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Policy Performance and Outlook (Part 2)
Posted on January 10, 2022 by David	102 comments
A follow through to the Policy Performance and Outlook (Part 1) received/posted by Barbados Underground last week. To be honest topics coming from the political opposition and others critical of government policy on the campaign trial so far have not clearly articulated economic alternatives to give hope to an electorate definitely suffering from all types of fatigue, economic, social and the like. With just over week ago is it too much to ask to have a serious conversation about the state of the economy and the viable alternatives that may exist?
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Tax Reforms
The intended purpose of the 2019 tax reforms was to shift taxation from off of work and income and more towards transactions and wealth in these the measures, the administration implemented:
0% income taxes on the first 25,000.
Introduced a Compensatory Income Credit for people earning above 25'000 but below 3500. You can see that here.
Reinstated the reverse tax credit of $1300 which the Stuart Administration stopped paying between 2016 and 2018, and expanded it to include everyone earning less than 25,000. You can see that here.
Increase Land Tax on properties valued above 450,000 from 0.45% to 0.7%.
Changed Road tax to a pay-as-you-use tax on fuel.
Paying Arrears
As mentioned in part 1 on assuming office, the administration was faced with approximately $1.9 billion in arrears. Did they tackle it? What has been the record? This administration set about to pay down those arrears which were incurred by previous administrations (mostly the Stuart administration). The administration issued the 'S' series bonds in late 2018 to pay off the 1.9 billion dollars in arrears owed to individuals and businesses throughout Barbados over a four year period. As of the last update in November 2021 by Ryan Straughn, the Government had paid $1.4 billion to these people and entities leaving $500 million to be paid by September 2022. These included people whom the state owed for goods provided, services rendered, UWI for educating Barbadian Students, $250 million in NIS payments for Civil Servants, (I could be wrong but I believe fellow blogger Northern Observer was one of the people owed).
Additionally, I noticed that the administration went to parliament recently to pass the Debt Settlement Arrears Act 2021 which sought to clear an additional $300 million in arrers for land that the State acquired over the years and did not pay people whose lands were acquired, and for people who successfully sued the government or reached a settlement with the State in the past. This is being done by issuing J series bonds to be paid off in four years.
Strangely enough this bill stirred some controversy over wording, but the Act clearly states on page 4 that the purpose is to pay off people to whom the government owed money for land compulsorily Acquired before September 2018. In other words, this only applies to people who were owed money for land before this Administration. Read the act here We should have used the passage of this Act to examine the regrettable instances over the last 40 years in which The state has acquired peoples land without compensation, some going 30 years without a cent. This has happened across various administrations. During the Senate debate, Reverend Rogers spoke to this. I recall reading an article in the Nation a couple of years ago about this lady in Christ Church whose land was acquired by the State almost 25 years ago at that time and who had not yet been compensated. I think paying these people over a four year period using the J series bonds is fair, given that you cannot pay the $300 million all at once because of fiscal constraints, and the state should not pick and choose who it will pay and when. Monthly payments over a four year period is one of the best options, given that a number of these people have not been given a cent for more than two decades with some of them already having passed away.
However, another option would be to get a separate loan from somewhere to pay these Barbadians.
Arrival of Covid
Upon the arrival of Covid-19 the Barbados economy contracted by 17.5%, due to a 95% fall in tourist arrivals, Government revenue fell by $600 million during the first year as well and has only now begun to recover.
What was the response?
After the tax reforms of 2019 and before the pandemic hit, the Mottley administration already declared that it will not be implementing any new taxes or increasing any existing ones, up until this point, they have kept this pledge. Therefore upon the arrival of Covid the government let the $600 million loss in tax revenue go without responding with any new revenue measures. Was this the right call?If you go by most economic theories, yes. According to this Australian Economist. Expansionary fiscal policy is one of the ways that a country with a fixed exchange rate can respond to a deep recession. Luckily, when the pandemic hit the government was already running a 6% primary surplus in order to pay off arrears. Therefore, the government was in a position to renegotiate the EFF with the IMF for a 1% primary deficit. This allowed the government to go without imposing any new taxes, avoid deep spending cuts and respond to households and small businesses. The Government ended up running a overall deficit of 4.5% because it continued to pay back arrears (S series and tax refunds).
The Government came together with companies and people earning over $50,000 a year to set up the Adopt-a-Family programme to give $600 monthly to the most vulnerable households, 5000 of whom accessed this. The Government also reprofiled the loan payments of Micro Business Client of the Trust Loan Fund and Fund Access. Banks announced a six-month moratorium on loan repayments. During the 2021 lockdown, over 5000 micro and small businesses were given $750 each week of the lockdown. This also included vendors and Taxi drivers. The Government also rolled out the Best Programme Whereby they invested in Preference Shares in Tourism Entities, provided that they rehire at least 60 percent of their workers at atleast 80 percent of their normal salary for up to two years if needed. Some Capital works projects like the Speightstown Flood Mitigation Project, Constitution River Flood Mitigation Project and Fairchild Street Rehabilitation Project, Speeding up of the Roadworks and Water Augmentation Projects, Project to renovate derelict Government Buildings. The government increased Health expenditure by hiring more health care officers and constructing a hospital in St Lucy in one month.
My only criticism is that the Capital Works programme could have been expanded with more public/private partnerships.
Challenges and Proposals Ahead
The main Challenges that lie ahead include; tackling the population crisis, dealing with the OECD imposed global minimum tax rate, Lack of Innovation in this economy and forming new trade relationships.
Population Crisis
Brabados' population growth rate has been declining since 2010 and reached only 0.1%. In 10-12 years Barbados' population will start to shrink if something is not done soon to stem this. The Mia Mottley administration put together a population commission to look into this. I have heard that the commission's work is done, if that is true, I believe it's findings should be made public straight away, given that it has serious implications for the NIS pensions. You would recall Ronald Jones iurging Barbadians to "have more babies" and articles like this from Harry Russle in 2012 acknowledged the problem. However, with time running out, telling people to have more children is not and will never be a serious public policy response to this crisis. Even if the birth rate in Barbados were to tick up slightly this year, it would still not go far enough to solve the problem. Even though it is often a controversial topic (check the USA), immigration reform and policies aimed at getting the diaspora to return, has to be front and center going forward. If this is not done, people expecting a pension in 25 years time may get none.
That leads me to the next point, In reforming the immigration process, Barbados has to determine the characteristics of young people, including those in the diaspora who want to come here, or return. Emphasis should be placed on encouraging those who can innovate, bring new skills not available in abundance in the country and those who already offer goods and services outside of the island. This can speed up economic diversification. Havard professor Ricardo Haussman has done great work on economic diversification and how it relates to know-how, you can listen to his lectures here and here. Improvements in innovation will also come with comprehensive education reform. Work has already started with the education reform unit, but that needs to be given time to bear fruit.
Global Minimum Tax rate
The final nail in the coffin has come, we now have to live with the end of what we once called the "international Business sector". The OECD announced the imposition of a %15 global minimum tax rate for Multinational Entities. in simple terms this means that if an international business company pays %5 corporate tax in Barbados it will have to pay an additional %10 tax in its jurisdiction of origin. This now means that tax competition is effectively over. You can read more here. In December of 2018 local companies benefited from a reduction in Corporations taxes, not because the government wanted to stimulate the economy but because it was trying to prevent a collapse of the International Business sector. In 2017 the Stuart Administration made a commitment to the OECD that there will be no difference between international business and domestic business, leaving whoever won the 2018 election a few months to implement it. To be fair, the Stuart administration committed to this to get the OECD off the country's back, without thinking through the implications. Now with the global minimum tax rate, the country has to compete for global business on ease of doing business, human capital. and a supportive environment (eg. Central banks regulatory sandbox for digital currency). This Global Minimum tax rate will be fully implemented by 2023 and Barbados will have to transform significantly before this takes effect, (good luck to those responsible).
Barbados will need to change and expand its Trade and foreing policy to grow the economy. The country has to continue the work started in Africa but must also seek to stand out in becoming the place from which high end goods and services are provided to most of Latin America and the Caribbean. Cooperation with African countries is already starting to open up opportunities for some local enterprises but that has to be broadened. By the way, Barbados Based Bitt Inc facilitated the launch of the eNiara Africa's first digital currency and it has averaged more than 20.000 downloads per day since October. We also need a better trade relationship with Guyana, this I feel has huge potential and is long overdue.
The good news is that the debt to GDP ratio will almost certainly fall this year barring some calamitous event. That is because the GDP portion of the ratio will increase due to higher economic growth this year. This growth is just a reversal of losses experienced when the economy contracted by 17.5 percent in 2020. This fall in the debt to GDP ratio in 2022 should not be mistaken as Barbados being on some path to glory however, there is still a long way to go and a number of challenges to come as I mentioned before. The next administration should focus on infrastructure spending while avoiding the mistake of increasing current spending. Let the growth this year take care of most of the recovery in Government revenue which has already begun. If you manage not to mess this up, it can go some way in helping you to face the challenges ahead. In a small open economy. Sound fiscal policy helps to anchor all stability.
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Barbados Economy
Latin America and the Caribbean's Growth Will Slow to 2.1% in 2022 amid Significant Asymmetries between Developed and Emerging Countries
In its annual report Preliminary Overview of the Economies 2021, ECLAC emphasizes that 2022 will be a year of major challenges for growth, job creation and tackling the pandemic's social toll.
LIVE TRANSMISSION (English translation available).
(January 12, 2022) The Latin America and Caribbean region will see its pace of growth decelerate in 2022 to 2.1%, after reaching 6.2% on average last year, according to new projections released today by ECLAC. This slowdown takes place in a context of significant asymmetries between developed, emerging and developing countries with regard to the capacity to implement fiscal, social, monetary, and health and vaccination policies for a sustainable recovery from the crisis unleashed by the COVID-19 pandemic.
This is according to the annual report by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) entitled Preliminary Overview of the Economies of Latin America and the Caribbean 2021, which was unveiled today during a virtual press conference held from Mexico City by the United Nations organization's Executive Secretary, Alicia Bárcena.
The document indicates that the region is facing a very complex 2022: uncertainty regarding the pandemic's ongoing evolution, a sharp deceleration in growth, continued low investment and productivity and a slow recovery in employment, the persistence of the social effects prompted by the crisis, reduced fiscal space, increased inflationary pressures and financial imbalances.
"The expected slowdown in the region in 2022, combined with the problems of low investment and productivity, poverty and inequality, calls for growth and employment creation to be central elements of public policymaking while at the same time addressing inflationary pressures," Alicia Bárcena stated.
According to ECLAC, the 2.1% average growth foreseen for this year reflects great heterogeneity among countries and subregions: the Caribbean will grow 6.1% (excluding Guyana) and Central America will grow 4.5%, while South America will expand by 1.4%. Meanwhile, in 2021, the region experienced higher-than-expected growth, averaging 6.2% due to the low baseline established in 2020, to greater mobility and to a favorable external context.
According to the Preliminary Overview 2021, estimates point to advanced economies growing by 4.2% in 2022, being the only ones to resume the growth trajectory foreseen before the pandemic over the course of this year. Emerging economies, meanwhile, are seen growing 5.1% in 2022, but they will only resume the growth trajectory forecast before the pandemic in 2025. In 2021, 11 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean managed to regain the GDP levels seen prior to the crisis. In 2022, another three countries will join them, accounting for a total of 14 countries of the 33 that make up the region.
