Blaze of Battle offers many options to enhance your kingdom. You can do lots of research that will help you in many ways and make your city even bigger by using your own skill points as a lord. To use these systems efficiently, first, you need to know how they work. This is the purpose of this guide: Below, you can find detailed information on what research to focus on and how to use your skills.
In order to do research, you must construct the Mage Tower building. You can do this after a few minutes of starting the game, there is no prerequisite.
As long as you have the opportunity, we recommend that you upgrade the Mage Tower. Like other buildings, you can upgrade this one to level 21. The research speed will increase with every level and a fully upgraded Mage Tower gives you a whopping 60% bonus.
Economics Improves resource production and construction speed.
Combat Provides speed, attack, and defense buffs to your army.
Trap Improves trap training speed.
Savage Combat Improves march speed and unlocks advanced units.
Savage Trap Unlocks advanced trap types.
Advanced Economics Further improves resource production and troop training capacity.
Forging Unlocks soul forging ability and equipment forging speed.
March Further improves the marching speed of your troops.
Restorative Improves hospital capacity and healing speed.
Elven Combat Enlarges march size and unlocks special tactics for your troops.
Dragon Improves the abilities of your dragon.
As you can see, the list is quite long and each study consists of multiple stages. In other words, if you want to complete every research in Blaze of Battle, you have to play the game for at least a year! Therefore, it is important to focus on important ones only: Which ones are most useful for you?
However, no matter what your game style is, there are some research categories that you must complete. You can see them in the list below.
Construction: Increases the construction speed of all buildings by 50%.
Resource (Food / Wood / Stone / Iron / Gold) Production: 100% increase in production of these resources.
Storehouse Capacity: Increases the capacity of this building by 30%.
Gathering: Increases your resource collection speed by 61%.
Scouting: Enables you to learn in advance how strong your enemy is. The more you upgrade this ability, the more detailed the report will be.
Troop Training Speed: Your troops will be trained 20% faster. However, you can choose to build 10 houses instead of this research: You will get the same speed increase by doing this and a bonus to gold production, as we mentioned in our Buildings guide. Do the Troop Training Speed research only if you do not plan on building 10 houses.
Soul Mastery (Level 1): You have to do this research to unlock Soul forging. Even if you don't have military goals, you should make sure that your army's equipment is good.
March Speed: Will shorten your travel time on the world map.
Also, remember to complete some research that will unlock some types of troops. In particular, we recommend you to research the Storm Slayer, Raider, and Sentinel units. These will be the most useful military units until you reach the end-game phase.
Every activity you complete in Blaze of Battle allows you to earn a certain number of XP points. (In our Tips and Tricks guide, you can find information about the different and easy ways to earn these points.) With these points, you can increase your "Lord level", which is completely independent of your city level. Each time you level up, you earn 1 skill point. With these points, you can make your own private research and further develop your city.
Open your profile screen and press the "skills" button. You will see a list of all the research you can run – each one consists of 5 to 50 stages. For example, you can upgrade the food production research 5 times and increase the level of its bonus. You have to use 1 skill point every time.
Resource Production IV: You can increase the production of each resource by up to 350%.
Construction II: The speed of building construction will increase by 75%.
Gathering III: Resources can be collected up to 150% faster.
Research Speed: Allows you to complete research 75% faster.
Troop Training Capacity: Increases your army's training capacity to about 50,000 troops.
Note that Lord skills can be used in conjunction with Mage Tower research. So, for example, you can complete both of the "construction" research and finish all buildings almost instantly. In addition, lord skills do not have a research time, they get activated immediately.
If you want to expand your kingdom further, don't forget to check out our other Blaze of Battle guides. In particular, we recommend that you take a look at our Buildings Guide: You can find a lot of information there about what is necessary for the healthy development of your city. Your journey in the Blaze of Battle world will be a long but fun one: Good luck!


Cassie is a graduate of Aveda Institute in Charlotte, NC. She has been a stylist since 2005, but started working at Carmen! Carmen! in 2001 as a Customer Service Representative. She has taken many advanced cut, color, and styling classes. Cassie specializes in cut, color, curly hair, and men's cut. She is certified for Keratin Complex, Hotheads and Hairdreams Extensions. She strives for perfection and enjoys building lasting relationships with you. Cassie wants to be your day maker!


Located about an hour south of Chicago, our location on Larry Power Road in Bourbonnais is right off of Interstate 57. Just exit east onto Larry Power Road and you'll find us on the south side of the road beside Art's Landscaping and Irrigation, just west of Northfield Square Mall. Our facility's central location makes getting here easy from anywhere, no matter where you are in the area. At our Larry Power Road facility, we have the reputation of offering quality storage solutions for our customers, giving you the options you expect to find at a Simply Self Storage. This facility is well-equipped with everything you need to keep your belongings safe, including indoor and outdoor lights, secure keypad access, security cameras, and drive-up access to units, in addition to packing supplies, carts, dollies, and climate controlled units. You can also expect to find: Vehicle Storage: Are you in need of a place to store your extra vehicle? Drive-up access makes storing at our facility easy, as does the availability of a variety of unit sizes, ranging from small enough for motorcycle storage, to those big enough to accommodate large vehicles, like trucks and SUVs. Storing at our secure facility guarantees your vehicle will remain safe from pests, vandals, and the elements. Boat Storage: Need a place to store your boat during the off-season? When you're not out skiing or fishing on Lake Michigan, consider storing your boat at our Larry Power Road facility to give you peace of mind that your boat is safe from the damaging effects of harsh weather and the harmful touch of vandals and pests.


 Mozilla-Weave Uninstaller-How to Completely and Quickly Uninstall Mozilla-Weave?
Mozilla-Weave Uninstaller-How to Completely and Quickly Uninstall Mozilla-Weave?
Quit Mozilla-Weave if it is on. Click on "Start" and then Control Panel.
Double click on Add/Remove Programs and then locate the Mozilla-Weave program that you want to uninstall.
Select "Remove Mozilla-Weave components" and then click "Next" to proceed.
Free Download: Uninstaller Mozilla-Weave Now!
By following the above steps, Mozilla-Weave may be completely uninstalled from your computer. But what should you do if you can not locate or uninstall Mozilla-Weave on/from Add/Remove Programs? Do this mean that you can not uninstall it from your computer? The answer is No!
You are recommended to use a program named Mighty Uninstaller when unable to completely uninstall Mozilla-Weave from computer. It is an uninstaller that helps to uninstall all unneeded programs, especially corrupt programs completely from the computer so than you are able to successfully uninstall Mozilla-Weave finally.
Then right clicked the folder "Mozilla-Weave" and then selected "Special Uninstall with Mighty Uninstaller".
Mighty Uninstaller is your only choice if you want to completely remove Mozilla-Weave from your PC.


DeBellis Catherine & Morreale is a leading professional recruitment firm based out of Western New York.
Our professional recruiters match top talent with great jobs in Western New York and in marketing & analytics nationwide. For top talent and opportunities, you'll want to learn more about, get in touch. Just use this form to submit any questions, comments or suggestions, and we'll get back to you quickly.
Learn what DCM Staffing can do for your business.
Check out all our jobs!
For over 10 years Flexovit Abrasives has engaged Mike DeBellis of DeBellis, Catherine and Morreale to understand our position requirements, search for suitable candidates and help us find "the" match for our position. He has successfully helped us fill 6 of our key positions within the organization ranging from accounting and finance to executive management all with an outstanding rate of success.
It can be overwhelming and time-consuming finding a candidate that you think will fit well with your team, and that's why we turned to Suzann and DCM for help. She made the process quick and effortless after asking just the right questions to match us with our amazing new colleague.
It was a pleasure to work with Mike DeBellis at DeBellis, Catherine & Morreale through the pursuit of a new career opportunity. He demonstrated a positive and professional demeanor when engaging me as a prospective candidate with his client. He was adept and thorough with identifying my experience as it matched with the client's requirements and found a great match for both.


