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Dakota Uprooted: Capitalism, Resilience, and the U.S.-Dakota War
White American empire transformed Minnesota into an agricultural and extraction-based economy that uprooted Dakota from their traditional homelands.
by Editorial Board
by John Legg
Following the surrender of the Dakota in September 1862, thousands of Dakota people were forcibly removed from their homelands in Minnesota as part of a two-front war to preserve and maintain U.S. empire. Loyal Americans fought to end the Rebellion in the south and to exterminate its Native neighbors in the west. Many found themselves in concentration camps, like Fort Snelling, designed to separate Dakota from white society.[1] "It was a gloomy, inhospitable site," one Dakota described Fort Snelling, "on bottomland that turned to mud and offered no protection from the icy winter winds."[2] For Dakota confined in Fort Snelling, the goal of U.S. policy was clear: theft of Dakota land and the extermination of its people.
The forced removal of Dakota to Fort Snelling indicates two issues. First, it was designed to separate Dakota from white society following the U.S.-Dakota War. Second, the land in which Dakota people lived would now be transformed into a white agricultural landscape. White American empire transformed Minnesota into an agricultural and extraction-based economy that uprooted Dakota from their traditional homelands.
An 1863 photograph Dakota tipis in the bottomlands of Fort Snelling's concentration camp. Image courtesy of the Minnesota Historical Society.
Simone Weil provides an important theoretical framework for this analysis in The Need For Roots. For Weil, uprootedness grows from two primary factors: military conquest and economic domination, both consistently intertwined under capitalism.[3] "But when the conqueror remains a stranger in the land of which he has taken possession," says Weil, "uprootedness becomes an almost mortal disease among the subdued population."[4] We see this clearly through the practice of American empire, especially in the context of the Dakota/white settler experience in Minnesota. The very presence of white settlers on Minnesota land initiated Dakota uprootedness through their exclusionary use of waterways and their appropriation of much-needed food supplies. White consumption threatened each of these essential resources upon which the Dakota relied. The primary goal for this expansion into Minnesota was to create open space for what I term the "built rural environment." White settlers came to this place to seize new opportunities for themselves: lands for farming, trees for timbering, and iron for mining.
The Minnesota landscape would be transformed from the Dakota Oyate (homeland) to this built environment designed around the extraction of resources.[5] The goal was to "make white men" of Dakota people, transforming them, according to Commissioner of Indian Affairs William P. Dole, into a civilized group with "industry, thrift, [and] economy."[6] Those who rejected assimilation stood in the way of white empire and blocked a "whole system of Northwestern Development," as James Wickes Taylor blustered in The Sioux War (1863).[7] During the process of removing Dakota people, the government hoped to transform the Minnesotan landscape into a capitalistic enterprise.
Minnesota, according to white Americans, was a vast open landscape for agriculture and industry. The National Era claimed that "there is no part of the Union where the cultivation of the soil is better regarded than in Minnesota, and it is equally adapted to grazing."[8] Another news article in the Sunbury American remarked that "the farmer in Minnesota is guaranteed success in his labors," after describing the practical results in Minnesota's cultivation. The state would produce more "wheat, rye, corn, oats, and vegetable[s]" than any other state.[9] There was this potential seen by Americans as a new place to settle and produce. Minnesota was a place for freedom, a place away from the politics and "propagation of slavery," said National Era, paving the way for white prosperity.[10] However, white empire in Minnesota depended on one crucial act: uprooting the Dakota from their lands. White settlers accomplished precisely that by flooding into Dakota territory and making life extremely difficult for the Dakota people.[11] White settlement became the spark that ignited U.S. empire, leading directly to war and the expulsion that Americans imagined all along for the Dakota.
The signing of the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux depicted by artist Francis David Millet in 1885. Image courtesy of the Minnesota Historical Society.
Northerners and Southerners continued the debate over slavery as they moved westward, though they both succeeded in the uprooting of indigenous peoples. Through the signage of the Treaties of Traverse des Sioux and Mendota in 1851, white empire and Dakota uprootedness became a reality in southcentral Minnesota. White settlement displaced the Dakota onto thin and sparsely-inhabited lands along the Minnesota River. Those treaties promised nearly $1,665,000 for the sale of 21 million acres of land. Over time, however, Dakota barely received five percent of that total. The government neglected to pay their promised annuity payments while the remaining funds were taken by Indian agents who served as intermediaries between Dakota and the U.S. government.[12] Bison populations dwindled from over-hunting and starvation set in within the Dakota communities. Andrew Myrick, a trader in the Minnesota River Valley, exemplified this larger ideal of American empire in saying "so far as I am concerned, let them eat grass or their own dung."[13] White settlers like Myrick were eager to starve-out, remove, and uproot the Dakota from Minnesota.
This system of deprivation and starvation continued into August 1862, when southcentral Minnesota became engulfed in heated combat. Conventional accounts of the war depict it as a defensive effort of white settlers protecting their property from Native savagery.[14] Examining the conflict through the lens of capitalism and empire building, however, reveals a different perspective to the story. Americans lunged westward and consumed Native lands ravenously and recklessly in southcentral Minnesota. Not only were these peoples taken from their traditional homelands, but, after a brief stay at the Fort Snelling concentration camp, they were banished from the state.
Dakota prisoners faced rough living conditions that winter of 1863, leading to widespread sickness and death before the spring frost melted. Records indicate an estimated 130 to 300 of the 1,700 Dakota held at Fort Snelling died as a result of inhospitable living conditions. After the harsh winter of 1862 and 1863, the Dakota people were shipped by steamboat down the Mississippi River and up the Missouri River to the Crow Creek Reservation in South Dakota. When the Federal government started moving military units and constructing military installations like Fort Snelling throughout the American West, their goal was to bring military order and Anglo-American culture westward. These institutions, as Alison K. Hoagland argues, symbolized centers of power that served as both offensive and defensive purposes.[15] Debates over the institution of slavery, at the same time, reached a fevered pitch as the nation inched towards emancipation during the early years of the war. Federal officials used the American West as a measure to check slaveholders and their goals for Southern empire building in western territories—though the Federal government had similar initiatives on their minds, especially through the signing of the Homestead Act of 1862.
Warren G. Harding and Indian Commissioner Burke pose with Dakota and Crow Chiefs Frost, Plenty Coos, Owl, Red Horse, and an unidentified chief at the White House. Courtesy of Photo Lot 90-1, Number 888, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institute.
White Minnesotans did not simply want the Dakota to leave. They wanted them dead. In an article in the St. Cloud Democrat, one Minnesotan wrote, "a Sioux [Dakota] has just as much right to life as a hyena, and he who would spare them is an enemy to his race."[16] White Americans dehumanized Dakota peoples, depicting them as lower peoples to make the process of empire easier for settler forces.[17]Furthermore, white Minnesotans knew the opportunities that would come from Indian removal. They were eager to access Dakota land. "Settle the Indian question properly," says an article in the St. Cloud Democrat, "emigration will flow in, and the iron horse will soon be rushing up to our doors."[18] The plan for white empire was clear: seize Dakota land, redistribute it to white migrants, and subsidize their prosperity with the publicly-funded railroad.[19] Westward expansion was American capitalism in its purest form—grab and repurpose Native land with aid from the state. With the Dakota removed from Minnesota, white Americans would be free to reap the rewards.
What did this uprootedness mean for the Dakota people? Weil viewed uprootedness as a form of cultural erasure that led to violence against subjugated groups. Expansion and capitalism displaced the Dakota from Minnesota, and while they have returned in 2019, they still face the wrath of the colonizer's force. Historical loss, as discussed by Kathleen Brown-Rice, is a form of trauma that Native peoples have faced through colonialism. The loss of land in particular changes the socioeconomic status of Native Americans and brings forward a slew of other social issues.[20] Just as in other Indigenous communities, Dakota on reservations are poverty-stricken. American Indian youth are susceptible to higher drug use and alcohol consumption, higher than any other ethnic community in the United States, according to a 2018 report by Drs. Randall C. Swaim and Linda R. Stanley for the National Institute on Drug Abuse.[21] Further, the numbers of missing and murdered indigenous women and girls continue to rise around the United States, with a majority not being reported to the Department of Justice. The Urban Indian Health Institute reported that of the 5,712 cases of missing or murdered indigenous women and girls, only 116 were reported to the DOJ, with murder being the "third-leading cause of death among American Indian/Alaska Native women."[22]