It is of central importance that the combination of monetary and fiscal policies prioritizes growth stimulation as well as inflation containment, ECLAC adds. This entails the need for coordinated fiscal and monetary policies and the use of all available instruments to adequately prioritize the challenges of growth with monetary-financial stability.
In terms of the labor market, employment recovered at a slower pace than economic activity last year: 30% of the jobs lost in 2020 had not been recuperated by 2021. Furthermore, the inequality between men and women was accentuated, reflecting the larger care burden on women and less dynamism in the sectors in which female employment is concentrated, such as services. In 2022, ECLAC projects an 11.5% unemployment rate for women – slightly below the 11.8% recorded in 2021, but still well above the 9.5% existing before the pandemic in 2019 – while unemployment among men is forecast at 8.0% this year, nearly identical to that of 2021 (8.1%) and still far above the 6.8% seen in 2019.
The report also addresses one of the most worrisome economic issues today at a regional and global level: the rise in the price of products and services. In 2021, inflationary pressures were observed in the majority of the region's countries, led by price increases in food and energy (inflation reached 7.1% on average by November, excluding Argentina, Haiti, Suriname and Venezuela), and these pressures are expected to continue in 2022. Countries' central banks anticipate that inflation levels will remain above the target range established, although they will tend to converge towards the end of 2022 or early 2023. Once again, the price of energy and food in international markets, along with the evolution of the exchange rate, will be critical to determining future price dynamics.
ECLAC underlines that inflation is a multicausal phenomenon, which means that monetary authorities should continue utilizing the full range of instruments (monetary, foreign exchange, and macroprudential) that they have, beyond the interest rate, to confront inflationary pressures without hindering the impetus for recuperating growth and employment and attaining sustainable, inclusive and more equal growth, the document indicates.
In addition, the United Nations organization emphasizes that it is crucial to increase tax collection levels and to improve the tax structure to give fiscal sustainability to a growing trajectory of expenditure demands. The challenges foreseen in 2022 – including lower economic growth, the risks of higher interest rates, currency depreciations and the possible weakening of sovereign credit ratings – make fiscal policy management more complex. That is why a strategic vision for public spending is required that would link short-term demands with long-term investments and contribute to closing social gaps. In addition, fiscal space must be expanded by eliminating tax evasion (which amounts to $325 billion U.S. dollars, or 6.1% of regional GDP), consolidating income taxes on individuals and corporations, extending the scope of taxes on assets and property, establishing taxes on the digital economy, environmental levies and others related to public health problems, and progressively revising and updating royalties for the exploitation of non-renewable resources.
In another area, financing for development is also key for supporting policy spaces and investment. It is necessary to expand and redistribute liquidity from developed countries to developing countries; strengthen development banks; reform the international debt architecture; provide countries with a set of innovative instruments aimed at increasing debt repayment capacity and avoiding over-indebtedness; and integrate liquidity and debt reduction measures into a resilience strategy geared towards building a better future.
Table. Latin America and the Caribbean: GDP Growth Projections for 2021 and 2022.
Presentation by ECLAC's Executive Secretary, Alicia Bárcena (PDF).
Full document by ECLAC: Preliminary Overview of the Economies of Latin America and the Caribbean 2021.
COVID-19 Observatory in Latin America and the Caribbean.
@ TLSN January 13, 2022 1:56 AM
(Quote):
Whoever developed the manifesto below must have been on medication. David you continue to play Devil's advocate. This is no time to be playing the fool.
(Unquote).
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
TLSN, it reads more like another reincarnation of the Old Covenant of Hope between Tron's Supreme Being and Her subjects in the land of the pending despair.
We can only wish that the politicians would simply stick to doing things within their pay-grade of competencies and the country's financial resources like rectifying the justice system, improvement in the public sector delivery of services funded by the poor taxpayers and keeping the globally-announced pledge of protecting the environment from further degradation and despoiling.
How about coming up with a proposal to get the thousands of derelict and abandoned vehicles from littering the roads and scaring empty lots which only provide safe and cosy homes for the breeding of vectors to spread diseases while projecting a most ghastly sight for visitors to the island to judge the hygiene habits of the country and its people?
Join in the discussion, you never know how expressing your view may make a difference.
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Barbados General Election
V-DayJanuary 19, 2022
17 hours to go.
COVID 19 Tracker
Enclosed are the charts for the week ending 14th Jan 2022. I've omitted the Vaccinations chart and added a reproductive number chart which gives some idea about the rate of reproduction of the virus and a daily official isolations chart to get some indication of the position re. incidence of persons sickened by the Virus. Total isolations are increasing gradually but Official Isolations are going down slowly and the Reproductive rates are actually decreasing at this stage. Deaths are still relatively low. The charts seem to be indicating that we might yet escape the dire UWI model predictions. So far, so good - Source: Lyall Small
See BU Covid 19 Updates Page
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Murder Tracker
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2013-03-18 Assigned to HUDSON BAY IP OPPORTUNITIES MASTER FUND, LP reassignment HUDSON BAY IP OPPORTUNITIES MASTER FUND, LP SECURITY AGREEMENT Assignors: ORCKIT-CORRIGENT LTD.
2014-04-01 Assigned to ORCKIT-CORRIGENT LTD reassignment ORCKIT-CORRIGENT LTD CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CORRIGENT SYSTEMS LTD.
2016-05-04 Assigned to ORCKIT IP, LLC reassignment ORCKIT IP, LLC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ORCKIT COMMUNICATION LTD., ORCKIT-CORRIGENT LTD.
A method for communication includes coupling a network node to one or more interface modules using a first group of first physical links arranged in parallel. Each of the one or more interface modules is coupled to a communication network using a second group of second physical links arranged in parallel. A data frame having frame attributes sent between the communication network and the network node is received. A first physical link out of the first group and a second physical link out of the second group are selected in a single computation based on at least one of the frame attributes. The data frame is sent over the selected first and second physical links. This method allows two or more link aggregation groups to be concatenated, using a single processing stage to determine port assignment for each frame in each of the link aggregation groups.
The present invention relates generally to communication networks, and particularly to methods and systems for link aggregation in network elements.
Link aggregation (LAG) is a technique by which a group of parallel physical links between two endpoints in a data network can be joined together into a single logical link (referred to as the "LAG group"). Traffic transmitted between the endpoints is distributed among the physical links in a manner that is transparent to the clients that send and receive the traffic. For Ethernet™ networks, link aggregation is defined by Clause 43 of IEEE Standard 802.3ad, Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Access Method and Physical Layer Specifications (2002 Edition), which is incorporated herein by reference. Clause 43 defines a link aggregation protocol sub-layer, which interfaces between the standard Media Access Control (MAC) layer functions of the physical links in a link aggregation group and the MAC clients that transmit and receive traffic over the aggregated links. The link aggregation sub-layer comprises a distributor function, which distributes data frames submitted by MAC clients among the physical links in the group, and a collector function, which receives frames over the aggregated links and passes them to the appropriate MAC clients.
In various communication applications, users connect to a communication network through a network element, such as an access concentrator or aggregator for obtaining different data services.
Embodiments of the present invention that are described hereinbelow provide improved methods and systems for connecting users to a communication network with increased capacity and quality of service. The network element comprises one or more user interface modules (UIMs), each serving one or more user ports. In some embodiments, each UIM is connected to the communication network using two or more physical links arranged in parallel, in order to provide sufficient bandwidth at a given quality-of-service (QoS) level.
Upstream data frames sent from the user ports to the communication network and downstream data frames sent from the communication network to the user ports are distributed among the parallel physical links, so as to balance the traffic load among the links. The load balancing enables each UIM, and the network element as a whole, to deliver a higher bandwidth at a given QoS or to improve the QoS at a given bandwidth.
In some embodiments, the UIMs are coupled to a backplane of the network element, and the parallel physical links comprise backplane traces. In some embodiments, the physical links are configured as an Ethernet link aggregation (LAG) group. Distribution of frames to individual physical links typically comprises applying a suitable mapping function, such as a hashing function. The mapping function typically uses frame attributes, such as various header fields of the frame, to determine a physical link over which to send each frame.
Unlike some known network element configurations, in which each user port is fixedly assigned to a specific backplane trace, the load balancing operation in embodiments of the present invention enables statistical multiplexing of the frames, in which there is no direct relationship or connection between user ports and backplane traces.
In some embodiments, two or more physical user ports are aggregated into a LAG group external to the network element, so as to form an aggregated user port having a higher bandwidth. The frames to and from the aggregated user port are distributed among the physical user ports of the external LAG group to balance the load and enable higher bandwidth and higher QoS. In the downstream direction, a combined mapping operation for frames addressed to the aggregated user port determines an individual backplane trace and a physical user port over which to send each frame in a single mapping computation.
Several system configurations that implement the disclosed methods are described hereinbelow. Bandwidth allocation considerations for allocating sufficient bandwidth in the various resources of the network element are also described and demonstrated.
Although some of the embodiments described herein relate specifically to access concentrators, aspects of the present invention are also applicable to link aggregation performed by network elements of other sorts.
sending the data frame over the selected first and second physical links.
In an embodiment, the network node includes a user node, and sending the data frame includes establishing a communication service between the user node and the communication network.
In another embodiment, the second physical links include backplane traces formed on a backplane to which the one or more interface modules are coupled.
In yet another embodiment, at least one of the first and second groups of physical links includes an Ethernet link aggregation (LAG) group.
In still another embodiment, coupling the network node to the one or more interface modules includes aggregating two or more of the first physical links into an external Ethernet LAG group so as to increase a data bandwidth provided to the network node.
In an embodiment, coupling each of the one or more interface modules to the communication network includes at least one of multiplexing upstream data frames sent from the network node to the communication network, and demultiplexing downstream data frames sent from the communication network to the network node.
In another embodiment, selecting the first and second physical links includes balancing a frame data rate among at least some of the first and second physical links.
In an embodiment, selecting the first and second physical links includes applying a mapping function to the at least one of the frame attributes. In another embodiment, applying the mapping function includes applying a hashing function. In still another embodiment, applying the hashing function includes determining a hashing size responsively to a number of at least some of the first and second physical links, applying the hashing function to the at least one of the frame attributes to produce a hashing key, calculating a modulo of a division operation of the hashing key by the hashing size, and selecting the first and second physical links responsively to the modulo. In an embodiment, selecting the first and second physical links responsively to the modulo includes selecting the first and second physical links responsively to respective first and second subsets of bits in a binary representation of the modulo.
In an embodiment, the at least one of the frame attributes includes at least one of a layer 2 header field, a layer 3 header field, a layer 4 header field, a source Internet Protocol (IP) address, a destination IP address, a source medium access control (MAC) address, a destination MAC address, a source Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) port and a destination TCP port.
In another embodiment, coupling the network node to the one or more interface modules and coupling each of the one or more interface modules to the communication network include specifying bandwidth requirements including at least one of a committed information rate (CIR), a peak information rate (PIR) and an excess information rate (EIR) of a communication service provided by the communication network to the network node, and allocating a bandwidth for the communication service over the first and second physical links responsively to the bandwidth requirements.