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DOCTOR STRANGE Director Reveals Which Villain Might Be in the Sequel
Posted by Blair Marnell on October 30, 2016
This week, Doctor Strange will make his big screen debut in North America, and the movie has already written a prescription for success at the international box office, with $86 million this weekend. Clearly, there's an excellent chance that Marvel's master of the mystic arts will be getting a sequel. If that happens, Doctor Strange director Scott Derrickson already has a villain in mind.
While speaking with IGN, Derrickson said "I really like the character of Nightmare and the concept that the Nightmare Realm is a dimension…I think that's in the introductory episode of Doctor Strange, and I always loved that." Derrickson also offered a brief explanation as to why Nightmare wasn't in the first movie: "We decided not to do that because that's a bit of a complex idea to try to introduce everything we do introduce and introduce the idea of nightmares themselves as being a dimension. I hope somewhere down the line we do get to explore that, because I think that's a super cool concept."
We think that Mads Mikkelsen could have been a great Nightmare, if he wasn't already playing Kaecilius in the first Doctor Strange film. The dread Dormammu is widely regarded as Strange's ultimate foe, but Nightmare is right up there with him, and Derrickson was correct about Nightmare's introduction in the very first Doctor Strange story back in in 1963's Strange Tales #110, by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. However, Nightmare is the undisputed ruler of the Dream Dimension, not the "nightmare realm," as Derrickson put it. The Dream Dimension is more important than Nightmare himself, as human minds travel to that realm while sleeping. It's Nightmare who twists those dreams to suit his own ends and to feed on the collective fear of all dreaming beings. Of course, if Nightmare makes it to the big screen, then it would be a great idea to also introduce Dreamstalker, his badass demonic horse.
For casual fans, the closest analogy for Nightmare is that he's essentially the Freddy Krueger of the Marvel Universe…on a much larger scale, and he doesn't waste time simply killing teens for his amusement. Nightmare has used his powers to manipulate events in the waking world, and he even brought about one of the Hulk's most violent rampages when he caused Bruce Banner's consciousness to retreat into his own mind. Nightmare has also gone up against Spider-Man, Captain America, Ghost Rider, and other Marvel heroes; which could add to his value in the MCU if he isn't simply killed off in his first appearance. That said, death hasn't stopped Nightmare from returning before, so why should it be any different on the big screen?
There's also the possibility that Nightmare could be used to eventually introduce Marvel's other Fear Lords, like the Dweller-in-Darkness and D'Spayre, or even Shuma-Gorath, the Lovecraft-inspired Doctor Strange adversary who is more famous for appearing in the Marvel vs. Capcom games than anything he did in the comics! Assuming that Doctor Strange 2 becomes a reality, Nightmare would be more than a worthy foe for the good doctor's next big screen adventure.
Do you want to see Nightmare as the villain of Doctor Strange 2? Let us know in the comment section below!
Images: Marvel
Now you know about Nightmare, but did you know these Strange facts?
doctor strange, Mads M, marvel, marvel studios, nightmare, scott derrickson
Here's What the Critics Are Saying About Marvel's DOCTOR STRANGE
Our Spoiler-Free Review of DOCTOR STRANGE
9 Deeply Strange DOCTOR STRANGE Facts You Didn't Already Know
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INTO THE SPIDER-VERSE Score Is Coming to Vinyl (Exclusive)
LITTLE MONSTERS Is a Bloody, Brilliant Zombie Comedy (Review)
SCREAM 2's Script Leaks Actually Saved the Movie
We Spoke with NATHAN FOR YOU Ghostwriter Austin Bowers
Superheroes Enjoying Girl Scout Cookies at The Oscars
NATHAN FOR YOU Ghostwriter Austin Bowers on Writing THE MOVEMENT, The (Fake) Self-Help Workout Book That Became a Best-Seller
Migrating Spider Crabs Attack an Octopus in Horrifying Feeding Frenzy
Should You Choose To Accept: "Mission Impossible"'s Barbara Bain
Who Are SOLO's Pyke Syndicate and Crimson Dawn?
SUPERNATURAL'S Big Bads By Season
Anyone up for a swim? https://t.co/q4k2TvhS8u
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Las elecciones generales se llevaron a cabo en Turquía el 27 de octubre de 1957, mediante el sistema electoral de voto múltiple no transferible. A pesar de que el Partido Demócrata obtuvo nuevamente la victoria con 424 escaños, experimentó un notorio declive perdiendo 66 escaños, mientras que el Partido Republicano del Pueblo obtuvo 178. Esto se debió principalmente al descontento social por la crisis económica y el aumento del autoritarismo. El Partido Nacional Republicano perdió un escaño, quedándole 4, y el recientemente fundado Partido Libertad obtuvo la misma cantidad. Fueron las últimas elecciones antes del golpe de Estado de 1960.

Resultados

Referencias

Elecciones generales en Turquía
Elecciones en 1957
Turquía en 1957

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


For information on how to sign up for a flower share...click here!
Arranging and designing bouquets is my summertime version of "painting". The mix of colors and textures really is a work of art. I take pride in each and every arrangement that I create and I would love to work with you to make exactly what you are looking for!
Although our flower operation is not certified organic, we follow the same growing principles and practices as we do for our certified organic vegetables.
Know that when you purchase flowers from Winnipesaukee Woods Farm, otherwise known as Busy Lizzie's Blooms, you are supporting local agriculture. All of our flowers are grown either at our home "farm" in Alton or at the main farm in Gilford.
We sell our ready-made bouquets at our weekly farmer's markets on Thursday in Laconia and Saturday in Gilford. We also offer our flowers at the Gilford Country Store.
Our signature design is our bud vases. These bouquets come ready to display or give as gifts in pint sized mason jars, hand-tied with jute. Each vase is slightly different, allowing you to choose just the one that is perfect for you.


The Russian guys really like this standing mile event. In this video from Dragtimes.info, a AMS modified Alpha 12 Nissan GT-R races against a Protomotive modified 911 twin turbo. 950 horsepower vs 1150 horsepower. It should be pretty obvious who should win. Click past the break for the video. Is that duct tape on the front of the car?


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Middle East Saudi Arabia
Jobs in restaurants, malls and education to be Saudized soon..
Minister of Human Resources and Social Development Ahmed Al-Rajhi announced the implementation of a decision to localize professions in restaurants, cafes, hypermarkets and malls soon.
He also said that the number of young Saudi men and women who entered the labor market in January exceeded 28,000.
"We are targeting all sectors, activities, and professions, and we will invest in all opportunities so as to enable the sons and daughters of the country to take up jobs. We will soon implement a decision to localize the legal and educational professions also," Al-Rajhi made the remarks during his meeting with members of the National Committee for Contractors and the National Committee for Consulting Professions.
"A study has been completed to improve the status of occupational security and safety personnel working on company contracts in ministries and quasi-governmental entities, in addition to contractors with the private sector and set a minimum wage for them," he said.
The minister said that the Saudization initiatives and programs in the year 2019-2020 have achieved excellent results, as more than 420,000 citizens have joined the labor market.
"The number of Saudis who joined the labor market in January exceeded 28,000 young men and women, through the branches of HADAF and TAQAT employment centers and employment support and empowerment programs."
We have worked on formulating it with private sector establishments through many workshops, in order to improve the Saudi labor market environment, raise its efficiency and make it in line with global labor markets, in terms of attractiveness, high competitiveness and attracting skilled people," he added.
Job NewsSaudi Women
Saudi Arabia speeds up Land Bridge project to connect Kingdom's seaports!!
Apple's new iPhone and iPad designs are like nothing we've seen before…


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In this visual novel, you'll play as the Heroine whose life depends on hiding your recent loss of me..
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Cities in Motion 2 is the sequel to the popular mass transit simulation game Cities in Motion. Build..
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The Vikings are back!Loki, known from the Nordic sagas as a versatile god of lies and weaver of many..
A new psychological horror adventure game from the creators of the successful Decay series:Sam is an..
Destiny Warriors is an epic 12 hour JRPG. Thirteen years ago, your village's leader set off to conf..
Buckle up, adjust your mirrors and get ready to put your driving abilities to the test as you prove ..
A total of 9 costumes, including designs from "Romance of the Three Kingdoms 12" and "DYNASTY WARRIO..
You are a traveling painter, exploring the island of Eastshade. Capture the world on canvas using yo..


So I'm pretty sure you already judged me as soon as you read the title of this article but I promise it's not what you think. Yes, I was a side-piece at one point in my life but unknowingly! Haven't we all?
Here's the back story, I was dating this guy named ****** and we were dating for about a year. Our break up was a normal breakup, honestly, it was just time to call it quits. So, two years later, thanks to social media, I found out I was a side piece because he posted his girlfriend/baby's mother to his Instagram page and in a long caption he thanked her for putting up with him and dating him for five years!
Now, I know you're like....how can you be a side-piece for a year and not know? First let me take my hat off to my ex because he was just that good and two, I never questioned where he was, if I asked and he gave me a valid answer, that was it....I believed him. Also, we didn't live together but I was almost always over his house and things seemed "normal".
He just so happened to be the best thing I never had. Best believe that from now on I am going to do pop up visits on "Bae" and be more alert! Blame it on ex #3.
Have you ever been a side-piece? Rant below.


