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For Adrenalin Addicts: Paragliding in Kas
A district of the province of Antalya, Kas is located west of Antalya, 187 km away from the City Center. Being the most popular stop-over of the Lycian Way, which is one of the world's longest 10 hiking trails, Kas is separated from Fethiye with Esen Stream located on the western side. It is surrounded by Elmali Village on the farthest northern side, and Demre and Ucagiz on the eastern side. The Mediterranean Sea extends alongside the southern side. Thanks to its great geographical advantages, Kas has become one of the most popular diving locations of both Turkey and the world, which makes it an ideal holiday destination during summer.
Kas is 187 km away from Antalya, lasting for 3 hours and 5 minutes.
It is 105.5 km away from Fethiye, lasting for 1 hour and 34 minutes.
Where to Paraglide in Kas?
Paragliding activities are performed on the runway located at a height of 650 meters on the foothills of Asas mountain. A height of 650 meter is ideal for the beginners of paragliding, and the paragliding flight last for 20-25 minutes.
During the flight, you can look down on all islands of Kas, including Meis and the Twelve Islands. You can also see the caretta caretta and the Mediterranean monk seals under the fascinating effect of the turquoise waters. Seating on the captain seat, Mr. Cenk informs you about all places you see during the flight.
What is Paragliding?
Although paragliding is like skydiving in technical terms, it is performed in a different style. This air sport requires jumping from mountains and slopes instead of just high points.
What is Necessary for Paragliding?
First, we need a parachute for paragliding. However; a parachute does not have a simple structure, contrary to the popular belief.
We can split a parachute into four main components:
Wing: Wings make it possible to fly. Wings, which are inflated with air to make it possible to fly, are produced in different forms. Forms of the wings are determined by the weight and experience of the pilot, as well as the flight conditions.
Lines: Lines, with each of them having the capacity of carrying 100 kg, are separated into two or three lines as they approach to the wings, which make them stronger. They have two different types; namely suspension lines and brake lines.
Harness: Made from plastic or wood, the harness is the section where the pilot seats, and it consists of three elements. It has a back support, shoulder straps and columns for the pilot. It is possible to produce it in various forms and adjustments in line with the body size, like the wings.
Columns: Columns are the section where all lines are gathered together. They allow the pilot to check all lines at a single point during ascend and descend.
Is paragliding safe?
Paragliding cannot be deemed dangerous at all if all rules are observed, like the other sports activities. What matters in paragliding is to determine the ideal weather conditions for flight. Most of the accidents occur due to adverse weather conditions or during acrobatic shows. You can enjoy a quite entertaining and safe flight if you complete your flight trainings and observe the warnings to be given by your pilot.
Who Can Do Paragliding?
It is one of the essential rules to not weigh more than 100 kilograms. Unfortunately; pregnant women, patients with asthma, heart disease and epilepsy are not allowed to fly. With respect to age limit; adventurers of all ages can do Paragliding provided that they have obtained their families' consent.
Sandra Mullins
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Cranberry launches a powerful, energy-efficient and totally manageable Smart Client device that offers businesses a viable alternative to the conventional desktop PC.
Cranberry's SC20 Smart Client is no bigger than a paperback book and can perform all the functions of a bulky PC, but takes up just a fraction of desk space.
Cranberry UK Limited is a registered producer under the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Regulations 2007 and a member of Valpak`s Compliance Scheme.
The cranberries are related to the bilberries, blueberries, and huckleberries, all in Vaccinium subgenus Vaccinium.
Cranberries are a source of polyphenol antioxidants, chemicals which are known to provide certain health benefits to the cardiovascular system and immune system.
However, cranberry flowers are distinct from blueberry by being borne on relatively long pedicels and having a 4-merous corolla that is not fused but strongly reflexed, as opposed to a 5-merous corolla in blueberry.
Wet harvesting of cranberries involves flooding the bog, beating the fruit from the vines (left), and corralling the fruit in one corner where it is lifted by conveyor to trucks for transport (right).
Cranberries are lumped into categories with other major fruits such as apple and orange, which account for the majority of the 15-18 gallons of fruit juice consumed per year in the USA.
Cranberry is used to treat and prevent urinary tract infections of the bladder and urethra (the tube that drains urine from the bladder).
Studies also suggest that cranberries may help prevent bacteria from adhering to gums and around the teeth, but researchers caution that cranberry juice is high in sugar and should not be used for oral hygiene.
Most commercial cranberry juices contain a mixture of cranberries, sweeteners (which may reduce the immune-boosting effects associated with the berry), and vitamin C. The addition of sweeteners to cranberry beverages may explain why cranberry juice cocktail and concentrate are not always effective in improving symptoms of UTI.
The common name cranberry is a modification of the colonial name "crane berry," because the drooping flower looked like the neck and head of the sand crane, which was often seen eating the fruits.
As you might expect, the lore of cranberry was presented to the early European visitors to eastern North America, and the pilgrims had cranberries on the 1621 Thanksgiving table along with squash, corn bread, succotash (corn, beans, and animal fat), and wild turkey or lobster (accounts conflict--anyway, in those days lobster was considered undesirable fare!).
Cranberries require the equivalent of one inch of rain per week during the growing season, and fields are flooded during the winter to protect plants from rapid freezing or burning--flooded cranberry bogs are regarded by locals as excellent skating rinks.
Cranberry is a bitter red berry derived from a low-lying evergreen (Vaccinium macrocarpon) native to North America.
cranberry harvest is use to make sweetened juices but many people now take encapsulated dried extracts for their health benefits.
Sweetened cranberry juice drinks and "cocktails" are more palatable; those that have only 10 percent or less of the healthful juice need to be taken in greater quantities than higher-quality drinks with 30 percent or more cranberry juice.
Cranberry juice has been shown to reduce bladder infections in a nursing home environment.
Cranberries are popular as juice, dried fruit, and a jam or jelly called cranberry sauce — all with added sugar of course.
Cranberries may be baked with a sweetener to make a topping or sauce.
For a long time, cranberries were thought to directly fight the infection by acidifying the urine to such an extent that bacteria such as Escherichia coli would languish or die.
A cup of cooked fresh cranberries is roughly equivalent to a 400 mg cranberry capsule, but the tangy flavor may require the addition of a sweetener.
Cranberry's acidifying effect on urine lessens the impact of an herb called uva ursi (or bearberry) that is also taken for urinary tract infections.
Although cranberry may be a viable adjunct therapy in a time when antimicrobial resistance of concern, given the proven efficacy of antibiotics, cranberry should not be considered a first line agent.
Cranberry has been used safely in doses of 15 milliliters per kilogram of body weight in one study, or 300 milliliters per day of cranberry juice for three months.
Cranberry juice theoretically may increase the effects of antibiotics in the urinary tract and increase the excretion of some drugs in the urine.
Although cranberry may be used as an adjunct therapy in some cases, given the proven efficacy of antibiotics, cranberry should not be considered a first line treatment.
Cranberry juice is reported to decrease urine levels of calcium, increase levels of urine magnesium and potassium, and increase urine levels of oxalate.
Efficacy of cranberry in prevention of urinary tract infection in a susceptible pediatric population.
Cranberry is a member of the same family as bilberry and blueberry.
According to one report, supplementation with an unspecified number of cranberry tablets for seven days increased the urinary excretion of oxalate by 43%, suggesting that long term use of cranberry supplements might increase the risk of developing a kidney stone.
Cranberry should not be used as a substitute for antibiotics during an acute urinary tract infection, except under medical supervision.
The cranberry plant is a low, creeping, semievergreen perennial that roots freely along the runners to form a mat.
Swenson (1958) concluded that "no bees" meant "no cranberries" and reported that by adding one colony per acre the yield was increased 50 percent, and when the population was doubled the yield increased another 60 percent.
Because cranberries are not highly attractive to honey bees, the bee population should overflood or saturate the competing plants so the bees will visit the cranberry flowers.
Cranberry inhibits the adhesion of bacteria (often E. coli) to the urinary tract, perhaps due to a polymer contained in the plant.
Cranberry may be used not only to prevent urinary tract infections, but also to eliminate odors associated with incontinence.