Protestors at Minnesota's State Capitol building protest the Fort Snelling site. Image courtesy of the Mendota Dakota Tribal Community.
The Dakota continue to persist despite the attempts by white Americans to erase Dakota culture and identity from the Minnesota landscape. They may have been physically removed from their traditional homelands, but the spirit of belonging to Minnesota stuck with them through the experience of removal. Dakota still seek recognition in Minnesota with the names of sites relevant to their people. In today's terms, Dakota cling to the framework of decolonization to free themselves from the colonizers' wrath in Minnesota. Native scholars and Waziyatawin and Michael Yellow Bird push for Native peoples not simply to return to the days of pre-colonial Minnesota, but rather reestablish Dakota destiny and reclaim their sovereignty.[23] "The ecological destruction may be so complete that Indigenous lifeways may be impossible to practice," argues Waziyatawin, and "there is a simultaneous and urgent need for both the restoration of sustainable Indigenous practices and a serious defense of Indigenous homelands."[24] Minnesota has faced near-destruction of their forests, wetlands, and prairies to the expansion of American empire.
Dakota in Minnesota still face uprootedness. From the empire building of the nineteenth century to the lasting economic and environmental injustices seen in Minnesota, the Dakota people continue to feel removed from their lands. The theft of Dakota land represents an ongoing act of genocide that warrants reparations. Regardless, the most honest approach would acknowledge that white Americans perpetrated a permanent act of plunder from which their descendants continue to benefit materially. We continue to uproot the Dakota by expelling them from the full material benefits of community membership–the essence of uprootedness–after having taken their community at gunpoint.
John R. Legg is a graduate student in the Department of History at Virginia Tech. His work centers on the contested public memory of the U.S.-Dakota War. His thesis, "Dakota Resilience: Contested Memories and the Decolonized U.S.-Dakota War," examines how Dakota centralize and reclaim the memory of the Dakota War. Additionally, he is an intern at the American Civil War Museum in Richmond, Virginia, where he is researching Native Americans during the Civil War era. His work has been featured in places like the Minneapolis Star Tribune, the Journal of the Civil War Era's Muster Blog, and Tropics of Meta. You can follow John on Twitter (@thejohnlegg).
[1] In using the term "concentration camp," I follow how the Dakota refer to the camps. Many non-Natives consider camps, like Fort Snelling, to be internment or holding camps. In a December 2018 editorial by Dakota leaders, Charles R. Vig, Shelley Buck, and Brian Pendleton suggest that the Dakota experience was traumatic. Anything less, the authors argue, "appears to be an effort to minimize the tragedy that befell [their] ancestors." Read more at "Counterpoint: Paint the Dakota's Plight in the Winter of 1862 As It Was—Horrific," Star Tribune (Minneapolis, MN), December 10, 2018."
[2] Waziyatawin Angela Wilson, "Decolonizing the 1862 Death Marches," in In the Footsteps of Our Ancestors: The Dakota Commemorative Marches of the 21st Century (St. Paul: Living Justice Press, 2006), 56.
[3] Simone Weil, The Need For Roots: Prelude to a Declaration of Duties Towards Mankind; Reprint, Routledge Classics edition, 2002 (Paris: Editions Gallimard, 1949), 41.
[4] Weil, The Need For Roots, 41.
[5] The term "built rural environment" has themes that parallel William Cronon's idea of "Second Nature," seen in his book, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991), xix. This "second nature" refers to "the artificial nature that people erect atop "first nature," or the environment seen prior to non-Native development and empire building. In the case of the "built rural environment," I place my argument through terraforming, an idea that an environment is transformed to a landscape suitable to support humans. See James S.J. Schwartz's "On The Moral Permissibility of Terraforming," Ethics and the Environment, Vol 18, No. 2 (2013) 1-3. Schwartz's thrust is that there is an assumption that a specific landscape is "lifeless," which brings reasoning to colonize, settle, or transform that space into a suitable environment for human life. For the story of the Dakota, white settlers saw the land as an empty swath of land, ready for a "rebirth," in Frederick Jackson Turner's terms ("The Significance of the Frontier in American History" July 12, 1893). The process of terraforming the Minnesota landscape removed Dakota and other indigenous peoples for the sake of empire building and westward expansion.
[6] Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for The Year 1863 (Washington: Governmental Printing Office, 1864), 283.
[7] James Wickes Taylor, The Sioux War: What Has Been Done by the Minnesota Campaign of 1863; What Should Be Done during a Dakota Campaign of 1864 (St. Paul: Office of the Press Printing Company, 1863), 12.
[8] "From the Northwest," The National Era (Washington D.C.), July 18, 1850.
[9] Thomas Foster, "Minnesota Territory," Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), June 15, 1850.
[10] A.B. Webber, "Minnesota Correspondence of the Press and Tribune," The Press and Tribune (Chicago, IL), August 16, 1859.;"June 20th," National Era (Washington D.C.), July 18, 1850.; Statements such as these are common in the antislavery literature to see slavery as anti-white. See, for example, Eric Foner's Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
[11] See Richard White's The Republic for which it Stands: The United States During Reconstruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017), 107.
[12] "Minnesota Treaties," USDakotaWar.org, accessed May 27, 2019, http://www.usdakotawar.org/history/treaties/minnesota-treaties.
[13] "Andrew Myrick," USDakotaWar.org, accessed May 27, 2019, http://www.usdakotawar.org/history/andrew-myrick.
[14] See, for example, Boyd Cothran's critique of the Native/settler violence in American memory in Remembering the Modoc War: Redemptive Violence and the Making of American Innocence (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2014), 19-20.
[15] Alison K. Hoagland, "Village Constructions: U.S. Army Forts on the Plains, 1848-1890," Winterthur Portfolio, Vol. 34, No. 4 (1999): 215-218.
[16] "Indian war," St. Cloud Democrat (Saint Cloud, MN), October 16, 1862.; In the January 29, 1863 issue of the St. Cloud Democrat, a passage states that "Minnesota is staggering under a debt of vengeance that will be cancelled in the extermination of the Sioux," "Lo, the Poor Indian: The Lecture of Mrs. Swisshelm," St. Cloud Democrat (Saint Cloud, MN), January 29, 1863. I post this in a note to strengthen the argument that white Minnesotan's eagerly sought to both remove and seek revenge on Dakota following the U.S.-Dakota War.
[17] For more information on savagism versus civility, see Robert F. Berkhofer's White Man's Indian: Images of the American Indian from Columbus to the Present (New York: Vintage Books, 1979).; Eric R. Wolf, Europe and the People without History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), 285.
[18] "The Railroad Supper: A Perfect Success," St. Cloud Democrat (Saint Cloud, MN), March 26, 1863.
[19] Richard White, Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America (New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2011), 4 .
[20] Kathleen Brown-Rice, "Examining the Theory of Historical Trauma Among Native Americans," The Professional Counselor, accessed June 5, 2019, http://tpcjournal.nbcc.org/examining-the-theory-of-historical-trauma-among-native-americans/.
[21] Randall C. Swaim and Linda R. Stanley, "Substance Use Among American Indian Youths on Reservations Compared With a National Sample of US Adolescents," JAMA Network Open, Vol. 1, No. 1 (2018), 1-2.
[22] Annita Lucchesi and Abigail Echo-Hawk, "Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls: A snapshot of data from 71 urban cities in the United States," Urban Indian Health Institute, 2016, accessed April 21, 2019, http://www.uihi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Missing-and-Murdered-Indigenous-Women-and-Girls-Report.pdf.
[23] Waziyatawin and Michael Yellow Bird, eds., For Indigenous Eyes Only: A Decolonization Handbook (Santa Fe, NM: School for Advanced Research Press, 2012), 2-3.
[24] Waziyatawin, "The Paradox of Indigenous Resurgence at the End of Empire," Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education and Society, Vol. 1, No. 1 (2012); 68.
TagsAmerican West • April 2019 • Dakota • Empire • Migrants • migration • Minnesota • West
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The 442nd Combat Team was a segregated division of the US Army made up of second-generation Japanese Americans. Many of these men left the relocation camps to fight in combat. Family members stayed connected to their loved ones overseas, sending them small gifts and mementos. This Christmas card was sent to a special person in Topaz Relocation Center from Ken Nihei, a 442nd soldier stationed in Italy.


