Hungarian city of Szeged, he studied cinema at the rigorous Academy of Drama and Film in Budaspet. As a young technician, he risked his life to fim some of the most valuable footage of the 1956 Revolution in Budapest. With that footage, and with colleague Laszlo Kovacs, he escaped Hungary across the Austrian border. Footage from the revolution and the story of their escape can be found in the PBS biopic Vilmos and Laszlo: No Subtitles Necessary (see clip below).
It was in the 1960s that Zsigmond arrived in Los Angeles. He began working as a technician on low-budget, independent films, in hopes of breaking into the industry in Hollywood. His big break came when Robert Altman hired him as cinematographer for McCabe and Mrs. Miller. Word of his professionalism and technique quickly spread and soon he was working with the biggest directors in Hollywood, including Stephen Spielberg, John Boorman, Brian DePalma, Richard Donner, and Woody Allen.
Zsigmond also lensed some notorious flops. After shooting The Deer Hunter, he shot Michael Cimino's Heaven's Gate, and after having success with Brian De Palma's Blow Out, he shot Bonfire of the Vanities. Both follow-up films were widely panned and considered templates for movie flops to come.
In 2003 Zsigmond was included in the Camera Guild's list of the 10 most influential cinematographers of all time list. Over the age of 80, Zsigmond is still working today. His latest credits include Woody Allen's You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger, and Dan Pritzker's Bolden! which is currently in production.
Below find an interview with Vilmos Zsigmond from the Slamdance Film Festival followed by a clip from No Subtitles Necessary.
End of an Era: Overdose Runs his Last Race in Budapest
Posted in Famous Hungarians, Locations, tagged Film production Hungary, Kincsem, Kincsem Park, locations in Budapest, locations in Hungary, Overdose on September 8, 2013| Leave a Comment »
Last weekend was marked a bittersweet but vital milestone in local history and international sporting lore. Overdose, or, 'the Bullet of Budapest' one of the most successful racehorse of all time, ran his last race ever at Budapest's beautiful Kincsem Park. The weather was perfect and the house was packed to give this legendary racehorse a proper sendoff. At the height of his career, the Hungarian thoroughbred was unbeaten over the course of 14 races, and at this time last year, he had a record of 19 wins, not finishing first in but three races.
Photo by Mirus Luna via Wikipedia
Overdose's early years were auspicious. The press had called the young horse 'ugly,' and a 'misfit.' At auction, even seasoned trainers didn't think much of him. Only Zoltán Mikóczy, steel baron and horse enthusiast, saw something in the stallion, but still concedes he bought him on a whim. "I just put my hand up for fun, I like excitement of the horse auctions. I thought no horse can go this cheap and surely somebody else would bid. He's short and I'd say kind of ugly, so of course nobody wanted him," he famously said of his purchase. Since then Overdose has raced all over Europe and the Middle East, and ends his career as being, along with the equally famous Hungarian race horse Kincsem, an international legend in the sport (Kincsem, however, went unbeaten for 54 races, a record that will surely remain unbroken in our lifetimes).
photo by Judit Seipert via Wikipedia
Speaking of Kincsem, here is a quick look at the park named for the famous racehorse, where Overdose ran his last race and also holds a track record.
Kincsem Park race track evokes feelings of both nostalgia and modernity. Named for Kincsem (My Treasure) the famed thoroughbred of yore, Kincsem Park is Budapest's primary horse-racing venue, and also hosts our traditional New Year's harness races. The park, which also serves as a venue to open-air concerts (including Madonna, on her last trip through Budapest). Kincsem Track (official site here) has both newly built and old grandstands on the premises, making it versatile and picturesque.
Hats off to Overdose, who brought thrills to horse-racing fans worldwide, and revitalized interest in the sport here in Hungary.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
<?php
class TypeSyndiqueManager{

	//attributes
	private $_db;

	//le constructeur
    public function __construct($db){
        $this->_db = $db;
    }

	//BAISC CRUD OPERATIONS
	public function add(TypeSyndique $typeSyndique){
    	$query = $this->_db->prepare(' INSERT INTO t_typeSyndique (
		designation, frais, created, createdBy)
		VALUES (:designation, :frais, :created, :createdBy)')
		or die (print_r($this->_db->errorInfo()));
		$query->bindValue(':designation', $typeSyndique->designation());
		$query->bindValue(':frais', $typeSyndique->frais());
		$query->bindValue(':created', $typeSyndique->created());
		$query->bindValue(':createdBy', $typeSyndique->createdBy());
		$query->execute();
		$query->closeCursor();
	}