It found that, among women who had the infection in one month and were on Cranberry beverage, their odds of having the infection in the next month were only 27% of the odds in the control group.
Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) has been used traditionally since the 17th century to treat a variety of ailments, and from the early 1920s to the present as an herbal treatment for recurring urinary tract infections (UTIs).
Found in North America and grown in bogs, cranberry is an evergreen shrub that is botanically related to blueberry, buckberry, huckleberry, cowberry, and bilberry.
Cranberry is available as juice, fresh or frozen berries, cranberry concentrate, fresh berries, dried capsules, and tablets.
The Cranberry, or Vaccinium macrocarpon, is the fruit of a tiny bog plant, scarcely a half a foot tall.
Cranberry is best known to most as an edible fruit, the stuff of jelly and juice, rather than a medicinal herb.
The study was designed to measure whether cranberry juice has an effect on bacteriuria (the passage of bacteria in the urine) or pyuria (presence of pus, indicating white blood cells, hence infection in the urine).
Cranberry is widely used today to prevent bladder infections, although as yet the evidence to support this use remains limited.
Contrary to the research from the 1920s, it now appears that cranberry's acidification of the urine is not likely to play an important role in the treatment of bladder infections; current study has focused instead on cranberry's apparent ability to block bacteria from adhering to the bladder wall.
The only reliable evidence for the use of cranberry juice for preventing bladder infections comes from a 1-year double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 150 sexually active women that compared placebo against both cranberry juice and cranberry tablets.
Long before the Pilgrims arrived in to America in 1620, native Americans were mixing mashed cranberries with deer meat to make pemmican -- a convenience food that kept for long periods of time Cranberries were also used for medicinal purposes and their juice was a natural dye for rugs, blankets and clothing.
As documented by the Pilgrims, cranberries were found in abundance in Massachusetts in 1620 and rumor has it that they may have been served at the first Thanksgiving dinner, although we have no way of knowing for sure.
Cranberries soon cemented their place in New England life by serving as a vital source of vitamin C for whalers and a valuable natural resource to residents.
Cranberry bogs in western Wisconsin are active this week as cold evenings ripen the berries to a bright red color.
As Walker and the rest of the state's 250 cranberry farmers begin harvesting this week - a week to 10 days later than usual - they're picking a crop that was beset by a spring cold spell, a summer drought and a warm September that delayed the berry's transformation from white to crimson.
However, the drought lowered reservoirs used to flood cranberry beds for the harvest, which could mean there might not be enough to flood them again in the winter to provide protection from the cold by encasing the plants in ice.
Cranberries were first cultivated in Massachusetts around 1815 and are only one of three major native North American fruits.
The name cranberry was given to this plant because the Pilgrims believed the plant looked like the head of a sandhill crane and was originally named "craneberry." Over time, the "e" was dropped.
Cranberries may be baked with a sweetener to make a topping or sauce, or they can added to baked goods, such as muffins.
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Cranberry sauce became a national tradition when General U.S. Grant ordered it served to Union troops during the siege of Petersburg in 1864.
Cranberry fell out of favor in the 1960s because researchers showed that it couldn't increase urine acidity enough to prevent illness.
Current theory focuses on cranberry's ability to prevent bacteria from attaching to urinary tract walls.
Cranberries are the fruit of a native plant of North America.
Historically, cranberry fruits and leaves were used for a variety of problems, such as wounds, urinary disorders, diarrhea, diabetes, stomach ailments, and liver problems.
Cranberry products have not been adequately tested to see if they can be used to help treat an existing urinary tract infection.
Cranberries are rich in numeric valuable acids including citric, malic, quinic, and other acids.
Cranberries are high in vitamin C, and have antioxidant and antibacterial effects in the body.
Cranberries contains Anthocyanosides which may be especially beneficial to the eyes, and significantly improve symptoms of cataracts, macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy.
The Cranberry is very hard and too tart to be eaten plain, so it is usually cooked and processed before it is eaten or it is dried (dehydrated) and packaged as dried fruit that can be eaten out of hand without further processing.
The fresh and dried Cranberries, which have a high vitamin C content, are used in a wide variety of baked goods, salads, sauces, snacks, juices, and juice blends.
Dried Cranberries are increasingly being produced in many flavors (blueberry, cherry, orange, peach, raspberry, and strawberry) and used widely as a tasty ingredient for muffins, snack foods, trail mix, cereal, and other baked goods.
At this early stage, the cranberry produces a certain class of molecules known as flavonoids, substances that have been investigated for their nutritional benefits and antibacterial activity.
Cranberries contain a type of flavonoid that is capable of defeating the bacteria that cause urinary tract infections, and this flavonoid is attached to a sugar that seeks out the cells that line the urinary tract.
Koo's team found that cranberry juice prevents bacteria from forming plaque by inhibiting those enzymes and by stopping additional bacteria from glomming on to the ever-growing goo.
The sugar that is usually added to cranberry juice can cause cavities, and the natural acidity of the substance may contribute directly to tooth decay.
Koo's work with cranberry juice is one of nine projects funded through a special program by the National Institutes of Health to test the berry's reputed health-enhancing effects.


Last night staff, students and families from international schools across Singapore attended the launch of the International Schools Art Exhibition 2018.
We are incredibly proud to have 5 pieces of work on display at the exhibition which is being held at the Australian High Commission on Napier Road. Our students Sarah, Anna, Zih and Nichole, from years 9-11 all have their work on display. Our Head of Visual Arts, Miss Kertrestel has been instrumental in preparing the students for this exhibition and was part of the IN team who have worked so hard to bring this exhibition together.
The standard of the work throughout the exhibition is exceptional and we are delighted to be part of this outstanding demonstration of creativity. Please do go down and visit the exhibition, it is well worth the trip and if you have children who enjoy art then do take them along as this will serve as huge inspiration to them.
The exhibition is open from 22nd November until 18th January, 10am-4pm Monday to Friday.


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So far two concerts have come to light in 1959, the first at Birmingham Town Hall early in October, with Pete Seeger in concert, supported by Ramblin' Jack Elliot The second , later in October, at Digbeth Civic Hall in October with Chinese artists performing traditional song and dance from their homeland. Posters for both the concerts can be seen below. The copy of the posters came from the late Eileen Whiting's scrapbook.
Published: 29th November 2020
Last Updated: 29th November 2020
1999 to 2021 Traditional Arts Team

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Safety is our number one goal. Click here for our response to Covid-19 vaccine.
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Christopher P. Young
Chris is the Chief Development Officer for Tuscan Gardens®. Prior to joining the company in 2013, Chris was the Principal for Senior Resource Development LLC, a consulting company that advises on the development and financing of Senior Living Communities in the United States. Previously, he was the Chief Operating Officer for Living Well Lodges LLC and The Hofmeister Group where he was in charge of the day-to-day operations of the companies and the development of the Senior Assisted Living Division.
As the COO for Living Well Lodges LLC, he created the business model for the site acquisition and market penetration criteria, along with the operational pro formas. In addition, Chris developed the financing model that allowed the placement of $75 million in debt and $15 million in equity for the completion of three large Senior Assisted Living Communities in the state of Florida in just four short years.
He has financing experience in the use of tax-exempt bonds, taxable bonds, EB-5, traditional bank debt, HUD financing programs, mezzanine debt and equity. Chris has over 30 years of operational and executive-level experience with a variety of small and large corporations, including General Motors and General Dynamics. Additionally, his experience includes small- and large-scale construction projects, with up to $300 million in value. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Administration and Pre-Law from Michigan State University, and is finishing his Master of Science in Acquisitions and Contracts from the University of West Florida.
Chris and his wife, Ruth, of 27 years are Central Floridians and have three daughters.
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Energy and Climate Change: A Look at Wind Energy and Biomass
Desertification Versus Sustainable Living
The greed of corporations and a consumer-driven economy has taken us to a point where change is desperately needed. We are in a time of convenience, instant gratification, and willful ignorance, all of which impede the progress towards a sustainable future while policy and politics are being stalled and diverted. Change is uncomfortable, and when faced with fundamentally changing the very way we live, few are willing to make the sacrifices it requires.