sending the data frame over the selected backplane trace.
Apparatus for connecting a network node with a communication network and for connecting user ports to a communication network are also provided.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram that schematically illustrates bandwidth allocation aspects of a communication system, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram that schematically illustrates a communication system 20, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. System 20 interconnects a plurality of user ports 24 to a communication network 28. Network 28 may comprise a wide-area network (WAN), such as the Internet, a network internal to a particular organization (Intranet), or any other suitable communication network.
A network element 32, such as an access concentrator, connects user ports 24 to a node 36 in network 28, typically via a network processor (NP) 38. Node 36 may comprise any suitable network element, such as a switch. The network element enables bi-directional communication in both upstream (i.e., user ports to network 28) and downstream (network 28 to user ports) directions.
In some embodiments, system 20 provides data services to users via network element 32. Typically, the system uses a Layer 2 communication protocol, such as an Ethernet™ communication protocol, in which data is transferred among the different system components using Ethernet frames. In some cases, services use higher level protocols, such as Multi-protocol label switching (MPLS). Alternatively, the Internet Protocol (IP) or other layer 2 or layer 3 protocols may also be used.
Network element 32 comprises one or more user interface modules (UIMs), such as line cards 40. Each line card is assigned to process data frames of one or more user ports. In some embodiments, the line cards are plugged into, mounted on, or otherwise coupled to a backplane 52, which distributes digital signals carrying the frames to and from line cards 40. Backplane 52 comprises physical links, such as backplane traces 56, typically in the form of printed circuit board (PCB) conductors. Each backplane trace 56 has a finite bandwidth and can support a certain maximum frame throughput.
A multiplexer (MUX) 44 is coupled to backplane traces 56. In the upstream direction, MUX 44 multiplexes upstream frames coming out of line cards 40 to produce an upstream output. The upstream output is provided to network processor 38. The upstream output is then sent by network processor 38 via a network connection 48 to network 28. In the downstream direction, network processor 38 of network element 32 accepts a downstream input comprising downstream frames addressed to user ports 24 from node 36 through connection 48. MUX 44 sends each frame to the appropriate user port via the appropriate line-card, using methods which will be explained below.
In many cases, a particular line card is connected to MUX 44 using two or more parallel backplane traces, in order to support the total bandwidth of the user ports assigned to this line card. In general, the statistical distribution of frames sent over different backplane traces may differ significantly from trace to trace, even for traces that belong to the same line card. In order to improve the capacity of the line cards, and consequently of network element 32 as a whole, it is desirable to balance the load of frames sent over the different traces, so as to avoid situations in which a certain backplane trace is overloaded, while excess capacity is available on a neighboring trace.
In many cases, the bandwidth offered by network element 32 to its users is specified in terms of quality of service (QoS) figures of merit, such as a guaranteed bandwidth (sometimes denoted CIR—Committed Information Rate) and a peak bandwidth (sometimes denoted PIR—Peak Information Rate). An alternative definition sometimes specifies the excess information rate (EIR), wherein CIR+EIR=PIR. Balancing the frame load between backplane traces 56 reduces the probability of lost frames due to overloading of backplane traces. The load balancing thus improves the QoS figures of merit, increases the quality of service offered by the concentrator and/or enables a higher bandwidth for a given QoS.
One way of balancing the load is to distribute the data rate of the Ethernet frames as uniformly as possible among the backplane traces. Alternatively, any other load balancing criterion can be used. In order to achieve load balancing, each group of backplane traces belonging to a particular line card is configured as an Ethernet link aggregation (LAG) group 58. Each LAG group 58 is considered by the relevant line card and by multiplexer 44 to be a single logical link having an aggregated bandwidth (i.e., capacity) equal to the sum of the bandwidths of the individual backplane traces in the group. As a result, there is no pre-assigned relationship or connection between any given user port 24 and a specific backplane trace 56, as in some conventional network elements. Ethernet frames are statistically multiplexed so as to balance the load among the backplane traces.
In some embodiments, Ethernet frames are mapped to individual backplane traces in the LAG group in accordance with a suitable mapping function, such as a hashing function. The mapping function distributes the frames among the different backplane traces so as to balance the load between the traces. In some embodiments, the mapping function hashes one or more frame attributes, such as header fields of the Ethernet frame, to produce a hashing key. The hashing key corresponds to an index of the backplane trace over which the frame is to be sent. Header fields may comprise any suitable layer 2, 3 or 4 headers of the Ethernet frame, such as source Internet Protocol (IP) address, destination IP address, source medium access control (MAC) address, destination MAC address, source Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) port and destination TCP port, MPLS label, virtual circuit (VC) label, virtual local area network identification (VLAN-ID) tag, as well as any other suitable header field.
In some embodiments, in the upstream direction, each line card 40 performs an upstream mapping of upstream frames to the individual backplane traces in its LAG group using a suitable mapping function. The mapping function typically uses attributes of the upstream frames, as described above.
In some embodiments, in the downstream direction, a control module 60 in network element 32 determines a downstream mapping of each downstream frame received through connection 48 to the appropriate backplane trace, using a suitable mapping function. The mapping performed by module 60 should naturally consider the user port to which the frame is addressed, in order to send the frame to the line card serving this user port. Module 60 controls multiplexer 44 in order to send each frame over the appropriate backplane trace. In addition to determining the appropriate line card for each frame (i.e., determining over which LAG group 58 to send the frame), the downstream mapping also balances the load of frames within each LAG group, responsively to attributes of the downstream frames.
For example, the downstream mapping can be implemented in two sequential stages. First, for each Ethernet frame, module 60 determines the appropriate line card to which the frame should be sent, depending on the destination user port. Then, within the backplane traces belonging to the LAG group of the appropriate line card, module 60 selects a particular trace and controls MUX 44 to send the frame over the selected trace. Alternatively, any other suitable mapping method can be used by module 60.
Control module 60 may be implemented in hardware, as software code running on a suitable processor, or as a combination of hardware and software elements. Module 60 may comprise an independent module, or be integrated with other components of network element 32. Different embodiments of network element 32 may comprise any number of line cards 40. Each line card may serve any number of user ports 24 and any number of backplane traces 56. In general, there need not be a direct relation between the number of user ports and the number of backplane traces. Each user port and each backplane trace may have any suitable bandwidth. User ports can have equal or different bandwidths. Similarly, the backplane traces within each LAG group 58 can have equal or different bandwidths.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram that schematically illustrates communication system 20, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. In some cases, a particular user requires a bandwidth higher than the bandwidth of a single user port 24. For this purpose, in the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 2, a number of user ports 24 are configured to form an aggregated user port 64. User ports 24 forming port 64 are configured as an Ethernet LAG group, referred to as an external LAG group 68. Thus, the bandwidth of port 64 is generally equal to the sum of bandwidths of the individual user ports 24 in external LAG group 68, in both upstream and downstream directions.
External LAG group 68 may comprise any number of user ports 24, belonging to any number of line cards 40. In general, a particular line card 40 may have some of its user ports 24 assigned to an external LAG group and other user ports 24 used individually or assigned to another external LAG group.
An external multiplexer (MUX) 72 performs the multiplexing and de-multiplexing (mapping) functions of the external LAG group. MUX 72 is external to network element 32 and is often located in user equipment 76, separate and distinct from network element 32. Aggregated port 64 is typically connected on the downstream side to a user node, such as a layer 2 or layer 3 switch (not shown).
In the downstream direction, MUX 72 multiplexes the downstream frames arriving over the user ports of external LAG group 68 to port 64. In the upstream direction, MUX 72 applies a suitable mapping function, such as a hashing function, to balance the load of upstream frames sent from port 64 over the different user ports of group 68. The mapping function uses attributes of the upstream frames, as explained above. Such load balancing helps to increase the upstream bandwidth of port 64 and/or its quality of service.
In the system configuration of FIG. 2, consider the downstream frames arriving from network 28, via network processor 38, to multiplexer 44 and addressed to aggregated user port 64. In general, the processing of these frames in network element 32 comprises two consecutive mapping operations. First, each frame is mapped to one of user ports 24 in external LAG group 68. Determining the user port implicitly determines through which line card 40 the frame will pass. Then, the same frame is mapped to one of backplane traces 56 in the appropriate LAG group 58 that serves the selected line card. In some embodiments, in order to reduce the hardware complexity and/or computational complexity of network element 32, control module 60 performs a single combined mapping operation that combines the two mapping operations described above.
Thus, the combined mapping comprises a single hashing operation that determines, for each such downstream frame, both the backplane trace 56 over which the frame is to be sent to one of line cards 40, and the user port 24 to be used within external LAG group 68.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram that schematically illustrates elements of system 20, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 3 is a simplified diagram, shown for the purpose of explaining the single-stage hashing method. As such, system elements unnecessary for explaining the method are omitted from the figure. The exemplary configuration of network element 32 in FIG. 3 comprises four line cards 40. Each line card is connected to MUX 44 using four backplane traces 56. The four backplane traces of each line card are configured as a LAG group. Each line card 40 serves a single user port 24. The four user ports are configured as an external LAG group to form aggregated user port 64, as explained above.
FIG. 4 is a flow chart that schematically illustrates a method for single-stage downstream hashing, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Although the following description demonstrates the method using the simplified system configuration of FIG. 3 above, the method can also be applied in any other system configuration comprising two stages of link aggregation, such as the configurations discussed in the descriptions of FIGS. 1 and 2 above.
The method begins with control module 60 determining a hashing size parameter denoted Nbpow, at a hash size definition step 80. Nbpow is defined as Nbpow=Nextp·Nbpt, wherein Nextp denotes the number of user ports in external LAG group 68, and Nbpt denotes the number of backplane traces 56 in each LAG group 58. For simplicity, it is assumed that all line cards 40 having a user port in external LAG group 68 have the same number of backplane traces 56 connecting them to MUX 44. In the present example, Nextp=4, Nbpt=4, therefore Nbpow=16.
In different embodiments of network element 32, the value of hashing size Nbpow can be hard-wired in the concentrator design. Alternatively, the hashing size can be provided to the network element as part of its configuration, or determined by control module 60 responsively to the configuration setting of network element 32, as detected by module 60. In general, different line cards 40 may comprise different numbers of user ports belonging to external LAG group 68.
During normal operation, network element 32 receives downstream frames via network connection 36, at a frame reception step 82. For each downstream frame, control module 60 calculates a hashing key of the frame, at a hash key calculation step 84. As explained above, the hashing key is typically calculated by applying a suitable hashing function to the frame attributes of the downstream frame.
Module 60 performs an integer modulo-Nbpow division of the hashing key, at a mapping calculation step 86. Module 60 divides the hashing key of the downstream frame by Nbpow and retains the modulo, or the remainder of the division operation, as a mapping index. The mapping index can be represented as a binary number having a fixed number of bits, depending on the value of Nbpow. In the present example in which Nbpow=16, the mapping index, being a remainder after division by 16, is an integer number in the range 0 . . . 15, which can be represented using 4 bits.
