text:
FROM ubuntu:xenial-20170510
MAINTAINER https://about.me/chihchun

RUN sed -e s%http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/%mirror://mirrors.ubuntu.com/mirrors.txt% -i /etc/apt/sources.list
RUN apt-get update \
 && apt-get dist-upgrade -y

RUN apt-get install --no-install-recommends -y firefox ttf-wqy-microhei  default-java-plugin
# Setup locales for input methods.
RUN apt-get install -y locales \
 && locale-gen zh_TW zh_TW.UTF-8 zh_CN zh_CN.UTF-8 en

# Setup timezone
RUN apt-get install -y tzdata \
 && ln -fs /usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Taipei /etc/localtime

RUN apt-get install --no-install-recommends -y pcscd pcsc-tools
# setup sudo for pcscd
RUN apt-get install -y sudo \
 && echo "firefox ALL=NOPASSWD: /etc/init.d/pcscd, /bin/su, /usr/local/src/mLNHIICC_Setup/mLNHIICC" >> /etc/sudoers.d/firefox

# vim for debug purpose.
# RUN apt-get install -y vim

RUN useradd --create-home firefox
RUN echo 'pref("browser.startup.homepage", "https://rtn.tax.nat.gov.tw/ircweb/index.jsp");' >> /etc/firefox/syspref.js \
 && echo 'pref("plugin.load_flash_only", false);' >> /etc/firefox/syspref.js \
 && echo 'pref("xpinstall.signatures.required", false);' >> /etc/firefox/syspref.js  \
 && echo 'pref("extensions.enabledAddons", "hipki%40chttl.com.tw:1.5.1.2479,%7B972ce4c6-7e08-4474-a285-3208198ce6fd%7D:53.0.2");' >> /etc/firefox/syspref.js  \
 && echo 'pref("privacy.cpd.passwords", true);' >> /etc/firefox/syspref.js \
 && echo 'pref("dom.disable_open_during_load", false);' >> /etc/firefox/syspref.js

# Setup Firefox extensions
RUN apt-get install --no-install-recommends -y wget unzip
RUN mkdir -p /usr/share/mozilla/extensions/{ec8030f7-c20a-464f-9b0e-13a3a9e97384} \
 && wget --no-check-certificate -O \
        /usr/share/mozilla/extensions/{ec8030f7-c20a-464f-9b0e-13a3a9e97384}/hipki@chttl.com.tw.xpi https://rtn.tax.nat.gov.tw/ircweb/include/npHiPKIClient-linux-etax64.xpi

# Setup for reading Health Insurance ID Card
# Install script for plugin of Health Insurance ID Card will use killall command
RUN apt-get install --no-install-recommends -y libnss3-tools psmisc \
 && wget --no-check-certificate -P /tmp https://cloudicweb.nhi.gov.tw/cloudic/system/SMC/mLNHIICC_Setup.Ubuntu.zip \
 && unzip -d /tmp /tmp/mLNHIICC_Setup.Ubuntu.zip \
 && tar zxvf /tmp/mLNHIICC_Setup.Ubuntu16.tar.gz -C /usr/local/src \
 && cd /usr/local/src/mLNHIICC_Setup/ && ./Install \
 && sed -i '2i. /lib/lsb/init-functions' /usr/local/src/mLNHIICC_Setup/mLNHIICC \
 && rm -rf /tmp/*

# Install COMODO RSA Organization Validation Secure Server CA (SHA-2) for the NHIICC daemon.
RUN wget -O /usr/local/share/ca-certificates/comodorsaorganizationvalidationsecureserverca.crt https://support.comodo.com/index.php?/Knowledgebase/Article/GetAttachment/968/821025 \
 && wget -O /usr/local/share/ca-certificates/comodorsadomainvalidationsecureserverca.crt https://support.comodo.com/index.php?/Knowledgebase/Article/GetAttachment/970/821027 \
 && update-ca-certificates

ADD start.sh /usr/local/bin
RUN chmod 755 /usr/local/bin/start.sh

USER 1000
# Install the HiPKI plugin. But the plugin is blocked by default.
RUN mkdir -p /home/firefox/.mozilla && \
    unzip -d /home/firefox/.mozilla/ /usr/share/mozilla/extensions/\{ec8030f7-c20a-464f-9b0e-13a3a9e97384\}/hipki\@chttl.com.tw.xpi plugins/*

# This approach does not work, the user still need to approve the extenstion manually.
# RUN mkdir -p /home/firefox/.mozilla/extensions/{ec8030f7-c20a-464f-9b0e-13a3a9e97384} \
#  && wget --no-check-certificate -O \
#        /home/firefox/.mozilla/extensions/{ec8030f7-c20a-464f-9b0e-13a3a9e97384}/hipki@chttl.com.tw.xpi https://rtn.tax.nat.gov.tw/ircweb/include/npHiPKIClient-linux-etax64.xpi

