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Psychological Medicine (21)
The British Journal of Psychiatry (13)
Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences (4)
Epidemiologia e psichiatria sociale. Monograph Supplement (3)
The Royal College of Psychiatrists (13)
Chapter 15 - Natural and Human-Made Disasters
from Section 4 - Factors Influencing the Onset and Course of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
By Evelyn J. Bromet, Silvia Florescu, Giovanni de Girolamo, Fernando Navarro-Mateu, Elie G. Karam
Edited by Evelyn J. Bromet, State University of New York, Stony Brook, Elie G. Karam, Karestan C. Koenen, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Dan J. Stein, University of Cape Town
Book: Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Print publication: 09 August 2018, pp 226-239
Psychotic experiences and general medical conditions: a cross-national analysis based on 28 002 respondents from 16 countries in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys
Kate M. Scott, Sukanta Saha, Carmen C.W. Lim, Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, Ali Al-Hamzawi, Jordi Alonso, Corina Benjet, Evelyn J. Bromet, Ronny Bruffaerts, José Miguel Caldas-de-Almeida, Giovanni de Girolamo, Peter de Jonge, Louisa Degenhardt, Silvia Florescu, Oye Gureje, Josep M. Haro, Chiyi Hu, Elie G. Karam, Viviane Kovess-Masfety, Sing Lee, Jean-Pierre Lepine, Zeina Mneimneh, Fernando Navarro-Mateu, Marina Piazza, José Posada-Villa, Nancy A. Sampson, Juan Carlos Stagnaro, Ronald C. Kessler, John J. McGrath
Journal: Psychological Medicine / Volume 48 / Issue 16 / December 2018
Previous work has identified associations between psychotic experiences (PEs) and general medical conditions (GMCs), but their temporal direction remains unclear as does the extent to which they are independent of comorbid mental disorders.
In total, 28 002 adults in 16 countries from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys were assessed for PEs, GMCs and 21 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) mental disorders. Discrete-time survival analyses were used to estimate the associations between PEs and GMCs with various adjustments.
After adjustment for comorbid mental disorders, temporally prior PEs were significantly associated with subsequent onset of 8/12 GMCs (arthritis, back or neck pain, frequent or severe headache, other chronic pain, heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes and peptic ulcer) with odds ratios (ORs) ranging from 1.3 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1–1.5] to 1.9 (95% CI 1.4–2.4). In contrast, only three GMCs (frequent or severe headache, other chronic pain and asthma) were significantly associated with subsequent onset of PEs after adjustment for comorbid GMCs and mental disorders, with ORs ranging from 1.5 (95% CI 1.2–1.9) to 1.7 (95% CI 1.2–2.4).
PEs were associated with the subsequent onset of a wide range of GMCs, independent of comorbid mental disorders. There were also associations between some medical conditions (particularly those involving chronic pain) and subsequent PEs. Although these findings will need to be confirmed in prospective studies, clinicians should be aware that psychotic symptoms may be risk markers for a wide range of adverse health outcomes. Whether PEs are causal risk factors will require further research.
Complementary and alternative medicine contacts by persons with mental disorders in 25 countries: results from the World Mental Health Surveys
P. de Jonge, K. J. Wardenaar, H. R. Hoenders, S. Evans-Lacko, V. Kovess-Masfety, S. Aguilar-Gaxiola, A. Al-Hamzawi, J. Alonso, L. H. Andrade, C. Benjet, E. J. Bromet, R. Bruffaerts, B. Bunting, J. M. Caldas-de-Almeida, R. V. Dinolova, S. Florescu, G. de Girolamo, O. Gureje, J. M. Haro, C. Hu, Y. Huang, E. G. Karam, G. Karam, S. Lee, J.-P. Lépine, D. Levinson, V. Makanjuola, F. Navarro-Mateu, B.-E. Pennell, J. Posada-Villa, K. Scott, H. Tachimori, D. Williams, B. Wojtyniak, R. C. Kessler, G. Thornicroft
Journal: Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences / Volume 27 / Issue 6 / December 2018
Aims.
A substantial proportion of persons with mental disorders seek treatment from complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) professionals. However, data on how CAM contacts vary across countries, mental disorders and their severity, and health care settings is largely lacking. The aim was therefore to investigate the prevalence of contacts with CAM providers in a large cross-national sample of persons with 12-month mental disorders.
In the World Mental Health Surveys, the Composite International Diagnostic Interview was administered to determine the presence of past 12 month mental disorders in 138 801 participants aged 18–100 derived from representative general population samples. Participants were recruited between 2001 and 2012. Rates of self-reported CAM contacts for each of the 28 surveys across 25 countries and 12 mental disorder groups were calculated for all persons with past 12-month mental disorders. Mental disorders were grouped into mood disorders, anxiety disorders or behavioural disorders, and further divided by severity levels. Satisfaction with conventional care was also compared with CAM contact satisfaction.
An estimated 3.6% (standard error 0.2%) of persons with a past 12-month mental disorder reported a CAM contact, which was two times higher in high-income countries (4.6%; standard error 0.3%) than in low- and middle-income countries (2.3%; standard error 0.2%). CAM contacts were largely comparable for different disorder types, but particularly high in persons receiving conventional care (8.6–17.8%). CAM contacts increased with increasing mental disorder severity. Among persons receiving specialist mental health care, CAM contacts were reported by 14.0% for severe mood disorders, 16.2% for severe anxiety disorders and 22.5% for severe behavioural disorders. Satisfaction with care was comparable with respect to CAM contacts (78.3%) and conventional care (75.6%) in persons that received both.
CAM contacts are common in persons with severe mental disorders, in high-income countries, and in persons receiving conventional care. Our findings support the notion of CAM as largely complementary but are in contrast to suggestions that this concerns person with only mild, transient complaints. There was no indication that persons were less satisfied by CAM visits than by receiving conventional care. We encourage health care professionals in conventional settings to openly discuss the care patients are receiving, whether conventional or not, and their reasons for doing so.
Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys
S. Evans-Lacko, S. Aguilar-Gaxiola, A. Al-Hamzawi, J. Alonso, C. Benjet, R. Bruffaerts, W. T. Chiu, S. Florescu, G. de Girolamo, O. Gureje, J. M. Haro, Y. He, C. Hu, E. G. Karam, N. Kawakami, S. Lee, C. Lund, V. Kovess-Masfety, D. Levinson, F. Navarro-Mateu, B. E. Pennell, N. A. Sampson, K. M. Scott, H. Tachimori, M. ten Have, M. C. Viana, D. R. Williams, B. J. Wojtyniak, Z. Zarkov, R. C. Kessler, S. Chatterji, G. Thornicroft
Journal: Psychological Medicine / Volume 48 / Issue 9 / July 2018
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 27 November 2017, pp. 1560-1571
The treatment gap between the number of people with mental disorders and the number treated represents a major public health challenge. We examine this gap by socio-economic status (SES; indicated by family income and respondent education) and service sector in a cross-national analysis of community epidemiological survey data.
Data come from 16 753 respondents with 12-month DSM-IV disorders from community surveys in 25 countries in the WHO World Mental Health Survey Initiative. DSM-IV anxiety, mood, or substance disorders and treatment of these disorders were assessed with the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI).
Only 13.7% of 12-month DSM-IV/CIDI cases in lower-middle-income countries, 22.0% in upper-middle-income countries, and 36.8% in high-income countries received treatment. Highest-SES respondents were somewhat more likely to receive treatment, but this was true mostly for specialty mental health treatment, where the association was positive with education (highest treatment among respondents with the highest education and a weak association of education with treatment among other respondents) but non-monotonic with income (somewhat lower treatment rates among middle-income respondents and equivalent among those with high and low incomes).
The modest, but nonetheless stronger, an association of education than income with treatment raises questions about a financial barriers interpretation of the inverse association of SES with treatment, although future within-country analyses that consider contextual factors might document other important specifications. While beyond the scope of this report, such an expanded analysis could have important implications for designing interventions aimed at increasing mental disorder treatment among socio-economically disadvantaged people.
Childhood adversities and post-traumatic stress disorder: evidence for stress sensitisation in the World Mental Health Surveys
Katie A. McLaughlin, Karestan C. Koenen, Evelyn J. Bromet, Elie G. Karam, Howard Liu, Maria Petukhova, Ayelet Meron Ruscio, Nancy A. Sampson, Dan J. Stein, Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, Jordi Alonso, Guilherme Borges, Koen Demyttenaere, Rumyana V. Dinolova, Finola Ferry, Silvia Florescu, Giovanni de Girolamo, Oye Gureje, Norito Kawakami, Sing Lee, Fernando Navarro-Mateu, Marina Piazza, Beth-Ellen Pennell, José Posada-Villa, Margreet ten Have, Maria Carmen Viana, Ronald C. Kessler
Journal: The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 211 / Issue 5 / November 2017
Although childhood adversities are known to predict increased risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after traumatic experiences, it is unclear whether this association varies by childhood adversity or traumatic experience types or by age.
To examine variation in associations of childhood adversities with PTSD according to childhood adversity types, traumatic experience types and life-course stage.
Epidemiological data were analysed from the World Mental Health Surveys (n = 27017).
Four childhood adversities (physical and sexual abuse, neglect, parent psychopathology) were associated with similarly increased odds of PTSD following traumatic experiences (odds ratio (OR)=1.8), whereas the other eight childhood adversities assessed did not predict PTSD. Childhood adversity–PTSD associations did not vary across traumatic experience types, but were stronger in childhood-adolescence and early-middle adulthood than later adulthood.