Module 60 partitions the binary representation of the mapping index into two parts having N1 and N2 bits. Module 60 uses N1 bits as a user slot/port index, indicating over which user port 24 in external LAG group 68 the frame should be sent. The remaining N2 bits are used as a backplane trace index, indicating over which of the backplane traces of the relevant line card the frame should be sent. In the present example, the four bit mapping index is partitioned so that two bits encode the user port and two bits encode the backplane trace. In other words, N1=N2=2. The user port index and the backplane trace index jointly define the combined mapping operation for determining how the particular downstream frame is to be handled. Alternatively, module 60 can apply any other suitable method for determining the combined mapping responsively to the frame attributes.
Having determined the combined mapping, module 60 controls MUX 44 so as to send the downstream frame, at a frame sending step 88. MUX 44 sends the frame to the appropriate line card over the appropriate backplane trace, responsively to the user port index and the backplane trace index, respectively. In some embodiments, MUX 44 sends the user port index to the line card along with the frame. The line card then selects the user port over which to send the frame to aggregated port 64 responsively to the user port index.
After sending the frame over the appropriate backplane trace and user port, the method returns to reception step 82 to process the next downstream frame.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram that schematically illustrates bandwidth allocation aspects in communication system 20, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In the exemplary configuration of FIG. 5, network element 32 comprises two line cards 100 and 101, each having a similar structure and functionality to line cards 40 of FIGS. 1-3 above. Network element 32 connects network 28 with a user node, in the present example comprising a layer-2 switch 102. Port 64 is served by three user ports 24 configured as an external LAG group 68. As explained above, frames sent between switch 102 and network 28 undergo two stages of link aggregation. In addition to port 64, network element 32 also supports an independent user port 104 on line card 101. Frames sent between port 104 and network 28 undergo link aggregation only once.
Each of user ports 24 and 104 is coupled to a respective queue 106, which queues the frames of this port. In some embodiments, each port may have separate queues for upstream and downstream frames. Each line card comprises a link aggregator 108, which performs the aggregation of backplane traces 56 of this line card into the respective LAG group 58 in both upstream and downstream directions.
The configuration shown in FIG. 5 is an exemplary configuration chosen for the sake of simplicity. The bandwidth allocation calculations given below can be used in conjunction with any other suitable configuration of system 20, such as configurations having different numbers and arrangements of line cards, user ports, aggregated user ports and backplane traces.
Consider a particular communication service provided by network 28 to aggregated port 64. The bandwidth allocation of this communication service is commonly specified in terms of CIR and PIR or CIR and EIR figures-of-merit, as explained above. In order to provide these bandwidths at the specified quality-of-service, it is desirable to allocate sufficient bandwidth in the different physical resources used for transferring the frames. These resources comprise, for example, user ports 24, backplane traces 56 and different queues 106 in line cards 100 and 101. In some embodiments, a high quality of service is achieved by defining suitable bandwidth margins for the different physical resources. The following description details an exemplary calculation for allocating sufficient bandwidth to the different resources of system 20. Alternatively, any other suitable bandwidth allocation method can be used.
In the upstream direction, let BWSERVICE denote the total bandwidth of the communication service in question. (BWSERVICE may refer to the CIR, EIR or PIR of the service, as applicable. Similarly, the different bandwidth calculations given throughout the description below may be used to allocate CIR, EIR or PIR to the different system resources.) Upstream frames belonging to this service originating from switch 102 are mapped and distributed by MUX 72 among the three user ports 24 of external LAG group 68. In theory, the mapping operation should distribute the frames evenly among the user ports, so that each port receives a bandwidth of BWSERVICE/3. In practice, however, the actual bandwidth distribution may deviate significantly from these values. In particular, deviations are likely to occur in embodiments in which the mapping operation is a data-dependent operation, such as hashing.
wherein MARGINUPELAG denotes an upstream bandwidth margin of each user port 24 in the external LAG group. (In other words, MARGINUPELAG=1.5 corresponds to a 50% bandwidth margin.) In general, the bandwidth allocated to a particular user port 24 should also be allocated to the respective queue 106 that queues the frames of this port.
After being mapped and sent over one of user ports 24, the upstream frames are processed by one of line cards 100 and 101. As part of this processing, the frames are mapped again by link aggregator 108 in the line card, so as to distribute them among the four backplane traces 56 of LAG group 56. It is thus desirable to allocate sufficient bandwidth on each of backplane traces 56. Assuming an optimal (uniform) distribution among the backplane traces, the bandwidth received by each backplane trace can be written as BWELAGPORT*#PORTSELAG/#BPT, wherein #PORTSELAG denotes the number of user ports of external LAG group 68 that are processed by the particular line card, and #BPT denotes the number of backplane traces 56 in the LAG group 58 of this line card.
Note that according to equation , BWELAGPORT already contains MARGINUPELAG, the bandwidth margin of the external LAG. #PORTSELAG refers to the specific line card in question.
wherein MARGINDNBPLAG denotes a downstream bandwidth margin for the backplane traces, which may be the same as or different from MARGINUPBPLAG.
Although the methods and systems described herein mainly address link aggregation of backplane traces and external link aggregation in Ethernet communication systems, the principles of the present invention can also be used in any system configuration in which a user interface module connects one or more user ports to a communication network via two or more parallel physical links. In particular, the principles of the present invention can also be used in other applications involving the selection of physical links in two successive link aggregation stages using a single computation.
said sending comprising communicating along at least one of said bi-directional links.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the network node comprises a user node, and wherein sending the data frame comprises establishing a communication service between the user node and the communication network.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the second physical links comprise backplane traces formed on a backplane to which the one or more interface modules are coupled.
at least one of the first and second groups of physical links comprising an Ethernet link aggregation (LAG) group.
coupling the network node to the one or more interface modules comprises aggregating two or more of the first physical links into an external Ethernet link aggregation (LAG) group so as to increase a data bandwidth provided to the network node.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein coupling each of the one or more interface modules to the communication network comprises at least one of multiplexing upstream data frames sent from the network node to the communication network, and demultiplexing downstream data frames sent from the communication network to the network node.
7. The method according to claim 1, wherein selecting the first and second physical links comprises balancing a frame data rate among at least some of the first and second physical links.
8. The method according to claim 1, wherein selecting the first and second physical links comprises applying a mapping function to the at least one of the frame attributes.
9. The method according to claim 8, wherein applying the mapping function comprises applying a hashing function.
10. The method according to claim 9, wherein applying the hashing function comprises determining a hashing size responsively to a number of at least some of the first and second physical links, applying the hashing function to the at least one of the frame attributes to produce a hashing key, calculating a modulo of a division operation of the hashing key by the hashing size, and selecting the first and second physical links responsively to the modulo.
11. The method according to claim 10, wherein selecting the first and second physical links responsively to the modulo comprises selecting the first and second physical links responsively to respective first and second subsets of bits in a binary representation of the modulo.
12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one of the frame attributes comprises at least one of a layer 2 header field, a layer 3 header field, a layer 4 header field, a source Internet Protocol (IP) address, a destination IP address, a source medium access control (MAC) address, a destination MAC address, a source Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) port and a destination TCP port.
coupling the network node to the one or more interface modules and coupling each of the one or more interface modules to the communication network comprising specifying bandwidth requirements comprising at least one of a committed information rate (CIR), a peak information rate (PIR) and an excess information rate (EIR) of a communication service provided by the communication network to the network node, and allocating a bandwidth for the communication service over the first and second physical links responsively to the bandwidth requirements.
said sending comprising communicating along said at least one of said backplane traces.
at least some of the backplane traces being aggregated into an Ethernet link aggregation (LAG) group.
16. The method according to claim 14, wherein selecting the backplane trace comprises applying a hashing function to the at least one of the frame attributes.
at least one of said first physical links and at least one of said second links being bi-directional links operative to communicate in both said upstream direction and said downstream direction.
18. The apparatus according to claim 17, and comprising a backplane to which the one or more interface modules are coupled, wherein the second physical links comprise backplane traces formed on the backplane.
two or more of the first physical links being aggregated into an external Ethernet link aggregation (LAG) group so as to increase a data bandwidth provided to the network node.
21. The apparatus according to claim 17, and comprising a multiplexer, which is arranged to perform at least one of multiplexing upstream data frames sent from the network node to the communication network, and demultiplexing downstream data frames sent from the communication network to the network node.
22. The apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the control module is arranged to balance a frame data rate among at least some of the first and second physical links.
23. The apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the control module is arranged to apply a mapping function to the at least one of the frame attributes so as to select the first and second physical links.
24. The apparatus according to claim 23, wherein the mapping function comprises a hashing function.
25. The apparatus according to claim 24, wherein the control module is arranged to determine a hashing size responsively to a number of at least some of the first and second physical links, to apply the hashing function to the at least one of the frame attributes to produce a hashing key, to calculate a modulo of a division operation of the hashing key by the hashing size, and to select the first and second physical links responsively to the modulo.
26. The apparatus according to claim 25, wherein the control module is arranged to select the first and second physical links responsively to respective first and second subsets of bits in a binary representation of the modulo.
27. The apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the at least one of the frame attributes comprises at least one of a layer 2 header field, a layer 3 header field, a layer 4 header field, a source Internet Protocol (IP) address, a destination IP address, a source medium access control (MAC) address, a destination MAC address, a source Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) port and a destination TCP port.
the communication network being arranged to provide a communication service to the network node, the service having specified bandwidth requirements comprising at least one of a committed information rate (CR), a peak information rate (PIR) and an excess information rate (EIR), and the first and second groups of physical links being dimensioned to provide an allocated bandwidth for the communication service responsively to the bandwidth requirements.
a control module, which is arranged to select, for each data frame, responsively to at least one of the frame attributes, a backplane trace from the plurality of backplane traces over which to send the data frame.
at least some of the backplane traces are aggregated into an Ethernet link aggregation (LAG) group.
31. The apparatus according to claim 29, wherein the control module is arranged to apply a hashing function to the at least one of the frame attributes so as to select the backplane trace.
Baker, et al., "PPP Bridging Control Protocol (BCP)", in IETF RFC 1638, Jun. 1994, p. 1-25.
Bradley, et al., "Multiprotocol Interconnect over Frame Relay" in IETF RFC 1490, Jul. 1993, p. 1-31.
Clause 43 of IEEE Standard 802.3a, "Carrier Sense Multiple Access Method with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Access Method and Physical Layer Specifications" 2002 Edition.
Deering, S., "Host Extensions for IP Multicasting", in RFC 1112, Aug. 1989, p. 1-15.
Finlayson, R. et al, "A Reverse Address Resolution Protocol", RFC 903, Jun. 1984, p. 1-5.
Malkin, G. "RIP version 2", RFC 2453, Nov. 1998, p. 1-39.
Mamakos, et al., "A Method for Transmitting PPP Over Ethernet (PPPoE)", in IETF RFC 2516, Feb. 1999, p. 1-15.
Plummer, D., "An Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol", in RFC 826, Nov. 1982, p. 1-8.
Rosen, et al., "Multiprotocol Label Switching Architecture" in Request for Comments (RFC) 3031 of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), Jan. 2001 p. 1-54. Also available at www.ietf.org/rfc.html.
Tsiang, D. et al., "The Cisco SRP MAC Layer Protocol" in Request for Comments (RFC) 2892 of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), Aug. 2000 p. 1-46.


