text:
How Research Can Help Recovery
Participation in Treatment and Alcoholics Anonymous
So keep taking the medicine…
"A 16-Year Follow-Up of Initially Untreated Individuals
This study focused on the duration of participation in professional treatment and Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) for previously untreated individuals with alcohol use disorders. These individuals were surveyed at baseline and 1 year, 3 years, 8 years, and 16 years later. Compared with individuals who remained untreated, individuals who obtained 27 weeks or more of treatment in the first year after seeking help had better 16-year alcohol-related outcomes. Similarly, individuals who participated in AA for 27 weeks or more had better 16-year outcomes. Subsequent AA involvement was also associated with better 16-year outcome…some of the association between treatment and long-term alcohol-related outcomes appears to be due to participation in AA.
We focus here on participation in professional treatment and AA among previously untreated individuals after these individuals initially sought help for their alcohol use disorders and address three sets of questions:
Is the duration of treatment obtained in the first year after seeking help, and the duration of subsequent treatment, associated with individuals' long-term (16-year) alcohol-related and psychosocial outcomes? Is participation in treatment in the second and third years … after initiating help seeking associated with additional benefits beyond those obtained from participation in the first year?
Is the duration of participation in AA in the first year, and the duration of subsequent participation, associated with individuals' long-term (16-year) outcomes? Is participation in AA in the second and third years associated with additional benefits beyond those obtained from participation in the first year?
Many of the individuals who participate in one modality of help (professional treatment or AA) also participate in the other modality. Accordingly, we focus on whether the associations between the duration of participation in treatment and AA and 16-year outcomes are independent of participation in the other modality of help. We also consider interactions between the duration of treatment and AA in that, for example, one modality could compensate for or amplify the influence of the other.
Independent Contribution of Treatment and Alcoholics Anonymous
Patients who participate in both self-help groups and treatment tend to have better outcomes than do patients who are involved only in treatment (Fiorentine, 1999;Fiorentine & Hillhouse, 2000). According to Moos et al. (2001), patients with substance use disorders who attended more self-help group meetings had better 1-year outcomes.
Similarly, among patients discharged from intensive substance use care, participation in self-help groups was associated with better 1-year (Ouimette et al., 1998), 2-year, and 5-year (Ritsher, Moos, & Finney, 2002; Ritsher, McKellar, et al., 2002) outcomes, after controlling for outpatient mental health care. We focus here on whether the duration of participation in one modality of help (treatment or AA) contributes to long-term outcomes beyond the contribution of participation in the other modality.
Prior Findings With This Sample
In prior work with the current sample, we found that individuals who entered treatment or AA in the first year after seeking help had better alcohol-related outcomes and were more likely to be remitted (in recovery) than were individuals who did not obtain any help. Individuals who participated in treatment and/or in AA for a longer interval in the first year were more likely to be abstinent and had fewer drinking problems at 1-year and 8-year follow-ups (Moos & Moos, 2003; 2004a; 2005b; Timko, Moos, Finney, & Lesar, 2000).
In this article, the distinctive focus is on associations between the duration of participation in treatment and AA and 16-year outcomes. We also consider the independent contribution of participation in treatment and AA to 16-year outcomes.
Compared to individuals who did not enter treatment in the first year after they sought help, individuals who obtained treatment for 27 weeks or more experienced better 16-year alcohol-related outcomes. Individuals who participated in AA for 27 weeks or more in the first year, and in years 2 and 3, had better 16-year outcomes than did individuals who did not participate in AA. Some of the contribution of treatment reflected participation in AA, whereas the contribution of AA was essentially independent of the contribution of treatment.
Participation in Treatment and 16-Year Outcomes
About 60% of individuals who sought help for their alcohol use problems entered professional treatment within one year. These individuals obtained an average of 20 weeks of treatment. Compared to untreated individuals, individuals who obtained 27 weeks or more of treatment in the first year were more likely to be abstinent and less likely to have drinking problems at 16 years than were individuals who remained untreated. These findings extend earlier results on this sample (Moos & Moos, 2003; 2005b; Timko et al., 1999) and are consistent with prior studies that have shown an association between more-extended treatment and better substance use outcomes (Moos et al., 2000, 2001;Ouimette et al., 1998).
Participation in Alcoholics Anonymous and 16-Year Outcomes
The findings extend earlier results on this sample (Moos & Moos, 2004a; 2005b) and those of prior studies (Connors et al., 2001; Fiorentine, 1999; Ouimette et al., 1998;Watson et al., 1997) by showing that more extended participation in AA is associated with better alcohol-related and self-efficacy outcomes. The results support the benefit of extended engagement in AA, in that a longer duration of participation in the first year, and in the second and third years, was independently associated with better 16-year outcomes. In addition, our findings indicate that attendance for more than 52 weeks in a 5-year interval may be associated with a higher likelihood of abstinence than attendance of up to 52 weeks.
Part of the association between AA attendance and better social functioning, which reflects the composition of the social network, is likely a direct function of participation in AA. In fact, for some individuals, involvement with a circle of abstinent friends may reflect a turning point that enables them to address their problems, build their coping skills, and establish more supportive social resources (Humphreys, 2004; Humphreys, Mankowski, Moos, & Finney, 1999). Participation in a mutual support group may enhance and amplify these changes in life context and coping to promote better long-term outcomes.
Consistent with prior studies (Fiorentine, 1999; Fiorentine & Hillhouse, 2000; Moos et al., 2001; Ritsher, McKellar, et al., 2002; Ritsher, Moos, & Finney, 2002), longer participation in AA made a positive contribution to alcohol-related, self-efficacy, and social functioning outcomes, over and above the contribution of treatment.
An initial episode of professional treatment may have a beneficial influence on alcohol-related functioning; however, continued participation in a community-based self-help program, such as AA, appears to be a more important determinant of long-term outcomes.
Moreover, compared with individuals who participated only in treatment in the first year, individuals who participated in both treatment and AA were more likely to achieve 16-year remission (i.e. still be in recovery) (Moos & Moos, 2005a).
In interpreting these findings, it is important to remember that participation in treatment likely motivated some individuals to enter AA; thus, some of the contribution of AA to 16-year outcomes should be credited to treatment. Another consideration involves the differential selection processes into treatment versus AA. Individuals with more severe alcohol-related problems tend to obtain longer episodes of treatment, but this selection and allocation process is much less evident for AA.
These divergent selection processes may help to explain the finding that AA is more strongly associated with positive long-term outcomes than is treatment."
…keep making the meetings!
Moos, R. H., & Moos, B. S. (2006). Participation in Treatment and Alcoholics Anonymous: A 16-Year Follow-Up of Initially Untreated Individuals. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(6), 735–750. doi:10.1002/jclp.20259
A Brief History of Controlled Drinking – the Irrationality of Science
In a recent blog a few days ago I challenged some of Gabrielle Glaser's "evidence" in her article "The Irrationality of Alcoholics Anonymous ", which purported to demonstrate the so-called effectiveness of "controlling drinking".
Glaser cited the following in her article
" To many, though, the idea of non-abstinent recovery is anathema. No one knows that better than Mark and Linda Sobell, who are both psychologists. In the 1970s, the couple conducted a study with a group of 20 patients in Southern California who had been diagnosed with alcohol dependence.
Over the course of 17 sessions, they taught the patients how to identify their triggers, how to refuse drinks, and other strategies to help them drink safely. In a follow-up study two years later, the patients had fewer days of heavy drinking, and more days of no drinking, than did a group of 20 alcohol-dependent patients who were told to abstain from drinking entirely."
I responded to this as follows
" What Glaser failed to mention was that in a subsequent study (4) 10-year follow-up of the original 20 experimental subjects showed that only one, who apparently had not experienced physical withdrawal symptoms (thus possibly not alcoholic), maintained a pattern of controlled drinking;
eight continued to drink excessively–regularly or intermittently–despite repeated damaging consequences;
six abandoned their efforts to engage in controlled drinking and became abstinent;
four died from alcohol-related causes;
and one, certified about a year after discharge from the research project as gravely disabled because of drinking, was missing.
Why did Glaser failed to mention this research, a follow up study to the one she mentions and cites?"
The authors attempted to justify this choice in a statement that seems to clearly demonstrate their bias: "we are addressing the question of whether controlled drinking is itself a desirable treatment goal, not the question of whether the patients directed towards that goal fared better or worse than a control group.. ." (Pendery et al., 1982, 172-173)
The interesting aspect about her article for me (and most worrying) was that it highlighted a controversy that goes back to the 1960s – can alcoholics ever control their drinking?
In this blog we will address the origins of this "controlled drinking debate" and demonstrated how it is a castle built on sand.
The original study which supposedly demonstrated so-called controlled drinking or asymptomatic drinking in it's alcoholic participants did no such thing.
So we now have an ongoing debate about controlled drinking when it has continuously been based on dubious research, bogus findings and bad science.
It is the researchers that Glaser champions that could be accused of irrationality.
The methodological madness started way back in the 1960s.
While scattered reports of controlled drinking outcomes had occasionally appeared in the scientific literature before 1962, most commentators date the beginning of the controlled drinking controversy to the publication that year of a paper entitled "Normal Drinking in Recovered Alcohol Addicts." In this paper, D.L. Davies, a British psychiatrist, reports that, in the course of long-term follow-up of patients treated for "alcohol addiction" at Maudsley Hospital in London, 7 of the 93 patients investigated "have subsequently been able to drink normally for periods of 7 to 11 years after discharge from the hospital." (Davies, 1962, p. 94).
At least two different studies have challenged the findings of Davies:-
"Evidence suggests that five subjects experienced significant drinking problems both during Davies's original follow-up period and subsequently, that three of these five at some time also used psychotropic drugs heavily, and that the two remaining subjects (one of whom was never severely dependent on alcohol) engaged in trouble-free drinking over the total period"
"A subsequent follow-up of these cases suggested that Davies had been substantially mislead"
So four decades of research into controlled drinking were inspired by a study which did not actually demonstrate controlled drinking in the first place!
In addition to the Sobells, Glaser also mentioned the Rand Report of the 1970s.
"In 1976, for instance, the Rand Corporation released a study of more than 2,000 men who had been patients at 44 different NIAAA-funded treatment centers. The report noted that 18 months after treatment, 22 percent of the men were drinking moderately. The authors concluded that it was possible for some alcohol-dependent men to return to controlled drinking. Researchers at the National Council on Alcoholism charged that the news would lead alcoholics to falsely believe they could drink safely. The NIAAA, which had funded the research, repudiated it. Rand repeated the study, this time looking over a four-year period. The results were similar."
The first Rand Report was attacked as being methodologically weak – e.g it suffered from sample bias (80% of subject dropped out).
The Rand Corporation did a follow up 4 years later. This time they reported that a smaller figure of 14% of the sample continued to drink in an unproblematic manner but other researchers reanalyzing the data arrived at a corrected estimate of 3-4% of the sample were drinking in a nonproblematic manner.
3% is somewhat less than the 22% – why does Glaser not cite these other follow up studies again? It is difficult to accept any of her arguments as she picks only studies that support her biased arguments.
It was also noted that alcoholics can often be expected to drink in a non problematic manner for brief periods. In my own experience, I have often heard of alcoholics share about a relapse and state that they thought they had their alcoholic problem licked as they started off drinking in what appeared to be a controlled manner only to find in a matter of weeks that their alcoholism had progressed far beyond it's original severity prior to the relapse. In other words it can take a relapse some weeks to kick start into even more profound alcoholism than previously.
Researchers need to spend more time around alcoholics to observe what we have learnt through very painful experience, instead of theorising about this reality from academic ivory towers.
As the Big Book of Alcoholics Anonymous states in Chapter 3 "Most of us have been unwilling to admit we were real alcoholics. No person likes to think he is bodily and mentally different from his fellows. Therefore, it is not surprising that our drinking careers have been characterized by countless vain attempts to prove we could drink like other people. The idea that somehow, someday he will control and enjoy his drinking is the great obsession of every abnormal drinker. The persistence of this illusion is astonishing. Many pursue it into the gates of insanity or death. We learned that we had to fully concede to our innermost selves that we were alcoholics. This is the first step in recovery. The delusion that we are like other people, or presently may be, has to be smashed. We alcoholics are men and women who have lost the ability to control our drinking. We know that no real alcoholic ever recovers control. All of us felt at times that we were regaining control, but such intervals –usually brief—were inevitably followed by still less control, which led in time to pitiful and incomprehensible demoralization. We are convinced to a man that alcoholics of our type are in the grip of a progressive illness. Over any considerable period we get worse, never better."
Why Alcoholics Anonymous Works
A journalistic piece entitled, "The Irrationality of Alcoholics Anonymous ", written by Gabrielle Glaser, also harshly criticizes Alcoholics Anonymous. AA and similar 12-step programs.
I cite a blog on her criticisms here (1)
"Glaser's central claim is that there's no rigorous scientific evidence that AA and other 12-step programs work.
First, she writes that "Unlike Alcoholics Anonymous, [other methods for treating alcohol dependence] are based on modern science and have been proved, in randomized, controlled studies, to work." In other words, "modern science" hasn't shown AA to work."
Glaser appears to lessen her argument by suggesting that AA is difficult to study (so how can she be so sure it is not effective then?).
" Alcoholics Anonymous is famously difficult to study. By necessity, it keeps no records of who attends meetings; members come and go and are, of course, anonymous. No conclusive data exist on how well it works."
Equally there, in her world view, would also be no conclusive data to suggest if doesn't work? So why make bold claims either way?
" In 2006, the Cochrane Collaboration, a health-care research group, reviewed studies going back to the 1960s and found that "no experimental studies unequivocally demonstrated the effectiveness of AA or [12-step] approaches for reducing alcohol dependence or problems."
According to (1), Glaser is simply ignoring a decade's worth of science, not only here but throughout the piece.
"No, that's not true," said Dr. John Kelly, a clinical psychologist and addiction specialist at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School. "There's quite a bit of evidence now, actually, that's shown that AA works."
Kelly, alongside Dr. Marica Ferri and Dr. Keith Humphreys of Stanford, is currently at work updating the Cochrane Collaboration guidelines (he said they expect to publish their results in August).
" Kelly said that in recent years, researchers have begun ramping up rigorous research on what are known as "12-step facilitation" (TSF) programs, which are "clinical interventions designed to link people with AA."
Dr. Lee Ann Kaskutas, a senior scientist at the Alcohol Research Group who has conducted TSF studies, suggest that TSF outperforms many alternatives.
"They show about a 10 to 20 percent advantage over more standard treatment like cognitive behavioral therapy in terms of days abstinent, and typically also what we find is that when people are engaged in a 12-step-oriented treatment and go to AA, they have about 30 percent to 50 percent higher rates of continuous abstinence," said Kelly."
The original Cochrane paper that Glaser cites came out before the latest round of studies did, so that research wasn't factored into the conclusion that there's a lack of evidence for AA's efficacy. In a followup email, Kelly said he expects the next round of recommendations to be significantly different:
Although we cannot as yet say definitively what the final results will bring in the updated Cochrane Review, as it is still in progress, we are seeing positive results in favor of Twelve-Step Facilitation treatments that have emerged from the numerous NIH-sponsored randomized clinical trials completed since the original review published in 2006. We can confirm that TSF is an empirically-supported treatment, showing clinical efficacy, and is likely to result also in lowered health care costs relative to alternative treatments that do not link patients with these freely available recovery peer support services. Another emerging finding is that a central reason why TSF shows benefit is because it helps patients become actively involved with groups like AA and NA, which in turn, have been shown to enhance addiction recovery coping skills, confidence, and motivation, similar to professional interventions, but AA and NA are able to do this in the communities in which people live for free, and over the long-term.
In other words, the most comprehensive piece of research Glaser is using to support her argument will, once it takes into account the latest findings, likely reverse itself."
In other words, it will also help contradict Glaser's arguments.
"In an email and phone call, Glaser said that TSF programs are not the same thing as AA and the two can't be compared. But this argument doesn't quite hold up: For one thing, the Cochrane report she herself cites in her piece relied in part on a review of TSF studies, so it doesn't make sense for TSF studies to be acceptable to her when they support her argument and unacceptable when they don't.
For another, Kelly, Katsukas, and Humphreys, while acknowledging that TSF programs and AA are not exactly the same thing, all said that the available evidence suggests that it's the 12-step programs themselves that are likely the primary cause of the effects being observed (the National Institutes of Health, given the many studies into TSF programs it has sponsored, would appear to agree)."
"It's worth pointing out that while critics of AA point it as a bit cultlike…to the researchers who believe in its efficacy, there's actually very little mystery to the process. "We have been able to determine WHY these 12-step facilitation interventions work," said Kaskutas in an email. "And we have also been able to determine WHY AA works."
Simply put, "People who self-select to attend AA, or people who are randomized to a 12-step facilitation intervention, end up having people in their social network who are supportive of their abstinence," she said.
Reams of research show that social networks…are powerful drivers of behavior, so to Kaskutas — who noted that she is an atheist — the focus on AA's quirks and spiritual undertones misses the point.
"When you think about a mechanism like supportive social networks, or the psychological benefit of helping others… they have to do with the reality of what goes on in AA, with people meeting others in the same boat as they are in, and with helping other people (are but two examples of these mechanisms of action)," she said."
At the heart of recovery via 12 step groups may be because it "works for a lot of people, simply by connecting them to others going through the same struggles."
Your Heart is in Your Own Hands!
Easy Does it…on yourself!
I give myself a hard time, it is a habitual response I have when things go "wrong" or don't go my way. One of the first words that pop into my head is "idiot!". It is a lack of distress tolerance borne out of a reducee ability to deal with fristration. This appears in the brain as a distress signal prompting an automatic response rather than an evaluative response. A reaction rather than a reflective action.
It is the consequence of a distress state and in itself distressing. It can also be distressing for those around me. It seems like perfectionism which is also a product of distress.
I believe it is also the product of my upbringing, trauma and insecure attachment which has led to a low self esteem and a lack of self soothing combined with the reality that chronic alcoholism leaves us with an allostatic brain, i.e. the stress systems in the brain are impaired.
It is only recently in recovery, after some years of recovery, that I have started to feel real compassion for myself as someone recovering from alcoholism and various addictive behaviours.
When I look at photos of me in active addiction and in the first years of recovery my heart goes out to that younger, more distressed version of myself.
Compassion is a Latin word that which can be translated as meaning suffer together with. It can also be described as a feeling of empathy for the suffering of other people.
I have always found it easier to have compassion for others more than myself. I practiced Buddhist mediation for a number of years and have often felt at one with the world and it's people. I have nonetheless always struggled with being compassionate towards myself.
I have somehow found myself undeserving of a compassionate attitude towards my own struggles. I know my God loves me but I have often felt it difficult to love this person that God loves.
Again, this could be a legacy of how ambivalent attachment and how my mother saw and reacted. I sometimes have more time and consideration for others rather than myself.
Ultimately however, how react to the world is a function of how I treat myself and the attitudes I have collected in my negative self schema or the neural responses ingrained in my brain over decades. As the image below shows, my heart is in my own hands, by this I mean the distress I experience in life is the consequence of my own attitudes towards me and my fellow human beings.
I can change my brain and behaviour via neuroplasticity by behaving differently towards myself!
Here we look at one study on self compassion in relation to those who have alcohol use disorders.
It will be a first in a series of blogs about the role of the heart in addiction and recovery.
Why the heart?
I thought this blog was about neuroscience and the brain which is the head? Not completely true. The heart has a role to play in stress and emotion regulation and in craving and helps prompt neuro transmission of various brain chemicals. The heart has a reciprocal relationship with the brain as we will see in later blogs.
We have had a neuroscientific "decade of the brain" so perhaps we need a "decade of the heart"? As we say in recovery circles, recovery is a journey from the head to the heart, which is so true whatever way you care to look at it.
This study (1) looked at "Self-Compassion Amongst Clients with Problematic Alcohol Use".
"Self-compassion is a topic of growing research interest and is represented by six facets including selfkindness, self-judgement, mindfulness, over-identification, common humanity and isolation. Recent research interest has begun to examine the use of self-focused compassion and mindfulness as a way of alleviating the distress associated with psychological disorders.
Recent research interest has begun to examine the use of self-focused compassion and mindfulness as a way of alleviating the distress associated with psychological disorders.
The self medication hypothesis (Khantzian 2003) suggests that substance addiction functions to self-soothe and to modulate the effects of distressful psychological states (Suh et al. 2008).
Other research has found that experiencing stressful life events significantly predicts the amount and frequency of alcohol consumed (Dawson et al. 2005) and the onset of alcohol dependence (Lloyd and Turner 2008) indicating that stress plays a key part in the development of alcohol use disorders.
Low self-esteem has also been found to pose a high risk for substance abuse (Baumeister 1993; Bushman and Baumeister 1998) and alcohol dependence (Chaudhury et al. 2010,).
Self-compassion does not involve an unrealistic self view, it should be stable unlike self-esteem, which often fluctuates (Kernis et al. 1993). Self-compassion involves being kind and understanding to oneself, awareness that pain and failures are unavoidable common experiences among humanity and a balanced awareness of one's emotions (Neff, Rude and Kirkpatrick 2007).
Kelly et al. (2010) suggested that the trait of self-compassion promotes adaptive functioning and appears to provide a buffer from emotional distress. Neff (2003a) has also reported that self-compassion was strongly inversely related to psychological health such as depression, anxiety, rumination, thought suppression, self-criticism and neurotic perfectionism. Neff, Kirkpatrick and Rude (2007) found that increased self compassion resulted in reduced depression, anxiety, thought suppression, rumination and self-criticism.