Every year, 18.7 million acres of forests are being destroyed, creating an estimated 15% of all greenhouse gas emissions (Deforestation). Forests play an essential role in the Earth's life support system. Water is another crucial element needed for survival for any life on this planet. Water, like the forests, are being used quicker than they can be replenished. The average American uses 88 gallons of water at home each day, and the aquifers are critically low in the United States.
Change is possible around the world; conservation efforts are being made largely because of the Paris Agreement. The Paris Agreement has brought together 195 members of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, UNFCCC to fight climate change and adjust to its consequences. Climate change knows no borders, so having the unity between so many nations is an important step towards combating the problem.
Wind farms, solar energy, and biomass are some of Finland's solutions to living sustainably
Green Solutions in Finland
Finland has had great success with its plan to reduce emissions and conservation efforts. Finland utilized 47% green energy sources in 2017 with plans to reduce CO2 emissions and remove coal entirely from power production by 2030 (Karagiannopoulos 2018). Finland's forest industry has had an important role in green energy production. By utilizing black liquor and byproducts, they have a wood-based biomass that contributes to 60% of their green energy sources (Cleantech Finland 2017).
With so much energy from the forest industry, the overall growth rate of the trees is higher than the harvest amount. Finland has built up an important matrix of protected areas, cleaned contaminated rivers and lakes, and ameliorated air quality in industrialized areas (Lyytimaki 2014). Finland is showing the world how to safeguard biodiversity while producing energy from renewable resources.
USA energy consumption by type
USA Energy
In the United States of America, progress is a bit slower. In 2017, the US sourced a measly 18% from green energy sources (Morris 2018). Only a small portion of that was sourced from biomass. Efforts have been made throughout the USA to use more renewable resources, including solar, hydropower, biofuels, and wind.
The heartland states are now sourcing 20% of their power from wind energy. In the United States, our CO2 emissions are some of the highest in the world, reaching 20 tons per person compared to a world average of only 4 tons per person. There is also a correlation between income and CO2 emissions, meaning the higher the income, the higher the emissions usually are.
Biomass sources
There are many available renewable resources that can be used on a global scale. Biomass might be one of the most underused and overlooked resources that we have available to us. Biomass uses organic material that comes from garbage, wood, crops, alcohol fuels, and landfill gases, which can then be burned and used as energy in a process similar to photosynthesis.
Around the world, landfills and dumps are being pumped full of garbage, and after harvesting crops, the unused portion is wasted. All this waste can be turned into biomass and converted for energy. In the United States, biomass contributes to only 5% of our energy usage (eia.gov).
In some areas around the world, people live near mountains of trash; India, in particular, is in the top five countries with the highest emissions of CO2. If they were to start utilizing the trash resource, they could easily reach their Paris Agreement target of achieving 40% renewable energy 2030 (Westcott). In coastal areas where commercial fishing is the main trade, there are large amounts of leftovers from unwanted or unused parts of the fish; these could effectively be commuted to biomass and used for energy.
Biomass is not a perfect solution; there are disadvantages to it as well. Biomass could negatively impact air quality and add to air pollution. Burning wood for heat has the same potential of air pollution as a car on a busy street. In a study, it was concluded that keeping the biomass burning at a consistently high temperature throughout the process could greatly reduce those emissions (et la Kortelainen).
Another disadvantage to biomass seems to be in the way of thinking surrounding it—the idea that it is another thing that needs to be produced instead of using all of the waste that is available to us in a surplus of trash and waste. I believe biomass needs to have additional research and plans drawn up to convert the waste effectively.
Diagram on wind energy
Wind energy has another amazing capability to divert our addiction to fossil fuels. Wind energy is not a new concept. The idea of wind energy can be seen as far back as 5000 BC when boats were pushed with billowed sails across the Nile River. In 200 BC, windmills were used to pump water and grind grain in China and the Middle East, respectively (History of Wind Energy).
We have come a long way from harnessing the power of the wind. Windmills have now been replaced by wind turbines. Wind turbines consist of two or three blades mounted on a shaft that is at least 100 feet tall. The blades work like a propellor, turning the shaft that, in turn, powers a generator with the energy it creates.
On a large scale, wind turbines are built in close proximity to what is called wind farms. Homeowners also have the ability to use wind power as smaller-scale wind turbines; these are being produced and even sold on Amazon to help supplement or fully replace their reliance on fossil fuels.
Previous designs of the wind turbine posed a hazard to wild birds. The older models have propellors that spun at high speeds and lattice style structure that attracted birds for nesting. Turbines now are highly efficient with slower turning rotors and smooth poles, which have garnished the support of the Audobon Society. Wind is unpredictable and can change or stop altogether at any time. People living nearby to the wind farms also complain of noise and visual pollution (Siegel).
A look at how the world is sources to renewable energy
Dependence on Fossil Fuels
Our dependence on fossil fuels directly affects global warming. When fossil fuels emit gas into the atmosphere, trapping heat, it causes the Earth's temperature to rise. What the Earth's surface cannot absorb gets absorbs into the ocean, causing a rise in sea level.
The three chief components that cause a rise in sea level are thermal expansion, melting glaciers and polar ice caps, and ice loss from Greenland and West Antarctica (Sea Level Rise). The rise in ocean water can have devastating effects on coastal communities at this rate. Florida has seen an increased sea level of eight inches since 1950, four inches of which have been in the last ten years. The rate of sea-level rise is currently at 1 inch every three years.
Four billion dollars is being spent on safeguards in Florida, including raising roads, installing seawalls and pumping systems, and relocating freshwater wells (Florida's Sea Level). This is not a solution; it is only a band-aid for the real problem. The rise in sea level is a symptom of a bigger problem—climate change that we have drastically altered. To truly tackle the problem, change is needed, and we all need to do our part. As citizens of the Earth, we need to break our addiction to the consumption of fossil fuels and wasteful habits.
"Biomass Explained." Eia.gov. Accessed May 25, 2018. https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/?page=biomass_home.
"Deforestation." Https://www.worldwildlife.org. Accessed May 29, 2018. https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/deforestation.
"Florida's Sea Level Has Risen By Only 8 Inches Since 1950." Accessed May 29, 2018. https://sealevelrise.org/florida/.
Lefteris Karagiannopoulos. "Green Energy Share in Finnish Power to Hit High in 2018 but Drop Looms." Https://af.reuters.com/. March 28, 2018. Accessed May 29, 2018. https://af.reuters.com/article/energyOilNews/idAFL8N1RA3AZ.
"History of Wind Energy." Wind Energy Foundation. Accessed May 29, 2018. http://windenergyfoundation.org/about-wind-energy/history/.
"How We Use Water." Epa.gov. Accessed May 29, 2018. https://www.epa.gov/watersense/how-we-use-water.
Kortelainen, Aki, Jorma Joutsensaari, Liquing Hao, and Jani Leskinen. "Real-Time Chemical Composition Analysis of Particulate Emissions from Wood Chip Combustion." Energy &Fuels 29, no. 2 (January 15, 2015): 1143-150. Accessed May 29, 2018. doi.org/10.1021/ef5019548.
Lyytimaki, Jari. "ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN FINLAND." Https://finland.fi. July 2014. Accessed May 29, 2018. https://finland.fi/life-society/environmental-protection-in-finland/.
Morris, David Z. "Renewable Energy Surges to 18% of U.S. Power Mix." Fortune.com. February 18, 2018. Accessed May 29, 2018. http://fortune.com/2018/02/18/renewable-energy-us-power-mix/.
"New Record for Renewable Energy Production in Finland." Www.cleantechfinland.com/. March 14, 2017. http://www.cleantechfinland.com/-/new-record-for-renewable-energy-production-in-finland.
"Sea Level Rise." National Geographic. Accessed May 29, 2018. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/sea-level-rise/.
Siegel, R. P. "Windpower Pros and Cons." Triplepundit.com. June 27, 2012. Accessed May 29, 2018. https://www.triplepundit.com/special/energy-options-pros-and-cons/wind-power-pros-cons/.