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L'Oréal USA Achieved Significant Advancements in Sustainability
Olivia Pearce
Advancements in New Jersey, Kentucky, Texas and Arkansas Help L'Oréal Achieve 100 % Renewable Electricity
L'Oréal USA announced major milestones in its sustainability efforts, achieving 100% renewable electricity for its U.S. manufacturing, reducing its carbon emissions by 84%, water usage by 52%, waste per finished product by 43%, and making considerable improvements in package design.
Key projects across the country included massive solar projects in Arkansas and Kentucky, wind turbines in Texas, and an eco design tool used across the company to assess the environmental impact of each product's life cycle. These efforts helped the company achieve a 67% reduction in carbon emissions worldwide from a 2005 baseline, a global goal exceeded four years ahead of schedule through its sustainability program, Sharing Beauty With All. This reduction was achieved while the company simultaneously increased its production by 29%.
In L'Oréal's 2016 Progress Report just released, Chairman and CEO Jean-Paul Agon speaks to the importance of these milestones and the impacts of climate change.
"We have achieved and even exceeded our target of a 60% reduction in CO2 emissions, four years ahead of schedule. This is the result of an immense amount of work by all the teams concerned. It also sends out a strong signal: we are continuing to dissociate our growth from our environmental impact," he said. "While climate change is a major challenge, and we are already seeing its effects on the most vulnerable populations, our commitment is stronger than ever."
"As the worldwide leader in beauty, we have a responsibility to lead, and our efforts in 2016 demonstrate an unprecedented level of commitment," said Alexandra Palt, Chief Sustainability Officer for L'Oréal. "The progress made by our Sharing Beauty With All sustainability program reflects the innovative spirit that is hard at work at L'Oréal, especially in the United States. We remain committed to being a sustainability leader here and around the world, and look forward to exceeding our goals in the future."
In addition to substantial carbon improvements, 2016 was a pivotal year for the worldwide program, marked by a 48% reduction in water consumption and a 35% reduction in waste per finished product from a 2005 baseline. L'Oréal has made strong progress in areas of carbon reduction initiatives, water & waste reduction and sustainable product innovations in its ongoing commitment to implement sustainable business practices across its value chain.
L'Oréal is a Global winner of the 2016-2017 World Branding Awards in the Health & Beauty – Cosmetics category and Global winner of 2014-2015 World Branding Awards in Beauty – Personal Care category.


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All posts tagged Dwarves
A Snark is a Blok is a Rabbit
Posted by dougdandridge on October 17, 2012
Posted in: Armor, Dragons, eBooks, Fantasy, History, Kindle, Magic, Military, Past, Plotting, self publishing, Sword and Sorcery, Tropes, Websites, Writing.	Tagged: Conyastoya, Dark Elves, Dikefin, Dimikran, Dwarf, Dwarves, Eldritch, Elf, Ellala, Elves, fantasy archetypes, fantasy races, Gimikran, Grogatha, Halfling, Kidimikran, Melniboneon, Orcs, Refuge.	1 Comment
I think of my world Refuge as being a very imaginative creation. I created kingdoms, continents, oceans, all very detailed. I filled in a history and then blended it with our own history, the product of millions of modern Earth people being transported to the world with their cultures and traditions. I decided that the concept of our fantasy archetypes originating on this world was also cool. I tried to fill in a little of this background, using the names that readers would be familiar with. When I sent the original novel out to publishers and readers in the late 1990s one of the comments I received over and over again was that I was using the same tired old fantasy races, Elves, Orcs, Dwarves, Halflings, and whatever. So when I did the updated novels I gave the races their own names, as well as the ones the transported humans gave them that fit their own conceptions of those creatures. So I still had elves, high (Ellala), forest (Conyastaya) and dark (Dikefin), and the dwarves (Gimikran, Dimikran, and Kidimikran), orcs (Grogatha) and others, and gave them evolutionary backgrounds that linked them to humans. But they still had the traditional names as well as the new names I made up for their own representations of self. So why even use these traditional names. Because that is what the humans would call them after seeing them. I think over ninety percent of humans, on seeing a slender fair humanoid with green eyes and pointy ears would immediately think of an elf. Or on seeing a squat muscular creature with a beard would think of the term dwarf. There was a world building article out years ago about how some authors would describe a long ear, furry, hopping herbivore on another planet as a Smeep. When anyone hearing the description would think rabbit. The point of the article was to use the common name instead of something made up when it was the common creature being represented. It made it less confusing to the reader.
So what about mythological type creatures? If the creature is fair skinned and pointy eared does it matter if it's called an Ellala, an elf, a Melnibonean or Eldritch. Or if it lives seven hundred years, seven thousand, or is immortal. Most people would call it an elf, and it would seem natural that it live in the woods. Its ebony skinned brethren would make sense living underground, as would squat, heavy muscled creatures that we would call dwarves. They might be called different names in different works, but they are still dwarves.
I see this all the time in newly released books, even some that are put out by major publishers. They have a race of squat, powerful humanoids who are great miners and smiths. They have a different culture, maybe a different affinity for magic from other races of fantasy. Maybe they are scrupulously clean, not dirty like many fantastic dwarves. But they are still dwarves by any other name.
A new chapter in the Refuge series.
Posted by dougdandridge on July 25, 2012
Posted in: Armor, Dragons, Fantasy, Future Warfare, Kindle, Military, Near Future, Nuclear Weapons, Plotting, science Fiction, self publishing, Vampires, Writing.	Tagged: Dwarves, Elves, Fantasy Series, Immortals, Magic, Refuge, Wizards.	Leave a comment
Today I finally finished formatting an uploading the second book in the Refuge series, Refuge: The Arrival: Book 2. Technically the third book, as Refuge: Doppelganger was published on Smashwords several months prior, and then on Amazon this last weekend. However, Doppelganger is set two thousand years into the future of the Refuge saga, while The Arrival: Book 2 follows directly from, of all things The Arrival: Book 1, and will be followed by the two book of Refuge: The Legions in the Spring of 2013. This is the description of the book on Amazon and Smashwords:
The adventure continues. Millions of Earth humans are transported to a world of magic and are in the fight for their lives against an evil Ellala Elf Emperor who sees them as soul energy to extend his life as a lich. But the forces of NATO have brought their weapons along, and it's tanks against wizards, attack helicopters against dragons, nuclear weapons against elder Gods. The technology of Earth will only work for a short period of time on the new world, due to the laws of Refuge finally overwhelming the beliefs of the newcomers. So it's use it or lose it, and the humans, under the command of United States Major General Zachary Taylor, use it with a vengeance. And the humans have brought along allies unlike an seen on Refuge in recent memory. Immortals of great physical power and an immunity to magic. Centenarian Kurt von Mannerheim, a veteran of the slaughter on the Eastern Front of World War Two. Ismael Levine, the Wandering Jew of legend, born prior to Christ. And newcomers, the American Jackie Smith, and the giant Brit Paul Mason-Smythe. Will they be enough to tilt the balance? Or will the humans have traded the nightmare of a nuclear ravaged world for one in which dark Gods prey on their souls? Allies will be gathered, and new enemies made, as technology fights magic in an effort to gain time and space for the forging of a new kingdom.
Refuge was written for self pub, unlike my other novels that were written for submission to agents and publishers. It was never planned for endless rounds of submission and rejection. This may be the way I am going in the future, as the world of traditional publishing seems to be a no win situation for the author looking to start out on the midlist and build a career. It is only for those writing the next big thing, even though the people doing the selection don't know what the next big thing is. I may continue to submit my latest offering, Daemon, through a cycle of rejections before self pubbing it, or I may just throw in the towel and put it out there to be judged by the public on its own merits. But back to Refuge. Below is an excerpt or two from the book:
"Not another one," yelled Anni Goebbels, shielding her eyes, the flash of a detonating nuke lighting the horizon.
Dirk cursed under his breath. It only seemed like yesterday that he had seen one of the damn things going off in his rearview mirror. This one seemed to be much further away, or much weaker, or both. But it was still disconcerting to see one of those fireballs rising into the sky.
"It's probably roasting a bunch of those evil elves," said Peter, a smile on his face. "And maybe a passel of those ugly guys they use." He too had covered his eyes. A yell from outside the car and he quickly turned his attention back to the road, pushing the brake pedal and stopping before he hit a bunch of pedestrians who were also gawking at the far blast.
"That would be a good thing," said Anni, her frown turning to a smile. "That's right," she yelled waving a hand out the window. "Nuke the hell out of those fuckers."
"And that's the last one," said Wolfgang, nodding his head toward the cloud.
"Why do you say that?" asked Reinhold from the back seat.
"One of the soldiers told me there were only three," said the bass player, holding up three fingers. He ticked off two. "They already let off two of them, so that leaves one. And that would be the one." He pointed at the cloud which was now leveling off.
"Well," said Dirk, listening to the cheer that was rising from the people watching the aftermath of the nuke as if it were a party. "I hope they got maximum bang for their buck."
"I hope it scared the hell out of the elves," said Anni. She grunted as she looked out the other window and saw a quartet of the woods elves standing on the side of the road, frowns on their faces. "I don't think our friends approve."
"I'm not sure I do either," said Dirk, watching the elves talk among themselves. "But we're against a hard place, and the damned Ellala are swinging a rock at us. We have to do what we can to survive."
"And now that they're all gone??" said Peter, gesturing toward the cloud that was starting to collapse on itself.
"Now we depend on the same powers the natives use," said Dirk, a smile stretching his face. He watched the military truck just ahead that hand their equipment strapped to it.
"Like musical magic?" said Karl Wilhelm in a slurred voice. "That is so cool."
"And they haven't seen anything yet," said Dirk, nodding toward the truck. "I can't wait to see what an electrical set does."
"What a beautiful animal," said Warrant Officer One Jessica Stuart, looking into the large, saucer shaped golden eye of the creature. A deep rumble rose out of the chest of the dragon with each breath, much like the purr of a cat. She felt a calm washing over her from that purr, despite standing next to a twenty ton creature sporting teeth big enough to cut her in half. One that could also swallow her whole.
"Gallandralla is a beautiful girl," agreed the Ellala who piloted the great beast. "She is the treasure of my life."
"The big reds made me feel afraid," said Jessica, running a hand over a smooth golden scales on the side of the dragon's head. A head that was longer than her entire body. "I don't feel that way about these guys." She gestured around the courtyard of the cliff top castle, where a dozen of the beasts, most smaller than this matriarch, were bedding down for the night.
"They are beloved of the Goddess," said the Ellala dragon rider, Mishanana, patting the dragon on the other side of her face. The rumbling grew deeper and the dragon gently rubbed her head into the hand. "They are creatures of good, unlike the reds."
"Well, we're glad to have you here," said the helicopter pilot. "We're spread kind of thin in the air as it is. And this evil empire had what, hundreds of the reds?"
"Over six hundred total," said the rider, his brows furrowing. "We have about a hundred to oppose them."
"And it takes forever to raise one to this size, huh," said the human, nodding her head.
"Maybe not forever," said the rider, "but over a thousand years to get one to maturity. Most of the dragons here are still juveniles."
Juveniles at ten tons, thought the pilot, frowning. It would take centuries to raise an air force from these creatures.
"I need to be getting back down the mountain," said the warrant officer to the Ellala rider, who was the squadron leader. "I would like to see you fly these guys tomorrow."
"Perhaps you would like a ride on Gallandralla," said the rider, patting the giant on the head and then following the human as she walked to her hummer.
"I would love to," said the human, her face breaking into a smile. "It looks like I'm going to have to learn to fly one eventually if I want to fly at all."
"And I would like to see what it is like to ride in one of your machines," said the rider, his eyes shining. "Before such wonders are gone from this world."
"It's a deal," said the human, sticking out her hand. "You give me a ride on yours, and I'll show you what mine is like."
The Ellala looked at her offered hand for a moment before realizing what the gesture meant. He grasped her strong hand in his delicate one and gave a vigorous shake. A moment later Jessica was on her way down the mountain road, wondering if she would sleep much tonight, with the promise of a dragon ride tomorrow?


