This article is the revised and elaborated version of a presentation that was delivered at the invitation of the American Digital Library Federation (DLF) at their Spring Forum meeting in New Orleans (http://www.diglib.org/forums/Spring2004/springforum04abs.htm). It will be followed by "Search engine technology and digital libraries: Moving from theory to praxis" as a collaborative article from this author and Friedrich Summann, Head of IT at Bielefeld University Library.
With the development of the World Wide Web, the "information search" has grown to be a significant business sector of a global, competitive and commercial market. Powerful players have entered this market, such as commercial internet search engines, information portals, multinational publishers and online content integrators. Will Google, Yahoo or Microsoft be the only portals to global knowledge in 2010? If libraries do not want to become marginalized in a key area of their traditional services, they need to acknowledge the challenges that come with the globalisation of scholarly information, the existence and further growth of the academic internet .
How do libraries define academically relevant (online) content?
Libraries see themselves as central information providers for their clientele, at universities or research institutions. But how do they define academic content? Looking at the practice of today's digital library portals we get the impression that the internet is almost non-existent in the academic resource discovery environment. What we find are online library catalogues, electronic journals and (sometimes) e-books, which are mainly digitally converted print materials that have traditionally been the focus of library acquisition policies. Also databases have been well known for a long time. Content is generally delivered through well-established service channels by publishers, book-houses or subscription agencies.
The digitisation of publishing and the advent of the World Wide Web have resulted in the proliferation of a vast amount of content types and formats that include, but are not limited to, digitised collections, faculty and research groups' websites, conference web servers, preprint/e-print servers and, increasingly, institutional repositories and archives, as well as a wide range of learning objects and courses. If these resources are registered by a library at all, then they are in the form of separate lists of links or databases, but are not integrated into local digital library portals.
It is possible to identify reasons why libraries are hesitant to take action to change this situation. As a matter of principle libraries rank locally held collections and resources much more highly than remote resources, as the size of local collections has always been one indicator of the importance of a library. Libraries still see themselves as a place of collections rather than as an information "gateway". Other concerns of libraries are grounded in the fact that there is no guarantee that a remote host will maintain its resources in the long-term. Thus gateways to remote resources always have to face the potential problem of dead links. However, long-term accessibility is one of the basic values of libraries, and procedures need to be set up that will ensure that even remote repositories can be accessed in the long-term. Other reasons may include a natural resistance to the change of established acquisition procedures and workflows, as well as the complex combination of skills and competences that are required for "acquiring" remote resources, such as subject expertise, technical knowledge and traditional acquisition skills. This new type of "acquisition", introduced as a regular workflow within a library, would require some re-organisation of current structures with potential implications for costs and resources.
Are libraries aware of the incredible volume of academic content that is available on the web?
While libraries concentrate on the building of local digital library portals and simultaneous searches across a selected number of licensed and free databases, do they see the incredible volume of academic content that is already available on the web? Although there are no reliable figures on the overall volume of web content there have been some studies that give estimations. Already published in 2001, a white paper from Michael Bergman on the "Deep Web" , highlights the dimensions we have to consider. Bergman talks about one billion individual documents in the "visible"  and nearly 550 billion documents on 200,000 web sites in the "deep" web. The exponential growth since 2001 can be read from the fact that in May 2004 Google gives the size of their index (i.e. visible web content) with more than 4,2 billion web pages (compared to 3,3 billion web pages in 2003).
For the research and teaching community the "invisible" web is of specific interest as it includes to a major proportion (high) quality content in free or licensed databases, primary data (e.g. meteorological, financial statistics, source data for bioresearch and so forth) or the huge and still increasing range of cultural and historical resources that are being digitised. There are, again, no reliable figures on the actual size of the academic web but the size of Scirus , the "science-specific search engine" of Elsevier might serve as a pure indicator for the volume dimension. In May 2004, 167 million science-specific Web pages have been indexed by Scirus, that are roughly 4% of the public Google-index (4,2 billion web pages). Although Scirus includes some "invisible" resources, the majority of the information has been crawled on web sites that are marked as "scientific" through their domain names . Taking aside all the vagueness of these estimations one might apply the 4%-factor on the size of the invisible web in 2000 (i.e. 550 billion web pages) and receives the impressive figure of 22 billion web pages that include scientific content.
How should libraries see the future of their information discovery services? Instead of a highly fragmented landscape that forces users to visit multiple, distributed servers, libraries will provide a search index, which forms a virtual resource of unprecedented comprehensiveness to any type and format of academically relevant content. Libraries liasing with other partners are contributing ultimately to an open, federated search index network that will offer an alternative to the monolithic structures of current commercial information.com indexes .
This unique resource will not form a minor segment within a commercial internet index, which lives from and is often heavily influenced by the advertisement industry, with their very specific rules about relevance and sustainability of information. Libraries will offer a long-term, reliable search service, which comprises high-quality content for the research and teaching communities.
Libraries are increasingly hesitant to support big, monolithic and centralised portal solutions equipped with an all-inclusive search interface which would only add another link to the local, customer-oriented information services. Future search services should be based on a collaboratively constructed, major shared data resource, but must come with a whole range of customisable search and browsing interfaces that can be seamlessly integrated into any local information portal, subject specific gateway or personal research and learning environment . Libraries using the new search index must be able to select only those data segments that are of relevance specifically to their local or subject specific clientele, and search and browsing interfaces need to be customisable according to the local "look and feel" or discipline specific navigation mechanisms .
The new, academic search index should come with the ease of handling and the robustness and performance of Google-like services but with the relevance and proven ("certified") quality of content as it is traditionally made available through libraries.
Over the last few years the principle need to address the fragmentation of information resources has been recognised and has led to a number of initiatives at national and international levels. Very recently the German "Vascoda" portal  has been launched as a collaborative effort of German libraries, information providers and their international partners, jointly funded by the BMBF (Federal Ministry for Education and Research) and the DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft). The "Scholars Portal" initiative has been driven by the American Research Libraries (ARL) consortium and has produced a number of portal solutions on U.S. campuses . The Resource Discovery Network (RDN) in the UK , virtual subject libraries and subject guides in Germany, the European RENARDUS  project and the Internet SCOUT project (U.S.)  are only some examples of collaborative efforts to provide metadata based subject gateways to distributed content. Based on the OAI initiative, libraries and library service organisations are following the idea of "OAI Registries" as central points of access to worldwide distributed OAI repositories .
While undoubtedly successful in offering integrated access points, from the library point of view one gets the impression that there is still some development to be done in order to build real end-user services that find the full acceptance of researchers and students. In the era of popular internet full text search indexes these projects are focussing mainly on metadata by giving reference information about the resource (e.g. a certain server or database) rather than searching within the content sources (such as the full text itself). The records of all these portal databases, which usually describe intellectually selected content sources, can of course be used as a valuable starting point for the proposed discovery of the academic web. Where internet addresses are included in these records they can serve as starting URLs for web crawlers and other data aggregation tools that come with search engine technology . It should be noted however that the major work for libraries building an academic web index will begin after the resource has been located, as a major proportion of the content in the academic web can not be aggregated by standard crawling mechanisms. This is why this part of the internet is called the "deep" or "invisible" web, and it comes, in particular in the academic environment, with an almost endless variety of data formats and technological implementations of databases and content servers.
It is a fact that with the advent of the World Wide Web, the information "search" has grown to be a significant business sector of a global, competitive and commercial market. Libraries are only one player within this market. Other stakeholders include, but are not limited to, publishers, online content integrators and commercial internet search engines ("information.coms").