CMD /usr/local/bin/start.sh


text:
پنج شنبه 2 بهمن 1399 - 5 جمادي الثاني 1442 - 21 ژانوِيه 2021
در حال بار گزاری ....
صفحه اصلی تبیان شبکه اجتماعی مشاوره آموزش فیلم صوت تصاویر حوزه کتابخانه دانلود وبلاگ فروشگاه اینترنتی
Imam Hussein's revolt, the causes (Part 2)
There are many people who might claim the upholding of this religious obligation. Imam Hussein (A.S) demonstrated this on the ground, "I seek to enjoin what is good and forbid what is evil and follow the traditions of my grandfather and my father." This is the parable of Islam that might be a source of pride for many a man. And yet, there have been Muslims whom Islam holds dear and feels proud of.
The various titles, which were earned by many luminaries, such as "Fakhrul Islam – the Pride of Islam", "Izzuddin – the Glory of Religion", and "Sharafuddin – the Honour of Religion", are indicative of this meaning. Abdu Thar, Ammar bin Yasir, [among the Companions of the Prophet (PBUH)], and Ibn Sina (Avicenna), [(980 – 1198 CE), the famous Muslim philosopher and physician], were brought up on the ideals of Islam and thus have become a source of pride for it. Islam, in return, feels proud of some of its sons, who had been moulded in its image, so much so that they have earned an international renown, not least because they have left their mark on the human civilization.
The world cannot deny the contribution of Khawaja Nasiruddin at-Tusi, [(597 – 672 AH, 1201 – 1274 CE), the Muslim philosopher, vizier, and theologian], to the human civilization, because the credit goes to him for some discoveries relating to the moon. So, it can be said that Imam Hussein bin Ali (A.S) has indeed given the required momentum to the tradition of "enjoining what is good and forbidding what is evil". And when it is maintained that this institution raises the weight of Muslims, this does not come from a vacuum. The Holy Qur'an has stated this,
"You are the best of peoples evolved for mankind. Enjoining what is right, forbidding what is wrong, and believing in Allah." (3/110).
Just ponder the couching of this verse, especially with regard to the quality bestowed on "the best people". That is, it is merely by virtue of their upholding the religious duty of "enjoining what is right and forbidding what is wrong", they have earned that sublime praise. So, the worth of this umma (community) is in its upholding this obligation.
However, insofar as Imam Hussein's revolt is concerned, it is the Imam who has conferred that sublime honour on this obligation by the sacrifices he personally made, and those of his family and companions. However, it is not enough that we, Muslims, are not up to the responsibility of upholding this religious obligation; we are proving to be a liability to it.
It is regrettable that people have paid much attention to not so important things, such as growing one's beard and prohibiting the wearing of gold [for men], and paid lip service to significant matters that should be upheld.
In contrast, Imam Hussein (A.S) revolted to keep the principle of "enjoining what is right and forbidding what is wrong" live in all spheres of life. He used to say that Yezid was the epitome of rejection and that he should be effaced from the world of Islam.
He further affirmed that the Imam of Muslims must be the one who upholds the injunctions contained in the Book of God, [i.e. the Holy Qur'an], administer justice, and follow the true religion.
Imam Hussein sacrificed everything in the way of safeguarding this institution and enforcing it. The Imam gave a more sober meaning to death in this cause. It has become to imply grandeur and honor. Since he set out on his journey from Medina to Kerbala, he was always talking about death in dignity and honour, i.e. the death in the cause of right, truth, and justice. Such a death is akin to a beautiful necklace that adorns the neck of a young woman.
The Imam often recited a line of poetry en route in his fateful journey to Kerbala. The poem read something like this: Despite the fact that this life is sweet and beautiful, yet, the next life is sweeter and more beautiful. Since, in the end, man will leave behind, after death, all his worldly possessions, the good comes out of giving away one's wealth in good causes, instead of hoarding it.
By the same token, since the human body would turn to dust after death, why should not man die a sweet and honorable death? Thus, dying with the sword in the cause of God is much greater and lovelier.
On the other side of the equation, the example of Abu Salama al-Khallal, who used to be dubbed "the Minister of the Household of Muhammad" in the court of the Abbasid Caliph, serves the reverse of the above-mentioned honorable death. His story goes like this: When he fell out of favour with the Abbasid Caliph, an incident which he later paid with his life for, he wrote two letters, one to Imam Jafar Sadiq (A.S) and the other to Muhammad bin Abdullah al-Mahdh, offering them his services and those of Abu Muslim, [i.e. intending to stage a palace coup]. This was his message to them: Should you be prepared for this, [i.e. taking over the caliphate], and accept our offer, we will kill those, [i.e. the Abbasid rulers].
The immediate impression the contents of this letter gives is that the writer is disloyal because he addressed his letter to two different people, but only when his relationship with his masters turned sour.
As soon as Imam Sadiq received the letter and read it, he burned it before the eyes of the emissary who carried it to him. When the messenger asked the Imam as to his reply, the Imam informed him that he had nothing to add to what the messenger had just seen, [i.e. of burning the letter].
The Abbasid killed Abu Salama before he could meet with his messenger. Some people seem to raise the objection as why the Imam did not respond positively to the invitation of Abu Salama who called on him to rise to assume power with his help. That is, while the intension of Abu Salama was known; he was not sincere in his appeal as he wrote his letter immediately after he had fallen out favour with the Abbasid Caliph, who was sure that he could not be trusted any more.
Thus, he met his violent death soon after. Nevertheless, if Imam Hussein (A.S) turned a blind eye to all those letters he had received from the Kufans, inviting him to go to them and set up an Islamic government there, he would have never escaped similar criticism. In Imam Hussein's case, he responded positively to the Kufans' appeals when he realized that they were genuine in their call for him to come to them. Thus, it became incumbent on him to respond.
By: Martyr Murteza Mutahhari
Source: imamreza.net
Role of Religious Deviation in Leading to Karbala (Part 1)
Role of Religious Deviation in Leading to Karbala (Part2)
The cause of the martyrdom of Imam Hussein (A.S)
Muharram the Month of Mourning
Copyright © 2012 . All right reserved
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Spring is a time of renewal and warmth. As cold weather subsides and the snow melts, we can all breathe a sigh of relief that it will be another seven months before we have to deal with icy roads. Even though winter is on its way out, it leaves our roads with noticeable parting "gifts" that can continue to wreak havoc on our cars and our safety well into the summer months.
Pressure. As you probably know, our roads are comprised of tiny pieces of granite and sand that are compressed together to form asphalt. This mixture is then spread across the road so that thousands of multi-ton vehicles can roll over it on a regular basis. Unfortunately, the amount of weight and pressure the roads are forced to endure causes the mixture to crack over time as the tiny bits of granite are compressed and break. These cracks can then grow, creating fissures in the road.
Weather. Road fissures create an opening in the asphalt where rain and snow can accumulate. If the crack becomes filled with water and the temperature falls below freezing, the water will expand within the crack, forcing the asphalt to break. When the asphalt breaks, it will create an even larger fissure for water to accumulate and freeze.
Time. The more time that passes, the more vulnerable roads become. A small crack can become a huge hole, and a tiny puddle can become a deep pond. Unfortunately, these eventualities create enormous problems when they occur in the middle of the road—problems that can cause significant damage to your vehicle and potentially catastrophic damage to your family's well-being.
For more information on roadside accidents, including questions on liability and injury compensation, visit our library of educational articles or save some time by contacting us directly. We're happy to discuss your concerns and help you understand your legal options. Don't hesitate! Get the answers you need today.
Post a Comment to "The Dangerous Road Hazards That Winter Leaves Behind"


aicas GmbH, UL (Underwriters Laboratories), Xilinx, Inc.
Security Claims Evaluation Testbed – an open and easily configurable cybersecurity platform for evaluation of endpoint, gateway, and other networked components' security capabilities.
Software utilized for testbed operation is provided by both members and non-members. With the any-to-any connectivity of the programmable and configurable nature of the security testbed and the application software flexibility, a host of interfaces can be supported. This includes sensor inputs -both analog and digital, video/imaging interfaces, along with a wide range of communications protocols, ranging from Industrial Ethernet protocols to other secure messaging protocols (DDS, XMPP, MQTT, REST, others).
Understanding the security needs of components in a system and having metrics to evaluate those needs very early in product development can address security concerns prior to product launch. The testbed aims to enable manufacturers to improve the security posture of their products and verify alignment to the Industrial Internet Consortium Security Reference Architecture prior to product launch to help accelerate time to market.
The primary objective of the Security Claims Evaluation Testbed is to provide an open and easily configurable cybersecurity platform for evaluation of endpoint, gateway, and other networked components' security capabilities. The testbed will enable participants to connect their equipment to a system of other endpoints, gateways, etc. to evaluate the security capabilities of their equipment, interoperability to other devices, and verify the critical areas of their architecture pattern are secured as outlined in the Industrial Internet Consortium Reference Architecture.
Industrial Internet Consortium members and non-members have the ability to connect their equipment to the testbed to evaluate the security of their devices within two different scenarios; individually on a device level as well as with a system of other endpoints, gateways, etc. This includes exploration of methodology and collection of evidence to demonstrate the system operational security processes supporting the key characteristics of the system relative to evaluation of the participant's claims. Additionally, the testbed enables the evaluation of the critical areas of an architecture pattern that need to be secured as outlined in the Industrial Internet Consortium Reference Architecture.
The testbed will be rolled out in three stages. The first being initial deployment in a lab environment, second in a micro-factory environment and third phase as determined by the growth of the testbed. The security testbed phased release approach provides a unique learning opportunity to evaluate security vulnerabilities at a device level and system level prior to large scale deployment across many key applications driving the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) / Industry 4.0.
Interested in learning more about the Security Claims Evaluation Testbed? Email us!
In an Industrial environment setting, monitoring of sensors provides a window into system and operational efficiencies.
Specifically, monitoring key parameters such as temp, vibration, current and voltage provide the operator insight into how whether operation is within normal range, normal failure mode, or indication of a cybersecurity / security breach.
For this use case, the security testbed provides a platform for users to evaluate whether data from the sensors under test is indicative of normal operation or abnormal operation in a non-invasive and non-intrusive manner. Furthermore using machine learning, combined with real-time analytics capabilities, the sensor operation can be monitored and analyzed 24/7. Logging of abnormal events can be performed for further assessment and future remediation actions.
Through running a predefined security test suite that encompasses pen testing, known vulnerabilities and other testing methodologies, testbed users' security claims can be evaluated at a single or multiple connection points – encompassing an endpoint to gateway to cloud assessment. A report based on the test results can be provided to users describing potential security weaknesses and proposed recommendations and remediation methods.