This condo is ready to move into" Fully furnished and ready to enjoy. There is a bedroom on the first level with a full Bath. This unit is decorated with that mountain fell and has a fireplace to enjoy. Located Near Midtown to enjoy local shop's and dining. There is a covered deck on the second floor and a patio area just off the kitchen. Nightly rental history is available for this unit.


text:
https://www.ctpost.com/news/article/Jeter-starts-Yankees-five-HR-outburst-in-8-4-win-2173.php
Jeter starts Yankees' five-HR outburst in 8-4 win
Howard Ulman, Associated Press
BOSTON -- Derek Jeter hit the first pitch of the game for one of New York's five homers off Josh Beckett, CC Sabathia became the majors' first 15-game winner, and the Yankees beat the Boston Red Sox 8-4 Sunday night.
The expected pitchers duel between the AL's only 14-game winners never materialized, as the Yankees scored in each of the first five innings and the Red Sox had four runs off Sabathia before he left with two outs in the seventh.
The aces of their pitching staffs figured to shut down streaking offenses that produced a 20-11 win by New York and a 14-1 rout by Boston in the first two games of the series. That prospect faded early when the score was tied at 2 after two innings.
Sabathia (15-7) won his fifth straight start but gave up three earned runs. He had allowed a total of three runs in his previous three starts. But he had excellent control with eight strikeouts and no walks.
"CC pitched great tonight," Yankees manager Joe Girardi said.
Beckett (14-5) was hurt by the long ball for the third straight game, allowing a career-high five homers. He's given up 10 in those three games, the same amount he allowed in his other 22. He lasted eight innings but gave up eight runs on nine hits while striking out five and walking none. He allowed seven runs in his previous start.
Utley, Lee help Phils stave off Series elimination
Utley, Lee delay Yankee celebration
Utley, Lee help Phils stave off Series
Yankees rally past Twins 7-2 in playoff opener
"He doesn't make a lot of mistakes and our guys hit him tonight," Girardi said. "I don't know if Josh Beckett has ever given up five homers before."
The Yankees improved to 16-4 in their last 20 games and won their 10th series out of 11 since the All-Star break. They lead the second-place Red Sox by 7½ games in the AL East.
Hideki Matsui hit two homers, and Robinson Cano and Alex Rodriguez also went deep.
Jeter's 16th homer was his second of the season leading off the Yankees' first inning and tied Alfonso Soriano for second in team history with 21.
Rickey Henderson leads with 24 for the Yankees.
Beckett's first pitch in the second inning also cleared the fence as Matsui hit his first homer of the game.
The Red Sox tied it in the bottom half on an RBI single by Rocco Baldelli and a run-scoring double by Jason Varitek.
The Yankees made it 4-2 in the third on Mark Teixeira's RBI single and Rodriguez's run-scoring groundout. Cano hit his 19th homer, a solo shot in the fourth that tied his career high, and Rodriguez hit his 22nd, a two-run drive, in the fifth that made it 7-3.
The Red Sox had scored a run in the fourth when Varitek's popup bounced off Cano's left arm as the second baseman overran the ball. That allowed Jason Bay, who had singled, to score. Baldelli's sacrifice fly in the sixth made it 7-4.
"These are two of the best teams in baseball, two of the best lineups," Sabathia said. "You just have to go out there and hold it down."
Beckett settled down after Rodriguez's homer and retired nine straight batters before Matsui hit his 23rd with two outs in the eighth.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
History Creator / FueledByRamen
GrafVonTirol
Jan 23rd 2023 at 2:38:40 AM
* Music/TheCab
Jan 3rd 2023 at 3:55:50 AM
* Music/ThreeOhThree
* Music/TravisBarker
Jul 20th 2022 at 7:34:42 PM
* Music/{{Yellowcard}}
* Music/{{Yellowcard}}Music/{{Yellowcard}}
* Music/YoungTheGiant
tenuousbreaker
May 19th 2022 at 11:37:44 AM
Changed line(s) 9,11 (click to see context) from:
During Fall Out Boy's tenure with the label in 2005, their bass player, Pete Wentz, joined with Janick to create an imprint label called Decaydance Records. Initially, it signed acts that were already on the Fueled By Ramen roster. It has since become independent from Ramen and has changed its name to [=DCD2=] Eecords in 2016, though it kept its remaining acts in addition to signing some new ones.
During Fall Out Boy's tenure with the label in 2005, their bass player, Pete Wentz, joined with Janick to create an imprint label called Decaydance Records. Initially, it signed acts that were already on the Fueled By Ramen roster. It has since become independent from Ramen and has changed its name to [=DCD2=] Eecords Records in 2016, though it kept its remaining acts in addition to signing some new ones.
* Music/GymClassHeroes (including Travis Mccoy's solo work, both also on Decaydance/DCD2)
* Music/GymClassHeroes (including Travis Mccoy's solo work, both also on Decaydance/DCD2)Decaydance/[=DCD2=])
* Music/PanicAtTheDisco (also on Decaydance/DCD2)
* Music/PanicAtTheDisco (also on Decaydance/DCD2)Decaydance/[=DCD2=])
During Fall Out Boy's tenure with the label in 2005, their bass player, Pete Wentz, joined with Janick to create an imprint label called Decaydance Records. Initially, it signed acts that were already on the Fueled By Ramen roster. It has since become independent from Ramen and has changed its name to DCD2 records in 2016, though it kept its remaining acts in addition to signing some new ones.
During Fall Out Boy's tenure with the label in 2005, their bass player, Pete Wentz, joined with Janick to create an imprint label called Decaydance Records. Initially, it signed acts that were already on the Fueled By Ramen roster. It has since become independent from Ramen and has changed its name to DCD2 records [=DCD2=] Eecords in 2016, though it kept its remaining acts in addition to signing some new ones.
* Music/GymClassHeroes (including Travis Mccoy's solo work, both also on Decaydance)
* Music/GymClassHeroes (including Travis Mccoy's solo work, both also on Decaydance)Decaydance/DCD2)
* Music/PanicAtTheDisco (also on Decaydance)
* Music/OneOKRock
* Music/PanicAtTheDisco (also on Decaydance)Decaydance/DCD2)
* Music/{{Waterparks}}
CurledUpWithDakka
Mar 18th 2020 at 11:02:00 AM
During Fall Out Boy's tenure with the label in 2005, their bass player , Pete Wentz, joined with Janick to create an imprint label called Decaydance Records. Initially, it signed acts that were already on the Fueled By Ramen roster. It has since become independent from Ramen and has changed its name to DCD2 records in 2016, though it kept its remaining acts in addition to signing some new ones.
During Fall Out Boy's tenure with the label in 2005, their bass player , player, Pete Wentz, joined with Janick to create an imprint label called Decaydance Records. Initially, it signed acts that were already on the Fueled By Ramen roster. It has since become independent from Ramen and has changed its name to DCD2 records in 2016, though it kept its remaining acts in addition to signing some new ones.
naturalironist
Nov 30th 2019 at 7:33:21 PM
* Music/TheFrontBottoms
darkchiefy
Oct 4th 2019 at 4:38:28 PM
* Music/ADayToRemember
Signed as of August 2019
Aug 27th 2019 at 7:03:29 PM
* Music/{{Lights}}
Fueled by Ramen is a record label that is best known for releasing several of the most popular {{Emo}} and PopPunk records of the 2000s. It's currently a member of the Creator/WarnerMusicGroup and is currently distributed by [[Creator/ElektraRecords The Elektra Music Group]] after previously being distributed by Creator/AtlanticRecords. The name comes from the diet of ramen noodles the label founders had in the early years of the label when they spent most of their money on making records.
Fueled by Ramen is a record label that is best known for releasing several of the most popular {{Emo}} and PopPunk records of the 2000s. It's currently a member of the Creator/WarnerMusicGroup and is currently distributed by [[Creator/ElektraRecords The Elektra Music Group]] after previously being distributed by Creator/AtlanticRecords. The name comes from the diet of ramen noodles that the label founders had in the label's early years of the label when they had spent most of their money on making records.
In June 2018, Fueled by Ramen became a subsidiary of Warner Music's Creator/ElektraRecords label.
Fueled by Ramen is record label that is best known for releasing several of the most popular {{Emo}} and PopPunk records of the 2000s. It is currently a member of the Creator/WarnerMusicGroup and is distributed by Creator/AtlanticRecords. The name comes from the diet of ramen noodles the label founders had in the early years of the label when they spent most of their money on making records.
Fueled by Ramen is a record label that is best known for releasing several of the most popular {{Emo}} and PopPunk records of the 2000s. It is It's currently a member of the Creator/WarnerMusicGroup and is currently distributed by [[Creator/ElektraRecords The Elektra Music Group]] after previously being distributed by Creator/AtlanticRecords. The name comes from the diet of ramen noodles the label founders had in the early years of the label when they spent most of their money on making records.
Aug 17th 2018 at 10:37:58 AM
Vinnie left Ramen in 2006 due to losing passion in the music the label was investing in and the direction it was taking towards future signees. Regardless, after moving to UsefulNotes/NewYorkCity, the label still managed to prosper. Even after Emo and Pop Punk in general saw some decline in the charts during the TheNewTens, the label maintains to have success on the single and album charts thanks to newer signees like Music/{{Fun}} and Music/TwentyOnePilots.
Vinnie left Ramen in 2006 due to losing passion in the music the label was investing in and the direction it was taking towards future signees. Regardless, after moving to UsefulNotes/NewYorkCity, the label still managed to prosper. Even after Emo and Pop Punk in general saw some decline in the charts during the TheNewTens, the label maintains to have has maintained success on the single and album charts thanks to newer signees like Music/{{Fun}} and Music/TwentyOnePilots.
Jul 18th 2018 at 9:15:06 AM
Fueled By by Ramen is record label that is best known for releasing several of the most popular {{Emo}} and PopPunk records of the 2000s. It is currently a member of the Creator/WarnerMusicGroup and is distributed by Creator/AtlanticRecords. The name comes from the diet of ramen noodles the label founders had in the early years of the label when they spent most of their money on making records.
!!Fueled By Ramen performers, past and present, with TV Tropes pages:
!!Fueled By by Ramen performers, past and present, with TV Tropes pages:
AreYouTyler
Jul 16th 2018 at 10:00:10 AM
* Music/DashboardConfessional