	public function update(TypeSyndique $typeSyndique){
    	$query = $this->_db->prepare(' UPDATE t_typeSyndique SET
		designation=:designation, frais=:frais, updated=:updated, updatedBy=:updatedBy
		WHERE id=:id')
		or die (print_r($this->_db->errorInfo()));
		$query->bindValue(':id', $typeSyndique->id());
		$query->bindValue(':designation', $typeSyndique->designation());
		$query->bindValue(':frais', $typeSyndique->frais());
		$query->bindValue(':updated', $typeSyndique->updated());
		$query->bindValue(':updatedBy', $typeSyndique->updatedBy());
		$query->execute();
		$query->closeCursor();
	}

	public function delete($id){
    	$query = $this->_db->prepare(' DELETE FROM t_typeSyndique
		WHERE id=:id')
		or die (print_r($this->_db->errorInfo()));
		$query->bindValue(':id', $id);
		$query->execute();
		$query->closeCursor();
	}

	public function getTypeSyndiqueById($id){
    	$query = $this->_db->prepare(' SELECT * FROM t_typeSyndique
		WHERE id=:id')
		or die (print_r($this->_db->errorInfo()));
		$query->bindValue(':id', $id);
		$query->execute();
		$data = $query->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
		$query->closeCursor();
		return new TypeSyndique($data);
	}

	public function getTypeSyndiques(){
		$typeSyndiques = array();
		$query = $this->_db->query('SELECT * FROM t_typeSyndique
		ORDER BY id DESC');
		while($data = $query->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC)){
			$typeSyndiques[] = new TypeSyndique($data);
		}
		$query->closeCursor();
		return $typeSyndiques;
	}

	public function getTypeSyndiquesByLimits($begin, $end){
		$typeSyndiques = array();
		$query = $this->_db->query('SELECT * FROM t_typeSyndique
		ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT '.$begin.', '.$end);
		while($data = $query->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC)){
			$typeSyndiques[] = new TypeSyndique($data);
		}
		$query->closeCursor();
		return $typeSyndiques;
	}

	public function getLastId(){
    	$query = $this->_db->query(' SELECT id AS last_id FROM t_typeSyndique
		ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 0, 1');
		$data = $query->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
		$id = $data['last_id'];
		return $id;
	}

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Wednesday newsletters always feature a trip report, either a review of a luxury hotel or a flight review. Here, you find an overview of all my flight trip reports. Click the thumbnail to be directed to the review.


text:
Allrecipes, World's Largest Digital Food Brand, Works With Amazon To Create Comprehensive Recipe And Cooking Skill For Alexa-Enabled Devices
The Allrecipes Skill Offers Home Cooks Hands-Free Access to More Than 60,000 Recipes and Guides Them Through Every Step of the Cooking Process Using Only Their Voice
SEATTLE, Nov. 18, 2016 /PRNewswire/ -- Allrecipes, the world's largest digital food brand with 1.5 billion visits annually, today introduced its premiere skill for Alexa, Amazon's cloud-based voice service which allows consumers to ask questions, play music, create to-do and shopping lists, shop online, and control popular smart-home devices using only their voice.
The Allrecipes Skill offers home cooks the convenience of voice-guided, hands-free access to Allrecipes' vast collection of best-loved recipes – from everyday quick dinners to crowd-pleasing party appetizers. With the skill, home cooks can quickly get recipes to match the desired dish type, available on-hand ingredients, maximum cooking time, and/or preferred cooking method. Once a recipe is selected, Alexa will guide the cook through each step of preparing the dish; cooks control the pace of their cooking by instructing Alexa to pause, next, repeat, skip or move forward.
The skill is geared for all types of cooks, but is anticipated to be especially appealing to Millennial cooks, who make up the largest portion of Allrecipes' audience of 50 Million cooks. Based on Allrecipes' 2015 Smart Kitchen Technologies survey, Millennial cooks are the most likely to buy 'connected' kitchen technologies that make cooking easier and more fun; three of five Millennial cooks demonstrated an interest in voice-controlled devices that can recommend recipes based on ingredients they have on-hand.
"So many of our customers are using their Alexa-enabled devices in the kitchen, and with the addition of Alexa skills like Allrecipes, that experience only gets better," says Rob Pulciani, Director, Amazon Alexa. "We're excited to work with Allrecipes to create a cooking experience that leverages the benefit of hands-free Alexa voice technology. Getting meal recommendations and step-by-step recipes - with just your voice - makes putting dinner on the table a little easier for our busy customers."
"Allrecipes has a long tradition of being first to introduce innovative new experiences that make grocery shopping and home cooking more rewarding, from our beginnings as the first social media food site two decades ago to the seamless integration of our brand into connected kitchen appliances this past year," says Stan Pavlovsky, President of Meredith Digital. "Our vision is to make Allrecipes' content and community available wherever and whenever needed, so preparing dishes is as easy as possible for our audience of busy families and passionate food enthusiasts."
Cooks with Alexa-enabled device like Amazon Echo or Echo Dot can just ask:
"Ask Allrecipes, what can I make with chicken, bacon and cheddar cheese?
"Ask Allrecipes for the recipe of the day."
"Ask Allrecipes to find the World's Best Lasagna recipe."
"Ask Allrecipes, how much butter is needed for Award Winning Soft Chocolate Chip Cookies?"
The Allrecipes Skill for Alexa is now available for free through the Amazon Alexa app available on iOS, Android and Fire tablets, or by simply voice enabling the skill by saying "Alexa, enable the Allrecipes Skill." The Allrecipes skill is available for all Alexa-enabled devices, including the Amazon Echo, Echo Dot, Amazon Tap and Amazon Fire TV. For additional information, visit http://dish.allrecipes.com/alexa/ .
ABOUT ALLRECIPES
Allrecipes, the world's largest food-focused social network, receives more than 1.5 billion visits annually from home cooks who connect and inspire one another through recipes, photos, reviews, personal collections, videos, shopping lists, and profiles. Since its launch in 1997, the Seattle-based social site has served as a dynamic, indispensable resource for cooks of all skill levels seeking trusted recipes, entertaining ideas, grocery savings, everyday meal solutions, seasonal inspiration and practical cooking tips. Allrecipes is a global, multi-platform brand with 19 sites and three mobile apps serving 23 countries in 12 languages.
In addition to digital products, the brand includes a line of licensed cookware products and Allrecipes magazine, which is published six times per year by Meredith Corporation (NYSE: MDP; www.meredith.com) and reaches an audience of 7.6 million readers. The magazine, which launched in 2013 and has grown to be one of the most successful brands in the food space, combines the brand's digital insights with editorial expertise to inspire readers with the best of Allrecipes.com.
Logo - http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20151216/296679LOGO
SOURCE Allrecipes
For further information: Patrick Taylor: 212/551-6984; Patrick.Taylor@meredith.com; Liv Ren: 212/551-7033; Liv.Ren@meredith.com