Childhood adversities are differentially associated with PTSD, with the strongest associations in childhood-adolescence and early-middle adulthood. Consistency of associations across traumatic experience types suggests that childhood adversities are associated with generalised vulnerability to PTSD following traumatic experiences.
Influence of childhood trauma on diagnosis and substance use in first-episode psychosis
S. Tomassi, S. Tosato, V. Mondelli, C. Faravelli, A. Lasalvia, G. Fioravanti, C. Bonetto, A. Fioritti, C. Cremonese, R. Lo Parrino, K. De Santi, A. Meneghelli, S. Torresani, G. De Girolamo, E. Semrov, M. Pratelli, D. Cristofalo, M. Ruggeri, the GET UP Group
Journal: The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 211 / Issue 3 / September 2017
Childhood trauma has been significantly associated with first-episode psychosis, affective dysfunction and substance use.
To test whether people with first-episode psychosis who had experienced childhood trauma, when compared with those who had not, showed a higher rate of affective psychosis and an increased lifetime rate of substance use.
The sample comprised 345 participants with first-episode psychosis (58% male, mean age 29.8 years, s.d.=9.7).
Severe sexual abuse was significantly associated with a diagnosis of affective psychosis (χ2=4.9, P=0.04) and with higher rates of lifetime use of cannabis (68% v. 41%; P = 0.02) and heroin (20% v. 5%; P=0.02). Severe physical abuse was associated with increased lifetime use of heroin (15% v. 5%; P = 0.03) and cocaine (32% v. 17%; P = 0.05).
Patients with first-episode psychosis exposed to childhood trauma appear to constitute a distinctive subgroup in terms of diagnosis and lifetime substance use.
Recovery from DSM-IV post-traumatic stress disorder in the WHO World Mental Health surveys
A. J. Rosellini, H. Liu, M. V. Petukhova, N. A. Sampson, S. Aguilar-Gaxiola, J. Alonso, G. Borges, R. Bruffaerts, E. J. Bromet, G. de Girolamo, P. de Jonge, J. Fayyad, S. Florescu, O. Gureje, J. M. Haro, H. Hinkov, E. G. Karam, N. Kawakami, K. C. Koenen, S. Lee, J. P. Lépine, D. Levinson, F. Navarro-Mateu, B. D. Oladeji, S. O'Neill, B.-E. Pennell, M. Piazza, J. Posada-Villa, K. M. Scott, D. J. Stein, Y. Torres, M. C. Viana, A. M. Zaslavsky, R. C. Kessler
Journal: Psychological Medicine / Volume 48 / Issue 3 / February 2018
Research on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) course finds a substantial proportion of cases remit within 6 months, a majority within 2 years, and a substantial minority persists for many years. Results are inconsistent about pre-trauma predictors.
The WHO World Mental Health surveys assessed lifetime DSM-IV PTSD presence-course after one randomly-selected trauma, allowing retrospective estimates of PTSD duration. Prior traumas, childhood adversities (CAs), and other lifetime DSM-IV mental disorders were examined as predictors using discrete-time person-month survival analysis among the 1575 respondents with lifetime PTSD.
20%, 27%, and 50% of cases recovered within 3, 6, and 24 months and 77% within 10 years (the longest duration allowing stable estimates). Time-related recall bias was found largely for recoveries after 24 months. Recovery was weakly related to most trauma types other than very low [odds-ratio (OR) 0.2–0.3] early-recovery (within 24 months) associated with purposefully injuring/torturing/killing and witnessing atrocities and very low later-recovery (25+ months) associated with being kidnapped. The significant ORs for prior traumas, CAs, and mental disorders were generally inconsistent between early- and later-recovery models. Cross-validated versions of final models nonetheless discriminated significantly between the 50% of respondents with highest and lowest predicted probabilities of both early-recovery (66–55% v. 43%) and later-recovery (75–68% v. 39%).
We found PTSD recovery trajectories similar to those in previous studies. The weak associations of pre-trauma factors with recovery, also consistent with previous studies, presumably are due to stronger influences of post-trauma factors.
Mental disorders among college students in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys – CORRIGENDUM
R. P. Auerbach, J. Alonso, W. G. Axinn, P. Cuijpers, D. D. Ebert, J. G. Green, I. Hwang, R. C. Kessler, H. Liu, P. Mortier, M. K. Nock, S. Pinder-Amaker, N. A. Sampson, S. Aguilar-Gaxiola, A. Al-Hamzawi, L. H. Andrade, C. Benjet, J. M. Caldas-de-Almeida, K. Demyttenaere, S. Florescu, G. de Girolamo, O. Gureje, J. M. Haro, E. G. Karam, A. Kiejna, V. Kovess-Masfety, S. Lee, J. J. McGrath, S. O'Neill, B.-E. Pennell, K. Scott, M. ten Have, Y. Torres, A. M. Zaslavsky, Z. Zarkov, R. Bruffaerts
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 May 2017, p. 2737
Posttraumatic stress disorder in the World Mental Health Surveys
K. C. Koenen, A. Ratanatharathorn, L. Ng, K. A. McLaughlin, E. J. Bromet, D. J. Stein, E. G. Karam, A. Meron Ruscio, C. Benjet, K. Scott, L. Atwoli, M. Petukhova, C. C.W. Lim, S. Aguilar-Gaxiola, A. Al-Hamzawi, J. Alonso, B. Bunting, M. Ciutan, G. de Girolamo, L. Degenhardt, O. Gureje, J. M. Haro, Y. Huang, N. Kawakami, S. Lee, F. Navarro-Mateu, B.-E. Pennell, M. Piazza, N. Sampson, M. ten Have, Y. Torres, M. C. Viana, D. Williams, M. Xavier, R. C. Kessler
Journal: Psychological Medicine / Volume 47 / Issue 13 / October 2017
Traumatic events are common globally; however, comprehensive population-based cross-national data on the epidemiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the paradigmatic trauma-related mental disorder, are lacking.
Data were analyzed from 26 population surveys in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. A total of 71 083 respondents ages 18+ participated. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview assessed exposure to traumatic events as well as 30-day, 12-month, and lifetime PTSD. Respondents were also assessed for treatment in the 12 months preceding the survey. Age of onset distributions were examined by country income level. Associations of PTSD were examined with country income, world region, and respondent demographics.
The cross-national lifetime prevalence of PTSD was 3.9% in the total sample and 5.6% among the trauma exposed. Half of respondents with PTSD reported persistent symptoms. Treatment seeking in high-income countries (53.5%) was roughly double that in low-lower middle income (22.8%) and upper-middle income (28.7%) countries. Social disadvantage, including younger age, female sex, being unmarried, being less educated, having lower household income, and being unemployed, was associated with increased risk of lifetime PTSD among the trauma exposed.
PTSD is prevalent cross-nationally, with half of all global cases being persistent. Only half of those with severe PTSD report receiving any treatment and only a minority receive specialty mental health care. Striking disparities in PTSD treatment exist by country income level. Increasing access to effective treatment, especially in low- and middle-income countries, remains critical for reducing the population burden of PTSD.
The cross-national epidemiology of specific phobia in the World Mental Health Surveys
K. J. Wardenaar, C. C. W. Lim, A. O. Al-Hamzawi, J. Alonso, L. H. Andrade, C. Benjet, B. Bunting, G. de Girolamo, K. Demyttenaere, S. E. Florescu, O. Gureje, T. Hisateru, C. Hu, Y. Huang, E. Karam, A. Kiejna, J. P. Lepine, F. Navarro-Mateu, M. Oakley Browne, M. Piazza, J. Posada-Villa, M. L. ten Have, Y. Torres, M. Xavier, Z. Zarkov, R. C. Kessler, K. M. Scott, P. de Jonge
Journal: Psychological Medicine / Volume 47 / Issue 10 / July 2017
Although specific phobia is highly prevalent, associated with impairment, and an important risk factor for the development of other mental disorders, cross-national epidemiological data are scarce, especially from low- and middle-income countries. This paper presents epidemiological data from 22 low-, lower-middle-, upper-middle- and high-income countries.
Data came from 25 representative population-based surveys conducted in 22 countries (2001–2011) as part of the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys initiative (n = 124 902). The presence of specific phobia as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition was evaluated using the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview.
The cross-national lifetime and 12-month prevalence rates of specific phobia were, respectively, 7.4% and 5.5%, being higher in females (9.8 and 7.7%) than in males (4.9% and 3.3%) and higher in high- and higher-middle-income countries than in low-/lower-middle-income countries. The median age of onset was young (8 years). Of the 12-month patients, 18.7% reported severe role impairment (13.3–21.9% across income groups) and 23.1% reported any treatment (9.6–30.1% across income groups). Lifetime co-morbidity was observed in 60.5% of those with lifetime specific phobia, with the onset of specific phobia preceding the other disorder in most cases (72.6%). Interestingly, rates of impairment, treatment use and co-morbidity increased with the number of fear subtypes.
Specific phobia is common and associated with impairment in a considerable percentage of cases. Importantly, specific phobia often precedes the onset of other mental disorders, making it a possible early-life indicator of psychopathology vulnerability.
The association between childhood adversities and subsequent first onset of psychotic experiences: a cross-national analysis of 23 998 respondents from 17 countries
J. J. McGrath, K. A. McLaughlin, S. Saha, S. Aguilar-Gaxiola, A. Al-Hamzawi, J. Alonso, R. Bruffaerts, G. de Girolamo, P. de Jonge, O. Esan, S. Florescu, O. Gureje, J. M. Haro, C. Hu, E. G. Karam, V. Kovess-Masfety, S. Lee, J. P. Lepine, C. C. W. Lim, M. E. Medina-Mora, Z. Mneimneh, B. E. Pennell, M. Piazza, J. Posada-Villa, N. Sampson, M. C. Viana, M. Xavier, E. J. Bromet, K. S. Kendler, R. C. Kessler
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 09 January 2017, pp. 1230-1245
Although there is robust evidence linking childhood adversities (CAs) and an increased risk for psychotic experiences (PEs), little is known about whether these associations vary across the life-course and whether mental disorders that emerge prior to PEs explain these associations.
We assessed CAs, PEs and DSM-IV mental disorders in 23 998 adults in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. Discrete-time survival analysis was used to investigate the associations between CAs and PEs, and the influence of mental disorders on these associations using multivariate logistic models.