text:
Suspect in attempted sexual assault in Oakland tried to lure elderly victim with $100
By KTVU Staff
KTVU FOX 2
Oakland Police Department
OAKLAND, Calif. (KTVU) - Authorities are searching for a suspect who tried to sexually assault a woman outside her home in Oakland.
City officials the incident happened on Friday around 7:50 a.m. in the 700 block of Prospect Avenue.
The 70-year-old victim reported that she was outside her home when she was approached by a stranger who tried to lure her with a $100 bill. Authorities said as the victim started walking back toward her front door, the suspect grabbed her from behind, forced her to the ground, and attempted to sexually assault her.
While on the ground, the woman screamed and fought the suspect off. He fled the scene on foot towards Kenwyn Road.
The woman described the suspect as an African American man, between 28 to 30 years of age, 5'10", medium build and medium complexion. She told police he was wearing a blue T-Shirt, gray pants, and a black face mask.
The City of Oakland said Crime Stoppers is offering a reward of up to $7,500 for information leading to an arrest in this case. Anyone with information should call the Special Victims Unit at (510) 238-3641.


text:
Driver facing charges after assaulting an officer in Prince Edward County
KFL&A Public Health region moves to Yellow Community Status for COVID-19
November 20, 2020 December 11, 2020 Samantha Butler-Hassan, Local Journalism Initiative
KFL&A Public Health Head office. Kingstonist file photo
Update (Friday, Dec. 11, 2020): Today, the provincial government announced which regions would be changing levels within the Provincial Framework for COVID-19 response. Kingston, Frontenac, Lennox and Addington (KFL&A) Public Health region will remain in the Yellow level. The neighbouring region of Leeds, Grenville and Lanark (LGL), where two outbreaks were recently declared, is moving from the Green to Yellow Level. Details on what those levels mean below.
Update (Friday, Nov. 27, 2020): According to the provincial government, the Kingston, Frontenac, Lennox & Addington (KFL&A) Public Health region will remain in the Yellow level of the Provincial Framework for COVID-19 Response for another week. The Province will continue to announce which regions are moving into which levels every Friday, to be effective the following Monday.
The provincial government announced on Friday, Nov. 20, 2020 that the Kingston, Frontenac, Lennox & Addington (KFL&A) Public Health region will move into the Yellow level of the provincial framework for COVID-19 response.
These strengthened public health measures will come into effect on Monday, Nov. 23 at 12:01 a.m. Some of the new measures include:
Events and social gatherings (for example, barbeques): limited to 10 people indoors and 25 people outdoors
Organized public events and gatherings: limited to 50 people indoors and 100 people outdoors
Religious services, weddings and funerals: 30 per cent capacity indoors, 100 people outdoors
Physical distancing must be maintained
Non-essential travel from areas of high-transmission to areas of low transmission should be avoided.
Liquor sold or served only between 9 a.m. to 11 p.m.
No consumption of liquor permitted in bars and restaurants between 12 a.m. to 9 a.m.
Bars and restaurants must gather contact information for all seated patrons
Limit of 6 people may be seated together in restaurants and bars
The full list of restrictions as they apply to different business and activities can be found here.
Dr. Moore: We're not out of the woods
KFL&A's Medical Officer of Health Dr. Kieran Moore explained that the province will likely hold the region at the Yellow level for "at least one incubation period" of COVID-19, or roughly two weeks.
The change comes at a time when Kingston is experiencing an uptick in the number of confirmed active COVID-19 cases.
"Earlier this week, case counts in our region went to an all-time high of 36 active cases," Dr. Moore said. He noted that the data from recent days already suggests that this week's surge has come under control.
"The news has been good the last few days, we think that we've got some control on this recent local transmission," he said. Dr. Moore noted that Public Health has gone from monitoring over 300 high-risk close contacts to 200 through the week.
"The next weeks will be critical for us as we monitor the data. We're not out of the woods for another ten days or so," he said.
Risk levels vary across Ontario
Kingston will be one of nine public health regions in Ontario in the Yellow level of COVID-19 restriction next week, the second of five levels of public health measures. The Province also announced on Friday, Nov. 20, 2020 that Toronto and Peel Public Health regions will move into the highest, Lockdown Level.
Dr. Moore encouraged Kingston residents to "hunker down" and avoid travel outside of the KFL&A Public Health region.
"Any of the major outbreaks in our area have been secondary to travel to the GTA or the other high-risk municipalities," he said. "The risk correlates to going into high-risk areas and the number of close contacts."
Dr. Moore said the region has done very well overall, thanking front-line workers and people who have gone for testing.
"I'm sure we can continue to do this, and control this recent rise in cases. We're just emphasizing the basic strategies," he said. He recommended people limit interactions outside of their homes, stay home if sick, avoid travel outside the region, practice good hand hygiene and masking, and keep a small social circle limited to their household.
"It's our goal to not move to orange, or red, or lockdown. It's our goal to move from yellow back to green," he said.
← OPP lay charges after threats made over social media
Road closures and traffic delays, week ending Nov 27, 2020 →


On the eve of his appearance on Sunrise on Sky News, Dominic Knight shares his tips on how to be happy everyday.
95% of everything you do is determined by your habits of thinking. From the time you wake up in the morning to the time you go to sleep at night, your thought patterns largely control and dictate the words you say, your actions and what you feel. Successful, happy people have good habits of thinking that are life enhancing. Unhappy people have habits of negative thinking that affect the entire bio-chemistry and brain chemistry and if you are thinking negative fearful thoughts you are instantly creating toxicity in your body. So let's work on detoxifying your thoughts!
1. On awakening, positively visualise yourself accomplishing the most important tasks of the day.
2. If negative chatter formulates in your mind turn it into positive.
3. Focus on what's going right with your life from a place of love and gratitude (Research now shows this stops the primitive part of the brain which is responsible for anxiety from being triggered).
4. Recognise in every difficulty there is always an opportunity.
5. Chunk down into small pieces what needs to be done in your life to get you to where you want to be.
6. Remember all the things you have always wanted to do in life…Now Go Do It!
Dominic Knight will be appearing on the breakfast time programme "Sunrise" on Sky News at 8:20 am tomorrow 5 June 2013. Watch him work his magic live on TV and see this top Harley Street hypnotherapist in action. He will also be speaking on 14 different radio stations throughout the day.


text:
Evan Szarenski joins DCI Consulting as senior consultant
26 May 2022 Consulting.us 1 min. read
Evan Szarenski, a former director at the US Department of Labor, has joined DCI Consulting as a senior consultant in the firm's audit strategy and regulatory affairs team.
Szareski will join the Washington, DC headquarters of DCI, a human resources risk management consulting firm. As part of the audit and regulatory team, he will advise clients on the full lifecycle of Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP) audit support, from submission to closure.
Szarenski spent the last 11 years at the Department of Labor's OFCCP, which is responsible for ensuring federal contractor compliance with non-discrimination laws. He most recently served as director of regional operations, setting the framework for compliance reviews, investigations, and enforcement priorities relating to the Vietnam Era Veterans' Readjustment and Assistance Act, among others.
He has a JD from the University of New Hampshire and a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from the University of Michigan.
"Evan Szarenski brings incredible insight to DCI with his experience at OFCCP ensuring contractor compliance with regulations, policies, and procedures. Our clients will benefit from his breadth of knowledge," David Cohen, president of DCI, said.
DCI was founded in 2001 and provides consulting in pay equity, DEI metrics, affirmative action plan development and implementation, employee selection and test validation, and OFCCP audit and litigation support. The consultancy has a team of more than 80 employees, according to LinkedIn, and works with clients across aerospace and defense, education, healthcare, pharma, financial services, manufacturing, technology, and retail.
The firm's audit and regulatory team helps clients negotiate with the OFCCP and navigate the audit process, providing support in strategy, additional analyses, and back pay calculations.