Neff (2003a, b) suggests that there are three main components to self-compassion including self-kindness versus self-judgement, common humanity versus isolation and mindfulness versus over-identification. Self-kindness is being kind to oneself rather than judging harshly or being self– critical. Common humanity is viewing one's experiences as part of larger human experience and not viewing them as isolating or separating. Mindfulness is paying attention in a particular way involving a conscious direction of awareness (Kabat-Zinn 1994). Neff (2003a, b) describes mindfulness as taking a balanced approach to negative emotions and neither suppressing not exaggerating emotions.
The self-kindness facet represents an alternative to rumination, blaming, self-condemnation and self-criticism.
Common humanity appears to be related to general well-being and Mindfulness represents a state of mental balance with a stance of composure towards difficult and painful thoughts and feelings, therefore suggesting mindfulness may play an important role in adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation (Van Dam et al. 2011). Self-compassion can be thought of a coping strategy that assists one to remain emotionally balanced when in a stressful situation (Rendon 2007) and provides emotional resilience (Neff 2011).
This study is among the first to examine the self-compassion of people with alcohol dependence, who were currently using alcohol at hazardous levels.
The results indicated that the (alcohol dependnet) participants in this study were significantly lower in mindfulness, common humanity and self-kindness than what would be expected in the general population.
Participants were also significantly higher in over-identification, perceived isolation and self judgement than the norms for general population.
Stress was found to be significantly negatively correlated to the overall score for self-compassion (e.g., the higher the level of stress reported by the individual, the lower the self compassion). Stressed individuals judged themselves more harshly, felt more isolated from others and felt overly responsible for negative events that occurred in their lives.
The results ,taken together, indicated that participants in this study reported a significant increase in self-compassion, mindfulness, common humanity and self-kindness between baseline and 15-week follow-up and involvement in treatment with a Drug and Alcohol Clinical Service.
Additionally, there was a significant decrease in self-judgement, isolation and over-identification. The reduction in self-judgement and isolation was such that at the 15-week follow-up stage, participant scores for these subscales were equivalent to what other research has suggested is representative of the general population.
The change in participant's stress was found to be significantly associated with self- kindness, self-judgement, isolation and the number of sessions in which meditative practice (which may have incorporated mindfulness-based approaches) was used by clinicians. These results provide support for the notion that significant increases in participant's overall self-compassion, self-kindness, mindfulness and common humanity can be observed in people with alcohol dependence over a 3-month treatment period."
This study is useful in that it shows how the emotional distress at the heart of addiction, itself a manifestation of altered stress responding or heightened stress responses in alcoholics, was greatly reduced by self compassion or simply have a more compassionate view of one's suffering.
It is in taming the distress of the heart that lowers stress chemicals swirling around the brain and which influences our subsequent attitudes and behaviour.
Recovery is in the heart, in the now, in not reacting but acting. Even if that action is just of observing, paying attention to, having compassion for.
After years of being our own worst enemy, perhaps recovery is the process of becoming our own best friend.
1. Brooks, M., Kay-Lambkin, F., Bowman, J., & Childs, S. (2012). Self-compassion amongst clients with problematic alcohol use. Mindfulness, 3(4), 308-317.
Forgiving Others is the Number One Healer!?
Posted on March 7, 2015 by alcoholicsguide
"Resentment is the "number one" offender. It destroys more alcoholics than anything else… In dealing with resentments, we set them on paper. We listed people, institutions or principles with whom we were angry… The first thing apparent was that this world and its people were often quite wrong. To conclude that others were wrong was as far as most of us ever got. The usual outcome was that people continued to wrong us and we stayed sore. Sometimes it was remorse and then we were sore at ourselves. But the more we fought and tried to have our own way, the worse matters got…It is plain that a life which includes deep resentment leads only to futility and unhappiness…If we were to live, we had to be free of anger. The grouch and the brainstorm were not for us. They may be the dubious luxury of normal men, but for alcoholics these things are poison…We saw that these resentments must be mastered, but how?… (1)"
Later, p.77, it suggests "a helpful and forgiving spirit."
In the 12 Steps and 12 Traditions, p.78, in reference to step 8 it suggests "why shouldn't we start out by forgiving them, one and all?
These truncated passages from the Big Book (1) and the 12 and 12 (3) illustrates how resentments cause relapse and that they need to by treated with the antidote of forgiveness.
We suggest also that the myriad of resentments which swirl around our minds in early recovery are also negative emotions unprocessed and thus unregulated from the past. They continually haunt us because we have not put them "to bed" in long term memory.
We have not dealt with them, by clearly identifying, labelling, sharing via verbalising them with others and then by letting go of them via forgiveness. "Letting go" is another emotional regulatory strategy that healthy people use.
Instead of constantly holding on to memories and incidents from the past, endlessly ruminating on them we maturely face up to them and consign them to the past.
We were thus interested in a study which was not using 12 step recovery but which came to the same conclusion but via another route (2).
"Anger and related emotions have been identified as triggers in substance use. Forgiveness therapy (FT) targets anger, anxiety, and depression as foci of treatment. Fourteen patients with substance dependence from a local residential treatment facility were randomly assigned to and completed either 12 approximately twice-weekly sessions of individual FT or 12 approximately twice-weekly sessions of an alternative individual treatment based. Participants who completed FT had significantly more improvement in total and trait anger, depression, total and trait anxiety, self-esteem, forgiveness, and vulnerability to drug use than did the alternative treatment group. Most benefits of FT remained significant at 4-month follow-up.
The levels of anger and violence observed among alcohol and other substance abusers are far higher than the levels found in the general population.
Alcohol and other substance abusers administered the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory typically have been shown to have higher state and trait anger, to be more likely to express anger to others, and to have less control of their anger.
Reducing levels of anger and its related emotions is now seen as an important feature of recovery programs. For example, according to the Project Match 12-step facilitation therapy manual, "Anger and resentment are pivotal emotions for most recovering alcoholics. Anger that evokes anxiety drives the alcoholic to drink in order to anesthetize it. Resentment, which comes from unexpressed (denied) anger, represents a constant threat to sobriety for the same reason" (Nowinski, Baker, & Carroll, 1999, p. 83).
Marlatt (1985) emphasized the importance of anger and frustration as triggers for relapse in both the intrapersonal and interpersonal domains. He noted that 29% of relapses are related to intrapersonal frustration and anger and that 16% are related to interpersonal conflict and associated anger and frustration.
Litt, Cooney, and Morse (2000) reported that those alcoholics who had urges to use after treatment had higher degrees of alcohol dependence, anxiety, and trait anger than those without such urges.
Forgiveness is an important way to resolve anger and restore hope (Enright & Fitzgibbons, 2000). In helping clients move toward forgiveness, it is essential to differentiate forgiving from condoning, pardoning, reconciling, or forgetting.
Forgiveness is a personal decision to give up resentment and to respond with beneficence toward the person responsible for a severe injustice that caused deep, lasting hurt. FT helps the wronged person examine the injustice, consider forgiveness as an option, make a decision to forgive or not, and learn the skills to forgive.
Findings – Our clients came to the program with trait anxiety and trait anger scores substantially above the published norms for adults; after treatment, however, FT participants exhibited scores comparable to the average. In other words, the treatment did not lead simply to a change in anxiety and anger (particularly the reportedly more stable trait anxiety) but to a change toward normal profiles. In contrast, patients in the alternative treatment condition had anxiety scores well above average, especially in terms of trait anxiety, which showed little change at post test and only minimal improvement at follow-up.
FT did not focus on drug vulnerabilities, whereas the alternative treatment did. Urges to use substances are not necessary for relapse, they are important indicators.
FT treatment is centered more on clients' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors about someone other than themselves: an offender who hurt them deeply and unfairly. In FT, a potential reason for substance use is examined, that of avoiding painful memories of betrayal, violence, or abuse. When patients are allowed to heal, their motivation to abuse substances may be substantially reduced…(it) is worth considering as a way to address core issues of emotional pain.
This can lead to a reduction in negative emotions and increases in self-esteem and forgiveness… it moves to the heart of the matter for some clients. Deep hurts borne out of unfair treatment seem to play a part in substance use and abuse. Even when clients have many people to forgive…we find that they seem to know which person is most crucial to forgive first before moving to other offenders. Substance use, from this perspective, is a symptom of underlying resentments and related emotional disruptions.
If we fail to realize this, we may end up treating only symptoms rather than underlying causes. "
This process seems practically the same as the inventory of Step 4 and the forgiveness implicit to steps 8 and 9. This study also highlights that we through forgiveness we actually tackle the underlying condition of emotional dysregulation. It is this emotion dysregulation (or spiritual disease) which appears to drive addiction so needs to be fundamentally addressed. By addressing these issues via the steps especially step 4 we begin to see how it works!
It was interesting that forgiveness led to higher self esteem, as if being tied to the past was akin to being tied to a former negative self schema, that people from our pained past did actually have the power to control us! Especially how we feel about ourselves. We change how we feel about ourselves and our past by simply forgiving, it is such a powerful tool in recovery.
Importantly by viewing studies like this (2) we get beyond negative views of 12 step recovery to show that the recovery program's effectiveness is clearly highlighted by the success of other psychological treatments getting the same positive results by using exactly the same strategies.
12 step groups provide a battery of the most profoundly effective psychological therapies for addiction ever contained within one treatment philosophy.
Don't we all need to re-appraise how we see 12 step recovery?
Can't we all benefit from stepping to one side and looking via a different angle to see why 12 step recovery is effective?
1. Alcoholics Anonymous. (2001). Alcoholics Anonymous, 4th Edition. New York: A.A. World Services.
2. Lin, W. F., Mack, D., Enright, R. D., Krahn, D., & Baskin, T. W. (2004). Effects of forgiveness therapy on anger, mood, and vulnerability to substance use among inpatient substance-dependent clients. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 72(6), 1114.
3. Twelve steps and twelve traditions. (1989). New York, NY: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services
The Family Afterwards…
Posted on February 27, 2015 by alcoholicsguide
Today we listen to the research wisdom of William White in relation to family recovery, especially long term.
Family recovery is much overlooked and not adequately supported long term in terms of "after care" which is incredible when one considers that interpersonal factors such as family relationships contribute in a major way to relapse?
Instead of spending millions upon millions on cue reactivity and attentional bias studies which look at how recovering people are supposedly constantly drawn to alcohol and substance cues in the environment like lemmings to a cliff (when this does not seem particularly evident in the literature, particularly in relation to being relapse factors) or on anti-craving medication when me and scores of other alcoholics and addicts in recovery rarely have these once they have ultimately accepted in our innermost selves that they are alcoholic/addict (and if we do, we can deal with them via our support networks), why does research funding via various funding bodies and various universities not look at the efficacy of supporting families in long term recovery, certainly to around the 3-5 year mark, at the very least?
I suspect one would find that support of family recovery long term, possibly in extended recovery communities, may be the most potent way to assist long term recovery?
Why doesn't research address what works, and why it works rather than trying to develop the next miracle pill?
Craving is also a symptom of an underlying condition, it is this condition that recovery should be treating?
We have the solution already? Why not support it to increase it's efficacy long term? We, via research and funding, could very possibly increase long term recovery, period.
Just a couple of ideas to put out there?
Back to William White and …
The Ecology of Recovery – there appears to be a historical shift in recovery away from intrapersonal dynamics to a more interpersonal dynamic. From a recovery within with self, looking at the self, to a fuller recovery involving others in one's recovery life such as families and recovery communities.
Family Recovery – if we attend to families at all in recovery, it is brief and very short term. Unfortunately, research suggests that recovery is actually "horribly destabilising" for families.
The Trauma of Recovery
Families are at a high risk of disintegrating in the early stages of recovery. So we need to build "support scaffolding" for these families. Recovery does little to prepare or support families in recovery. Stephanie Brown refers to this as the "trauma of recovery"! We still do not know the extent of what that means or the extent of our roles in recovery in guiding families, according to William White.
Please also click to this link to watch a series of videos on family recovery by SAMHSA which are very illuminating about the process of recovery and describe a process of recovery I have gone through myself with both my wife, nuclear and extended families.
Processing Emotions by verbalising them!?
Posted on August 9, 2014 by alcoholicsguide
The Therapeutic Benefits of "Sharing"
In early recovery I did not have a clue what emotions I was experiencing. I was not able to identify, label or process them. As a result of his failure to process emotions I seemed to be constantly distressed and and, as we seen in previous blogs, this distress leads to a distress-based impulsivity and a negative urgency to either engage in "fight or flight" behaviour, i.e. running away from fearful situations or ignoring the Big Book of AA's recommendation not to fight anybody or anything.
The only way I could handle these troublesome and frightening emotions was by talking about them to my sponsor or my wife or other people in recovery.
In recent years it has become evident to that what I have been doing all these years have been using a technique of verbalising my emotions to actually process them. I now believe this is a fundamental part of my recovery and that I sometimes need to verbalise my emotions in order to process them. How does this work?
I recently came across an article (1) which might shed some light on this process.
Putting feelings into words (affect labeling) has long been thought to help manage negative emotional experiences. Affect labeling or naming emotions diminishes the response of the amygdala and other limbic regions to negative emotional images. A brain imaging study by UCLA psychologists reveals why verbalizing our feelings makes our sadness, anger and pain less intense.
When people see a photograph of an angry or fearful face,they have increased activity in a region of the brain called the amygdala, which serves as an alarm to activate a cascade of biological systems (including stress chemicals) to protect the body in times of danger. Scientists see a robust amygdala response even when they show such emotional photographs subliminally, so fast a person can't even see them.
But does seeing an angry face and simply calling it an angry face change our brain response? The answer is yes, according to Matthew D.Lieberman, UCLA associate professor of psychology.
"When you attach the word 'angry,' you see a decreased response in the amygdala," said Lieberman, lead author of the study. The study showed that while the amygdala was less active when an individual labeled the feeling, another region of the brain was more active: the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex.
This region is located behind the forehead and eyes and has been associated with thinking in words about emotional experiences. It has also been implicated in inhibiting behavior and processing emotions.
"What we're suggesting is when you start thinking in words about your emotions —labeling emotions — that might be part of what the right ventrolateral region is responsible for," Lieberman said.
If a newcomer to recovery one is sad or angry or resentful , getting them person to talk or write may many have benefits.
In Lieberman's study participant's viewed images of individuals making different emotional expressions. Below the picture of the face they either saw two words, such as "angry" and "fearful" and chose which emotion described the face, or they saw two names,such as "Harry" and "Sally," and chose the gender-appropriate name that matched the face.
"When you attach the word 'angry,' you see a decreased response in the amygdala," Lieberman said. "When you attach the name 'Harry,'you don't see the reduction in the amygdala response.
"When you put feelings into words, you're activating this prefrontal region and seeing a reduced response in the amygdala," he said. "In the same way you hit the brake when you're driving when you see a yellow light,when you put feelings into words, you seem to be hitting the brakes on your emotional responses."
As a result, an individual may feel less angry or less sad.
"This is ancient wisdom," Lieberman said.
Putting our feelings into words helps us heal better and if we can get newcomers to talk about them, that will make them feel better. They will experience part of the "solution" right way and be encouraged to come back for more.
So putting feelings into words helps with not only regulating and modulating the intensity of emotions, but helps with processing them, reduces distress and distress based impulsivity and shows there is a solution to unruly negative emotions.
In my experience this process has been a fundamental part of how it works!
Lieberman, M. D., Eisenberger, N. I., Crockett, M. J., Tom, S. M., Pfeifer, J. H., & Way, B. M. (2007). Putting feelings into words affect labeling disrupts amygdala activity in response to affective stimuli. Psychological Science, 18(5), 421-428.
AA helps to reduce Impulsivity
One constant in studies on addiction and in alcoholism, in particular is the fundamental role played by impulsivity in these disorders. It is seen to be present in early use but appears to be more distress based (i.e. more negative urgency based) as the addiction cycle becomes more chronic. This impulsivity has obvious consequences for propelling these disorders via impulsive behaviours and decision making difficulties.
Thus it then follows that any treatment of these addictive disorders must have treatment of impulsivity at the core as it appears to a fundamental pathomechanism.
Here, we review a study that on links AA attendance and reduced impulsivity using a 16-year prospective study of men and women, who were initially untreated for their drinking problems. Across the study period, there were significant l decreases in impulsivity, and longer AA duration was associated with reductions in impulsivity.
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is linked to improved functioning across a number of domains [2,3]. As the evidence for the effectiveness of AA has accumulated, so too have efforts to identify the mechanisms of change associated with participation in this mutual-help group [4].
This study concluded that help-seeking and exposure to the "active ingredients" of various types of help (i.e., AA principles/practices, sponsors), which, in turn, leads to improvements in reduced impulsivity.
Impulsivity is typically higher among individuals in AUD treatment than among those in the general population [5] and, impulse control deficits tend to predate the onset of drinking problems [6-9].
Contemporary research has revealed that traits such as impulsivity can change over time [10]. Mutual-help groups like AA may promote such changes, given that they seek to bolster self-efficacy and coping skills aimed at controlling substance use, encourage members to be more structured in their daily lives, and target deficits in self-regulation [11].
Such "active ingredients" may curb the immediate self-gratification characteristic of disinhibition and provide the conceptual grounds to expect that AA participation can press for a reduction in impulsive inclinations. In turn, given the range of outcomes related to impulsivity (e.g., legal, alcohol-related, and psychosocial problems), decreases in impulsivity may account for part of the association between AA participation and improvements in these outcomes.
AA's vision of recovery as a broad transformation of character [12], and explores individual differences in emotional and behavioural functioning as potential mechanisms of change (13,14).
Such groups encourage members to be more structured and goal-directed, which may translate into greater efforts to delay gratification of one's impulses and to improve clients' general coping skills (e.g., reduce avoidance coping).
Given that impulsivity is a risk factor for a host of problematic behaviors and outcomes beyond drinking-e.g., criminality [15], drug abuse [16], reckless driving and sexual practices [17], lower quality of interpersonal relationships [18], and poor health [19] this reduced impulsivty is beneficial in other aspects too.
Notably, this effect was buffered by a higher quality of social support-a probable active ingredient of AA. Thus, the impact of reducing impulsivity may be widespread across a range of outcomes that are critical for long-term sobriety.
Our main caveat on this study is that it does not distinguish between different types of impulsivity and does not mention negative urgency (or distress-based impulsivity) which is more commonly seen is this sample group.
AA's "active ingredients" may reduce distress, via a new found emotional regulation gained via the steps and use of a sponsor (acting as an external prefrontal cortex to help us inhibit our impulsive and distress based responses) which in turns reduces our tendency to impulsive decision making and behaviour.
It would have been interesting in this study to have also measure how emotional dysregulation changed in the time span of 16 years (using the DERS scale) and to have used a different impulsivity scale i.e. used the UPPS-P scale which would both have helped more specificallylook at the interaction of how emotional regulation and impulse control changed over the 16 year period.
1. Blonigen, D. M., Timko, C., & Moos, R. H. (2013). Alcoholics anonymous and reduced impulsivity: a novel mechanism of change. Substance abuse, 34(1), 4-12.
2. Humphreys, K. Circles of recovery: Self-help organizations for addictions. Cambridge Univ Pr; 2004.
3.. Tonigan JS, Toscova R, Miller WR. Meta-analysis of the literature on Alcoholics Anonymous: Sample and study characteristics moderate findings. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 1995
4. Kelly JF, Magill M, Stout RL. How do people recover from alcohol dependence? A systematic review of the research on mechanisms of behavior change in Alcoholics Anonymous. Addiction Research & Theory. 2009; 17(3):236–259.
5. Conway KP, et al. Personality, drug of choice, and comorbid psychopathology among substance abusers. Drug and alcohol dependence. 2002; 65(3):225–234. [PubMed: 11841894]
6. Caspi A, et al. Behavioral observations at age 3 years predict adult psychiatric disorders: Longitudinal evidence from a birth cohort. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1996; 53(11):1033. [PubMed: 8911226]
7. Cloninger CR, Sigvardsson S, Bohman M. Childhood personality predicts alcohol abuse in young adults. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 1988; 12(4):494–505.
8. Elkins IJ, et al. Personality traits and the development of nicotine, alcohol, and illicit drug disorders: Prospective links from adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of abnormal psychology. 2006; 115(1):26. [PubMed: 16492093]
9. Sher KJ, Bartholow BD, Wood MD. Personality and substance use disorders: A prospective study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2000; 68(5):818. [PubMed: 11068968]
10. Caspi A, Roberts BW, Shiner RL. Personality development: Stability and change. Annual Review of Psychology. 2005; 56:453–484
11. Moos RH. Active ingredients of substance use focused self help groups. Addiction. 2008; 103(3):387–396. [PubMed: 18269361]
12. White WL. Commentary on Kelly et al. (2010): Alcoholics Anonymous, alcoholism recovery, global health and quality of life. Addiction. 2010; 205:637–638. [PubMed: 20403015]
13. Kelly JF, et al. Mechanisms of behavior change in alcoholics anonymous: does Alcoholics Anonymous lead to better alcohol use outcomes by reducing depression symptoms? Addiction. 105(4):626–636. [PubMed: 20102345]
14. KELLY JF, et al. Negative Affect, Relapse, and Alcoholics Anonymous (AA): Does AA Work by Reducing Anger? Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs.
15. Krueger RF, et al. Personality traits are linked to crime among men and women: Evidence from a birth cohort. Journal of abnormal psychology. 1994; 103(2):328. [PubMed: 8040502]
16. McGue M, Slutske W, Iacono WG. Personality and substance use disorders: II. Alcoholism versus drug use disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1999; 67(3):394. [PubMed: 10369060]
17. Caspi A, et al. Personality differences predict health-risk behaviors in young adulthood: Evidence from a longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1997; 73(5):1052. [PubMed: 9364760]
18. Ozer DJ, Benet-Martinez V. Personality and the prediction of consequential outcomes. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2006; 57:401–421. [PubMed: 16318601]
19. Bogg T, Roberts BW. Conscientiousness and Health-Related Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis of the Leading Behavioral Contributors to Mortality. Psychological Bulletin. 2004; 130(6):887. [PubMed: 15535742]


