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text:
El rinoceront blanc del nord (Ceratotherium simum cottoni), és una de les dues subespècies de rinoceront blanc. Es tracta d'un herbívor al que li agraden les pastures i els boscos de sabana. Anteriorment s'estenia per diversos països de l'Àfrica oriental i central al sud del Sàhara. Ha estat catalogat com en perill crític, situació agreujada amb la mort de l'últim mascle el 19 de març del 2018. Amb una població de més de 2.000 individus el 1960, la xifra va quedar reduïda a tan sols 15 el 1984.

Seguint el concepte d'espècie filogenètica, investigacions recents han suggerit que el rinoceront blanc del nord podria ser una espècie totalment diferent, en lloc d'una subespècie del rinoceront blanc. En aquest cas, el nom científic correcte per al primer seria Ceratotherium cottoni. Diferències morfològiques i genètiques suggeririen que les dues espècies propostes s'han separat durant almenys un milió d'anys. No obstant això, els resultats de la investigació no van ser universalment acceptats per altres científics.

Població salvatge
El rinoceront blanc del nord abans s'estenia a parts del nord-oest d'Uganda, al sud del Sudan del Sud, la part oriental de la República Centreafricana, i al nord-est de la República Democràtica del Congo.S'estenia possiblement cap a l'oest fins al llac Txad, al Txad i Camerun.

Els caçadors furtius van reduir la població de 500 a 15 en els anys 1970 i 1980. Des de principis de 1990 fins a mitjans de 2003, la població es va recuperar a més de 32 animals. Els recomptes realitzats el 2000 van indicar que la població havia començat a recuperar-se, amb 30 animals confirmats el 2000, i possiblement altres sis. Des de mitjans de 2003, la caça furtiva s'havia intensificat i la reducció de la població silvestre de 5 a 10 animals que vivien al Parc Nacional del Garamba.

El 2006, quatre rinoceronts vivien al Parc Nacional del Garamba que varen ser els últims rinoceronts blancs del nord silvestres coneguts, segons el Fons Mundial per la Natura. No obstant això, al juny de 2008 es va informar que la subespècie podia ser extingida en la natura, ja que no hi ha hagut cap albirament d'aquests quatre individus restants coneguts des del 2006 ni dels seus signes des de 2007, malgrat una recerca per terra sistemàtica intensiva i recerques aèries el 2008. Unes restes varen ser trobades. Des del 2011, aquesta població és considerada com probablement extinta. Si es confirma, això faria que el rinoceront blanc del nord estigués extingida a la naturalesa, a part dels esforços d'última oportunitat per l'Ol Pejeta Conservancy per reintroduir-la en estat salvatge.

El 28 de novembre de 2009, dos pilots d'helicòpters russos van dir haver vist rinoceronts blancs del nord al sud del Sudan. Es creu que els tres rinoceronts que van ser albirats pertanyien a aquesta subespècie, ja que altres rinoceronts no han estat vivint a la zona durant molt de temps. No obstant això, a partir d'agost de 2011, no s'han reportat altres albiraments.

Declivi final de l'espècie
A finals del 2009 tan sols en quedaven vuit exemplars vius identificats, tots ells en captivitat. Dos eren al Parc Zoològic de San Diego (Califòrnia) i altres sis al zoològic de Dvůr Králové, a la República Txeca. D'aquests últims, quatre –dos mascles i dues femelles– van ser traslladats, el 20 de desembre del 2009, a l'Ol Pejeta Conservancy a Kenya –una reserva de fauna amb orígens en la dècada del 1940– en un projecte per procurar-ne la reproducció en un entorn especialment protegit, dins del seu territori natural, i així salvar la subespècie.

El 26 de maig del 2011 es va produir la mort de Nesari, una de les dues femelles que havien quedat a Dvůr Králové, i la segona, Nabire, va morir el 27 de juliol del 2015.

Dels dos rinoceronts blancs del nord que vivien en el parc de San Diego, Angalifu, un mascle, va morir al desembre de 2014, i Nola, una femella, va morir el 22 de novembre de 2015.

Un dels quatre individus traslladats a Kenya, el mascle Suni, va morir a l'octubre de 2014. El 20 de març de 2018 es va fer públic que el dia abans s'havia hagut de sacrificar a Kenya el darrer exemplar mascle viu, Sudan, de 45 anys, per culpa del seu mal estat de salut. Amb la seva mort sols queden dues femelles vives d'aquesta subespècie. Es tracta de Najin, filla de Sudan, i de la de filla d'aquesta, Fatu.

Referències

Enllaços externs

 Ol Pejeta Conservancy
 An older list of northern white rhinos in captivity (In Czech)

Rinoceronts

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Certain members of modern British society are inescapably apologetic. None more so, I've recently discovered, than parents of babies. I say parents, because the babies themselves are, of course, gloriously unapologetic. I say babies, because it seems to be that once parents have graduated to 'of toddlers/small children' status, they gain a cool, embattled toughness of a sort of Beyonce-esque 'ain't-apologisin-to-no-one' ilk. It's a survivors' camp of careworn soldiers which I aspire to join one day. For now, however, I'm firmly in the apologetic mill (we're not organised enough yet to be called a camp) of small-eyed new parents, still wet behind the ears (that'll be pureed carrot). Apologies spill from our lips like rain from British clouds as we desperately jiggle our enraged offspring, replete with pain-pinkened cheeks as sharp bones struggle to break through sensitive little gums, while everyone else in the public space/ supermarket/ queue of any description watches po-faced. Why? Are our children somehow lesser members of society who warrant apologies on their behalf because they have had the gall to protest when feeling pain or hunger? After all, it's not like they have a whole lot of choice when it comes to communication methods.
Over the past couple of weeks I've come across an alarming amount of these unnecessary apologies/ apologetic urges. There was the mum in swimming class apologising for her baby's unbridled curiosity as I got Lara undressed. A friend apologised when her little boy reached out to grab Lara's head, and I found myself apologising in reply as Lara retaliated by snatching his teether out of his mouth and stuffing it in her own. I recently took Lara on her first international flight, and felt full to burst with apologies as I took my seat, vividly awake baby on my hip. Why, I wondered on the flight to Italy, as Lara played, babbled, fed and slept like an angel while the tweeny monster sitting behind me resolutely let her tray table fall open and slammed it shut every three seconds for the next two and a half hours. Why, I wondered, as Lara returned the horrified stare of the 20-something lad sitting beside us on the flight home before settling down to sleep without a peep for the entire journey.


It been a while now since Glo decided to Change their Bis Plan to N1,400 for 3Gb , which have Taken our some of their Users, since They have been of help to both Blackbery and Android users with their Cheap Bis Data Plan.
system since they found how modest their data plans is and that it also works on Android. Now, what has happened has happened and Glo need to get back their users by introducing another cheap Bis Data Plan.
I know some of you will stick to this Plan, but come to think of it, what will it cost you to add #400 and get 3Gb rather than to Get just 2Gb with N1,000 #lol..
So what do you think about this Improvement? Or should i call it Backsliding, let hear your say Via the comment box.