In any market situation it is of paramount importance to take a close look at potential customers and their usage behaviour. For librarians this might sound obvious as it is their genuine perception that they consider implicitly the demands of users—or rather what they consider to be the demands of their users. But the new, competitive situation forces libraries to see things much more from the perspective of the user. First of all, this is an acknowledgement that, particularly at universities, libraries deal with a range of users with often different usage behaviours. It almost goes without saying that an undergraduate has other demands for information than a qualified researcher, and their usage behaviours can vary substantially. Young undergraduates will try much harder to transfer their general information seeking behaviour (using internet search engines) to the specific, academic environment, while established researchers have better accommodated the use of specific search tools. Before the WWW had been developed, this differentiation was, from the librarian's point of view, only relevant with respect to the level of training that various user groups required in order to use the library's resource discovery tools (printed catalogue, online catalogue, digital library portal). Today, with a whole range of general search engines available, users have the opportunity to use other catalogues (public or academic), and portals than those found in the library. Library users have been "empowered" by Google-like search engines to make their own choice about a search tool and to approach the world of information without any training. While librarians are mainly worried about the quality of information resources that are covered by mainstream search indexes, their users love these new tools and they would like to use them for any type of information search.
As a survey carried out at Bielefeld University in November 2002 revealed, students still make intensive use of the online library catalogue, but they would much prefer to access the catalogue through a "Google-like"-interface . The simple reason why they still use the online catalogue is that, for this information type, they don't have an available alternative, as internet search engines usually don't cover the so called "deep" or "invisible" web. In any area where students think that they can find information, especially when they are looking for documents and full text, general search engines are even now much more popular than databases that have been made available through libraries. And it is only because of their level of experience and a certain habit that researchers still use databases, e-journals etc. that are not indexed by internet indexes. But a new generation of researchers will be coming in a few years time that will have grown up with popular internet search tools.
Just as users like the ease of phrasing and submitting a search query, they also like the flexible and responsive display of result sets. Superior performance and the size of internet search indexes are most impressive to them.
Most systems focus solely on the search of metadata (bibliographic fields, keywords, abstracts). The cross-search of full text has only recently been introduced and is often restricted to a very limited range of data formats (primarily "html" and "txt").
Current digital library systems integrate predominantly online library catalogues and databases with some full text repositories (e.g. e-journals). Freely available academic online content as described above is usually not covered by library portals. If they are selected at all they are mainly organised as html-link lists or specific databases (e.g. subject guides) that record reference metadata about web repositories.
Beyond online catalogues, databases and e-journals, researchers started to place their pre-prints or post-prints on the websites of faculties and research groups. Comprehensive web servers of scientific congresses include online presentations and papers, large international pre-print servers, often organised by the scientific community, store thousands and hundreds of thousands of documents, and the creation of e-learning objects is gaining increasing popularity.
And libraries? They add to the content that is available online. Today we have seen almost 15 years of digitisation activities, starting in the U.S. and spreading from there to other countries. Hundreds, if not thousands of digital document servers are available today, the majority of them as stand-alone systems. And activities at universities in building institutional repositories have only started. The long term goal is to store the research and e-learning output of each institution on self-controlled document servers. While the building of these repositories especially must be welcomed for strategic reasons (e.g. open access to research data, ensuring long term accessibility) the expected number of additional online hosts requires additional efforts on the search side.
The majority of the portal systems rely on the metasearch (broadcast search) principle, i.e. a query is translated into the retrieval language of the target repositories (e.g. catalogues, databases) and sent out to selected repositories. The sequentially incoming responses are aggregated and presented in a joint result list.
The problems resulting from this search principle are well-known: due to the sequential response of the target repositories and in particular due to the dependence on the performance of these repositories we get—with an increasing number of target databases—limited scalability and decreasing performance.
All products follow the principles of traditional Boolean searching which has an impact on the ease of searching. While search engines, based on advanced linguistic analysis and semantic dictionaries, are increasingly integrating algorithms of approximate searching that allow a greater fault tolerance of search terms, traditional Boolean searches require some experience in finding suitable search terms on the part of the user.
DL search systems rely on existing bibliographic fields such as author, title, and year of publication to sort their hit lists. The principles still follow, with some modifications, traditional print or card catalogues and are fairly inflexible. Search engines have introduced ranking algorithms that follow both static rules and dynamic live analysis of the result sets offering users a whole range of ranking criteria—one of the very popular features of internet search engines.
The discussion among libraries about their strategy for discovering the academic web has only started. Some institutions have decided to expose segments of their "invisible" content to Google (such as library catalogue records and institutional e-prints), a very pragmatic and cost-saving way to make quality content "visible" and at the same time searchable through this popular search service. While one can see the rationale in simply using existing internet services, libraries should not at this point omit to draft their own strategy and technical concepts for the academic internet.
In the first place, Google-like services are purely commercially driven. "A search engine's primary business is to obtain revenue through advertising" is the conclusion of Rita Vine in an article that has only recently been cited by Bonita Wilson as the editor of the D-Lib Magazine . The ranking of search results follows several algorithms, one of which is the payment of search index providers through companies that want to boost their products.
Secondly, there is no guarantee of the long-term sustainability of an index, i.e. that the index of one week will include all resources of the last week. The dynamics and business concept of commercial indexes seems to be one of the top secrets of search index providers. The recent replacement of the former AllTheWeb-index delivered through Yahoo, with the own-brand Yahoo-index is one example that illustrates the uncertainty of indexes in the commercial search business. The new Yahoo-index is apparently smaller than AllTheWeb and it offers less functionality than AllTheWeb. Another example is the former "Google Directory", that featured a segment of the "Open Directory Project" and which has recently been replaced by Google with the shopping search engine "Froogle". Interestingly, this replacement took place initially only on the English Google-site, but not on others such as the German version. Let there be no misunderstanding: Commercial search indexes are within their rights and legitimacy to carry out whatever kind of business they feel is profitable. But libraries should not assume that these services will follow the rules of libraries rather than those of a profitable business.
Furthermore, commercial search indexes focus on content that can be automatically indexed. Manual conversion processes, time consuming analysis of data formats and access protocols is not in the interest of commercial services which need to increase their index sizes from week to week. Academic content, as described before, is often part of the invisible web and therefore not accessible to standard web robots per se. Institutions exposing their data to Google have to be aware that this can involve conversion work on the library site and that this conversion is mainly not conversion to a standard format like OAI with DC as supported by libraries.
Looking at the quality of content that is usually covered by information.coms, libraries have often expressed their concerns about the mixture of high quality academic and unproved mainstream content. Libraries are mainly missing the authoritative assessment of content resources as provided by current library search services, and also by those collaborative projects that have been described above.
Last but not least, the monolithic architecture of commercial indexes is very cost intensive, and experts speak of millions of USD to refresh one week's cycle of a major mainstream internet index . There is no ONE library that could provide this kind of service on their own, thus libraries will need to rely on their traditional ability to collaborate in order to build a joint index network.
Apart from the obvious limitations that libraries should be aware of, there are also some myths around that should be named—and immediately dismissed. "Search engine technology can't handle structured, high quality data" is as wrong as "Search engine technology comes only with simple (i.e. simplistic) search boxes". When statements like those described come up, people are simply mixing up some implementations with the actual potential of this technology.
The majority of the objections amongst librarians against search engine technology are bound to the business concept of commercial indexes, not to the technology itself that lies behind the index. But why shouldn't libraries look beyond these current implementations and focus on the strengths of the generic technology?
If libraries look at large-scale, not specifically index-bound systems, there is essentially one technology company that is regularly listed as no. 1. The Norwegian company Fast Search & Transfer, an off-shoot of the Norwegian National University of Technology  is one of the market leaders in this sector and has been repeatedly awarded for technological innovation and excellence. The previous implementation of Fast as the search technology for internet indexes such as AllTheWeb and Altavista underline its ability to cope successfully with substantial volumes of data although Fast itself is explicitly branding their technology as enterprise search solution (ESP) to mark a wider application area than just the internet .
Bielefeld University Library, after an initial evaluation phase , has opted to use Fast as the technology to explore the benefits and usability for digital libraries. Rather than embarking on a new generic development of this technology from scratch there was a strategic decision to concentrate efforts on adding functionalities and modules to an existing product, such as data connectors (e.g. for OAI data, databases), new search and navigation interfaces or improved ranking and display features for academic content. Some of the positive aspects that came out of the evaluation of Fast software included comprehensive documentation, a whole suite of modules (e.g. linguistics, approximate search), powerful APIs and the support of standards (index works with XML queries). It is certainly not a turnkey solution but a system that proves to be very responsive to adaptations and customisation. Obviously the decision to use Fast was not an indefinite choice of a certain product but rather a pragmatic approach to collaborate with a partner that is innovation-oriented and which provides a robust and scalable core technology from day one. Alternatives, in particular open source developments like Nutch  and Jakarta Lucene , will be watched actively, and ways for collaboration will be explored.
It has already been noted that existing databases and directories of the academic library community (such as virtual subject libraries and guides, regional and national portals) provide a profound base of intellectually selected content resources that can be indexed by those libraries that implement search engine technology. This approach adds an authoritative element to the envisaged index resource that is missing in most commercial internet indexes.
Search and navigation interfaces will need careful research and evaluation in order to confront potential users with a wide range of data formats and content types. Metadata, full text, images, multimedia objects and binary data are the more widely known examples of heterogeneous data, which can be aggregated in one virtual resource. The intelligent mark-up of certain content types for search, search refinement and navigation processes could be one way of dealing with data heterogeneity.
The term "search service" for the academic web always implies "navigation" of information. Established and partly implemented tools are scientific taxonomies, subject specific thesauri and cross-concordances which support interdisciplinary research. Expected outcomes of the current semantic web research should also be evaluated for use within academic web searching.
The result display of a new search service should be offered in a way that allows various views on a specific result set. Ranking and ordering schemes of search engine technology can principally follow pre-defined rules (such as sort by author, title, year, classification etc.) as well as ranking relevance generated on-the-fly (e.g. through live analysis of documents for semantics and syntactical structures).
Metadata have a high priority for the search and navigation of academic information. As a considerable proportion of resources (such as documents of scholars that are stored on faculty servers) have no descriptive information at all, it would be most helpful to develop document analysis tools that generate at least a minimum set of descriptive bibliographic information automatically .
Current search services are encapsulated and hard-coded within library management and digital library systems. This type of monolithic system architecture is not any longer state-of-the-art. Vendors of integrated library systems have partly responded to this development and offer already separate local and central (i.e. shared cataloguing) modules. New requirements for libraries have resulted in the set-up of new systems such as digital library systems, digital collection and e-print servers. And the range of systems extends substantially if we take a wider look within a university, beyond the actual library environment. The increase of systems alongside with the increased demand on financial and staff resources to maintain these systems have led to discussions within libraries and on a campus wide level in order to find out a) how theses systems interact with each other and b) investigate potential duplication or even multiplication of services implemented in different systems. A widely known example is the administration of users at a university and the discussion about "single sign-on" mechanisms across systems. Also new areas like e-Learning have revealed new demands to re-use existing services in learning management environments.
System modularity can also work for digital library and scholarly portals. A portal comprises the gateway to distributed, heterogeneous resources plus additional services. In the Digital Library North Rhine-Westphalia one can find for example a "metasearch" as gateway to more than 60 databases and catalogues and as additional services e.g. the check of local availability of resources and the set-up of personal search profiles. On the medium-term web services could be used within existing digital library or other information portals to replace current search techniques by state-of-the-art search engine technology.
The technology of web-services provides true interoperability between services and system modules from different system environments. They work across all system platforms ("platform-independence"), are easy to implement and open the opportunity to realise local integrations of external systems. At Bielefeld University the library in collaboration with the IT-department of the central administration worked successfully on the first implementation of web-services for central user-directories and the online library catalogue. The new technical modularity enables and stimulates a much more holistic view on the university's architecture and is a promising trend to overcome all the smaller and bigger silo-solutions that we currently see at a university.
Bielefeld UL's concept for an open, federated academic internet index network, as described in the next chapter, takes up these developments of modular architectures. It proposes the implementation of web services to support actively the interoperability of distributed search indexes and seamless integration into local, regional or subject based information infrastructures.
Libraries to build an open, federated academic internet index network?
The continual exponential growth in the volume of online web content as described above makes it unrealistic to believe that one library can build one big, all-inclusive academic web index. Even to provide a substantial part, such as indexing the academic online content of one country, would mean a major challenge to one institution. Thus, collaboration is required among libraries -- and libraries have an excellent tradition in collaborating, including in the international context. How could the collaboration work in practice?
Is the technology for a federated web index available?
Commercial internet indexes usually have a monolithic architecture . The technology itself allows already federated indexes within specific scenarios. Fast's software suite is familiar with the building of a virtual master-index that is comprised of distributed child-indexes. This requires the use of Fast technology on all partner sides. Other business implementations of Fast software also integrate result sets of external internet search indexes. Despite some functionalities that support federated indexing, this area will require further research.
The current Grid-research initiatives, that address distributed, large-scale computing in a wider context, could provide valuable technology for the building of distributed data and access networks. Libraries will need to watch closely these developments and be open for collaborations.
The easiest way to participate is to simply use the new index resource and make it popular within the local academic communities. The "local use"—concept of internet indexes has been made popular by Google and other commercial index providers through the "search box"—feature that can be freely incorporated into the local information infrastructure. Submitted searches go directly to the index and hits are returned as standard result sets of the provider with standard display and ordering rules.
The new academic index network will offer the same functionality. It doesn't require any software investment  and only minimum staff resources .
Any customisation to these interfaces such as the restriction to specific content resources in order to meet specific local needs (e.g. only certain subject areas) or the implementation of specific search or browsing features (such as the use of a specific classification) will have to be realised on the server side by one of the index network partners that host the respective proportion of the search index. In the case of customisation work (i.e. programming) this will have to be refunded by the requesting local institution.
2. The "content provider": Exposing online library collections and other academic content to the "index creators"
Beyond using the new search service all academic content providers (and libraries in particular) are encouraged to make their current "invisible" content accessible to the index creating partner libraries.
During the last year of exploring search engine technology and setting up demonstrators Bielefeld UL has been supported by a number of libraries in Germany, the UK and the U.S. through the free exposure of content. Data have been loaded, (pre-)processed and indexed from more than 10 institutions including the Mathematical Faculty at Bielefeld University, Göttingen State and University Library, The National Library for Technology (TIB, Hanover), Bielefeld University Library, Oxford University Library Services, Michigan and Cornell University Libraries, Springer publisher and the "Zentralblatt für Mathematik" database. A range of different content types with a wide range of formats included digitised collections, pre-print servers, electronic journals, institutional repositories, online library catalogues and databases. One method of loading data was through OAI harvesters which revealed a number of problems as discussed before. Essential for all partners was that they only exposed their data to the aggregating tool (like web crawler, ftp, metadata harvester), i.e. all collections resided on-site within the control of each partner. This has proved to be fundamental both for commercial partners and for public libraries and institutions. Commercial partners in particular recognised that this new search service of a library can create additional access points to their content without affecting existing licensing agreements at all. The new academic search index, analogue to commercial internet indexes, simply offers a new, comfortable and high quality search and navigation platform to distributed content, while the use of content itself still happens on the content provider side.
A second important aspect was that the identity of each partner and collection has been clearly marked within the result sets by adding a clause to each hit that says: "provided by institution XYZ".
Libraries that are interested in building up their own expertise with search engine technology can create and host their own search index. Those institutions will need to provide a technological infrastructure comprising hardware , search engine technology and staff resources to handle the data workflow. Bielefeld UL has identified five general working steps that need to be carried out once a content resource has been selected: Data loading, pre-processing, processing, indexing and access and navigation. Staff should be familiar with technologies like harvesting tools (e.g. for OAI), database connectors and protocols (like Z39.50, SRW, generic db-connectors), Perl and XSLT (pre-processing), Python (processing), specific search engine technology (indexing) and finally PHP (access and navigation).
There are numerous selection criteria for libraries when they start to think about building "their" index and obviously the local demands will have top priority for the selection process. If libraries think beyond their local index and wish to participate in a shared effort of the international library community, an action plan will be needed in order to avoid unnecessary duplication of work . Libraries could work according to geographical criteria as well as subject expertise and pragmatic approaches can also address specific content resource types such as OAI repositories, institutional servers, digital collections etc.
Potential partners in this group include all projects and initiatives that have been described above as "existing scholarly portal projects" such as providers of subject guides, hubs and other information gateways. Organisation and communication will be paramount in order for this initiative to be successful.
There are many areas where work-sharing on the technical side would help to create synergies, save resources and speed-up the process of building a high quality virtual resource of academic web content.
Major work needs to be done in order to give strong support for automatic data loading and (pre-)processing processes. An important contribution needs to come from the OAI community by working on a much more consistent use of these promising standards. If a standard like OAI already causes problems one can imagine the dimension of this work when it comes to the huge amount of resources that are not OAI-compliant. Bielefeld UL, based on its experience with integrating data resources into the "Metasearch" of the Digital Library portal, has already developed some scripts and processing stages that were required to integrate only 15 different repositories into the current search engine implementation.
On the search and navigation interface side the integration of taxonomies, classifications etc. is another key area that could be addressed in a collaborative approach.
Some commercial content providers such as Elsevier and Thomson have already replaced their search technology and created new indexes . It seems to be reasonable to integrate existing indexes into the community-driven web index network if those index providers are prepared to agree on the terms and conditions which need to be defined by the library community.
Will Google, Yahoo or Microsoft be the only portals to global knowledge in 2010? This paper advocates a concerted initiative of the library community to pick up state-of-the-art search technology and build reliable, high quality search services for the research and teaching community. This effort is not intended as competition to other commercial services, but it represents a natural continuation of traditional library services in a globalised academic information environment. An academic internet index network, driven by the library community as sketched out before, can best meet the specific requirements of the scholarly clientele by providing comfortable, reliable and integrated access to high quality content. But in order to realise this new service libraries are required to look beyond their current information infrastructure to learn from mainstream internet index providers who have become so popular through innovative technology and a dedicated end-user driven approach.
The library community needs to acknowledge the relevance of a new action plan in order to improve current search services. The impression is that many libraries "somehow" see the need but it's still unclear for them how to address the problem. Current pragmatic approaches to make academic content available to commercial internet indexes should be seen only as a first step on the way to a new service that is driven by the libraries themselves.
Bielefeld UL sees the further development of search services as mission-critical to their role as central information provider for the university. The library is currently working on the first public version of BASE (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine) and details about the practical experiences with search engine technology will be discussed in part II of this article . Bielefeld UL has been successful in carrying out a proof-of-concept by implementing search engine technology and working with real-life resources. The first public demonstrator of their search engine technology implementation (BASE) is now available: the demonstrator for a "Digital Collections" search service . A second demonstrator that focuses on mathematical literature will be available shortly. The conclusions and experiences of this work have been included in a current joint proposal from Bielefeld and the Regional Service Centre for Academic Libraries in North Rhine-Westphalia to the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). Both the DFG and the Federal Ministry of Education and Research have decided to fund a collaborative initiative called "Distributed Document Server" (VDS) within the German Digital Library, "Vascoda". Three major lines of action have been defined for the VDS project: authentication, metadata registry and seamless navigation with search engine technology. Bielefeld UL welcomes any collaboration and will be very happy to share their part of an online index nucleus with other library partners in order to build the suggested network.
Beyond Germany other libraries and institutions such as Oxford University Library Services and the National Library of Norway have expressed their explicit interest in the new technology. A number of partner institutions within the American Digital Library Federation have pledged their support for a joint, concerted initiative. Any other library, institution or content provider is encouraged to support the forthcoming activities. While Bielefeld University Library has been very successful in collaborating with the Fast company and will continue to expand this partnership, other institutions might select alternative systems. In fact, the only thing of major importance will be the openness of each of these systems to allow their interoperability for the suggested federated index network. If the concept itself can be realised, the choice for the actual system will, in any case, depend on a technical benchmarking process that must also include existing and forthcoming mainstream internet search services, as this is ultimately what is critical for acceptance by end-users.
It is expected that other libraries will start to create their own local search engine infrastructures in order to build further indexes. An (informal) network or forum will be formed where knowledge, content and tools can be shared. The need for trans-national action has never been so obvious as it is now, and it is hoped that funding organisations in many countries will acknowledge the dimension of this undertaking and give the support libraries need to fulfil their mission: to discover the rich wealth of the academic internet for the benefit of the international research and teaching community.
Acknowledgement for this article goes to the technical search engine working group at Bielefeld University Library (Friedrich Summann, Bernd Fehling, Carola Kummert and Sebastian Wolf) who have done exceptionally well over more than one year in exploring and implementing search engine technology and provided a lot of detailed insights.
 Very recently Stephen Arnold has addressed the threat that libraries could become marginalized in his paper "Information boundaries and libraries", February 2004 (http://www.arnoldit.com/articles/elib_Feb2004_final.doc).
 Michael K. Bergman (on behalf of the BrightPlanet Corporation) "The deep web: Surfacing hidden value". In: The Journal of Electronic Publishing. Michigan University Press. July 2001 (http://www.press.umich.edu/jep/07-01/bergman.html).
 Bergman uses the term "surface" web.
 The majority of the deep web content comes from Medline and Elsevier's Science Direct database. Web sites that have been crawled include domains like ".edu": 58.5 million pages, ".ac.uk": 6.8 million pages (http://www.scirus.com/srsapp/aboutus/#range).
 Partners can in principle include library service centres and also publishers or other content integrating commercial services.
 Web services seem to be a promising technology that allow the modular integration of remote services into a local environment.
 Using navigation tools like thesauri, cross-concordances or classifications.
 Three initiatives were present at the DLF Spring Forum 2004 by the University of Michigan Libraries (http://www.diglib.org/forums/Spring2004/hagedorn0404.htm), the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign (http://www.diglib.org/forums/Spring2004/spring04bios.htm#habing) and OCLC (http://www.diglib.org/forums/Spring2004/young0404.htm).
 The Fast software, for example, also includes a file traverser and some generic database connectors to load data from heterogeneous content sources.
 625 undergraduates and graduates returned the questionnaire within a week.
 See <http://www.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/portal/english/Metasuche>. The development of the Digital Library North Rhine-Westphalia was coordinated by the former director of Bielefeld University Library, Dr. Karl Wilhelm Neubauer and funded through a major grant of the State Ministry for Science and Research. The project began in 1998 and officially ended in 2001 with the regular service coming into operation at the regional Service Centre for Academic Libraries in Cologne (HBZ). The portal technology (IPS system) has been developed by IHS according to the specifications made by the project's development group.
 Bonita Wilson. "Using the Internet for Searching," D-Lib Magazine, March 2004, Volume 10 Number 3, <doi:10.1045/march2004-editorial>.
 Stephen Arnold provided a figure of "$24 million per year to index one billion content sources". In: "The future of search", Proceedings of the 26th Online Information conference 2002. p 51.
 Fast Search & Transfer is based in Oslo, Norway with branches in some European countries, the U.S. and Japan (http://www.fastsearch.com). After selling their internet assets (like AllTheWeb) to Overture in April 2003 Fast has been focussing on innovative developments of their search technology through a major company research lab in Norway and external research collaborations with the Universities of Munich (Germany), Cornell, Penn. State (U.S.) and Trondheim/Tromsoe (Norway).
 Customers come from multinational enterprises, e-Government, e-Health etc.
 February 2002 to August 2002, Convera, Google, Mnogo, Lucene (2003).
 Bielefeld UL is collaborating with the external research laboratory of Fast in Munich, Germany.
 Although the index data itself can be, for performance reasons, distributed on large clusters of computers.
 There is no local client software that needs to be licensed and installed.
 E.g., for the integration of search templates within local web sites.
 In general low-cost hardware such as Linux-PCs with appropriate mass-storage attached. Further details can be obtained from the technical project group at Bielefeld UL.
 Obviously a principle that applies to many other areas in the library world.
 Elsevier is using the Fast search software for some of their "integrated search" products (www.scirus.com and www.scopus.com), Thomson's Web of Knowledge is based on WebFeat Prism technology, <http://isiwebofknowledge.com/technology.html>.
 The article "Moving from theory to praxis" is scheduled to appear in an issue of D-Lib-Magazine later this year. A PowerPoint presentation that describes some of the details can be viewed on the website of the Digital Library Federation <http://www.diglib.org/forums/Spring2004/summann0404.htm>.
 See <http://base.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/>. Core technology for the search index is Fast Data Search; additional data processing scripts and user-interfaces have been developed at Bielefeld UL with other programming languages and open source technology.


Ipswich ladies have finished their NVL season in 4th position, only 5 points off the play-off positions. Kev Abbott has served two years as Ipswich Ladies NVL coach, both seasons finishing in 4th position. Unfortunately with Kev recently becoming a Dad, time is becoming very stretched and he is unable to continue as ladies coach for Ipswich VC. Luckily for Ipswich Ladies Simon Browne has stepped forward to take on the ladies coaching.
Simon has previously played for Ipswich Mens team and has a long history of volleyball achievements, so the ladies will be in good hands for next season. Simon's first fixture in charge of the team was on Wednesday 11th April against Chelmsford Ladies in the Essex league. The ladies were keen to make a good impression on Simon and worked hard.
Despite an injury setback to Michelle Abbott in the second set, the ladies pushed on and played some great volleyball to win the match 3 – 0. Iza Karwacka picking up another MVP for the ladies team as setter.
You can get a chance to see Simon Brown's Ipswich Ladies team in action on Saturday 21st at 3pm against Brentwood at Northgate Sports Centre. Ipswich Men will be in action prior to this fixture at 1pm.


text:
Heminoemacheilus is a small genus of stone loaches endemic to Guangxi in China and only living in caves.

Species
There are currently 3 recognized species in this genus:

 Heminoemacheilus hyalinus J. H. Lan, J. X. Yang & Y. R. Chen, 1996
 Heminoemacheilus parvus Y. Zhu & D. G. Zhu, 2015
 Heminoemacheilus zhengbaoshani S. Q. Zhu & W. X. Cao, 1987

References

Cave fish
Nemacheilidae
Fish of Asia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Los Angeles Coronavirus Restrictions on Dining Draw Criticism
| North America
For more than a week, tensions have flared between Los Angeles restaurant owners and politicians over the county's ban on outdoor dining, which health officials say is necessary to slow the surging pandemic — and restaurateurs say is destroying their livelihoods.
The controversy came to a head on Saturday when a restaurant owner shared a video on social media showing tents, tables and chairs set up as a catering station for a film crew — just feet away from her eatery's similar outdoor dining space, which has sat empty since the restriction went into effect late last month.
"Tell me that this is dangerous, but right next to me — as a slap in my face — that's safe?" Angela Marsden, who owns the restaurant, Pineapple Hill Saloon & Grill, said as the video panned from her outdoor dining space to the film crew's catering site.
Ms. Marsden had already organized a protest against the outdoor dining ban before discovering the film tents. On Saturday, she and others gathered outside County Supervisor Sheila Kuehl's house, saying the government's uneven application of the rules was crushing small businesses.
Ms. Kuehl, who declined to comment on Saturday, was one of several supervisors who voted last month to let the ban, issued by the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, go into effect.
The catering site was for a crew filming "Good Girls," a comedy television show that airs on NBC, according to Philip Sokoloski, a spokesman for FilmLA, which helps Los Angeles manage film permits. Mr. Sokoloski said the catering site and the film location nearby were both authorized under a permit issued by the city.
The county health department noted in a statement that film crews are regularly tested for the virus and that, unlike at restaurants, people do not mingle for "extended periods of time without their face covering." Audiences are not allowed at film sites under the county's guidelines.
Protestors outside Los Angeles County Supervisor Sheila Kuehl's house after she voted to impose restaurant restrictions.Credit…STAR MAX, via Associated Press Images
"This is different from restaurants that serve different customers throughout the day," the unsigned statement read.
Mayor Eric Garcetti, who days ago announced a one-time payment of $800 to food industry workers, urged residents to support restaurants by ordering takeout and delivery but said the restrictions were necessary to reduce the virus's spread.
"My heart goes out to Ms. Marsden and the workers at the Pineapple Hill Saloon who have to comply with state and county public health restrictions that close outdoor dining," Mr. Garcetti said. "No one likes these restrictions, but I do support them as our hospital I.C.U. beds fill to capacity and cases have increased by 500%. We must stop this virus before it kills thousands of more Angelenos."
California has declared entertainment industry workers essential, and in Los Angeles County they must follow strict guidelines such as eating in staggered shifts or in an area large enough to stay six feet apart.
Ms. Marsden said in an interview that she saw two people eating without masks at the tables when she went to her restaurant on Friday to pick up paychecks for her employees and supplies for the protest.
"It was devastating," she said. Referring to her staff, she added, "They can't pay their rent, they have to tell their kids they don't have a job or money for Christmas."
She said she had worked hard to make her outdoor patio compliant with the previous guidelines for outdoor dining before it, too, was banned.
"You name it, we did it," she said.
The dispute over outdoor dining is not the first time Los Angeles's entertainment industry has created a real-life drama over coronavirus restrictions. On Tuesday, Mr. Garcetti said he would reopen a coronavirus testing site that had been closed for the filming of a movie featuring Addison Rae, a star on TikTok, after residents criticized its closure.
California is seeing its sharpest increase in cases since the pandemic took hold and Los Angeles County has reported a record number of virus cases in recent days. Over the past week, the county has reported an average of more than 6,000 cases and 34 deaths daily.
Indoor dining has been banned for months in the county, but health officials prohibited outdoor dining on Nov. 25, the day before Thanksgiving, "to reduce the possibility for crowding and the potential for exposure."
Restaurants and some cities within Los Angeles County revolted against new prohibitions on outdoor dining, saying the risks of spreading the virus outdoors were not great enough to justify shutting down businesses. Pasadena allows limited outdoor dining. And the Beverly Hills City Council unanimously passed a resolution on Tuesday calling on the county to repeal the restrictions and directing its staff to explore whether Beverly Hills should create its own health department instead of relying on the county's.
A Los Angeles County judge on Wednesday ordered health officials to produce scientific evidence that backs up the ban on outdoor dining.
"You have to do a risk-benefit analysis for public health," Judge James Chalfant said at the hearing, according to The Los Angeles Times. "You don't just talk about the risk of spreading disease. You have to talk about the benefit of keeping restaurants open."
The California Restaurant Association, which filed a lawsuit challenging the ban, had urged Judge Chalfant to block the outdoor dining restrictions, but he previously declined to do so. The trade group's president welcomed the judge's demand for evidence from the county.
"As we've repeatedly said, their order was arbitrary and targeted restaurants unfairly, without supporting evidence," Jot Condie, the president, said in a statement.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Embroidery patches come in all shapes and sizes. The size you pick when ordering a custom emblem is a personal preference. However, there are common sizes used for particular patches, such as fire patches, police patches, girl scout patches, etc. When it's on a coat, you might choose to decide on a bigger size. When it's likely to be framed, then you could perhaps stick to medium dimensions. If you are sewing it on a Girl Service Troop or Boy Scout vest, then you might choose for it to be small.
The standard size for different types of patches is written below. They are merely suggestions and not mandatory to follow. Also, the shape of the patch should also be taken into consideration for the size. Whether it's squared, circular, or a "fancy cut" patch with unique lines, the patch size should always compliment the design. You can have a custom patch of any size you desire.
The recommendations mentioned above are determined from years of creating different types of custom patch design. They are based on the most frequent orders from customers. Also, the size depends on the level of details intended in the patch. If there are too many details to be captured, then a large patch should be chosen over a smaller one. However, a patch can be made smaller but only at the cost of lowering details. Based on customer orders, a small patch usually contains a logo or a name, where much details are not revealed and neither required.
Let's consider an example: Suppose you need a patch having 10" high and 6" wide, in this case, the sum will be 10"+6"=16". Now dividing by two we get 8", So in this case, the size of our patch is 8". Isn't this easy to do?
Both the patches are of the same design. However, the right patch looks a lot finer, much smoother than the left one. How did this happen? The answer is definitely the size. The left patch 4" whereas the right one is 9.5". Why does this happen? It's because the larger the patch is, the more area is available to draw the same shape as compared to small size patch, and that gives more area to provide detailed design ultimately giving a smooth look.
The other reason is thread thickness. How does thread thickness affects the look of the patch? For an example, consider an artist creating a pencil sketch. In order to create a finer sketch full of details, the artist sharpens the pencil, i.e., makes tip sharper by reducing thickness.
Probably the artist even uses the pencil with different thickness to add a detailed look to the sketch. Imagine if the artist needs to paint a dog which needs to be a detailed designed and accurate down to the smallest fur. Now, imagine if the artist has only one pencil with fixed width. Using that one pencil, do you think the dog would look best if an artist were to draw it on canvas of three square inches or four square inches?
This should probably give you the basic ideas of why size matters while deciding the patch. Similarly, embroidery thread with less thickness helps to provide a finer smooth look to the patch. A thread's thickness can be reduced until the durability is not compromised. Thus the thickness comes at the cost of durability.
Finally, the customized patch size is dependent upon your design and theory and also, upon where the patch is actually going to be set upon. The dimensions of your custom made insignia are entirely your own choice. If you're not certain of exactly what patch dimensions to use, then our innovative expert is extremely knowledgeable and can support you!
We at Patch Emblem are providing customers with custom embroidered patches and epaulets, woven labels, sublimation emblems, chenille letters on demand. With an experience of around ten years, we now have several serviced distributors around the globe. We're continuously working to enhance customer satisfaction and provide them with a much better experience.


The complex is only a 120-kilometre drive from Suvarnabhumi airport and a mere 40 kilometres from Pattaya's U-Tapao airport. Modern and elegant, the King Power Pattaya Complex is located a few metres away from the Sukhumvit Road, showcasing a beautiful architectural accomplishment at its entrance, and multifunctional piazza-like surroundings available for various activities and uses. The entrance hall and ceiling embellishments likened to the filigree patterns found in traditional Thai design emulate the Rangnam Complex. The interior design also takes influence from Thai handicrafts and glimmers like multifaceted spun fibre, with metal sheets of stainless steel silver interwoven with walls of woven gold. The effect of these surfaces when light meets them is to shimmer and shine with multiple depth and beauty.
In addition to its architectural intelligence, the complex was also created to be environmentally friendly, engineered in such a way so as to control the use of resources and energy. As a result, the complex received a gold level certification called the "Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)" from the US Green Building Council (USGBC) in the United States, which is the recognized body of authority in certifying and recognizing energy saving standards globally. In 2014, the King Power Pattaya Complex also won a Thailand Energy Award 2014 for being a green building.


No one does innovation and jaw-dropping style quite like Corum does. Corum watches each year set new standards for bold & inventive design, absolutely gorgeous looks, and exuberantly luxe style. Whether it's designing in 24K gold, creating baroque and stunningly unique mechanical designs, or adding fantastic gemstone accents, these timepieces are absolutely historic in their attention to detail, refinement, and luxury. The company is headquartered in La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland, a town classified as a UNESCO World Heritage site in part for its history as a center of the Art Nouveau movement. These famous watch designs are iconic within the industry, symbolic of immense privilege, and a true treasure for anyone with the means to possess one.


For all those women looking for the perfect cosmetic to add that unique glow to their face, this Naturalblend Botanical Compact will be their apt choice. The formulation of licorice extract, rice powder and green tea extract in this Lotus Herbals Naturalblend Botanical Compact will keep your skin healthy. Licorice extract will condition your skin and improve the elasticity of your skin. Rice powder will improve your skin tone and green tea extract is a great antioxidant that will protect your skin from pollution.
Unique Oil Free, super blending & Oil Absorbing Formula that gives Matt finish & covers imperfection for hours.
Does not clog pores, keeps skin fresh whole day.
Minimizes the look of fine lines & wrinkles.
SPF-25 which protects from UV rays.
Explore the entire range of Compact available on Nykaa. Shop more Lotus Herbals products here.You can browse through the complete world of Lotus Herbals Compact .Alternatively, you can also find many more products from the Lotus Make-Up Natural Blend Botanical Compact SPF 25 range.


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text:
Q: What props can be passed to Navigator.push I've been searching for about an hour now with 0 results to this question. I'm just looking for a list of the props that can be used when calling navigator.push, specifically how I can use the sceneConfig prop in the call, but a whole list would be really helpful. Of course like always Facebooks documentation is only half baked and quite vague.
What do I pass to navigator.push? I need all the keys and values for the object that could be passed into the function.

A: like this you can pass
this.props.navigator.push({
    title: "NextPage",
    component: NextPage,
    passProps: {username: this.state.username, password: this.state.password},
});

and in NextPage you can get using this
constructor(props) {
    super(props);
    this.state = {
        username: this.props.username,
        password: this.props.password
    };
}

A: When calling Navigator.push, you can provide an argument that is an object with any number of keys and values. The navigator doesn't actually use the values in this for anything, it just gets passed along to your callbacks, renderScene and configureScene.
The prop renderScene gets the object you called push with, allowing you to examine its contents and return the view you'd like to render.
The prop configureScene gets the object you called push with, along with the other routes on the stack (the initialRoute prop, and any other objects you previously called push with and haven't popped). Here, you can return something from Navigator.SceneConfigs to describe how the route should animate

A: Are you trying to pass properties to the next scene or are your trying to set different transitions between scenes?
If its the former you just pass an object into navigator.push and you can access the values from navigator.state.routeStack which will give you an array of all your current routes and the name and whatever other properties you passed into the push object.
If you're trying to set different transitions between scenes then I think you have to go to wherever you're using  and inside configureScene={route, routeStack) => } you should be able to give options like if (route.name === 'Welcome') { return Navigator.SceneConfigs.FloatFromRight}
Not sure if this was exactly what you were looking for!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Summary : Seung-Joo is a CEO and Jung-Taek is a detective. They have known each other for 20 years. One night, Seung-Joo loses his cellphone to four male high-school students and Jung-Taek loses his gun to the same high-school students. The cellphone and gun are very valuable to Seung-Joo and Jung-Taek. The two men must get their items back from the high school students.


text:
Research & Reviews: Discrete Mathematical Structures:
Home > About the Journal > Editorial Policies
» Focus and Scope
» Section Policies
» Peer Review Process
» Research & Reviews: Discrete Mathematical Structures
Research & Reviews: Discrete Mathematical Structures (RRDMS) is a print and e-journal focused towards the rapid publication of fundamental research papers on all areas of Discrete Mathematical Structures.
Discrete mathematical structures journal deals with discrete objects. Discrete objects are those which are separated from each other like integers, rational numbers, automobiles, houses, peoples etc. are all discrete objects. Some of the major reasons that we adopt Discrete mathematics are. We can handle infinity or large quantity and indefiniteness with them which results from formal approaches are reusable.
Focus & Scope:
logic and Boolean algebra
algorithms and theory of computation
induction and recursion
counting and discrete probability
graph theory (trees)
Calculus of finite differences, discrete calculus or discrete analysis
Game theory, decision theory, utility theory, social choice theory
Discrete analogues of continuous mathematics
Hybrid discrete and continuous mathematics
Open Submissions Indexed Peer Reviewed
This Journal is managed by two executive bodies namely 'Editorial board' and the 'Publication Management Team'. The 'Editorial board' of Journal comprises of a team of subject experts, nominated/ appointed by STM JOURNALS. Director STM JOURNALS is empowered to nominate/ appoint the editors. The editorial board of the Journal, over and above the outside experts, may have a couple of subject experts from the STM JOURNALS.
The 'Publication Management Team' comprises of the Chairman [Director, (STM JOURNALS), India], and his support team- comprising of senior executives from STM JOURNALS and local/ out side subject experts appointed/ nominated by him.'Publication Management Team' may also have a representation of subject experts from the aforesaid 'Editorial board'.
The Chairman of the Publication Management Team of the Journal is empowered to nominate new members or dismiss the existing members of the Editorial Board and the Publication Management Team. The nomination of members is based on the knowledge, experience and their contribution in the said area of Journal and its allied branches. On the contrary, the dismissal is justified (with or without notice) on the grounds of their non- response, non-availability for longer times (without any intimation to the STM JOURNALS), non-contribution and objectionable act/ behaviour or a voluntary submission/ request to quit.
The 'Editorial board' is the competent authority in taking decision (s) on selection or rejection of the manuscripts of all the research/ review/ similar articles submitted to the Journal.The decision taken by Editors/ Reviewers is final in all respects and no further comments/ communications from authors in this regard is expected/ entertained.
In exceptional cases where it is difficult to arrive at a consensus, Publication Management Team's decision is taken as final.
The 'Publication Management Team' of Journal is fully responsible for publishing finally accepted manuscripts and maintaining the Journal publication timelines.
In addition, the 'Publication Management Team' members are also made responsible and empowered to contribute, screen-accept or reject the manuscripts of popular articles/ Short Communications that fall under the scope of the Journal.
The 'Manuscript Management System' through the stipulated policies/ guidelines, attempts to provide the 'Editorial board' and the 'Publication Management Team' a tool to monitor the status from, submission, selection, pres-screening (initial quick) detailed review (main screening), refereeing to the acceptance/ rejection of a manuscript.
It may be noted that, the aforesaid policy may change with or without notice to the authors/ contributors of this journal. The decision of Journal in respect of management of a manuscript in every step is taken as final.
Research & Reviews: Discrete Mathematical Structures


text:
Govt consulting stakeholders to formulate new Hajj policy: Religious Minister
Federal Minister for Religious Affairs and Interfaith Harmony Noorul Haq Qadri has said that consultations are underway to introduce new five-year Hajj policy.
Addressing a Hajj consultative workshop in Multan on Saturday, he announced that the new Hajj policy and Hajj operation 2019 would be better than the previous years.
The Minister said that Saudi Arabia authorities would be contacted to increase Pakistan's Hajj quota. He stressed for the training of Hajj pilgrims as it was necessary for performing all rituals of Hajj in a better way. He directed the Ministry of Religious Affairs to make short movies about Hajj and release it on the social media to inform the people.
The Minister said that all complaints about Hajj arrangements including provision of buildings and availability of facilities would be addressed. He urged the private tour operators to focus on fitness of Hajj pilgrims.


text:
Franklin's Join or Die
Paul Revere's-Boston Massacre
Paul Revere's-Join or Die
Liberty Flag
Grand Union Flag
Betsy Ross Flag
Washington's Position or Headquarters Flag
Appeal To Heaven
Stamp Act
Liberty Caps
GALLERY: Reviews, Honors & Photos
PMSOL NEWSLETTER
THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR VISITING MY SITE! SUBSCRIBE TO THE PHILIP MARC SONS OF LIBERTY EMAIL NEWSLETTER
Grand Union Flag/1775 SHORT SLEEVE SHIRT - ASH GREY
100% pre-shrunk cotton. Colors may vary slightly from picture.
The first flag of the colonists to have any resemblance to the present Stars and Stripes. It was first flown by ships of the Colonial Fleet on the Delaware River. On December 3, 1775, it was raised aboard Capt. Esek Hopkin's flagship, Alfred, by John Paul Jones(The father of the US Navy), then a navy lieutenant. Later on January 1, 1776 the flag was raised by the liberty pole at Prospect Hill in Somerville, Massachusetts. This is the location where the Continental Army was summoned into formal existence. This was close to George Washington's headquarters in Cambridge, MA. It received its' name from a reference as the "Grand Union Flag" in one of George Washington's letter. The flag was never officially sanctioned by the Continental Congress. It was the unofficial national flag on July 4, 1776, Independence Day; and it remained the unofficial flag and ensign of the Navy until June 14, 1777, when the Continental Congress authorized the Flag Act of 1777 . This created a new official national flag of a design similar to that of the Colors, with thirteen stars (representing on a field of blue replacing the British Union Flag in the canton. The resolution describes only "a new constellation" for the arrangement of the white stars in the blue canton so a number of designs were later interpreted and made with a circle of equal stars. PhilipMarcSonsofLiberty.com
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text:
How to Create a Facebook Account
Home/Social Media/How to Create a Facebook Account
by Alexis Belle | Nov 1, 2011 | Social Media | 0 comments
This is one of our series of social media marketing video tutorials that we're planning to roll out over the next few months covering Facebook, YouTube and LinkedIn.
Last month we released some great video tutorials on Twitter Marketing, so if you found these useful we hope you like our latest videos. How to Create a Facebook Account is a beginners guide to Facebook, designed for people who are new to the Facebook social network or social media marketing as a whole. In this video we will show you how to successfully register your details with www.facebook.com in 3 simple stages. If you found this tutorial helpful then please LIKE or leave a comment below. Remember to watch this space as we will be releasing Facebook video tutorials on the following hot topics over the next couple of months:
How to setup your Facebook profile
Getting the vanity URL in Facebook
Uploading photos/video and sharing
Creating a Facebook group/event
How to use Privacy settings
How to create a business page
How to incorporate iFrames with your Facebook business page
Adding a custom landing tab to Facebook business page
How to use Facebook polls
How to add an opt in form to your Facebook business page
Hi there, guys, and thank you ever so much for joining me. My name's Alexis. And this is Part 1 of the Facebook basic tutorials. Now the point of this video is really for people that haven't got experience on Facebook so they've never used it, they've thought about it but thought maybe it's a little too complex, maybe it's a bit of a fad, it's a bit pointless. Well hopefully I can prove you wrong by getting you started in this video. Now in this video we're going to be registering your details and setting up a basic Facebook account to then get you up and running. So in order to get started, you'll need to go to www.Facebook.com, and this is the screen that you'll land on. You just fill out your details along with an email address and you hit the "Sign Up" button. Now don't worry, if you haven't got an email address there are a number of services, they're all free; there's AOL, there's Yahoo. Microsoft have a hotmail email service, and there's also gmail as well, which is what I use. It's pretty quick and it's very efficient. So you just fill out your details here, and the last name, you have to put your full name, it's really important, and then you want to pop in your email address twice, and then your password. And then your gender and also the year you were born, and then hit "Sign Up". Okay, and you're going to get a capture and sign up. So Step 1, it's going to ask you for email addresses so the idea is that if you've got email addresses for people that you already you can pop them in and find them, and they'll just pop up and you can add them as friends. This isn't really that important right now, because you can fill that in later and you can obviously search for people in a number of ways. This is just one option. So we'll just skip past this step. So Step 2 is asking you to fill out your profile information, so things like high school, colleges, universities, also employers, so places where you've made friends, people that you've known, friends and family. You can find them here. So if you know those details you can pop them in there, saving and continue otherwise, or skip, because we can do this all later. And Step 3 is asking you to set your profile picture, and this can be one that you've taken with your own camera, maybe with a webcam. You can upload it. But just for now we just want to skip that. Okay, so here's the profile that we've set up and in here we've got all the different details. Obviously we will need to customise it and we'll need to populate it with information. But if you just look up to the top here it says my name, Alexis. I need to confirm my email. So in order to confirm your email you go along to "My Email Provider" which is gmail, and I'm going to hit, "Just one more step to get started," and in here it's going to ask me to complete the sign up. "To complete the sign up process please follow the link," so I can click on the link. So now I've got my basic Facebook account up and running. In the next video I'm going to show how to populate and customise your profile.


Volunteers are the heart and soul of Habitat for Humanity of Oakland County. Join the 2,000 volunteers who contribute more than 15,000 hours each year supporting local families in their affordable housing journey as they gain strength, stability and self-reliance!
Whether you're an individual, corporate team, community/faith-based group, or just a handful of friends, there are many different ways for you to volunteer in our county. And you don't need to have any particular skill-set. We'll show you what to do!
We recommend you take a look at our different type of opportunities to find which is the best fit for you!
Come join us on the construction site – you'll be glad you did. Click here to see all the volunteer opportunities at Habitat Oakland County. No experience necessary! For Company Team Building information, please click here.
Put your office skills to good use. We can always use help around the office, from answering phones to filing to data entry. Click here to volunteer in our offices.
The Habitat Oakland County ReStores are non-profit, home improvement stores and donation centers that sell new and gently-used furniture, home accessories, building materials and appliances to the public at a fraction of the retail price for the benefit of our mission. ReStore volunteer tasks can include: organizing inventory, pricing merchandise, assisting customers, stocking shelves, etc. We have two ReStore locations (Pontiac and Farmington Hills) looking for volunteers – Click here to volunteer at either of our ReStores.
For information on volunteering please contact our Volunteer Department at volunteer@habitatoakland.org or at 248-705-8891.
For information on how to reserve a volunteer date for your faith-based or school group, please contact our Volunteer Department at volunteer@habitatoakland.org or at 248-705-8891.


Ah, to be 22 again. What would I do differently?
You know, I do get this question a lot from recent graduates. "Mark, if you were me getting started today, what would you recommend I do?" First, kudos to you for asking. Here are the four pieces of advice I recommend to those starting out today.
Good advice for early 401K disbursements. Good advice for early career decisions as well.
You're 22! Now is a great time to take some big, smart risks with your career. You probably do not have kids. You probably do not have a mortgage. Go for it. Take the role that feels like it may be over your head. Join a startup that may or may not make it. Heck, start a company!
Don't play it safe. In fact, playing it safe isn't always as safe as it may seem. Do you think the Spring 2008 graduates that joined Bear Sterns right before the financial crisis thought they were playing it safe? When you join a big company, you are putting your destiny in the hands of others.
Put your destiny in your own hands. Go somewhere you can make a big impact, learn a ton, and be pushed beyond your limits.
Here are two graduates from 2009. The first graduate joined the #1 publishing company in the world, based in New York City. He spent the last 5 years slowly moving up the corporate ladder, accumulating his 4% annual raise, and getting experience in the world of publishing. Having put in his 5 years, he has decided to make a change and look for a new company.
The second graduate bet on a new sector, social media. In 2009 with social media on the rise but unproven, she took a chance on a startup in the industry. With only 30 people at the company, she had to learn on the fly. She accumulated a ton of unique experience building online communities, running social ad campaigns, and producing digital content. Unfortunately, last month, the startup folded and she needs to find a new job.
Who would you rather be in this situation? Who do you think is more marketable? The first candidate that accumulated 5 years experience in a stagnant industry. Or the second candidate that took a chance and, although the company failed, gained extraordinarily unique, valuable experience in the new world of social media and online marketing.
Focus less on the company and more on the industry. Find a hot industry that you think will change the world. Even if the company fails, you won't. The experience you gain will take you to extraordinary places.
When it comes to professional development, take things into your own hands. Don't rely on your company to train you. I would much prefer a company that provides me with a training budget to utilize as I choose rather than be put through cookie-cutter training programs.
Here are a few specific ideas that worked for me. Find a mentor. It takes a long time and you need a little bit of luck. However, invest the time to proactively look for one. Identify people you look up to, preferably outside of your company. Network your way to them. Ask them to coffee. Explore whether they are a good fit for you and you are a good fit for them. The, ask them!
It took me a few years but I finally connected with John McMahon. As a mentor, he was instrumental in helping me build out the HubSpot sales team. In the early days, it was easier to see 6 months out and prepare for the obstacles ahead. But as the team scaled to hundreds of people at a rapid pace, seeing that far ahead became difficult. John was a huge help here. As a guy who has run sales for a handful of public companies, it was great to bounce ideas off of him and here his war stories when he faced similar situations. It was comforting to know there was someone to call when things got tough.
Another recommendation is to form a small group of peers from other organizations in similar roles. Get together a few times a year and learn from each other. When I first took the head of sales role at HubSpot, I had coffee with around 30 VPs of Sales. I asked them every question in the book about scaling sales organizations. There were a half dozen folks I really connected with. I wanted to spend more time with them. So, I asked the 6 of them if they would be interested in grabbing dinner once per quarter. They all said yes. So each quarter, we all showed up to dinner with a problem we were having or working on. We spent approximately 20 minutes on each person's issue. 7 years later, we still hold the quarterly dinners. It is amazing to see how much the attendees have grown in their careers. I probably learned the most about scaling sales teams from the conversations at those dinners.
Technology is everywhere today. Lean into it, even if you are not an engineer or in the product division.
If you are passionate about sales, lean into technology. Legacy sales people used to gain an edge with great sports tickets or exclusive country club memberships. Today's top performing sales people get an edge with technology, not exclusivity. Use free tools like www.getsignals.com to make selling easier and create a better buying experience for your customers.
If you are passionate about marketing, lean into technology. Align yourself with the principles of growth marketing that are taking the industry by storm. Learn to code. Learn design skills. Learn quant skills. You will be an extraordinarily valuable marketer. One of our marketers, Anum Hussain, took a coding class on her weekends last month. That is what you should do.
In closing, and this may sound strange coming from a guy that has preached a lot about data-driven management, don't over think it. It is life. Things happen for a reason. Figure out which natural gifts you have been blessed with and use those gifts to make the world a better place.


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The Somerville News Weekly's Special Person of the Week Somerville Police Chief David Fallon
March 8, 2015 thesomervillenewsweekly	Leave a comment
Born and raised in Somerville, Fallon joined the Somerville Police Department in 1998 as a patrolman.
A graduate of Somerville High School whose parents still live in the city, Fallon rose through the ranks to sergeant, lieutenant, captain, deputy chief and eventually chief. He has also served in the U.S. Air Force, retiring at the rank of master sergeant, and holds a master's degree in criminal justice from Western New England College, a bachelor's degree in exercise physiology from University of Massachusetts-Boston, and an associate degree in applied science from Community College of the Air Force.
Fallon's accomplishments in Somerville include the implementation of the Police Department's Smart Policing Grant, which reduces crime and repeat offenders by using data analysis to inform an evidence-based and problem-oriented policing model. The program is part of the only regional smart policing initiative in the country, in partnership with Cambridge and Everett. He also led the Somerville Police Department's pilot of one of the first juvenile jail diversion programs in the country, in conjunction with the Middlesex County District Attorney's Office, steering juvenile offenders away from the criminal justice system and towards lives of achievement and opportunity, which likewise reduces repeat offenders.
We here at the Somerville News Weekly salute you for everything that you do to make Somerville a better place.
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"here she comes again with that red HIV shirt".
Yeah, I know. I might just be wondering the same thing if I was them.
Probably wondering 'what the point' is?
Well, when I entered the ministry, I knew that my HIV status would be an important part of my ministry...an important part of Christ's ministry -- through me. So, I guess you can say, that the point (as I am pointing in my pic) is ME!
The point is: that I have been given the gift of "keeping HIV in front of the church"...through my personal witness, through my personal experience, and through my gracious proclamations, and urgings, nudging and visual aids (the shirt).
I know that there are folks in the church, who would rather turn their heads and look away. Folks in the church who believe that the HIV crisis is over (with all the meds we take, it doesn't seem to be that much of a problem as it was in the beginning). Well, that couldn't be further from the truth!
I met a person at the last church gathering I recently attended, who slowly walked over to me looking directly at my shirt. When he lifted his eyes, he said, "you look familiar", to which I replied, "we have probably met -- which congregation are you with?" He told me. Indeed I had visited his church many years ago, and preached a sermon called: "Hallelujah Anyhow". His memory jarred, he said "yes, that's it"! And then he asked -- pointing to my shirt: "what is that:"? I said: "what?" He pointed to my collar and the shirt and asked: "does your shirt come with that attached?" I replied: "Oh No! It is a "dickie" of sorts...and the shirt? I AM living with HIV", to which he cocked his head to the side in that common 'awwwww' way, filled with pity...and then I engaged him in why it was not necessary to feel that way for me, "I am LIVING with HIV -- not dying from it." The LAST thing I need is pity! It's like I preached at your church..."Hallelujah Anyhow"! And we laughed.
HIV is not a death sentence....that's the point.
I then asked him, if he had been tested, and he began to tell me about being tested for his 'cataracts'...to which I coked my head to the side and responded: "awwwwww"! (as he did to me) He caught it immediately, and he said "Touche "! We laughed again. I then repeated my question: "Have you been tested?"... he said no, but that he certainly would in the near future. I informed him that HIV infection is especially on the rise in our senior citizens.
It is on the rise with our youth, who believe that if you popped a few pills, you'll be okay. Well, there is a lot of other little 'treats' that come along with that. It won't be so cool to take pills the rest of your life...won't be so cool not knowing what the drugs are doing to your insides...not cool going to the doctor and drawing blood the rest of your life. Not cool living with stigma which still exists.
HIV is definitely not cool.
Have you been tested? Do YOU know your status? Get tested. Get educated. Knowledge is power....protect yourself.
....and THAT, my beloved is the point.