How is the SIEM (security information and event management) market evolving? The short answer involves MSSPs needing SIEM tools that support newer technologies, including user & entity behavior analytics (UEBA), security operation and automation response (SOAR), and forensic analysis, researcher Frost & Sullivan said in a new report.
The SIEM market will grow 60 percent to $3.2 billion by 2023, based on the global market analysis forecast. Currently, SIEM providers are zoned in on automated detection and response. But that has to change.
"SIEM vendors are currently focusing on enhancing incident detection and response by employing machine learning to diminish the high rates of false positives generated by SIEM tools," said Mauricio Chede, Frost & Sullivan digital transformation senior industry analyst. "SIEM 3.0, with its high degree of automated response and remediation, can detect malicious threats attempting to penetrate the environment and automatically perform actions to thwart attackers' advances," he said.


Manufactured from high temperature white polypropylene with compression type outlets that fit plastic and copper waste pipes. Stops smells and blow back. Helps prevent siphonage of other traps installed in the same waste pipe line.


How much time do admissions officers spend with each application?
As you probably guessed, it depends on the school. For some large schools like UCLA, chances are that your application won't get much more than 10 minutes by 2 people. (They have to read over 50,000 applications after all! At smaller schools, your application might get a bit more time -- perhaps 15-30 minutes for each reader. Depending on the school, there may be more than 1 or 2 readers per application.
The application review process varies from school to school, so there will always be significant variations in the time and attention that an application receives. Too, the applications and the applicants vary so that impacts the amount of attention as well. Many applications are "no brainers"—either to admit or to deny--and they do not need the same amount of time or debate that other, more middle of the pack ones do. In the end, it is less a matter of pure time then the quality of the review and given the importance to the institution of the admission process, a process that creates a class and shapes the culture of the school, applicants should feel confident that their application received a fair and through review by experienced, dedicated professionals.
Probably no more than 20-30 minutes, if that long.
Time spent on each application varies from campus to campus. Industry average states that 15 min/application is pretty typical. This is why you don't want to write a loooong essay, add extra materials they don't want to see, or otherwise burden the reader with excess information.


A Back to School backpack giveaway. Did you know that students attending Chicago Public Schools are required to purchase classroom supplies in addition to personal school supplies? To many families, this is a financial burden. Each fall, we distribute free backpacks filled with school supplies to elementary-aged children in the neighborhood so they can start the school year off in good standing, ready to learn.
Holiday food baskets. As food vulnerability is on the rise, we provide free food supplies and baskets to families during the holiday season and throughout the year.
Visit our facebook page for more information on current events!