Westcott, Ben. "Reluctant Signatory India Takes Moral High-ground on Paris Climate Deal." Cnn.com. June 2, 2017. Accessed May 29, 2018. https://www.cnn.com/2017/06/02/asia/india-paris-agreement-trump/index.html.
Climate Change: How Much Time Do We Have?
By Doc Snow
The Story Behind a Nobel Laureate's Denial of Climate Change
By Dean Traylor
Curbing Climate Change in Four Days
By Jorge
How to Teach Kids About Climate Change
By Alyssa S
How to Help Fight Global Warming and Climate Change in the Philippines and Around the World
By mommyfreelancer
Discussing Climate Change and the President Who Didn't Believe It Existed
By Missy Smith
Why Meat and Dairy Consumption Contribute to Climate Change
By Juliette Kando FI Chor
Can Plants Save the World From Global Climate Change?
Why Do People Think That Climate Change Is a Hoax?
By Virginia Matteo
Dear Friends: Time For Climate Action
Global Warming and Climate Change Are Becoming a Conservative Priority
By John Coviello
Fighting the Climate Crisis Through a New Religious Left
By JW Barlament
Air Pollution: Sources, Effects, Prevention, and Control
By Varsha
A World Without Oil: The Aftermath
By James Kenny
What Ocasio-Cortez's Green New Deal Should Really Look Like
By Ralph Lopez


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Press Release: Collin Raye signs with Absolute Publicity
Conversations with Missy: Collin Raye
COLLIN RAYE SIGNS WITH ABSOLUTE PUBLICITY FOR
EXCLUSIVE PR REPRESENTATION
Photo ID left to right: Collin Raye, Absolute Publicity's Caroline Fields, Kay Waggoner Burney, Don Murry Grubbs
Nashville, Tenn. (March 16, 2018) — Multi-platinum-selling country music hit-maker Collin Raye has signed on with Absolute Publicity for exclusive PR representation.
"Very, very happy and proud to be joining the roster at Absolute Publicity!" notes Raye. "So many of my artist friends are on the roster. I already feel at home with Don and his awesome staff. Good things ahead!"
"Wow, what an honor to represent the great Collin Raye!" adds Absolute Publicity president Don Murry Grubbs. "We recently spent some time getting to know Collin and walked away feeling like family. Big things coming this year!"
Raye will be announcing new music in the coming weeks.
About Collin Raye
Contemporary country star Collin Raye burned up the sales charts in the 90's, thanks to a blend of country-rock tunes and socially conscious material. Nothing if not passionate, Raye's soulful delivery set the country standards with searing ballads as "Love, Me," "In This Life," "Not That Different" and "If I Were You," while also blazing through the other side of the spectrum with vivid rockers like "My Kind of Girl," "That's My Story," "I Can Still Feel You" and "I Want You Bad." With 24 Top 10 records, 16 No. 1 hits, and a 10-time Male Vocalist of the Year nominee (5 CMA and 5 ACM noms), Raye remains one of the great voices of our time.
For more information on Collin Raye, visit collinraye.com.
About Absolute Publicity
Launched in January of 2009, Absolute Publicity represents some of the most recognizable names in country music. The company's roster includes Ricky Skaggs, John Anderson, The Marshall Tucker Band, Larry Gatlin & the Gatlin Brothers, Ray Stevens, T.G. Sheppard, Aaron Tippin, Darryl Worley, Billy Dean, Craig Wayne Boyd, Restless Heart, Halfway to Hazard, Pam Tillis, Kelly Lang, Ricky Cook, Jason Morton and The Chesapeake Sons, Moe Bandy, Shenandoah (tour publicity), Sammy Kershaw, and the late Mel Tillis.
Follow Collin Raye
Collin Raye Tour Dates
01/26/2022 : 3rd and Lindsley: Franklin, TN
02/04/2022 : Performing Arts Center at Kent State Tuscarawas: New Philadelphia, OH
02/05/2022 : Vern Riffe Center for the Arts: Portsmouth, OH
02/12/2022 : Williams Auditorium: Henderson, TN
03/04/2022 : Montgomery Performing Arts Centre: Montgomery, AL
03/05/2022 : Saenger Theatre Mobile: Mobile, AL
03/25/2022 : The Reidsville Showcase Theater: Reidsville, NC
03/26/2022 : Liberty Showcase Inc.: Liberty, NC
05/06/2022 : Blue Gate Performing Arts Center: Shipshewana, IN
05/08/2022 : Collin Raye's 30th Anniversary Celebration Alaska Cruise: Seattle, WA
06/18/2022 : Tri State Wing Off: South Cumberland, MD
07/08/2022 : Gathering On the Green: Mequon, WI
09/24/2022 : North Lake Park: Garnett, KS
Collin Raye Absolute Publicity Caroline Fields Kay Waggoner Burney Don Murry Grubbs
Stream on Spotify


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Saturday's Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association Fly-in at the Salinas Municipal Airport was a smash hit.
Airport Manager Brett Godown said Monday that he was pleased with the turnout.
It's great that Godown, the city and AOPA could pull this off. My hat's off to them. How great would it be if the city staged a general aviation convention (camp-in?) of this type every year?
"The weather on Friday and Saturday was a bit finicky but that didn't deter (AOPA) members coming and seeing some of the best Salinas has to offer (my opinion is slightly bias)," Godown said in an email.
Folks, even if you don't particularly like aviation (and that would be just weird), understand that Saturday marked a big deal for our city's airport. Though admission was free, the event was served as a big economic multiplier for the city economy. Just think of the hotel nights, gas purchases (aviation and car) and restaurant meals bought. Nothin' but upside, eh?
Oh, and despite there being so many aircraft around not a single accident was reported. According to Godown, the Salinas Air Traffic Control Tower experienced 1,300 operations (takeoffs and/or landings) on Saturday as compared to a normal day's estimated 166 flight operations. Pretty amazing.
The one day fly-in attracted about 3,000 spectators and 400 private aircraft. And, believe me, I was out there and the ramps were wingtip to wingtip. Several dozen pilots and their families even camped out overnight on the tarmac. Some 70 exhibitors filled a large tent pavilion, pitching everything under the aviation world sun – parts, planes and services. Add in some music, food and some aerobatics and you had a real party on your hands.
Seriously, though, the event once again showed the airport's potential as one of the city's most powerful economic engines. And though I think Godown's doing a great job out there, I just don't get the feeling that City Hall quite grasps the real potential here.
Like I was saying in Saturday's column about how the city really needs to start showing some leadership about getting the Chinatown area back on its feet, it also needs to start investing more staff time and resources at the airport.
I mean, seriously, City Council has now spent more than $800,000 of general fund money on John Hartnett and his vaunted Silicon Valley Global Partners consultancy and for what? Some five years after the city engaged SVG, all we can show are two entrepreneurial development classes (put on, actually, by the Kauffman Foundation) and a kids computer coding club? C'mon. Show me a serious deliverable from SVG and I will be the first to sing their praises.
In the meantime, we have an airport that I believe could be made into a real money maker. And, sure, we're going to have to think way the heck out of the box on this but so what? That's what we should be doing.
Steady readers know that my idea is to extend Salinas' main runway by several thousand feet so that bigger and heavier aircraft can take off and land there. To do this, we would have to redesign the runway configurations and, yes, retire the municipal golf course that's adjacent to the airport.
With longer runways, we could the pursue bringing UPS or FedEx here and invite them to set up a regional shipping hub for the Central Coast.
And I think they would do this because too often Monterey's airport is unusable – shrouded in fog and poor weather. Salinas, on the other hand, is ridiculously sunny most of the year. The fact that the 101 Freeway is literally a stone's throw away from the airport makes this idea all the more groovy.
Interestingly, our city does have an Airport Commission and it is scheduled to meet May 28 at 7 p.m. at City Hall. By the way, in case you were wondering, here's who serves on the commission: Diane Ausonio (mayor's appointee), Sal Munoz (District 1), Mark Zanko (District 2), Jim Shumaker (District 3), Richard Fors (District 4), Susan Purvis (District 5) and Robert McGregor (District 6).