text:
Ducati Panigale V4S Speciale Course
The Panigale V4 has been developed in close collaboration with Ducati Corse, drawing directly on know-how and technology from the racing world to provide a road bike that is the closest thing possible to its MotoGP counterpart.
The Panigale V4. A bike that begins an exciting new chapter in the Ducati story, a new "symphony" of all-Italian performance and emotion. The Panigale V4 is the first production Ducati motorcycle to mount a four-cylinder engine, derived directly from the MotoGP Desmosedici. It's a concentrate of Ducati technology, style and performance. With an engine displacement of 1,103 cm3, 214 hp and a power/weight ratio of 1.1 hp/kg, this bike sets a new standard in the supersport production bike segment and for 2019 is also available in the new livery Corse, inspired by the colors of the bikes that race in MotoGP.
The Panigale V4 replaces the iconic 1299 at the top of the Ducati superbike range, doing so by enhancing performance and ridability so that riders of all skill levels can enjoy boundless fun and excitement.
The outstanding performance of the Panigale V4 is underlined by a completely new design which, while it follows on from that of the supersport bikes that preceded it, now even more effectively transmits the power and essentialness of Ducati racing bikes. The Panigale V4 name combines the alluring "Panigale" tag with the "V4" designation that marks the break with the past, indicating the start of a whole new era for the Bologna-based bike manufacturer.
The new Ducati superbike family consists of the Panigale V4 – the essence of the new sports bike – and the Panigale V4 S. The latter mounts Öhlins suspension featuring the Smart EC 2.0 system with a new adjustment interface and top-drawer components such as forged aluminium wheels and the lithium ion battery. Completing the range is the exclusive Panigale V4 Speciale, a numbered, limited-edition bike with a dedicated livery, titanium exhaust and machined from solid components.
The philosophy followed by the Panigale V4 development team mirrors the approach taken by Ducati when developing a racing bike: total integration of engine, chassis and rider. To achieve that goal MotoGP-derived technology has been employed. Development has involved Ducati Corse technicians and riders, making the Panigale V4 a production sports bike that comes close to being a MotoGP prototype, built for both excellent on-track performance and outstanding on-road ridability.
The Desmosedici Stradale engine is a 90° V4 with Desmodromic timing, just like the Desmosedici GP from which it also takes an 81 mm bore (the maximum allowed by MotoGP rules). This has been combined with a longer stroke than that used in racing (giving a total displacement of 1,103 cm³) to boost low-to-mid rev torque and reduce maximum revs so that the power is easier to handle. The new Ducati engine puts out a maximum of 214 hp at 13,000 rpm, making the Panigale V4 the most powerful bike in the segment, yet easy to handle thanks to a torque of 12.6 Kgm at 10,000 rpm. Despite such outstanding performance, the Desmosedici Stradale has long maintenance intervals, with valve clearance inspection only necessary every 24,000 km.
The Panigale V4 engine is the only one in the sports segment with a 90° V configuration. It's also the only engine to use technology such as the counter-rotating crankshaft and twin pulse ignition. These solutions have a positive impact on bike dynamics, making it more agile during changes of direction, fast and stable on the straight and ensuring easier out-of-the-corner torque handling. The already high power of the standard Desmosedici Stradale configuration can be boosted to 226 hp by mounting the all-titanium racing exhaust, made by Akrapovič as per Ducati Corse specifications.
To contain the inevitable weight gain with respect to the 1299 Panigale (because of the 4 cylinders) Ducati has developed an all-new frame where the Desmosedici Stradale itself has a load-bearing function. Called Front Frame, it's more compact and lighter than a perimeter frame and uses the engine as a stressed chassis element. This solution ensures the right torsional rigidity for on-the-edge riding and gives riders outstanding "feel". The Front Frame has allowed the designer to create a bike that is slender in the tank-seat merge zone: this, together with seat/handlebar/footpeg triangulation, ensures perfect bike-rider integration. Together with meticulous design and the use of light materials, the new frame keeps the kerb weight of the S and Special versions down to 195 kg. This weight, combined with the 214 hp, means a power/weight ratio of 1.1 hp/kg, putting the Panigale V4 S at the top of the sport bike segment.
The Panigale V4 doesn't just set new performance standards. Thanks to the potential of the six-axis Bosch inertial platform, a latest-generation electronics package with some previously unseen features defines new active safety and dynamic vehicle control standards in all riding situations. The Panigale V4 introduces controls such as controlled drift during braking, ABS Cornering on the front wheel only thanks to a set-up specially designed for track riding and Quickshift Up & Down with a strategy that takes lean angles into account. All these controls – developed on the track together with official Ducati riders and test riders – are incorporated in the three new Riding Modes (Race, Sport and Street) and can be adjusted via the advanced TFT panel that makes the Panigale V4 the highest-tech bike in the category.
Panigale V4 Speciale Corse
∙ "Speciale" colour scheme with grey frame and black wheels
Same standard features as the Panigale V4 S with the exception of:
∙ Carbon fibre front/rear mudguards
∙ Machined-from-solid top yoke with identification number
∙ Alcantara® seat
∙ Dedicated handle grips
∙ Adjustable foot pegs
∙ Carbon fiber heel guard
∙ Carbon fiber cover swinging arm
∙ Racing articulated levers
∙ Brake level protection
Supplied kit:
∙ Full racing titanium Ducati Performance by Akrapovič exhaust system
∙ Racing screen
∙ Plate holder removal kit
∙ Machined-from solid mirror replacement plugs
∙ Ducati Data Analyser+ GPS (DDA + GPS)
∙ Bike cover
∙ Racing fuel tank cap