Exposure to CAs was common, and those who experienced any CAs had increased odds of later PEs [odds ratio (OR) 2.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.9–2.6]. CAs reflecting maladaptive family functioning (MFF), including abuse, neglect, and parent maladjustment, exhibited the strongest associations with PE onset in all life-course stages. Sexual abuse exhibited a strong association with PE onset during childhood (OR 8.5, 95% CI 3.6–20.2), whereas Other CA types were associated with PE onset in adolescence. Associations of other CAs with PEs disappeared in adolescence after adjustment for prior-onset mental disorders. The population attributable risk proportion (PARP) for PEs associated with all CAs was 31% (24% for MFF).
Exposure to CAs is associated with PE onset throughout the life-course, although sexual abuse is most strongly associated with childhood-onset PEs. The presence of mental disorders prior to the onset of PEs does not fully explain these associations. The large PARPs suggest that preventing CAs could lead to a meaningful reduction in PEs in the population.
Post-traumatic stress disorder associated with natural and human-made disasters in the World Mental Health Surveys
E. J. Bromet, L. Atwoli, N. Kawakami, F. Navarro-Mateu, P. Piotrowski, A. J. King, S. Aguilar-Gaxiola, J. Alonso, B. Bunting, K. Demyttenaere, S. Florescu, G. de Girolamo, S. Gluzman, J. M. Haro, P. de Jonge, E. G. Karam, S. Lee, V. Kovess-Masfety, M. E. Medina-Mora, Z. Mneimneh, B.-E. Pennell, J. Posada-Villa, D. Salmerón, T. Takeshima, R. C. Kessler
Journal: Psychological Medicine / Volume 47 / Issue 2 / January 2017
Research on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following natural and human-made disasters has been undertaken for more than three decades. Although PTSD prevalence estimates vary widely, most are in the 20–40% range in disaster-focused studies but considerably lower (3–5%) in the few general population epidemiological surveys that evaluated disaster-related PTSD as part of a broader clinical assessment. The World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys provide an opportunity to examine disaster-related PTSD in representative general population surveys across a much wider range of sites than in previous studies.
Although disaster-related PTSD was evaluated in 18 WMH surveys, only six in high-income countries had enough respondents for a risk factor analysis. Predictors considered were socio-demographics, disaster characteristics, and pre-disaster vulnerability factors (childhood family adversities, prior traumatic experiences, and prior mental disorders).
Disaster-related PTSD prevalence was 0.0–3.8% among adult (ages 18+) WMH respondents and was significantly related to high education, serious injury or death of someone close, forced displacement from home, and pre-existing vulnerabilities (prior childhood family adversities, other traumas, and mental disorders). Of PTSD cases 44.5% were among the 5% of respondents classified by the model as having highest PTSD risk.
Disaster-related PTSD is uncommon in high-income WMH countries. Risk factors are consistent with prior research: severity of exposure, history of prior stress exposure, and pre-existing mental disorders. The high concentration of PTSD among respondents with high predicted risk in our model supports the focus of screening assessments that identify disaster survivors most in need of preventive interventions.
Mental disorders among college students in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys
R. P. Auerbach, J. Alonso, W. G. Axinn, P. Cuijpers, D. D. Ebert, J. G. Green, I. Hwang, R. C. Kessler, H. Liu, P. Mortier, M. K. Nock, S. Pinder-Amaker, N. A. Sampson, S. Aguilar-Gaxiola, A. Al-Hamzawi, L. H. Andrade, C. Benjet, J. M. Caldas-de-Almeida, K. Demyttenaere, S. Florescu, G. de Girolamo, O. Gureje, J. M. Haro, E. G. Karam, A. Kiejna, V. Kovess-Masfety, S. Lee, J. J. McGrath, S. O'Neill, B.-E. Pennell, K. Scott, M. ten Have, Y. Torres, A. M. Zaslavsky, Z. Zarkov, R. Bruffaerts
Although mental disorders are significant predictors of educational attainment throughout the entire educational career, most research on mental disorders among students has focused on the primary and secondary school years.
The World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys were used to examine the associations of mental disorders with college entry and attrition by comparing college students (n = 1572) and non-students in the same age range (18–22 years; n = 4178), including non-students who recently left college without graduating (n = 702) based on surveys in 21 countries (four low/lower-middle income, five upper-middle-income, one lower-middle or upper-middle at the times of two different surveys, and 11 high income). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence and age-of-onset of DSM-IV anxiety, mood, behavioral and substance disorders were assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI).
One-fifth (20.3%) of college students had 12-month DSM-IV/CIDI disorders; 83.1% of these cases had pre-matriculation onsets. Disorders with pre-matriculation onsets were more important than those with post-matriculation onsets in predicting subsequent college attrition, with substance disorders and, among women, major depression the most important such disorders. Only 16.4% of students with 12-month disorders received any 12-month healthcare treatment for their mental disorders.
Mental disorders are common among college students, have onsets that mostly occur prior to college entry, in the case of pre-matriculation disorders are associated with college attrition, and are typically untreated. Detection and effective treatment of these disorders early in the college career might reduce attrition and improve educational and psychosocial functioning.
The epidemiology of traumatic event exposure worldwide: results from the World Mental Health Survey Consortium
C. Benjet, E. Bromet, E. G. Karam, R. C. Kessler, K. A. McLaughlin, A. M. Ruscio, V. Shahly, D. J. Stein, M. Petukhova, E. Hill, J. Alonso, L. Atwoli, B. Bunting, R. Bruffaerts, J. M. Caldas-de-Almeida, G. de Girolamo, S. Florescu, O. Gureje, Y. Huang, J. P. Lepine, N. Kawakami, Viviane Kovess-Masfety, M. E. Medina-Mora, F. Navarro-Mateu, M. Piazza, J. Posada-Villa, K. M. Scott, A. Shalev, T. Slade, M. ten Have, Y. Torres, M. C. Viana, Z. Zarkov, K. C. Koenen
Considerable research has documented that exposure to traumatic events has negative effects on physical and mental health. Much less research has examined the predictors of traumatic event exposure. Increased understanding of risk factors for exposure to traumatic events could be of considerable value in targeting preventive interventions and anticipating service needs.
General population surveys in 24 countries with a combined sample of 68 894 adult respondents across six continents assessed exposure to 29 traumatic event types. Differences in prevalence were examined with cross-tabulations. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to determine whether traumatic event types clustered into interpretable factors. Survival analysis was carried out to examine associations of sociodemographic characteristics and prior traumatic events with subsequent exposure.
Over 70% of respondents reported a traumatic event; 30.5% were exposed to four or more. Five types – witnessing death or serious injury, the unexpected death of a loved one, being mugged, being in a life-threatening automobile accident, and experiencing a life-threatening illness or injury – accounted for over half of all exposures. Exposure varied by country, sociodemographics and history of prior traumatic events. Being married was the most consistent protective factor. Exposure to interpersonal violence had the strongest associations with subsequent traumatic events.
Given the near ubiquity of exposure, limited resources may best be dedicated to those that are more likely to be further exposed such as victims of interpersonal violence. Identifying mechanisms that account for the associations of prior interpersonal violence with subsequent trauma is critical to develop interventions to prevent revictimization.
Anxious and non-anxious major depressive disorder in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys
R. C. Kessler, N. A. Sampson, P. Berglund, M. J. Gruber, A. Al-Hamzawi, L. Andrade, B. Bunting, K. Demyttenaere, S. Florescu, G. de Girolamo, O. Gureje, Y. He, C. Hu, Y. Huang, E. Karam, V. Kovess-Masfety, S Lee, D. Levinson, M. E. Medina Mora, J. Moskalewicz, Y. Nakamura, F. Navarro-Mateu, M. A. Oakley Browne, M. Piazza, J. Posada-Villa, T. Slade, M. ten Have, Y. Torres, G. Vilagut, M. Xavier, Z. Zarkov, V. Shahly, M. A. Wilcox
Journal: Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences / Volume 24 / Issue 3 / June 2015
To examine cross-national patterns and correlates of lifetime and 12-month comorbid DSM-IV anxiety disorders among people with lifetime and 12-month DSM-IV major depressive disorder (MDD).
Nationally or regionally representative epidemiological interviews were administered to 74 045 adults in 27 surveys across 24 countries in the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys. DSM-IV MDD, a wide range of comorbid DSM-IV anxiety disorders, and a number of correlates were assessed with the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI).
45.7% of respondents with lifetime MDD (32.0–46.5% inter-quartile range (IQR) across surveys) had one of more lifetime anxiety disorders. A slightly higher proportion of respondents with 12-month MDD had lifetime anxiety disorders (51.7%, 37.8–54.0% IQR) and only slightly lower proportions of respondents with 12-month MDD had 12-month anxiety disorders (41.6%, 29.9–47.2% IQR). Two-thirds (68%) of respondents with lifetime comorbid anxiety disorders and MDD reported an earlier age-of-onset (AOO) of their first anxiety disorder than their MDD, while 13.5% reported an earlier AOO of MDD and the remaining 18.5% reported the same AOO of both disorders. Women and previously married people had consistently elevated rates of lifetime and 12-month MDD as well as comorbid anxiety disorders. Consistently higher proportions of respondents with 12-month anxious than non-anxious MDD reported severe role impairment (64.4 v. 46.0%; χ 2 1 = 187.0, p < 0.001) and suicide ideation (19.5 v. 8.9%; χ 2 1 = 71.6, p < 0.001). Significantly more respondents with 12-month anxious than non-anxious MDD received treatment for their depression in the 12 months before interview, but this difference was more pronounced in high-income countries (68.8 v. 45.4%; χ 2 1 = 108.8, p < 0.001) than low/middle-income countries (30.3 v. 20.6%; χ 2 1 = 11.7, p < 0.001).