CALDWELL, NJ - For the fifth year in a row, music ensembles from Grover Cleveland Middle School (GCMS) participated in adjudicated music festivals in May, receiving ratings of "superior" on their performances.
At the High Note Festival on Friday, May 31, in Allentown, PA, the grade 7/8 chorus, seventh grade band, eighth grade band, and grade 7/8 orchestra also received Superior ratings. All groups performed for an audience of high school and middle school students from other area bands, orchestras and choruses performing that day. In addition, professional musicians judged the students' performance and provided comments and suggestions to improve their playing. To earn the superior ratings, the three groups performed selections of their choice. Performances average 20 minutes in length and are critiqued by evaluators. Ratings of superior, excellent or good are assigned to each group.
To participate, each group performed with "on stage" time limited to 20 minutes, including set-up, introduction, and dismissal. Groups are then provided with motivational ratings of good, excellent or superior. Following their performances at the festival, the sixth graders enjoyed the remainder of the afternoon at Great Adventure, and seventh and eighth graders enjoyed the remainder of the afternoon at nearby Dorney Park.
and this year proved no different.


text:
JP2010213150A - Transmitter, file distribution system, file distribution control method and file distribution control program in system - Google Patents
Transmitter, file distribution system, file distribution control method and file distribution control program in system Download PDF
Akira Kobayashi
Jiro Tanimoto
昭 小林
次郎 谷本
日本電気株式会社
2009-03-12 Application filed by Nec Corp, 日本電気株式会社 filed Critical Nec Corp
2009-03-12 Priority to JP2009059130A priority Critical patent/JP2010213150A/en
238000009826 distribution Methods 0 title 3
230000001702 transmitter Effects 0 title 1
230000000875 corresponding Effects 0 abstract 2
H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
H04L1/12—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel
H04L1/16—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel in which the return channel carries supervisory signals, e.g. repetition request signals
H04L1/18—Automatic repetition systems, e.g. van Duuren system ; ARQ protocols
H04L1/1867—Arrangements specific to the transmitter end
H04L1/1887—Scheduling and prioritising arrangements
H04L2001/0092—Error control systems characterised by the topology of the transmission link
H04L2001/0093—Point-to-multipoint
PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To avoid a situation where retransmission requests are congested and data cannot be retransmitted.
When an error that cannot be corrected by an error correction code is detected, a reception device 200 transmits a retransmission request for the corresponding block to a transmission device 100 via a unicast network 400, and the transmission device 100 transmits a retransmission request. , And selects either multicast network 300 or unicast network 400 according to the number of retransmission requests transmitted from receiving apparatus 200 to control simultaneous retransmission of the corresponding block.
The present invention relates to a transmission apparatus, a large-capacity file distribution system, a file retransmission control method, and a retransmission control program connected to a plurality of receiving apparatuses via a multicast network and a unicast network.
With the spread of the Internet, PCs (Personal
Services that distribute contents such as movies to terminal devices such as Computer) have appeared. Until now, it has been common to distribute content composed of these large-capacity files using FTP (File Transfer Protocol).
By the way, since FTP is unicast communication, it is not suitable for distribution to multiple points. Communication suitable for multipoint distribution includes multicast communication. Since this multicast communication uses connectionless UDP (User Datagram Protocol), countermeasures for errors such as packet loss have been taken by double transmission (communication satellite) or forward error correction code. However, in the one-way communication, delivery confirmation cannot be obtained and reliability is low.
In consideration of the certainty mentioned above, CFDP (Coherent File
A method for performing retransmission control such as Distribution Protocol (RFC 1235) or HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet)
A method in which retransmission control is combined with an error correction code, such as (Access), is known.
Patent Document 1 proposes a technique in which, in multicast distribution, a receiving node that detects a packet loss makes a retransmission request without placing a load on the transmitting node, all receiving nodes, and the bandwidth of the entire network. . Furthermore, Patent Document 2 proposes a technique capable of efficient data distribution even when data distribution requests are generated from a large number of terminals to the data distribution server.
JP 2008-5455 A JP 2005-276079 A
However, in any of the systems described above, the unit of retransmission control is the packet level, so the amount of data is relatively small. For example, a very large file of several GB (Giga Byte) to several hundred GB is not assumed. Also, a short period is assumed for the network disconnection period.
In particular, digital cinema and IPTV (Internet
Protocol Television) handles very large volumes of data as described above. Further, in this case, since the satellite is used, there is a possibility that the network is disconnected for several hours due to the influence of the weather or the like, and it is necessary to control retransmission of a large amount of data. For such services, the conventional file delivery methods require a large number of retransmission requests and a memory area for retransmission management, and the retransmission requests may become congested, making it impossible to retransmit data. There is sex.
(Object of invention)
An object of the present invention is to divide a large capacity file of about several GB to several hundred GB distributed by multicast into large blocks of, for example, about 100 MB to 1 GB according to the file size, and perform error recovery by error correction code on a block basis An object of the present invention is to provide a transmission device, a large-capacity file distribution system, a file retransmission control method, and a retransmission control program that avoids a situation in which retransmission requests become congested due to the control and the data cannot be retransmitted.
The first transmitting apparatus of the present invention is a transmitting apparatus connected to a plurality of receiving apparatuses via a multicast network and a unicast network, and divides a file into a plurality of blocks in a predetermined unit independent of a packet. When receiving a retransmission request for an uncorrectable block via the unicast network from a transmission unit that distributes an error correction code and distributes it, and according to the number of retransmission requests. Control means for controlling retransmission of the corresponding block by the transmission means via a multicast network or a unicast network selected.
In the second large-capacity file distribution system of the present invention, a transmission device and a plurality of reception devices are connected via a multicast network and a unicast network, and the transmission device does not depend on a packet for a file. A large-capacity file distribution system that divides the data into blocks and assigns an error correction code to the plurality of receiving devices, and the plurality of receiving devices detect errors that cannot be corrected by the error correction code. In this case, the transmission device includes means for transmitting a retransmission request for the corresponding block to the transmission device via the unicast network. The transmission device receives the retransmission request and determines the number of retransmission requests transmitted from the reception device. Accordingly, there is provided means for selecting either the multicast network or the unicast network and controlling the simultaneous retransmission of the corresponding block.
A file retransmission control method in a third large-capacity file distribution system according to the present invention is such that a transmission apparatus and a plurality of reception apparatuses are connected via a multicast network and a unicast network, and the transmission apparatus A file retransmission control method in a large-capacity file distribution system that divides a plurality of blocks that do not depend on a packet, adds an error correction code, and distributes simultaneously to the plurality of reception apparatuses, wherein the reception apparatus includes the error correction code A first step of transmitting a retransmission request for the corresponding block to the transmitting apparatus via the unicast network when the error that cannot be corrected by the error is detected, and the transmitting apparatus receives the retransmission request, and Depending on the number of retransmission requests transmitted from the device, either the multicast network or the unicast network is selected and the corresponding block is selected. Tsu has a second step of controlling the simultaneous retransmission of click, the.
The fourth retransmission control program of the present invention is a retransmission control program of a transmission device that is executed on a computer and connected to a plurality of reception devices via a multicast network and a unicast network. A transmission process in which a file is divided into a plurality of blocks in a predetermined unit that does not depend on a packet, an error correction code is added and distributed, and a block that cannot be error-corrected via the unicast network from a receiving apparatus that has received the file When a retransmission request is received, control processing for controlling retransmission of the corresponding block via a multicast network or a unicast network selected according to the number of retransmission requests is executed.
According to the present invention, a large-capacity file of about several GB to several hundred GB distributed by multicast is divided into large blocks of, for example, about 100 MB to 1 GB according to the file size, and error recovery using error correction codes in units of blocks. By performing the control, it is possible to provide a transmission apparatus, a large-capacity file distribution system, a file retransmission control method, and a retransmission control program that avoid a situation in which retransmission requests are congested and data cannot be retransmitted.
The reason is that the transmission means of the transmission device divides the file into a plurality of blocks in a predetermined unit independent of the packet, distributes it with an error correction code, and the control means transmits a unit from the reception device that has received the file. When a retransmission request for an uncorrectable block is received via a cast network, the retransmission of the corresponding block by the transmission means is controlled via a multicast network or a unicast network selected according to the number of retransmission requests. It is.
It is a block diagram which shows the structure of the large capacity | capacitance file delivery system by embodiment of this invention. It is a figure which shows an example of the data structure of the various tables used with the large capacity file delivery system by embodiment of this invention. It is a sequence diagram (1) which shows operation | movement of the transmitter of the large capacity file delivery system by embodiment of this invention, and a receiver. It is a sequence diagram (2) which shows operation | movement of the transmitter of the large capacity file delivery system by embodiment of this invention, and a receiver. It is a flowchart which shows the detailed procedure of the network selection process of the transmitter by embodiment of this invention.
Next, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings.
(Configuration of the first embodiment)
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a large-capacity file distribution system 10 according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
Referring to FIG. 1, a large-capacity file distribution system 10 according to the first exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes a transmission device 100 and a plurality of reception devices 200 via a multicast network 300 and a unicast network 400. The connected and transmitting apparatus 100 is configured to divide a file into a plurality of blocks that do not depend on a packet, add an error correction code, and distribute to a plurality of receiving apparatuses 200 simultaneously.
As shown in FIG. 1, the transmission device 100 controls the simultaneous retransmission of the corresponding block by selecting either the multicast network 300 or the unicast network 400 according to the number of retransmission requests transmitted from the reception device 200. As a means for performing the processing, a control unit (CPU 101), a storage unit 102, an encoding unit 103, a block division unit 104, a communication unit 105, a retransmission receiving unit 106, a request table 107, a retransmission table 108, a file Storage unit 109.