Let's take it back… do you remember your first experience of listening to music and how it made you feel?
This goes back to my childhood when my mother put headphones on my head and let me listen to Elvis Presley and Opera music, which were recorded on a cassette. A large contrast in styles, but this was the start of my musical career, as I could not stop my feet from moving.
What inspired you to take to the decks and become a DJ?
I used to dance professionally and often got distracted by DJs that were not playing within the same groove as the dancers. I believed I could do much better and from the first moment I touched the decks to try; I was sold. It directly felt like an extension of my soul and a way to share my constant growing passion for music.
DJ'ing is all about skill and practice, how many years have you dedicated to perfecting this talent – and what have been some of the most challenging aspects?
I always thought that I would be great at it from the start, because of my feeling for rhythm and my musical education, yet this bubble was burst very fast! The most challenging were the technical skills, which took me years to perfect and recording 10 hours of mixes every day in order to educate myself. I was very fortunate to have met some mentors who helped me to follow my dream and taught me the tricks of the game.
What kind of music are you personally into – what's on your playlist at the moment?
My playlist is very extensive, yet my passion lays in groovy house music that carries vocals and tribal beats. I love to play music from unknown producers to trigger the mind of people that usually listen to radio hits.
Being a DJ can often mean late nights and irregular hours – how do you cope with the lifestyle?
I am lucky that my partner has been working in nightlife for years which makes him understand the lifestyle very well. His support makes life much easier. I also make sure that I take time for myself to recharge, as performing the way I do demands a lot of energy.
You're a DJ in Dubai, one of the world's most buzzing and competitive cities – tell us what people can expect from a set by DJ Kat?
Groovy beats and an unstoppable energy that matches the buzz of Dubai!
What's your DJ'ing style – do you interact with the crowd and take a lot of requests or do you like to play it by ear and already know what you'll spin before you start the set?
As a DJ you need to be able to adapt your music to the ambience in the room and to changing circumstances; not one crowd is the same! I believe that preparing a set in advance means that you are not able to cope with this and are therefore, in my eyes, not a real DJ.
What are the three best elements about being a DJ?
Tell us more about your DJ'ing background – where else have you played and what has been your most memorable moment in this profession?
I have played all around the U.A.E. with a great focus on Dubai, but have also travelled to places such as Russia, The Netherlands, Dominican Republic and Ibiza to play. This varies from private parties, to corporate events, but also boat parties and clubs.
Though I've played at countless events, the best memory goes back to my first club performance, when I saw the full room moving to my beats. That feeling and energy is unforgettable!
Do you have any advice or tips for young, budding DJs?
What are some of your future goals within the DJ'ing industry?
GO: Follow @djkatsizova_ on instagram and keep up to date with where she's performing next!