Event display of a simulated H->YY decay with the Higgs boson produced in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The red lines correspond to the muons of the two Y->μ+μ- decays, while the green lines show other charged particles reconstructed with the inner trackers of CMS.
The Standard Model of particle physics asserts that the Higgs boson generates the mass of all fundamental particles. In 2012 a new particle was discovered at the CERN LHC that behaves closely like the Higgs particle predicted by the Standard Model. Since then, the CMS and ATLAS experiments have tested the behaviour of the Higgs particle when interacting with several Standard Model particles, including into bottom and top quarks. So far all measurements are consistent with the predictions within the experimental uncertainties. The agreement of the measurements of the Higgs boson discovered in 2012 is an educative demonstration on how closely quantities predicted by the Standard Model over the past five decades agree with measurements. Nevertheless, it is widely acknowledged that the Standard Model is an incomplete theory that will not work at all energies.
To begin, the Standard Model only describes visible matter, providing no explanation for the dark matter that is substantially more abundant in the universe. Furthermore, the Standard Model does not address the vast difference between the masses of particles, essentially rephrasing that question to why particles interact differently with the Higgs boson. And the mass of the Higgs boson itself is expected to receive large corrections, resulting in the need for "unnatural" cancellations between large numbers to achieve the measured value. These shortcomings are just some of the indications that extra particles with new forces between them might exist.
One of the ways to test for solutions to these shortcomings is to search for deviations in the behaviour of the Higgs boson with respect to the predictions by the Standard Model. If new particles exist, they can change the possible ways the Higgs boson can decay. Even if the new particles have substantially higher masses than the Higgs boson, at which point a direct decay would be impossible, they can contribute indirectly, or virtually, to a particular decay, possibly increasing its frequency. By comparing the different decay modes to Standard Model predictions, a pattern might emerge that could be the first step to develop new theories beyond the Standard Model.
Several years before the Higgs boson was discovered it was pointed out that its decays into pairs of J/ψ (pronounced Jay-Psi) and Upsilon particles, commonly called quarkonium pairs, can be substantially enhanced in many scenarios that predict physics beyond the Standard Model. The J/ψ and Y are bound states of a charm quark and antiquark, or a bottom quark and antiquark, respectively, and the Standard Model makes accurate predictions how often this should be happening. To observe such decays according to the theoretical predictions in the Standard Model would require the collection of at least 100 times more proton-proton collisions with the LHC than available today. However, there are also several ways new particles and forces can substantially increase those decay rates, and any observation of such decay would indicate that the Standard Model is wrong.
Each J/ψ or Y has a chance to decay into pairs of oppositely charged muons, which makes them ideal candidates for the search with the CMS detector. The 3D event display shows a simulated H->YY event, where each of the Y-particles decays into a pair of muons. The four muons are shown as red lines and the muon detectors that detected the muons are shown as red rectangles. In the inner cylinder of the CMS detector, charged particle tracks from the rest of the event are shown as green lines. The requirement that all four muons traverse the detector, are reconstructed and identified is a stringent condition. Thanks to the large acceptance and high efficiency of the CMS detector, the data analysis finds about every fourth such event produced in proton-proton collisions.
CMS collaborators used samples with only one J/ψ particle to study possible differences in the selection efficiency between data and simulation. They were found to be at the percent level, and corrections were applied to the simulated samples used in the analysis. The final state is extremely clean and events with two such J/ψ or Y particles are rare, as shown in the left part of the figure where the recorded data (black dots) agree with the background prediction (blue). One can conclude that already a single event that shows up at high masses could present a crack in the Standard Model – an exciting aspect.
Figure: Four-muon invariant mass for events with Y pairs. The data distribution (points) decreases exponentially (blue line). The red dashed lines correspond to the assumed signal distributions for the Z-boson (at 91 GeV) and Higgs boson (125 GeV). There is no event observed in the vicinity of these masses.
The red dashed lines correspond to what data would look like if such pairs were originating either from the decay of a Z or a Higgs bosons. These signal regions were only investigated once the reconstruction and selection procedure, including the determination of systematic uncertainties, was completely established. After "unblinding", no candidate event was observed at high masses, and stringent upper limits for the Higgs and Z boson decays to pairs J/ψ and Y were obtained. The limits are the first results on these rare decays and have been presented at the Moriond conference in March 2019.
This analysis sets the starting point to push the limits lower over the next years with LHC and eventually with the high-luminosity LHC that starts in 2026, and it will be a very long time before enough data is available to reach the Standard Model prediction. In the coming years, even a single data event found consistent with the Higgs signature is bound to cause a lot of excitement.


To ensure core standards are met, the GDC will take action against those who do not meet their Standards (Fitness to Practise) or who break the law by working without being registered (Criminal Proceedings). It is therefore vital that as soon as a Dental Professional becomes aware that they are under investigation that they seek expert advice immediately.
Interim Orders Committee (IOC) – as the title suggests this is an interim hearing in which it is determined whether a Dental Professional's practise should be restricted until the conclusion of a final hearing at one of the Committees detailed below. Restrictions can include Conditions or Suspension.
Professional Conduct Committee (PCC) – determines whether a Dental Professional's practise is impaired because of "conduct". Thiscan be "conduct" both within and outside actual practise, in which it is determined that the reputation of the profession is brought into disrepute. This can include Criminal Cautions and Convictions. Sanctions can range from a Reprimand through to Erasure (removed from the Register).
Registration Appeal Committee (RAC). This Committee determines whether to allow or dismiss the appeal in relation to registration. There is no fee for lodging an appeal. Determination can be either in the applicant's absence on documents or at a formal hearing. To ensure the best outcome, we would always recommend that a formal hearing is requested and that the applicant is represented. It is possible to appeal any decision of the Registration Appeal Committee.
The GDC is tasked with protecting the public from those purporting to be Dental Professionals when they are not registered. They will prosecute any individuals who have either been suspended or removed from the Register and continue to practise or those who have never been registered in the first place. Recently this has extended to Tooth Whitening procedures and there have been a series of prosecutions for Unlawfully Practising Dentistry contrary to Section 38(1) & (2) of the Dentists Act 1984 which states: (1) "A person who is not a registered dentist entered in the list of such practitioners or a registered medical practitioner shall not practise or hold himself out, whether directly or by implication, as practising or as being prepared to practise dentistry. (2) Any person who acts in contravention of subsection (1) above shall be liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding the fifth level on the standard scale". At Bankside Law we have successfully advised and represented a number of individuals who have been investigated and prosecuted for illegal practise, combining our wealth of experience within the Criminal Justice System gained over many, many years. This extends to all Criminal Offences with particular knowledge of NHS Fraud investigations involving complex interpretation of contract claims.


Happy new year, and thank you for being so loyal.
I wanted to share a new peer reviewed publication, titled 'The Africanization of democracy – Elections and conflict prevention in Sub-Saharan Africa'. It is co-authored with Ratha Khuon, M.Ed. from Teachers College, and published in Sociology and Anthropology, 6(1), pp. 152 – 175. doi: 10.13189/sa.2018.060114.
This paper explores the lessons learned from the nexus between elections and conflict prevention. It underscores that electoral processes are linked to democratic control by the citizens and, thus, paramount to good governance and accountability of political actors. These factors contribute legitimacy to the governments and, ultimately, promote conflict prevention, conflict transformation, and peace infrastructures. Drawing on the cases of Benin and Uganda, this study will examine the conditions and variables of the contexts that either support or hinder leaders to relinquish power according to constitutional term limits, explore the role of political parties and non-governmental organizations as intermediaries of civic dialogue between the governments and their citizens, and elaborate on the prospects of project democracy and its linkages to peace infrastructures and conflict prevention.


Waking up earlier is a challenge. On the other hand, it helps us to be productive and happy. Everyone wants to be happy, so it's no surprise many people are still trying to adjust their sleep patterns to create a healthier routine.
No one's happy getting up 15 minutes earlier though.
We at WHY NOTS are no different and need to go to the office every morning. That's why we tried out quite a few waking-up hacks. Several missed morning meetings later we arrived at the list.
Going to bed earlier helps, you already know that. The difficult thing is keeping to your schedule. Here's a tip: set a reminder to go off an hour before the time you want to actually go to sleep. It'll give you enough time to finish your urgent business and get ready for bed.
A flight to take you to your dream vacation, for one thing. If that's not an option, go for smaller things: a coffee at your favorite place or a chapter of a book you've long been putting off.
And don't do it unless you get up at the set time. It's called a reward.
Nothing will get you off your bed faster than a cat screeching your 1000-dollar sofa. That being said, if you have to walk a dog every morning, you'll have no choice but to wake up at least half an hour earlier.
The problem with that is, you'll have less time for yourself. See tip #1.
Take the responsibility off your shoulders. If you have an early riser in your family, let them help you get used to the routine. With luck, in a few weeks you'll be able to do it yourself.
They say it's pleasant to wake up to a gentle vibration on your wrist. That's not why it's on the list, though.
This new toy will tell you that you don't sleep well (at least mine does). Being told off by a piece of electronics – that's something that adds to the motivation.
Whenever you have to get up, you'll probably want to sleep a bit more. Don't give in. If you wake up in two hours you'll feel the same. Remember, you have things to do (see #2).