You have begun Act One, and we see a planet. That planet is Earth, but not your Earth. This Earth, is doomed to be destroyed by the game called SBURB. But not yet, but soon.
One random day in the infinite realm of Paradox Space, we see a young girl standing in her bedroom. And today, is not her birthday, but she doesn't really care, since it is only about one month away. She looks nervous for some reason, but we can't really tell why. Maybe she always looks like this? Maybe something happened that made her like this? We will not know this for a little bit. But first, we must find out this young girl's name.
May I take your motherfuckin order?
Yeah, you were starting to get bored of doing this too. Intros never really exited you, so it would just be easier to stop. But you need to do something for these people! Not just stand there looking like a idiot! Now, what are you going to do?
You begin describing your interests in better detail. As you stated before, you enjoy animes and mangas. You like all types of them, but your favorites are Soul Eater, Fairy Tail, and OHSHC. You have knowledge that the lasr manga you mentioned has some explicit content, but you, nor your father, don't mind. You also have big interest in reading books. You especially like them in different languages. You like decoding them into English so you can understand. You also really like all genres of music, but especially J-pop and country, But you don't sing for reasons you will not disclose yet. You then see that there is a message on your computer. Will you check it?
[AA] what are you doing?
[AA] so watching anime, reading manga, and listening to that j-pop stuff?
[AA} have you watched those horror movies i sent you yet?
[AA] those ones are really cheesy!
[TT] Okay, I'll try to watch them.
[TT] Because we were gonna play that game today.
[TT] SBURB I think it was called.
[AA] wait, have you even gotten the disk yet?
[TT] I was waiting for you to talk to me so I could get the okay to put it in.
[AA] but the one that says client.
[TT] I'll tell you when it's up.