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Bitcoin Eyes First Two-Day Drop of 2023 as Microsoft Dents Mood
Bitcoin is flirting with its first back-to-back drop since the start of the year following a poor revenue outlook from technology bellwether Microsoft Corp. that dented wider investor sentiment.
Joanna Ossinger
7:37 AM IST, 25 Jan 2023 12:48 PM IST, 25 Jan 2023 7:37 AM IST, 25 Jan 2023 12:48 PM IST, 25 Jan 2023
Pedestrians walk past a Sakura Bitcoin Exchange Inc. store in the Shibuya district of Tokyo on Friday, Feb. 25, 2022. Cryptocurrency exchanges are still trying to figure out how to deal with western sanctions against Russia after its invasion of Ukraine. Photographer: Soichiro Koriyama/Bloomberg
(Bloomberg) -- Bitcoin is flirting with its first back-to-back drop since the start of the year following a poor revenue outlook from technology bellwether Microsoft Corp. that dented wider investor sentiment.
The largest token fell as much as 2.5% and was trading at about $22,650 as of 6:11 a.m. in London on Wednesday after edging lower in US hours. A range of smaller coins, from Ether to Cardano to Avalanche, were also in the red.
Digital assets are among the many investments that jumped at the start of 2023 on bets that central banks will slow or even reverse interest-rate hikes in the months ahead. But the sanguine stance is vulnerable to reversals, for instance if the Federal Reserve at its policy meeting next week pushes back against dovish expectations in the ongoing fight against inflation.
The disappointment over Microsoft's forecasts spilled over into crypto, which is still fairly strongly correlated with technology stocks, according to Tony Sycamore, a market analyst at IG Australia Pty.
"With risk assets, it's almost been like trying to hold a ball under water so far this year," he said. "The market is now having second thoughts about how much further to push them."
A burst of short covering that likely helped to propel the 36% jump in Bitcoin this month may also be petering out, said Hayden Hughes, chief executive officer of social-trading platform Alpha Impact.
"Prices began to reverse themselves as hedge funds re-entered short positions after taking the weekend off," he said.
Technical Hurdle
Katie Stockton, founder of Fairlead Strategies LLC, a research firm focused on technical analysis, sees significant resistance for Bitcoin at around $25,000. That's a level the token was last at in August.
Stockton said in note this week that's she's "neutral intermediate-term with the return of overbought conditions" for Bitcoin.
Bitcoin and a gauge of the top 100 tokens both shed more than 60% last year, hurt by rising borrowing costs and a series of crypto blowups. The overall market value of digital tokens has rebounded about $250 billion in January, according to CoinGecko data.
CRYP; TOP CRYPTO.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Home / Wall / Framed art print /
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Queensland Government Pavilion, Australia
https://www.defenceindustries.qld.gov.au/
Supported through the Queensland Government's 10-year Aerospace Roadmap, Queensland's aerospace sector is a leading supplier of MRO services in Australia and the Asia-Pacific region. By 2028, the Queensland aerospace industry will be a leading centre in Australia and South East Asia for aerospace innovation in training, niche manufacturing; maintenance; repair and overhaul (MRO); and uncrewed aerial systems (UAS), with military and civil applications. In 2023, Queensland will welcome back MRO Australasia to Brisbane. This premier MRO sector event is the place to be for information gathering, knowledge sharing and networking. The event will be held from 17-18 May 2023 at the Sofitel Brisbane Central, Brisbane Australia.