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Cosmic Spider-Man: Origin, Powers, and Abilities Explained
November 25, 2021 March 22, 2020 by Akhil Chauhan
So this article is for all the Spider-Man fans out there. If you ever wondered that your friendly neighborhood Spider-Man couldn't be any cooler. Then Just wait until you read this article about Cosmic Spider-Man.
Cosmic Spider-Man is the most powerful version of Spider-Man in the whole Marvel Universe. When he went cosmic he was as Powerful as Superman, Shazam, and Sentry. He could even beat the Mighty Rune King Thor.
So let's start with a brief and precise summary of How Spider-Man became cosmic and gained the Powers of Captain Universe:
Once Spider-Man was helping Max Lubisch, a professor at Empire University, where one of the machines in his lab overloaded and unleashed Enigma Force, which then flowed through Peter's body, giving him the cosmic powers of Captain Universe and He emerges as Cosmic Spider-Man.
So this was his origin in short and I'll discuss him in a little more detail in the forthcoming sections. But before we get into his story, here are some things/terms you should be familiar with:
Captain Universe: He is the guardian and protector of Eternity. But wait, he's not actually a person with a single identity. In fact, he's not even a person at all. It is the Uni-Power.
Uni-Power: It's a sentient energy field, a manifestation of the Universe itself. It seeks out people in great danger and combines with them. So when Uni-Power chooses a host, that person gets cosmic powers and Hence becomes Captain Universe.
Enigma Force: As the name suggests, it's mysterious and puzzling and no one really knows about how this works. But in layman terms, it is a mystical energy field that fills the Microverse, a subatomic universe. Uni-Power is also linked to Enigma Force but they're not the same. It's Like Uni-Power is just a facet of Enigma Force.
So, from these points, it must be clear that somehow Uni-Power chose Spider-Man. And Hence he went Cosmic and got those Legendary Powers to protect the Balance of the Universe.
But we'll discuss that whole event and the power and Abilities, along with some top feats of this version of Spiderman.
Checkout: The story of World Breaker Hulk
Origin of Cosmic Spider-Man
This all happened in the Acts of Vengeance storyline. In this series, a Ton of Marvel Villains came together to fight with the heroes and take over the World.
We'll discuss just a short version of this story, As to what leads him to obtain cosmic power. So here's how it goes:
In The Spectacular Spider-Man (1976) #158, Loki decides to make a Team of Villains. He was somehow successful and manipulated Magneto, Red Skull, Doctor Doom, the Kingpin, Wizard, and the Mandarin to join his forces.
His main principle behind this idea was that the heroes have become too familiar with their regular enemies. So they needed to come together and beat their foes one by one.
While this idea sounds good, However, it wasn't as effective against Spidey as Loki thought. And No matter how they planned to beat him out. Spidey always comes on top.
So to tackle Spider-Man Loki created Tri-Sentinel with his magic. If you're wondering what a Tri-Sentinel is? Just remember these bad boys from the X-men: Apocalypse:
Sentinel from X-men: Apocalypse
And now just imagine 3 sentinels combined into one, hence Tri-sentinel. Therefore no doubt spidey would face a tough competition or even couldn't defeat him.
But one incident happened before spidey could meet Tri-Sentinal. Here is how it goes:
Spider-Man was helping out Maxwell Lubisch, who is a professor at Empire University. They were trying to tap into the extradimensional power source, but one of the machines in his lab overloaded and unleashed Enigma Force. This Enigma Force then flowed through Peter's body, giving him the cosmic powers of Captain Universe.
It's been said that Uni-Power chose Peter because Enigma-Force foresaw the threat of the Tri-Sentinel.
Related: Strongest Version of Thor: He is way too powerful to be in the MCU movies.
Cosmic Spider-Man: Powers and Abilities
Here we'll discuss some of the Major Powers and Abilities of this version of Spider-man.
1. Limitless Invulnerability
After getting Uni-Power, Peter's skin became virtually indestructible. His skin could withstand the difficulties of deep-space travel.
He became highly resistant to almost any kind of physical injury. Cosmic Spidey could withstand the crushing pressures of a black hole or even supernovas.
Checkout: Strongest Metal: Adamantium or Vibranium?
2. Matter Manipulation
There are four fundamentals of forces in Nature namely gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear forces. And Cosmic Spider-Man has complete control over all of them.
Hence he can rearrange matter and can even change the form of the elements. He can even channel beams of energy through his bare hands that are powerful enough to destroy planets.
Just see this:
Spider-Man was able to turn his webbing into Adamantium. A virtually indestructible perhaps strongest metal in the Marvel universe.
Here are some more abilities he gets due to the power of Matter Manipulation:
Erecting force fields.
Phasing through solid matter.
Accelerating the evolution of lifeforms on a planet-wide scale seeing the past by peeling back the layers of time, and hence can Time Travel.
Cast illusions, trans-dimensional travel, manipulation and discharging of any form of energy or radiation.
Offering limited cosmic powers to others, reading minds and influencing human emotion and sensation.
Suppress the abilities/powers of other mutants.
Heal living beings even if they are nearly dead. However, he can't raise the dead.
3. Cosmic Self-Sustenance
Because of the cosmic powers, Spidey doesn't even need to eat or breathe. As he can absorb life-maintaining cosmic energy directly via his skin.
4. Hyperspace Travel
Cosmic Spidey can attain 99% of the speed of light that is 186,000 miles per second (299,792 kilometers per second). And hence he can displace himself in Hyperspace, a dimension where velocity is not limited by the Time speed.
5. Cosmic Senses
We already know that Peter has Spider-senses but with cosmic energy, even his senses get enhanced and it goes to a whole new level.
He has cosmic-level perceptions that make him aware of even little changes in the patterns of energy anywhere in the world.
This energy grants him a far-ranging vision (Uni-Vision), he can see people clearly over a light-year away. He can also see sub-atomic particles, has superhuman hearing, can detect fields, traces, and concentrations of pure forms of energy, and discern their natures.
Take this incident for an example, In a fight between Pete and Magneto, Magneto throws a car at him but Spidey doges it.
But his Telescopic Vision (Uni-Vision) kicks in and he sees that the car actually crashes with a Cruise Ship.
But here's a more interesting part. As cruise was soo far and he couldn't swing with his webs.
So he just says "Fly?" and cosmic powers were like Boom, you looking for this.
6. God-Level Stamina
This version of Spidey never exhausts. Because of his enhanced musculature, his body generates close to zero fatigue toxins. He never even sweats doesn't have any Body stress.
These enhancements grant him inexhaustible physical stamina. Hence he could fight his enemies for a longer period without getting tired.
Check Out: Best quotes from your friendly neighborhood spider-man
7. God-like Strength
Cosmic Spidey has infinite superhuman strength. Hence the exact magnitude remains uncertain. As discussed above, in the incidence of a sinking cruise ship, he actually lifts it and carries it to the shore.
He can lift far more than 100 tons like it's nothing. In fact, Uni-Power can increase his strength to endless levels.
Must Read: The story of Old King Thor
Some Feats of Cosmic Spider-Man
Here are some of the top achievements of Spider-man when he became cosmic. Also, note that anyone who becomes captain Universe may or may not be able to do these things and have all the powers listed above.
So we can't exclusively say that these things stated below can be only done by Cosmic Spidey. Maybe anyone who gets Uni-Power might be able to achieve these feats. So here we go:
1. Punches Grey Hulk into orbit
Here's an incident where Cosmic-Spidey Punches Grey hulk into orbit.
Hence Hulk was just floating around the earth lost in space. So spidey had to fly into space and bring him back.
After that Hulk says to him "if you're looking for thanks forget it, I would have saved myself somehow. Still, it was a nice gesture, so I'm going to return the favor. I won't kill you this time."
Spider-Man then replies to him and said "kill me? After doing what I just did I'm not sure I could even die."
2. Punches Thor into orbit
A similar incident happened with Thor Odinson as Cosmic Spidey punched him into orbit just like Hulk. But Thor can return back on his own.
So, these were just 2 of the many achievements of Cosmic Spider-Man. Only 2 are listed because if I decided to write all of them, this article won't probably end.
After all this info about the Cosmic version of SpiderMan, I'm even willing to accept that he might be the strongest being in the Marvel Universe.
But the problem is anybody who Uni-Power chooses may or may not have all the abilities of Captain universe. So we can't truly say anything about it. But one thing for sure is Captain Universe is just way too OP.
Imagine seeing him in live-action MCU. However, as of now, it seems that he is just way too powerful for the MCU. But we'll see how it goes in the future.
Anyways let me know what do you think about the Cosmic version of Spider-Man and his powers in the comment section below.
Categories Marvel Comics Tags Spider-Man Post navigation
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Top 10 Hilariously Funny Captain America Language Memes

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Boston is a settlement in Kampong Baroe in the Saramacca District of Suriname, near the resort capital of Kampong Baroe. Boston was founded as a wood plantation in 1819, and abandoned in 1828. In 1840, it was listed as inhabited, and used for crop cultivation.