Blogging for Myself: Politics: Doing too little for the disabled.
As always I was in the car when I caught this program over radio yesterday. I am so glad to see it appear on Facebook with the link to the interview.
"Pest" was the word that caught my attention. I quote them.
That is how Aw felt about the ministers. Is it true? I think so because my ever candid former boss had gotten that from them as well. I am not VIP enough to experience this.
But Aw is not giving up, kudos to him! Eventually he or someone will succeed. To me it is a matter of time. Actually the time was yesterday for those who understand this but politically it is not pressing enough, too capital costly to do it now.
The widest gap in the world is in politics. The gap between idealism and realism.
Our system is quite good at engaging with situations like this. A true and most important simple enough story that is easy enough to make a TV story out of. If you have Tourette's syndrome, Asperger's Syndrome etc., you are out of luck.
We are much better at demonstrative and copycat love and care than loving from the heart. It is just human nature. Mother Teresa had often observed and spoken about the greatest poverty in the world which she identified to be the poverty of love. But as a policy maker you cannot afford to be idealistic and hence impractical dealing with matters of the heart. You have to be satisfied with the practical and if it is superficial so be it.


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The Materialist World View Must Go
Mark Vernon	| The Guardian	7,251 views
The rigid 19th-century materialist orthodoxy should be challenged to allow broader interpretations.
Werner Heisenberg, one of the founding fathers of quantum physics, once observed that history could be divided into periods according to what people of the time made of matter. In his book Physics and Philosophy , published in the early 60s, he argued that at the beginning of the 20th century we entered a new period. It was then that quantum physics threw off the materialism that dominated the natural sciences of the 19th century. Of materialism, he wrote:
"[This] frame was so narrow and rigid that it was difficult to find a place in it for many concepts of our language that had always belonged to its very substance, for instance, the concept of mind, of the human soul or of life. Mind could be introduced into the general picture only as a kind of mirror of the material world."
Today we live in the 21st century, and it seems that we are still stuck with this narrow and rigid view of the things. As Rupert Sheldrake puts it in his new book, The Science Delusion: "The belief system that governs conventional scientific thinking is an act of faith, grounded in a 19th-century ideology."
That's provocative rhetoric. Science an act of faith? Science a belief system? But then how else to explain the grip of the mechanistic, physicalist, purposeless cosmology? As Heisenberg explained, physicists among themselves have long stopped thinking of atoms as things. They exist as potentialities or possibilities, not objects or facts. And yet, materialism persists.
Heisenberg recommended staying in touch with reality as we experience it, which is to say holding a place for conceptions of mind and soul. The mechanistic view will pass, he was certain. In a way, Sheldrake's scientific career has been devoted to its overthrow. He began in a mainstream post as director of studies in cell biology at Cambridge University, though he challenged the orthodoxy when he proposed his theory of morphogenetic fields.
This is designed to account for, say, the enormously complex structure of proteins. A conventional approach, which might be described as bottom-up, has protein molecules "exploring" all possible patterns until settling on one with a minimum energy. This explanation works well for simple molecules, like carbon dioxide. However, proteins are large and complicated. As Sheldrake notes: "It would take a small protein about 1026 years to do this, far longer than the age of the universe."
As a result, some scientists are proposing top-down, holistic explanations. Sheldrake's particular proposal is that such self-organising systems exist in fields of memory or habit. These contain the information required to make the structure.
Fearlessly, he extends the speculation to embrace a range of phenomena that many people experience. Telephone telepathy is one, when you are thinking about someone just as they phone. Or the sense of being stared at. The idea, roughly, is that our intentions can be communicated across mental fields that are like morphogenetic fields. They connect us — though in the modern world, with its ideological and technological distractions, we are not very good at noticing them.
Sheldrake has continually to fight his corner. In the new book, he records an encounter with Richard Dawkins, when the eminent atheist was making his 2007 TV series Enemies of Reason. Sheldrake suggested they discuss the actual evidence for telepathy. Dawkins resisted. "There isn't time. It's too complicated. And that's not what the programme is about," Sheldrake reports Dawkins saying, before himself retorting that he wasn't interested in taking part in another "low-grade debunking exercise". Dawkins reportedly replied: "It's not a low-grade debunking exercise; it's a high-grade debunking exercise."
I admire Sheldrake for his extraordinary good humour, given the decades of abuse he has endured. This manner comes across in The Science Delusion because, at heart, it is a passionate plea for the materialist worldview, finally, definitively, to be challenged.
Whether or not his own theories will stand the test of time is another question. In a paper published in the Journal of Consciousness Studies in November 2011, Fraser Watts examines them at face value and, broadly, finds them suggestive but wanting. For example, Sheldrake conceives of mental fields via the analogy of an amoeba: as an amoeba extends its pseudopodia and touches the environment around it, similarly telepathy and the like would be the result of "mental pseudopodia" extended into the world around us.
The analogy has the benefit of naturalising extrasensory perception, Watts notes. But it also raises problems. For example, how would it be possible mentally "to touch" objects that don't exist, as would happen when contemplating a centaur? Watts concludes: "An adequate account of the mind must encompass both first- and third-person description whereas the idea of a 'field', along with the other spatial descriptions that Sheldrake uses, seem to be exclusively third-person type descriptions." Oddly, this is a strikingly 19th century attitude to have.
Nonetheless, Sheldrake must welcome such serious engagement with his work. He may not be right in the details. But he is surely right, with Heisenberg, in insisting that the materialist world view must go.
Filed under: Articles, News · Tags: materialism, morphogenetic fields, sheldrake, telepathy
J.de Vulcan says:
Atoms as the next step down of the ladder of materia, from a realm beyond the vibrations and frequencies of uncertain (for us)existens.Like the light from the SUN becomes bees,flowers,honey,trees ,people,a Planet.
It's even "worse", J.de Vulcan 😉 There's no matter inside the atoms: https://wariscrime.com/new/infinite-energy-is-the-only-truth/
Blacko says:
Does the matter matter? There's energy therein!!
"Therein…" Wherein? 😉
God is a physical thought, what it thinks occurs accross forever, universes etc. its thoughts and physics and itself are all the same thing
The fallacy of a free press and free speech is that the public is nearly always too lazy to look for truth itself. A great part of the people who force information on the public have an ulterior motive.
— John Bagot Glubb

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Els trepaxonemats (Trepaxonemata) constitueixen una subclasse de platihelmints que inclou tots els rabditòfors exceptuant els macrostomorfs. Es caracteritzen per tenir una organització de les fibres de microtúbuls en "9+1" a l'axonema dels espermatozous madurs, amb l'element del microtúbul central fent una espiral. Es coneixen però, algunes excepcions degudes a reversions. Aquesta és una sinapomorfia morfològica ultraestructural que s'ha vist suportada per estudis de filogènia molecular.