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The plumbing accessories accompany the sanitary items: simple and automatic valves (bath, shower, washbasin), switches (corner, washing machine), washbasin siphons, shower trays and bathrooms, water filters, spiral connection, heaters of all kinds, bathroom radiators.
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Shower trays and bathroom drains. The time when the bathroom drains were going to the point where they did not seem to have passed - the grills with modern design are now one of the highlight of the bathroom.


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Walmart sets emergency leave policy for 1.4M hourly workers
by: ANNE D'INNOCENZIO AP Retail Writer
Posted: Mar 10, 2020 / 01:15 PM CDT / Updated: Mar 10, 2020 / 01:15 PM CDT
FILE – This June 1, 2017, file photo, shows a Walmart sign at a store in Hialeah Gardens, Fla. Walmart says it will pay about $16 billion for a majority stake in India's leading e-commerce company Flipkart, giving the world's largest retailer a formidable presence in a fast-growing economy. (AP Photo/Alan Diaz, File)
NEW YORK (AP) — Walmart is launching an emergency leave policy for its 1.4 million hourly U.S. workers that includes allowing its employees to not be penalized for taking time off if they feel uncomfortable working because of fear of the spreading new virus.
The nation's largest private employer also said Tuesday that hourly workers who work in a store, club, office or distribution center will receive up to two weeks pay if they're required to quarantine by the government or by the retailer. Workers who have a confirmed case of the new virus will also receive two weeks of pay. If they are not able to return to work after that time, additional pay may be provided for up to 26 weeks for both full-time and part-time hourly workers.
The policy, which covers both Walmart and Sam's Club workers no matter when they were hired, including part-time employees, comes as companies are wrestling with how to support the workforce in these fluid times.
For most people, the new coronavirus causes only mild or moderate symptoms, such as fever and cough. For some, especially older adults and people with existing health problems, it can cause more severe illness, including pneumonia.
The vast majority of people recover from the new virus. According to the World Health Organization, people with mild illness recover in about two weeks, while those with more severe illness may take three to six weeks to recover. In mainland China, where the virus first exploded, more than 80,000 people have been diagnosed and more than 58,000 have so far recovered.
Walmart's senior vice president of U.S. benefits Adam Stavisky told The Associated Press that this new policy is a ''recognition"' of these "unprecedented and uncharted times."
"We are looking to provide some additional support so they can better weather these times,"' he said. He added they will continue to monitor the situation and adjust the policy as needed.
Before the spreading new virus, Walmart Inc. allowed full-time hourly associate to carry over up to 80 hours of paid time off each year, and a part-time hourly associate could carry over up to 48 hours of paid time off.
Stay up to date with the latest news by downloading the KTVE/KARD News App from the App Store or Google Play.
Former Louisiana lawmaker and wife died of COVID-19 on the same day
Louisiana hunters find human remains; deputies investigate