And, yes, sure, this idea of extending and reconfiguring the runways will indeed cost aboatload of money. But all capital improvement projects are deliberative and political in nature, which means spending priorities can be changed when a majority of the City Council says so. State and federal grants are available, too.
Just think of what could happen if the city actually focused on the economic development of one of the biggest assets it already owns – the airport.
At a minimum, it's my hope that Mayor Joe Gunter, City Manager Ray Corpuz Jr. and City Council will at least direct Airport Commissioners to begin looking at how we can squeeze every possible economic development dollar out of the facility.
Each year our city government spends gobs – and I mean gobs – of money on outside consultants. It would be a shame if we couldn't spend a little of that money on some aviation consultants who could objectively tell us what we really have on our hands here.
My guess is that that they will find this airport is an untapped gold mine.


Come out to meet your candidates for City Council for District 16. Fountain Square Clay Center will host a meet and greet on Wednesday April 17th. Bring your questions and concerns, and we will provide some refreshments.


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Softball clinic focuses on younger players
ANDY MIKULACORRESPONDENT
Some 50 aspiring young softball players from throughout the county got some pitching tips during a recent clinic sponsored by the Matanzas High School coaches and players.
PALM COAST — Some 50 aspiring young softball players from throughout the county got some pitching tips during a recent clinic sponsored by the Matanzas High School coaches and players.
The Sept. 22 clinic was run in cooperation with the Palm Coast Little League at the Indian Trails Sports Complex and primarily overseen by Matanzas pitching coach Tina Holewinski.
It attracted about 30 younger players in the beginners group, which had a 90-minute session, followed by another 90-minute clinic spanning the noon hour for another 20 girls at the intermediate and advance level, according to Matanzas head coach Sara Novak.
Fifteen Matanzas varsity and junior varsity players participated as assistant coaches.
"Besides the girls learning a lot, I believe so did their moms, dads or players who they brought to catch for them," Novak said.
Jessinta Luther, vice president for Palm Coast Little League, helped organize the free clinic by getting the word out to the elementary and middle schools. It was open to girls from across the county and coordinated through the Little League to help build its softball program, Novak said.
Holewinski did demonstrations on the fundamentals of softball for each age group. A lot of it was talk about mechanics focusing on the basics of throwing, as well as learning how to use the windup and push off the back leg to develop velocity on fastballs when pitching.
"We showed the girls the fastball grip and the importance of that grip when throwing overhand or pitching underhand," Novak said. "We worked on the windmill and the speed of the arm (circling). We worked on the drive and the power of the drive of opening (up) and dragging the foot through."
After the demonstrations and brief chances to try them out, the girls split off with a catcher (mom, dad or Matanzas varsity and junior varsity players) to do specific drills reinforcing the mechanics. Novak said the girls worked on snaps, springs, windmills on the knee, stationary and moving "K" drills, and full pitch.
Although the groups drilled at different times, much of what was shown and worked on applied to beginners to advanced players. Some drills were different, depending on experience, but most involved the fundamentals of pitching, something that even the most advanced varsity and collegiate player might work on.
"Even the advanced group started on the basics and worked through them," Novak said.
The weather was cooperative as well and Novak said participants, coaches and the parents all seemed to enjoy the clinics.
Novak joined the Matanzas staff seven years ago when the school first opened and is the only head coach in the brief history of the program.
She said the staff did one fall and one spring program for kids in the first three years she was there but it stopped and the Sept. 22 session was the first in two years.
A pitching clinic is planned for November or December.


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moral dimensions of the old solar system
A vexed question: can moral laws, or moral truths, be different in a story from what they are in real life?
Stid: Surely it's just a matter of tolerating different viewpoints; no big issue at all - we already know that each author has to a greater or lesser extent a different morality from the reader, simply because everyone is different.
good for story, bad for fact
Harlei: As usual you're missing the point, Stid. The clashes of principle can come within the work of a single author. Compare, for instance, Citizen of the Galaxy with Glory Road. In the one, furious hostility to slavery; in the other, admiration expressed for the Barsoom books, in which slavery pervades and is accepted unquestioningly by all the characters.
Stid: Well then, it shows Heinlein accepted, not slavery per se, but slavery in the imaginary context of Barsoom.
Zendexor: But this is precisely my point! You have hit the nail on the head - and you don't appear to see anything remarkable in what you've said, but I do. I contend that we're on to something interesting here. Call it double-think, if you like. The fact that something which is morally unacceptable in the real world, can be acceptable in an imaginary world. I call it a "fact" because I don't see any way round it -
Stid: But you're troubled by it, because you think, "Truth is all one, so how can this be?" But you see, Zendexor, truth is only all one ultimately. Just as the forces of nature are all one but only if you go back to the ultimate Big Bang.
Zendexor: Now you're sounding intelligent, Stid. Your argument - which isn't completely new to me, I must add - allows the various "other moral dimensions" of literature to be at least partially explicable, partially allowable, because they co-exist as separate distributaries of an ultimate river of unified truth.
But the co-existence can still be rather startling.
Let's follow it up in detail. See how the idea works.
So, we have slavery on Barsoom, slavery being all right on Barsoom. How? Because it fits there. It helps the stories, gives them colour. How? Inequalities in destiny, enabling splendours to shine more brightly in contrast? Also: mitigating nature of the institution itself - not racially based; slaves are not ill-treated, they merely have low status socially. Still, who'd be a slave? Ah, but - here I am arguing with myself - supposing the reward for putting up with being a slave were to find oneself on a real Barsoom! Ah, I might go for that reward - I could win my freedom through faithful service, perhaps, and then enjoy hundreds of years of life-span on a wonderful world...
But hang on - maybe I'm rambling. Trying to unite the various streams of principle too soon. It might be that I couldn't accept my lot after all, as a slave on Barsoom. Not ever. In which case, does the "reader me", contemplating the "Barsoomian me", feel obliged to jettison Barsoom, condemn it, cease reading the books? No because the ultimate unity of truth might require waiting periods that are longer than my own consciousness. Aeons during which the good in Barsoom - which temporarily can't be extricated from the bad - feeds into the ultimate good of all things. (Oh dear, I'm in danger of sounding like one of Olaf Stapledon's Last Men...)
Stid: Slavery apart, there are other moral problems in the Barsoom books. The bloodthirstiness of John Carter, for instance.
"You have three xats to live, Motus," I said; "you had better make the most of them."
He rushed at me like a madman; but I sidestepped him and as he turned I took off one of his ears as neatly as a surgeon could have done it - I thought he was going to faint, for his knees seemed to give beneath him and he staggered about for a moment.
I waited for him to recover control of himself, and then I went to work on him again. I tried to carve my initials on his breast, but by this time there was not a whole place large enough; from the waist up he looked like a plate of raw hamburger. [Llana of Gathol, p. 178]
Zendexor: Carter wouldn't call it bloodthirstiness - he'd say Motus was a sadistic bully who deserved his comeuppance - but I know what you mean.
The truth is, the reader's empathy must hover and dart in an agile manner when reading narratives of which John Carter is the protagonist.
Identify with him at some moments, stand back at others. Then you'll be all right.
What all this means, is that we're dealing with something big here. Barsoom is a mighty creation, of good and bad, an addition to the reader's life, taking the imagination by storm. Morally you've got to take the rough with the smooth, and view the whole with its good and bad like the light and shade in a picture. Translate the bad into a colourful thing. Like the way the word "evil" in Leigh Brackett's work becomes, almost, just a colour.
It wouldn't work in ordinary life. But this isn't ordinary life - this is a supplement to it. The rules are different. That's the whole point of the enlargement of scene that they give us...
It's like the shift in moral ideas you get from reading a great historical novelist such as Alfred Duggan, who shows you, for instance, how reasonable it seems for a Norman noble to consider it shameful to have to work for a living. Me, work? Instead of profiting from war and pillage as befits a man of my rank? Shocking idea!
And even the moralist C S Lewis has his hero accepting the harshness of Merlin. Taxed with the druid's "appalling bloodthirstiness", Lewis' hero replies quite equably.