Filogènia
Posició filogenètica dels trepaxonemats dins l'embrancament dels platihelmints segons el treball de Laumer i col·laboradors publicat l'any 2015:

Taxonomia
La classificació taxonòmica actual dels trepaxonemats és la següent:
 Clade Amplimatricata
 Ordre Lecithoepitheliata
 Ordre Polycladida
 Clade Euneoophora
 Ordre Proseriata
 Ordre Rhabdocoela
 Clade Acentrosomata
 Clade Adiaphanida
 Ordre Fecampiida
 Ordre Prolecithophora
 Ordre Tricladida
 Clade Bothrioneodermata
 Ordre Bothrioplanida
 Clade Neodermata
 Ordre Cestoda
 Ordre Monogenea
 Ordre Trematoda

Referències

Rabditòfors

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Home About Us News Mount Marty College Receives Land Donation
Enrollment on the Mount Marty College (MMC) campus in Yankton was up this fall, and the land holdings of the school are growing as well thanks to the generosity of Yankton resident and MMC assistant business professor Charlie Gross.
Earlier this month MMC was gifted with funds to purchase a piece of ground located to the east of the main campus. The land, which is located approximately a block away from campus across Summit Street, is adjacent to Westside Park and was previously owned by the Yankton County Historical Society, Inc. Historically the land functioned as a track for Yankton's old middle school.
MMC Athletic Director, Chris Kassin, says the college is appreciative any time it receives a donation and this one will be particularly beneficial to the athletics department. "We are grateful for the donation of this land; the athletics department plans to use it as a practice field for our soccer teams which will improve practice schedules for all of our athletes," Kassin added that the new field will also provide additional space for intramural sports.
Gross sees the donation as a way to support a number of causes that are important to him. "Growing up I always thought of the track as a part of the park and it was important to me that it stays a part of the park; by giving the money to the MMC I was able to support the growth of the college and make a positive impact on the historical society, so it was a win-win."
Beyond the addition of a sprinkler system, MMC has no plans to develop the property.


24.3 km (15.1 mi), of which 2.0 km (1.2 mi) on tarmac or pavements. Cumulative ascent/descent: 389 m each. For a shorter walk, and an alternative finish in Bayford, see Walk options in the PDF.
OS Landranger Map: 166 (Luton & Hertford) OS Explorer Map: 174 (Epping Forest & Lee Valley). Broxbourne Station, map reference TL 374 072, 7 km south east of Hertford, and 30m above sea level. Bayford Station, map reference TL 315 082, 5 km south of Hertford, and 73m above sea level. Both are in East Hertfordshire.
After winding its way out of Broxbourne along a canal and through a park, this strenuous walk ascends through the Spital Brook valley into Broxbourne Woods National Nature Reserve, an assortment of varied, ancient and wild woods, serrated by a plethora of streams. A circuitous route linking up separate woods follows age old trails, paths and green lanes through a magnificent and diverse woodland setting. While broadly following a well signposted trail through the Nature Reserve, the walk often diverts from it to take more interesting directions. Most of the distance and the ascent are covered before lunch, but the lunch pub serves food all afternoon, so a leisurely pace is entirely possible.
There are plenty of signed and unsigned paths in the woods, thus following the detailed written directions is essential, and a map and a compass are recommended.
Broxbourne Station is on the Liverpool Street to Cambridge or Hertford East lines with four trains an hour (two on Sundays), journey time between 25 and 34 minutes. It is also serviced by trains from Stratford, with half-hourly services taking from 30 minutes. Trains stop at Tottenham Hale (connect from the Victoria Line).
Bayford Station (an Alternative Ending) is on the Moorgate to Hertford North and Stevenage line (up to 4 trains per hour weekdays, two on weekends), with a journey time from 40 minutes weekdays, 45 minutes on weekends. Currently Broxbourne is within the Oyster Pay-As-You-Go area (but outside the numbered zones), while Bayford is not. A Hertford (All Stations) return ticket covers both stations. This should be the cheapest option for the short walk.


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The beloved New York institution will re-open in a new location thanks to the recent acquisition by Lin-Manuel Miranda and his Hamilton collaborators.
New York City's Drama Book Shop closes its doors at its longtime home on 40th Street January 20, shutting only temporarily before re-opening in a new location in the fall. After recent rent hikes, the beloved institution was under threat of shuttering permanently—until longtime fan of the store Lin-Manuel Miranda, among others, stepped in to purchase it.
The contents of the 100-year-old store (which was awarded a special Tony Award in 2011) will go into storage for a few months while the new owners look for and build a new store. The store will close at 6 PM on January 20 and will be open from noon.
Earlier this month, the Drama Book Shop was purchased by Miranda, Hamilton director Thomas Kail, Hamilton lead producer Jeffrey Seller, and Hamilton landlord James L. Nederlander (the Nederlander Organization owns the Richard Rodgers Theatre, the Broadway home to Hamilton). The quartet is currently working with the City of New York to find an affordable space for the store.
In its final weeks, the shop has welcomed the theatre community to share their memories of the store, covering the walls in personal notes. Many have been shared on social media.
A new location for The Drama Book Shop will be announced in the coming months.