References

Populated places in Saramacca District


text:
For Strength and Establishing
Hey friends — sorry I haven't announced the giveaway winner yet! I got a little swamped with some exciting work I'll be telling you about soon — but I'll be back to announce the winner — and another giveaway…hopefully tomorrow! xoxo
We are trusting God for a lot of reasons right now. We're starting a new business and praying it gets off the ground and provides us with the income we need. A third child will be joining our family in November, and we are trusting we will have what we need to welcome her — both in the physical sense, and in the sense of needing the expanded capacity to parent and love and teach and train three children. We'll need a bigger car, too.
I've been reading the description of how the Temple was built by Solomon, as the Bible tells the story of his beginnings as the king of Israel in 2 Chronicles. I've been reading the New Living Translation this time 'round, and it has brought fresh life to the words and helped me better picture things in my mind — the wings of the cherubim in the Most Holy Place that were each 7 1/2 feet wide stood out to me this time. I could somehow visualize with new clarity these other-worldly and remarkable figures presiding over the Ark of the Covenant, each with a wingspan of 15 feet — touching at the center, stretching toward the walls of this sacred room, and with a combined wingspan of 30 feet, they must've brought such a glorious weight to the space, as they touched the Temple walls on either side.
That's some serious interior design.
At the end of 2 Chronicles 3, there's also this brief mention of two pillars at the Temple entrance:
Then he [Solomon] set up the two pillars at the entrance of the Temple, one to the south of the entrance and the other to the north. He named the one on the south Jakin, and the one on the north Boaz. {2 Chron. 3:17}
Taking a moment to find out what these names mean and why Solomon — who had already asked for and received wisdom from God — had chosen them, I discovered that Jakin probably means "he establishes" and Boaz, "in him is strength."
And the glorious picture of our humble efforts, interacting with the glorious presence that once sat between those magnificent wings, became just a little bit clearer.
We have the privilege of having a part to play in the efforts to see God's kingdom come on earth as it is in heaven, for somehow in His infinite wisdom, God saw it fit to create the world this way. And our lives will naturally be full of times when we have work to do in order to achieve any goal — for an Olympic victory or the successful launch of a business, effective parenting or a flourishing kitchen.
But still it is God who establishes these efforts. The God of heaven and earth is intimately acquainted with the companies that will make the Fortune 500 next year, and it is by His hand that all things rise and fall. The way Colossians 1:17 explains it, He is before all things, and in Him all things hold together.
Psalm 90:17 says May the favor of the Lord rest upon us; establish the work of our hands for us — yes, establish the work of our hands.
And the strength that we need to carry out our work on the earth? That comes from Him too.
Isaiah 40:29 : He gives strength to the weary and increases the power of the weak.
Isaiah 26:4 :Trust in the Lord forever, for in YAH, the Lord, is everlasting strength.
So these pillars, standing at the entrance to the Temple, the place where the presence of the Lord would dwell and men would come and make great efforts, give many sacrifices and hope to be pleasing to God, these pillars were reminders that really it is all for Him and to Him and by Him and through Him — we will make our efforts, but it is God who establishes. We will try to work, but it's God who gives us strength.
And I needed that reminder this morning, thinking about all the things we are hoping to do, hoping to achieve, hoping to decide about, hoping to accomplish — the strength for whatever is ahead of us will come from Him, and if He wills for our work to be established, then so it shall be.
From beginning to end, it's all in His hands. And that's an encouraging thought.


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HomeLivestockGeneticsUnderstanding bull selection tools
Understanding bull selection tools
Kansas State University Research and Extension
K-State beef cattle geneticist outlines what trait heritability and accuracy mean to bull selection.
A basic understanding of trait heritability and data accuracy can aid the beef cattle producer in selecting the right bull to best match the needs of the herd, said K-State beef cattle geneticist Megan Rolf on a recent Cattle Chat podcast.
Speaking with the other experts at the Beef Cattle Institute, Rolf talked about the differences in the heritability of cattle traits (how traits are passed down from one generation to the next). "There are differences among the heritability of traits, and it is helpful to understand those as we make a plan for how to manage the herd," she said.
Traits that are highly heritable are carcass traits and structure. Rolf categorized traits that are moderately heritable as growth traits, such as weaning weights. The traits with low heritability include fertility and longevity, she said.
"Knowing the trait heritability will give us a better understanding about how easy it will be to make genetic change," Rolf said. "Even with a trait that is lowly heritable, we still can make selection progress."
In the case of fertility, Rolf said that along with using the selection tools, it is also important to manage the cows in a way that favors cattle health. "We are able to improve fertility by focusing on caring for the cattle in a healthy environment and meeting their nutritional needs appropriately."
Rolf also added that the beef industry has made progress in improving fertility when producers use Expected Progeny Difference calculations in their selection decisions. "EPDs contain all the information we have about that individual's genetic merit that is properly weighted based on its source, whether that is individual records or a genomic test," she said.
She has also seen trends change following the incorporation of EPDs by the beef breed associations.
"If you look at genetic trends over time, as soon as producers decided to put some emphasis on heifer pregnancy through EPDs, there was an improvement in that trait," Rolf said.
She adds that EPD accuracy is another important factor to weigh in selecting bulls. "EPD accuracy is the best risk management tool we have from a genetic standpoint," Rolf said. "The accuracy number tells us how much genetic information goes into that prediction."
She said that sires used in artificial insemination programs will tend to have higher accuracy numbers because of the volume of offspring that are included in that calculation.
"If you have a trait that is critical, then it is worth considering using an A.I. sire, but we do have a tool that can increase the accuracy of the yearling herd sires: genomic testing," Rolf said.
She explained that the genomic test is performed by using a DNA sample from the individual. "When the genomic test is factored into the EPD calculation, it will increase the accuracy and should give breeders more confidence in that EPD prediction," Rolf said. "One way we can balance the risk of EPDs changing over time is to use multiple sires in the herd."
Source: Kansas State University Research and Extension, which is solely responsible for the information provided, and wholly owns the information. Informa Business Media and all its subsidiaries are not responsible for any of the content contained in this information asset.
TAGS: Reproduction
Hereford feedout numbers climb
Research explores using genetics to expand beef sustainability
Genetics drive conversation for profitability of commercial cattlemen


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Q: when is the next deploy? How do I determine when the "next deploy" will happen?
This is more of a general question than asking for literally the next deploy-date.
It came up because of this question:
JavaScript error preventing vote-to-close dialog closing
In which the answer says the problem will be fixed "in the next deploy"... but there's no indication of when that would be or how one would go about finding out. The FAQ is silent on the topic, and a search on the phrase "next deploy" also turns up nothing of obvious interest:
https://meta.stackoverflow.com/search?q=next+deploy&submit=search
Am I missing something obvious to others? is there a way to find out when the deploys happen?

A: There are usually several deploys a day. Here's how to find out if a new one is happened:

*

*Look in the footer where it says rev yyyy.mm.dd.nn

*The year, month, and day are in UTC. The nn refers to the deploy that day. Write that number down or memorize it.

*Come back in a few hours. Has the number changed? If so, a new deploy has happened. If not, wait a few more hours and repeat this step.