The request table 107 includes a data field including a request ID (107a), a multicast address (107b), and a file name (107c), as shown in FIG. Further, as shown in FIG. 2B, an example of the data structure of the retransmission table 108 includes a request ID (108a), a block number (108b), a unicast address (108c), and a retransmission schedule notification ( 108d).
On the other hand, when detecting an error that cannot be corrected by the error correction code, the receiving device 200 has a control unit (CPU 201) as means for transmitting a retransmission request for the corresponding block to the transmitting device 100 via the unicast network 400, A storage unit 202, a decoding unit 203, a block integration unit 204, a communication unit 205, a retransmission request unit 206, an unreceived table 207, and a file storage unit 208 are included.
As shown in FIG. 2C, an example of the data structure of the unreceived table 207 includes a request ID (207a), an unreceived block number (207b), a retransmission wait period (207c), and a retransmission counter ( 207d).
The general operation of the large-capacity file hi-shin system 10 according to the first embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. First, the transmitting apparatus 100 that has received a file transmission request from the receiving apparatus 200 additionally sets a record in which a request ID (107a) for distinguishing the receiving apparatus 200 is described in the request table 107 in order to transmit a file. To do. Then, the corresponding file is read from the file storage unit 109, divided into an appropriate size by the block division unit 104, subjected to error correction coding by the coding unit 103, and transmitted to the multicast network 300 via the communication unit 105.
Here, when the block dividing unit 104 divides a file into an appropriate size, a large-capacity file of about several GB to several hundred GB is not limited to a packet that is a small group of several hundred bytes, for example, It is assumed that the block is divided into large blocks of about 100 MB to 1 GB.
When the receiving apparatus 200 receives the above-described large-capacity file, the decoding unit 203 decodes the block received by the communication unit 205, the block integration unit 204 writes the block in the file storage unit 208, and the control unit 205 The corresponding record in the unreceived table 207 is deleted. In the receiving apparatus 200, when a file reception timeout occurs, or when an error that cannot be corrected by the error correction code occurs in the decoding process in the decoding unit 203, a retransmission process is performed by the control unit 201.
In performing the retransmission process, the control unit 201 selects a plurality of small blocks indicated in the retransmission counter (207d) of the unreceived table 207, updates the value of the retransmission counter (207d), and transmits a retransmission request for those blocks. Is transmitted to the transmitting apparatus 100 via the retransmission request unit 208 and the unicast network 400.
Receiving the retransmission request, the transmitting apparatus 100 transmits a retransmission schedule notification describing the scheduled retransmission time in advance to the receiving apparatus 200, and sets the retransmission schedule notification (108d) of the record of the corresponding block in the retransmission table 108 to "true". Update. The receiving apparatus 200 that has received the retransmission schedule notification updates the retransmission waiting time limit (207c) of the unreceived table 207, and controls not to send a retransmission request for the block until the scheduled time comes.
In the transmission device 100, for example, when the retransmission acceptance unit 106 receives a retransmission request from one reception device 200, the control unit 10 selects the unicast network 400, and the retransmission acceptance unit 106 includes two or more reception devices. When the retransmission request is received from 200, the control unit 101 selects the multicast network 300, and the transmission unit 105 retransmits the corresponding block.
For this reason, the encoding unit 103, the block division unit 104, and the communication unit 105 in the transmission apparatus 100 operate in cooperation, thereby "dividing a file into a plurality of blocks in a predetermined unit independent of a packet. In addition, as a "transmission means for delivering an error correction code and distributing", the control unit 101, the communication unit 105, and the retransmission accepting unit 106 operate in cooperation, so that "the receiving device that has received the file" When a re-transmission request for an uncorrectable block is received from 200 through the unicast network 400, the corresponding block by the transmission means is transmitted through the multicast network 300 or the unicast network 400 selected according to the number of retransmission requests. Each of these functions as a control means for controlling retransmission.
In the file transmission completion process, the reception device 200 transmits a file reception completion notification to the transmission device 100 when the request ID of the non-reception table 207 becomes empty. Receiving the completion notification, the transmission apparatus 100 deletes the corresponding record in the request table 107 and completes the file transmission operation.
(Operation of the first embodiment)
Next, the operation of the large-capacity file distribution system 10 according to the first embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the sequence diagrams (1) and (2) shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 and the flowchart shown in FIG. .
Referring to FIG. 3, in receiving apparatus 200, control unit 201 first designates a file name to be received and transmits a session start request to transmitting apparatus 100 through communication unit 206 (step S201).
The transmission device 100 receives the session start request from the reception device 200 at the communication unit 105 (step S101), and the control unit 101 issues a request ID that is a unique value within the transmission device 100, and the request ID, A new record consisting of the destination multicast address and the file name field is generated and set in the request table 107 (step S102). Subsequently, the transmission device 100 (control unit 101) transmits a transmission parameter including a request ID, a file size, and a block size to the reception device 200 through the communication unit 105 as a session start response (step S103).
In the receiving device 200, the communication unit 205 receives the session start response transmitted from the transmitting device 100 (step S202). In response to this, the control unit 201 calculates the number of blocks from the file size and the block size, and requests the request. A new record including the ID, block number, retransmission wait time limit, and each data field of the retransmission counter is generated, and the number of blocks is additionally set in the unreceived table 207 (step S203). Subsequently, the receiving device 200 transmits a file transmission request to the transmitting device 100 through the communication unit 205 (step S204).
Next, the operation of transmitting apparatus 100 during file transmission will be described. Upon receiving the file transmission request (step S104), the control unit 101 reads the file from the file storage unit 109, and under the control of the control unit 101, the block dividing unit 104 divides the file into predetermined blocks. The encoding unit 103 performs error correction encoding (step S105), and transmits the block by the communication unit 105 (step S106).
In the transmitting apparatus 100, after the above-described block transmission, the control unit 101 checks the contents of the retransmission table 108 (step S107). If there is a record whose retransmission schedule notification is "false", the control unit 101 selects a plurality of records, and transmits a retransmission schedule notification including a block number and a retransmission scheduled time to the multicast network 300 (step S108). Further, the retransmission schedule notification field of the record is updated to "true" (step S109).
Subsequently, the control unit 101 determines whether or not all blocks have been transmitted (step S110 in FIG. 4). If all blocks have not been transmitted (step S110 "No"), the contents of the retransmission table 108 are checked, If the number of the block to be sent next is in the retransmission table 108, the record is deleted (step S114), and the process returns to the encoding process in step S105.
If it is confirmed in the all-block transmission determination process in step S110 that the transmission of all blocks has been completed (step S110 "YES"), even if the transmitting apparatus 100 transmits all the blocks, the receiving apparatus 200 is a part of the blocks. Therefore, the control unit 101 checks the retransmission table 108 (step S111). Here, when it is determined that the contents of the retransmission table 108 are not empty (step S111 "No"), the control unit 101 selects a plurality of blocks to be retransmitted and uses a network (multicast network 300 is a unicast network) used for retransmission. 400) is selected (step S113).
In the above-described network selection process (step S113), as shown in the detailed procedure in FIG. 5, the control unit 101 refers to the retransmission table 108 (step S301), and has the same request ID and the same corresponding block for retransmission. If there are more than a certain number of records having block numbers (step S302 "YES"), the multicast network 300 is selected and retransmitted (step S303). On the other hand, when the number is smaller than the predetermined number (step S302 "NO"), the control unit 101 selects the unicast network 400 and retransmits the unicast address in each record (step S304).
The description returns to the sequence diagrams of FIGS. After the network selection process described above (step S113), the control unit 101 deletes the record of the block to be retransmitted from the retransmission table 108 (step S114), and returns to the execution of the block encoding process of step S105 in FIG.
On the other hand, when it is determined that the retransmission table 108 is empty (step S111 "YES"), the control unit 101 determines whether or not there is a corresponding record in the request table 107 (step S112). When it is determined that there is a record (step S112 "YES"), the control unit 101 recognizes that there is a block that needs to be retransmitted but a retransmission request from the receiving apparatus 200 has not yet arrived, and waits for a certain period. After that (step S115), the process returns to the execution of the retransmission table empty determination process in step S111. If it is determined that there is no record (step S112 "NO"), the control unit 101 indicates that a file reception completion notification has been received from the receiving apparatus 200 as will be described later, and thus ends the file transmission operation.
In addition to the above-described operation, the transmission device 100 performs the following operation in response to a retransmission request from the reception device 200. That is, in the transmitting apparatus 100 that has received a retransmission request from the receiving apparatus 200, the control unit 101 includes a request ID described in the retransmission request, a block number, a unicast address of the receiving apparatus 200, and a retransmission schedule notification field. A record is additionally set in the retransmission table 108 (step S116). When receiving the file reception completion notification from the receiving device 200, the control unit 10 deletes the record having the corresponding request ID from the request table 107 (step S117).
Finally, the operation of the receiving apparatus 200 when receiving a file will be described. The receiving apparatus 200 that has sent a file transmission request to the transmitting apparatus 100 waits for reception of a block for a certain period of time (step S205 in FIG. 4), and performs block reception determination (step S206). Here, when the block is not received (step S206 "NO"), the control unit 201 checks whether or not a retransmission schedule notification is received from the transmission device 100 (step S207). When the retransmission schedule notification is received (step S207 "YES"), the control unit 201 updates the retransmission waiting period (207c) of the record of the corresponding block number in the unreceived table 207 to the retransmission scheduled time of the retransmission schedule notification ( Step S208).
On the other hand, when the block is received in the block reception determination process in step S206 (step S206 ""), the control unit 201 instructs the block decoding process by the decoding unit 203 (step S207). Since the error correction code is used for encoding the file, the decoding unit 203 can recover a certain degree of error during the file transmission. Subsequently, the control unit 201 determines the result of decoding by the decoding unit 203 (step S210 in FIG. 4). If the decoding is successful (step S210 "YES"), the block is stored in the file storage unit. Write to 208 and integrate the blocks (step S211). Further, the control unit 201 deletes the record in the unreceived table 207 corresponding to the received block number (step S212).
Finally, the control unit 201 determines whether or not the unreceived table 207 is empty (step S213). If the unreceived table 207 is not empty (step S213 "NO"), the control unit 201 proceeds to a reception data waiting process for a predetermined time in step S205 shown in FIG. Return. If the unreceived table 207 is empty ("YES" in step S213), it means that all blocks have been received, so the control unit 201 generates a file reception completion notification and transmits it to the transmission device 100 via the communication unit 205. (Step S214). In the transmission device 100 that has received the file reception completion notification, the control unit 101 deletes the record from the request table 107 (step S117).
When the retransmission schedule notification is not received in the retransmission scheduled reception determination process in step S207 (step S207 "NO"), or when the decoding fails in the decoding success determination process in step S210 (step S210 "NO"), the control unit 201 discards the block, refers to the unreceived table 207, selects some records with a small value of the retransmission counter (209d), updates the retransmission counter value, and generates a retransmission request (step S215). The retransmission request unit 206 sends a retransmission request including the block number and the request ID to the transmission device 100 (step S216). The transmission apparatus 100 that has received the retransmission request updates the retransmission table 108 (step S116).
(Effects of the first embodiment)
In the large-capacity file distribution system 10 according to the present embodiment, the transmission device 100 divides the file into blocks, transmits the error correction code, and transmits the multicast network 300 or the unicode according to the retransmission request from the reception device 200. By selecting the cast network 400 and retransmitting the corresponding block, even if the network is disconnected for a relatively long time, a large-capacity file can be distributed efficiently.
The reason is that the retransmission control area enlargement and retransmission request congestion can be suppressed by performing retransmission control in units of blocks of a certain size such as several GB instead of packet level retransmission control.
Further, in the large-capacity file distribution system 10 according to the present embodiment, the receiving device 200 receives and decodes the blocks, integrates the blocks, reconstructs the file, and cannot correct the file with a reception timeout or error correction code. By transmitting a retransmission request using the unicast network 400 when an error occurs, the transmission device 100 can distribute a file even if a random error occurs.
This is because the receiving apparatus 200 can correct a random error by performing error correction coding on communication data.
Note that all of the functions of the control unit 101 of the transmission apparatus 100 in FIG. 1 may be realized by software, or at least a part thereof may be realized by hardware. For example, when the control unit 101 receives a retransmission request for an uncorrectable block via the unicast network 400 from the receiving device 200 that has received the file, the control unit 101 selects the multicast network 300 or the unidirectional network selected according to the number of retransmission requests. Data processing for controlling retransmission of the corresponding block via the cast network 400 may be realized on a computer by one or a plurality of programs, or at least a part thereof may be realized by hardware.
Although the present invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiments and examples, the present invention is not necessarily limited to the above-described embodiments and examples, and various modifications may be made within the scope of the technical idea. Can be implemented.
10: Large-capacity file distribution system 100: Transmission device 101: Control unit (CPU)
102: Storage unit 103: Encoding unit 104: Block division unit 105: Communication unit 106: Retransmission reception unit 107: Request table 108: Retransmission table 109: File storage unit 200: Receiving device 201: Control unit (CPU)
202: Storage unit 203: Decoding unit 204: Block integration unit 205: Communication unit 206: Retransmission request unit 207: Unreceived table 208: File storage unit 300: Multicast network 400: Unicast network
The plurality of receiving devices are transmitting devices connected via a multicast network and a unicast network,
A transmission unit that divides a file into a plurality of blocks in a predetermined unit that does not depend on a packet, adds an error correction code, and distributes the block;
When receiving a retransmission request of an uncorrectable block via the unicast network from the receiving apparatus that has received the file, the multicast network or the unicast network selected according to the number of retransmission requests Control means for controlling retransmission of the corresponding block by the transmission means;
A transmission device comprising:
The control means includes
When a retransmission request is received from the receiving device,
Update a retransmission table consisting of a record including a unique request ID given to the retransmission request, the corresponding block number that cannot be error-corrected, and a unicast address;
At the time of retransmission by the transmission means, the retransmission table is referred to, the multicast network is selected when there are a predetermined number of records having the same request ID and the same corresponding block number, and the unicast network is selected when the number is less than the predetermined number The transmission apparatus according to claim 1, wherein retransmission by the transmission means using a unicast address in the record is controlled.
A transmitting device and a plurality of receiving devices are connected via a multicast network and a unicast network, and the transmitting device divides the file into a plurality of blocks that do not depend on a packet, and adds an error correction code. A large-capacity file distribution system that distributes to the plurality of receiving devices simultaneously,
The plurality of receiving devices are:
When an error that cannot be corrected by the error correction code is detected, means for transmitting a retransmission request for the corresponding block to the transmitter via the unicast network,
The transmitter is
Means for receiving the retransmission request and controlling the simultaneous retransmission of the corresponding block by selecting either the multicast network or the unicast network according to the number of retransmission requests transmitted from the receiving device;
A large-capacity file distribution system characterized by this.
The file is divided into a plurality of blocks in a predetermined unit that does not depend on a packet, and an error correction code is added and distributed.
When a retransmission request for an uncorrectable block is received via the unicast network from the receiving device that has received the file, the corresponding request is sent via a multicast network or a unicast network selected according to the number of retransmission requests. 4. The large-capacity file delivery system according to claim 3, wherein retransmission of blocks is controlled.
A transmission device and a plurality of reception devices are connected via a multicast network and a unicast network, and the transmission device divides the file into a plurality of blocks that do not depend on a packet, and adds an error correction code A file retransmission control method in a large-capacity file delivery system that delivers to a plurality of receiving devices simultaneously,
A first step of transmitting a retransmission request of a corresponding block to the transmission device via the unicast network when the reception device detects an error that cannot be corrected by the error correction code;
The transmitting device receives the retransmission request, and controls the simultaneous retransmission of the corresponding block by selecting either the multicast network or the unicast network according to the number of retransmission requests transmitted from the receiving device. A second step;
A file retransmission control method in a large-capacity file distribution system characterized by comprising:
The second step includes
A sub-step of dividing the file into a plurality of blocks in a predetermined unit that does not depend on a packet, and adding an error correction code and delivering the block;
When a retransmission request for an uncorrectable block is received via the unicast network from the receiving device that has received the file, the corresponding request is sent via a multicast network or a unicast network selected according to the number of retransmission requests. A sub-step for controlling block retransmission;
6. The file retransmission control method in a large-capacity file distribution system according to claim 5, wherein:
A plurality of receiving devices, which are executed on a computer, are retransmission control programs for transmitting devices connected via a multicast network and a unicast network,
In the computer,
A transmission process in which a file is divided into a plurality of blocks in a predetermined unit that does not depend on a packet, and an error correction code is added and distributed;
When a retransmission request for an uncorrectable block is received via the unicast network from the receiving device that has received the file, the corresponding request is sent via a multicast network or a unicast network selected according to the number of retransmission requests. Control processing to control block retransmission;
A retransmission control program characterized in that
The control process is
When receiving a retransmission request from the receiving device, update a retransmission table consisting of a record including a unique request ID given to the retransmission request, the corresponding block number that cannot be error-corrected, a unicast address,
When retransmitting, the retransmission table is referred to, when there is a predetermined number of records having the same request ID and the same corresponding block number, the multicast network is selected, and when the number is less than the predetermined number, the unicast network is selected and the record is selected. Control retransmissions using unicast addresses in
The retransmission control program according to claim 7.
JP2009059130A 2009-03-12 2009-03-12 Transmitter, file distribution system, file distribution control method and file distribution control program in system Pending JP2010213150A (en)
JP2009059130A JP2010213150A (en) 2009-03-12 2009-03-12 Transmitter, file distribution system, file distribution control method and file distribution control program in system
US12/716,340 US20100235702A1 (en) 2009-03-12 2010-03-03 Transmitter, file distribution system, file distribution control method and file distribution control program in system
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On 7 Aug ust 2018, the President of Poland signed the Act amending the Act on Combating Unfair Competition and some other acts. Its purpose is to adapt the provisions of Polish law to Directive 2016/943 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2016 on the protection of classified know-how and classified commercial information (business secrets) against their unlawful acquisition, use or disclosure.
According to the new regulations, "an act of unfair competition" means not only disclosing and using business secrets belonging to another person, but also obtaining them.
Under the new regulations, "business secrets" means the technical, technological, or organizational information of an enterprise or other information of commercial value, which, as a whole or in a particular combination of its elements, is not generally known to individuals usually dealing with this type of information or is not easily accessible to such individuals unless the employer has taken steps, with due diligence, to keep it confidential.
(d) the disclosure of business secrets to employees' representatives to enable them to properly perform their statutory functions.
Under the new regulations, the rule prohibiting former employees from committing acts of unfair competition towards their former employer within three years of the termination of their employment contract has been removed. In practice, this means that employers will be able to extend the confidentiality period depending on their business needs.
In the light of the new regulations, we recommend that employment contracts and workplace regulations be adapted to better protect the employer's interests. In particular, the time limit on disclosing business secrets should be extended while workplace regulations should precisely indicate what information is deemed as business secret.