Leaders at Synchrony Financial say the company is committed to bringing innovative solutions into the financial services and payments space. Because the industry is constantly evolving, they say Synchrony has dedicated teams focused on emerging technology and data analytics. This has led to a number of strategic partnerships and investments.
"We have had success recruiting and hiring great people in South Dakota for over a decade and we look forward to providing local talent opportunities to grow and advance our company," said Margaret Keane, president and CEO of Synchrony Financial.
For more information about Synchrony Financial or to apply online, visit http://synchronycareers.com/.
Synchrony Financial (NYSE: SYF) is one of the nation's premier consumer financial services companies. Our roots in consumer finance trace back to 1932, and today we are the largest provider of private label credit cards in the United States based on purchase volume and receivables.* We provide a range of credit products through programs we have established with a diverse group of national and regional retailers, local merchants, manufactures, buying groups, industry associations and healthcare service providers to help generate growth for our partners and offer financial flexibility to our customers.
Through our partners' over 350,000 locations across the United States and Canada, and their websites and mobile applications, we offer our customers a variety of credit products to finance the purchase of goods and services. Synchrony Financial offers private label and co-branded Dual Card™ credit card, promotional financing and installment lending, loyalty programs and FDIC-insured savings products through Synchrony Bank. More information can be found at www.synchronyfinancial.com, www.facebook.com/SynchronyFinancial, www.linkedin.com/company/synchrony-financial and https://twitter.com/SYFNews.
*Source: The Nilson Report (May 2016, Issue #1087) – based on 2015 data.


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News Sports Obituaries Legals Nation / World
NC's Graves dealing with COVID-19 complications
Kirt Manion
Glance at the Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services' case map. There's just one confirmed coronavirus case in Otoe County. That means zero impact.
There's economic impact. There's emotional impact. These are scary times.
For Audrey Graves, the scare is life threatening, even if she never contracts the virus that has world leaders on high alert and the economy in a lock down.
Graves, principal at Nebraska City's Nebraska Center for the Education of Children Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired (NCECBVI), is in the midst of her second fight against cancer. And she's doing well in that fight, but coronavirus is getting in the way.
Jenna Sheldon of the American Cancer Society Cancer Action Network said Nebraska City's Graves is not alone.
A recent survey by Sheldon's organization found that folks in the cancer community are more likely to see an impact in their care or have their access to care restricted.
Half of all those surveyed reported some impact on their care due to the virus. Of those who have experienced an effect, nearly 1-in-4 report a delay in care or treatment.
Among just the respondents who remain in active treatment, more than a quarter, 27 percent, report a delay in their care and 13 percent say they don't know when essential care will be rescheduled.
"COVID-19 is affecting all of us deeply," Sheldon said. "There are so many different levels to this COVID-19 pandemic. For cancer patients, there is added uncertainty and anxiety."
Count Graves as one who is being affected by access issues.
Just to get everyone caught up to speed with Graves' circumstances, it was July of last year when a blood test revealed that cancer had returned. She had originally beaten the disease over a decade before and had gone through all the rounds of chemotherapy, surgery, scans and post care to drive breast cancer into remission.
The blood test of last July revealed that the cancer had become metastatic, spreading to her bones, and a new fight was begun.
Graves had to adjust. She had to go through that cancer pain again with her friends, her family, and with her 15-year-old son, who had been too young to remember the first fight.
Scary doesn't even begin to describe it. But Graves' legendary positivity and determination has been beating back the advance of this despicable cancer.
Enter COVID-19.
Late last year, because Graves was doing so well in her treatment, her oncologist had felt comfortable with delaying scans set for August. The idea was to scan in March. Of course, we all know what happened in March. The world around us closed. Businesses of every kind.
Schools for sure. And lots of people worried that the medical care system would become over burdened by COVID-19 and would not be able to provide adequate treatment to those infected.
When the COVID-19 fight started, consideration had to also be given to protecting people from being exposed to the virus while going to receive other medical care.
Cancer patients undergoing treatment were at an even higher risk than the general public due to having compromised immunity.
And so Graves' scans were delayed. Indefinitely.
These scans were part of the treatment for Graves because they evidenced effectiveness of treatment.
She still goes to the doctor every month and feels comfortable.?Graves said that everyone is very careful to maintain a virus-free space. Unfortunately, though, the scans are not part of the treatment offered.
She gets blood tests. She also takes medication and receives a monthly injection for further support in the fight.
She has worked closely with her oncologist who has assured her that, if something seemed wrong, with the blood work, or with anything else, he would get her in for the scan, even with the threat of COVID-19 looming.
Still, Graves worries about it. She tries not to do that, of course, saying that such worries can overwhelm your ability to enjoy daily living. But it's there though.
"I would like to get things done because I don't want any surprises," Graves said. "I would have more peace of mind."
In some ways, we all are feeling what Graves has become accustomed to feeling for a long time—uncertainty. What will life be like in five months or five years? She doesn't know. We don't either.
That pandemic fight gives us a look into that world for sure. The economy appears broken and a fix isn't likely to come soon. People could lose their jobs and their livlihood.
We're told to have hope.
Graves echos that, even though COVID-19 has seemed to have an even greater impact for her than it has had on the rest of us. While we are fearful of losing our jobs, Graves joins that concern. She's working from home now and still has her job. But if she were to lose it, she could lose her health care too. No health care and facing cancer? That's terrifying.
Is Graves going to be intimidated? She's going to do everything she can not to give in to that emotion.
"You have to keep your state of mind positive," Graves said. "There is always hope."
Take her advice and don't go to Google. We all search for answers to our questions. These days—when will the pandemic end? For Graves, it has been—what does this cancer diagnosis mean? Or—what is my prognosis?
Bad idea. Google usually delivers news to dwell on, to stew about. And that's not healthy.
When facing cancer, Graves has had the approach of seeing the disease as a bully looking to intimidate. She's not going to let the bully get the best of her.
"I am going to keep going instead of letting it consume me," she said.
© 2021 www.hamburgreporter.com. All rights reserved.


It's a quickie today but I've been sitting on this shoot of the gorgeous Hair Fair release from Exile for days.
I think that if you read me enough you know that it is just about girly enough to make me drool in RL.
I'm also wearing one of the CHLOE skins from Exile, which is a very delicate and pretty face.
Now, it's Friday! Have a great weekend! I mean it!
This entry was posted in Expos, Fairs and Fundraisers, Second Life and tagged Dark Mouse, Exile, hair fair 2010, Poetic Color, shades of october on September 10, 2010 by .