Patterns and correlates of comorbid DSM-IV anxiety disorders among people with DSM-IV MDD are similar across WMH countries. The narrow IQR of the proportion of respondents with temporally prior AOO of anxiety disorders than comorbid MDD (69.6–74.7%) is especially noteworthy. However, the fact that these proportions are not higher among respondents with 12-month than lifetime comorbidity means that temporal priority between lifetime anxiety disorders and MDD is not related to MDD persistence among people with anxious MDD. This, in turn, raises complex questions about the relative importance of temporally primary anxiety disorders as risk markers v. causal risk factors for subsequent MDD onset and persistence, including the possibility that anxiety disorders might primarily be risk markers for MDD onset and causal risk factors for MDD persistence.
Proportion of patients without mental disorders being treated in mental health services worldwide
Ronny Bruffaerts, Jose Posada-Villa, Ali Obaid Al-Hamzawi, Oye Gureje, Yueqin Huang, Chiyi Hu, Evelyn J. Bromet, Maria Carmen Viana, Hristo Ruskov Hinkov, Elie G. Karam, Guilherme Borges, Silvia E. Florescu, David R. Williams, Koen Demyttenaere, Viviane Kovess-Masfety, Herbert Matschinger, Daphna Levinson, Giovanni de Girolamo, Yutaka Ono, Ron de Graaf, Mark Oakley Browne, Brendan Bunting, Miguel Xavier, Josep Maria Haro, Ronald C. Kessler
Journal: The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 206 / Issue 2 / February 2015
Previous research suggests that many people receiving mental health treatment do not meet criteria for a mental disorder but are rather 'the worried well'.
To examine the association of past-year mental health treatment with DSM-IV disorders.
The World Health Organization's World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys interviewed community samples of adults in 23 countries (n = 62 305) about DSM-IV disorders and treatment in the past 12 months for problems with emotions, alcohol or drugs.
Roughly half (52%) of people who received treatment met criteria for a past-year DSM-IV disorder, an additional 18% for a lifetime disorder and an additional 13% for other indicators of need (multiple subthreshold disorders, recent stressors or suicidal behaviours). Dose–response associations were found between number of indicators of need and treatment.
The vast majority of treatment in the WMH countries goes to patients with mental disorders or other problems expected to benefit from treatment.
A comparative analysis of role attainment and impairment in binge-eating disorder and bulimia nervosa: results from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys
R.C. Kessler, V. Shahly, J.I. Hudson, D. Supina, P.A. Berglund, W.T. Chiu, M. Gruber, S. Aguilar-Gaxiola, J. Alonso, L.H. Andrade, C. Benjet, R. Bruffaerts, G. de Girolamo, R. de Graaf, S.E. Florescu, J.M. Haro, S.D. Murphy, J. Posada-Villa, K. Scott, M. Xavier
Journal: Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences / Volume 23 / Issue 1 / March 2014
Cross-national population data from the WHO World Mental Health surveys are used to compare role attainments and role impairments associated with binge-eating disorder (BED) and bulimia nervosa (BN).
Community surveys assessed 23 000 adults across 12 countries for BED, BN and ten other DSM-IV mental disorders using the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Age-of-onset was assessed retrospectively. Ten physical disorders were assessed using standard conditions checklists. Analyses examined reciprocal time-lagged associations of eating disorders (EDs) with education, associations of early-onset (i.e., prior to completing education) EDs with subsequent adult role attainments and cross-sectional associations of current EDs with days of role impairment.
BED and BN predicted significantly increased education (females). Student status predicted increased risk of subsequent BED and BN (females). Early-onset BED predicted reduced odds of current (at time of interview) marriage (females) and reduced odds of current employment (males). Early-onset BN predicted increased odds of current work disability (females and males). Current BED and BN were both associated with significantly increased days of role impairment (females and males). Significant BED and BN effects on adult role attainments and impairments were explained by controls for comorbid disorders.
Effects of BED on role attainments and impairments are comparable with those of BN. The most plausible interpretation of the fact that these associations are explained by comorbid disorders is that causal effects of EDs are mediated through secondary disorders. Controlled treatment effectiveness studies are needed to trace out long-term effects of BED–BN on secondary disorders.
Barriers to mental health treatment: results from the WHO World Mental Health surveys
L. H. Andrade, J. Alonso, Z. Mneimneh, J. E. Wells, A. Al-Hamzawi, G. Borges, E. Bromet, R. Bruffaerts, G. de Girolamo, R. de Graaf, S. Florescu, O. Gureje, H. R. Hinkov, C. Hu, Y. Huang, I. Hwang, R. Jin, E. G. Karam, V. Kovess-Masfety, D. Levinson, H. Matschinger, S. O'Neill, J. Posada-Villa, R. Sagar, N. A. Sampson, C. Sasu, D. J. Stein, T. Takeshima, M. C. Viana, M. Xavier, R. C. Kessler
Journal: Psychological Medicine / Volume 44 / Issue 6 / April 2014
To examine barriers to initiation and continuation of mental health treatment among individuals with common mental disorders.
Data were from the World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. Representative household samples were interviewed face to face in 24 countries. Reasons to initiate and continue treatment were examined in a subsample (n = 636 78) and analyzed at different levels of clinical severity.
Among those with a DSM-IV disorder in the past 12 months, low perceived need was the most common reason for not initiating treatment and more common among moderate and mild than severe cases. Women and younger people with disorders were more likely to recognize a need for treatment. A desire to handle the problem on one's own was the most common barrier among respondents with a disorder who perceived a need for treatment (63.8%). Attitudinal barriers were much more important than structural barriers to both initiating and continuing treatment. However, attitudinal barriers dominated for mild-moderate cases and structural barriers for severe cases. Perceived ineffectiveness of treatment was the most commonly reported reason for treatment drop-out (39.3%), followed by negative experiences with treatment providers (26.9% of respondents with severe disorders).
Low perceived need and attitudinal barriers are the major barriers to seeking and staying in treatment among individuals with common mental disorders worldwide. Apart from targeting structural barriers, mainly in countries with poor resources, increasing population mental health literacy is an important endeavor worldwide.
Mood and anxiety disorders across the adult lifespan: a European perspective
R. D. McDowell, A. Ryan, B. P. Bunting, S. M. O'Neill, J. Alonso, R. Bruffaerts, R. de Graaf, S. Florescu, G. Vilagut, J. M. C. de Almeida, G. de Girolamo, J. M. Haro, H. Hinkov, V. Kovess-Masfety, H. Matschinger, T. Tomov
Journal: Psychological Medicine / Volume 44 / Issue 4 / March 2014
The World Mental Health Survey Initiative (WMHSI) has advanced our understanding of mental disorders by providing data suitable for analysis across many countries. However, these data have not yet been fully explored from a cross-national lifespan perspective. In particular, there is a shortage of research on the relationship between mood and anxiety disorders and age across countries. In this study we used multigroup methods to model the distribution of 12-month DSM-IV/CIDI mood and anxiety disorders across the adult lifespan in relation to determinants of mental health in 10 European Union (EU) countries.
Logistic regression was used to model the odds of any mood or any anxiety disorder as a function of age, gender, marital status, urbanicity and employment using a multigroup approach (n = 35500). This allowed for the testing of specific lifespan hypotheses across participating countries.
No simple geographical pattern exists with which to describe the relationship between 12-month prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders and age. Of the adults sampled, very few aged ⩾80 years met DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for these disorders. The associations between these disorders and key sociodemographic variables were relatively homogeneous across countries after adjusting for age.
Further research is required to confirm that there are indeed stages in the lifespan where the reported prevalence of mental disorders is low, such as among younger adults in the East and older adults in the West. This project illustrates the difficulties in conducting research among different age groups simultaneously.
By Núria Duran Adroher, Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, Jordi Alonso, Ali Obaid Al-Hamzawi, Laura Helena Andrade, Matthias C. Angermeyer, James Anthony, Corina Benjet, Guilherme Borges, Joshua Breslau, Evelyn J. Bromet, Ronny Bruffaerts, Brendan Bunting, Huibert Burger, José Miguel Caldas de Almeida, Graça Cardoso, Somnath Chatterji, Wai Tat Chiu, Giovanni de Girolamo, Ron de Graaf, Peter de Jonge, Koen Demyttenaere, John Fayyad, Alize J. Ferrari, Silvia Florescu, Anne M. Gadermann, Meyer Glantz, Jen Green, Michael J. Gruber, Oye Gureje, Josep Maria Haro, Yanling He, Steven G. Heeringa, Hristo Hinkov, Chiyi Hu, Yueqin Huang, Irving Hwang, Robert Jin, Elie G. Karam, Norito Kawakami, Ronald C. Kessler, Lola Kola, Viviane Kovess-Masféty, Michael C. Lane, Carmen Lara, William LeBlanc, Sing Lee, Jean-Pierre Lépine, Daphna Levinson, Zhaorui Liu, Gustavo Loera, Herbert Marschinger, Katie A. McLaughlin, Maria Elena Medina-Mora, Elizabeth Miller, Samuel D. Murphy, Aimee Nasser Karam, Matthew K. Nock, Mark A. Oakley Browne, Siobhan O'Neill, Johan Ormel, Beth-Ellen Pennell, Maria V. Petukhova, José Posada-Villa, Rajesh Sagar, Mohammad Salih Khalaf, Nancy A. Sampson, Kathleen Saunders, Michael Schoenbaum, Kate M. Scott, Soraya Seedat, Victoria Shahly, Dan J. Stein, Hisateru Tachimori, Nezar Ismet Taib, Adley Tsang, T. Bedirhan Üstün, Maria Carmen Viana, Gemma Vilagut, Michael R. Von Korff, J. Elisabeth Wells, Harvey A. Whiteford, David R. Williams, Ben Wu, Miguel Xavier, Alan M. Zaslavsky
Edited by Jordi Alonso, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Somnath Chatterji, World Health Organization, Geneva, Yanling He
Book: The Burdens of Mental Disorders
Print publication: 09 May 2013, pp ix-xii