Welsh Soprano Elin Pritchard is a graduate of the Alexander Gibson Opera School at the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland, where she was awarded a Master of Opera with Distinction and a Master of Music, and of London's National Opera Studio.
Her operatic roles have included the title role in Lucia di Lammermoor at the Buxton Festival, Micaëla Carmen for Mid Wales Opera, Miss Jessel The Turn of the Screw, Nella Gianni Schicchi and Giorgetta Il tabarro for Opera Holland Park, Fiordiligi Così fan tutte for Den Jyske Opera and Donna Elvira Don Giovanni for Finnish National Opera. For Scottish Opera, she has sung Donna Elvira Don Giovanni, Anne Trulove The Rake's Progress and Violetta La traviata.
Current engagements include First Nymph Rusalka for Scottish Opera, Donna Elvira Don Giovanni for Winslow Hall Opera, Musetta La bohème for Opera Holland Park, Haydn St Nicholas Mass with the English Chamber Orchestra, Poulenc Gloria with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, Vaughan Williams A Sea Symphony with the Brighton Philharmonic Orchestra and 'Hathaway – Eight Arias for a Bardic Life' at the Buxton Festival.


For anyone that doesn't know, Bloomberg is a data service provider where you can extract prices for various financial assets (and other things) into MS Excel. The format is quite typical: data is usually arranged in a time-series with dates progressing down rows and various financial products progressing across the columns.
respectively. The date for each price will appear in column A.
for 05-Jan-14 would appear (actually the 7th is a Monday).
The problem arises when I have an Excel formula in column D that refers to either columns A, B, or C. As the days progress and the list of prices/dates grows longer (i.e. more rows), the formula in column D doesn't grow with this growing data set.
Is there a way in which MS Excel 2010 recognizes a dynamically sized data set from Bloomberg and automatically propagates referring formulas in adjacent columns downward (without using VBA)?
You could then paste this down much further than your data will go. Even if the B3*C3 piece of the formula is costly, I don't believe it will slow your sheet down much as excel shouldn't even try to evaluate that piece of the formula unless there is a date in that row.
The other option would be to use VBA. You can take a look here for a relatively simple example.


Cycling around the parish is a great way to enjoy the area and the beautiful Devon countryside. Being a slower way to travel, it allows you to soak up the delights of the local scenery as well as covering a decent distance.
These avoid the faster, busier roads and the hillier lanes. One or two routes stray into adjacent parishes but there's no passport control or ID card required as you criss-cross 'borders'!
If you're inexperienced, its best to avoid the wider but busier A3072 and B3215 roads that traverse the parish area east to west but there's a multitude of lanes and byways in the area, with most of our local highway network comprising single-track lanes with passing places. There are many gateways to stop and linger awhile to admire the view. High hedges and limited verge space are common and some short climbs are unavoidable though, in compensation, offer the best panoramas on the way up and at the top. And naturally what goes up also goes down!
It's common sense but advisable to take a bottle of water, sustenance and maybe wet weather clothing with you, plus, bearing in mind mobile reception can't be guaranteed in every corner of the parish, a cycle pump and repair kit.


I need a logo looking similar as one attached.
Also please add words under the logo as per attached file.
Please read attached file for detailed explanation.
Can I post more than one logo?
#sealed Please .. all only copy the ideas .....!
Seal the contest please, that way there will be more original ideas from designers.


text:
Asterinella puyana är en svampart som beskrevs av Petr. 1950. Asterinella puyana ingår i släktet Asterinella och familjen Microthyriaceae.   Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Sporsäcksvampar
puyana

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Your garden is unique, or at least it should be. It should contain plants you like, plants adapted to the site, plants that have local or personal connections. I don't do 'design by numbers' - the same set of plants trotted out for each garden, but treat each garden and customer individually.
Traditional English Garden - roses, hollyhocks etc.
Mediterranean Style - drought-tolerant plants.