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William & Kate Host Private Tusk Awards Reception
On November 22, 2019 November 22, 2019 By RSBIn Royal News
Image courtesy of Kensington Palace's Instagram
As some of you may have noticed (and for those who follow along on Instagram, I posted to stories about this), the Duchess of Cambridge pulled out of the annual Tusk awards event last night. The reason given was something due to the children, with the general consensus being that there was a last-minute childcare issue.
That might sound strange from a household that obviously contains a multitude of staff, but in reality, the Cambridges employ only one nanny, and my guess is that she was unexpectedly pulled away and given the timing, William and Kate were unable to find backup. Given that the Tusk organization is William's and Kate joins him only in a supporting role, it made sense for her to stay behind.
So, while we missed out a red carpet moment for Kate, which is disappointing, Kensington Palace shared some images from a private reception the couple hosted earlier in the day to honor participants and recipients. And frankly all of this is a good reminder of the days when things like this were the biggest royal dramas anyone had to talk about. 2016 seems almost quaint in comparison to where we are today(!)
Kate recycled a forest green dress by Beulah that she debuted in January of this year. It's very in keeping with her preferred structured silhouette these days, so I'm not surprised we've already seen it a second time. I like it fine – it's very similar to the Emilia Wickstead in the same color she wore in May – and I always like to see her wearing Beulah, which has a great backstory.
Unfortunately, due to how KP has been handling Kate's engagements lately (no announcement beforehand), it's unclear when we'll see her again. At the very least, thanks to an invitee sharing on Twitter, we know that invitations to Buckingham Palace's Diplomatic Reception have gone out and the event is scheduled for Wednesday, Dec. 11 at 8:30 pm GMT. That's always a fun night because we get at least a glimpse of a tiara when William and Kate are photographed arriving.
I'm sure we'll see her between now and then, but in the meantime, we've also learned that William and Kate hosted a private party in London on Tuesday evening for the Nursing Now 2020 campaign, which Kate is supporting. As I've said before, I do like that we're getting more and more of a glimpse of the behind-the-scenes work that the couple conducts. Earlier this week, for example, we know that the couple met with the King and Queen of Bhutan, who they met during their 2016 visit to the country.
As for what's coming next here, there's a final summary on The Crown's third season scheduled for tomorrow, and I'm debating whether or not to put up a post on Sunday or Monday covering the dust settling around the Andrew issue. TBD. But until then, happy Friday 🙂
Duchess of CambridgeDuke of CambridgeKate MiddletonPrince William
The Crown S3: Cri de Coeur
The Crown's Season 3 As a Whole
2 thoughts on "William & Kate Host Private Tusk Awards Reception"
Rebecca Is your Richard iii series over, may you please write more stories about the Plantagenet's e.g Edward iv, Maragret of Anjou, Richard ii.
Hi Suzanne – It's not over, I'm just very delayed! I set an ambitious pace that worked over the summer, but got away from me in the autumn. I'm hoping to finish it up now that the holidays are upon us, and the next in the series will actually be a postthat delves more into Elizabeth Woodville and Elizabeth of York. In the meantime (if you haven't seen them already), there are a couple older posts on Margaret of Anjou that you can find under "House of Lancaster" on the right-hand side, and I will make a note about Edward IV and Richard II. I've been doing a lot of reading on the latter lately and he definitely hasn't gotten his due here yet, so thank you for the prompt!


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Lacy probable for Sunday; House out
Eddie Lacy is probable to play with a hip injury against the Bills. Davon House is seeing specialist on his shoulder
Lacy probable for Sunday; House out Eddie Lacy is probable to play with a hip injury against the Bills. Davon House is seeing specialist on his shoulder Check out this story on packersnews.com: https://pck.rs/1DnTOb6
Weston Hodkiewicz, USA TODAY NETWORK-Wisconsin Published 12:14 p.m. CT Dec. 12, 2014 | Updated 12:42 p.m. CT Dec. 12, 2014
Green Bay Packers running backs James Starks (44) and Eddie Lacy (27) celebrate Lacy's first quarter touchdown against the Atlanta Falcons at Lambeau Field.(Photo: Kyle Bursaw/Press-Gazette Media)
The Green Bay Packers likely will have running back Eddie Lacy available Sunday when they go up against the Buffalo Bills' fifth-ranked defense.
Lacy (hip) was limited in practice this week, but Packers coach Mike McCarthy listed him as probable to play Sunday against the Bills after taking part in the strength and conditioning work on Friday.
McCarthy wouldn't comment on whether the Packers will look to lessen Lacy's workload.
"We'll see how the game goes," McCarthy said. "But I feel very comfortable going with Eddie and James (Starks). It's something we spent the whole offseason getting ready for and both guys have done a great job being three-down players."
The Packers have ruled out inside linebacker Jamari Lattimore (ankle) and cornerback Davon House, who was scheduled to visit a specialist Friday for the right shoulder injury he sustained in the fourth quarter of Monday's 43-37 win over Atlanta.
McCarthy said House has full range of motion and responded well over the past few days, but cautioned it's not "your every day injury." Sunday will be the first regular-season House has missed since Dec. 30, 2012, in Minnesota (hip/shoulder).
Guards Josh Sitton (toe) and T.J. Lang (ankle), defensive lineman Bruce Gaston (illness) and outside linebacker Nick Perry (shoulder) are all probable to play against the Bills.
Here are other highlights from McCarthy's news conference:
On Eddie Lacy:
I think probable is pretty confident. He's getting better. I know he did the strength and conditioning work and all the other work in that area today. He's making progress and hopefully he can practice tomorrow.
On Davon House:
I know he has some testing today. He's not going to be available for the game. I have not been given any updates. I know he has an appointment today. That's kind of where we are.
On if there's any fear it's season-ending:
I wouldn't say 'fear.' That's why you're going to see the people that he needs to see. He's got to get more information. It's not your everyday injury. He feels better; he's got his range of motion and he's really responded very well the last couple days.
On deferring after winning the coin toss:
We have a game management meeting every Friday at 1:10. We go through our history, our opponent's history. We have a number of variables that we look at each and every game and then we make a decision. That's kind of the way it's played out and it's worked very well so far taking the ball this year. Sometimes, we're given the ball, too. Teams have deferred; I think Minnesota deferred. So, sometimes, it just kind of works out that way.
On Mason Crosby:
I think Mason is like the rest of our veteran players. You have a relationship. You get to see these men work each and every day. You know what he's made of. I've always believed in Mason Crosby, and he's delivered. That wasn't really a decision based on if I thought he was going to make the kick. It was really kind of trusting your game plan, based on what the yardage (was) and obviously what was going on in the game and the score and so forth. It worked out, so with that, I guess it's the right decision. But I think time and time again, I've continued … I feel like I've always shown confidence in Mason.
On James Starks going back to Buffalo area:
I think so. There's no place like home. Obviously, everybody enjoys going back to their hometown, and I know this is special for James and his family. James is always smiling; his smile is bigger this week. But he'll go out and play like he always does. James is very consistent in his approach and his energy level and the way he approaches the game. I think you have to be in tune with each and every player, particularly where they are in their career, because I think when you're younger it may impact you more. But James is a veteran, but I do know he's excited.
On noisy road environments:
Clearly. Anytime you're on the road, our communication and challenge is night and day compared to Lambeau Field, unless they're doing the Wave when we're on offense, but that doesn't happen very often. Just kidding! But this is a loud place. Our team hasn't been there in eight years. But just off my memories of Buffalo, it's loud there. We've worked the crowd noise all week, but it's something that we do all of the time. So, to me, it's a part of our offense, and I'm confident that we'll communicate the way we need to.
Does that reflect need to get home-field advantage for the offense?
Well, we want to play at home for all of the obvious reasons. I think it helps your whole football team. We've got a great home-field advantage. We have phenomenal fans. I think our game-day production has increased. I think our performance at home has probably helped us some, too, but I think the whole environment has gotten better and it's definitely the environment that we prefer to play in.
On Sam Shields:
Sam's had a good week of practice. I just think anytime specifically in game plans that you have a number of adjustments in, when you don't get the reps it's tough, I don't care what position you play. I think Sam's had a good week.
-whodkiew@pressgazettemedia.com and follow him on Twitter @WesHod.


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Sophie of Pomerania, Duchess of Pomerania
(Redirected from Sophia of Pomerania-Stolp)
For other uses, see Sophie of Pomerania (disambiguation).
Sophia of Pomerania-Stolp (1435 – 24 August 1497), was a Duchess of Pomerania by birth, and married to Eric II, Duke of Pomerania.
Sophia of Pomerania-Stolp
24 August 1497 (aged 61–62)
Noble family
Eric II, Duke of Pomerania
Bogislaw IX, Duke of Pomerania
Maria of Masovia
Sophia was the daughter of Bogislaw IX, Duke of Pomerania and Maria of Masovia. In 1446, her father died and was succeeded by his cousin, Eric of Pomerania, former King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Sophia became the heir of Eric of Pomerania's private fortune.
In 1451, Sophia was married to Eric of Pomerania-Wolgast, making her spouse the heir of Eric of Pomerania's territories, while Sophia remained the heir of Eric of Pomerania's private fortune. At the death of Eric of Pomerania in 1459, Sophia's husband united Pomerania through the inheritance of Pomerania-Stolp and Pomerania-Rügenwalde by his marriage, while Sophia became the sole possessor of the vast fortune brought by Eric of Pomerania from his former kingdoms in Scandinavia, as well as the wealth he had acquired by his piracy activity on Gotland.
As Eric refused to allow Sophia any of the political power over the territories he acquired through her, which she felt she was entitled to, the couple separated.[1] Sophia moved to Rügenwalde Castle with her children and her lover, Hans of Maszerski.[2] In 1470, she refused to finance her husband's war with Brandenburg. She was widowed in 1474.
According to an old legend, she was to have poisoned her sons Wratislaw and Casimir, but when she tried to the same with her son Bogislaw with a poisoned sandwich, he was warned by his jester. The sandwich was given to a dog, who died, after which Sophia was to have fled to Danzig.[3]
IssueEdit
Bogislaw X (1454–1523)
Casimir (ca. 1455–1474)
Wartislaw (after 1465–1475)
Barnim (after 1465–1474)
Elisabeth (d. 1516), prioress of Verchen Nunnery
Sophie (1460–1504), ∞ Duke Magnus II of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and -Güstrow (1441–1503)
Margaret (d. 1526), ∞ Duke Balthasar of Mecklenburg (1451–1507), administrator of the prince-bishoprics of Hildesheim and Schwerin
Catherine (ca. 1465–1526), ∞ Duke Henry IV of Brunswick and Lunenburg (1463–1514), Prince of Wolfenbüttel
Mary (d. 1512), abbess of Wollin Nunnery
^ Anteckningar om svenska qvinnor
Anteckningar om svenska qvinnor
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sophie_of_Pomerania,_Duchess_of_Pomerania&oldid=922332399"