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You are here: Home / Archive / Features / Jerry Moore: Anthropologist Establishes Consortium of Ecuadorean and Peruvian Scholars
Jerry Moore: Anthropologist Establishes Consortium of Ecuadorean and Peruvian Scholars
Professor of anthropology Jerry Moore and Dr. Francisco Valdez of the Institut de Recherche Pour le Développpement (IRD) laid the groundwork for a bi-national collaboration between archaeologists in Ecuador and Peru this summer for long-term projects to explore the prehistory of the border regions between the two nations.
Jerry Moore, professor of anthropology (at far left) with international colleagues in Real Alto, a principal site of the Valdivia culture on the southwest coast of Ecuador. L-R: Moore, Larissa Colan, Carolina Vilchez, Fanny Rodriquez and Francisco Valdez
The two-and-a-half week conference of international university students, archaeologists, and other scholars visited 15 ancient sites in Ecuador and Peru, viewed collections in national museums in both countries, and made public presentations to communities in La Libertad and Cuenca, Ecuador and in Tumbes and Piura, Peru. The project is funded by the Wenner Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, and the IRD.
"The Wenner Gren Foundation is quite excited about it because this is the first time anyone has had this idea of having a mobile workshop," says Moore. "Many of these events were held in places where people don't get the opportunity to hear an international team of archaeologists talking about [excavations and findings] located in their own hometowns."
Another aspect of the project according to Moore is the fact that there has previously been very little or no collaboration between archaeologists from Peru and Ecuador, despite the fact that there are many parallels between early village life of 3,500 B.C. – 1,000 B.C., which is known as the Formative Period of southern Ecuador and northern Peru. Moore says that the recent discoveries of these areas, some of which were unknown until only five years ago, are helping to mend the somewhat contentious relationship between the scholars of both nations due to a history of border conflicts between Peru and Ecuador for most of the 20th century. He says that the ensuing warfare and nationalist agendas inhibited scholarly exchanges.
"The common interests between archaeologists became more vital than the division between Peruvians and Ecuadorians, which was my hope from the beginning," he says. "At the moment when [an Ecuadorian] picked up a pot shard and a Peruvian would say, 'I found something that looks exactly like that,' that object would become the seed that would open up conversations in a way that would never happen at a regular conference."
Moore says that the significance of the area's archaeology, the study of which has only begun in the last 40 to 50 years, lies in the story of ancient indigenous societies and their transition from hunting and gathering to an early agricultural subsistence, along with the beginnings of village governance and social strata. He underscores the fact that although each region approached these changes in distinctively different manners, the overall focus was the same.
"For reasons we don't really understand at all, these parallel developments are occurring in ancient societies, but along very different tracks," says Moore. "And yet we have enough evidence to be pretty certain that these societies are in indirect contact with each other… but they're doing radically different things. What has emerged is a picture that is characterized by a mosaic of diversity, but with contacts. Why that seems to be the case, we don't know yet. But that's going to be clearly one of the major research questions for the next decade."
Examining archaeological materials from highland Ecuador with Ecuadorian archaeologist Javier Idrovo Uriguen and Peruvian archaeologists, Fanny Rodriguez and Larissa Colan
Moore says that before the conference ended, plans were made to establish common goals for the future of the consortium. Valdez, who is based in Quito, Ecuador, is continuing the work on bi-national research projects to be presented early next year to the ministers of culture in Ecuador and Peru. Other long-term plans include a booklet describing the history of the excavated regions, and enlisting the expertise of international faculty to develop professional training and advanced degrees for students in both countries, particularly Ecuador.
"There are only six Ecuadorean archaeologists with a doctorate," says Moore. "Only about 20 of them have a master's degree. Yet Ecuador has this incredible archaeological heritage. There's a real need to have well-trained people working in these areas. Not only is there the scientific investigation [of sites] but also, Ecuador has environmental laws that require major projects to employ archaeologists who can mitigate the adverse impact [on the environment]."
Moore says that despite some initial hesitation on the part of archaeologists from both nations, once the opportunity to interface occurred, "everyone was very positive."
"I think that's the way you can solve these kinds of issues," says Moore. "You bring people together and focus not on what keeps them apart, but on their common interests. You put them in an environment that is not an artificial one… and in enough different settings so that the bridges they build between each other are not fragile ones. That really worked and it was really exciting."
Moore is completing a new book, titled "The Prehistory of Home," which is under contract to the University of California Press. He has also been approached by the University of Colorado Press to write a textbook on the prehistory of South America.
For more information on the anthropology department at CSU Dominguez Hills, click here.
Filed Under: Features Tagged With: Anthropology, Faculty, Research, Students