So the issue you mentioned should be resolved by now. If it's still happening for you, and no one replies to your comment, it might be worth it to raise a new bug.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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In major shift, US and Germany agree to send battle tanks to Ukraine
World NewsIn major shift, US and Germany agree to send battle tanks to Ukraine
Washington: Marking a significant shift in the nature of Western military aid to Ukraine, the United States and Germany have decided to provide Kyiv with battle tanks to more effectively resist an expected new round of Russian aggression and land in the eastern region. Dynamics can be changed. Ukraine
While President Joe Biden announced that the US would send 31 M1 Abrams tanks to Ukraine, German Chancellor Olaf Schulz announced that Berlin would send a company of 14 A6 Leopard 2 tanks to Kyiv. The decision comes after weeks of debate and disagreement between the U.S. and Germany, with Berlin asking Washington, D.C., to send tanks first before Germany does.
Announcing the US decision from the White House on Wednesday, Biden said that it has been 11 months since the Russian invasion of Ukraine and through it all, the people of Ukraine have shown their courage. Every step of the way, Americans have been strong and unwavering in their support. And the US and its NATO allies were fully united.
With spring approaching, the Ukrainians are working to defend their occupied territory and preparing for new countermeasures, Biden said. "To liberate their territory, they need to counter Russia's evolving strategy and tactics on the battlefield in the very near term. They need to improve their ability to maneuver in open fields. They A sustained capability is needed to deter and defend against Russian aggression in the long term.
Biden said armored capability has been critical to the war effort. "Today I am announcing that the United States will send 31 Abrams tanks to Ukraine, the equivalent of one Ukrainian battalion. Secretary (Lloyd) Austin recommended this step because I believe Ukraine's defense of its homeland and its strategic Want to increase the ability to achieve objectives. Abrams tanks are the most capable tanks in the world.
Biden said the tanks were also extremely complex to operate and maintain, which is why the U.S. is also providing Ukraine with the parts and equipment needed to maintain the tanks on the battlefield, and to provide Ukrainian troops with maintenance, logistics and maintenance. Starting maintenance training. He added that it will take time to supply the tanks.
Biden said the decision was made in consultation with allies and particularly praised Schulz for his leadership and support of Ukraine. "Germany has really stepped up".
The president clarified that US support was about helping Ukraine defend its territory and was not an aggressive threat to Russia, saying the war would end today if Moscow withdrew its troops.
He said that Russian President Vladimir Putin expects that American and European support for Ukraine will end over time. "But he was wrong. He was wrong."
Earlier on Wednesday, a German government spokesman announced that Schulz had told the cabinet that Germany had decided to supply Ukraine with Leopard 2 main battle tanks. Schulz said this was the result of close consultation with Germany's closest European and international partners.
A German government spokesman said Germany would rapidly assemble two tank battalions with Leopard 2 tanks. "As a first step, Germany will deliver a company of 14 Leopard 2 A6 tanks from Bodeshore stock. Other European partners will also deliver Leopard 2 tanks. Training of Ukrainian crews will soon begin in Germany. In addition, the package will also include logistics, ammunition and maintenance.
Germany said it will also issue relevant transfer licenses to other partner countries that want to quickly deliver Leopard 2 tanks from their stocks to Ukraine.
The decision is significant because the U.S. has taken a cautious approach to the nature of military assistance it offers to Ukraine, and has consistently weighed it against growing threats. While Ukraine has asked for 300 battle tanks to slow down Russian capabilities and counter Moscow's aggression — it still uses Soviet-era tanks — Washington, D.C., Brussels and Berlin have been at loggerheads for weeks. Discussions continued as to whether to grant the request.
Despite pressure from other NATO allies, Berlin maintained that it would only send tanks to Ukraine if the United States would do so. Schulz gave the green signal only when it became clear that the US would send tanks. Germany's decision marks another step in the evolution of its national security approach over the past year, moving away from a policy of not supplying warring parties with any weapons before war breaks out and now giving Ukraine even tanks. Assisting with
Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky has welcomed the decision. "Green light for Germany's critical combat deployments, further expansion of defense support and training missions, delivery of similar weapons to partners. In a call with @OlafScholz on these important and timely decisions," he tweeted. Just heard about. I am deeply grateful to the Chancellor.."
Britain has already announced its decision to send 14 of its Challenger 2 tanks to Ukraine.
Prashant Jha is the Washington, DC-based US correspondent for The Hindustan Times. He is also the editor of HT Premium. Jha previously served as the newspaper's Editor Views and National Political Editor/Bureau Chief. He is the author of How the BJP Wins: Inside India's Greatest Election Machine and Battles of the New Republic: A Contemporary History of Nepal.