This is a follow up to my last post, Meditation and Decisive Times, where I attempted to sketch the basics of what it means to meditate on life, as a way to grow in love and closeness to God, and a way to help foster a deep and integrated inner life. Out of this deep inner life, we often find the strength and clarity to take a stand for what we believe in, especially during anxious times like ours.
I'd like to further develop this meditation with a special look at the role of emotions. What emotions tend to stand out the loudest for you? Most often, due to the way we're wired to survive, negative emotions may stand out the strongest. What do we do with these difficult or painful emotions when they arise during meditation and prayer? I'll cover 3 things that I've learned from others wiser than myself, which have been really helpful for me.
First I might say – if difficult or negative emotions are arising during you meditation, you're on the right track. If we're really striving for this meditation of life with the Lord, to give to Him and hold before Him all that happens to us, there's going to be some unpleasant parts to that. That's great! (in a manner of speaking). Just think of the Psalms, and how they capture human struggle: "How long must I carry sorrow in my soul, grief in my heart day after day?" Ps 13:3. Or the story of Job: "My inward parts seethe and will not be stilled; days of affliction have overtaken me. I go about in gloom, without the sun; I rise in the assembly and cry for help." Job 30:26-28.
I would even say that if we haven't come across a memory or occurrence that frustrates us, makes us angry or bitter or deeply grieved, we're likely only engaging in meditation as an intellectual exercise (which while that has it's merits, that not what we're going for here).
(1) When negative impressions or memories arise, try to sit with it. You might want to return to those 3 questions from the previous post if it's helpful: what is God wanting telling me through this? Where is He in this uncomfortable/painful/annoying experience? What is my response to Him?
In this way, we can "digest" our emotions with the Lord, allow the Lord to look upon us in all our humanity – no masks, no hiding — just as we are. In this way, through the involvement of the mind, body, will and heart, our experiences are incorporated into our inner life. Eventually, it's possible that the sharp edges of troubling memories will become softer, and something may shift over time, in His grace, towards peace and acceptance.
(2) Learn to recognize when you're giving your emotions to God, or feeding the flame.
Rather than being self-centered, this meditation on our life, including on the painful moments, can help us to find healing in God and increases our love for Him and for our self, which in turn increases our love for others. In His love alone, we find boundless compassion and eternal wisdom. In His great and Fatherly guidance, we find the perspective that reminds us that we are small children before a loving a great Father God. This smallness, paradoxically, lets us break out of our narrow limitations and love, with all the supernatural strength of God.
in judging circumstances, things and people in everyday life. For instance, the sun is 1,300,000 times as large as the earth. Yet to us it appears no larger than a small coin, while the relatively small part of the earth on which we stand appears immeasurably great. In a similar manner, our own personal interests appear so great to us that they capture all our attention, while the more important interests of other completely escape our notice or seem mere trifles.
That last quote about says it all for me! May you be deeply blessed on your own journey of meditation and growing in love with the Lord. And may our Blessed Mother, she who pondered all things in the silence of her great heart, be our educator along the way. Amen.


One fall item I'm feeling very tempted to rock lately is a bomber jacket. They're a little bit trendy, but I think they can bring a sporty twist to even the most polished outfit while still keeping the look clean and current. What do you think?
See how I styled this 100% organic cotton bomber (center) in Northern Virginia Magazine with heels and a midi-length pencil skirt, for example. Natalie from The Fashionably Broke and I each selected two key fall items and whipped up two ways to wear them this season-- please do click over to see what we picked! And don't worry, each item I selected passes the fair test, of course.
This 100% organic cotton bomber is made by Amour Vert for Master & Muse, Amber Valetta's sustainable fashion project. You can shop the whole eco-friendly collection at Yooxygen.
Of course I love the grey monochrome of this wool bomber from American Apparel. You can also find several options in solid, polka dot or plaid from $60-$75 and one satin bomber jacket on sale for $22.50.
The embroidered bomber is the Angelis Jacket by Antik Batik, which I just learned is a thoughtful company that focuses on preserving handmade, artisanal quality garment production knowledge in each place that they source their boho chic pieces. This jacket was handmade in India, for example, which explains the hefty price tag. Who knew? I didn't. Expect to read a little bit more about them here very soon.
I'm kind of loving this vintage powder blue bomber jacket I found on Etsy from Jules Cristen Vintage- it's suede, and it's lovely.
Ace and Jig also have a plaid version of the bomber jacket. They make their clothes under fair labor conditions with a single, small factory in India. Which they visit.
Find more of my ethical fall faves on Pinterest!


