has any body had an intermitent overheating problem '94 1fz w/ 180k mi. i have installed a new rad. cap and thermostat, but the problem still happens. i havent noticed anything odd, no loss of power or compression, no smoke and no milkshake for oil. i am thinking bad water pump or plugged radiator.
There are many very complete threads discussing overheating issues. A clogged radiator is one of the common problems. We haven't seen many bad water pumps but there have been a couple. A lot more clogged rads though. Another common problem is a bad fan clutch.
Do yourself a favor and search the archives just so you have all the information on tackling this problem. It could be any number of things from a simple stuck thermostat to a cracked head (see Doug's current thread.) You will want to check all the components in the cooling system before you start throwing parts at it.
Other factors that we need to know to help diagnose is when does it overheat? Speed?? Terrain?? towing?? and anything else you can think of that will help us help you.
If your w/p was bad or you had a plugged rad, chances are your overheating would not be intermittent.
Spend $20 and send a sample of your oil to Blackstone lab and get piece of mind.
Note: A head gasket can be leaking without showing the signs you noted above.
i have an electric fan that is working. can these plastic tanked rads. be rodded?
phil do you have an address for blackstone?
If the radiator is suspect, your best bet is a new one.
i have an electric fan that is working.
Is this in addition to the stock fan?
Supercharger or any other mods? Fan clutch good?
That's probably your problem, the electric fans will not pull enough air.
i found the problem! the thermostatic switch went out and the fans wenrent working at all. new 180 degree switch problem solved.
It took you 16 days to realize the electric fans were not turning?
If someone converted the truck to electric fans to overcome an overheating problem, then you'd better fix THAT problem as well. Overheating in Wyoming in November?? I agree with Kevin - those fans are not going to move enough air to keep this engine cool under much load in summer. Personally, I'd convert it back to the mechanical fan.
we have been having a weird winter we got snow just a couple of weeks ago. this is the first time i have ever had a problem with the fans and now that they are working right again the problem went away.


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Tornadoes leave thousands without power; homes damaged across St. John the Baptist Parish
Updated: 2:09 PM CST Feb 24, 2016
Tornadoes in St. John the Baptist Parish left approximately 200 structures damaged and roughly 9,200 residents without power, officials said Wednesday.Parish officials held a news conference Tuesday to update the public on the response to Tuesday's severe weather, which caused widespread damage.Parish President Natalie Robottom was joined at the news conference by Sheriff Mike Tregre and members of the Louisiana State Police. Officials said that many residents who lost homes during the storms were previously affected by Hurricane Isaac.Video: LaPlace devastated by storm damageRobottom said the National Weather Service confirmed that seven tornadoes touched down in the parish, primarily in LaPlace. She said Entergy crews were out replacing poles and transformers, but thousands remain without power Wednesday.While the power outages are still an issue for the parish, Robottom asked residents to conserve water to ease the strain on the sewer system. She said utility crews are using mobile generators.Officials said most of the damage was to homes and roofs across the parish. There were also several vehicles damaged and debris left scattered across the area.Robottom said schools will remain closed Wednesday because of the power outages and road closures. She said all private and public schools were instructed to close.Parish officials are instructing residents and people from outside the parish to monitor the situation and avoid areas with significant damage. A shelter for residents has been set up at Emily C. Watkins Elementary School in LaPlace.Additional updates are expected from parish officials in the coming days.Keep up with local news, weather and current events with the WDSU app here.
LAPLACE, La. —
Tornadoes in St. John the Baptist Parish left approximately 200 structures damaged and roughly 9,200 residents without power, officials said Wednesday.
Parish officials held a news conference Tuesday to update the public on the response to Tuesday's severe weather, which caused widespread damage.
Parish President Natalie Robottom was joined at the news conference by Sheriff Mike Tregre and members of the Louisiana State Police. Officials said that many residents who lost homes during the storms were previously affected by Hurricane Isaac.
Video: LaPlace devastated by storm damage
Robottom said the National Weather Service confirmed that seven tornadoes touched down in the parish, primarily in LaPlace. She said Entergy crews were out replacing poles and transformers, but thousands remain without power Wednesday.
While the power outages are still an issue for the parish, Robottom asked residents to conserve water to ease the strain on the sewer system. She said utility crews are using mobile generators.
Officials said most of the damage was to homes and roofs across the parish. There were also several vehicles damaged and debris left scattered across the area.
Robottom said schools will remain closed Wednesday because of the power outages and road closures. She said all private and public schools were instructed to close.
Parish officials are instructing residents and people from outside the parish to monitor the situation and avoid areas with significant damage. A shelter for residents has been set up at Emily C. Watkins Elementary School in LaPlace.
Additional updates are expected from parish officials in the coming days.
Keep up with local news, weather and current events with the WDSU app here.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Q: Simple AppleScript script terminates early I have an AppleScript script for Music that processes the selected tracks and modifies the track name.
Basically, it works.
If I select one item, it works without fail.
If I select multiple items, it will correctly modify the first item. Sometimes it will stop there; other times, it will process several more items. Rarely, it will process the entire list of selected tracks.
I've put in a delay to see if that would help, but it doesn't.
Any idea why this might be happening?
Here's my code:
tell application "Music"
    set selectedTracks to selection
    if selectedTracks is {} then return
    if (get class of (item 1 of selectedTracks)) is not file track then return

    repeat with i from 1 to (length of selectedTracks)
        set thisTrack to item i of selectedTracks
        tell thisTrack to set {trackName} to {get name}

        set my text item delimiters to {"/"}
        set theResults to text items in trackName
        set newTrackName to item 2 of theResults
        set newArtist to item 1 of theResults

        set newTrackName to my removeLeadingAndTrailingSpacesFrom(newTrackName)
        set newArtist to my removeLeadingAndTrailingSpacesFrom(newArtist)

        set name of thisTrack to newTrackName
        set artist of thisTrack to newArtist

        delay 1

    end repeat
end tell

on removeLeadingAndTrailingSpacesFrom(sourceString)
    repeat while character 1 of sourceString = " "
        set sourceString to text 2 thru end of sourceString
    end repeat
    repeat while last character of sourceString = " "
        set endIndex to (length of sourceString) - 1
        set sourceString to text 1 thru endIndex of sourceString
    end repeat
    return sourceString
end removeLeadingAndTrailingSpacesFrom

A: I can't test this properly without messing up my own music library, but I suspect the problem is with this line:
set selectedTracks to selection

If Music is being true to form, this would pass back the current selection as a reference to a list of tracks. Passing by reference means that the list is stored in Music.app and the script retrieves items as needed; it also means that if the selection changes during script execution (which it probably does, since you're changing track names) it will throw off the indexes and references within the script. This might cause errors, or may just trick the repeat loop into think it has worked through all the items, when in fact they've merely disappeared from view.
The solution would be to dereference:
set selectedTracks to (get selection)

This should convince Music.app to pass an explicit list at the beginning of the script, so that changes in the selection would not propagate back to the script.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Chrysolite is the seventh precious stone, mentioned in the Bible, used to create the foundation of God's New Jerusalem (Revelation 21:20). Our English word is derived from the Greek word chrusolithos (Strong's Concordance #G5555). This word occurs only once in the entirety of the Bible. Chrysolite is not mentioned either as being embedded in the High Priest's breastplate (Exodus 28:17 - 21, with parallel list in Exodus 39:10 - 13) or as one that Lucifer was created with (Ezekiel 28:13).
Strong's defines chrusolithos as a gold or yellow-colored gemstone ("gold stone"). Thayer's lexicon says it is golden colored. All ten versions of the Bible used for comparison purposes in this series translate the word as "chrysolite."
The 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia states the following tradition regarding relationship between chrysolite and the Bible's Ark of the Covenant.
"Others said that there was in the Ark a figure of chrysolite or ruby with the head and tail of a shecat and with two wings. It would utter a moaning sound, and the Ark would rush toward the enemy with the Israelites following it. When it stayed, they stood and were at ease, and victory came" (article "Ark of the Covenant").
How much gold did King Solomon own?
The golden yellow color of chrysolite was associated with the sun and Sunday. A donkey engraved on the gem gave the wearer the ability to predict the future. On the other hand, if a vulture was etched on the stone it gave the person who possessed it the power to control demons and the winds.
Chrysolite was also thought to dispel various "terrors" of the night but only if it was worn in a setting of gold (Curious Lore of Precious Stones, pages 66 - 67, 133).
Why do people go to church on Sunday?
What does yellow mean in the Bible?


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The Mission – "Live At Rockpalast"
Besides their very successful albums such as "God's Own Medicine" (1986), "Children" (1988) and above all "Carved In Sand" (1989), "The Mission" primarily established themselves as a live band: whether as a support act for (i.e.) "U2" or "The Cure" or as famous European festivals' headliner – or on their own distinct tours. Wayne Hussey stresses in a lot of interviews that the key to the band is the live experience which you can rarely fully portray on the albums.
Van der Graaf Generator – "Live At Rockpalast"
"…it's difficult to think of comebacks more impeccable than Van der Graaf Generator's", the BBC wrote in awe about the over 50 years old progressive rock band's reunion.
At the time, Peter Hammill (guitar, keyboards, singer), Hugh Banton (organ, piano), Guy Evans (drums) as well as David Jackson (saxophone, cross flute) Van der Graaf Generator's "original line up".
Peter Pankas Jane – Live At Rockpalast 2004 in Stores April 28, 2017
https://youtu.be/xtk362CAe44
The WDR concert at the "Harmonie" in Bonn shortly before Christmas 2004 was a touching evening for all participants bringing up a lot of memories of the golden seventies. At that time, (more…)
Rockpalast father Peter Rüchel celebrates his 80th birthday today
https://youtu.be/D5l4GLlndyA
Instead with a drum roll or a fanfare we, the team of MIG Music, congratulate Peter Rüchel today on his 80th birthday with – how else – a Rockpalast clip, a fine (more…)
Blues brothers: New DVDs in our "Live At Rockpalast" series
MIG Music transforms February 24, 2017, into a day for the blues – with three new releases in the series "Live At Rockpalast": the concert of Champion Jack Dupree from 1980, George Thorogood from 1980 and Pat Travers from the year 1976, one of his very first shows in Europe. All three of them love the blues, each interpreting it in his very particular (more…)
Bertus Group new distribution partner for France starting Februar 1, 2017
Starting with February 1, the Hanover label MIG Music GmbH will distribute in France via Bertus. The contract was signed with Bertus Group Holland as holding for Bertus France. Bertus is in the business for more than 40 years now and has a huge central warehouse in Rotterdam at their command.
Champion Jack Dupree – New Rockpalast live DVD commemorating the 25th anniversary of his death
On January 21, 2017, it has been 25 years since the great barrelhouse blues pianist and singer Champion Jack Dupree died. Dupree who was born in New Orleans was one of the very first blues musicians to cross the Atlantic in 1959 to escape a life of segregation and racism still prevailing in the United States at that time.
The Caribbean influences of his home town (more…)
PAT TRAVERS – November/ December 2016 Tourdates cancelled
Only recently, PAT TRAVERS has cancelled his European tour dates from November 17, 2016 to December 17, 2016. Why, he explains on his website:
To all my fans, friends and music business associates. I regret that I will NOT be embarking
on the European tour we had scheduled for Nov 17- Dec 17th, 2016. Although the promoter
involved had made many promises to my management, in the end, (more…)
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We are conveniently located in the Paul Mitchell The School, CosmoProf, Guitar Center shopping center at the intersection of I-459 & Montgomery Highway on the north side of I-459 near The Galleria. You and your customers will love being so centrally located with prime interstate access in the first shopping center on Montgomery Hwy when you exit from I-459. Call King Rogers @ 205.440.2664 or email krogers@solasalons.com for more details, to schedule a confidential tour of the location, and to reserve your studio.


Travelers are people who are looking for ongoing events in their destinations. It is something precious to explore the real local things, isn't it? In Tokyo in mid December, there is a must-see event that you must learn before your trip. It is annual Hagoita Market at the iconic Sensoji Temple in Asakusa. What is a hagoita? How can I enjoy it? Can I get special souvenirs there? In this article, I'd like to share the photos, stories and tips with you!
Hagoitas are traditional Japanese crafts that are considered to be charms to reject bad spirits. The craft people come to sell their products at the end of the year.
The origin is a custom to pray for healthy growth of girls. This market became that of today in the late 19th century when some people started to sell hagoitas at the year-end market. Today, hagoitas are shooting away bad lucks at many local stores, banks and any kinds of merchants in Asakusa as well as families with baby girls. …How did I know it? I witnessed such buyers there!
Hagoitas without decorations are used in a traditional game named "hane-tsuki" that is played by children typically in New Year holidays. It is not something difficult at all – let's say it's casual badminton. Don't get me wrong – those sold at the market are definitely charms. When someone buys one, you'll hear the flints or claps of the sellers to wish good luck.
Not only traditional ones, craft people make some "icons of this year" hagoitas!
Find "Yo-kai Watch" among traditional hagoitas!
Now it's time to talk about souvenir tips by me as a local.
First, if you are brave enough to buy a huge hagoita at hundreds of dollars, that's GREAT! But I suppose this is too heavy in various meanings for many of you. Then, remember you can get smaller ones from around 2,000 yen (consider it to be $20)!
I say that it is a MUST DO to get the real traditional Japanese craft when you travel in Tokyo in mid December because hagoitas are available only at this market IN A YEAR. Souvenirs in Nakamise Street are fascinating (for international travelers and ME), but they are available all the year around. Can you feel how special to have chances to go to Hagoita Market?
Second, there are also other things related to hagoita. When you play badminton, you need not only rackets but also shuttles, right?
Even if you are a super cheapskate, don't worry, I have another option. At least, it's a MUST to get some super mini hagoitas!
If you are staying in Tokyo in mid December, rethink of your travel schedule. You found Tokyo Direct Guide, so NEVER miss the experience that most travelers do NOT have!
Sensoji Temple is the icon of Tokyo which is visited by most travelers. You can shift the date to go there to 17, 18 or 19 December!


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HC at UWB
Photo by Thibault Penin on Unsplash
5 CW Shows You Need To Watch Right Now
Prathyusha Pillari
Riverdale: You might already know what this show is because duh Cole Sprouse. He made his come back to TV with this show and everyone freaked out when this show first came out. The first season was filled with mystery and drama and became a huge hit. CW renewed it for a season 2 and by the looks of it, it looks amazing so far.
Arrow: This show is probably one of my favorite super hero TV shows because of the amazing action scenes. The first two seasons are incredible and the next two become repetitive. But the writers came back with a bang with season 5. The next season is premiering this fall and I can't be more excited.
The Flash: This show is the first spin off of Arrow and is located in the same DC fictional universe. This is a lot more super hero ish than the Arrow with meta humans and a lot more. This show has equal parts of comedy, action and adventure. I absolutely love this show.
The 100: This show is one of my favorite shows of all time. It's set in a post apocalyptic world where a 100 children are sent to the earth from space to see if it's inhabitable again. What happens next is crazy drama between life and death and how they survive. The writers do a great job of consistently continuing the story interestingly and believably.
Supernatural: If you're looking for something long and filled with excitement, this show will be your favorite. It is a very long series, to be exact 12 seasons and running. It is a horror show so it has a lot of drama and surprise elements. It's a great show with amazing actors and it's definitely worth a watch.
river dale
UWB '19
Prathyusha Pillari is a 19-year-old senior at University of Washington, Bothell where she majors in Computer Science and Software Engineering. She was born in India and spent 14 years of her life there before moving to the United States. She is an advocate of women's rights and equality. She loves creative writing, traveling, driving around in her car and stalking people on Instagram.
I Went to a Women's Self Defense Class and This is What I Learned
Daily Meditation & Where to Start
Are School Dress Codes Damaging?
How it Feels to be Graduating During a Pandemic
Why You Should Own a Bread Machine
Thrifting Tips


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BAE Systems and Cummins Collaborate to Reduce Idling for Hybrid
2014-08-04T08:23:00+00:00 Aug 4 2014
Stop your engines!
For the first time in North America, transit bus operators will be able to employ engine stop/start technology to shut off bus engines as passengers board and disembark, reducing air and noise pollution as well as fuel consumption. This advancement, the result of collaboration between BAE Systems and Cummins, is now available for all buses equipped with Cummins ISB6.7 Hybrid engines and BAE Systems' HybriDrive® Series-E propulsion systems.
"Working with Cummins to offer a stop/start mode for heavy-duty transit buses means we can now provide even more value to our North American hybrid customers," said Steve Trichka, vice president and general manager of HybriDrive Solutions for BAE Systems. "The fuel economy and passenger experience benefits are unique in the industry."
BAE Systems' start/stop technology — also known as anti-idle mode — has been tested on buses with Red Rose Transit in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and Metro Minneapolis in Minnesota, and is slated for delivery to other customers later this year. Testing has shown that the stop/start mode reduces engine idling time by up to 40 percent, which helps increase fuel economy and create a quieter atmosphere for passengers at bus stops. In addition, accessories such as air conditioning, power steering, and air compressors remain operational during engine shut-off mode.
"We are seeing significant fuel economy benefits with the two pilot buses programmed with the new stop/start function," said Dave Kilmer, executive director of Red Rose Transit and the Berks Area Regional Transit Authority. "In addition, our customers and drivers have told us these hybrid buses with stop/start are much quieter."
The stop/start mode enables a bus to shut off the engine at bus stops, and then re-engage the engine upon acceleration. BAE Systems' stop/start technology is available on 40-foot transit buses produced by New Flyer, Gillig, and Nova Bus that are equipped with Cummins ISB6.7 Hybrid engines and HybriDrive Series-E systems.
BAE Systems' HybriDrive Series propulsion system powers 4,200 buses worldwide today and is the most successful hybrid-electric series system in operation. Buses equipped with the HybriDrive system transport more than 693 million passengers, prevent more than 100,000 tons of CO2 emissions, and save more than 9 million gallons of diesel fuel annually.
The development and production of these hybrid propulsion systems will be conducted at BAE Systems' Endicott, New York facility.
Issued by:
Shelby Cohen, BAE Systems
Shelby.cohen@baesystems.com
Ref # 2014/213
Nicole Gable
For media inquiries
GetToZero.com
Electric and hybrid solutions


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Category Archives: Electric Vehicles
Is the Automobile Industry the Next Bubble?
Over the past year and recently there have been significant changes happening in the North American automotive sector. Other parts of the world have been ramping up the development of the Electric Vehicle, with a number of countries and cities proposing banning or limiting sales of fossil fueled powered vehicles to meet future Climate Accord CO2 emission reductions.
World wide we see that auto manufacturers are making the switch over to the development of the EV which will eventually replace the ICE (Internal Combustion Engine).
Industry involvement in promoting electric vehicles
"To meet future demand for EVs, auto manufacturers need to plan and gear up for the relevant changes to design and manufacturing processes. Normally, government calls for reduced vehicle emissions are met with resistance from the private sector. According to Winfried Hermann, transport minister for Stuttgart, "We say, clean up your technology, they say it is impossible."[5] Nevertheless, many automakers are now planning to sell most of their vehicle fleet in electric versions. According to Volvo's CEO, the manufacturer aims for 50 percent of sales to be fully electric by 2025.[6]
Other companies including BMW and Renault have committed to significant increases in EV production in the next two years and plan on a full transition in the near future. The PSA Group, which owns Peugeot and Citroen, stated its intentions to electrify 80 percent of its fleet for production by 2023, and Toyota is manufacturing its first fully electrified Prius to meet California's updated vehicle standards for 2020.[7] Toyota also announced it will be adding more than 10 EV models by the early 2020s, and has partnered with Panasonic to develop a new EV battery.[8] Companies that have already produced fully electrified cars, such as Nissan, are setting the pace by providing more variety to make EVs appealing to consumers with diverse needs. Aston Martin, Jaguar, and Land Rover, producers of luxury cars, have also spoken publicly about their company goals to move toward electrifying vehicles.[9] German-owned makers of Rolls-Royce and Mini Cooper vehicles plan to bring 25 electric models to market by 2025, in line with the goals that several European countries have targeted for the end of new ICE vehicle sales.[8] Additionally, they hope to stay ahead of shifting market demands and the impending European target goals by increasing research and development spending to 7 billion euros.[8] The largest auto manufacturer in Europe, Volkswagen, has pledged 20 billion euros for its electric car program, and its luxury brand Porsche, in collaboration with Audi, will release 20 electrified models by 2025.[8] […]"
One recent report details statistics provided by the US EPA, where 15% of man-made carbon emissions are produced by the transportation sector, and the US transportation represents 27% of national carbon emissions.
Technological developments in renewable energy, energy storage and batteries, autonomous vehicles, Internet of Things, materials, and many other nascent and emerging sectors. Changes in society as more people congregate in cities while the baby boomer generation are departing from the consumer sector, and emerging Millenials are making new choices in spending and interaction with the world.
Posted in Climate Change, Electric Vehicles, Energy, Environmental, Finance, Fossil Fuels, Renewable Energy, Smart Cities, Sustainability	| Leave a reply
Hybrid Electric Bus uses Hydrogen as Fuel
Posted on November 9, 2017 by duanetilden
"[…] According to Paulo Emilio, this is the most efficient hydrogen bus in the world. "A European company tested a hydrogen bus in ten cities, which consumed 25 kilos of hydrogen for each 100 kilometers; this month, the same company launched an improved version, with 14 kilos of hydrogen consumed for each 100 kilometers" where as "our bus consumes just 5 kilos of hydrogen", he says. […]"
via Literally, a green bus
Posted in Electric Vehicles, Fossil Fuels, Fuel Efficiency, ReBlogs, Sustainable Development, Transportation	| Leave a reply
Sustainable Smart Cities and Disaster Mitigation – Preparing for the 1000 Year Storm
Posted on September 24, 2017 by duanetilden
Hurricanes Cause Massive Damage
In light of recent events, such as the current hurricane season of 2017 which has already struck large sections of Texas with Hurricane Harvey causing massive damage which has been estimated at $180 billion by Texas Governor Greg Abbott (1) there are questions about how we can prepare cities better for disaster. One method considered is in our building codes, which are constantly being upgraded and improved, by constructing buildings to be more resilient and handle harsher conditions.
There is a limit to what a building code can do and enforce. Areas and regions that have seen widespread destruction, will have to be rebuilt. However, to what standards? The existing building codes will have to be examined for their efficacy in storm-proofing buildings to withstand the effects of high winds and water penetration, some of which has already been performed.
Codes do not prevent external disasters such as from storms, tornadoes, tidal waves (tsunami), earthquakes, forest fire, lightning, landslides, nuclear melt-down and other extreme natural and man-made events. What building codes do is establish minimum standards of construction for various types of buildings and structures. Damage to buildings, vehicles, roads, power systems and other components of a city's infrastructure are vulnerable to flooding which cannot be addressed in a building code. Other standards are needed to address this problem.
Storm-Proofing Cities
Other issues arise regarding flooding, and how water can be better managed in the future to mitigate water collection and drainage. These may require higher levels of involvement across a community and perhaps beyond municipal constraints, requiring state-wide developments. Breakwaters, sea walls, levees, spill ways and other forms of structures may be added to emergency pumping stations and micro-grid generator/storage facilities as examples of infrastructure improvements that could be utilized.
Bigger decisions may have to be considered as to the level of reconstruction of buildings in vulnerable areas. Sea warming as noted occurring has some scientists pondering if there is a connection between global warming and increased storm volatility as indicated by water temperature rises and tidal records (2). If bigger and more frequent storms are to come, then it must be considered in future building and infrastructure planning.
Regional Infrastructure and Resiliency
Exposed regions as well as larger, regional concerns in areas of maintaining power, roadways, and diverting and draining water are major in the resiliency of a community. When a social network breaks down, there is much lost, and recovery of a region can be adversely affected by loss of property and work.
Many of the lower classes will not have insurance and lose everything. Sick and elderly can be especially exposed, not having means to prepare or escape an oncoming disaster, and many will likely perish unless they can get access to aide or a shelter quickly.
Constructing better sea walls and storm surge barriers may be an effective means to diverting water in the event of a hurricane on densely populated coastal areas. Although considered costly to construct, they are a fraction of the cost of damage that may be caused by a high, forceful storm surge which can obliterate large unprotected populated areas. The Netherlands and England have made major advancements in coastal preparedness for storms.
Storm Surge Barriers
Overall Effectiveness for Reducing Flood Damage
There are only a few storm surge barriers in the United States, although major systems installed abroad demonstrate their efficacy. The Eastern Scheldt barrier in the Netherlands (completed in 1986) and the Thames barrier in the United Kingdom (completed in 1982) have prevented major flooding. Lavery and Donovan (2005) note that the Thames barrier, part of a flood risk reduction system of barriers, floodgates, floodwalls, and embankments, has reliably protected the City of London from North Sea storm surge since its completion.
Four storm surge barriers were constructed by the USACE in New England in the 1960s (Fox Point, Stamford, New Bedford, and Pawcatuck) and a fifth in 1986 in New London, Connecticut. The barriers were designed after a series of severe hurricanes struck New England in 1938, 1944, and 1954 (see Appendix B), which highlighted the vulnerability of the area. The 1938 hurricane damaged or destroyed 200,000 buildings and caused 600 fatalities (Morang, 2007; Pielke et al., 2008).
The 2,880-ft (878-m) Fox Point Barrier (Figure 1-8) stretches across
the Providence River, protecting downtown Providence, Rhode Island. The barrier successfully prevented a 2-ft (0.6-m) surge elevation (in excess of tide elevation) from Hurricane Gloria in 1985 and a 4-ft (1.2-m) surge from Hurricane Bob in 1991 (Morang, 2007) and was also used during Hurricane Sandy. The New Bedford, Massachusetts, Hurricane Barrier consists of a 4,500-ft-long (1372-m) earthen levee with a stone cap to an elevation of 20 ft (6 m), with a 150-ft-wide (46-m) gate for navigation. The barrier was reportedly effective during Hurricane Bob (1991), an unnamed coastal storm in 1997 (Morang, 2007), and Hurricane Sandy. During Hurricane Sandy, the peak total height of water (tide plus storm surge) was 6.8 feet (2.1 m), similar to the levels reached in 1991 and 1997. The Stamford, Connecticut, Hurricane Barrier has experienced six storms producing a surge of 9.0 ft (2.7 m) or higher between its completion (1969) and Hurricane Sandy. During Hurricane Sandy, the barrier experienced a storm surge of 11.1 ft (3.4 m), exceeding that of the 1938 hurricane (USACE, 2012). (3)
The biggest challenge is to build storm surge barriers large enough for future Hurricanes. There is a question that given the magnitude of current and future storms that these constructed barriers may be breached. Engineers design structures to meet certain standards, and with weather these were the unlikely 1 in 100 year storm events. However, this standard is not good enough as Hurricane Katrina in Louisiana exemplified, as being rated a 1 in 250 year storm event. With climate changes these events may become more frequent.
Much of the damage from Katrina came not from high winds or rain but from storm surge that caused breaches in levees and floodwalls, pouring water into 80 percent of New Orleans. To the south, Katrina flooded all of St. Bernard Parish and the east bank of Plaquemines Parish. Plaquemines Parish flooded again in 2012 with Hurricane Isaac.
Soon after Katrina, Congress directed the Corps of Engineers to build a system that could protect against a storm that has a 1 percent chance of happening each year, a "1-in-100-year" storm.
The standard is less a measure of safety and more a benchmark that allows the city to be covered by the National Flood Insurance Program. Louisiana's master coastal plan calls for a much stronger 500-year system. The corps says Katrina was a 250-year storm for the New Orleans area.
Since 2005, the Army Corps has revamped the storm protection system's 350 miles of levees and floodwalls, 73 pumping stations, three canal-closure structures, and four gated outlets. The corps built a much-heralded 26-foot-high, 1.8-mile surge barrier in Lake Borgne, about 12 miles east of the center of the city.
During Katrina, a 15- to 16-foot-high storm surge in Lake Borgne forced its way into the Intracoastal Waterway, putting pressure on the Industrial Canal levees that breached and caused catastrophic flooding in the city's Lower 9th Ward.
"In New Orleans, we know that no matter how high we build this or how wide we build it, eventually there will be a storm that's able to overtop it," New Orleans District Army Corps spokesman Ricky Boyett says, admiring the immense surge barrier from a boat on Lake Borgne. "What we want is this to be a strong structure that will be able to withstand that with limited to no damage from the overtopping." (4)