"I have been startled by it myself," said Ransom. "But after all we had no right to expect that his penal code would be that of the nineteenth century. I find it difficult, too, to make him understand that I am not an absolute monarch." [That Hideous Strength, p.345]
Stid: Lewis could accept a spectrum of variations between moral priorities, but he couldn't take the beyond-good-and-evil message of Star Maker. Said it "ends in devil-worship".
Zendexor: Matter of degree, I guess. The universe-wrecking habits of the Star Maker in his off days must have sent Lewis over the edge into condemnation. He couldn't stomach what he perceived as cruelty. But otherwise he could be flexible in the matter of different "moral universes". Skip for instance to the idea of the longaevi as mentioned by Lewis in his The Discarded Image.
Harlei: The longaevi...?
Zendexor: Borderline spirits, beings who according to the medieval world view were ambiguously good/evil or were neither... creatures who owed allegiance neither to Heaven nor to Hell, at least during a long interim period... elves, fairies, fauns, nymphs... Those were the longaevi.
And perhaps they have equivalents among more human categories. I mean, for example, we can still puzzle over the question, is there room, ultimately, for likeable rogues - personal or planetary - in the Kingdom of Heaven? A profound question - I wonder what Lewis' reply would have been.
'beyond good and evil' - is just evil
Stid: He did say good-humouredly to Arthur C Clarke in a meeting in a pub at Oxford, after arguing about the British Interplanetary Society and space travel enthusiasts generally, that he was "sure you're all very wicked people, but how boring it would be if everyone was good".
But he wouldn't have any truck with high-flown destinies which inflicted suffering on the weak. No matter how nobly they were expressed - as by the glamorous yet evil witch-queen Jadis in his Narnia book The Magician's Nephew. "Ours is a high and lonely destiny," says Jadis, who sacrificed her world's entire population to her "greatness". See the underlying similarity between this and the very different-sounding Neptunian in Last and First Men:
...the racial mind has greatly perplexed us as individuals, and we can scarcely be said to remember more of it than that it was of extreme subtlety and extreme beauty. At the same time we often have of it an impression of unspeakable horror. We who, in our familiar individual sphere are able to regard all conceivable tragedy not merely with fortitude but with exultation, are obscurely conscious that as the racial mind we have looked into an abyss of evil such as we cannot now conceive, and could not endure to conceive. Yet even this hell we know to have been acceptable as an organic member in the austere form of the cosmos.
The sort of stuff that might have been translated by Ransom as, "Bad stuff good... no, that can't be right..."
Zendexor: You're thinking of that brilliant scene in Out of the Silent Planet when Ransom tries to translate Professor Weston's bombast into the language of Mars, for the benefit of the Oyarsa, the ruling Intelligence of that world.
Weston begins:
"To you I may seem a vulgar robber, but I bear on my shoulders the destiny of the human race. Your tribal life with its stone-age weapons and beehive huts, its primitive coracles and elementary social structure, has nothing to compare with our civilization - with our science, medicine and law, our armies, our architecture, our commerce, and our transport system which is rapidly annihilating space and time. Our right to supersede you is the right of the higher over the lower. Life - "
"Half a moment," said Ransom in English. "That's about as much as I can manage at one go." Then, turning to Oyarsa, he began translating as well as he could...
"Among us, Oyarsa, there is a kind of hnau who will take other hnaus' food and - and things, when they are not looking. He says he is not an ordinary one of that kind. He says what he does now will make very different things happen to those of our people who are not yet born. He says that, among you, hnau of one kindred all live together and the hrossa have spears like those we used a very long time ago and your huts are small and round and your boats small and light and like our old ones, and you have one ruler. He says it is different with us. He says we know much. There is a thing happens in our world when the body of a living creature feels pains and becomes weak, and he says we sometimes know how to stop it. He says we have many bent people and we kill them or shut them in huts and that we have people for settling quarrels between the bent hnau about their huts and mates and things. He says we have many ways for the hnau of one land to kill those of another and some are trained to do it. He says we build very big and strong huts of stones and other things... And he says we exchange many things among ourselves and can carry heavy weights very quickly a long way. Because of all this, he says it would not be the act of a bent hnau if our people killed all your people."
Stid: The "might is right" view - turned into farce in this sparkling satire.
Zendexor: And as Weston gets more abstract, Lewis lands his punch on the "evolutionary imperative" kind of twaddle -
As soon as Ransom had finished, Weston continued:
"Life is greater than any system of morality; her claims are absolute. It is not by tribal taboos and copy-book maxims that she has pursued her relentless march from the amoeba to man and from man to civilization."
"He says," began Ransom, "that living creatures are stronger than the question whether an act is bent or good - no, that cannot be right - he says it is better to be alive and bent than to be dead - no - he says, he says - I cannot say what he says, Oyarsa, in your language. But he goes on to say that the only good thing is that there should be very many creatures alive. He says there were many other animals before the first men and the later ones were better than the earlier ones; but he says the animals were not born because of what is said to the young about bent and good action by their elders. And he says these animals did not feel any pity."
"She - " began Weston.
"I'm sorry," interrupted Ransom, "but I've forgotten who She is."
"Life, of course," snapped Weston. "She has ruthlessly broken down all obstacles and liquidated all failures and today in her highest form - civilized man - and in me as his representative, she presses forward to that interplanetary leap which will, perhaps, place her for ever beyond the reach of death."
"He says," resumed Ransom, "that these animals learned to do many difficult things, except those who could not; and those ones died and the other animals did not pity them. And he says the best animal now is the kind of man who makes the big huts and carries the heavy weights... He says that if he could kill you all and bring our people to live in Malacandra, then they might be able to go on living here after something had gone wrong with our world. And then if something went wrong with Malacandra they might go and kill all the hnau in another world. And then another - and so they would never die out."
Harlei: We can call this evil doctrine specism -
Stid: I've heard the word is speciesism. But it won't last - too hard to pronounce. I like yours better...
Harlei: We could use the shorter one for the idea of supremacy of one intelligent species over another.
Stid: So - you're not into "Animal Liberation" as such?
Harlei: No, not altogether - since I like my fish and chips... though I am certainly against vivisection. The main point is to be against the chauvinistic humans-must-rule-the-Galaxy stuff.
Zendexor: Put that way, it doesn't seem to be much of an issue. No one would propound Weston's view nowadays...
Stid: Don't be too sure of that. The issue may yet be revealed as a live one - if intelligent life is ever found out there. And anyhow, the value of Lewis' treatment of "specism" is that he illustrates how it can wrap itself in high-flown philosophical language. He gets Ransom the translator to strip this wrapping off, to expose the underlying message for the crude thing it is.
Zendexor: But maybe we ought to be exploring some less crude, more mysterious, less certain issues. Moral dimensions that really give us pause for thought. Different angles.
Here's an example to consider. What happens when the progressive politician, Bonforte, gets kidnapped by chauvinist Humanity Party supporters before he is due to be ceremoniously adopted into a Martian "nest"? His supporters have to hire the actor, Lorenzo Smythe, to impersonate him and go through the ceremony. Smythe doesn't understand the necessity at first. Why not just explain to the Martians what has happened? They can't blame Bonforte for missing the ceremony - it's not the man's fault that he was kidnapped. But no...
"The hitch is that we don't dare admit that you - I mean that he - is missing. Once we have this adoption thing wrapped up, we can put you out of sight, then announce the kidnapping as if it had just taken place - and make them take apart the city rivet by rivet. The city authorities are all Humanity Party appointees, but they will have to co-operate - after the ceremony. It will be the most wholehearted co-operation you ever saw, for they will be deadly anxious to produce him before the whole Kkkahgral nest swarms over them and tears the city down around their ears."
"Oh. I'm still learning about Martian psychology and customs."
"Aren't we all?"
"...Mmm ...What leads you to think that he is still alive? Wouldn't their purpose be better served - and with less risk - just by killing him?"...