The history of the company dates back to 1997, when the core of the current team began developing the IMiS software product; in 2002 we founded the company Imaging Systems. Our work in the field of Imaging & Archiving has received several awards at home and abroad. We are united by knowledge, dedication to our work, the desire for technological progress, a correct professional attitude towards clients and 20 years of experience.
21.04.2009 The e-VEM project for companies was chosen as the best ICT project of 2009.


text:
class CreateLanguages < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
  def change
    create_table :languages do |t|
    	t.string :name
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


But Trump and Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Ky., reportedly agreed Republicans will wait until after the 2020 presidential and congressional elections before considering legislation to replace the Affordable Care Act.
"He did say, as he later tweeted, he accepted that and that he would be developing a plan that he would take to the American people during the 2020 campaign, and suggested that is what he would be advocating in a second term if there were a Republican Congress", he said.
After spending hundreds of days blocking President Barack Obama's 2016 nomination of Merrick Garland to the US Supreme Court, Republican Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell then went "nuclear" to get Trump's first supreme court pick, Neil Gorsuch, approved. Just eight Republicans joined majority Democrats in voting to urge the administration to reverse its assault against Obamacare, as the 2010 Affordable Care Act that overhauled the US healthcare system is popularly known. He predicted Republicans would soon be known as "the party of health care", though he offered no details of a replacement.
"This will be a great campaign issue", Trump continued.
On Tuesday, Democrats seized on Trump's punting of the issue until after the elections. John McCain's "no" vote that killed the repeal-and-replace effort. What happens to the tens of millions of Americans who will lose their health care? Don't worry says the president: "we're working on a plan now".
The House's non-binding resolution would also ask the Department of Justice to reverse its decision and protect the law, including provisions regarding coverage for pre-existing conditions. And it signaled that, after two years in Trump's Washington, Republicans on Capitol Hill are figuring out how to handle the president and his impulsive swerves on policy. But Thune said, "you run into that wall of reality", of a divided Congress with Democrats in control of the House, which requires bipartisanship.


Entrepreneurs and marketers know the importance of a great website tagline: it catches attention, defines, communicates, and differentiates a brand. However, there's more to it than meets the eye. A tagline can help your website — your silent 24/7 salesperson — secure a conversion.
But first, what is a tagline?
A tagline is the big chunk of text that can usually be found on top of a page alongside a website's banner photo. It's ideally a gripping phrase or sentence that welcomes and conveys a message for a reader to get a grasp on what the website is all about.
Often, prospects who visit your site will have questions that immediately need to be addressed. These questions revolve around who you are, what you do, and what your qualification is in providing the product or service that they want.
Now, which tagline appeals to you the most? Both talk about the phone's camera, but the one on the right brings more focus for consumers looking for a phone that's good for taking selfies — exactly what you're looking for. The tagline on the right becomes more effective because it attracts you to explore more about the product.
Take note that there are also instances when other visitors from the search engine results pages have already begun thinking about engaging your product or service. A compelling tagline on your website will be a crucial element in the conversion process as it will be the first thing they read before sealing the deal.
Let's have a more detailed discussion on writing a memorable website tagline.
Keeping things simple is the expert rule of thumb since no website owner wants to welcome their prospects with something complicated. Though in following this approach, there are plenty of websites that mistake simplicity for brevity. In fact, the common practice of few-worded web taglines has become a cliché to the point that it now leaves a small room for uniqueness, impact, and memorability.
There are no strangers, just a world of people you haven't met.
It isn't brief, but it's simple and effective in conveying their idea of welcoming tourists from any part of the world. It also reflects their business' purpose as a bridge for guests to meet different people along the way.
According to Business 2 Community, businesses should use positive language because of two things: one, it enables customers to easily understand the brand's message; and two, people want to know why they should choose your brand. Positive language allows people to focus on solutions, on what will work. And writing a solution revolves around the concept of using a "should vs. could language" to motivate a profitable action across your target audience.
For example, when you write "Don't settle for less", you're somehow telling your customer that it's wrong for them to be content with the ordinary. It's written negatively in a subtle way. Whereas when you write "Unleash your full potential", you're telling them that they can be better than what they are now. A positive tone delivers energy as well as enthusiasm and implies that your brand is there to help them.
An example of positive language in a real-world setting can be found in parks, wherein a signage will say "Thank you for not stepping on the grass" instead of "Keep off the grass". It shows appreciation for those who follow their rules, further encouraging other people to do the same.
Writing a gripping website tagline can be a challenging task since it requires a crystal-clear definition of what you want people to feel when they explore your site and hear about your brand. Often, it also centres on the question of using promotion or prevention language; whereas prevention-minded consumers are focused on their possible losses, promotion-minded people are fixated on opportunities and responsibilities.
Your target market's desirable action typically originates from the emotional appeal they get from browsing your website. A tagline written to elicit emotions works wonders in getting the conversions you want.
As such, you can choose between writing in a positive or negative tone of voice. A positive tone works well for businesses, while a negative tone can be more useful for charity or not-for-profit organisations. This is because as a business, you wouldn't want your customers to misunderstand a negative message that can be attributed to your brand. And as a non-profit organisation, you need to influence strong emotions across your audience for them to take action.
Picture a banner tagline that says "Helping the Country Save Water." It's good but readers won't feel that motivated to do anything about it. If you want them to engage, your tagline should read something like "10,000 gallons of water are wasted by one household per year," and follow a call-to-action that says "Learn how you can help" instead. This is a more compelling tone and will pave way for better conversion rates on your website.
When in doubt, it's always best to tap the expertise of a capable web copywriter who can analyse your company or organisation's goal in order to have an effective website tagline that appeals to your audience's emotions.
Imagine discovering a new brand online. It has a decent website, a striking logo, and an attractive set of banner photos that can give you an initial idea of their line of business. However, at some point, you'll ask: What is it they actually do? What is their brand's personality? The website's tagline, if written with the brand's mission in mind, will save you all the necessary guesswork.
Aside from being simple and emotionally appealing, your tagline must encapsulate key details your readers need to know about you on your site. Aside from adding the "finishing touch" to a winning website design, it should communicate your brand's essence and nature. However, before you achieve this, you must have fully understood what your company or organisation stands for.
For example, the tagline "Investing in Value Beyond Numbers" we coined for 8i Investments talks about the company's mission towards value-based acquisition. It also reflects the company's focus on the kind of acquisition process that provides mutual benefits for both parties.
Read Forbes' article on defining your brand with a tagline here.
Whereas your website's design is all about making your brand look good, your copy is dedicated to making it sound good. If your tagline serves as music to somebody's ears, then it's already able to become memorable the moment they land on your homepage.
For many, however, writing with harmony can be the most challenging task because it requires a strong command of the English language. Even if your tagline demands to be simple, you need to be knowledgeable about various figures of speech, sentence pacing, moods, as well as mixing and matching of words in order to create something that will pique your readers' interest. Otherwise, it'll result in coming up with taglines that are just as good as anybody else can write.
As such, it's important to have a copywriter who can fully understand your creative brief in order to deliver the right impact for your readers. Because even with a few words, a meaningful and pleasant-sounding tagline can establish rapport and good impressions for your brand.
One way to build authority and gain consumer trust is to provide them with nothing less than factual information.
Unfortunately, many companies practice the use of superlatives in taglines such as "best," "leading," or even "#1" without any information to back up their claims. This is a red flag for many audiences as they consider it false advertising. Using unfounded superlatives also poses a high risk for businesses, especially if they can't deliver the expected top-notch services they claim to provide. Keep in mind that your tagline is one of the first things people will see on your website. If they can't trust that, then they'll have a hard time trusting anything else from your brand.
Superlatives aren't necessary for having a compelling tagline. However, if you prefer to have some adjectives, then it's best to ensure that it's truthful, powerful and won't sound too good to be true. Words such as "quality," "competitive," or even "capable" are safe options if you want to impress and persuade your reader into taking a profitable action.
Here at Verz, we believe that a gripping tagline goes beyond catching attention; it will help your company secure a conversion and eventually, a sale. It is a vital part of any website, including simple WordPress websites, eCommerce websites and customised websites, as it is the very first verbal content that should entertain and engage a visitor. With our professionally trained in-house copywriters, we can help you come up with the right tagline that could elevate your brand's position across your target market.
Need help in creating a compelling tagline and copy for your website? Tap into our copywriters' expertise by giving us a call at 6841 1680 or sending us an email at [email protected].