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


With John Abercrombie and Danny Gottlieb.
CD1: Spirals; As We Speak; Vanishing Point; Mississippi Nights; Alone Together; Your Sweet Way; Three-Way Mirror; Tone Poem for My Father. CD2: Shade and Shadows; Next Left; Dream Sequence; Depraw; Stiletto; Plane to Trane; Time Out; Summer Sand.
Mark Egan: fretless electric bass; John Abercrombie: guitar; Danny Gottlieb: drums.


TUCKER, St James - Montego Bay United (MBU) seek to maintain their momentum in the Red Stripe Premier League on Sunday when they host the winless Humble Lion at WesPow Park. The mtach is set to start at 3:30 pm.
Montego Bay United are returning to Wespow Park for the first time since losing their opening game to Tivoli Gardens, having picked up seven points in their last three games.
Both western teams, MBU and FC Reno scored wins last weekend. MBU 2-1 over Harbour View in Kingston, while FC Reno got their first points when they edged UWI FC 1-0 at Frome.
FC Reno are away on Sunday at Prison Oval where they will face defending champions Portmore United.
It has been close going in the RSPL as just three points separate the top eight teams after four rounds of games, and MBU could be vying for the lead if they beat the Clarendon-based club on Sunday.
At this stage last year MBU were on one point and had lost three straight games before beating then promoted Sandals South Coast for their first win.
Since taking over as coach, Vassell Reynolds has revived the fortunes of the team after one of their bleakest seasons.
Humble Lion have been one of Montego Bay United's toughest opponents in the last few seasons but have not beaten them since the 2016-17, managing just two draws in their last six meetings.
However, Humble Lion have lost a number of their key players over the last two years and have so far managed to score just two goals in four games this season. Both of their points were secured in their last two games.
While three of their four goals so far have come from defenders, MBU have been improving with each game. and playing on familiar home turf, are expected to get the better of a Humble Lion team that is still trying to find its best form.
Another large turnout is expected at the Wespow Park come Sunday.


text:
Q: What determines the number of dolphins chasing my unicorn? The "Dolphin Dancer" achievement requires that I get three dolphins to appear on screen.  It seems that the longer I run, the more likely I am to get more dolphins, but I'm curious what actually causes this number to increase.  Is it distance, number of fairies collected, number of stars destroyed by rainbow power, or perhaps some combination thereof?

A: Based from my experiences playing the game:
The # of dolphins on screen = Current Score/5000
It seems the dolphins reappear after every 5000-multiple as well.
By this formula it would take 15000 score to get 3 dolphins.
Hope this helps

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Getting your online ordering service up and running is the first step to boosting sales for your business. Want to take it to the next level? Give your customers more options!
The beauty of online ordering is that it is a user-friendly way for your customers to get exactly what they want while they learn more about your restaurant. Customers like convenience. Giving them different ways to place their orders, modify their dishes or make a payment can streamline the process and result in more online sales for your restaurant. Here are some ways that you can customize your online ordering user experience.
Thanks to the convenience of online ordering, users can browse through your menu at their own pace and fully explore the different menu options. Without the rush of a busy dining area; pressure of a growing line; or confusion by a quick spiel from the waiter (that only highlights a fraction of the menu options), online users are more likely to take advantage of their order customization. Since they can take their time, they are more likely to talk themselves into adding that side of guacamole to their order, without worrying about seeming like a difficult customer.
It has been reported that digital orders average four dollars more than non-digital orders. So, your online ordering service could be a way to rake in more revenue with minimal labor costs. Take advantage of your online ordering service by providing every available option for every dish and highlighting them under each menu item.
Using an online ordering system also allows you to update your menu conveniently without incurring added printing costs. Whether you change your menu seasonally or once every blue moon, let your customers know when you have made an update. Keeping them in the loop may prompt them to try out your new menu items. You can even install a feature that allows online users to rate your dishes. This way, you can get quick feedback about the changes that are working for your restaurant and which ones still need to be tweaked.
With some online ordering programs, you can send menu updates directly to your loyal customers on your email list. The convenience of online ordering makes it much more likely that customers will place orders for your new menu items immediately, instead of waiting until the next time they happen to stop by your restaurant. A quick message about your updated menu could lure them into ordering an office lunch or a quick dinner, for the sole purpose of trying out your new dish. And, they may wind up ordering some of their other favorite menu items as a trusty standby.
If you are making changes to your ordering process or platform, let your customers know about that as well. Chances are, they may want to try out the new features or check out how you have streamlined the online ordering process. Letting your customers know about updates allows them to take advantage of any new opportunities they may not have been aware of.
Gone are the days when online ordering required a computer. With today's technology, customers can place orders directly from their phones. According to the National Restaurant Association, more than half of U.S. consumers are willing to order delivery or takeout from their mobile device if the option is available.
Stay ahead of the curve by ensuring that your online ordering service is mobile-friendly as well. Many third-party programs offer a mobile feature. But, be sure to test it thoroughly and check that the mobile option is as user-friendly as your website. Some mobile features and displays may need some adjustment, but it is worth the time to give your mobile ordering system the attention it deserves.
Having more options for your customers benefits your business. With each online transaction, your system is gathering valuable data about your online customer preferences and ordering habits. If you track these details, trends may emerge over time that could dictate your future marketing or menu strategies. For example, if you have an option to add avocado to one of your sandwiches, but no one ever orders it, you could save money by removing it as an option. You can then start ordering fewer avocados and saving on food costs.
You can also use an online ordering service as an opportunity to survey customers about their user experience. After an order is complete, you can email the customer a survey or integrate the questionnaire directly into the ordering process. With this survey feature, you can gather feedback about the online ordering options and make adjustments to improve the user experience based on suggestions from your core customer base.
Online food ordering is a great way to boost business, especially if you give your customers every option they need. Looking to get started with online ordering for your restaurant? Contact us today to see how we can help!


This RX7 is in immaculate condition inside and out, with no corrosion or repairs to the body or underneath. It has been dry stored since being imported in 2002, only covering 2000 miles since then.
It has had a fully documented hayward rotary engine rebuild.
In almost standard form, it has few very rare upgrades.
It has just been motd and serviced and had all of the wheel nuts replaced. Currently dry stored and mileage not increasing. Perfect collectors car or USA export.


text:
"Room 237" and "The Shining" screening at UICA
culture opinion
The UICA screens Rodney Ascher's unconventional documentary as well as Kubrick's cerebral classic.
Room 237 /Courtesy of the UICA
Room 237 and The Shining at the UICA
Cost $4 for members/$8 for non-members
The Shining:
View details and showtimes at The UICA website.
At 3:00 a.m., I bolted upright in a cold sweat. Jack Torrance's frozen face swam before my eyes. The sight of my body pillow made me jump, and I poked at it cautiously to make sure it was more pillow than body.
Oh, the logic of dreams.
Two hours earlier, I drifted off to sleep as the credits rolled at the end of "The Shining," Stanley Kubrick's horror masterpiece. It's a film laced with unsettling visual and aural cues that instill a sense of dreamy unease in the viewer with every scene.
Rodney Ascher's "Room 237" attempts to unpack some of the sources of that unease. It brings together five theorists as they explore the possible subtext of "The Shining," from Freudian imagery to moon landing conspiracy.
The structure of the film is not your conventional documentary. It's very conversational and approaches a stream-of-consciousness aesthetic. There are no talking heads. The theories are presented in voice-over on top of a narrative montage created from almost all pre-existing footage. Not only clips from "The Shining," but from all of Kubrick's films as well as other Hollywood films and archival footage.
It's a peculiar style, but it works well here and holds the viewer's attention.
The theories themselves range from allegorical theme analysis to the decoding of secret messages. On more than one occasion I found myself shouting at the film: "What?! That's crazy!"
If you let yourself get sucked into their world, it's a delicious game of riddles and clues and a fascinating look at the nature of filmmaking. It brings up issues of artist intent and transcendence.
Kubrick is notorious for being ultra-meticulous in his craft. What was his intention for audiences of "The Shining?" What did he want them to take away? And when does the meaning of the film transcend filmmaker intent? These questions are particularly relevant now, as modern technology enables us to view a film multiple times and to collaborate and share analysis with an entire online community.
One of the most fascinating moments in "Room 237" was when one of the theorists examined "The Shining" as it played simultaneously backwards and forwards. The juxtapositions found here were definitely not Kubrick's intent, but were riveting nonetheless.
"Room 237" is incredibly satisfying in that way. Like when you first experience the mashup of "The Wizard of Oz" and "Dark Side of the Moon." It's exciting. It stretches your brain. And it makes you want to watch "The Shining" again as soon as possible.
Luckily, the UICA is screening both "Room 237" and "The Shining" starting May 2. Do yourself a favor and see them in tandem.
rodney ascher
Ericka 'Kyd Kane' Thompson becomes Grand Rapids' new poet laureate
Community updates: Wednesday, June 17
UICA'S Juana Williams Guest-Curates Grand Rapids Art Museum Exhibition
Art that Clears You Up Inside
Dwelling Place Community Building


This USB charger seat is designed for Attop XT-1 drone, 3 in 1 feature meaning it can charge for 3 batteries at the same time, which is the best choice for you to enjoy more flying joys.
Especially designed for the 3.7V 800mAh lipo battery of XT-1 drone.
3 in 1 charger, meaning you can charge three batteries at the same time.