The Onekanew mena Onuschekewuk of the Opaskwayak Cree Nation have approved the OPASKWAYAK CREE NATION PROPERTY ASSESSMENT LAW, 2018, and are providing thirty days public notice and opportunity for anyone to comment upon the law, before final enactment and referral to the First Nations Tax Commission.
EXEMPTIONS AND LIMITS OF THE LAW: The Opaskwayak Cree Nation Property Assessment Law, 2018, deals with assessing property values on properties and interests in land on OCN Reserve lands, whether they are taxable or not.
ASSESSMENTS: The Opaskwayak Cree Nation Property Assessment Law, 2018, does not cover Property Taxation. Property Taxation is dealt with under the Opaskwayak Cree Nation Property Taxation Law, 2018.
* Obtaining a copy from the Land Tax Department Office, at the 2nd Floor, Post Office Building, 151 Fischer, The Pas.
WHO CAN COMMENT: PERSONS, INCLUDING OCN MEMBERS, NON-OCN PERSONS OR BUSINESSES WHICH HAVE INTERESTS IN OR ARE RESIDENT ON OCN LANDS, MAY MAKE COMMENTS, SUBMISSIONS, REPRESENTATIONS, OBJECTIONS OR REQUESTS IN RESPECT OF THIS LAW.
COMMENTS IN WRITING: ALL COMMENTS, SUBMISSIONS, REPRESENTATIONS, OBJECTIONS OR REQUESTS MUST BE MADE IN WRITING, AND MAILED OR DELIVERED TO THE OFFICES OF ONEKANEW MENA ONUSCHEKEWUK (CHIEF AND COUNCIL) ON THE 2ND FLOOR, OTINEKA MALL, P.O. BOX 10880, OPASKWAYAK, MANITOBA, R0B 0J0.
DEADLINE FOR COMMENTS: ALL COMMENTS, SUBMISSIONS, REPRESENTATIONS, OBJECTIONS OR REQUESTS MUST BE MADE WITHIN THE NEXT THIRTY DAYS, FROM NOVEMBER 3 THROUGH TO DECEMBER 3, 2018, BY 4:30.


text:
Antton Olariaga Aranburu (n. Usúrbil, Guipúzcoa, 1946) es un dibujante vasco.

Cursó sus estudios de artes aplicadas en Valencia primero, y en Bilbao después. Estando en Valencia, comenzó a publicar en el diario local Las Provincias; después, publicó en Cuadernos para el Diálogo.

Tras un breve periodo en el campo de la publicidad, comenzó a enviar trabajos de ilustración a la revista Zeruko Argia, en la que fue admitido. Trasladado a Bilbao para finalizar sus estudios artísticos, trabajó también en Anaitasuna. Fue uno de los primeros dibujantes del diario Egin, donde también colaboró con Juan Carlos Eguillor y Jon Zabaleta.

Dibujantes de España del siglo XX
Dibujantes de España del siglo XXI
Nacidos en 1946
Nacidos en Usúrbil

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Image caption Lewis Popp "adored his family and adored his friends"
Tributes have been paid to a man who died when he was hit by a car on the Heads of the Valleys road.
Lewis Popp was struck by a grey Ford Mondeo on the A465 at Cefn Coed in Merthyr Tydfil just after 06:00 BST on Sunday.
South Wales Police said it was still investigating the circumstances surrounding the incident.
Mr Popp's family said he was "passionate about life and passionate about overcoming obstacles".
In a statement, they added: "Lewis wrestled adversity for most of his life but he fought it with his extravagant larger-than-life personality.
"His heart and soul offered to everyone, he adored his family and adored his friends.
"Lewis will live forever in the hearts and thoughts of everybody who knew him."
Anyone with information about the incident has been asked to call 101.