text:
Prognosis research...
Prognosis research strategy (PROGRESS) 1: A framework for researching clinical outcomes
CCBYNC Open access
Research Methods & Reporting
BMJ 2013; 346 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e5595 (Published 05 February 2013) Cite this as: BMJ 2013;346:e5595
Harry Hemingway, professor of clinical epidemiology1,
Peter Croft, professor of epidemiology2,
Pablo Perel, clinical senior lecturer3,
Jill A Hayden, assistant professor4,
Keith Abrams, professor of medical statistics5,
Adam Timmis, professor of clinical cardiology6,
Andrew Briggs, Lindsay chair in health policy & economic evaluation7,
Ruzan Udumyan, research assistant1,
Karel G M Moons, professor of clinical epidemiology8,
Ewout W Steyerberg, professor of medical decision making9,
Ian Roberts, professor of epidemiology and public health3,
Sara Schroter, senior researcher10,
Douglas G Altman, professor of statistics in medicine11,
Richard D Riley, senior lecturer in medical statistics12
for the PROGRESS Group
1Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, UK
2Arthritis Research UK Primary Care Centre, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK
3London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT
4Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 1V7
5Centre for Biostatistics & Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
6London Chest Hospital, London E2 9JX
7Health Economics & Health Technology Assessment, Centre for Population & Health Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK
8Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
9Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
10BMJ, BMA House, London WC1H 9JR
11Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6UD, UK
12School of Health and Population Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
Correspondence to: H Hemingway h.hemingway{at}ucl.ac.uk
Accepted 29 July 2012
Understanding and improving the prognosis of a disease or health condition is a priority in clinical research and practice. In this article, the authors introduce a framework of four interrelated themes in prognosis research, describe the importance of the first of these themes (understanding future outcomes in relation to current diagnostic and treatment practices), and introduce recommendations for the field of prognosis research
In clinical medicine, the term prognosis refers to the risk of future health outcomes in people with a given disease or health condition. Prognosis research is thus the investigation of the relations between future outcomes (endpoints) among people with a given baseline health state (startpoint) in order to improve health (see supplementary figure on bmj.com). The study of prognosis has never been more important, as globally more people are living with one or more disease or health impairing condition than at any previous time.1 For this reason, governments across the world are increasing their interest in the outcomes of healthcare currently provided for people with disease.2 Similarly, research funders and researchers are increasingly focused on translating new interventions and technologies from the laboratory to clinical practice and then healthcare policy in order to establish and implement new standards of high quality care and improve patient outcomes.
Prognosis research findings should thus be integral to clinical decision making, healthcare policy, and discovering and evaluating new approaches to patient management. However, there is a concerning gap between the potential and actual impact of prognosis research on health. Prognosis research studies too often fall a long way short of the high standards required in other fields, such as therapeutic trials and genetic epidemiology.
In the PROGnosis RESearch Strategy (PROGRESS) series (www.progress-partnership.org), we propose a framework of four distinct but inter-related prognosis research themes:
(1) The course of health related conditions in the context of the nature and quality of current care (fundamental prognosis research)
(2) Specific factors (such as biomarkers) that are associated with prognosis (prognostic factor research)3
(3) The development, validation, and impact of statistical models that predict individual risk of a future outcome (prognostic model research)4
(4) The use of prognostic information to help tailor treatment decisions to an individual or group of individuals with similar characteristics (stratified medicine research).5
Figure 1⇓ illustrates these four prognosis research areas for women with breast cancer (startpoint) and the endpoint of death or disease-free survival. Part (a) shows country variations in age adjusted, five year survival (fundamental prognosis research)6; part (b) shows survival curves according to the value of extracellular domain of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2 ECD), which is identified to be prognostic of disease outcome (prognostic factor research)7; part (c) shows the use of multiple clinical variables within a statistical model to estimate individual risk of a particular endpoint (prognostic model research)8; and part (d) shows why a positive oestrogen receptor status is used to identify those who will benefit from tamoxifen therapy (stratified medicine research).9
Fig 1 Framework of four different types of prognosis research question, illustrated for breast cancer. a) Fundamental prognosis research: variations between countries in age adjusted, five year survival (with permission from Cancer Research UK6). b) Prognostic factor research: survival curves showing that patients with "positive" values (>8.9 ng/mL) of the extracellular domain of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2 ECD) have a worse survival than those with negative values (≤8.9 ng/mL), and thus HER ECD is a potential prognostic factor (from Tsai et al7). c) Prognostic model research: use of multiple clinical variables in a model to estimate risk of endpoint, and then combined with evidence of treatment effectiveness to inform clinical decisions (ER=oestrogen receptor) (from Adjuvant! Online8). d) Stratified medicine research: predictors of differential treatment response identified in randomised trials, showing that the benefit of tamoxifen is confined to those with positive oestrogen receptor (ER) status (based on data from Early Breast Cancer Trialists Collaborative Group9)
The overarching aim of the PROGRESS series is to explain how each of these four prognosis research themes provides important evidence that can be used at multiple (translational) pathways toward improving clinical outcomes—from the discovery of new interventions, through to their evaluation and implementation in the clinical management of individual patients, and to examining the impact of interventions and healthcare policies on patient outcomes. This contrasts with previous reviews of prognosis research which consider impact at one end of the translational spectrum (such as clinical decision making) or on just one type of prognosis question (such as prognostic models10). Whereas previous reviews focus on one specific disease area (such as cancer),11 12 we include examples from cancer, cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal disorders, trauma, and other conditions. Our series describes the current challenges and opportunities in the field and makes recommendations for necessary improvements to move toward a clearer map for prognosis research that ultimately improves patient outcomes (summarised in supplementary table 1 on bmj.com).
An important place to start is with research that aims to examine the outcomes of a disease or health condition in the context of current clinical practice, and this we term fundamental prognosis research. In this first article we consider what this entails, explain its importance in pathways toward improving patient outcomes, and outline a set of recommendations with the aim of improving the quality and impact across all of the inter-related themes in prognosis research and which will be expanded in the other articles in our series.
What is fundamental prognosis research?
Before carrying out research into novel prognostic factors, prognostic models, or stratified medicine it is necessary to carry out research describing and explaining future outcomes in people with a disease or health condition in relation to current diagnostic and treatment practices. There is a close relation between the questions "What is the prognosis of people with this condition?" and "What are the outcomes of the care which people receive for this condition?" In order to improve the quality of healthcare, evidence is required on how the specific patterns of care received (such as investigation, treatment, support), and their variations (such as underuse, overuse, misuse) have an impact on future endpoints.13 Such research has a broad remit. It spans, for example, investigations into societal influences (inequitable variations in care and outcome among older people, women, the socially disadvantaged, and ethnic minorities), patient safety,14 15 unanticipated harms and benefits from treatments, and screening research. Prognosis in the absence of care—which is sometimes termed natural history—is an important parameter for judging the potential impact of screening for asymptomatic disease (such as mammography for breast cancer), as well as for case detection of symptomatic undiagnosed or unpresented conditions such as back pain or angina.16 17
These relations may be expressed as an absolute risk (or rate) of one or more type of endpoint among groups of people who share demographic and clinical characteristics; some refer to this as an average prognosis in a particular group of interest, or as a baseline risk. Here the research provides initial answers to the question "What is the prognosis of people with a given disease?" For example, on average about 15% of people aged 65 years or older, admitted in 2006 in the US died within 30 days of admission to hospital with a heart attack compared with an average of 19% in 1995.18 Such a change in the average mortality rate is illustrated in figure 2⇓. This shows the decreasing prognostic burden of heart attack and motivates inquiry into new approaches to understand and reduce this risk further. This clinical scenario also exemplifies that "the prognosis" of a disease or condition is a somewhat misleading expression: what is observed is prognosis of people in particular clinical contexts, defined by current clinical approaches in diagnosing, characterising, and managing patients with a symptom or disease.
Fig 2 Example of use of fundamental prognosis research to examine variations in outcomes from medical care: inter-hospital variation in mortality per 100 population within 30 days of admission with acute myocardial infarction (created using fictional data for illustration purposes, but based on the findings of Krumholz et al18)
Such prognosis research is also concerned with describing and understanding the variations around the average course.19 20 These variations may occur between individual patients or between patients clustered, for example, within surgeons, hospitals, or regions. The acute myocardial infarction example above demonstrates striking variations between hospitals in prognosis, and similar variations are seen in traumatic brain injury and other conditions.18 21 Indeed, for most hospitals the national average is a poor guide to the mortality of their patients (fig 2⇑).
Stephen J Gould, the evolutionary biologist, having survived 20 years after being told the median survival of his abdominal mesothelioma was eight months, famously remarked, "the median isn't the message."22 Describing and explaining the sources of variability in prognosis is a theme throughout our PROGRESS framework.3 4 5 Fundamental prognosis research may help explain Gould's long survival in terms of the demographic and clinical context (for example, his high educational status and the quality of care received), whereas research into emerging prognostic factors may examine psychological, behavioural, or biomarker factors associated with improved outcome (see paper 2 in our series3), or the extent to which his survival was predictable from statistical models of individual risk prediction (paper 3 in our series4), or whether particular treatments had a larger beneficial effect for him than for others (paper 4 in our series5).