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Articles, Issue 11 2022
Depictions of Shame: White Identity and Cultural Blackness in Faulkner's Absalom, Absalom! and Styron's Confessions of Nat Turner
Beatrice Melodia Festa
Issue 10 2020-21, Reviews
"To Make For Myself a Person": Immigrant Identities in Anzia Yezierska's Bread Givers
Katie Ahern
Articles, Issue 4 2015
Anzia Yezierska was a Jewish-American writer, most popular in the 1920s, and best known for her texts on the struggles of immigrants in America. She achieved fame in the 1910s for her efforts to accurately represent the Jewish ghettos of New York, and particularly the female immigrant experience, without resorting to caricature or condescension. During her life and career, Yezierska displayed a masterful ability to reinvent herself when she deemed it necessary or useful – she was, in addition to her often troubled identification as wife and mother, a (reluctant) teacher, translator, successful author and screenwriter..In her novel Bread Givers, Yezierska draws upon her experiences to create a striking portrait of a young woman's determination and self-belief, which alienates her from her conservative immigrant family, and yet allows her to succeed in achieving her goals of independence and happiness.
Yezierska has often been critiqued as an author who merely examines her own life through her fiction but although her life certainly informs her writing, it does not define its limitations. Her work demonstrates a desire to interrogate the immigrant experience – and particularly the experience of immigrant women – more thoroughly than merely through the lens of her own life. This article will focus on the urban Jewish woman's experience in the novel Bread Givers, and in particular Yezierska's use of space to delineate character progression.
Born around 1880 in the Jewish Pale of Settlement, in the Russian Empire, Yezierska immigrated with her family to New York when she was about nine years of age, where they settled in the Jewish slums of the Lower East Side in the 1890s. As an adult, Yezierska published five novels, five collections of short stories and innumerable articles. Her most famous works are the novels Bread Givers and Salome of the Tenements which both explore the difficulties of a young Jewish immigrant in New York during the early twentieth century. Yezierska's success as a short story writer brought her to the attention of Samuel Goldwyn, and both Salome of the Tenements and a short story collection Hungry Hearts were adapted into films. Goldwyn gave her a contract of $100,000, and the press hailed her the "Sweatshop Cinderella". However, she was frustrated by her alienation from the Jewish ghetto which had provided her with inspiration, and also by what she considered to be the insincere nature of Hollywood. Therefore she returned to live in New York in the late 1920s and remained a popular author until the Great Depression in the 1930s reduced her audience's interest in reading about the suffering of immigrants. She continued to write until shortly before her death in her eighties, though she found it harder to publish as interest in her work had waned.
Her work remained largely unexamined until the 1980s, when scholars such as Alice Kessler-Harris, Jo Ann Boydston and Mary Dearborn took a renewed interest in Yezierska's writing, part of a growing academic interest in female writers of the New York ghetto, and representations of the early twentieth century from feminist perspectives. As Priscilla Wald suggests in her essay 'Of Crucibles and Grandfathers: the East Europeans', "the comparability of her work with the particular interest in ethnicity and in women writers resulted in her reincarnation" whilst the "engaging strong female characters are not always immediately likeable, but they offer important insight into the struggle for bread and for dignity in Yiddish New York" (62). Interestingly, it would seem that contemporary reviews were quite mixed in their reception of Bread Givers. Samuel Raphaelson of The New York Tribune considered it as merely repeating "a theme of which we have grown weary- the story of a poor East Side girl who Americanized herself by sheer force" (qtd in Carol B. Schoen Anzia Yezierska 74). Schoen notes that some Jewish audiences were even less enthusiastic, and seemed to miss the careful modulation of language, and indeed the fact that English is used to carefully suggest the Yiddish of the ghettoes without parodying the speakers. Yezierska is more than simply an immigrant realist depicting her experiences of urban Jewish-America, as she is so often described, but rather "an emerging ethnic avant-garde exploring the question of cultural identity in a new and provocative manner" (Konzett, 22) who employs language and linguistic ability to further interrogate cultural differences and expectations. Contemporary reviews focused on the language in the novel, though they do not mention the progression from broken English to flowing eloquence at the close of the novel as the central character progresses in both education and self-awareness. The New York Times remarked that the novel had "a raw uncontrollable poetry", with The New York Herald Tribune adding that "Miss Yezierska has accomplished for the Yiddish what John Synge has done for the Gaelic. She has rendered its beauty in English without losing any of the colour of the original" (qtd in Henriksen, 217). This attention to linguistic detail predates Henry Roth's Call It Sleep (1934) which also depicts Yiddish in a lyrical manner whilst using broken language to indicate the use of poor English. Bread Givers is a novel preoccupied with language acquisition, as fluency in English is considered to correspond to Americanisation, and so Sara Smolinsky spends much of the novel fighting to access as complete an education as possible in order to leave her parents' way of life behind.
In the course of her writing, Yezierska drew heavily on her own life experiences. However, this is not to say that she merely recounted her own life's events. Her preoccupation with the central themes of her writing – the immigrant's struggle for equality in America, their right to education and particularly the battle facing immigrant women – led her to write about them over and over again in short story form as well as in her novels. There is often a tendency for readers to view Yezierska's novels as primarily autobiographical but this does a disservice to the author's discipline: even when she struggled with other roles and identities such as mother, wife, student or teacher, Yezierska remained firm in her conviction that she was a writer and specifically a writer of the ghetto.
Bread Givers
As suggested above, Yezierska drew heavily on her own life though she also drew upon the experiences of her sisters and friends when writing. Bread Givers is justly considered the most autobiographical of her novels, though echoes of Yezierska's own life are evident in Salome of the Tenements as well. In Bread Givers, the primary character Sara Smolinsky watches first as her father quashes her three elder sisters' dreams and arranges terrible marriages for them. When he attempts the same with Sara, she rebels and leaves her family's tenement home to work and save money for her education. She eventually returns home to Hester Street as a teacher, only for her mother to die and leave Sara with a difficult decision to make: should she invite her father to live with her and her husband-to-be, or not. If her father were to live with them, it would mean a return to the world Sara struggled to escape, as her father would expect her to follow the Jewish religious calendar and to keep to the strict kosher dietary restrictions. However, Sara cannot abandon her father to live with his domineering second wife in absolute poverty, and so the novel ends with a sense of unease, as Sara does not entirely escape her father, and his traditions, which problematises the process of her Americanisation and freedom. Her often repeated desire to "make for myself a person" has led her to self-awareness as much as it has led her to familial independence until this point. This desire for personhood is repeated through much of Yezierska's work and as Priscilla Wald discusses,
registers the extent to which the characters experience their very personhood as contingent upon the remaking that is taking place in the New World (Americanization). But by replacing the external goals – financial success, the unattainable love object – with the goal of self-expression, [Yezierska's immigrant characters] can take pleasure in the hunger itself and in the quest to express it. For them, immigration indeed offers possibilities not available in the Old World. (63)
Sara's quest leads her to self-determination through education and independence from her demanding family, but also to an ultimate understanding of the complex nature of her hybrid Jewish-American immigrant culture.
Bread Givers is centred on Sara Smolinsky's struggle for respect and independence in her adoptive country as opposed to the tyranny she associates with her father, his religion and the customs of the Jewish Pale of Settlement in Russia. Irving Howe, who explores this conflict between generations in The Immigrant Jews of New York, suggests that for women "Jewish expectations pointed in a single direction – marriage and motherhood" (265). Howe's observations were certainly accurate for the life that Yezierska's family expected for her and her sisters. However, like Yezierka, Sara Smolinsky rejects such a trajectory and instead fights to create a different existence. In her efforts to create a better life for herself than the one mapped out by her father's beliefs and traditions, Sara moves through various types of urban environment, from a shared tenement flat, to a dark and dank basement flat on her own, before moving to better accommodation whilst in college until she finally achieves the bright, clean and private home of her dreams near the end of the novel. This unceasing struggle to identify an acceptable living space mirrors Sara's concerns with identifying a type of life and being with which she could be happy.
Throughout the majority of Bread Givers Sara Smolinsky lives in terrible conditions and struggles to find a space in which she can live her life as she wishes. In the slums there is no privacy or space, with the young Sara being obliged to move all the family's belongings from table to floor and back several times a day in order to allow the family room to eat:
It was now time for dinner. I was throwing the rags and things from the table to the window, on the bed, over the chairs, or any place where there was room for them. So much junk we had in our house that everyone put everything on the table. It was either to eat on the floor or for me the job of cleaning off the junk pile three times a day. (8)
Sara's claustrophobic experiences echo those of the community in general as any form of privacy in the home was virtually unknown as the "average apartment consisted of three rooms: a kitchen, a parlour, and a doorless and windowless bedroom between. The parlour became a sleeping room at night. So did the kitchen when families were unusually large" (Howe 171). The only private space in the crowded Smolinsky home is the patriarch's room for studying and prayer. His wife and daughters are forbidden from interfering with his studies, and when the landlady dares to throw a book on the floor when demanding the overdue rent, Reb Smolinsky demands justice for this indignity in court. His victory over the Gentile landlady becomes both a signal of his importance, as well as the respect that he expects to be given to his scholarship and texts. The community revels in this victory for one of their own members, but interestingly the celebratory retellings happen in the shared public spaces of stoops, porches and the public street, rather than inside the Smolinskys' rooms. Outside, there is both enough space to gather large groups together but also a sense of freedom which cannot be accessed within the dark and cramped tenement buildings.
Eventually, Sara decides to leave her parents' home and moves to live in a small, dirty room on street level. But even though she is still living in squalor – in a basement room that holds a bed with broken feet, shredded sheets and a lumpy mattress – she is thankful for the privacy it affords her as she can study in peace there: "I looked at the room. A separate door to myself – a door to shut out all the noises of the world" (159). Her very act of rebellion – to leave the family home, unmarried and alone, is done in order to create a room similar to her father's study area and so proves to be a double transgression. In the contemporary community of Jewish immigrants, respectable unmarried women did not leave the parental home to live alone – and so Sara finds it difficult to find a room to rent. Yet Sara's mother tacitly approves of this move as she brings her a feather bed, to keep out the cold, and pickled herring to eat. This mix of traditional items in the new, independent living space depicts the beginning of what Gill Valentine describes as "the twin processes of acculturation and hybridization" (53). In her new home she is free to leave books out, have papers strewn about and to study as long into the night as she would like, without having to move items for others or to compromise her studies for the demands of others. The room, while far from ideal with neighbours above who throw their waste out the windows without concern for what or whom it may fall upon, affords Sara the privacy she longs for, though not the aesthetic pleasure of cleanliness or tidiness. Her joy over the door, with which she can shut the rest of the world out, is enough to render the room acceptable and comfortable to her. Yezierska's interest in Emerson shines through Sara's fierce drive for self-determination and self-reliance. Sara's desire for these qualities offers an insight into Yezierska's adamant belief in the need for reform of gender roles and expectations amongst the Jewish community in the New World. Her frustration with the limitations placed upon women is a constant presence in her writing, and echoes her anger when, as a child, she was obliged to leave school to work in order to support her brothers' education and training.
Much later in the novel, when she has graduated and returned to Hester Street, Sara finds a home that is suited to her, "a sunny, airy room" (240). She revels in the solitude and peace that her new home affords her: "[i]n the morning, in the evening, when I sat down to meals, I enjoyed myself as with the grandest company. I loved the bright dishes from which I ate. I loved the shining pots and pans in which I cooked my food. I loved the broom with which I swept the floor, the scrubbing brush, the scrubbing rag, the dust cloth. The routine with which I kept clean my precious privacy, my beautiful aloneness, was all sacred to me" (204). Sara enjoys the practicalities of living alone – cleaning, cooking, and eating – as much as she enjoys the right to occupy the space alone. Her delight in having her own room calls to mind both the attic room in Virginia Woolf's Mrs Dalloway, and also A Room of One's Own, which suggests that a woman must have a room of her own, and a fixed income in order to have the freedom to create, or in this case to be her own authentic person. Sara's determination to become an authentic self is an act of creation, as the identity she constructs is one that is removed from that of her family. Sara's occupation of a room on her own is set in contrast to the room her father had for his books and studies at the beginning of the novel where, despite the spatial constraints of the tenement flat, none of the women of the household were permitted to enter. Sara declares that she has "fought [her] way up into the sunshine of plenty" (238) and believes that she is no longer dominated by either poverty or ignorance. Sara's desire to move from one way of life to another is reflected in her living quarters, as suggested by Elizabeth Boyle: "each space Sara inhabits marks the construction of iconic space, so that the novel builds until it itself becomes a monument to success" (1). Sara's progress is a relatively steady one from a crowded room in a slum, to a light and airy home at the top of a building. Her home, as a teacher, is the opposite of the dark and dirty basement room she rented when she first moved out of her parents' home, and provides evidence of how far she has progressed from the child selling squashed herring on Hester Street. However, even though Sara is pleased with her new home, this sense of optimism does not last until the end of the novel as she foresees a future in which she shares her precious privacy with her domineering father, and most likely also with the school principal and fellow Russian Jewish immigrant, Hugo Seelig.
The public street often allows for more independence and privacy than the over-crowded tenement rooms. When Reb Smolinsky successfully defies the landlord, the neighbours all gather on the street to discuss the event and to re-tell the tale to one another. The street also provides couples the space – both physically and psychologically – to court and to meet without parental interference. When Sara decides that she will become a teacher and therefore independent of her family and their expectations, she spends the night walking the streets in a joyful daze:
All night long I walked the streets, drunk with my dreams. I didn't know how the hours flew, how or where my feet carried me, until I saw the man turning out the lights of the street lamps. Was it already morning? The silence woke up from the block. There began the rumbling of milk wagons, the clatter of bottles and cans, and the hum of opening stores, peddlers filling their pushcarts with fruit and loaves of bread. (155-156)