"I see what you mean. But that, too, is tied up with Martian notions about 'propriety'." (He used the Martian word.) "Death is the one acceptable excuse for not carrying out an obligation. If he were simply killed, they would adopt him into the nest after his death - and then the whole nest and probably every nest on Mars would set out to avenge him... Matter of obligation and propriety - in some ways a Martian's response to a situation is so automatic as to remind one of instinct. It is not, of course, since they are incredibly intelligent. But they do the damndest things..." [Double Star, p.55-6]
Edgar Rice Burroughs, Llana of Gathol (1941, 1948); Robert A Heinlein, Double Star (1956); Citizen of the Galaxy (1957); Glory Road (1963); C S Lewis, Out of the Silent Planet (1938); That Hideous Strength (1945); The Discarded Image (1964); The Magician's Nephew (1955); Olaf Stapledon, Last And First Men (1930); Star Maker (1937)
For the "moral liquidity" of Barsoom see the OSS Diary for 24th March 2017, regarding assassination and arena combat. Similarly for the issues surrounding the Sack of Zodanga see John Carter and Zodanga - How to Glide Over Dilemmas. And for an analogy between ethical dimensions and extra time-axes, prompted by those bloodthirstly games in the arena, see Playing pick-up spectra.
Home › Debates › Moral Dimensions
Solar System Heritage
SUN AND INNER SOLAR SYSTEM
(Vulcan)
The Asteroids
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text:
Eleanor Darnall
Oil on canvas portrait painting of "Eleanor Darnall" (1704-1796), ca. 1710, by Justus Englehardt Kuhn. Eleanor was born at "The Woodyard," in Prince George's County to Anne Digges Darnall (1685-ca. 1750) and Henry Darnall II (1682-1759). She was one of very few women in colonial America to attend school and was sent to Europe to complete her education. Around 1727, she married Daniel Carroll (1696-1751), a wealthy merchant, and Irish immigrant. The couple had eight children, seven of whom survived into adulthood. She was mother to several important Marylanders, including Daniel Carroll II (1730-1796), a founding father of the United States, and John Carroll (1735-1815), Archbishop of Baltimore and founder of Georgetown University. Eleanor never remarried, and lived an astonishingly long life for that era, passing away at 92 years of age. She is buried at Saint John the Evangelist Catholic Church Cemetery in Forest Glen, Montgomery County, Maryland.
Kuhn, Justus Engelhardt, -1717
Donor was a descendant of the sitter.
Bequest of Miss Ellen C. Daingerfield


Waste management or Waste disposal is all the activities and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes amongst other things, collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste together with monitoring and regulation. It also encompasses the legal and regulatory framework that relates to waste management encompassing guidance on recycling etc.


text:
Review the mission and record of both OSHA and MSHA and discuss H.R. 1834.
US House of Representatives Subcommittee on Workforce Protections and the Committee on Economic and and Educational Opportunities
Reich, Robert B.
REMARKS OF ROBERT B. REICH,
SECRETARY OF THE US DEPARTMENT OF LABOR,
BEFORE THE US HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES SUBCOMMITTEE ON WORKFORCE
PROTECTIONS AND THE COMMITTEE ON ECONOMIC AND EDUCATIONAL
I am pleased to appear before the Subcommittee today to review the mission and record of both the Occupational Safety and Health Administration and the Mine Safety and Health Administration -- and to discuss H.R. 1834, which would affect both agencies.
Protecting the safety and health of Americans workers -- whether they work in a factory, an office, or a mine -- is a national priority. On that, Mr. Chairman, we agree. Where we differ perhaps is on how to reach that goal. And that is what I would like to discuss this morning -- confident that whatever our disagreements over the route, we share a common destination. Let me begin with OSHA.
Worker Health and Safety in America
Since its creation in 1970, OSHA has improved the lives of America's working families. Over these last twenty-five years, the workplace fatality rate has declined 57 percent -- thanks largely to the agency's protective standards and enforcement program.
OSHA's standards have made a real difference -- often the difference between life and death -- for millions of working people. In FY 1994 alone, OSHA inspections helped make more than 40,000 workplaces safer for nearly two million working Americans.
But despite this progress -- which has been aided substantially by many responsible employers -- we still have a long way to go. For example, even in our new economy, work-related accidents and illnesses still cost an estimated 56,000 lives each year -- more than the total number of Americans killed in battle during the entire Vietnam War. Each day, another 6,000 workers are injured on the job and lose time from work.
All told, safety accidents cost our economy over $100 billion a year, and occupational illnesses cost many times more. And we all pay the price -- as employers, as workers, and as taxpayers.
But the true toll cannot be calculated in dollars and cents, for behind every number is a neighbor. Consider just one week earlier this month:
On June 9, a worker was electrocuted in Miami, another died from a fall off a ladder in Angston, Pennsylvania, and a third was killed at a Montana copper mine, when he fell from the 170-ton haul truck he was repairing.
On June 10, a worker was crushed to death underneath a forklift in Baton Rouge, and a water line inspector was asphyxiated inside a manhole in Kansas City.
On June 11, a worker was electrocuted in St. Louis, another was electrocuted in Beaumont, Texas, and two workers were killed in a fuel tank explosion in Wichita Falls, Texas.
On June 12, a worker was crushed by a crane boom in Fruita, Colorado, a construction worker fell to his death off a balcony in Bellaire, Florida, and a worker in Haven, Wisconsin was pulled into a metal press.
On June 13, a logger was run over by a skidder in Flatrock, Alabama, a construction worker in Alexander, Arkansas was killed when he was struck by a trailer loading ramp, and a worker was killed in Orrington, Maine when he became tangled in a conveyor belt and was pulled through the 6-inch space between a roller and the conveyor belt's frame.
On June 14, a worker was electrocuted in Bradford, Pennsylvania, a worker burned to death in a truck accident in Scott City, Missouri, and 3 asbestos removal workers were injured by a chemical release in Savannah, Georgia.
On June 15, a worker fell 15 floors to his death in an elevator shaft in Atlanta, three workers were killed in a head-on collision of a dump truck and a delivery truck, and a worker was crushed by a skid loader in Davis City, Nebraska.
Seven days on the job in America.
Each of these incidents represents a family's tragedy, of course. But the most tragic fact of all is that most of these incidents could have been prevented by compliance with OSHA's existing regulations. The need for a strong OSHA to protect workers remains.
The New OSHA
At the same time, I recognize that at times in the past OSHA has focused too much on processes and activity, and not enough on safety and health. But make no mistake: OSHA is changing the way it does business. On May 16, President Clinton announced a host of dramatic initiatives the agency has been working on since 1993. These reforms are changing the agency's culture -- to ensure that we adequately protect workers without imposing unfair burdens on employers.
There are three core principles guiding these efforts. First, more cooperation. OSHA has begun to refocus its enforcement and compliance assistance efforts. We will develop a broad range of solutions, and treat good actors differently from bad actors. For employers who have made safety and health a priority, and who seek a productive partnership, we will offer incentives, compliance assistance, training and education -- and we will recognize their good efforts. But for those employers who disregard their workers' safety and health -- and Mr. Chairman, the sad fact is that some still do -- we will continue to vigorously enforce the law.
The second principle: old-fashioned common sense. OSHA is changing its approach to regulations by eliminating or fixing out-of-date and confusing standards, by identifying clear and sensible priorities for new rules, and by employing flexible "performance-based" approaches where feasible. Recently, OSHA completed a page-by-page review of its nearly 3,000 pages of regulations. The agency identified over 1,000 pages to be eliminated or revised.
The third principle: results -- not red tape. Many employers have complained that OSHA inspectors care less about worker safety than they do about meeting perceived "quotas" for citations and penalties. While OSHA has never used quotas, it has in the past used citations and penalties as performance measures. But not anymore. This year, the new OSHA ended this practice. Now OSHA's performance will be measured by results -- by its success improving the health and safety of American workplaces.
These efforts have already begun to reap rewards for employers and for workers. For example, in the Maine 200 program nearly 200 employers chose to work cooperatively with OSHA to establish safety and health programs. Doing the job themselves, these employers identified about fourteen times as many hazards as OSHA inspectors would likely have found. The bottom line: workers were safer and healthier, and employers saved money.
Reform or Wrecking Ball?