Importance of fundamental prognosis research in the pathways toward improved health outcomes
Healthcare professionals, people with a disease or health condition, funders, and policy makers require valid, reliable evidence about the outcomes of diseases and health conditions in order to make decisions. Here we review the potential impact of such evidence across translational pathways in healthcare, starting from the applied, healthcare delivery end (far right of pathways schema shown at bottom of figs 2⇑, 3⇓, and 4⇓) and working back to discovery and new approaches (far left of schema).
Importance for public health policy
Public health policy makers need estimates of average prognosis to model the population burden of diseases and assess the relative contribution of healthcare delivery among those with disease (secondary prevention) and without disease (primary prevention). For example, the public health objective of reducing overall coronary heart disease mortality (a conflation of incidence of non-fatal coronary disease and subsequent death) has been helped by modelling the impact of population interventions aimed at early detection and primary and secondary prevention.23 24 25 Such models use an average prognosis of heart attack survival from the date of diagnosis among age and sex strata to attribute quality adjusted life years (and health service costs of managing the disease) which would be saved with successful prevention.
By contrast with the improvements over time in the prognosis of coronary disease, for people with low back pain there is little evidence that the average prognosis (based on symptom relief 26 27) has changed over the past 20 years, nor does it differ between countries with different healthcare systems.28 This suggests that healthcare itself is not a major influence on average symptomatic outcome in people with back pain. However, when considering the outcome of sickness absence, there are dramatic variations over time and between countries—suggesting the importance of the broader public health context of working patterns and benefit payments for chronic illness.29
Importance for comparative effectiveness and health services research
Insights into health and healthcare policy may come from comparing the prognosis of specific conditions over time and place in order to assess the comparative effectiveness of systems of care.30 31 For example, figure 1⇑ shows that the five year survival from breast cancer in 2000-03 varies widely from country to country (from about 70% in the Czech Republic to 90% in Iceland). The UK seems to have worse cancer survival than most other European countries,32 and the latter have worse survival for some cancers than the US. Such international comparisons of average prognosis provide a motivation for researchers to uncover explanations and for healthcare policy makers to improve the quality of care and deliver better health outcomes.2 Policy makers seeking to improve national cancer outcomes may consider a range of interventions, including: early detection (such as mammography screening), population-wide guidance (such as encouraging self examination),33 34 centralisation of services, and systematic implementation of cost effective therapies. Ecological comparisons of country-level factors (such as smoking prevalence or number of specialists per capita population) can be related to outcomes. Such research may generate hypotheses for prognostic factor research (see paper 2 in our series3) as well as helping to formulate service and policy development.
Fundamental prognosis research is vital in addressing the "second gap" in translation,35 in which evidence from randomised trials of effective treatments may fail to be implemented in usual clinical practice (far right of translational pathway toward improved clinical outcomes). For example, the between hospital variations in outcome from acute myocardial infarction (fig 2⇑) may, in part, stem from differing use of evidence based therapies. These findings have profound implications for healthcare policy. It demonstrates a "normal distribution" of mortality between hospitals; over time the whole distribution of hospital mortality improves and shifts to the left and the variation between hospitals in outcomes narrows. The policy implication is that improvements in the quality of care in the population of all hospitals may have contributed to the observed shift in the average prognosis. Thus the evidence did not support a contrasting policy alternative of focusing on the identification of, and remedial action in, outlying poor performers.36 Here prognosis research is contributing evidence about health services and is managing knowledge generated from electronic health records. Such evidence35 informs policy choices which are themselves highly unlikely to be subjected to randomised trials.37
Importance for health technology assessment of imaging and other tests
A key target for translational research is the development of new clinical imaging and molecular markers which may identify patient phenotypes in such a way as to lead to improved outcomes. Such new technologies may change the spectrum of diagnosed disease, and the question is whether prognosis is the same as with the use of standard tests and whether the balance of benefit and harm of treatment remains the same. For example, for decades exercise electrocardiography has been used in the characterisation of patients with stable chest pain, and recent guidelines recommend the use of an emerging technology, non-invasive computed tomographic coronary angiography, in some patients.38 Since event powered randomised trials of imaging remain rare, fundamental prognosis research provides an important method of health technology assessment.39
Importance for trials and decision models
Estimates of average prognosis are also crucial for the rationale, design, interpretation, and impact modelling of trials of an intervention to improve prognosis. For example, prognosis research among people with angina shows that 50% of people with existing therapies have recurrent or persistent symptoms,40 suggesting the need for trials of new interventions. Reliable estimates of prognosis inform the estimates of likely accrual of endpoints in the trial arms (such as expected proportion experiencing an event by a particular time), and hence facilitate statistical sample size calculations. They also contribute to the interpretation in terms of generalisability of clinical trial results, as one can compare the average prognosis of patients in the trial without treatment with the average prognosis in particular populations.
Importantly, in order to translate relative treatment effects (such as relative risks or hazard ratios) back to the absolute scale, one needs to know the average prognosis (baseline risk) in the untreated group. One can then talk in terms of the reduction in probability of a poor outcome (risk difference), which leads to clinically informative measures such as the number needed to treat in order to save one patient from a particular poor outcome. Absolute effects are used within decision models and cost effectiveness analyses, which are highly influential to decision makers such as the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Such models combine parameters of average prognosis along with estimates of treatment effects and costs. Conclusions from these models are often particularly sensitive to the accuracy of the data on average prognosis among those without the specific treatment of interest.
Importance for new approaches, mechanisms, and targets for trials
Fundamental prognosis research may provide insights beyond evaluating the status quo of clinical care. Estimating the prospective associations between two diseases has led to startling discoveries that have stimulated the development of new interventions and new clinical trials that have ultimately changed clinical practice. For example, few foresaw that a prognostic consequence of Helicobacter pylori infection was peptic ulcer before the Nobel prize winning work that established the link and subsequent antibiotic trials.41 Importantly, the outcomes of uncommon conditions may give insights into disease mechanisms of common conditions. For example, the increased risk of coronary outcomes among people with familial hypercholesterolaemia focused interest on the low density lipoprotein cholesterol pathways which are important in coronary disease experienced by people without this genetic disorder and contributed to the development of lipid lowering therapy.
Taking a broad view of prognostic outcomes may generate new knowledge at the start of translational pathways with (as yet) unknown implications for developing new interventions. Consider the example of following up people with Parkinson's disease. The risk of cancer is not an endpoint that would conventionally be considered. However, a meta-analysis found that the risk of cancer was significantly reduced compared with people without Parkinson's disease (fig 3⇓).42 This raises the question whether specific characteristics of Parkinson's disease that explain this apparent protective effect can be identified, and whether this might lead to new intervention targets. There are probably many prognostic associations between two or more diseases that have yet to be uncovered. Some have proposed that approaches using all available clinical data (so called phenome-wide scans), agnostic to any prior theories about mechanism, might identify new associations between conditions.43
Fig 3 Example of use of fundamental prognosis research to discover new associations between diseases: cancer among non-smoking people with Parkinson's disease (drawn using data from Bajaj et al42). Path element adapted from chart 7.1 in the Cooksey report (2006) http://bit.ly/Ro27rL (made available for use through the Open Government License)
Importance for overcoming the limitations of diagnosis
The understanding of future outcome risk (prognosis) may be a more useful way of formulating clinical problems than pursuing diagnosis for several reasons. First, subjectively reported illness such as mental health problems and pain syndromes is often managed more with prognostic than diagnostic labels.44 For example, a physician may reasonably say to a person presenting with back pain, "I do not know what is wrong, but I do know that this is the sort of back pain that is very likely to get better quickly." Evidence from prognosis research has helped to redefine low back pain. Spinal radiography and magnetic resonance imaging contribute little to understanding the average prognosis of most back pain,16 45 but the duration of symptoms at presentation in primary care is strongly related to outcome. Figure 4⇓ shows that the chance of reduced disability at one year is about 70% in those with a shorter duration (<3 years) of symptoms at presentation versus 40% in those with a longer duration.26 29 46 Clinical practice guideline recommendations use symptom duration to guide management decisions.47 Symptom duration is associated with clinical outcome and is thus a prognostic factor (see paper 2 in our series3), which has resulted in it being a standard component of the clinical evaluation of back pain.
Fig 4 Example of use of fundamental prognosis research to define clinically relevant subgroups: duration of low back pain at presentation (<3 or ≥3 years) and the time to improvement of disability disease (drawn using data from Dunn et al46). Path element adapted from chart 7.1 in the Cooksey report (2006) http://bit.ly/Ro27rL (made available for use through the Open Government License)