text:
Derivative Action for JP Morgan's Investigation of "London Whale" Incident Dismissed on Third Appeal
In May 2012, JP Morgan Chase announced an estimated trading loss of $2 billion. After the details were finalized, actual losses exceeded $6 billion. As a result, Ernesto Espinoza brought a derivative shareholder action against JPMorgan's directors and officers for breach of fiduciary duty and related claims.
Around the same time of the announced losses, Espinoza formally demanded the board investigate and commence proceedings against various executives involved in the incident and those responsible for risk management within the corporation. The board created a Review Committee, consisting of three outside directors, outside counsel, and an expert advisor. In addition to the Review Committee, JP Morgan's Management Task Force conducted a separate investigation. Eight months later, the Review Committee refused Espinoza's demand, determining that it was against the company's best interests to litigate.
After the district court dismissed Espinoza's complaint twice, Espinoza argued that the investigation was insufficient because it failed to take into consideration the executives' subsequent statements after the "London Whale" incident. For the third time, the district court granted JPMorgan's motion to dismiss for failure to plead sufficient facts to rebut the business judgment rule presumption. Espinoza appealed again. (Espinoza v. Dimon, et al., 2015 U.S. App. LEXIS 21021).
On a de novo review of the complaint, the Second Circuit determined the appeal presented an unclear question of Delaware law. The court certified the following question to the Delaware Supreme Court:
If a shareholder demand that a board of directors investigate both an underlying wrongdoing and subsequent misstatements by corporate officers about that wrongdoing, what factors should a court consider in deciding whether the board acted in a grossly negligent fashion by focusing its investigation solely on the underlying wrongdoing?
In its response, the Delaware Supreme Court emphasized that review of a decision to initiate legal proceedings starts with the premise that such decision is an internal corporate matter within the board's discretion. The merits of the board's decision did not control the matter. In order to defeat the motion to dismiss, Espinoza had to plead sufficient facts to demonstrate the decision not to initiate legal proceedings constituted gross negligence.
Espinoza's claims failed again. The court found JP Morgan's investigation exhaustive, resulting in many of the demands Espinoza made on the board, as well as acknowledging many of the subsequent statements Espinoza based his latest argument upon. The Delaware Supreme Court noted that JP Morgan may have had two materially distinct categories to investigate, and that the investigation of only one could constitute gross negligence, but that the crucial question was the importance of the matter not investigated in the entire context. Espinoza's claim as to the subsequent statements was one of five demands. The board's decision was protected by the business judgment rule.
In addition to granting the motion to dismiss, the Second Circuit enunciated two practical considerations for refusal letters. First, that requiring boards to provide a detailed response to every issue raised in a demand letter would provide an incentive to plaintiffs to laundry list an excessive number of demands. Second, that providing a detailed refusal letter could expose the board to other legal risks, an effect contrary to the board's duty to mitigate risk.
The court affirmed dismissal of Espinoza's complaint.


There are permanent galleries, such as one housing dinosaur bones, and temporary exhibits, such as a recent one regarding bats. Interactive tools are often incorporated. Weekends bring opportunities for close contact with Ohio's native animals.


text:
Dan Aykroyd's Hangover Cure
For a funny man, Dan Aykroyd is serious when it comes to drinking. The actor is creating an alcohol empire, including an acclaimed line of wines and a piece of Patrón's Canadian distribution business. (He helped bring the tequila brand across the border because he couldn't get it in Ontario, where he has a country house.) And just a couple of years ago, he started Crystal Head Vodka ($50). "I don't see it just as a novelty because the vodka is good," he says. "It could have the legs of a winner." If things work out, Aykroyd is planning on producing other spirits.
He got the idea for the vodka brand when his friend, artist John Alexander, showed him a plan for a skull-shaped bottle. "Right then and there I said, we'll do a vodka," Aykroyd remembers. (The name references the legend of the "Mitchell-Hedges skull, the most famous of 13 crystal heads that were found around the planet.") But he didn't want to fill the bottle with just any spirit. Aykroyd claims his vodka is completely free of additives that other companies add to improve mouth-feel and smoothness. It's more like "old-time white lighting," he says, with a kick of heat. "You can taste the alcohol a little bit."
"You can taste the alcohol a little bit."—Jose Medina Camacho
Aykroyd claims his vodka is completely free of additives that other companies add to improve mouth-feel and smoothness. It's more like "old-time white lighting," he says, with a kick of heat. "You can taste the alcohol a little bit."
Aykroyd insists his brand still treats you gently the morning after. "I know all vodkas say this but you can have six to eight shots of Crystal Head and, if that's all you're drinking, you will not have a hangover the next day," he promises. "What gives you the hangover are all the chemicals. Crystal Head has none of it."
The Best Vodka Under $40
Maybe that's why rock legend Keith Richards is a big fan. (Aykroyd says Johnny Depp turned Richards onto it.) "I would love to formalize that relationship," Aykroyd admits. "I'd give him vodka for life."
Brands: Crystal Head Vodka
Series & Type: People Products
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Highlight Reel: January
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The Eve visitor chair is an attractive practical solution for visitor and reception areas. With an affordable price tag, the Eve is well suited to fitting out large waiting rooms without breaking the budget.
Coming in a standard black fabric, the Eve reception chair is also available in orange, red, lime, charcoal and black vinyl.