1. Supermodel-actress Cara Delevingne's snap of the Supermoon, along with the lights illuminating the buildings within the area.
2. Angel Locsin raised her glass to the Supermoon in hopes of prosperous days ahead.
3. Robby Mananquil dedicated his photo of the Supermoon (with an artistic lens flare effect) to girlfriend Maxene Magalona.
4. Mika dela Cruz even thought of a hugot line as she took a photo of the Supermoon. "Ito na daw ang pinaka malapit. Pero ang layo mo padin," her caption said.
5. iCarly star Victoria Justice played around with composition in taking a photo of the Supermoon.
6. Arrow / Legends of Tomorrow star Caity Lotz took a short video of the Supermoon while inside a car.
Found it #supermoon ?? go outside and take a look! The full moon is to at its biggest and brightest since January 1948.
7. Clouds did not hinder Julia Montes from photographing the peeking Supermoon.
8. Journalist Sandra Aguinaldo managed to get a good shot of the Supermoon using a simple point-and-shoot camera.
9. Digital DJ Joey Santos sure knows his equipment, and captured the Supermoon in full detail with his arsenal.


For today's edition of Camp Days we head to the Magic city of Barberton as we speak with Tony Gotto ahead of the 2017 football season.
The Magics made the playoffs in 2016 and Coach Gotto spoke about his expecations for the upcoming season. Our camp reports are brought to you by Northern Ohio Honda Dealers.


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Whole site Kansas only
Argentine Boulevard Bridge
Wyandotte County, Kansas
Bridge originally constructed for Kansas City Belt Railway (Kansas City Southern) in 1890. Partially destroyed in 1903 flooding. Pratt trusses of two western spans replaced by pony trusses and bridge was used for vehicle traffic from 1908-1951.
The original right of way of the Belt Railway ran from the AT&SF railway in Argentine, KS and followed what is now Argentine Boulevard and crossed the still standing but unused bridge south of Kaw Point and the James Street bridge.
When the Kaw River is Low pieces of steel truss from the old bridge emerges along with a wooden tie lined concrete base of one of the bridge piers on the west side of the Argentine Island.
Researched 4/29/2008
The Argentine Boulevard bridge was built in 1908 to carry Argentine Boulevard, and 18th Street.
It was a four span thru truss spanning the Kansas River.
On July 14, 1951 at the start of the great flood of 1951, an oil tanker drifted downstream from a field, and struck the bridge.
The bridge was damaged at the west span, and would never be reopened.
In 1959, with the building of the 18th Street Bridge, the Argentine Boulevard bridge was removed, and never replaced.
The old road grade leading to the bridge still exists, however fallen into disrepair.
When the water in the Kansas River is low, a piece of the truss still remains, emerging from the river bottom.
Lost through truss bridge over Kansas River and Argentine Island on Argentine Boulevard, 18th Street in Kansas City
Kansas City, Wyandotte County, Kansas
Replaced by the Nearby 18th Street Expressway Bridge Downstream
Built 1890, rebuilt 1908; damaged by 1951 flood, removed 1959
- Kansas City Belt Railway
- Kansas City Southern Railway (KCS)
Two Pratt pony trusses (west end - originally Pratt through trusses)
Three Pratt through trusses (east end)
Southern Bridge
18th Street Bridge
Kansas (3,191)
Kansas City Belt Railway (2)
Kansas City Southern Railway (224)
Kansas City, Kansas (40)
Kansas River (33)
Lost (24,601)
Lost 1959 (74)
Lost during 1950s (673)
Owned by city (5,352)
Pratt pony truss (3,632)
Pratt through truss (5,370)
Pratt truss (9,268)
Rail-to-road (338)
Railroad (15,356)
Replaced by new bridge (16,485)
Through truss (15,013)
Wyandotte County, Kansas (49)
October 26, 2013: Updated by Luke Harden: Added categories "Kansas City Southern Railway", "Railroad", "Rail-to-road"
February 11, 2013: Updated by Chris Knight: Telling Details of Low River Conditions of the bridge Remerging.
January 7, 2012: Updated by Ross Warnell: Added builder; added detail to design description; added history to description.
April 29, 2008: Essay added by Max Johnson
Ross Warnell
Post a comment here
Posted July 23, 2015, by Danny Parker (barnamus1966 [at] aol [dot] com)
1930's aerial of the Argentine Blvd bridge.
Argentine Blvd bridge. East end looking west.
Recently found a few more photo's of the Old Southern Bridge (Argentine Blvd Bridge), between Armourdale, and Argentine in Kansas City Kansas.
Posted October 26, 2013, by Danny Parker (barnamus1966 [at] aol [dot] com)
This image was taken sometime in the early 1940's. The bridge crossing at the top is the Argentine Boulevard Bridge, to the left you see some storage tanks, these are some of the tanks that took out the west end of the bridge in the flood of 1951. This image was found in the "Missouri Valley Collection" at the Kansas City Missouri Public Library.
This page's URL is http://bridgehunter.com/ks/wyandotte/argentine-boulevard/


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Awards Main
Professor James Wright has been appointed a member of the Order of Canada last week, one of the country's highest civilian honours.
The appointment rewards Professor Wright's advances in the field of paediatric orthopaedics, notably in identifying the optimal treatment for a number of childhood conditions requiring surgery.
Professor Wright is a global leader in orthopaedic surgery and has made important contributions to the care of children with surgical illness in Canada and around the world. He was the first orthopaedic surgeon to gain advanced clinical research training in North America and is a leader in applying evidence in orthopaedics, which is transforming the care of patients worldwide.
He was the inaugural editor for evidenced-based orthopaedics of the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (the premier orthopaedic journal). In that role over the past 12 years, Professor Wright introduced the concept of Levels of Evidence (LOE) to orthopaedics. Now, all five major orthopaedic journals rate every published article with an LOE, and LOE has become the standard of nomenclature of research quality in orthopaedics.
As Surgeon in Chief and Medical Vice President at SickKids Hospital in Toronto, one of the world's premier children's hospitals, his leadership has led to improved care of children in Ontario and Canada. The pinnacle of Professor Wright's accomplishment was improving the care of children in Canada by shortening their wait times for surgery, saving and improving the lives of countless Canadian children.
Professor Wright is among the top academic paediatric orthopaedic surgeons in the world and has won the highest research awards of the Canadian, U.S. and North American orthopaedic surgery associations. Professor Wright is also committed to the teaching of orthopaedics and has inspired a generation of faculty and trainees to bring evidence-based approaches to the field.
Established in 1967, the Order of Canada recognises outstanding achievement, dedication to the community and service to the nation.
Professor Wright moved to the University of Oxford at the end of 2015 and is currently establishing his research group at NDORMS.
Honorary Departmental Professor of Orthopaedic
Our Groups, Centres and Units
Our Clinical Trials
Our Programme Grants
Kennedy Main Research
The Oxford-Mount Sinai (OxMS) Preprint Journal Club has partnered with Nature Reviews Immunology to launch a monthly Preprint Watch column.
Arthritis Botnar Funding Main
Dr Laura Coates has been awarded £1.8M from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) to explore the potential for precision medicine in the choice of biologics to reduce inflammation and pain in psoriatic arthritis.
Main Orthopaedics and trauma
The Research at Oxford on Analysis of Motion (ROAM) team at the University of Oxford have supported CURE Ethiopia Children's Hospital to develop and open a brand new gait laboratory, the first of its kind in the country and the only other active gait lab on the African continent outside of South Africa.
Statutory Professor of Biomaterials is awarded Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for services to Engineering
Kennedy Main
A preliminary study shows that a drug which helps immune cells self-clean may improve vaccine protection in older adults
In a combined effort to help COVID-19 researchers the University of Oxford and Cardiff University have launched a series of "living reviews" in Oxford University Press's new open access journal "Oxford Open Immunology".


Great 1/1 Condo-Hotel in The Ocean Point Beach Club condominium, located at 17375 Collins Avenue in the city of Sunny Isles Beach. Enjoy the incredible oceanfront location with private Beach and the numerous amenities that this condo-hotel has to offer. Close to Aventura Shopping Mall, Bal Harbour shops, South Beach attractions. The Ocean Point Beach Club is managed by the Doubletree Hotel By Hilton Ocean Point Resort & Spa and a rental program is available for owners.


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Q: Html/javascript: Unable to disable Textbox Not really sure how to phrase the question but I have created a function where if a button is disabled, the textbox below should also be disabled, but it's not. Here's the code:
 //this script checks to see if the higher number is less than the lower number. Will be disabled if so.

<button id="myBtn" onclick="Play()">Play</button>

GUESS:

<Input type="number" id="guess" onclick="dataValidationG()" onchange="dataValidationG()"> </Input>
<button id="submit">Enter Guess</button>

I'm sure it has something to do with the javascript but I can't place where did I go wrong/what's missing. (I'm also only allowed to do everything under 1 html file.)

A: The problem is in your if statement conditions, you are using = and not ==.
And thanks to JavaScript being such a nice programming language, it doesn't throw a syntax error, but instead sets the value inside the if statement condition!
So just replace the = with == inside your if statement conditions.

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