Second, fundamental prognosis research can take a holistic view of all comorbidities that a person experiences, whereas diagnosis implies a focus on a single organ system or pathology. The prognosis of some cancers, traumatic brain injury, and back pain are importantly influenced by conditions not related to the tumour, brain, and spine respectively. Third, diagnosis implies a dichotomy (case v not at a single point in time), which may be a misleading basis for clinical decision making. For example, in many countries the decision to lower blood cholesterol is not based on a diagnosis of hypercholesterolaemia but on thresholds of continuous risk, determined by age, sex, smoking, blood pressure, and lipids (see paper 3 in our series4). Such observations have led to the radical proposition that the dichotomous, cross sectional snapshot of diagnostic practice may become redundant, as clinicians increasingly have access to continuous measures of future risk.48 49
Importance for discovering new diseases
Fundamental prognosis research drives definitions of the diseases for which interventions are sought.50 Such research helps define our current view of what distinct clinical conditions exist and what role new clinical tests might have in changing our classification of disease entities (nosology). The question "what is the prognosis of this condition?" is intimately related to the question "what is this condition?" For example, the entity of non-fatal myocardial infarction was identified only after many decades of clinical prognostic observation that symptoms of chest pain may precede death, replacing the view that the disease of myocardial infarction was inevitably and instantly fatal. More recently, prognosis research has helped to redefine non-fatal acute myocardial infarctions51 based on the presence or absence of ST elevation, a predictor of differential response to therapy, and serum troponin measurement. Figure 5⇓ shows that examination of survival patterns differentiates clinical phenotypes among people admitted with suspected non-fatal myocardial infarction. An example of a newly recognised genetic disorder discovered through prognostic observation is Brugada syndrome in which an ST elevation pattern on resting electrocardiogram is associated with sudden death.52
Fig 5 Example of use of fundamental prognosis research to distinguish clinically relevant groups: people admitted with suspected acute myocardial infarction (results based on an analysis of 180 000 patients in the Myocardial Ischaemia National Audit Project, A Timmis and H Hemingway personal communication)
Recommendations for improving the quality and impact of prognosis research
For each of the four themes of prognosis research to achieve its potential for improving clinical outcomes, important challenges need to be addressed and opportunities seized in prognosis research as a whole. The research community needs to address serious flaws in the design, conduct, and reporting of prognosis studies and to recognise the clinical value of reliable prognostic evidence. In the PROGRESS series we thus make recommendations for progress in the field, and these are summarised in supplementary table 1 on bmj.com. Here we introduce recommendations that cut across the different research themes. In papers 2–4 in the PROGRESS series,3 4 5 we discuss the other recommendations from supplementary table 1. These recommendations add to, and further specify, those which we have previously made in the BMJ.53
Fuelling changes in medicine and healthcare
As shown in the examples above, improvements in electronic health records, clinical imaging, and "omic" technologies (genotyping and phenotyping) are beginning to challenge current disease taxonomy, the focus of much healthcare policy on process (rather than clinical outcomes), and the clinical preoccupation with diagnosis (rather than risk). There should be a formative shift in clinical practice, healthcare policy, and translational research based on evidence from prognosis research—that is, the prospective relationships between the phenotypic, genomic, and environmental assessment of people with a given startpoint and subsequent endpoints (recommendation 1 in supplementary table 1). Over their life course, individuals develop multiple diseases (both distinct and related) that often do not respect the current organisation of medical research or practice. There should be new programmes of prognosis research that bridge multiple clinical specialties, health systems, pathological mechanisms, and biological systems and that put the whole patient across his or her "journey" as the central unit of concern (recommendation 2).
The scope and impact of prognosis research and electronic health records research (in primary and secondary care, and in disease and procedure registries) are intimately related. There is increasing availability of electronic health records in primary54 and secondary care, and disease and procedure registries. Particularly where such sources can be linked,55 there is the possibility of examining the "patient journey" with repeated measures of risk and care in larger populations than are feasible with bespoke, investigator led studies. Population coverage, data quality, and the extent of blood, imaging, and other diagnostic data are all improving. But concerted efforts are required to harmonise data on startpoints, endpoints, and populations of interest in order to make temporal and international comparisons in prognosis. There should be new programmes of methodological and empirical prognosis research exploiting electronic health records to define, phenotype, and follow up people with different health related conditions (recommendation 3).
Visibility of the field
Prognosis research is currently fragmented and not visible as a distinct entity. Prognosis research should be recognised as a field of inquiry important in translational research and intrinsic to the practice of clinical medicine and development of healthcare policy (recommendation 4). Efforts should be made to establish prognosis research as a distinct branch of knowledge, with a set of scientific methods aimed at understanding and improving health. Evidence about prognosis is somewhat neglected; such as in medical textbooks, where the focus is on the effectiveness of therapies, with only brief details given on average prognosis,56 sometimes as if therapies can be divorced from the context of clinical care.57 58
Fundamental prognosis research should compare the prognosis of clinical cohorts with that of the healthy population (recommendation 5). Relative survival methods are commonly applied in cancer, but less often in other disease areas. Relative survival methods model the survival probability of people with a condition relative to the expected survival without the condition (obtained from national population life tables stratified by age, sex, calender year, and other covariates). By comparing the observed and expected survival, one can estimate the added risk of mortality due to having the condition rather than not having it (that is, measure how prognosis is modified by onset of a disease). Such methods help prognosis research prioritise which clinical cohorts require the most attention and most translational research (that is, identify those cohorts whose prognosis is most changed by disease onset).
The situation for cancer, where estimates of survival are readily available (such as Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results, SEER59) is exceptional. Knowledge management in prognosis seems somewhat chaotic in generation, dissemination, and accessibility. Difficulties in identifying and accessing information about prognosis, and evidence from prognosis research studies, hamper efforts to inform patients and evaluate the impact of translational efforts to improve outcomes. Evidence from prognosis research and information about prognosis should be systematically collated, made easily accessible, and updated (recommendation 6).
Undergraduate and postgraduate training do not currently provide instruction in how to generate or use evidence from prognosis research. All healthcare professionals should be trained in the generation and use of prognosis research evidence; there should be an expansion of training and education opportunities for those interested in methodological aspects of prognosis research (recommendation 7).
Questions of prognosis are among the most important to patients, but the level of patient and public involvement in prognosis research is low. Patient reported outcomes are important to clinical decision and policy making but are understudied. For example, people with angina might reasonably ask "will my symptoms get better?" yet a recent systematic review of 83 studies found none that reported symptomatic status as an endpoint (favouring acute coronary events instead).60 Symptom status is acknowledged as a major determinant of the clinical decision to recommend revascularisation.61 Prognosis research using person focused endpoints may yield unanticipated results. For example, people with rheumatoid arthritis may care more about fatigue than about the joint pain, on which doctors tend to focus.62 Patients and the wider public should be more engaged in the goals and value of prognosis research, appropriate use of their clinical data, and better integration of patient reported outcome measures (recommendation 8).
In this first article in the PROGRESS series, we have introduced a framework of four themes in prognosis research, and outlined the importance of initial, fundamental prognosis research. This first theme is central to the practice of medicine; from basic understanding of the categories we choose to call disease through to understanding how variations in healthcare influence the risk of endpoints. As such, it has a broad array of uses for policy makers, patients, and clinical decision making and should be considered a core component of prognosis research. To maximise the impact of each interrelated theme of prognosis research,3 4 5 we have begun outlining a set of recommendations to enhance the prognosis field, including better use of electronic health records, greater training and public involvement, and a wider appreciation of the clinical value of prognosis research findings.
Summary points
The PROGRESS series (www.progress-partnership.org) sets out a framework of four interlinked prognosis research themes and provides examples from several disease fields to show why evidence from prognosis research is crucial to inform all points in the translation of biomedical and health related research into better patient outcomes. Recommendations are made in each of the four papers to improve current research standards
What is prognosis research? Prognosis research seeks to understand and improve future outcomes in people with a given disease or health condition. However, there is increasing evidence that prognosis research standards need to be improved
Why is prognosis research important? More people now live with disease and conditions that impair health than at any other time in history; prognosis research provides crucial evidence for translating findings from the laboratory to humans, and from clinical research to clinical practice
This first article introduces the framework of four interlinked prognosis research themes and then focuses on the first of the themes—fundamental prognosis research, studies that aim to describe and explain future outcomes in relation to current diagnostic and treatment practices, often in relation to quality of care
Fundamental prognosis research provides evidence informing healthcare and public health policy, the design and interpretation of randomised trials, and the impact of diagnostic tests on future outcome. It can inform new definitions of disease, may identify unanticipated benefits or harms of interventions, and clarify where new interventions are required to improve prognosis
The other papers in the series are:
PROGRESS 2: PLoS Med 2013, doi:10.1371.journal/pmed.1001380
PROGRESS 4: BMJ 2013, doi:10.1136/bmj.e5793
Cite this as: BMJ 2013;346:e5595