HYL III is another gas based DRI process. The process uses reducing gases within a moving bed shaft furnace reactor to remove the oxygen from iron ore pellets and lump ore. In comparison to other similar technologies, it operates a slightly higher reduction temperatures (~ 930 ºC) and intermediate reduction pressures (up to 6 bars). The process can produce cold and hot DRI as well as Hot Briquetted Iron (HBI).
The HYL III plant comprises two main process sections: the reducing gas generation and the reduction sections. Typically, the reducing gas generation section consists of a conventional natural gas-steam reformer to produce the H2 and CO required as make-up for the reduction process. The basic components of the reduction circuit, aside from the reactor, are: a gas heater to increase the reducing gases temperature up to 925°C; a scrubbing unit for dedusting, cooling and H2O elimination from top gases; the recycle gas compressor and the CO2 removal unit.
As the process includes a sulfur removal step prior to the conventional steam reformer, it can utilize higher-sulfur ore and gas feeds. A better control of the reducing gas CO to H2 ratio since it is equiped with a selective CO2 removal circuit in a circulating gas system. This allows a wide range of CO to H2 ratios to be used depending on the required degree of metalization and/or carbon content.
The energy consumption of the process is 10.4 GJ/t-DRI.
IEA reports that CO2 emissions of steel produced from 100% natural gas based DRI is between 0.77 to 0.92 t-CO2/t-steel.


text:
In India, where sexual violence and rape are widespread problems, there are few guarantees of justice for victims.
Despite the country's recent attempts to strengthen its laws and policies, persistent and denigrating attitudes toward women mean survivors are often dissuaded by law enforcement from filing official reports. And when they do file reports, they may not be taken seriously.
But justice may soon be served in the case of a 16-year-old girl who was gang raped and burned alive, as police arrested the main suspect, Dhanu Bhuiyan, on Sunday, CNN reported.
Take Action: Sign This Petition to #LeveltheLaw and empower girls and women around the world!
Bhuiyan is believed to be one of more than a dozen people involved in the incident, which took place in Jharkhand state last week, according to the BBC. The police have also arrested 15 of 18 suspects in connection with the case.
Investigators believe Bhuiyan kidnapped the 16-year-old while her family was attending a wedding last Thursday, taking her to a nearby forest where he and another man raped her.
When the girl's parents learned of the crime, they complained to their village's council of elders — which holds significant influence in many rural communities, but has no legal authority. The council ordered the accused rapists to pay a $750 (50,000 rupee) fine and perform 100 sit-ups each.
However, when the men learned of the complaint and their punishment, they beat the victim's parents and a mob set fire to the family's home, killing the girl who was inside the house at the time.
Read more: 12 Photos That Show How People Won't Stop Protesting India Rapes Until Justice Is Served
The case is one of several horrific incidents of sexual violence that have sparked outrage in India in recent months. In April, thousands of people across the country took to the streets to protest sexual violence and call for stronger rape laws.
Yet, the problem persists.
According to the National Crime Records Bureau, approximately 100 reports of sexual assaults are filed in India every day, and in 2016 nearly 40,000 incidents were reported in total.
As high as those figures are, the stigma around sexual assault discourages many survivors from reporting, meaning that the true number of attacks could be even higher.
Global Citizen campaigns to amend laws and change attitudes that discriminate against women and girls. You can take action here to urge governments to strengthen their sexual violence and rape laws.
TopicsGender DiscriminationWomen's RightsSexual ViolenceIndiaGender Based ViolenceSexual AssaultRape
Indian Police Arrest a Man Accused of Gang Raping and Burning a Teenage Girl Alive
By Daniele Selby


text:
import os
import unittest
import string
import sys
import threading

try:
    from subprocess import check_output
except ImportError:
    from subprocess import Popen, PIPE, CalledProcessError

    def check_output(*popenargs, **kwargs):
        """Lifted from python 2.7 stdlib."""
        if 'stdout' in kwargs:
            raise ValueError('stdout argument not allowed, it will be '
                             'overridden.')
        process = Popen(stdout=PIPE, *popenargs, **kwargs)
        output, unused_err = process.communicate()
        retcode = process.poll()
        if retcode:
            cmd = kwargs.get("args")
            if cmd is None:
                cmd = popenargs[0]
            raise CalledProcessError(retcode, cmd, output=output)
        return output

class TestTranslations(unittest.TestCase):

    def setUp(self):
        self.orig_env = {}
        for var in 'LC_ALL', 'SWIFT_LOCALEDIR', 'LANGUAGE':
            self.orig_env[var] = os.environ.get(var)
        os.environ['LC_ALL'] = 'eo'
        os.environ['SWIFT_LOCALEDIR'] = os.path.dirname(__file__)
        os.environ['LANGUAGE'] = ''
        self.orig_stop = threading._DummyThread._Thread__stop
        # See http://stackoverflow.com/questions/13193278/\
        #     understand-python-threading-bug
        threading._DummyThread._Thread__stop = lambda x: 42

    def tearDown(self):
        for var, val in self.orig_env.items():
            if val is not None:
                os.environ[var] = val
            else:
                del os.environ[var]
        threading._DummyThread._Thread__stop = self.orig_stop

    def test_translations(self):
        path = ':'.join(sys.path)
        translated_message = check_output(['python', __file__, path])
        self.assertEquals(translated_message, 'prova mesaĝo\n')