Greentech Residency will be the region's premier real estate project, specializing in residential plot aimed at covering all needs of its residents. The project's planning will comply with the futuristic needs of the upcoming region with complete approval for quick and ease in development and operation.
© 2019 greentechresidency.com. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Try Salesforce
July 23, 2018 By Simon Short
What Can Businesses Learn from Success-Hungry Cycling Cultures?
in Careers, Corporate Culture
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When it comes to endurance, determination, and the will to win, the Tour de France — the most famous and prestigious cycling competition in the world — is unparalleled. While the single-minded drive of a rider to cross the finish line is vital, the Tour is also a team competition, and it is from the most collaborative, innovative, and dynamic teams that champions arise.
But the Tour also throws up lessons that can be harnessed to equip your business to outperform the competition in a fast-changing world. By studying what contributes to glory on two wheels, you'll be better able to set up your internal culture for success as you transform your organization.
Power in the Peloton
In cycling, the peloton refers to the main group of riders huddled together in a pack. At the heart of a well-formed peloton, an individual can experience as much as 40% less drag, allowing them to save energy for the final sprint. Teammates will work together using this tactic, shielding their number-one rider until the moment comes for them to break free and go for the win.
If you can replicate this kind of teamwork in business, you'll be ahead of the game. Teams that combine a diverse array of skills and bring out the best in each other will be best placed to overtake their competitors and claim victory. Not everyone will end up wearing the yellow jersey, but every part of the team has a vital role to play in any kind of success.
The Hard Climb Pays Off
The Tour de France is famous for its mountains — the riders who can master them gain legendary status. When stamina and perseverance prevail and the rider reaches the top, he's rewarded with the exhilaration of the descent. A skilful descent means a rider can gain a major advantage in the race.
Today's challenging business environment and the prospect of digital transformation presents leaders with many mountains to climb, but there are rewards at the end of these battles, too. Take the rise of regulation, for example. Many leading voices agree that those who champion compliance will ultimately transform their businesses and have the opportunity to steal a march on the competition. Any kind of innovation or internal change isn't easy and can require a lot of work to get off the ground, but the hard work now will reap the rewards in the form of increased customer loyalty and profit later.
The Talent of Champions
Throughout its 115-year history, the Tour has hosted the legends of the sport. A few of them have had something extra special, which has pushed them to extraordinary feats. Belgian rider Eddy Merckx won the race five times, adding to an unequalled 11 Grand Tour victories. It was his raw talent that elevated him from a champion to a legend, and it is now more important than ever that businesses work proactively to find those individuals that show they have something special about them.
In business, teams that are proactive about fostering, nurturing, and seeking out talent from both within and outside their organisation will be the most successful. The pace of technology development today is unprecedented, so to fuel this constant growth and progress, organizations need to create a constant progression of outstanding individuals.
The Tools of the Trade
A major part of the evolution of the Tour has been the transformation of the bikes and other equipment the teams use. The heavy metal frames of the past have been replaced by carbon fibre and other dynamic materials, and not so long ago riders wore cloth hats instead of protective, aerodynamic headgear.
It's the same in business — if you're standing still, you're moving backwards. Digital transformation is completely changing the game, and businesses large and small are waking up to it. Just as the riders can gain great benefits from more sophisticated gear, businesses exploring new technologies are most likely to thrive in the future. But to realise the full potential of new technology, it is essential that businesses adapt their ways of working to best suit the new tools.
Leave Competitors in the Dust with Data
Cycling teams' use of data has had a disruptive impact on the sport, just as it has for organisations across the world. On the modern Tour, teams monitor the performance of every rider in incredible detail. With cloud technology and GPS tracking in play, the modern cyclist is analysed in minute detail.
In the same way that teams study data created by their riders to give them every possible advantage, businesses must analyze their customer data to find ways of improving their products or services. In retail, for example, analysing customer buying trends will help implement a seamless experience that intuitively links in-store and online shopping, sending consumers the right offers at the right time.
Download the second edition of the "State of the Connected Customer" report for data-driven insights on how to drive great experiences in the Fourth Industrial Revolution
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With warmer weather fast approaching New Zealand and the summer rush following close behind, it's now the perfect time to start preparing your Airbnb property for the holiday season. Summer is likely to be the busiest time for Airbnb hosts in Auckland and the rest of the country. It's a great opportunity to capitalise on the increased local and international tourism, regardless of whether you're a veteran host or new to the journey.
During peak-season, Airbnb hosting is highly lucrative. With an abundance of potential guests, there are a lot of opportunities to earn, learn and see the return Airbnb can offer. With the chance to host many times, experienced users are able to continue building their reputations on the platform and beginners can get off to a powerful start with reviews and ratings.
It's worth considering that your property will likely go through a lot during this time, especially if you're thinking about hosting full-time throughout the duration of the summer. For this reason, it's important to plan ahead, to prepare and to follow through on your Airbnb hosting duties carefully. Being busy isn't an excuse to drop your level of hospitality. To have a positive outcome as an Airbnb host, you'll need to keep on top of things throughout the entire process.
Prior to summer starting, Airbnb hosts should strategise the best approach to Airbnb hosting during this period. This involves thinking about how much time and energy you want to put in, whether or not you'll be managing the property yourself and how you're going to go about pricing your listing. Planning ahead is always beneficial when running a vacation rental and with competition only increasing amongst Auckland Airbnb hosts, those that want to see the most return should get on top of it sooner rather than later.
The earlier you begin getting ready for peak-season, the better. This doesn't mean you have to disrupt your current efforts, the best way to strategise is to integrate your future bookings in with your current ones.
Some people won't book accommodation until a few weeks before, so depending on where your listing is based, you may find yourself bombarded with last minute booking requests and enquiries. For this reason, you want to be sure you're ready for everything.
Some hosts may find that they have already begun to receive requests for the next few months. It's during this stage that considerations must be made about your level of commitment. Try not to overbook yourself if you're not ready or not confident enough to handle it, you may find yourself in difficulty when the time comes.
The wisest plan of attack is to make sure your property is ready for the increased guest stays that summer brings. This way you can be confident that your property will continue to delight and provide quality stays throughout the summer.
Your Airbnb is likely to get a lot more foot traffic through it if you're planning on hosting throughout the peak-season so, it's a good idea to undertake a complete deep clean at the very start of summer. While you will obviously still need to clean between bookings, a thorough preparation should include a total overhaul of everything to reduce the time you'll spend on it later.
Focus your efforts on areas of the home that are usually neglected during regular spruces. This includes ovens, storage areas, exteriors, gardens and ceilings. You want to present your home in its best light at this time, which means you need to keep it as tidy as you can.
For your guests, it's really important that you provide all the necessary supplies and amenities to make their stay as comfortable as possible. Before the rush, a smart move for Airbnb hosts is to really stock up on everything they need. Toiletries, cutlery, cleaning supplies, towels and bedding should all be readily available. You want to have everything you need on hand to have a seamless summer on Airbnb. Buying in bulk can also help you reduce expenses too.
Large-scale events are known to draw huge influxes of guests to Airbnb, especially in Auckland. If you live in the vicinity of a stadium, concert venue or event centre, you should check out the planned events for this period. These are likely to be popular dates on the platform and you should adjust your strategy accordingly.
The last thing you want as an Airbnb host is to have one of your appliances or amenities break down right before peak-season. This would really throw a spanner in the works and disrupt your potential earnings. Take the time to assess all of your electronics, your oven, your fridge, your air-con and your outdoor entertainment systems to reduce the chance of things going wrong.
If things turn south on any of your amenities during a guest's stay, it can sometimes lead to a bad review and in turn, hinder your progress as a host. It's really important to take the necessary steps to make sure this doesn't happen, for a lucrative holiday season.
With more stays and more guests, slip-ups can happen during peak-season if you don't plan ahead. To cement the chances of success and continued profit, it's a great idea to use these tips and strategise for the best outcome. Airbnb hosting does require effort, but by putting in the work, you can expect to see a fantastic return as we enter the new year.
Zodiak Management is an independent management company for Airbnb Hosts and short-term rental clients, and are not affiliated with Airbnb in any way.


CBID relies upon the energies and vision of community volunteers to develop and execute its plans and programs. An active board of directors and standing committees focus on four principal areas: development, marketing and events, security and parking/transportation. For questions or concerns, please contact our Director, Michele Hummel at [email protected] or (865) 246-2654.


text:
Residents make "joey pouches" for baby animals affected by Australia bushfire crisis
Home Press Releases Residents make "joey pouches" for baby animals affected by Australia bushfire crisis
By sam 17th January, 2020 Press Releases Comments Off
CRAFTY care home residents have been making "joey pouches" for baby animals who have lost their mothers in the Australian bushfires.
Four residents at Hazelgrove Court Care Home, on Randolph Street, Saltburn-by-the-Sea, have sewed dozens of multicoloured pouches for the relief effort.
Around one billion animals have died so far in the wildfires, which have scorched an estimated 10 million hectares of bush, forest and parks across Australia.
Many young marsupials, including kangaroos and koalas, have been left without their mothers to care for them. The joeys usually stay in their mothers' pouches for six to eight months before they are ready to leave.
Residents at Hazelgrove Court responded to an appeal for surrogate pouches from Roseberry Funeral Directors, in Marske, who have already shipped them to Australia.
The owners of the funeral service have relatives living in Australia who had asked for help looking after injured baby animals.
Joyce Tibbett, Joyce Baxtrum, Dot Pailing and Peggy Bland all picked up their sewing needles and got to work to support the appeal.
Joyce said: "It was so sad to see all the little animals injured by the fires in Australia. It's nice to think that the pouches we've made will help them."
Alongside the pouches, residents and staff at the home have decided to adopt a koala bear who has been injured in the fires.
Animal sanctuaries across the country have been appealing for financial donations to help care for the animals, so staff and relatives are taking part in a lucky numbers fundraising card to raise the money.
Residents chose a koala named SES Maree, who is being cared for at Port Stephens Koalas, in the New South Wales region of Australia.
Sharon Lewis, activities coordinator at Hazelgrove Court Care Home, said: "The residents and staff read about the bushfires in the newspapers and saw the devastation on the television and everyone wanted to do something to help.
"It can be frustrating seeing such tragedy on the other side of the world and not being able to do anything to help those affected so, when we heard about the appeal from Roseberry Funeral Directors, the residents pulled together and started sewing.
"We also wanted to directly support one of the animals hurt by the fires so we decided to adopt a koala and we're currently fundraising for the sanctuary where she's being cared for so they can afford everything they need to nurse her back to health."
Students send Christmas package to elderly Teesside residents
Edna and Marjorie celebrate centuries at Chesterfield care home
Care home group's Christmas party fundraiser for food banks
Christmas market comes to Bolton care home
Category: News & Articles
Residents snap up new skills with photography club
Tablets keep care home residents connected with loved ones