text:
Q: Poner la fecha actual por Default al calendario Yo he realizado un metodo que me permite elegir la fecha de un calendario que se muetra y pegar la seleccion en un EditText, pero lo que quiero es que por defecto la fecha del dia actual se aparezca en el EditText, sin tener que estar seleccionando el año, mes y dia del calendario. gracias.
Aqui dejo el codigo que implemente selecionando año, mes y dia.
 public void metodo_fecha(View v){
    final Calendar c =Calendar.getInstance();
    dia=c.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH);
    mes=c.get(Calendar.MONTH);
    ano=c.get(Calendar.YEAR);

    DatePickerDialog datePickerDialog = new DatePickerDialog(this, new DatePickerDialog.OnDateSetListener() {
        @Override
        public void onDateSet(DatePicker view, int year, int month, int dayOfMonth) {
            etfecha.setText(dayOfMonth+"/"+(month+1)+"/"+year);
        }
    },dia,mes,ano);
    datePickerDialog.show();

}

A: Tu error se debe a que para inicializar correctamente el DatePickerDialog debes usar año, mes y día, NO día, mes, año.
DatePickerDialog (Context context,
                int themeResId,
                DatePickerDialog.OnDateSetListener listener,
                int year,
                int monthOfYear,
                int dayOfMonth)
debe ser:
DatePickerDialog datePickerDialog = new DatePickerDialog(this, new DatePickerDialog.OnDateSetListener() {
    @Override
    public void onDateSet(DatePicker view, int year, int month, int dayOfMonth) {
        etfecha.setText(dayOfMonth+"/"+(month+1)+"/"+year);
    }
}, ano, mes, dia /*dia,mes,ano*/);

tienes que inicializarlo correctamente con los datos de año, mes y día que obtienes a partir del calendario.
public void metodo_fecha(View v){
    final Calendar c =Calendar.getInstance();
    dia=c.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH);
    mes=c.get(Calendar.MONTH);
    ano=c.get(Calendar.YEAR);

    DatePickerDialog datePickerDialog = new DatePickerDialog(this, new DatePickerDialog.OnDateSetListener() {
        @Override
        public void onDateSet(DatePicker view, int year, int month, int dayOfMonth) {
            etfecha.setText(dayOfMonth+"/"+(month+1)+"/"+year);
        }
    },ano,mes,dia);
    datePickerDialog.show();

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Commission Approves €39.7 Million Aid to Riga International Airport
Air Travel, European Commission, Riga, Riga International Airport, Schengen Tourism, Schengen Travel, Schengen Travel Ban, Schengen Visa, State Aid
The European Commission has approved €39.7 million to be given to the Riga International Airport in order to recapitalize it after major losses incurred in 2020 and so far in 2021, according to an announcement published by the Commission.
The airport, which is completely owned by the Latvian state, incurred extremely heavy losses due to "the travel restrictions that Latvia and other countries had to impose" to limit the spread of COVID-19.
The breakup and allocation of the funds, according to the announcement, are as follows:
€35.2 million capital injection, which is essentially stimulus money.
€4.5 million waived dividend payment for the 2019 financial year, which would have been a payment made to shareholders (mainly the Latvian state) based on the airport's net profits from 2019.
It is unclear why the Latvian government and the Commission are waiving a defaulted dividend payment for 2019, before the COVID-19 crisis had any large negative or widespread economic ramifications.
Despite the lack of continuity, officials are still concerned with losses incurred on businesses like airports, especially ones that are owned by governments, and the economic losses incurred on them because of the travel restrictions that governments put in place and have refused to relax.
"Airports are among the companies that have been hit particularly hard by the coronavirus outbreak. With this measure, Latvia will contribute up to €39.7 million to reinforce Riga International Airport's equity and support the company face the economic effects of the outbreak. At the same time, the State aid will come with strings attached to limit undue distortions of competition. We continue working closely with Member States to ensure that national support measures can be put in place in a coordinated and effective way, in line with EU rules," said Margarethe Vestager, Executive Vice President.
The aid being given to the Riga International Airport does come with conditions, however. These conditions include:
That the capital will not exceed the minimum needed and will not go beyond restoring its capital position before COVID-19.
The capital injected into the airport will go towards maintaining its viability. If after 7 years of receiving this aid the airport has still not regained its viability and the state's intervention has not been redeemed, a restructuring plan for the airport will be created by the Commission.
The airport is subject to bans on dividends (which pay the shareholders of the airport) and share buybacks (which allows the airport to buy back shares of the business from investors) until the state has exited in-full.
Until at least 75% of the recapitalization is redeemed, the airport cannot acquire a stake of more than 10% in competitors or other operators in the same line of business.
The airport will have to publish information on the use of the aid received, including on how the aid supports the EU's goals for green and digital transitions.
The Commission concludes the announcement stating that the aid measure aims at restoring the financial position and liquidity of Riga International Airport in the turbulent and disruptive environment caused by governments' reactions in response to COVID-19, while limiting the competition distortions.
As Ukraine has fallen victim to a significant cyber-attack, the European Union has announced that they will respond in-kind with Ukraine against its aggressors, according
Bulgaria's new government passed a bill to abolish their citizenship by investment, or 'golden visa' scheme, according to reports. The golden visa scheme is a
RyanAir will be suspending 33% of its January international flights for a three-week period, according to a RyanAir spokesperson's announcement of the decision. According to
There will be fundamental changes made to the European Union's Digital Covid Certificate, according to an update to the Certificate's page on the European Commission's
Lithuania's President, Gitanas Nauseda, said that it was a 'mistake' to allow Taiwan to open an office for the representatives in Vilnius under their own
France has officially taken over the Presidency of the Council of Europe from 23:00 GMT on 1 January 2022. What this means is that France