Don Lucia doesn't believe this warrants a major penalty.
Look, Hedgey. You dreamed up this sham of a tournament. You hosted it. With your own referees. Even after all of that, your player still got a major penalty. Perhaps, just perhaps, MAYBE, I don't know… he deserved it?
It's really sad Marshall is facing a suspension. Very sad. It really shows no matter how much lip service is paid to concussion prevention and player safety, that's all it is to coaches and players. Hitting a defenseless player, without the puck, in the head, is somehow not worthy of a penalty? And repeated game misconducts, showing a player hasn't learned from his past actions, is something to appeal?
Maybe Lucia didn't want to appeal the suspension until Chorske begged him? All the mucous-drenched sobbing and whining probably made Hedgey uncomfortable. Wait, what am I saying? If that was the case, Rau wouldn't be around.


Freedom of speech and expression is a vital part of a healthy, functioning democracy.
With such freedom, comes the right of others to express opinions which might not be what one might consider to be consistent with what is commonly understood to be within the parameters of 'good taste'.
Good taste is difficult to define, and I will defend the right of anybody to express genuinely held opinions. However, that does not mean I will forgo my right to criticise those opinions where I disagree with them.
I disagree with much of what was posted on this website yesterday following the announcement of the death of Shane McEntee. In order not to promote the 'thread' in which the comments were made, I effectively avoided posting in the thread.
Members of this site, as opposed to casual observors, have access to a feedback section of the site - this allows us to comment on issues relating to the site, but these comments remain invisible to those who have not 'signed in' to the site. This section of the site was used by many to express disgust at what was said yesterday. Many of us are embarrassed and disgusted today.
This, however, results in a catch 22 for posters who wish to publicly distance themselves and the site from comments - by commenting on the publicly visible thread, they provide oxygen to the less than tasteful comments made by some posters.
On my own behalf, I wish to apologise for the offence caused by this site yesterday. I issue the apology on my own behalf because I cannot speak for others. However, I feel a duty to speak up and use my freedom of speech to make that apology, because as a user of this site, I have a duty to ensure its proper running.
Doubtless, there will be people who try to use this thread to give effect to their freedom to spread their bile. For this reason, this will be my only comment, other than to 'bump' the thread where necessary.
If people agree with this post, I would ask that they merely post a +1 and do not return to the thread (perhaps other than to bump it).
Please do not apologise for anyone other than yourself.
Freedom of speech whether it galls you or not.
How can you apologise for something you didn't do?
The Daily Mail -- the world's biggest cut-and-paste operation.
On my own behalf, I wish to apologise for the offence caused by this site yesterday. I issue the apology on my own behalf because I cannot speak for others.
I feel a duty to speak up and use my freedom of speech to make that apology, because as a user of this site, I have a duty to ensure its proper running.
Are you a moderator? If you are not your sole duty is to behave yourself as you see fit. Do not cram your opinions down anyone's throat.
You are getting confusing. Just because you have a right to freedom of speech, doesn't mean you have to go around and apologise when others abuse/use it.
Why do you think it is your duty that this site is run properly? Are you a mod perhaps?
You didn't cause any offense so why are you apologising. I agree with your sentiments but disagree with the title of your post. You should have titled it as an objection to yesterdays events. You'd be on much more solid ground then. To repeat, I agree with your sentiments of the OP.
But if those scumbags listed above want to wag their fingers at this site, they can expect to have them bitten off!
That Meath east by election thread and the comments contained within and in particular in the last few pages of the thread are now serving as a perfect illustration of all that is wrong with P.ie!
Some of the vile comments made by posters in that thread are the kind of comments that only a scumbag could be proud off!
Those of us who engage in a discussion whether on line or in person have an obligation to have normal civil manners some of the postings on Politics.ie have sadly been disgusting.
SIL - I agree with your OP & TBH the behaviour on this site has gone to gutter level, more so since Dave left and yesterday's threads and the continuance of the meath by election thread today, is becoming the final straw for me & I think it is time for me to move on from p.ie.


TheGoldenAura » Blog Archive » RT @photomatt: This could be interesting for WP themes: http://wpgorilla.org/ . They should add finished product to theme directory.
RT @photomatt: This could be interesting for WP themes: http://wpgorilla.org/ . They should add finished product to theme directory.
This entry was posted on Monday, April 27th, 2009 - 09:18.