if __name__ == "__main__":
    os.environ['LC_ALL'] = 'eo'
    os.environ['SWIFT_LOCALEDIR'] = os.path.dirname(__file__)
    sys.path = string.split(sys.argv[1], ':')
    from swift import gettext_ as _
    print _('test message')


text:
By Gabrielle K. Wright on November 17, 2022 Yacht training
MINOT, ND (KXNET) – With the colder weather, the tops of lakes, rivers and many ponds are starting to freeze.
It's ideal for those who enjoy ice fishing, hockey and more.
"As you can see the ice is very unstable at the moment with the fluctuating temperatures, and the river is still flowing, which creates different currents. So even if you are quite far downstream, it can still cause problems thick ice," said Jason Babinchak, battalion chief with the Minot Fire Department.
Babinchak says the department does these types of rescues about two or three times a year and they usually happen when the ice starts to form and again when it starts to melt in the spring.
He says there are a number of reasons why a person, or even a pet, should be saved from the ice.
"The river is bubbling and everything and the kids love the water. And sometimes they like to go out and play. They love being able to get on the ice and play hockey or just slide on the ice. Ice fisherman, other things like that. Sometimes people go down the embankment, trying to cross the river instead of the next bridge and sometimes they fall," Babinchak said.
If you find yourself with someone who has fallen through the ice, it is best to act quickly.
The TSA is ready for more travelers this holiday season
Babinchak has a phrase that will help you.
"We reach, toss, row and go. So reach out with something, a stick or whatever, throw them a rope and call 911 obviously right away. And then, if we have to, we will go to them or row, we have a specialized boat for that too. Generally stay off the ice and call for help as soon as possible," Babinchak said.
He says it's not a good time to do any of these activities on the ice because the ice isn't thick enough.
And it has some additional tips to help you stay safe.
"Go with an experienced person who is used to ice cream. Try to stay off the ice for a few more weeks until it solidifies and temperatures stabilize below freezing more than they have been or below freezing. And just stay on the banks, stay away from the river and just watch for now," Babinchak said.
The suits firefighters wear for ice rescues work by keeping the body heat of the person inside, and this makes them more buoyant, so they stay afloat.
The costume also features a belt, which allows them to be hung on a rope and removed.
Conor McGregor on training bike looks like a tiger with an exciting toy
United States, Thailand conduct maritime training exercise
'They push me' – Ariarne Titmus reveals how training with boys boosted her ability to win Olympic gold
Cadet program returns to face-to-face training in the Okanagan – Vernon News


text:
Dublin Overnight
Visitor Guide to Dublin Accommodation
Book hotels, Bed and Breakfast Self Catering and Hostels in Dublin Ireland
Dublin Accommodation
Dublin Bed and Breakfast
Dublin Self Catering
Dublin Hostels
About Dublin
Pubs in Dublin
Dublin is famous for its pubs, many of which feature in song and story. Some feature prominently in great works of literature.
Pubs in Dublin vary hugely from old style traditional pubs to modern cool venues which combine food music and dance.
Guinness in Pubs in Dublin
Dublin is the home of Guinness and Dublin barmen are noted for their expertise in pulling a good pint of Guinness. Visitors from abroad always want to sample the Guinness in Dublin. A regular conversation among drinkers involves a debate on which pubs serve the best pint.
Pubs in Dublin are one of the main venues for socializing for young and old alike.
Here we sample some of Dublin's best pubs, some old, some new.
Johnnie Fox's Pub
Posted by: Dublin Overnight
Situated near the top of the Dublin mountains in Glencullen, Johnny Foxes Dublin pub is one of Ireland's oldest traditional Irish pubs and is believed to be the highest pub in the country. It is about 25-35 minutes drive from Dublin City centre. Johnnie Fox's has Traditional Irish Music every night and on Saturday and Sunday afternoons. There are also some large bands that play throughout the year on selected read more
The Brazen Head
Location: 20 Bridge Street Lower, Dublin 8 Located near Temple Bar just off the quays The Brazen Head pub Dublin claims to be Ireland's oldest pub. It can be traced back to 1198 although it is unknown how much of the original building still exists. However it still retains a sense of history and preserves the look and feel of an old tavern. The pub retains the charm and characteristics of it's past and in read more
Mulligans of Poolbeg Street
First Licensed in 1782, Mulligans Pub Dublin, located in Poolbeg Street, is one of the oldest pubs in Dublin and and has a long and colourful history. The ornate lettering over the door 'John Mulligan' is said to be the original. Mulligans has a reputation for serving the best pint of Guinness anywhere and many famous people have sampled it over the years. John F. Kennedy was a regular in 1945 when he worked read more
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