World Series Game 3: Boston Red Sox v Los Angeles Dodgers – live!
Devers ground to first, it's routine for Muncy who takes it himself, inning over.
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text:
JAM Magazine
JAM Magazine Concert Reviews
Verizon Theatre at Grand Prairie
Grand Prairie, TX USA
Review by Angela Patterson
Photos by Barry Bond
Peace, Love And Carlos Santana
Carlos Santana brought percussion, horns and his incredible signature guitar sound to Verizon Theatre March 18th as a stop on his current "Corazón" Tour. Corazón is Santana's first-ever Spanish language album and it features artists like Gloria Estefan, Juanes, Romeo Santos and Pitbull.
If you've never been to a Santana concert, there are a couple of things you should know. First of all, it's a percussion party. To say it's "rhythmic" is an understatement. The African influence is ever present and the center of many of his songs. At any given time, three to four drummers are banging away on everything from a typical drum kit to congas and timbales - plus vocalists play many other percussion instruments too. You'll absolutely find yourself caught up in the rhythm. I played the air maracas throughout the show. Although Verizon Theatre doesn't offer a luxurious amount of space around you, you're always free to do some in-seat dancing.
Secondly, you don't have to be bilingual to enjoy the show. The vocals are in English and Spanish. Music is a universal language and Santana's music transcends cultural boundaries. It mesmerizes the masses; it soothes the soul. After the concert one fan said, "The music he plays has no flag." The term World Music was created years ago - probably because his style didn't fit in a box.
Santana kicked off the show with Toussaint L'Overture. Heavy African-like percussion set the pace for the signature Hammond organ to chime in, setting the party mood.
The guitar virtuoso melted the strings during his solo (Da Le) Yaleo. I wanted to get up and dance but it was too early to embarrass myself. During Black Magic Woman, I noticed that literally hundreds of cellphone cameras were recording his performance. (Some artists send security out to police that type of activity). He made the guitar speak with great passion and voice. On numerous occasions he turned his guitar toward the sky as if it were a spiritual offering. His performance was in fact a spiritual experience.
I loved the vintage video footage that was projected on the screens during Oye Como Va . Speaking a fair amount of Spanish myself, I finally realized that I've been singing the wrong lyrics for years. But the important thing is that you don't need to be bilingual to enjoy a Santana show.
He showcased his talent by switching between acoustic and electric guitars during Maria, Maria. Santana made the electric guitar deliver such raw emotion that he seemed to make it cry during Europa (Earth's Cry, Heaven's Smile.) Being an instrumental, you don't know exactly what's going on but you feel it -- you know it's deep, spiritual, and emotional.
As expected, he really drew in the local crowd when he played "The Eyes of Texas." Santana threw in a little Michael Jackson "The Way You Make Me Feel" during another song. He had a lot of fun with the show, taking a selfie with a fan's cell phone, then walking away, pretending to take it. He then picked right back up and started playing again - never missing a beat.
Wife/drummer Cindy Blackman Santana put on such an electric solo that she was given a standing ovation by the audience, a bouquet of flowers, and a kiss by her adoring husband Carlos. Ladies: can you imagine her shoe closet? Carlos has an amazing line of shoes that you can find at Macy's.
You Better Change Your Evil Ways, Baby
The rock legend-turned-humanitarian not only brought amazing guitar riffs and musical magic to the ears of the audience, he left them with a spiritual message.
Between songs he said, "An invitation to each and every one of you: we don't wish to tell anyone who to be, what to do or how to do it. We invite you to look in the mirror, say 'I am significant and I am meaningful and I can make a positive difference in the world.' "
So basically he's preaching today what he was singing about almost 50 years ago when "Evil Ways" was released.
He talked about creating miracles and blessings. He said, "This is an invitation, to go to the nation, have fun with you - there's only one of you -- and you're beautiful -- God bless you."
At 67 years old, he's wiser, more philosophical and still that Cosmic Carlos. His guitar playing is better than ever - if that's even possible. He doesn't seem to be slowing down at all because he's on an international tour for the rest of 2015.
The great thing about Santana is that his music is relevant. From his early days at Woodstock until today, he has found a way to bring passion and music to the people. I love the fact that he wanted to reinvent himself, so he collaborated with artists like Rob Thomas of Matchbox 20 to produce the mega-hit Smooth and created the multi-Grammy-winning Supernatural in 1999. On Corazón, he teams up with the hottest Latin acts to reinvent himself once again. I'm sure it will equate to a huge commercial success. Who says history doesn't repeat itself? It would be difficult to think of many collaborations with Pitbull that aren't highly successful.
Overall Impression:
Seeing Santana was a Bucket List item of mine. He is incredibly talented. I loved it. The pound of percussion and the wailing of his guitar solos were magical. If you have the chance, I encourage you to see Carlos Santana. I would see him again tomorrow. The only thing I would change is that I would get a seat closer to the stage so I could dance badly and shake my air maracas with the best of them.
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