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La diocesi di Antedone () è una sede soppressa e sede titolare della Chiesa cattolica.

Storia
Antedone, corrispondente al Tell Iblakhiye a nord di Gaza nei territori della Palestina, è un'antica sede vescovile della provincia romana della Palestina Prima nella diocesi civile d'Oriente. Faceva parte del Patriarcato di Gerusalemme ed era suffraganea dell'arcidiocesi di Cesarea.

Di questa antica diocesi sono noti solo tre vescovi. Paolo prese parte al concilio di Efeso nel 431 e a quello di Calcedonia nel 451. Eustazio sottoscrisse nel 518 la lettera dei vescovi di Palestina al patriarca Giovanni di Costantinopoli contro Severo di Antiochia. Doroteo firmò gli atti del sinodo di Gerusalemme del 536 che vide riuniti i vescovi delle Tre Palestine.

Dal XVIII secolo Antedone è annoverata tra le sedi vescovili titolari della Chiesa cattolica; la sede è vacante dal 24 febbraio 1965.

Cronotassi

Vescovi greci
 Paolo † (prima del 431 - dopo il 451)
 Eustazio † (menzionato nel 518)
 Doroteo † (menzionato nel 536)

Vescovi titolari
 Joseph Jakob (Angelin vom heiligen Joseph) Geiselmayer, O.C.D. † (12 agosto 1785 - 12 luglio 1786 deceduto)
 Giuseppe Tobia, O.F.M.Conv. † (10 giugno 1796 - settembre 1799 succeduto vescovo di Tino e Micono)
 Antonio Luigi Landi, O.F.M. † (16 febbraio 1802 - 26 ottobre 1814 deceduto)
 Bernhard Galura † (17 dicembre 1819 - 28 settembre 1829 nominato vescovo di Bressanone)
 Karl Anton Joseph Lüpke † (5 luglio 1830 - 8 aprile 1855 deceduto)
 Louis-François Richer dit Laflèche † (23 novembre 1866 - 30 aprile 1870 succeduto vescovo di Trois-Rivières)
 Jerzy Iwaszkiewicz † (6 maggio 1872 - 9 gennaio 1876 deceduto)
 Charles-Louis Gay † (23 ottobre 1877 - 19 gennaio 1892 deceduto)
 Guillermo Juan Carter Gallo † (15 giugno 1893 - 30 agosto 1906 deceduto)
 Ramón Barberá y Boada † (19 dicembre 1907 - 28 maggio 1914 nominato vescovo di Palencia)
 Emilio Jiménez Pérez † (4 gennaio 1918 - 21 ottobre 1926 deceduto)
 Bernardino Vitale Bigi, O.F.M. † (27 gennaio 1927 - 19 aprile 1930 deceduto)
 Alejandro García Fontcuberta, O.P. † (3 luglio 1930 - 14 febbraio 1933 deceduto)
 Edgar Anton Häring, O.F.M. † (25 aprile 1933 - 11 aprile 1946 nominato vescovo di Shuoxian)
 Marcel-François Lefebvre, C.S.Sp. † (12 giugno 1947 - 22 settembre 1948 nominato arcivescovo titolare di Arcadiopoli di Europa)
 John Baptist Choi Deok-hong (Choe, Tchoi) † (9 dicembre 1948 - 14 dicembre 1954 deceduto)
 Felix Roeder † (21 febbraio 1955 - 24 febbraio 1965 deceduto)

Note

Bibliografia
 Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Leipzig, 1931, p. 453
 Konrad Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, vol. 6, p. 86
 Michel Le Quien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Parigi, 1740, Tomo III, coll. 631-632

Collegamenti esterni

 La sede titolare nel sito di www.gcatholic.org
 Antedone nel mosaico di Madaba

Antedone
Antedone

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Xcode 4.5 different iPhone backgroud on iPhone 4s and 5 I have made two different background images for my iPhone app: one in 640x960px (iPhone4s) and one in 640x1136px (iPhone5). But when I create the application layouts in the Xcode 4.5 Main Storyboard, how do I define and create it for both iPhone4s and iPhone5? So that the background automatically updates when i choose iPhone5 screen?