Sara finds space in the streets to dream and to plan her future; they are a place of hope and potential for her. As she sits, "in the stillness of the morning, [she] realised that [she] had yet never been alone since [she] was born" (165) and revels in the feeling, a state that she believes would be impossible to achieve in her crowded and noisy home or work environments. In the public street, Sara has discovered an environment that allows her to explore her potential to be something other than merely another factory worker or domestic drudge like her neighbours and sisters. This attitude is rather telling of Yezierska's own thoughts and prejudices – although she celebrates the dignity of working for one's living, she is also fiercely aware of the lack of respect these positions hold in American society. Yezierska's own experiences in such work made her determined to escape the limits that the resulting exhaustion created for the workers who struggled to earn enough by which to survive. At the beginning of the novel, Sara leaves her family's rooms in the crowded tenement and goes out onto the street to sell herring in order to support her mother's efforts to provide for the family. She refuses to take free fish from her neighbour as she wishes to become what she calls a "real person" (10). This is her first attempt to achieve independence and it occurs on the public street. She associates independence with authenticity and individuality and therefore strives to become independent of her family and of her cultural heritage, a process of Americanisation and assimilation as much as one of self-creation.
Towards the end of the novel, the street is where Hugo Seelig first begins to court Sara by walking her home and where an averted accident brings them together:
We fell into step and for many blocks not a word passed between us. I only felt an enveloping friendliness going out of his heart to mine … And afterwards we became aware that we had gripped each other's hands fiercely. Something in what had happened had drawn us suddenly together. We were too filled for small talk the rest of the way, and before we knew it had reached Thirtieth Street and stood before my house. (276)
The street provides emotional and physical stimulus, as well as being a vital artery of commerce and place of employment for the urban dwellers – for example, Sara's suitor Max Goldstein made a living peddling second-hand clothes for a time, and it is on the street that Sara has her first taste of independence as a fish seller: "On the corner of the most crowded part of Hester Street I stood myself with my pail of herring" (21). This sense of space and possibility contrasts sharply with the descriptions of the cluttered and oppressive tenement rooms which are usually full of people, clothes, books and rubbish. The streets also offer relief from the strict gendering of the spaces inside the tenement flat as Sara's mother occupies the kitchen, burdened by poverty, dirt and clutter; her sister Fania hangs clothes on the bedroom wall; while Reb Smolinsky's books and prayers dominate the rest of the space. Interestingly, the streets for Sara provide a free space, unhindered by issues such as class or gender – she is not harassed or bothered whilst outside at any point in the novel, only when she is in enclosed spaces: the family flat, the factory washrooms or in classrooms. Sara experiences the most freedom and peace during the novel when she is outside and walking the city streets. Indoor public spaces may sometime cause her concern or frustration, but when outside, she is at her freest and most optimistic.
The depiction of the female immigrant experience in Bread Givers is grim, and according to Steven Belluscio in To Be Suddenly White, it was not unusual: "any woman struggling for self-determination and success independent of the family necessarily confronted the father's tyranny" (Belluscio 192). Sara is permitted by society to further her own education and become a teacher to support herself because of her ethnicity, and most importantly because of her social class. As a poor Russian Jew Sara is expected to marry or to remain single and work to support her parents. She is also permitted to continue to work to support her family if her husband is a rabbi and therefore committed to spiritual learning, as her own father is. Sara's determination to create an independent self is evident in the spaces she inhabits, but also by her constant affirmations that she must create something of herself in this new world: "won't you be proud of me when I work myself up for a school teacher, in America? (172, my emphasis). Sara's ambitions can only exist in America where she has the freedom to pursue an education, for as Mary Antin asserted in The Promised Land:
in the medieval position of the women of Polotzk [Antin's village in Russia], education really had no peace. A girl was 'finished' when she could read her prayers in Hebrew, following the meaning by the aid of Yiddish translation especially prepared for the women. If she could sign her name in Russian, do a little figuring, and write a letter in Yiddish to the parents of her betrothed, she was wohl gelerhrent– well educated. (Antin qtd. in Call It English, 69)
The Smolinskys' restrictive views regarding their children's education is similar to the ones expressed by Antin, and indeed, Yezierska's own family, as the girls were obliged to work in order to support their brothers' education once they arrived in America. Though Sara's family does not support her desire to become a teacher, they reluctantly accept it as an eccentricity of hers, as it is expected that she will use her wages to support their aging parents. Sara's mother would prefer that she marry, despite the wages: "[w]hat's a school teacher? Old maids – all of them. It's good enough for Goyim, but not for you" (172). One obvious reason for Sara's family's dislike of her chosen profession lies in the fact that in order to become a teacher she would be obliged to complete high school and teacher training college and thus be unable to support the family financially. Another reason is that the independence that she shows when deciding to become a teacher is a trait that was considered unbecoming in a Jewish girl, and whose creation was blamed upon American culture (Howe 266). This desire for independence and a self-identity that would not be based completely on her father's Talmudic studies disturbs the family. It is also clear that "[t]he road to becoming a person lay through the dangerous territory of Americanization" (Kessler Harris, qtd in Levinson 'To Make Myself for a Person', 5) and so the family observe this desire for privacy and self-sufficiency with suspicion.
In Bread Givers, Sara's first serious suitor, Max Goldstein is portrayed as a stereotypically newly-wealthy Jew who has little interest in anything other than business. He says that he admires Sara for her independence of spirit and her reluctance to become involved with people in order to further her goals: "I like you the way you are better than if you fixed yourself up in the grandest style" (187). However, his admiration for her independence wanes when she is unwilling to stay out all night with him, or to marry him and move to Los Angeles. Sara, although initially flattered and intrigued by Goldstein, eventually dismisses him as merely an untrustworthy suitor. She realises that his obsession with business extends to his attempts to win a wife, and is disgusted by his arrogance and lack of respect for learning or intellectualism. Although she is eager to make an emotional connection with Goldstein, Sara understands that she is merely another business venture for him, and that by marrying him she would not be achieving her goals of carving out a niche for herself in America but simply moving from one form of drudgery to another. Sara wishes to create a space in which she can be "a real person", one who is independent, and this would be impossible whilst married to a man for whom "a wife would only be another piece of property" (199). The dissatisfaction evident in the relationship between Sara and Goldstein resembles Yezierska's own difficulties in her relationships with men, and indeed, the financially-minded Jewish suitor is a common character in her writing.
Near the beginning of Bread Givers, Sara declares that she wishes to marry "[a]n American-born man who is his own boss… [a]nd would let me be my own boss" (66?) who, according to Mary Esteve, would therefore be an American "laissez-faire libertarian" (183). However, Sara's future husband Hugo Seelig is neither American born, nor very liberal, as inferred through his wish to learn Hebrew and his eager acceptance of Sara's reluctant suggestion that her father live with them. If Sara symbolises the possibilities that America holds, and her father the limitations of European traditions and heritage, then Hugo Seelig disrupts this binary positioning of Old World versus New. This is not, however, framed as a welcome compromise but rather one with a frightening possibility that Sara's dearly-bought freedoms and selfhood will be lost through Hugo's negotiations with Reb Smolinsky. While Sara's life has improved enormously by the end of the novel, she is restricted from becoming entirely independent from her family as her younger self had dreamed.
Sara's sense of independence is challenged when she feels obliged to offer her father a home with her as she knows that if her father moves into her home, she will have to keep kosher and maintain the Sabbath according to Jewish law and tradition. As she stands in the liminal space of the landing outside her father's rooms, Sara states that she feels the weight of past generations pressing down on her. Sara herself exists in a liminal space, existing as she does in an area between her parents' Old World Traditions and the modern, more secular America that she sees around her. She does not practice her parents' religion, and refuses to take part in the rituals that bind the Jewish immigrant community together; she does not tear her only good suit or sit shiva when her mother dies as Jewish law demands (290). This ostracises her from the community even further than her teaching, or unmarried status does. Hugo Seelig does not seem to suffer from the same problem even though he too is an immigrant Jew, which suggests that it may be a gender specific issue. Neither Max Goldstein nor any of Sara's sisters' husbands are pious, and all are deeply involved in businesses based on American society, yet Reb Smolinsky deemed all worthy husbands for his daughters. Hugo asks Reb Smolinsky to teach him Hebrew, and declares to Sara that their home will be richer with her father living in it. Sara is conflicted, for as her father states, she is "not a Jewess and not a gentile" (Yezierska 293) and knows that she cannot maintain her independence of living space as she feels the burden of caring for him on her shoulders:
My home! Must I give it up to him? But with him there, it would not be a home for me. I suddenly realized that I had come back to where I had started twenty years ago when I began my fight for freedom. But in my rebellious youth, I thought I could escape by running away. And now I realized that the shadow of the burden was always following me, and here I stopped face to face with it again. (295)
This burden of the "weight of the ages" (194) was one that she thought she had shed when living alone for the first time. She frees herself of both it and her father when she moves out and becomes as independent as it is possible for her to be (194). At the end of the novel, Sara feels obligated to offer her father a home with her, even though she knows that he will make her life more difficult. She will be forced to give up her cherished emptiness in her room, and instead have her home cluttered with her father's holy books and his demands. Alice Kessler-Harris suggests that Sara "is saved by making her peace with her immigrant childhood and her father" (Kessler-Harris qtd in Levinson 'To Make Myself for a Person', 7). I believe this to be the most optimistic of readings for the ending of the text, since Sara believes that her ability to function as an assimilated American is threatened by her father's presence in her life and home. As Melanie Levinson states, "[b]y returning [to her family] and by resuming her obligations as a daughter in the Old World sense, she is forfeiting her chance to 'be a person' or, perhaps more accurately, to 'pass' for an American" (7) and thus potentially renders her sacrifices to become an American teacher worthless. To further complicate this issue, it is worth considering that "for the immigrant protagonist, the return home is complicated by the fact that 'home' is itself an uncertainty, and unfamiliarity is already the condition of existence" (Wald, 59-60). Thus, not only is Sara's past home an uncertain space but her future home is already being compromised by doubt and the insertion of traditions she had thought to escape.
Indeed, even as Yezierska describes Sara's urge for independence, she undercuts it with guilt and self-recrimination, one symptom of which is her offer of a home to her father. Carol B. Schoen writes that the "Emerson doctrine of self-reliance is modified by the appreciation of the reality of the strength of old times" (73) and also notes that
the value of ethnic diversity, which Yezierska probably learnt from Dewey, provided intellectual support for the main character's decision to return to her people as unlike [the central character in Salome of the Tenements] who mouths similar sentiments but indicates no real commitment to them, Sara's actions indicate a merger of psychological and philosophical influences. Sara's return to the Lower East Side dramatizes the notion that all get from one another the best that each strain has to offer from its own traditions and culture. (74)
Therefore, while Sara progresses a great deal in the course of the novel through becoming a teacher, and by gaining a (future) husband who respects and cares for her, she is still unable to escape her past or the remains of her parents' traditions. This is best illustrated through the corruption of Sara's home at the end of the novel and also through the restraint of Hugo's hand on her arm as she lingers on the landing of the tenement building in which her father lives. As she stands on the landing of the tenement, she is still unmarried – and not yet burdened by her father's presence in her home, with all of the traditions and expectations that he would bring – but the reader can easily predict her future frustrations and difficulties with her father despite that.
Yezierska's skill in depicting the central characters and in capturing their essence in a few simple lines is undeniable, as is her use of English to convey the sounds of Yiddish to an English-speaking audience. However, it is her incisive utilisation of space and the difficulties in belonging that are most compelling. Yezierska's avoidance of an unambiguously resolved ending haunts the reader, and her resistance to a simple and easy resolution to the text underscores the novel's questions about a woman's ability at this time to determine her own life's course.
Anzia Yezierska first came to notice a century ago, before fading from memory and dying in obscurity. Her life informed her writing and she became an iconic immigrant writer whose celebrity faded as the public's interest shifted from immigrants to self-preservation during the Great Depression. However, the reader must guard against the urge to view all of Yezierska's work as autobiographical, despite the many links and similarities. Yezierska died in near-obscurity in 1970, forgotten by the public and penniless. Now, nearly a century after her first works were published, her writings are still relevant as we try to negotiate a society with deep inequalities and increasing levels of poverty. Yezierska's demands for justice and equal rights charge her writings with an energy, and often an anger, which forces the reader to re-examine the society in which they live and consider how her themes of immigrants' rights, poverty and educational freedom are still all too pertinent.
Belluscio, Steven J. To be Suddenly White: Literary Realism and Racial Passing. Columbia: U of Missouri P, 2006. Print.
Boyle, Elizabeth. "Building Up America: Architecture, Autobiography and the Precarious Construction of Urban Identity in Anzia Yezierska's Bread Givers." BAAS 6 (2004). Ed. Graham Thompson. 2 Dec. 2008. U.S. Studies Online: The BAAS Postgraduate Journal. 2 Dec. 2008. http://www.baas.ac.uk/resources/usstudiesonline/default.asp.
Esteve, Mary. The Aesthetics and Politics of the Crowd in American Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2003. Print.
Henriksen, Louise Levitas. Anzia Yezierska: A Writer's Life. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1988. Print.
Howe, Irving. The Immigrant Jews of New York. London: Routledge, 1976. Print.
Konzett, Delia Caparoso. Ethnic Modernisms: Anzia Yezierska, Zora Neale Hurston, Jean Rhys, and the Aesthetics of Dislocation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. Print.
Kramer, Michael P. and Hana Wirth-Nesher. Cambridge Companion to Jewish American Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2003. Print.
Levinson, Melanie. "'To Make Myself for a Person': 'Passing' Narratives and the Divided Self in the Work of Anzia Yezierska" Studies in American Jewish Literature 13 (1994). Penn State UP. Print.
Roth, Henry. Call It Sleep. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1991. Print.
Schoen, Carol B. Anzia Yezierska. Boston: Twayne, 1982. Print.
Wald, Priscilla. "Of cruciles and grandfathers: the East European immigrants". Cambridge Companion to Jewish American Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2003. 50-69. Print.
Wirth-Nesher, Hana. Call It English. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2006. Print.
—. "Traces of the past: multilingual Jewish American Writing" Cambridge Companion to Jewish American Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2003. 110- 128. Print.
Woolf, Virginia. Mrs Dalloway. London: Hogarth, 1976. Print.
—. A Room of One's Own. London: Hogarth, 1974. Print.
Valentine, Gill. "Imagined Geographies: Geographical Knowledges of Self and Other in Everyday Life". Human Geography Today. Ed Doreen Massey, John Allen, Philip Sarre. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1999. 47- 61. Print.
Yezierska, Anzia. Bread Givers. New York: Persea, 1999. Print.
—. Salome of the Tenements. Illinois: U of Illinois P, 1995. Print.
The Poetics of the Sentence: Examining Gordon Lish's Literary Legacy
"No such thing as a 'Canadian'": Memory, Place, and Identity in Mavis Gallant's Linnet Muir Stories