We offer advanced neurofeedback technologies to help the brain function at its optimal state.
We offer the Alpha Stim for you to use at home to speed your progress in a way that is safe, non-invasive, and non-pharmaceutical.
We offer EMDR for trauma related issues. This helps to rapidly resolve trauma from the past.
At Santa Barbara Brain Fitness, our goal is to optimize brain functioning. We do this by providing proven methods that are safe, non-invasive, and non pharmaceutical.
Dan Staso, PhD has been specializing in this field for over 16 years and has over 8000 hours of direct experience in neurofeedback.
We offer a free 25 minute initial consult to ask questions and see if this type of training is right for you.


text:
Q: Calling Rails controller data through JS AJAX call I'm making a rails app using this code in the controller to call an API- I initially call the inventories endpoint, then make separate calls to two other id endpoints store_id, product_id to grabs specifics pieces of data linked to the inventories. This data gets passed into a hash that becomes '@inventories / transformed results':
class InventoriesController < ApplicationController
 def index
 response = Typhoeus.get("http://lcboapi.com/inventories")
 parsed_json = JSON.parse(response.body)

transformed_results = []

parsed_json["result"].each do |inventory|
  transformed_results.push(
    {
      product_name: product_lookup(inventory["product_id"]),
      store_name: store_lookup(inventory["store_id"]),
      quantity: inventory["quantity"],
    }
  )
end

@inventories = transformed_results
end
  private

  def store_lookup(store_id)
  response = Typhoeus.get("http://lcboapi.com/stores/#{store_id}")
    parsed_json = JSON.parse(response.body)
  return parsed_json["result"]["name"]
end

 def product_lookup(product_id)
 response = Typhoeus.get("http://lcboapi.com/products/#{product_id}")
     parsed_json = JSON.parse(response.body)
 return parsed_json["result"]["name"]
 end
end

My question is how best to get my json hash through AJAX into a form I can pass through and iterate in assets/javascript.
I am aware I can build it into the view (html.erb) and have done so, but I want to make my data interact with DOM elements.
Note: I've tried doing a simple console log to show the json data in the console as a test, with no response. I'm okay with using jQuery until I get comfortable with React, but I'm not sure how to grab my @inventories data from 'assets/javascript/inventories.js' - for instance, if I wanted to grab something from a csv data bases I'd use the following, but in this case it's not quite there:
document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {
  console.log("ready!");
  $.ajax({
url: "/inventories",
method: "GET"
 }).done(function(data){
    var products = []
    data.forEach(function(item){
      products.push(item.product_name).toString();
      console.log(products);
    });
  });

})

A: In one of your js files (in assets/javascript), you'll need to do something like:
storeLookupResults = $.ajax({
  url: "/inventories.js",
  type: 'GET'
})
storeLookupResults.success (data) =>
  # do stuff with your results
  # 'data' will contain your json

NOTE: I made up the route, so you'll need to make sure you use a real route
Then, in your InventoriesController, modify index to something like:
def index
  response = Typhoeus.get("http://lcboapi.com/inventories")
  parsed_json = JSON.parse(response.body).with_indifferent_access

  @inventories = parsed_json[:result].map do |inventory|
    {
      product_name: product_lookup(inventory[:product_id]),
      store_name: store_lookup(inventory[:store_id]),
      quantity: inventory[:quantity],
    }
  end

  respond_to do |format|
    format.html
    format.json {render json: @inventories, status: :ok}
  end

end

Note that .map returns an array. So, you don't have to do:
transformed_results = []

parsed_json["result"].each do |inventory|
  transformed_results.push(
    {
      product_name: product_lookup(inventory["product_id"]),
      store_name: store_lookup(inventory["store_id"]),
      quantity: inventory["quantity"],
    }
  )
end

@inventories = transformed_results

Also note that I did:
parsed_json = JSON.parse(response.body).with_indifferent_access

It's a purely stylistic preference. I like using symbols instead of strings.


Once again, you hit the nail on the head. One of the non-profits that I work with is particularly image conscious and very careful about associations that might be made. They have a whole review process that is engaged before anyone is allowed to use their name or logo for website links or publicity. The additional option of placing video/pictures on other locations would add another level of review that they would have to engage in. I dare say, all non-profits need to think carefully about the tags and keywords used to protect their image and message.
I asked Revver about this and they said that they would be happy to exclude any specific ads if you asked them to ahead of time.


This statement is about how their E° values relate to the reactivity of the halogens as oxidising agents.
You will remember that the oxidising ability of the halogens decreases as you go down the Group in the Periodic Table.
Remember that the electrode potentials give a measure of the positions of the equilibria. The more positive, the further the equilibrium lies to the right.
In the fluorine case, the E° value is almost as positive as they get. That means that fluorine will very readily pick up electrons to make fluoride ions.
Fluorine will therefore remove electrons from other things extremely well. Taking electrons away from something is oxidising it. So fluorine is a very powerful oxidising agent indeed.
As you go down the rest of the group, the E° values become less positive, and so the oxidising ability decreases.
Why does chlorine oxidise iodide ions to iodine?
When you couple two of these equilibria together in a test tube, the more positive one will tend to move to the right, and the more negative one (or less positive one) to the left.
That is exactly what you want to happen to turn iodide ions into iodine. The chlorine E° is more positive, and so chlorine molecules take electrons from the iodide ions to turn them into iodine.
Why won't bromine oxidise chloride ions to chlorine?
The chlorine equilibrium lies further to the right because it is the more positive. That means that if you couple the two equilibria together, you would expect the chlorine one to move to the right and the bromine one to the left.
But if you start with bromine and chloride ions, the two equilibria are already as far in those directions as possible. To get a reaction, they would have to move in a direction opposite to that predicted by the E° values. That can't happen.
Which halogens could you use to oxidise Fe2+ to Fe3+?
. . . and what you want to do is to drive it to the left to turn Fe2+ into Fe3+. To do that you would need to couple it with something with a more positive E° value.
If you look at the halogen list above, you will see that fluorine, chlorine and bromine are all capable of oxidising iron(II) to iron(III), but iodine isn't.


text:
Is it time to believe the hype surrounding the Tampa Bay Buccaneers?
By Travis Pulver - August 15, 2017
Every season there are expectations for every team in the NFL. Teams like the New England Patriots are expected to dominate because that is what they always do. There will also be teams like the Cleveland Browns and Jacksonville Jaguars that will be expected to fall flat because that is what they always do.
Then there will be a few teams like the Tennessee Titans and Tampa Bay Buccaneers that are expected to flourish. They will be teams that have fallen on hard times the last few years, but with how they finished last season and with the additions they made in the draft and free agency, many will find a reason to believe this year they will finally rise from the ashes. This year they'll actually be good.
Of course, having that kind of hype surrounding a team can be both a blessing and a curse.
Confidence is important for football players. Whether they have it or not can be the difference maker on Game Day. Some are naturally confident people. But others need to build it up. Knowing that the fans, media, and experts believe in them can go a long way in doing just that.
At the same time, too much hype can breed complacency. Guys start to think they are so good that they just need to show up. They don't have to put the work in to be great. They don't have to try hard. Those guys and their fans end up becoming really disappointed by the time the season ends.
This year, like any other year, some teams are getting a fair amount of hype leading into the 2017 season. One of them, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, has not experienced a lot of success in recent years. But they almost did last season, losing out on a trip to the playoffs because of the third tie-breaker.
So, it is not hard to see why they are surrounded by hype heading into 2017. Will the Buccaneers live up to it? Or will they continue to be left out of the mix come postseason time?
The last time the Buccaneers were a playoff team was back in 2007. The NFC South wasn't overly competitive that year, and they were able to win the division with a 9-7 record. Last season, a 9-7 record wasn't enough to get the team back to the playoffs (lost tie-breaker). But it was enough to make fans believe that this season could be the one for them.
But why? The running game was mediocre at best and the defense was a middle of the pack kind of unit. Neither was anything special—and that's okay. Why?
Because they have Jameis Winston.
The hype around the Buccaneers is centered around the belief that their dynamic young quarterback will continue to grow. That with the right weapons at his disposal, he will be able to get the team back on top in the NFC South.
So, they went and got him some new weapons.
Winston already has one of the best young wide receivers in the game on his side with Mike Evans– but that was about it. To remedy that, the team drafted Penn State wide receiver Chris Godwin, Alabama tight end O.J. Howard and Boise State running back Jeremy Nichols. As the icing on the cake, they acquired one of the best deep threat wide receivers in the game, DeSean Jackson.
The offense is now stacked. While the running game will hinge on Doug Martin finding his mojo again, Jacquizz Rodgers being able to fill the gap, or with Jeremy Nichols emerging, there are no questions involving the passing game. Winston now has two good tight ends in Howard and Cameron Brate. DeSean Jackson will certainly stretch the field making it tougher for defenses to cover him, Mike Evans and Chris Godwin.
Tampa Bay's passing game should be phenomenal in 2017. Regardless of who ends up in the backfield, since teams will be forced to focus on the passing game, their rushing attack should be decent as well. But will they be good enough to put them on top of the NFC South for the first time in a decade?
Maybe. Atlanta will be tough again this season, as will the Carolina Panthers (and New Orleans Saints to a lesser degree).
If Carolina improves as much as people think, they will be tougher to beat this season. Their season will depend on how quickly Christian McCaffrey can get adjusted to the NFL game. Due to the potential both offenses have, it would not be shocking if both Tampa Bay-Carolina games end up being epic shootouts this season.
If Matt Ryan can have the same magic this season as last, the Falcons will be tough. If the additions they made to their defense pay off, they are going to be very tough.
As long as the Saints have Drew Brees, they will always be tough. He is one of those guys that will always be able to make the talent around him look better than they are. But if they try too hard to establish a running game with Adrian Peterson and fail, life could become tough for the Saints (and easier for the rest of the division).
So—can Tampa Bay do it?
It all hinges on Winston and the offense. Winston will have more than enough talent to get the job done. The question is will he grow and become a better quarterback this season? Or will he be the same turnover-prone guy as always?
Does anyone want to win the AL Central?
Travis Pulver
With over 100 games left to play in the 2018 MLB season a lot could happen. Someone currently ...
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The NBA regular season is over, and we're now glued to playoff drama to see which team will be ...
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Our Buderim machines automatically inject hypoallergenic detergent and fabric softener into every wash.
It's easy to find a park at Laundered Buderim. Our off-street parking is available for all customers.
Our Buderim location offers complimentary Wi-Fi for all customers. Search for the "Laundered" network in-store.
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Our coin-operated laundrette in Buderim is the only facility to offer free detergent and fabric softener with every wash. Carefully calibrated pumps inject the perfect amount of detergent at the start of the wash, followed by commercial grade fabric softener in the pre-rinse cycle. Have you ever wondered how hotels get that crisp fresh feel? It's the high quality detergents and softeners used, and the good news is we use them as well!
Loved Laundered, clean bright and ever reasonably priced for double load machines! Will definitely use it again.