Now, let me spend a few minutes on H.R. 1834. While the President's "New OSHA" initiative would treat responsible employers differently from neglectful ones, H.R. 1834 would provide all employers -- including those who disregard worker safety -- with a host of exemptions and defenses against OSHA enforcement. All of us agree that the status quo will not do, which leaves us with a choice: reform or wrecking ball? I have several specific concerns with this legislation.
Prevention Through Enforcement
For a quarter-century, OSHA has focused on preventing workplace accidents. And the main mechanism has been an enforcement program under which the possibility of citations and fines encourages otherwise inactive employers to protect their workers. H.R. 1834 would abandon this preventive focus, by prohibiting the agency from issuing citations and penalties in the first instance unless workers are killed or injured or an imminent danger is present. Employers would receive only a "notice" even where they have ignored the most obvious hazards and shown a blatant disregard for worker safety. In addition, OSHA's enforcement program would be limited to no more than 50 percent of the agency's budget, more than half of the American businesses would be exempt from OSHA's general inspection program, and the agency would be precluded from increasing penalties for willful or repeat violations.
The consequences of these kinds of changes would ripple through the system. By taking away the agency's enforcement teeth, some companies would be encouraged to seek a short-term cost advantage by reducing their attention to workplace health and safety. And their competitors would then understandably follow in their path, launching a race to the bottom that would eventually endanger people and profits alike.
The General Duty Clause
At the heart of the OSH Act is the "general duty clause." This crucial provision requires employers to protect workers from all recognizable hazards likely to cause death or serious harm -- not simply the relative few workplace dangers explicitly addressed by OSHA's protective standards.
H.R. 1834 effectively repeals this clause by making it unenforceable, leaving American workers exposed to thousands of serious hazards that are not currently covered by OSHA standards.
Standards Based on Profits, Not Science
H.R. 1834 would eliminate the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, which for 25 years has conducted vital research on workplace hazards, and has been essential in setting standards for asbestos, vinyl chloride, and lead, to name just a few. Without NIOSH's expertise, OSHA would have much greater difficulty establishing the extent of risks posed by particular hazards. In its place, H.R. 1834 would allow parties with a direct financial interest to participate in "peer review" panels that would guide the development of standards. Ironically, H.R. 1834's regulatory reforms are premised on the notion that OSHA needs better science to regulate workplace hazards. Yet the bill would eliminate the only federal agency that conducts research on such hazards.
Employee Complaints
One of the core premises of the OSH Act is that where workers fear retaliation from their employers, they have a right to seek OSHA's help in addressing workplace hazards. But under H.R. 1834, workers would be banned from contacting OSHA unless they had first raised the problem with their employer -- even when the worker faced an imminent danger on the job, and even when bringing up the issue with the employer could trigger retribution. This approach would likely discourage many workers from raising legitimate safety and health concerns.
Layers of New Bureaucracy
In the name of deregulation, H.R. 1834 would force OSHA to establish many new layers of bureaucratic process, and to slog through each of those layers before it could protect workers from emerging hazards. The bill would impose rigid, "one-size-fits-all" risk assessment and cost-benefit analysis criteria, require costly, redundant peer reviews, and establish a new regulatory petition process to allow perpetual challenge to OSHA's protective rules. These proposals would likely waste millions of taxpayer dollars and delay rules for months or years at the expense of workers' safety and health.
More Litigation
H.R. 1834 establishes many new bases for employers to challenge OSHA's protective standards in court, virtually guaranteeing years of legal challenges before workers can be protected. In the meantime, working men and women would continue to suffer fatalities, injuries and illnesses that could otherwise have been avoided. The workers who would most benefit? Lawyers.
Employer Domination
Employee involvement is one of the most important means of improving workplace safety and health. And that involvement doesn't have to compromise workers' representational rights. Nevertheless, I am afraid that in the name of labor-management cooperation, H.R. 1834 would allow employers to dominate, interfere with or otherwise control any labor organization -- in effect, to sit on both sides of the bargaining table -- as long as no contract is signed.
Protecting Workers in America's Mines
The final objection I have to H.R. 1834 is significant, and merits a more detailed discussion. This legislation would pose a substantial threat to America's miners and America's mining industry. It would force a severe -- and even dangerous -- revision in federal mine safety and enforcement.
Since 1910, the federal government has been addressing the hazards in our nation's mines. Six decades before the OSHA law was enacted, the federal government began fashioning a system and a set of rules that have succeeded in reducing death and disease in the nation's mines. This bill would be the first federal statute ever to weaken protections for miners.
Here's specifically what H.R. 1834 would do: It would repeal most of the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977. It would merge the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), which enforces the Mine Act, with OSHA. And current mine safety and health standards -- with important exceptions -- would be enforced under the weakened provisions of the worker safety law I described earlier in my testimony.
But changing the legislative apparatus would do nothing to alter this fact: mining is one of the most dangerous industries in the country, and in the world. The work environment changes quickly -- and without notice.
As one hazard is corrected, another may appear. Miners still die in explosions. Miners still die in roof falls. Miners still die in blasting accidents. And miners still develop black lung and silicosis -- because problems in monitoring and controlling dust levels have so far been beyond our capacity to solve.
Sometimes we forget where the marvels of the mining industry come from -- gold and gravel, salt and stone, computer chips and cosmetics -- and what was necessary to get them. But I won't forget. On the fortunate occasion of Davitt McAteer's swearing in as Assistant Secretary, I had the opportunity to go into the mines. There, far below the earth's surface, I saw the work miners do . . . work that demands sharp skills and hard-won expertise. Since then, I've had a deep appreciation for the courage shown by miners every day -- and for the importance of a safe and productive mining industry.
Now, with respect to mining, H.R. 1834 begins with a valid premise: that we have made strides over the last several decades in improving the health and safety of our miners. But the conclusion drawn from that premise -- that the Mine Act should be repealed and MSHA eliminated -- is badly flawed. Coal miners are five times less likely to be killed on the job than they were in 1969, and metal miners twice less likely to die -- largely because we had the law and the agency in place. At the same time, productivity has soared.
But H.R. 1834 would reverse much of this progress. Taken together, the provisions of this legislation reflect an approach to mine safety and health that already has been tried -- and rejected: Mine inspections would be severely curtailed, even for gassy mines where the danger of explosion is high. MSHA's most effective enforcement tools would be eliminated or restricted. Miners who stand up for safety would lose rights and remedies. The issuance of every new mine safety and health standard would be subject to a series of burdensome requirements, likely to increase litigation and regulatory gridlock. Existing standards -- like the standard for respirable coal mine dust that protects miners from black lung -- would be threatened by the same unnecessary strictures.
In every respect, the ability of the Federal Government to protect miners would be seriously weakened. H.R. 1834 is presented as a cost-cutting measure, designed to make better use of the Federal Government's resources for occupational safety and health. Mr. Chairman, that aim is admirable. Unfortunately, H.R. 1834 would mean greater risks for miners, without offering better protection for other workers.
But our opposition to H.R. 1834 should not be seen as an unwillingness to pursue genuine reform and innovation. Under the leadership of Davitt McAteer, MSHA has worked hard at refining its programs, with good results. MSHA's Small Mines Summit focused on the safety problems of small mine and helped them comply with the law. The Agency has opened up its policy-making process to the public. It is re-examining the scope and purpose of its mine inspections, while increasing education and training and compliance-assistance efforts. At the President's direction, MSHA has reviewed its regulations page-by-page to identify obsolete rules. It is exploring the prospects for negotiated rule-making, for reduced reporting requirements, and for minimizing penalties for non-serious violations. MSHA is ready to expand on promising initiatives like these. But it is not ready to abandon its core mission.
A Commitment to Cooperation
Mr. Chairman, as I said at the beginning of this testimony, you and I differ -- but we differ more about means than about ends. And that signals to me that we can work together toward a common goal. Indeed, I stand ready to work with you to move forward on this critical issue. I want to work with you to respond to the anecdotal stories that have pervaded this debate, to check the facts and to fix problems where we find them. I want to tell you more about the striking progress we are making with the President's "New OSHA" and our initiatives at MSHA. And I want to work with you to ensure that any legislative reforms make the workplace safe and healthy for the millions of men and women who make the American economy the envy of the world.


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3) Marketing isn't just about the numbers.
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