A: Just import your background image with the correct suffix
For example :
myImage.png for non-retina display
myImage@2x.png for retina display
myImage-568h@2x.png for iPhone 5

A: In your viewController set:
self.view.backgroundColor = [UIColor colorWithPatternImage:[UIImage imageNamed:@"image.jpg"]];

Remember to correctly named the image:

*

*for iphone4 "image@2x.png"

*for iphone5 "image-568h@2x.png"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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NM Advocates: PRC delay of San Juan coal plant's replacement unfortunate, risky
Apr 30, 2020 | News Release, Reducing Oil and Gas Exploitation in the San Juan Basin
A large coalition of New Mexico community, faith, tribal, and environmental advocates today were disappointed by the New Mexico Public Regulation Commission's (PRC) decision to delay approval of two very low cost solar and battery storage projects that would partially replace the electricity generated by the San Juan Generating Station.
These projects had record breaking low prices and would be located in rural New Mexico, creating hundreds of construction jobs in the area. Approval of these projects would have left plenty of room for additional projects to be built in San Juan County, which would support the Central Consolidated School District. With the bids for these projects due to expire tomorrow, April 30, the commission's action unfortunately puts at risk these projects and their pricing.
While we recognize the commission's desire to evaluate the entire resource portfolio before issuing any approvals, the hearing officers were right to recommend these projects first because of the exceptional opportunity they provided. These projects, and the recommended decision, were supported by nearly every participant in the replacement power case. Given the uncertainty in today's economy, the more prudent course of action for the commission would have been to immediately approve the Arroyo Project, which includes 300 megawatts of solar and 40 megawatts of battery storage in McKinley County, and the Jicarilla Project, which includes 50 megawatts of solar and 20 megawatts of battery storage on the Jicarilla Apache Nation. These two projects have been among the lowest-cost clean energy projects in the country and would provide 700 construction jobs in economically struggling communities in northwest New Mexico.
Comments about rebidding the entirety of the San Juan resource replacements were particularly worrisome and dangerous, and were appropriately rejected by the other commissioners. A decision to rebid the replacement resources ignores that nearly 400 bids were already received and considered, including well over 100 bids for projects located near the current site of the San Juan Generating Station. The notion that a rebid, in the current economic climate, will result in better, lower cost projects is both misguided and naïve.
Further, with PNM's exit from the San Juan Generating Station in mid-2022, restarting the bid process will make it nearly impossible to replace the electricity generated by San Juan in the time frame needed, jeopardizing service and rates. An optimistic timeline for a rebid would not allow new resources to come online until December 2023, 18 months after they would be needed to serve New Mexico ratepayers.
Despite today's setback for these important projects, we hope that the developers of the Arroyo and Jicarilla projects will remain committed to these two solar and battery storage developments, and once the commission is presented with recommendations on a complete replacement portfolio, it will be able to quickly approve these two projects as recommended by their hearing examiners, along with very important replacement resources located in the Central Consolidated School District in San Juan County.
"The "T" in the ETA stands for transition. The law sets out a pathway for shifting electric generation in New Mexico from dirty fossil fuels – not just coal but natural gas as well — to clean energy. The PRC needs to recover from this missed opportunity and make sure going forward that all of the projects it approves to replace retiring coal are solar with storage plus more energy efficiency in the region."
– Thomas Singer, senior policy advisor, Western Environmental Law Center
"The PRC decision is a missed opportunity to bring renewable energy projects to Northwest New Mexico and wouldn't have precluded further investment of renewables in the Central Consolidated School District. It's time to get serious about what PNM's abandonment of SJGS means to the region."
– Mike Eisenfeld, Energy & Climate Program Manager, San Juan Citizens Alliance
"Our state has depended on a legacy of fossil fuel and we have a chance to have our sun power us to a sustainable future. The decision of the PRC to not approve this low cost solar energy and battery storage for New Mexico, are steps moving us backwards in just transition to renewable energy in economic development and diversification."
– Wendy Atcitty, NM energy organizer, Diné C.A.R.E.
"During these times of uncertainty there is no greater time than now to move forward on renewable energy projects. Education institutions like Navajo Technical University, which has an Associate of Applied Science degree in Energy Systems, teaches students the fundamentals of electricity, magnetism, photovoltaic electrical systems and wind generation. The Jicarilla and Arroyo projects have the potential to provide students with hands-on learning and research opportunities that reinforce their programs' instructions. Today's vote should not carry the message that we are not ready but that many communities are determined to be resilient. Projects like Jicarilla and Arroyo will plant the seeds to grow a strong workforce that will be represented by many of New Mexico's Native American people."
– Joseph Hernandez, Dine' energy organizer, Native American Voters Alliance Education Project
"It is hard to fathom a PRC that within a week of the 50th anniversary of Earth Day would choose to reject some of the cheapest solar and battery projects in the country. It's worse that in McKinley County, where the Escalante coal-fired power plant is closing, workers can't count on the 500 construction jobs that the Arroyo project would create. Commissioners Espinoza, Byrd and Becenti Aguilar have failed the climate, workers and New Mexico today. We are deeply disappointed."
– Camilla Feibelman, director of the Rio Grande Chapter of the Sierra Club
"We understand this is a tough decision for the Commission, and that they are giving careful consideration to doing right by the Consolidated School District. The Jicarilla and Arroyo PPAs are the cornerstone of nearly every cost-effective portfolio, they bring down the costs of replacement resources for ratepayers by reducing the overall cost of any portfolio that includes them. Located in McKinley and Rio Arriba Counties, they would provide hundreds of much-needed construction jobs to the affected communities. There were so many bids in the Consolidated School District that a rebid is unnecessary and could prove more costly. We hope the Commission will reconsider its decision, and approve the Arroyo and Jicarilla PPAs."
– Stephanie Dzur, attorney, Coalition for Clean Affordable Energy
"The Commission's decision today to defer the projects that would have propelled New Mexico's clean energy economy forward is deeply disappointing. We're frustrated that Commissioners Espinoza, Becenti-Aguilar, and Byrd didn't join Commissioners Hall and Fischmann in seizing this moment to approve a significant renewables investment. The ETA sets New Mexico on a course for a future primarily powered by wind and solar energy, and the PRC needs to get us moving in that direction sooner rather than later."
– Ben Shelton, political and legislative director, Conservation Voters New Mexico
"While we are disappointed by the commission's decision, we hope they will swiftly approve the Arroyo and Jicarilla projects — in addition to other clean energy projects — upon seeing a complete portfolio of replacement resources. New Mexico families, businesses, and electricity providers need certainty right now, and we urge the PRC to quickly move forward with this case to ensure reliable, clean, low-cost power for New Mexicans."
– Maria Nájera, government affairs director, Western Resource Advocates
"It's extremely disappointing to see the PRC fall into the partisan squabbling that dominates our political landscape at every turn. The citizens of New Mexico, the workers and students who are waiting for the PRC to fulfill their duty to enact the ETA and their failure to do so today only hurts those stakeholders."
– Lucas Herndon, deputy director, ProgressNow New Mexico
"The PRC majority missed an undefended layup. The hearing officers' well-reasoned decision today would have allowed New Mexico energy customers to benefit from some of the cheapest solar power ever seen anywhere in the world. No one benefits from this indefensible fumble."
– Noah Long, senior attorney, NRDC
About the Energy Transition Act:
Labor unions, environmental advocates, the Navajo Nation, community organizations, businesses, and utilities came together in 2019 to support passage of the ETA. The law paves the way for the retirement of the San Juan Generating Station and will ensure that 50 percent of investor-owned utilities' electricity is renewable by 2030 and 100 percent is carbon-free by 2045. The law also provides $40 million in economic assistance for coal miners, San Juan plant workers, and the affected region, and encourages placing up to 450 megawatts of replacement power in San Juan County, an investment of hundreds of millions of dollars that could help restore lost property taxes after coal plant retirements. Under the law, future energy generation projects will be required to hire apprentices from diverse and disadvantaged backgrounds, supporting local workforce and economic development efforts. In 2023, the first full year after the San Juan Generating Station's expected retirement, the ETA will save the average PNM customer about $80 or more on their annual utility bill.
Sanders Moore,


I haven't shown any photos of the quilt yet, but only because I completely forgot to take any before I dropped it off at The Fabric Mill. The quilt is pretty cute, but I'm really loving this pillow.
It's seriously a very fast little project and I love the look of the pseudo-ruffles. I think my niece needs one of these pillows. The pattern makes a 16" pillow and (lucky me) I just happened to have an extra and unused 16" pillow form in my closet. I love when that happens.
The pillow was a big hit around here. My son has already made me pinky-promise that he can use the pillow once it comes home from being a display. In the meantime, I think I'll make one in blues and greens for my bed.
Cute, cute, cute! And I'm with you on the quick projects-love to accomplish something when I sit down to sew.
Great pillow, Andy. I love it!