Since this is the SEASON OF GIVING, as well as the SEASON OF THANKS, we want to kick things off with a GIVEAWAY! This is our way of giving back to those who we are so very THANKFUL for… all of YOU… our amazing FOLLOWERS and CLIENTS! As we always say, all of you are the reason as to why we get to do what we LOVE to do! So, we want to BLESS y'all in return for being such a blessing to us.
For this GIVEAWAY, we have one of our handmade trestle end tables UP FOR GRABS! And if y'all remember, we told y'all about the new colors that we were working with last week… Well, here they are! All on one FABULOUS PIECE!


text:
Pancho Villa, geboren als Francisco Guilledo, (Ilog, 1 augustus 1901 - 14 juli 1925) was een Filipijns bokser. Villa was van 1923 tot zijn dood in 1925 wereldkampioen vlieggewicht en wordt beschouwd als een van de beste Filipijnse boksers ooit.

Biografie
Pancho Villa werd geboren als Francisco Guilledo in 1901 in Ilog, Negros Occidental. Zijn vader verliet het gezin toen hij zes maanden oud was. In zijn jeugd woonde hij samen met zijn moeder op een haciënda waar hij zijn moeder hielp met het werk. Op 11-jarige leeftijd reisde hij naar Iloilo City, waar hij de kost verdiende als schoenenpoetser. In Iloilo raakte hij bevriend met een lokale bokser. Samen met hem vertrok hij naar Manilla, waar hij in Tondo regelmatig bokste met vrienden. Al snel trok hij de aandacht en in 1919 vocht hij zijn eerste professionele bokspartij tegen Kid Castro. Binnen twee jaar was hij Filipijns kampioen vlieggewicht. Villa vocht in die periode veel partijen, soms niet langer dan een week na elkaar en veelal tegen veel grotere tegenstanders. In totaal verloor hij in zijn beginperiode in de Filipijnen drie keer en won hij twee Filipijnse titels.

In 1922 ontving hij een uitnodiging van bokspromotor Tex Rickard om in de Verenigde Staten te komen boksen. Zijn eerste twee gevechten tegen Abe Goldstein en Frankie Genaro eindigden onbeslist. Op 15 september 1922 mocht hij het opnemen tegen de Amerikaans kampioen vlieggewicht Johnny Buff. Hij won dat gevecht door een knock-out in de 11e ronde. Begin 1923 verloor hij de titel, door een zwaar omstreden verlies op punten, weer aan Frankie Genaro. Ondanks deze verliespartij kreeg Villa de kans om het op 18 juni 1923 op te nemen tegen voormalig wereldkampioen vlieggewicht Jimmy Wilde, die voor het gevecht een comeback maakte. Inzet van de strijd was de vacante wereldtitel vlieggewicht. Villa won het gevecht en daarmee de wereldtitel in New York voor een publiek van 20.000 man door een knock-out in de 7e ronde. De twee jaar daarop verdedigde hij de wereldtitel diverse malen met succes. In september 1924 keerde hij voor even terug in zijn vaderland, waar hij in Manilla een heldenontvangst kreeg. In Manilla nam hij het op 2 mei 1925 met succes op tegen Clever Sencio.

Na die winstpartij vertrok hij weer naar de Verenigde Staten om zich voor te bereiden op zijn volgende gevecht, een gevecht tegen Jimmy McLarnin waarin zijn wereldtitel niet op het spel stond. Kort voor het gevecht op 4 juli kreeg Villa last van kiespijn en raakte zijn gezicht opgezwollen. Hij liet zijn kies trekken en besloot het gevecht toch te laten doorgaan, dat hij gehinderd door zijn opgezwollen gezicht verloor. Enkele dagen na het gevecht werd Villa met spoed opgenomen in het ziekenhuis. Daar bleek dat hij leed aan Ludwigs Angina, een bacteriële infectie aan de keel. Een spoedoperatie mocht niet baten. Hij raakte in coma en overleed de volgende dag. Zijn lichaam werd overgebracht naar de Filipijnen, waar hij in augustus 1925 werd begraven op Manila North Cemetery.

Postuum eerbetoon
In oktober 1961 werd Villa door Ring Magazine in hun Hall of Fame geplaatst. Enkele tientallen jaren later, in 1991 werd hij toegelaten tot de International Boxing Hall of Fame. Hij was daarmee na Gabriel Elorde de tweede Filipijnse bokser die deze eer ontving. In 1999 werd Villa (samen met Biguel Canto) uitgeroepen tot de beste vlieggewicht boksers van de 20e eeuw en in 2000 werd hij gekozen als een van de beste Filipijnse sporters van het millennium.

Bronnen
 Carlos Quirino, Who's who in Philippine history, Tahanan Books, Manilla (1995)
 Biografie Pancho Villa, website International Boxing Hall of Fame

Noten

Filipijns bokser

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Create materials that help you land an internship or job.
Writing a résumé was one of the most challenging projects I worked on during my college and high school career. However, it was probably the most important. A résumé is more than a piece of paper. It tells people who you are without a face-to-face interaction. Here are some of my tips for shaping your résumé and getting your dream internship!
1. Make a document for all activities, work experiences, and skills to date. Having a specific and up-to-date résumé will make it easier when deadlines approach. I have a document with all my accomplishments and jobs, so I can pull information from this page to make a specific résumé for each position I apply to.
2. Write an objective. At the top of the résumé, add what your goal is and why you are submitting an application. For example, Objective: To obtain the Hoard's Dairyman Summer Editorial Internship.
3. Add a skills section. My résumé in high school did not have this section at the bottom, but in college I wanted to highlight my skills. A skills section tells the employer where you are most proficient. In addition, it explains what areas most interest you such as calf care or animal husbandry. A few of the skills listed on my resume are social media, communication, and attention to detail.
4. Print out and review. Have a friend review your résumé and check for spelling errors. Read your resume out loud to catch any errors.
Elise Regusci grew up on her family's farm in Modesto, Calif. Regusci attends Cal Poly University, majoring in dairy science with an agricultural communication minor. On campus, she is the Los Lecheros Dairy Club Ag Council representative and a member of the Cal Poly dairy judging team. Regusci was the 2016 Brown Swiss Youth Ambassador and was the 2017 Hoard's Dairyman summer editorial intern.


The chief executive of Bharti Group, Sunil Bharti Mittal has been elected chairman of the International Chambers of Commerce (ICC).
He succeeds Terry McGraw, Chairman Emeritus of S&P Global, who became ICC's Honorary Chairman. Sunil Mittal is the third Indian business leader to hold this position in ICC's near 100 years history.
Sunil Mittal is Indian telecom tycoon, entrepreneur and philanthropist.
He is the founder, chairman and Group CEO of Bharti Enterprises, which has interests in telecom, financial services, retail and agri business.
The Group's flagship company Bharti Airtel is India's largest telecom company and world's third largest mobile operator. It has its presence in 20 countries across Asia and Africa and has customer base of over 275 million.
Presently, he serves on many international bodies and think-tanks and currently is the Chair of the World Economic Forums (WEF) Telecommunications Steering Committee. He is also a member of the India-UK, India-US and India-Japan CEO Forums.
He is listed as the eight richest person in India by Forbes with a Net worth of 7 billion dollars. In 2007, he was awarded the Padma Bhushan, India's third highest civilian honour.
ICC is the world's largest business organisation that was founded in 1919.
Motto: The World Business Organization.
It represents the private-sector's views to national governments and intergovernmental bodies around the world.
ICC has three main activities: rule setting, policy advocacy and dispute resolution.
It was the first international organization to be granted general consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council.


This elegant black & gold gift box is foil-stamped with your logo on the cover.
Packed inside are 36 pieces of our signature English Butter Toffee, one-pound.
Other food combinations are available, contact factory.
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