We thank John Scadding, emeritus dean at the Royal Society of Medicine, for his support of the PROGRESS Group, contributions to discussions, and helpful comments on drafts of the manuscripts. We thank Ruzan Udumyan for assistance in drawing figures and preparing manuscripts. We thank Virginia Barbour and Trish Groves for contributing to the workshops and their support for the series. We thank Lucy Chappell (King's College London) for her valuable help as guest editor on the PROGRESS series.
Contributors: HH, RDR, SS, and DGA initiated the PROGRESS Group, organised the three workshops, coordinated the writing groups, and were the scientific writing editors for all the papers in the PROGRESS series. HH, RDR, and DGA are the guarantors for this paper. HH wrote the first version, and PC, PP, JAH, KA, AT, AB, KGMM, EWS, IR, SS, DGA, and RDR contributed to the conception of the paper and to the revising of draft versions and approved the final version. All members of PROGRESS Group contributed through workshops and discussions to the development of the article series.
Members of the PROGRESS Group: Keith Abrams (UK), Doug Altman (UK), Andrew Briggs (UK), Nils Brunner (Denmark), Peter Croft (UK), Jill Hayden (Canada), Aroon D Hingorani (UK), Harry Hemingway (UK), Panayiotis Kyzas (UK), Núria Malats (Spain), Karel Moons (Netherlands), George Peat (UK), Pablo Perel (UK), Richard Riley (UK), Ian Roberts (UK), Willi Sauerbrei (Germany), Sara Schroter (UK), Ewout Steyerberg (Netherlands), Adam Timmis (UK), Daniëlle van der Windt (UK).
Funding: This series had no explicit funding, but some of the authors were supported by research grants: PROGRESS is supported by a Partnership grant from the Medical Research Council (G0902393), involving University College London (HH, AH), Oxford University (DGA), Birmingham University (RDR), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (IR, PP), Keele University (PC, D van der Windt), and Queen Mary University London (ADT). DGA is supported by a programme grant from Cancer Research UK (C5529). HH is supported by grants from the UK National Institute for Health Research (RP-PG-0407-10314) and the Wellcome Trust (086091/Z/08/Z). The work of HH and AT is supported by the Health eResearch Centre Network (HERC-UK), funded by the Medical Research Council in partnership with Arthritis Research UK, the British Heart Foundation, Cancer Research UK, the Economic and Social Research Council, the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, the National Institute of Health Research, the National Institute for Social Care and Health Research (Welsh Assembly Government), the Chief Scientist Office (Scottish Government Health Directorates) and the Wellcome Trust (the views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR, or the Department of Health). RDR is supported by the MRC Midlands Hub for Trials Methodology Research. JAH is supported by a New Investigator Award from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and a grant from the Nova Scotia Health Research Foundation, and holds a Dalhousie University/CCRF research professorship. KGMM is supported by The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (ZON-MW 918.10.615 and 9120.8004). EWS was supported by The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (grant 9120.8004). PC holds a UK National Institute of Health Research Senior Investigator Award (NI-SI-0509-10183). KA holds a UK National Institute of Health Research Senior Investigator Award (NI-SI-0508-10061).
Competing interests: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form at www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf (available on request from the corresponding author) and declare: no support from any organisation for the submitted work; no financial relationships with any organisations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous three years, no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work. SS is a full time employee of the BMJ Group but is not involved in deciding which manuscripts are accepted for publication.
Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed. In order to disseminate the output widely, these papers are being published jointly between BMJ (PROGRESS papers 1 and 4) and PLoS Medicine (PROGRESS papers 2 and 3). As one of the authors is a member of staff at BMJ Group, the handling editor at the BMJ for the manuscripts was an external guest editor, Lucy Chappell (King's College London).
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non commercial and is otherwise in compliance with the license. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/ and http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/legalcode.
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IT Forum (Moderator: Mahbub) »
UK government mulls Bitcoin regulation
Author Topic: UK government mulls Bitcoin regulation (Read 655 times)
Nusrat Jahan Momo
Anti-money laundering regulations should be updated to include Bitcoin and other virtual currencies, the UK Treasury has said.
The Metropolitan Police says criminals are using crypto-currency cash machines to launder money in London.
The government's aim is part of a broader update to the EU rules which are under negotiation.
The update, revealed in Parliament last month, would mean that traders would no longer be able to operate anonymously.
'Self-police'
Bitcoin expert Dr Garrick Hileman, a research fellow at the University of Cambridge, said that in jurisdictions such as New York, crypto-currency is already subject to tighter regulation.
"I think these announcements have a powerful signalling effect and put the industry on notice that the 'cop on the beat' is concerned and watching crypto-currencies more closely now," he said of the Treasury news.
"This in turn will motivate companies to more effectively self-police bad actors."
At a press briefing, Scotland Yard warned about the currencies' popularity among criminals.
"Organised criminal groups have been early adopters of crypto-currencies to evade traditional money laundering checks and statutory regulations," said Det Supt Nick Stevens, from the Serious and Organised Crime Command.
"Criminals have also used crypto-currencies to purchase illegal commodities on dark market sites with anonymity."
A Treasury spokesman said that there were already "clear tax rules" for legitimate crypto-currency users.
"We also intend to update regulation to bring virtual currency exchange platforms into anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing regulation," he added.
Bitcoin billionaires
The value of Bitcoin has continued to climb after reaching a landmark value of $10,000 (£7,400) and at the time of writing was trading at more than $11,200.
Bank of England deputy governor Sir Jon Cunliffe has advised people to "do their homework" before investing.
"People need to be clear this is not an official currency. No central bank stands behind it, no government stands behind it," he told the BBC last week.
US twins Cameron and Tyler Winklevoss are reported to have become the world's first Bitcoin billionaires, having invested $11m in the currency in 2013.
That stake would now be worth $1.01bn, according to The Times.
The brothers settled a legal dispute with Facebook in 2011 after claiming that Mark Zuckerberg stole their idea for a social network.
Source:bbc news
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Re: UK government mulls Bitcoin regulation
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Showing up for LGBTQ communities
By Jesse Chipps, HIV Planning Council Administrator, Public Health – Seattle & King County
Jesse Chips
June is National Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Pride Month, and each year at this time hundreds of King County employees, department directors and public officials march together in Seattle's Pride Parade. Rainbow tinsel laden vehicles, bubble machines, and matching t-shirts pull the group together as One King County.
Same sex marriage became legal in Washington State on December 6, 2012, at midnight. While couples who had waited for decades to marry could have waited another few hours until the King County Recorder's Office opened the next morning, King County Executive Dow Constantine began issuing licenses, personally, at 12:01am.
Jane Abbott Lighty and Pete-e Petersen are the first to receive their marriage license, and a hug, from Executive Constantine.
One of the county's core values is to be "fair and just" in all we do in order to achieve equitable opportunities for all people and communities. This language was passed into law in 2010 by a unanimous vote of the County Council. The ordinance reflects the values if those who live and work here.
King County is by no means perfect in our efforts to be fair and just, but there is a concerted effort to consider all actions – large and small – through this "equity" lens. Individual departments and the county as a whole are not afraid to take on issues of inequity, whether they are related to race, gender identity, immigration status, income level or ethnicity. For example:
We changed the gender questions on intake forms at our STD clinic to reflect a wider spectrum of gender identity.
The County began reaching out to LGBTQ entrepreneurs for inclusion in the County's directory of small businesses, and tracks the number and size of contracts awarded to these businesses.
Gender neutral bathrooms were identified and publicized in County buildings.
This dedication to equity for the LGBTQ community extends to our public health efforts as well. Seattle & King County's HIV/STD Program has worked with scores of community-based agencies, community leaders and the Washington state Department of Health on HIV since the 1980s. We're thrilled that King County is among the first counties in the country to reach the World Health Organization's goal of having 90% of all people with HIV know their status, 90% of those diagnosed be on treatment, and 90% of those on treatment be virally suppressed.
HIV is just one of many conditions that disproportionately affect LGBTQ people. In King County, lesbian, gay, and bisexual-identified people are also significantly more likely to smoke tobacco than those who identify as heterosexual. But we only know about this health inequity because Washington State has collected sexual orientation data on the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) every year since 2003. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) did not create its own sexual orientation and transgender identity questions for BRFSS until 2016, and those questions are optional. Many states do not ask these questions, or do not do it consistently. A 2014 study by the Fenway Institute showed that between 1995 and 2012, 27 states asked about sexual orientation at least once in BRFSS, and in 2009 13 states and Washington D.C. did so. But collecting information about sexual orientation in health surveys is critically important to understand how LGBTQ may be experiencing health inequities.
There was a brief hope that the federal government was aiming to collect sexual orientation and gender identity information on the Census. Two months ago, the US Census Bureau published, then quickly amended, a document which listed Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity as proposed subjects for the 2020 Census. The National LGBTQ Task Force responded with, "We've been ERASED!"
So, on a national level, questions about orientation are not being asked, and are unlikely to be asked anytime soon. Getting the U.S. Census to add these questions and national BRFSS to make their questions part of the core questionnaire is a larger challenge, but there are plenty of local challenges that jurisdictions can take on every day. Here are a few: Dedicate resources towards addressing LGBTQ health disparities. Make sure the bathrooms in your office are safe and welcoming for gender non-conforming staff and clients. And, yes, spend a nice, warm Sunday celebrating your LGBTQ community at Pride.