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Guild Wars 2 is unique for a MMORPG as the storyline is responsive to the players' actions in the game; this is something that is seen in many single player RPGs however it is rare in multiplayer ones. Like with the previous game, Guild Wars 2 did require the player to purchase the game but it had no subscription fee however this was changed in 2015 when the base game became free-to-play.
The MMORPG is set in the fantasy world of Tyria where a disbanded guide called Destiny's Edge has re-emerged to fight the Elder Dragons. It takes place around 250 years after the original Guild Wars and since that time the Five Elder Dragons have re-awoken causing massice destruction and corrupting the inhabitants of the world. To save the world the player must reunite Destiny's Edge in order to defeat the Elder Dragons.
The story is split into several 'seasons' which the player needs to complete; it begins with the "Personal Story" and is then followed by Season 1 and 2. The first Person Story section of the game is player focused and is where the player builds their character as an individual through private chapters that are specific to that character.
Guild Wars 2 customization is very detailed; when the player first creates their character they also make various choices to develop their characters personality, history and also their hopes and dreams. The choices made here will combine to create the unique personal story which will bend to suit the player. There are five main races for the player to choose from and each one is unique; the race selected will affect the Personal Story also by changing the options the player can select from. The classes or 'Professions' are varied and each one provides a different play-style which is very different to the others; the Engineer and the Thief classes have very different play-styles which can make them feel unique to Guild Wars 2.
Combat in Guild Wars 2 has a tactical element to it as the position on the battlefield can be very important, there are also environmental weapons which can be used to gain an advantage in a fight such as a wine bottle and even robotic siege golems. Every profession has a different range of skills and abilities to use in battle and players can team up to perform combo attacks for extra damage. There a dungeons for groups to play through, PvP areas and even World vs World for fights of an epic scale between factions.
Guild Wars 2 is highly recommended for people who love creating their own story and making choices that matter; social players will enjoy the more social aspects of the game and even solo players can get involved with PvP and the epic WvW fights.


text:
import logging

import pbr.version

from hwsushy.main import Sushy
from hwsushy.resources.system.constants import *  # noqa

__all__ = ('Sushy',)
__version__ = pbr.version.VersionInfo(
    'hwsushy').version_string()

# Set the default handler to avoid "No handler found" warnings. See:
# https://docs.python.org/3/howto/logging.html#library-config
logging.getLogger(__name__).addHandler(logging.NullHandler())

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub