text:
Report: NFL pressured ESPN to abandon PBS concussion project
Posted by Mike Florio on August 23, 2013, 9:24 AM EDT
On Thursday, ESPN cut the cord on its much-hyped PBS Frontline partnership regarding concussions in pro football. In so doing, ESPN denied that it had received any pressure from the NFL.
On Friday, of course, a report has emerged that the NFL did indeed pressure ESPN to quit biting the hand it's currently feeding more than $1 billion per year.
According to James Andrew Miller of the New York Times, "two people with direct knowledge of the situation" contend that the NFL placed pressure on ESPN to exit the joint venture with PBS. Per the report, Commissioner Roger Goodell was directly involved in the effort.
It's the second time less than a decade that the league has pushed Bristol when it comes to football-related programming. ESPN pulled the plug on the fictional show Playmakers based on clear and obvious nudging from the NFL.
"Everyone feels that it's a rather gross mischaracterization of our sport," former Commissioner Paul Tagliabue said regarding Playmakers in September 2003. Not long after that, the show was gone.
Given the Playmakers example and prior ESPN reports on head injuries, we should have seen this one coming. Last November, ESPN recklessly overstated the relevance of past rulings of the league's disability board regarding concussions, erroneously suggesting that the decisions provided a "smoking gun" for the concussion lawsuits.
The tipping point may have come this weekend, when Steve Fainaru and John Barr (whose flimsy-yet-breathless report last year regarding the Saints and wiretapping has never been corroborated) raised questions about Dr. Eliot Pellman, former head of the league's Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Committee. Apart from continuing to ignore that the NFLPA (and thus, necessarily, all players) had a seat at the MTBI Committee's table, the article points out that Dr. Pellman was at one point Tagliabue's physician — and argues that this undermines Pellman's credibility.
It's just as likely, however, that Pellman will seem even more credible in the eyes of any jury that ever resolves the concussion cases. If the Commissioner was willing to entrust his own health to Pellman, then maybe Pellman wasn't a complete quack. The ESPN report doesn't mention that fairly obvious possibility.
The relentless effort to dig up dirt, which arguably was on display in connection with Barr's effort to join in the Saints feeding frenzy of 2012, prompted NFL spokesman Greg Aiello to accuse an ESPN reporter of "being on a witch hunt."
If that's what the NFL believed, it's no surprise that the NFL communicated privately to ESPN a message similar to the one that was conveyed publicly by Tagliabue nearly 10 years ago.
That's not to say an NFL broadcast partner should shy away from criticism. Even though we partner with NBC, we've previously pushed the league on flaws regarding the in-game procedures for spotting players who may have had concussions and properly assessing whether they should return to play. To this day, the league has failed in our opinion to do enough to identify players with potential concussions and thoroughly examine them before letting them play again. But there's a difference between fair criticism and over-the-top twisting of facts in the hopes of advancing an agenda.
The November 2012 report regarding the disability awards and the more recent look at Dr. Pellman feel more like a gratuitous exercise in "gotcha," and not a balanced examination of reality. For that reason, it's hard to fault the NFL for asking ESPN why it would treat a business partner this way.
53 responses to "Report: NFL pressured ESPN to abandon PBS concussion project"
subpop360 says:
This shouldn't come as a surprise to anyone. ESPN is not a sports news station, rather a marketing machine controlled by the various leagues. ESPN needs a competitor – a station that has no biases and is able to actually report freely.
apm says:
Pay no attention to the Shield behind the curtain!!!
16to87 says:
Keep it up ESPN,PFT,Goodell et all, your so called investigating reporting(smear campaign) rule tinkering is turning the game into unwatchable crap, you happy now?
wtfchiefs says:
"Move along, nothing to see here folks."
-The NFL
hakunamangata says:
Wait so you're saying that massive human beings colliding into one another over a three hour period might be damaging?
Don't think Elmo and PBS needed to get involved in that one, but nice to see Mr. Player safety himself Rodger Goodell kill a study that might help them.
Hey Rodger tell me again about player safety being your biggest concern, especially when you lobby for 18 games a season.
kd75 says:
PBS is partnered with CBS, not ABC. Frontline and 60 Minutes are practically a joint venture.
honkeyt says:
Good. This is way out of hand. I personally have heard enough. These players know what's on the line when they GET PAID to play this GAME. NFL, just do the best you can and let this crap go. If I wanted flag football I would go watch some church nerds play.
rc33 says:
"two people with direct knowledge of the situation"
The media is so compromised and discredited at this point, I've no reason to trust or believe either side.
questionableprovenance says:
Is this kind of "journalism" by ESPN the reason Randy Moss doesn't want to be called a member of the media?
bucrightoff says:
ESPN proved they were a pushover when they got rid of Playmakers, even though now Playmakers seems pretty tame to the real stuff NFL players get themselves involved in.
Why no mention of the fact that Pellmanwas a rheumatologist authoring reports on brain trauma?
green41563 says:
This is the same sort of structural conflict that happened when they repealed Glass-Steagall and allowed commercial banks to merge with investment banks. Suddenly, you had two businesses with obvious conflicts of interest operating under the same roof. How could brokers render honest investment opinions about a company's stock when the bank at which they worked had underwritten the same stock? Same thing here. Along the way, ESPN abandoned the business of COVERING the NFL and got into the business of BROADCASTING the NFL. Once that happened, ESPN's revenue became so inextricably linked with the fortunes of the league that it lost journalistic credibility on the subject. They've sold out journalism for content.
shackdelrio says:
Who is surprised by this? Goodell is the new Don Corleone. And ESPN is not about journalism.
jrebar88 says:
Dictator Goodell, this isnt North Korea. Get out of the NFL now, the fans do not want you running the best league in America.
jayhawk6 says:
"…ESPN denied that it had received any pressure from the NFL."
Yeah, right. There is nothing incestuous or CYA about that statement
atb12333 says:
It's "gotcha" to point out that a rheumatologist who went to medical school in Guadalajara, mexico (and later lied that he didn't) has played a significantly large role in the NFL's handling of player head trauma over the last 15 years?
It's "gotcha" to point out that this same doctor tried to force a retraction of a paper that claimed Mike Webster suffered from severe brain trauma?
It's "gotcha" to point out that this same doctor was team physician of the Jets and head of the NFL concussion committee at the same time and this might be a conflict of interest?
Is this a joke?
skoobyfl says:
Dirty little secrets.
evilglazers666 says:
The NFL is sickening. I cannot believe they would pressure ESPN out of partnering with a non-profit organization that was about player safety. The owners and Goodell have let us all down.
smashscott says:
The NFL & Roger Goodell are made out to be the bad guys…the bad guys are the lawyers and ex-players that are trying to sue and bring down the NFL.
andrejohnsonforpresident says:
I would love to see whom ever ESPN reports to at Disney and if anyone at Disney has any actual say about the programming that ESPN puts out. Considering Football is probably ESPN's biggest thing. You would have to imagine that Disney has some sort of say in how ESPN should go about their work regarding that sport.
cajunaise says:
It's difficult to weed through genuine mistrust of the media vs. using that excuse as a way to dismiss stories one doesn't like.
I agree that trusting the media without critical scrutiny is a bad idea. The same could be said of trusting the motives of anonymous internet commentators.
bisonaudit says:
All you need to know about this is that the name of the committee studying head injuries for the league (and the players association) is called the MILD Traumatic Brain Injury Committee.
dryzzt23 says:
The Federal govt does the same thing, especially the Czars of the NSA, FBI, EPA, and HHS but it is never reported by the left-wing "news" outlets.
IMO the NFL is trying to protect its product, there is nothing wrong with that, and PBS (paid for by taxpayers) is in the business of villifying "corporations".
Good job Roger! Protect the shield at all costs!
hoboken says:
I had to read this article twice to make sure I was understanding this correctly. Are you actually justifying the NFL's actions and ESPN's response? That's absurd! This isn't just some one-off reporter trying to make a name. This is a PBS Frontline documentary, an organization that has won 15 Peabody Awards. This is the NFL saying, "Hey, you want to do biz with us ESPN in the future? Pull this doc." And ESPN folded like a lawn chair.
Btw, your point about Pullman is absurd. Pullman specialized in rheumatology (basically the study of immunology). He either had none or very little previous experience on brain research before he was appointed to led the Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Committee. That's just a pure lack of qualifications for the job. To use an example close to home for you Florio, I'm a lawyer as well and I know how to draft and negotiate entertainment contracts. But that in no way makes me qualified to handle a medical malpractice lawsuit. It's not that Pullman (or me) is a quack; rather, it's that he didn't have the qualifications for the job he was given.
boyshole25 says:
Frontline is a great show unbiased reporting at its finest
tinbender2000 says:
You may not think that Pellman or that other err, doctor that kept putting their feet in their mouths weren't quacks but if it walks like a duck, and talks like a duck……..
sb44champs says:
Per the report, Commissioner Roger Goodell was directly involved in the effort.
Surprise, surprise… The same guy that dismantled one of the most recently successful franchises in the Saints just to prove a point against the concussion lawsuits……
fwby4life says:
You have to be kidding with this crap. The fact that the NFL is controlling what's be reported is unexceptble. They don't like there corrupted business practice be braught to light. When I watched the OSL piece on the so called doctor. First thought was WOW the NFL is going to get what they deserve. Finally!!
There is a HUGE problem about how this lawsuits are being reported. Players are not doing this because there I injured. They are doing this because the League took there right to make there own choice. They had a physician that had no background In head injurys and a system wide program set up to discredit players with claims. As in everything it's about money. The NFL and there Inshurance companies dont care about plauers getting hurt. They are trying to make sure they would not have to give players a pention and medical care that they need given how brutal the sport is. All these players know they are gonna get hurt. But when they do take care of them. Nothing but Greed!
nflpoker says:
How can anyone take a sports media organization like ESPN seriously if they employ Stephen A. and Skip Bayless? It would be great if there was another sports media that could give ESPN competition, one that was much more credible.
fordwuzanazi says:
This is how corporate America controls the message of all media outlets. Money is power and influence in this country and the more you have the more your power over the news gets exerted. Its been going on for decades time to recognize it.
gettingpwned says:
I needed an article to tell me this? This was the first thing I thought of when I saw the headline yesterday. Duh. It's like the press covering the white house. If you play nice, you get better access. But if you bite the hand that feeds…
dadawg77 says:
This is just the NFL reacting to its biggest threat, head trauma. The movie United States of Football opens up this weekend and is structured around the question, why would I allow my son to play football. Just the fact that parents are starting to ask this question more and more is a major threat to the NFL. If youth football becomes less popular parents and less kids play then NFL will become much less popular. It seems like as much as the NFL will fight it, it is only a downhill for the sport from here on out.
The only way to survive or not leave the peak is to change. One thing we might see is pro game move away from 11-11 to something like 7-7 with the theory that more space means less vicious hits. Also less players may help compensation is the revenue pool gets smaller.
oimakkamio says:
"what PBS? What ESPN? Never even heard of them." Roger Goodells next press conference. "But we did fine Ndamukong Suh $50,000, for taking a dump with out a Toilet Paper Seat Cover this week. We protect our players."
In other news, Bud Selig called to question the NFL's HGH testing program.
Which one do you trust the least?
1) ESPN
2) the NFL
3) anonymous sources
wecomefromthestars says:
Bravo to Mike Florio for continuing his great work.
Don't ever stop, Mike. Articles like this are why we love you.
nolagirl says:
I don't see how tapping Tagliabue's personal "Long Island rheumatologist" to head up the league's concussion research is going to bolster credibility; wouldn't his personal neurologist be better suited for the position?
On a related note, John Barr's "Outside the Lines" really should be renamed "Beyond the Pale."
mogogo1 says:
I know the NFL is made of money, but these concussion lawsuits are going to be HUGE. And it sure doesn't help them getting caught trying to stop people from looking into the problem.
vgferenzi says:
No one cares. People here will all gripe and moan and say they care…but they don't. Everyone loves to feel indignant, and they love to take swipes at the NFL, but at the end of the day it's their business and they can run it the way they want. There isn't a single person here who will change the way they consume NFL or ESPN in their entirety and there isn't a single person here who will boycott the sponsors…so quit whining.
tabcdef9 says:
green41563 says: Aug 23, 2013 9:48 AM
Best comment I've seen covering serious conflicts in two significant industries. Well done green41563!
mychode says:
"Playmakers" was indeed a mischaracterization of the sport: no player in the show murdered anyone.
sdelmonte says:
Frontline has shown itself time and again to be accurate with its reporting, and fairly level-headed. When it's being sensational, the news itself is the sensation. If they report something, I tend to believe it.
The reason is the billion dollar concussion lawsuit. Goodell and his mafia hitmen of lawyers are flexing their muscle. It's no surprise. They've been stealing from the taxpayers for decades, and now they're pushing around ESPN who pays the "non-profit" NFL a billion for broadcast rights.
theuglitruth says:
ESPN will still lead all of the sheep (fans) to slaughter…business as usual.
ratsfoiledagain says:
Everyone here wants Goodell out. You want him out? Go after the owners. They're his boss. They granted him powers to promote, protect, and make as much money as possible, for their brand, the NFL. That's the only way he's out, if you get a majority of the owners to believe he is no longer the right person for the job.
tarheel723 says:
I'll be honest, I dislike ESPN just as much as the next guy (I hate how they completely overdo things like Puig, Tebow, Manziel, even my Skins QB RGIII). But, I dislike the administrative offices of the NFL even less. It's gotten to the point where they're just a big bully. Fining people anywhere from $10,000-$100,000 for a shirt or hat or just wearing something that's not Nike, not letting guys have any fun on the field after a big play, making people take a class to be allowed back into the game after they've been deemed too drunk, and not letting women bring their purses into games. And now this. They're bullying networks to do their bidding. Concussions are a SERIOUS PROBLEM. And I guess no one can talk about it, other than say CNN since their networks don't have anything to do with the NFL. If the CBS Evening news talks about it, maybe they won't be allowed to carry the AFC games anymore, if MSNBC talks about it, maybe Sunday Night Football will be moved, and if FOX News talks about it, well NFC games will be moved. They're just big bullies. And what's sad is they're focusing on not having people hit too low or too high because if they implement those, injuries will be "impossible" in the NFL (*sarcasm). It's always been a physical game and injuries are going to happen. But what they need to be focusing on is how to prevent concussions besides for just rule changes. Better helmet technology, which is out there by the way, just Google it, better awareness on how to hit correctly (besides for just the Heads Up for kids), even with current NFL players I've seen it done wrong, etc. If anything they need to be LISTENING and WATCHING these programs that ESPN has been running, instead of just trying to hide the problem. I get that they want to defend themselves in the suits, but at the same time they need to do something instead of just bullying people who do speak up.
hairpie says:
I'm suprised ESPN is still in business after their humiliating coverage of "Spygate" admitting to coaching up former players to say certain things and the non existant "Matt Walsh walk through tapes."
They do indeed need some competition. That company is as biased as any i've ever seen.
condor75 says:
you know driving a car is dangerous, that does not mean there isnt an obligation from manufactures to make the care as safe as possible, what a stupid statement, not mention why is NFL so afraid of truth? Maybe you just want to make sure the spread is covered
northeastkiller says:
Whether it's "Playmakers" or Bountygate or this, if it's an issue that can make the NFL look bad, like liars, or potentially cost them money in a concussion lawsuit, if you think ESPN does anything other than take marching orders from the NFL and lick Goodell's feet, you're on drugs.
bigbenh8tr says:
As someone who has recovered/always recovering from a TBI you can never understand how frustrating these sort of comments are and really sums up how the NFL put ITSELF in this situation. I would say something negative about you and your education but its obvious majority of america is clueless when it comes to brain injuries.
Just like James Harrison doesn't think the media like hard knocks deserves to be in the locked room, you don't deserve to share your opinions on this topic. Only survivors family member of them, and doctors have a clue what is going on here.
You should be embarrassed that you think you are ENTITLED to view this game for entertainment despite what it can do to someones life. Its not just CTE that makes problem s and discussing that I believe takes away from the simple research behind TBIs but I guess the NFL and media won't care unless we can get a catchy researched definition that will scare people.
64post says:
Got that right. ESPN is the pimp that tout's the teams close to it…
tellingphatstories says:
PBS instead of Tickle Me Elmo dolls should make Tickle My Feet Rex Ryan dolls.
toddm1016 says:
Funny, but everything that happened in Playmakers has taken form in the NFL, except for the player that came out publicly, or rather was forced to come out.


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text:
Foreign Policy Research Institute
tel. +38 (044) 287 52 58
International weekly
Analysis of foreign politicy programs of parties
According to various sociological surveys conducted in Ukraine in recent years, the chances of overcoming the 5 percent barrier in early parliamentary elections on July, 21 have parties "Servant of the People", "Opposition platform - For life", "European solidarity", " All-Ukrainian Union "Fatherland" and "Voice". At the same time, according to polls, the "Servant of the People" of President Volodymyr Zelensky can get more than 45 percent of the votes, the "Opposition platform - For life" more than 10 percent and the remaining political forces more than five percent of the votes.
At first glance, the "Servant of the People" really manages to keep the promise to bring new people to the Parliament. At least none of the People's Deputy of the current parliamentary cadence is represented in the electoral list of the political forces. The election program of the "Servant of the People" looks quite mottled.[1]
Security policy of the party will be focused on the following tasks: "We will provide legislative support for the President's initiatives aimed at restoring the territorial integrity and state sovereignty of Ukraine; set defense spending at a rate of not less than 5% of GDP; restore the reform of the Armed Forces by NATO standards; stop the outflow of valuable personnel from the army, introduce a system of training and retraining of soldiers and officers; introduce stiff penalties for corruption and theft in the Armed Forces and the Ministry of Defense.
The foreign policy of the party includes the following priorities: «We will adopt the laws necessary to implement the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement and expand cooperation with the EU and NATO; support the President's initiatives to reset relations with Ukraine's closest neighbors in the West; launch a program of "commercial diplomacy" to promote Ukrainian goods on global markets.[2]
Electoral list of "Opposition platform - For life", instead, it is full of surnames, well-known to Ukrainians since the time of "Party of Regions". It is headed by the co-chairs of the party – the former regional Yuriy Boyko and Vadim Rabinovich, who in 2014 was elected to the Verkhovna Rada on the list of "Oppositional platform". The former head of the Presidential Administration of Viktor Yanukovych, Serhiy Lovochkin, looks exactly in its place in the top ten. Attention is paid to the third place of Viktor Medvedchuk - the godfather of Russian President, Vladimir Putin, and the tenth place in the list of his close associate and owner of channels "NewsOne", "112" and more recently "ZIK", Taras Kozak.
There is no program on the website of the political force, but in the section "Initiatives" it is noted that one of the main tasks are "restoration of peace in the country", the full implementation of the Minsk Agreements, cessation of hostilities in Donbass and consolidation of Ukraine's non-aligned status in foreign policy. Also, at the party congress Medvedchuk said that Kyiv should radically revise the terms of the Free Trade Agreement with the EU and the terms of Ukraine's participation in the World Trade Organization. Оf course, the role of Russia in the war in Donbass and the annexation of the Crimea in the documents and speeches of the members of the "Opposition platform - For life" is not mentioned at all.
List of the party project of former President Petro Poroshenko consists of People's Deputies or officials only half. Except him, there are not only his colleagues from "Petro Poroshenko Bloc", but also representatives of "People's Front", among which, for example, the speaker of the Verkhovna Rada, Andriy Parubiy. However, the list also has new faces.
The abbreviation of the name of the party "European Solidarity" perfectly illustrates its main program points - ensuring the further movement of Ukraine in the EU and NATO. Among the main tasks that Poroshenko announced at the congress of political forces are the preservation in force of the relevant provisions of the Constitution, obtaining a Membership Action Plan for NATO no later than 2023 and the achievement of the criteria necessary for accession to the EU in the same period. "We are going to prevent the revenge of pro-Russian forces", the former President said during the party congress. However, how exactly "European Solidarity" will be able to do it, being, as its leader said, in opposition, Poroshenko did not specify.
Yulia Tymoshenko decided not to experiment and have relied on trusted colleagues, including the Deputy Chairman of the faction "Fatherland" in the Parliament, Serhiy Sobolev, one of the leaders of the election campaign of Tymoshenko, Oleksandr Abdullin, her lawyer in the "gas affair" in 2011, Serhiy Vlasenko and the heads of regional organizations of "Fatherland". Among Tymoshenko's associates in the list attention is paid to the non-faction People's Deputy and businessman, Serhiy Taruta and the former head of the Security Service of Ukraine, Valentyn Nalyvaichenko.
Tymoshenko does not hide her plans in the Parliament - she is not going to go into opposition and calls for the creation of an "action coalition" after the elections, based on her "New course", developed before the presidential elections.[3] It says: "We will effectively implement the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement. Our future is in the EU. We will work consistently to provide Ukraine with a Membership Action Plan for NATO. Our security is in NATO. We consider the restoration of Ukraine's territorial integrity and sovereignty to be a top priority. The path to peace must begin with Russia's unconditional release of all prisoners of conscience, captives and hostages. In addition to the Minsk process and the Normandy format, we propose to start negotiations on the Budapest+ formula, involving both the US and the UK in the settlement process. We insist on considering the issues of the occupied Donbass and the annexed Crimea in a single package. We will continue active international activities within the framework of the Council of Europe, OSCE and the European People's Party to establish peace and return Ukrainian territories.»[4]
The list of "Voice" of singer Svyatoslav Vakarchuk, on the one hand, is difficult to call unambiguously composed of "new faces", because it contains many former officials and government advisers. However, all of them, as well as the former Deputy Minister of Economic Development, Yulia Klymenko or the Deputy Minister of Health, Olga Stefanyshyna have among experts positive reputation of the people adjusted on reforms and, actually, originate from the expert environment or business. Activists, innovative entrepreneurs and human rights activists are also widely represented in the list.
Like "European Solidarity", the party of Vakarchuk also focuses on the Euro-Atlantic integration of Ukraine and the preservation of its territorial integrity. The "Voice", in addition, promises to provide "a new political culture and inclusive democracy".The text of the party's program, which is contained only on two pages, consists mainly of general phrases that outline the general philosophy of the new political force, but do not contain specific steps or measures.[5]
According to recent sociological surveys, on June 30, 2019, two parties are making their way to the unconditional leaders of the parliamentary elections, which is the"Servant of the People" (45,2%) and the "Opposition platform - For life" (12%). Thus, despite the fact that the parties that have overcome the barrier of 5% declared loyalty to the current foreign policy of Ukraine, they will still compete with the "Opposition platform - For life", which will require a revenge of pro-Russian forces. Therefore, Ukraine should in no way allow a change in the path we have chosen. European and Euro-Atlantic integration must continue. Accordingly, there should be the victory of the pro-European forces in the upcoming parliamentary elections.
[1]https://www.dw.com/uk/%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8-%D1%96-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8-%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE-%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2/a-49211981
[2] https://www.obozrevatel.com/ukr/politics/scho-zibralisya-zminiti-slugi-narodu-opublikovana-povna-programa-partii-zelenskogo.htm
[3]https://www.dw.com/uk/%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8-%D1%96-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8-%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE-%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C% D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2/a-49211981
[4] https://ba.org.ua/programm/
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text:
title: 非全部导航栏显示的导航动画问题
date: 2016-12-08 23:47:44
categories: "iOS"
tags: ["动画","轮子"]
---

![NativeNavigation](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MeXuym/hexoSource/master/_posts/XYMNavigation/NativeNavigation.gif)

项目中有一个页面为了满足设计把导航栏隐藏了,要跳转的下一界面则有导航栏,引发了如上图的问题,push和pop没有了平滑的切换动画,导航栏是突然出现和消失。做了一些尝试但始终达不到想要的效果,直到google到下面这一个解决思路。废话不多说,直入主题。

## 解决思路
1.自定义push和pop动画(点击查看我这一部分的分享)。
2.push或者pop的同时执行我们自己的切换动画,用户看到的是我们自己的动画。
3.手势拖动的时候,盖上自定义的UIImageView(截图View)并且跟着手势平移或者执行动画。
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## 自定义动画类

### 自定义push、pop动画

关于怎么自定义push和pop动画这一篇不再细说,这一思路也是基于自定义push和pop动画的Demo基础上对自定义动画类做改造。

#### 首先给类扩充一个截图方法

```
- (UIImage *)screenShot
{
  UIViewController *beyondVC = self.navigationController.view.window.rootViewController;
  CGSize size = beyondVC.view.frame.size;
  UIGraphicsBeginImageContextWithOptions(size, YES, 0.0);
  CGRect rect = CGRectMake(0, 0, ScreenWidth, ScreenHeight);
  [beyondVC.view drawViewHierarchyInRect:rect  afterScreenUpdates:NO];
  UIImage *snapshot = UIGraphicsGetImageFromCurrentImageContext();

  UIGraphicsEndImageContext();
  return snapshot;
}
```
#### 改造协议方法

对 -(void)animateTransition:(id)transitionContext;方法做改造
transitionContext这个上下文是关键,通过它我们可以拿到切换时的源控制器和目标控制器
还有一个很重要的containerView,它是VC切换时候的view容器,即将要切入的view要加入到该view容器中。

切换动画之前的准备代码:

##### 1.截图

```
UIImageView * screentImgView = [[UIImageView alloc]initWithFrame:CGRectMake(0, 0, ScreenWidth, ScreenHeight)];
UIImage * screenImg = [self screenShot];
screentImgView.image =screenImg;
```

##### 2.拿到切换时候的源控制器和目标控制器,以及containerView,和相关的frame

```
//取出切换的时候的源控制器和目标控制器
UIViewController * fromViewController = [transitionContext viewControllerForKey:UITransitionContextFromViewControllerKey];
UIViewController * toViewController = [transitionContext viewControllerForKey:UITransitionContextToViewControllerKey];
//提供一个key,返回对应的VC,ToView对应切入的VC。
UIView * toView = [transitionContext viewForKey:UITransitionContextToViewKey];
//containerView是VC切换时候的view容器,将要切入的view加入到该view容器中。
UIView * containerView = [transitionContext containerView];

CGRect fromViewEndFrame = [transitionContext finalFrameForViewController:fromViewController];
fromViewEndFrame.origin.x = ScreenWidth;
CGRect fromViewStartFrame = fromViewEndFrame;
CGRect toViewEndFrame = [transitionContext finalFrameForViewController:toViewController];
CGRect toViewStartFrame = toViewEndFrame;
```

#### push动画

我们要做的事情:
1.截图加入我们的数组中
2.将要切入的View加入到containerView
3.截图View插入到window的atIndex:0层
4.执行动画
5.执行完动画移除截图View

```
if (self.navigationOperation == UINavigationControllerOperationPush) {

  [self.screenShotArray addObject:screenImg];
  //这句非常重要,没有这句,就无法正常Push和Pop出对应的界面
  [containerView addSubview:toView];
  toView.frame = toViewStartFrame;

  //将截图添加到导航栏的View所属的window上
  [self.navigationController.view.window insertSubview:screentImgView atIndex:0];
  self.navigationController.view.transform = CGAffineTransformMakeTranslation(ScreenWidth, 0);

  //执行动画
  [UIView animateWithDuration:[self transitionDuration:transitionContext] animations:^{

    self.navigationController.view.transform = CGAffineTransformMakeTranslation(0, 0);
    screentImgView.center = CGPointMake(-ScreenWidth / 2, ScreenHeight / 2);

  } completion:^(BOOL finished) {

    [screentImgView removeFromSuperview];
    [transitionContext completeTransition:YES];
  }];

}

```

#### pop动画

1.将要切入的View加入到containerView
2.数组中最新的截图View:[self.navigationController.view.window addSubview:lastVcImgView];
3.pop即将开始时的截图View:[self.navigationController.view addSubview:screentImgView];
4.执行动画
5.移除截图View,截图数组移除一个最新截图

```
if (self.navigationOperation == UINavigationControllerOperationPop) {

   [containerView addSubview:toView];

   UIImageView * lastVcImgView = [[UIImageView alloc]initWithFrame:CGRectMake(-ScreenWidth, 0, ScreenWidth, ScreenHeight)];
   lastVcImgView.image = [self.screenShotArray lastObject];
   screentImgView.layer.shadowColor = [UIColor blackColor].CGColor;
   screentImgView.layer.shadowOffset = CGSizeMake(-0.8, 0);
   screentImgView.layer.shadowOpacity = 0.6;
   [self.navigationController.view.window addSubview:lastVcImgView];
   [self.navigationController.view addSubview:screentImgView];

   [UIView animateWithDuration:[self transitionDuration:transitionContext] animations:^{

     screentImgView.center = CGPointMake(ScreenWidth * 3 / 2 , ScreenHeight / 2);
     lastVcImgView.center = CGPointMake(ScreenWidth/2, ScreenHeight/2);

   } completion:^(BOOL finished) {

    [lastVcImgView removeFromSuperview];
    [screentImgView removeFromSuperview];
    [self.screenShotArray removeLastObject];
    [transitionContext completeTransition:YES];
  }];
}
```

#### 运行

我们这时候写好一些细节就可以得到下面的效果,push和pop时执行的是我们的动画(截图的平移)。

![NativeNavigation](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MeXuym/hexoSource/master/_posts/XYMNavigation/pushandpop.gif)

但是这时候我们还有手势返回没有实现,接下来就做这个事情。
这要求我们对我们的自定义navigationController进行改造

## 自定义navigationController
改造这一个类的思路和前面自定义动画类做的事情差不多,差别就在于这里的截图View是跟随手势的移动来平移或执行动画

### 要做的事情
1.我们也给这个类扩充一样的截图方法,用一个数组来保存截图。
2.根据手势的不同阶段做不同的操作或者动画(开始拖拽阶段、结束拖拽阶段、正在拖拽阶段)。
3.push时候截图加入数组,pop的时候对移除数组最新截图。

### 手势监听

添加手势的一系列代码,这里不做详细解释,属于基础知识,本篇旨在解析思路和部分核心代码。
监听手势的方法,只要是有手势就会执行

```
- (void)panGestureRec:(UIScreenEdgePanGestureRecognizer *)panGestureRec
{
  // 如果当前显示的控制器已经是根控制器了,不需要做任何切换动画,直接返回
  if(self.visibleViewController == self.viewControllers[0]) return;

  // 判断pan手势的各个阶段
  switch (panGestureRec.state) {
    case UIGestureRecognizerStateBegan:
    // 开始拖拽阶段
    [self dragBegin];
    break;
    case UIGestureRecognizerStateCancelled:
    case UIGestureRecognizerStateFailed:
    case UIGestureRecognizerStateEnded:
    // 结束拖拽阶段
    [self dragEnd];
    break;
    default:

    // 正在拖拽阶段
    [self dragging:panGestureRec];
    break;
  }
}
```

### 拖拽开始

每次开始Pan手势时,都要添加截图imageview 和 遮盖层coverView到window中
imgView显示截图数组中的最后(最新)截图

```
- (void)dragBegin
{
  [self.view.window insertSubview:_screenshotImgView atIndex:0];
  [self.view.window insertSubview:_coverView aboveSubview:_screenshotImgView];
  _screenshotImgView.image = [_screenshotImgs lastObject];
}
```

### 拖拽中

得到手指拖动的位移,让整个截图imageview都平移

```
- (void)dragging:(UIPanGestureRecognizer *)pan
{
  // 得到手指拖动的位移
  CGFloat offsetX = [pan translationInView:self.view].x;
  // 让整个view都平移     // 挪动整个导航view
  if (offsetX > 0) {
     self.view.transform = CGAffineTransformMakeTranslation(offsetX, 0);
  }
  // 计算目前手指拖动位移占屏幕总的宽高的比例,当这个比例达到3/4时, 就让imageview完全显示,遮盖完全消失
  double currentTranslateScaleX = offsetX/self.view.frame.size.width;

  if (offsetX < ScreenWidth) {
     _screenshotImgView.transform = CGAffineTransformMakeTranslation((offsetX - ScreenWidth) * 0.6, 0);
  }
  // 让遮盖透明度改变,直到减为0,让遮罩完全透明,默认的比例-(当前平衡比例/目标平衡比例)*默认的比例
  double alpha = kDefaultAlpha - (currentTranslateScaleX/kTargetTranslateScale) * kDefaultAlpha;
  _coverView.alpha = alpha;
}
```

### 结束拖拽

1.得到拖动的距离
2.如果手指移动的距离还不到屏幕的一半,往左边挪 (弹回)(执行动画)
3.如果手指移动的距离还超过了屏幕的一半,往右边挪(执行动画),执行pop操作,移除截图数组最后一张截图
4.操作和动画执行完后都要移除截图的View

```
- (void)dragEnd
{
  CGFloat translateX = self.view.transform.tx;
  CGFloat width = self.view.frame.size.width;
  if (translateX <= 40) {
     // 如果手指移动的距离还不到屏幕的一半,往左边挪 (弹回)
     [UIView animateWithDuration:0.3 animations:^{
       // 重要~~让被右移的view弹回归位,只要清空transform即可办到
       self.view.transform = CGAffineTransformIdentity;
       // 让imageView大小恢复默认的translation
       _screenshotImgView.transform = CGAffineTransformMakeTranslation(-ScreenWidth, 0);
       _coverView.alpha = kDefaultAlpha;

     } completion:^(BOOL finished) {
       [_screenshotImgView removeFromSuperview];
       [_coverView removeFromSuperview];
     }];
  } else {

    // 如果手指移动的距离还超过了屏幕的一半,往右边挪
    [UIView animateWithDuration:0.3 animations:^{
      // 让被右移的view完全挪到屏幕的最右边,结束之后,还要记得清空view的transform
      self.view.transform = CGAffineTransformMakeTranslation(width, 0);
      // 让imageView位移还原
      _screenshotImgView.transform = CGAffineTransformMakeTranslation(0, 0);
      _coverView.alpha = 0;

    } completion:^(BOOL finished) {
      // 重要~~让被右移的view完全挪到屏幕的最右边,结束之后,还要记得清空view的transform,不然下次再次开始drag时会出问题,因为view的transform没有归零
      self.view.transform = CGAffineTransformIdentity;
      [_screenshotImgView removeFromSuperview];
      [_coverView removeFromSuperview];
      [self popViewControllerAnimated:NO];
      [self.xymAnimation removeLastScreenShot];
    }];
  }
}
```

### push和pop的时候要做的事情

1.push的时候截图并保存在数组中
2.单次pop的时候移除数组最新一张截图
3.pop到指定的VC时移除数组对应的截图
4.popToRootVC时移除数组所有截图

```
- (void)pushViewController:(UIViewController *)viewController animated:(BOOL)animated
{
  // 只有在导航控制器里面有子控制器的时候才需要截图
  if (self.viewControllers.count >= 1) {
    // 调用自定义方法,使用上下文截图
    [self screenShot];
  }
    [super pushViewController:viewController animated:animated];
}

- (UIViewController *)popViewControllerAnimated:(BOOL)animated
{
  NSInteger index = self.viewControllers.count;
  NSString * className = nil;
  if (index >= 2) {
    className = NSStringFromClass([self.viewControllers[index -2] class]);
  }
  if (_screenshotImgs.count >= index - 1) {
    [_screenshotImgs removeLastObject];
  }
  return [super popViewControllerAnimated:animated];
}

- (NSArray<UIViewController *> *)popToViewController:(UIViewController *)viewController animated:(BOOL)animated
{
  NSInteger removeCount = 0;
  for (NSInteger i = self.viewControllers.count - 1; i > 0; i--) {
    if (viewController == self.viewControllers[i]) {
      break;
    }
    [_screenshotImgs removeLastObject];
    removeCount ++;
  }
  _animationController.removeCount = removeCount;
  return [super popToViewController:viewController animated:animated];
}

- (NSArray<UIViewController *> *)popToRootViewControllerAnimated:(BOOL)animated
{
  [_screenshotImgs removeAllObjects];
  [_animationController removeAllScreenShot];
  return [super popToRootViewControllerAnimated:animated];
}```

至此,以上就是解决本篇问题的思路。没有贴出所有的代码和细节,旨在说明这一解决问题的思路

![NativeNavigation](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MeXuym/hexoSource/master/_posts/XYMNavigation/XYMNavigation.gif)

## 结语

这个思路把我的遇到的导航栏的问题解决了。在遇到同类问题的时候,我们同样也可以用自己的自定义转场动画代替或者覆盖掉系统的切换动画,用来规避或者隐藏掉一些问题,希望对各位有用。

## Demo
Demo:[github地址](https://github.com/MeXuym/XYMNavigationController)

## 参考
[【简书】让我们一次性解决导航栏的所有问题](http://www.jianshu.com/p/31f177158c9e)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
risk and uncertainty theory
Isaic-Maniu, I., 2006. Cluj-Napoca: Ed. (1)Knight's distinction between risk and uncertainty is not solely a distinction between insurable and uninsurable risk. The purpose of this paper is to present how workers who work in the fast food outlets perceive the impact of supply chain uncertainty and risk on the organizational performance in their outlets. 2. Uncertainty-bearing Theory of Profits. possibility of favorable or unfavorable results/outcome. The final model is one that demonstrates how perfect competition tends to eliminate profit. You can learn more about game theory by reading our three Learning Paths on this subject. Caracter Knight, F. H., 1921. If there is a state of absolute certainty. The chapter outlines the growth of social media and social media analytics and its financial implications to businesses, consumers, and governments. Two case studies were used for an initial method validation. There are many questions such as what should be the role of the government in the economy, whether it is successful or failure, what is the market's ability to provide economic stability alone, the impact of government intervention on the market, the role of government or market in healthy functioning of the system purely. A questionnaire was used as the data collection tool, administered in all stages of risk identification and evaluation, and was devised by using library and field methods based on the literature and research background, as well as interviewing experts in the risk identification and evaluation stages. A comprehensive framework for assessing strategies for managing risk and uncertainty, integrating theory and practice and synthesizing insights from many fields. This article contends that, because of general, and sector-specific, limitations to knowledge, systematic and unsystematic risks are central to all forms of tourism activities. All rights reserved. Once more and more information on the project phases is collected, the decision-makers are in risky situations or events, thus meaning their occurrence or evolution can be forecasted. In addition, it provides an insight into future researches relating to the fast food industry and Perceived Organizational Performance. Financial trends in the global economy II, 30-52. University of Chicago Press, 23. The model goes through further refinements of joint production, and changes with uncertainty absent with similar results. Riscul în afacerile din România., 3. Emerging Markets Queries in Finance and Business, Attitudes regarding risk and uncertainty are important to the econom, studies provides support for this principle in decision u, there are different practical and philosophical approaches to, © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. e risk zone and at the horizon other uncertainties will always occur; Risk and uncertainty can be measured both quantitative, ly and qualitatively. In this context, in cases where the market fails, Neo-classical economists argue that public intervention is necessary and legitimate. University of Chicago Press, 23. The case studies confirmed a high potential of the method to increase estimation quality in Scrum-based projects, as well as in other project types. THE SPECULATIVE NATURE OF DERIVATIVES TO WHAT EXTENT DO DERIVATIVES CREATE INSTABILITY IN FINANCIAL MARKETS? Florea, R., 1999. Knight, F. H., 1921. This research focuses on developing a sustainable project typology that classifies sustainable projects based on the external institutional influences. , Knight distinguished between three different types of probability, e probability of occurrence of certain deviation on, the interacting factors and the risk is the probability, of going on is past of the risk phenomenon. We also touch upon the implications of the existence of uncertainty for the nature of the future. The next truly transformative advance in probability theory came in 1921. The successful entrepreneur is one who has the sound judgment, either in the direction of the enterprise itself or in the selection of its managers (as shareholders do). Classical, one between certainty and uncertainty, is not only of, and phenomena that influence the situation of a company. Both, A feature of all probability distributions, . It is associated with a probability of occurrence, of undesired events. The concept was coined by Barry Mason (a systemic family therapist) and is particularly helpful in assessing risk. You can assign a probability to risks events, while with uncertainty, you can't. They are (1) Logistic uncertainty and risk, (2) Information uncertainty and risk, and (3) Customer related uncertainty and risk and (4) Environmental uncertainty and risk. The uncertainty-bearing theory obviously views entrepreneurs as bearers of uncertainty making it a very individualistic theory to start out with. Finally, the validity of the results is demonstrated by a. This is of course correct. The supply chain uncertainty and risk have significant impacts on organizational performance in the fast food industry because most of the procedures are associated with the human interactions and mostly it depends on the forecasted data. …, Hi there! Part of that research is devoted to the development of sustainable project typologies that classify projects based on a variety of external factors that can significantly impact these projects. A series of studies provides support for this principle in decision under both risk and uncertainty and shows that people are less sensitive to uncertainty than to risk. In order to provide a stringent test for the impacts of perceived risk and uncertainty, these constructs were integrated into Ajzen, 1991, Ajzen, 1985 theory of planned behavior (TPB) model as is shown in Fig. This content is taken from University of Groningen online course, If you want to learn a language but aren't sure where to start, we've got …, Here we provide you with all the information you need to start your career in …, Find out how the PRINCE2® Foundation certification can help you to upskill, enhance your project …, If you've always fancied the idea of writing a story, we've got just the thing. Supply chain uncertainty and risk is a rising area in today's business world. Probability, under well -defined conditions. 4:54. Uncertainty theory is a branch of mathematics based on normality, monotonicity, self-duality, countable subadditivity, and product measure axioms. However, by evaluating individual criteria, the pasture fertilization system (PFS) obtained the best performance regarding social indicators due to the high generation of jobs and worker remuneration. Some of the most common characteristics or criteria used in evaluating sustainable projects include novelty, uncertainty, skill and experience, technology information transfer, and project cost. These are delivered one step at a time, and are accessible on mobile, tablet and desktop, so you can fit learning around your life. The state of risk is assigned a, ciated with only a probability but truth values using. We use the terms risk and uncertainty in a single breath, but have you ever wondered about their difference. This deviation is determined by, that causes a certain change that needs redefining the way, methods of measuring risk refer to calculating probabilities of occurrence of certain risks in order to avoid them. The two least important criteria out of the total of five examined in this research were the skill and experience and technology information transfer, respectively. The results from the FAHP show that the most important criterion to consider in sustainable project selection is project cost, followed by novelty and uncertainty as the second and third most important criteria, respectively. Sign up to our newsletter and we'll send fresh new courses and special offers direct to your inbox, once a week. Risk and Uncertainty The concept of (fundamental) uncertainty was introduced in economics by Keynes (1921, 1936 and 1937) and Knight (1921). The analysis of risk in tourism is fragmented and uneven and focuses relatively narrowly on risk as a set of negative outcomes to be avoided by individuals, firms, or destinations. The first one is the requirement that uniquely crisp values are supposed to be selected for estimates. Among our conclusions are the following. Risks that cannot, to the stakeholder able to bear them at lowest cost. Some Excellent Books 1. We use cookies to give you a better experience. Some individuals are willing to take only smaller risks ("risk averters"), while others are willing to take greater risks ("gamblers"). numerical example. Risk averse individuals have, by definition, a greater preference to avoid risky situations than risk-loving individuals and, to this end, they will be willing to pay an extra amount of money in order to mitigate (or eliminate) the bad consequences of such a risk. The paper proposes an estimation method for the Product Backlog items of Scrum-based IT projects (which can be adapted also to other projects), which has two original elements with respect to the state of art in Scrum estimation: the usage of fuzzy numbers and strict rules for consensus forming, combined with a space for human interaction. The effort estimation issue is important, because low quality estimation decreases the efficiency of project implementation. definition and delimitation of the concepts of risk and uncertainty; Risk is limited to situations where the decision, maker may attach mathematical probability to any random, Uncertainty refers to situations in which events, cannot be expressed in precise mathematical terms of, Assessment of risk and uncertainty and the wa. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of Emerging Markets Queries in Finance and Business local organization, All figure content in this area was uploaded by Mioara Chirita, All content in this area was uploaded by Mioara Chirita on Mar 29, 2017. Uncertainty is due to unforeseeable or non insurable risk. These results contribute to the supply chain uncertainty and risk literature. often incompatible with the actual situation of a business or the competitive market. ADVERTISEMENTS: In this article we will discuss about uncertainty, risk and probability analysis. Support your professional development and learn new teaching skills and approaches. Gestiunea riscurilor în rela Get vital skills and training in everything from Parkinson's disease to nutrition, with our online healthcare courses. The case studies were conducted using research methods fulfilling the symmetry principle. Even so, Knight's distinction about risk and uncertainty may still help us analyze the recent behavior of, say, financial firms and other investors. It details how risk management and social media, two domains earlier considered more diverged than chalk and cheese are now inextricably linked and explains using various cases how social media analytics is used to manage risk and uncertainty. Ultramodernity in Risk Theory. Caracter Knight, F. H., 1921. Given that the selection criteria chosen for this research are not limited to the evaluation of a specific type of sustainable projects or a specific location, they can be used to evaluate different types of sustainable projects in different environments and locations. Originality/value Where it is economic to do so, this is, general, this means ensuring that risks are borne by the, on costs are lowest; and the costs of bearing risk are. This article discusses the meaning of uncertainty. risk Iancu Silviu Costin, Mondoca Nicolae Razvan, 2006. implies an accurate knowledge of influent economic phenomena and factors, tained which in terms of mathematical probability th, ries, even more so in social and economic life or in. We turn to economics for a definition of uncertainty. Depending on the probability can be distinguished three categories of situations, a strict control of the time of occurrence of effects ob, difficult to encounter even in the physical-chemical laborato. The Journal of Risk and Uncertainty features both theoretical and empirical papers that analyze risk-bearing behavior and decision-making under uncertainty. the influence of factors and their possible effects. Environmental, economic and social aspects of the animal production phase of beef chain have been the focus of individual studies. In any economic activity risk and uncertainty are found, combined in different proportions, but uncertainty ca, the risk management may be. However, studies on the development of new indicators related to systems, especially not evaluated criteria such as biodiversity, ecosystem services and animal welfare, are necessary to improve the evaluation of system sustainability. Instead, uncertainty re, sufficient information to identify objective probabilit, insufficient or unavailable, the situation is defined as unc, between risk and uncertainty is probability. Then, beginning with a simplified model economy of individuals as producers-and-consumers, the author derives familiar features of static economics. The research proposes a theoretical model with SA and UA interaction effects on the proposed relational loyalty link. Abstract. Communicating about risk and uncertainty may be difficult because uncertainty is multi-dimensional and there are different practical and philosophical approaches to it. Published by Elsevier Ltd. It means that they have different types of risks and uncertainties that influence on them. The legal nature, the conditions of the pecuniary liability, the situations in which the employer is pecuniary liable towards his employee as well as the characteristics of this type of liability are some of the issues we try to deal with in this research. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify and rank the risks of CRCBPs by studying the case of the "Hamedanian Memorial," a CRCBP in Iran. This is why it is necessary to recognize uncertainty and risk along with the, notes that distinguish them, so that the attitude to, "The present-day economic approach is increasingly giving up the distinction between risk and uncertainty, and is focuses on modeling the behavior of the busi, behavior. Mathematical measures of the likelihood of an event being true include probability theory, capacity, fuzzy logic, possibility, and credibility, as well as uncertainty. Knight, F. H., 2002. Risk is inherent in all action and inaction because future outcomes always involve an element of uncertainty. IA&Neural Networks and their Economic Applications. This has led to generation of large amount of data on myriad concerns. The two terms 'risk' and 'uncertainty' are often used interchangeably to refer to a situation of potential loss of the firm's investment resulting from the fact that it is operating in an uncertain business environment. or minimize the consequence Bolos Marcel; Florina Popovici, 2010. 3. Selection and peer review under responsibility of Emerging Markets Queries in Finance and Business local organization. Currently, uncertainty is a feature of the ec, purpose of measuring so that such tools can be us, "Risk derives from uncertainty. This is the reason why the purpose of this paper is to point out to the differences between the risk phenomenon, on the one hand and the probability and uncertainty, on the other hand. I say both because after 1930, Knight re-thought his way through price theory as he taught it to graduate students, and created new treatments of cost, utility, capital, and interest theory. The workers who work in the fast food outlets may have a different perception on the impact of supply chain uncertainty and risk on their organizational performance. Well, this article might help you in understanding the difference between risk and uncertainty, take a read. Bolos Marcel; Florina Popovici, 2010. You can update your preferences and unsubscribe at any time. Knight, F. H., 1921. Nistor, C., 2005. However, the real question is: who should be the peer reviewers? In risk you can predict the possibility of a future outcome, while in uncertainty you cannot. According to knight, there are two types of risk. This article examines the effect of situational abnormality (SA) and uncertainty avoidance (UA) variables as moderators to trust and loyalty outcomes in the Turkish automobile industry. Effective sustainable development depends on the ability to select the appropriate sustainable project to implement to ensure that the desired goals are met. Manag-ing risk and uncertainty in the context of climate policy is of particular importance to developing countries that are resource constrained and face other pressing development goals. They are foreseeable and unforeseeable. The relational link between satisfaction-trust-loyalty is rather complex and dynamic. In simple terms, risk is the possibility of something bad happening. This article explains the economic principles of uncertainty. n cause deviations to fundamentally change the data configuration. Category: Career Development, Job Market, Category: Business and Management, Career Development, Digital Skills, General, Microcredentials, Upskilling. The assumptions of the method should be complied with and were formulated on the basis of literature and authors experience. With the development of globalization, fast food industry has gained a higher customer demand. 6. Caracter Knight, F. H., 1921. That is the reason why identification of risk and an uncertainty along with particular phenomena is important, ... All of these phases are pervaded by uncertainty (Jordani, 2010;Eadie et al., 2013;Wetzel and Thabet, 2015) thus, there is not sufficient information for their understanding and/or developments, ... All of these phases are pervaded by uncertainty (Jordani, 2010;Eadie et al., 2013;Wetzel and Thabet, 2015) thus, there is not sufficient information for their understanding and/or developments (Toma et al., 2012) which forms an integral and inevitable part of them (Perminova et al., 2008). Some uncertainty and risk can be reduced by, ailable inexpensively to decision makers, or by, reduced. The sufficient conditions of the asymptotic stability are established by employing the method of Lyapunov functions. Attitudes regarding risk and uncertainty are important to the economic activity. In this study, market failure and governmental failure have been examined theoretically from various perspectives. The relationship between uncertainty and gain may be linear, or even exponential, where there are bigger payoffs on the right hand side of the chart. The introductory sections of the book provide a historical and critical review of early attempts to reconcile theory and observation. progressive concepts in appreciation of this concepts. In addition, institutional capac-ity in these countries may be less developed compared to advanced The nature of these has changed and new sources of risk have risen. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Emerging, Markets Queries in Finance and Business local organization, Uncertainty and risk have a relatively short history in the economic theory, al. word cause uncertainty to become an everyday reality. Design/methodology/approach The authors also look at the emerging challenges with these developments. Risk involves uncertainty about the effects/implications of an activity with respect to something that humans value (such as health, well-being, wealth, property or the environment), often focusing on negative, undesirable consequences. Findings 20-21. The upcoming discussion will update you about the differences between risk bearing and uncertainty bearing nature of the firm. In this circums. The risk being knowable, no profit can be gained, and the person who was once steering through uncertainty for a profit is then managing known risk for a wage. This book offers a framework for making decisions under risk and uncertainty. Due to that reason fast food industry has to face various types of supply chain uncertainties and risk than ever before. Eighth Edition. The uncertainties in the system are considered. - Volume 5 Issue 1 - Orvin Burnside, We investigate the impulsive control of Lotka-Volterra predator-prey system. "risk" and "uncertainty" are often used to express the, ssary to make a clear distinction between risk and, ies targets can be identified for possible results. A series of, The economic activity involves risk, and the changing. Risk, uncertainty and profit. Blackw... Impulsive control of uncertain Lotka–Volterra predator–prey system. *Summary: This review, which draws mainly but not exclusively on UK material, explores the social work literature on managing risk and uncertainty, with emphasis on community care. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of Emerging Markets Queries in Finance and Business local organization. When probabilities are known, adverse outcomes may be insured against. Why is the PRINCE2® Foundation certification a game-changer for my project management career. Definition of risk and uncertainty| decision under uncertainty toward risk| NTA NET in economics - Duration: 4:54. Probabilistic weighting in conjunction with the VIKOR (VIseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje) multicriteria method proved to be an efficient solution to exempt human judgment from criteria weighting. The paper is thus an example of symmetry in management research. 2 Practic o Saf uncertainty Introduction The concept of 'safe uncertainty' is widely used in systemic practice and is also considered to be useful for social work with children and their families. Both professors included the theory chapters of Risk, Uncertainty and Profit on their reading lists, but students were quick to spot where both departed from its theoretical contributions. University of Chicago Press, 23. Nevertheless, economic profit persists in the real world. Recent developments in computing technology has thrown open the possibility of mining useful information from the enormous and dynamic data. Motocu, M., 2009. This approach is based on the notion that individual attitudes towards risk vary. Conversely, uncertainty refers to a condition where you are not sure about the future outcomes. In, fers to situations or events about which there is, ents, or changes that may occur in a particular context are either, ertain. Training and assistance in the field managerial - entrepreneurship for small and future entrepreneurs, managers and employees of SMEs in the North-East, North-West, Central and South-Eastern Europe. The more undesired the, consequences , the more risky the decision taken, For each event there is a certain probability of, The key methods of risk measurement are those, using probability theory, in the opinion of. Risk, uncertainty and profit. Prioritizing these criteria based on relative importance helps project managers and decision makers identify elements that require additional attention, better allocate resources, as well as improve the selection process when evaluating different sustainable project alternatives. The author then takes up the question of how risk and uncertainty may upset the equilibrium. Published by Elsevier Ltd. (CAR), Elsevier Ltd. Iancu Silviu Costin, Mondoca Nicolae Razvan, 2006. Managementul riscului în economie. y these concepts affect economic decisions; From this perspective, risk can be defined as the. Register for free to receive relevant updates on courses and news from FutureLearn. illus., hardcover, ISBN: 0-632-02459-3, $94.00. Purpose Therefore, when the information needed to understand actions that may occur in a specific context is insufficient or unavailable, the situation is defined as uncertain and the probability of occurrence is the key element in distinguishing between risk and uncertainty. The ranking in qualitative evaluation was done based on the risk intensity and the cumulative risk index. Risk and uncertainty are disliked but inevitable. Uncertainty theory of profit This theory is propounded by Knight. Written by leading experts in the field, Social Theories of Risk and Uncertainty is an introduction to mainstream theorizing on risk and uncertainty in sociology. Thus, various scientif. Classical economic theory teaches that perfect competition ought to drive an economy into equilibrium and eliminate opportunities for economic profit. Procedia Economics and Finance 3 ( 2012 ) 975 – 980 2212-6716 2012 The Authors. The journal serves as an outlet for important, relevant research in decision analysis, economics, and psychology. risk and uncertainty hinges on the ability of 'experts' to agree on a set of probabilities (risk estimates) for the set of ... peoples' perceptions with regard to risk using preference theory, and finally, there is a field which concentrates on attempting to quantify, in monetary terms, the value of . The Theory. Risk, uncertainty and profit. The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, Vol. Scrisul Românesc, 349. Uncertainty Theory. Risk, Uncertainty and Profit. Build your knowledge with top universities and organisations. The key- element in making the distinction. To pursue this aim, a descriptive-survey method was used. © 2012 The Authors. Knight, Risk, uncertainty and profit, 1921. Examines the role played by true uncertainty, defined as the possibility of alternative outcomes whose probabilities are not capable of measurement, in an economic system, and distinguishes uncertainty from risk. possibility into possibility more or less likely. , On the other hand, Public Choice Theory argues that the government may fail for various reasons just like the market. Kendall's coefficient of agreement was used to validate the experts' opinions in the risk identification stage. Caracter 1990. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Publisher's Business Services, Brookline Village, MA, 582 pp. VII, Epistemics and Economics. If the risk can be associated with danger, uncertainty can be a negative, component or a positive component generated by unpr, negative component is associated with risk " Nistor, economic relations "Nistor, 2005. Thus, ing from imperfect information or resorting to sources, to minimize and bear them. The better performance was due to the reduction in mechanization costs for planting and a high capacity of animal support per hectare without directly using phosphate and nitrogen fertilizers. We believe learning should be an enjoyable, social experience, so our courses offer the opportunity to discuss what you're learning with others as you go, helping you make fresh discoveries and form new ideas. 3. To mitigate risk and maintain financial stability, the firms need to adapt. Selection and peer review under responsibility of Emerging Markets Queries in Finance and Business local organization. Risk is the possibility of alternative outcomes whose probabilities are capable of measurement; uncertainty is the possibility of alternative outcome whose probabilities are not capable of measurement. Thus it is clear then that though both 'risk and uncertainty' talk about future losses or hazards, while risk can be quantified and measured; there is no known way of ascertaining uncertainty. Risk … In terms of costs and risks borne by the community, it is, effective to do so. Weed Control Handbook: Principles – R. J. Hance and K. Holly (Editors). The research concludes with the view that relationship condition matters and has the effect of weakening customer loyalty relationships with service providers. The paper is basically dedicated to the problem of effort estimation for the Product Backlog items of IT projects led accordingly to the Scrum framework. As construction of commercial and recreational complex building projects (CRCBPs) is one of the most important issues in many developing countries and requires a very high cost of implementation, it is important to identify and prioritize the risks of such projects. Therefore, market failure and governmental failure have been debated for years. We offer a diverse selection of courses from leading universities and cultural institutions from around the world. The result reveals that SA mitigated strongly relational outcomes when compared to the rival model, which had stronger and positive customer loyalty intention. A handful of somewhat arbitrarily …, Weed Control Handbook: Principles – Hance R. J. and Holly K. (Editors). FutureLearn's purpose is to transformaccess to education. Isaic-Maniu, I., 2006. Risk, uncertainty and profit. 1990. Isaic-Maniu, I., 2006. Riscul în activitatea Uncertainty: uncertainty is defined in the literature as negative events in projects for which both the consequence and probability of occurrence are unknown [28][29], ... Risk refers to situations in which the probabilities of occurrence can be identified for possible outcomes and can be quantified, while uncertainty refers to situations or events for which there is insufficient information to identify objective probabilities (Alessandri et al., 2004). To better understand the concept of risk, it is nece, uncertainty. IMPACT OF SUPPLY CHAIN UNCERTAINTY AND RISK ON PERCEIVED ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE IN FAST FOOD INDUSTRY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ANURADHAPURA DISTRICT, Determining and assessing the risks of commercial and recreational complex building projects in developing countries: a survey of experts in Iran, The Application of Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process in Sustainable Project Selection, Exploring the Relationship between Sustainable Projects and Institutional Isomorphisms: A Project Typology, Multicriteria Decision-Making And Probabilistic Weighing Applied To Sustainable Assessment Of Beef Life Cycle, Application of Fuzzy Sets to the Expert Estimation of Scrum-Based Projects, The Role of Uncertainty Avoidance and Situational Abnormality in the Satisfaction-Trust-Loyalty Link. "Statistical characterization of risk", who says that "risk, probability and risk can be interpreted objectively and, een risk and uncertainty and the significance of that. The project selection process is a crucial step in sustainable development. The research study was done specifically to Anuradhapura district. 2212-6716 © 2012 The Authors. Remaining risk should be diversified, collecting more and better information and making it av, introducing ways to ensure that commitments to supply an, be a net gain to everyone because total uncertainty is, way to reduce the cost of uncertainty. Thus, this study aims to develop an approach using sustainable life cycle assessment integrated to multicriteria methods of decision-making and probabilistic weighting in order to evaluate the sustainability of four different alternatives of animal production in the southern region of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Uncertainty and risk have a relatively short history in the economic theory, al though the literature shows progressive concepts in appreciation of this concepts. Risks can be managed while uncertainty is uncontrollable. The statistical population of the study consists of 30 experienced experts (consultants, contractors and employers) of the "Hamedanian Memorial" project selected according to the Cochran formula and minimum population census. Quotation – Chaos theory is a branch of mathematics focused on the behavior of dynamic systems that are highly sensitive to inputs. Uncertainty as defined in this […] © 2008-2020 ResearchGate GmbH. Financial trends in the global economy II. The recompense for this talent is profit. It will appear that a, measurable uncertainty, or 'risk' proper, as we shall use the term, is so far different from an unmeasurable one, shared by Radu Florea arguing that although the terms. However, integrated assessments are lacking. Riscul în afacerile din România. 3. They felt a distinction should be made between risk and uncertainty. This rule excludes the possibility of conveying the message about the uncertainty or risk (we do not enter here into the complex discussion of their respective definitions, carried out in the literature, see e.g., Ultramodernity in Risk Theory. Uncertainty is handled by judgment, an unequally distributed ability. ** Hirshleifer and Riley, 1994, The Analytics of Uncertainty and Information, Cambridge UP 5. The world wide web and, within it, social media have had tremendous growth and wide coverage lately, making them determining forces in any economic activity. Uncertainty: Uncertainty is a situation regarding a variable in which neither its probability distribution nor its mode of occurrence is known. , * Kreps, 1988, Notes on the Theory of Choice. t and future and must be taken into account in any, nnot be eliminated completely, no matter how complete. Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Risk vs Uncertainty Without uncertainty there is no risk. Carry on browsing if you're happy with this, or read our cookies policy for more information. Risk is thus closer to probability where you know what the chances of an outcome are. doi: 10.1016/S2212-5671(12)00260-2 Emerging Markets Queries in Finance and Business Risk and Uncertainty Simona-Valeria Toma a , Mioara Chiti a arpe a a … * Mas-Colell et al., 1995, Microeconomic Theory, Oxford UP, Chapter 6 2. According to this theory, profit is reward for bearing uncertainty. Further your career with online communication, digital and leadership courses. That's way this paper provides a simple conceptual framework for discussing about risk and uncertainty. Social Media Analytics for Maintaining Financial Stability, Laboratory of numerical modeling in fluid mechanics. and vague, approaches to risk and uncertainty, as follows: Including risk and uncertainty in the economic theory raised at least two problems: occur and much less is he able to predict the likelihood of, their occurrence, having the mathematical meaning of, undesired changes to a desired outcome that is, A situation is uncertain when the decision should be taken, Combination of circumstances including losing, The mental state opposite to certainty is a simple reaction, to the lack of knowledge about the future, Creates uncertainty for some persons when risk, of lack of knowledge of what will happen or not in the, Whether risk is recognized or not, this does not, An action is uncertain when several results may be, achieved, without knowing the likelihood of occurrence of, Genuine risks and uncertainty characterize the past, presen, decisions that affect the organizations objectives. Keywords: Market, Government, Failure, Regulation, Public. Risoprint, 14. Content: Risk Vs Uncertainty Many different definitions have been proposed. Risk and uncertainty are two distinct economic categories; The risk does not exclude uncertainty and vice versa; Pragmatically the state of uncertainty is reduced in the en, d by assigning subjective probabilities to a state of, Dynamic view of risk and uncertainty always leads us, to observe the permanent interdependence that exists, y is considered uncertain, as a historical zone is. Even though the supply chain uncertainty and risk have an impact on the organizational performance, as people they perceive it differently according to their perception. means a set of conditions and factors, unidentified and unpredictable in terms of, en if they are identified and predicted th, ey are highly unstable, their probability, obability greater than 0 but less than 1, it may be determ. The results show that the risks are associated with exchange rate fluctuation, inflation fluctuation, access to skilled workers, contractors' claims and foreign threats from international relations. The model parameters which character the uncertainties are formulated through matrix analysis. The way people perceive risk and uncertainty is likely to play a crucial role in their travel decision-making. Risks can be measured and quantified while uncertainty cannot. Difference between Risk and Uncertainty. 3. Prunea, P., 2003. This reduces the uncertainty of evaluation and allows a risk analysis considering all possible weight combinations in an integrated and individual way per criterion. paraphrase the relevan t material in Stak-gold's presentation [7]. this is over a relatively short interval of time. Join ResearchGate to find the people and research you need to help your work. wards them can be further nuanced "Prunea, 2003. ness agents (producers and consumers) and th, onomic life and risk implies quantification for the, edictable favorable states. Character or feature of what is probable. Isaic-Maniu, I., 2006. That is to say that when outcomes are fully known in advance, decisions can be optimized to minimize losses. This is called Perceived Organizational Performance. nature. The typology explores the influence of the coercive, normative, and mimetic institutional isomorphisms on the expected level of change, level of uncertainty, project team skills and experience levels, and the level of technology information exchange in sustainable projects. Riscul în afacerile din România. The empirical data was collected from the fast food outlets' workers within the Anuradhapura District. We hope you're enjoying our article: Risk and uncertainty, This article is part of our course: Decision Making in a Complex and Uncertain World. FutureLearn offers courses in many different subjects such as, Decision Making in a Complex and Uncertain World, Complexity Economics: A Different Framework for Economic Thought, A Treatise on Probability, The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, Vol. Editorial remark: There are doubts about a proper peer-reviewing procedure of this journal. These results will help project managers and decision makers identify selection criteria with higher weights of importance. The. Eighth Edition. Washington D.C: Beard Books, 224-5. ... At the risk of b oring some readers, we. When considering about the relationship between uncertainty and risk, it appears as same as the opposite of these words which are certainty and risk. The results and findings of the present study can be of interest to the executives of large commercial, leisure, public and private projects in developing and developed countries; understanding risks can significantly improve the decision-making process of CRCBPs. Situations and interdependencies not i, uncertainty becomes a potential source of risk when aris. Explore tech trends, learn to code or develop your programming skills with our online IT courses from top universities. characterized by variability of probable results is, Objective probability is based on historical records of, Subjective risk is an assessment of the objective, Subjective probability and subjective assessment of the, risk bears the imprint of the personality of each, individual, reflecting attitudes, habits and the extent to, which they are based on intuition or, on the contrary, on, Frank Knight set out to parse the difference betw, Risk is defined according to classical theory as th, course of achieving a goal. Second Edition (Baoding Liu), Didier Dubois, 436 . Published by Elsevier Ltd. Investment banks that in recent years regarded their own apparently precise risk assessments as trustworthy may have thought they were operating in conditions of Knightian risk, where they could judge the odds of future outcomes. VIII. Preference or Utility Theory: This is another approach to decision-making under conditions of uncertainty. Riscul în afacerile din România Risk, uncertainty and profit. According to Prof. knight, it is uncertainty bearing rather than risk-taking which is the special function of the entrepreneur and leads to profit. We' have seen that there are certain risks which are foreseen and provided against. Knight's contribution, then, in separating risk from uncertainty, does not represent an overhaul of the theory of profit he initially confronted. A Critique of Economic Doctrines, How to learn a language – 8 top tips and advice. Risk, uncertainty and profit. Risk refers to situations in which probabilit, other words it can be quantified. Caracter ** Gollier, 2001, The Economics of Risk and Time, MIT Press 4. With the increase in awareness about the wide range of issues and adverse effects associated with the use of conventional energy sources came an increase in project management research related to sustainability and sustainable development. same thing, there is a clear difference between them Florea, 1999. The following are a few differences between risk and uncertainty: 1. So far we have assumed that the private costs and benefits of projects are known in advance. -Craiova: Ed. The finding suggests that SA led to a negative customer's loyalty disposition towards their insurance service provider in Turkey. Summary –This essay tells the story of chaos theory and its importance in finding order where there was only chaos before—and then applies chaos theory to the practice of risk management—thereby turning uncertainty into a harbinger of opportunity. Laboratory of numerical modeling in fluid mechanics - National Research, Development and Innovation - Research member, In the present economic and social context, the pecuniary liability of the employer is an issue of great actuality. the occurrnece and evolution of economic phenomena, The same opinion is shared by Irina Isaic Maniu the, is a feature of all probability distributions. This chapter discusses the distinction between risk and uncertainty, and outlines expected utility theory, as developed by Bernoulli, followed by a presentation of the treatment of risk and uncertainty by Frank Knight and by Keynes and, later, by Markowitz and Tobin. (2)Knight's explanation for the existence of firms does not reduce to a moral‐hazard theory, except perhaps in … You can unlock new opportunities with unlimited access to hundreds of online short courses for a year by subscribing to our Unlimited package. Vishnu Economics School 5,324 views. For instance, an oligopolist may be uncertain with respect to the marketing strategies of his competitors. policies under risk and uncertainty (medium confidence). Two case studies are presented to demonstrate the use of the typology to classify sustainable projects based on the external institutional influences. The main focus in here is to identify the impact that each source of supply chain uncertainty and risk have on the Perceived Organizational Performance. An event has greater impact when it turns impossibility into possibility more or less likely. Iancu Silviu Costin, Mondoca Nicolae Razvan, 2006. (C) 2012 Published by, The key argument made by Inna Sokolova in her commentary on our article is that "The peer‐review system plays a key role in ensuring quality control of the published works and lending credibility to the published research." With regards to the analysis of risk and uncertainty, we've learned in the last couple of LPs what the main difference is between both situations, how to analyse each of them, using alternative approaches. By presenting the integrated evaluation in a single score, the system with crop-livestock rotation (CLR) obtained a better performance. Jel Codes: B13, G28, P43. The aim of this research is to use the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) methodology in which fuzzy numbers are utilized to realistically represent human judgment to rank the different project criteria based on relative importance and impact on sustainable projects. The relation between uncertainty and risk, just like the, unquestionable theoretical importance, but also a very, relevant in making decisions, because the processes, or a business context may be in different circumstances of uncertainty or risk, which differently affects the, outcome of the system operation. The editor-in-chief has retired, but, according to a statement of the publisher, articles accepted under his guidance are published without additional control. Iancu Silviu Costin, Mondoca Nicolae Razvan, 2006. 4. Learn more about how FutureLearn is transforming access to education, Learn new skills with a flexible online course, Earn professional or academic accreditation, Study flexibly online as you build to a degree. Create an account to receive our newsletter, course recommendations and promotions.
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risk and uncertainty theory 2020


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[Pediatric radiology on the ECR]
KIS Éva1
Semmelweis Egyetem, I. Sz. Gyermekklinika, Budapest
[A small piece of renaissance]
[Radiological diagnostics of the pancreas neoplasms - Onco Update 2005]
FORRAI Gábor, BODOKY György
[Authors reviewed the recent results of pancreas tumour radiological diagnostics and the place of the imaging and interventional methods. Systematical review of the most recent articles were summarized (July 2003-December 2004) in the following subjects: the etiology and clinico-pathology, general diagnostic and therapeutical questions of early pancreatic neoplasms, abdominal ultrasound, computed tomography, multidetector computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, MR-cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic ultrasound, intraductal ultrasound, endoscopic ultrasound-guided cytology, percutaneous biopsy, positron emission tomography, positron emission tomography - computed tomography, special pancreatic tumours. Experiences about the pancreas diagnostic methods are accumulating year-to-year rapidly. Therefore the current examination algorithm is changing continuously. New diagnostic and therapeutic modalities are entering in the daily practice. These are the reasons why the up-to-date knowledge of the literature is mandatory.]
[Radiologic diagnosis of the diseases of the pediatric gynecology]
LÓRÁND Ágnes, HARKÁNYI Zoltán, LOVAS Györgyi, HÉJJ Ildikó
[The basic examination of the pediatric pelvic organs is the transabdominal ultrasound which provides useful information about the anatomy and the pathological changes and in the vast majority of cases it is sufficient for treatment planning and to establish the diagnosis. Additional examinations are needed in case of complex developmental anomalies, in suspition of tumor, in staging and follow up examinations of tumors. Among the modern imaging methods the use of CT and MRI can be considered. The authors described the most frequent diseases in their practice and gave a brief overview on anatomical and physiological basics which is necessary for the exact interpretation of the examinations.]
[Early detection of adult femoral head necrosis]
GION Katalin, PALKÓ András
[Adult avascular femoral head necrosis is common in young adulthood, and in 80% of cases affects male patients. The disease is bilateral in 40-80 %, and it may take several years to develop on the contralateral side. Late diagnosis and lack of early therapy can cause progressive disease and finally movement restraint. The diagnosis in early stage is crucial for choosing the most effective strategy in therapy. It is important to be aware of pathogenesis, clinical course and the differential diagnostic options of the disease, and these should be associated to the diagnostic findings at different imaging modalities. Based on this concept, we conclude that MR examinaton is the method of choice for the early (reversible) stage assessment. MRI of the hip is also able to evaluate and follow up the healthy contralateral side without further strain.]
[Dudoenum obstruction caused by duodenal diaphragm]
RUDAS Gábor, SEKYRA Pavel, PUMBERGER Wolfgang, POVYSIL Brigitta
[INTRODUCTION - Duodenum obstruction is a rare gastrointestinal developmental anomaly. It may be complete or incomplete. The incomplete or intrinsic form is often caused by an intraluminal membrane or web duodenal stenosis. The passage is existed with the help of a small perforated lake. Clinically the leading sign is the vomiting. CASE REPORT - A three days old baby admitted because of vomiting. Abdominal X-Ray and US could not found any reason of vomiting but the gastrointestinal contrast series had diagnostic value. Surgery proved the radiological diagnosis. CONCLUSION - For the diagnosis the conventional XRay and ultrasound is not sufficient in every case, the gold standard is the gastrointestinal contrast examination.]
[Effective therapy in highly active pediatric multiple sclerosis ]
MERÔ Gabriella, MÓSER Judit, LIPTAI Zoltán, DIÓSZEGHY Péter, BESSENYEI Mónika, CSÉPÁNY Tünde
[Multiple sclerosis (MS) is typically a disease of young adults. Childhood MS can be defined in patients under 18 years of age, although some authors set the limit under the age of 16 formerly known as "early-onset multiple sclerosis" or "juvenile multiple sclerosis", seen in 3-5% of all MS patients. Nowadays, owing to ever-evolving, better diagnostic tools and well-traced, strictly defined diagnostic criteria, childhood MS is showing an increasing incidence worldwide (0.05-2.85/100 000). MS is characterized by recurrent episodes of the central nervous system with demyelination separated in space and time. In childhood almost exclusively the relapsing-remitting (RR) type of MS occurs. Based on experience in adults, the goal in the pediatric population is also the early diagnosis, to initiate adequate DMT as soon as possible and to achieve symptom relief and good quality of life. Based on efficacy and safety studies in the adult population, interferon β-1a and glatiramer acetate were first approved by the FDA and EMA for the treatment of childhood MS also. The increased relapse rate and rapid progression of childhood MS and unfavorable therapeutic response to nearly 45% of the first DMT necessitated the testing of more effective and second-line drugs in the population under 18 years of age (PARADIGMS, CONNECT). Although natalizumab was reported to be effective and well-tolerated in highly active RRMS in childhood, evidence based studies were not yet available when our patients' treatment started. In this article, we report on the successful treatment of three active RRMS patients with individually authorized off-label use of natalizumab.]
[MR imaging of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis in children. A review (in English language)]
PATAY Zoltán
[Inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) are relatively rare in children, but their relevance to public health is considerable due to frequent and significant long term morbidity and even mortality. As in adults, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and multiple sclerosis (MS) and their variants are the most common entities in this group of pathologies in the pediatric patient population. Recent efforts have focused on establishing standardized diagnostic criteria schemes to facilitate the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of these diseases, however especially with multiple sclerosis those have not been fully validated yet for disease occurring in children. In recent decades the role of MRI has been constantly increasing in the diagnostic work-up of suspected inflammatory diseases of the CNS as well as in the follow-up of patients with confirmed disease. Currently, MRI is the first-line diagnostic imaging modality in ADEM and MS and is fully integrated in the most widely used diagnostic criteria schemes, but it has a key role in clinical therapeutic research trials as well. This paper provides an update on the current concepts and strategies of MRI in inflammatory diseases of the CNS, as well as a review of the imaging semiology of the various disease entities and variants with emphasis on clinical and imaging particularities relevant to the pediatric patient population.]
[Board Meeting of the Hungarian College of Radiology]
PALKÓ András, FORRAI Gábor
[Magda Neuwirth MD the top personality of Hungarian pediatric epileptology is departed on Mother's Day of 2014]
SZERETŐ tanítványai
The role of zonisamide in the management of pediatric partial epilepsy


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Letter -- How wise are the projects the city is proposing for using revised sale tax?
To the editor: In a recent issue of the Press, Destiny Dickinson's Rhonda Dukart said we should vote yes on the half-percent sales tax ordinance because we can trust our city government to spend our money wisely. Really? They want to spend $5 mil...
By Dickinson Press Staff
In a recent issue of the Press, Destiny Dickinson's Rhonda Dukart said we should vote yes on the half-percent sales tax ordinance because we can trust our city government to spend our money wisely. Really?
They want to spend $5 million to $6 million to help build the college's football field when the state won't because they consider it a nonpriority. How wise is that?
They want to spend $7 million dollars to build an outdoor water park in an area with a short summer! How wise is that? If there is a water park in southwestern North Dakota, it should be in Medora.
They want to spend millions on the building of a new county fairground. That way Dickinson residents can get double taxed in a roundabout way. They get to not only pay for the fairgrounds through county taxes, but through city sales taxes too. How wise is that?
I urge Dickinson residents to vote no on June 10 if they want to keep their voice in city government. Give up your voice now and you've given up your rights for a long time, if not forever.
Then there's the matter of funding the hospital. Hospital administrators made it clear in last Friday's newspaper they are not closing St. Joseph's but are working on a new operating plan. They are the experts.
Let them work things out fiscally. If they need city support, let them ask and chances are good we could raise money for our hospital quicker than we could for a football field or a water park!
Isn't it odd the city has put those causes first on the agenda. How wise it that?
I'm among those who live outside Dickinson's city limits who, nonetheless, feel the crunch out here. We have to shop Dickinson, yet have nothing to say about city sales taxes. Just vote no.
LaVonne Goetsch