500 Year Floods
Hurricane Harvey brought an immense amount of extreme rain, which brought a record 64″ in one storm to the Houston metropolitan region. This is a staggering amount of water, over 5 feet in height, this amount of water could only overwhelm low-lying areas, and depressions in topography. Flash floods can happen during extreme storms, where a drainage system is designed for a 1:100 year flood event, and not for a 1:500 or 1:1000 year flood event. Road ways can easily become rivers as drainage systems back up and surface water has no place to collect.
Figure 1. 500 year flood events in the USA since 2015 (5)
New standards in development may need to accommodate more stringent standards. Existing municipal drainage systems are not designed to handle extreme rain and other means of drainage systems may have to be developed to divert water away from centers of population. Communities will be built to new standards, where storm water management is given a higher priority to avert flooding.
Figure 2. Floodwaters from Tropical Storm Harvey (6)
Given the future uncertainty of our climate and weather, we cannot continue to ignore the devastating effects that disasters have on cities and regions. We must ask some difficult questions regarding the intelligence of continuing to build and live in increasingly higher risk regions.
On a personal level every citizen must take some responsibility in their choices of where to live. As for governments they need to decide how best to allocate limited resources in rebuilding and upgrading storm protection systems. It is anticipated that some areas will be abandoned as risks become too high for effective protection from future storm events.
The Oil and Gas Industry
It seems there is an irony involved with the possibility that storms severity is linked to global warming, and that access to vulnerable regions often are in part economically driven by the oil and gas industry. Hurricane Harvey is the most recent storm which is affecting fuel prices across the USA. Refinery capacity has shrunk due to plant shut-downs. Shortages in local fuel supplies are occurring, as remaining gasoline stations run dry.
Goldman Sachs estimates that the hurricane has taken 3 million barrels a day — or about 17% — of refining capacity offline, and that's likely to increase the overall level of crude-oil inventories over the next couple of months. (7)
Oil and gas are particularly vulnerable to exposure to the weather, and it is in their own best interests to provide local protection to the area so that they can continue extracting the resource. However, ancillary industries such as refining may better be served by relocation away from danger areas. Also, supply lines become choked by disaster, and can potentially have consequences beyond the region which was exposed to the disaster.
The Electric Vehicle in the Smart City
Such events can only put upward pressure on the price of fuel, while providing further incentive to move away from the internal combustion engine as means of motive power. Electric vehicles would provide a much better ability to recover quickly from storm events as they are not restricted by access to fuel. Micro-grids in cities provide sectors of available power for which electric emergency response vehicles can move.
By moving reliance away from carbon based fuels to renewable electric sources and energy storage, future development in cities may see the benefits inherent in the electric vehicle. Burning fuels create heat, water and carbon dioxide in the combustion process. They consume our breathable oxygen and pollute the atmosphere. Pipelines, tankers and rail cars can break and spill causing pollution. Exploration causes damage to the environment.
A city that is energy efficient and reliant on renewable sources of energy that benignly interact with the environment can approach self-sustainability and a high degree of resilience against disaster. This combined with designing to much higher standards which keep in mind the current volatility our climate is experiencing, and uses the lessons learned in other areas as indicators of best practices into the future.
Hurricane Harvey Damages Could Cost up to $180 Billion
Global warming is 'causing more hurricanes'
"3 Performance of Coastal Risk Reduction Strategies." National Research Council. 2014. Reducing Coastal Risk on the East and Gulf Coasts. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18811.
Rising Sea Levels May Limit New Orleans Adaptation Efforts
Houston is experiencing its third '500-year' flood in 3 years. How is that possible?
Hurricane Harvey Slams Texas With Devastating Force
GOLDMAN: Harvey's damage to America's oil industry could last several months
Posted in Building Codes, Climate Change, Electric Vehicles, Energy, Fossil Fuels, Global Warming, Government & Regulatory Bodies, Renewable Energy, Smart Cities, Standards and Codes, Sustainable Development	| Leave a reply
Aluminum, a Quantum Leap in Renewable Energy Storage
The future for the metal aluminum has never looked better, for the great investment it represents as a multi-faceted energy efficiency lending material, electrical energy storage medium (battery), and for the advancement of renewable energy sources. These are spectacular claims, and yet in 1855 aluminum was so scarce it sold for about 1200 $/Kg (1) until metallurgists Hall & Heroult invented the modern smelting process over 100 years ago (2).
Figure 1. Schematic of Hall Heroult Aluminum Reduction Cell (3)
Aluminum is an energy intensive production process. High temperatures are required to melt aluminum to the molten state. Carbon electrodes are used to melt an alchemical mixture of alumina with molten cryolite, a naturally occurring mineral. The cryolite acts as an electrolyte to the carbon anode and cathodes. Alumina (Al2O3) also known as aluminum oxide or Bauxite is fed into the cell and dissolved into the cryolite, over-voltages reduce the Al2O3 into molten aluminum which pools at the bottom of the cell and is tapped out for further refining.
Aluminum Smelting Process as a Battery
The smelting of Aluminum is a reversible electrolytic reaction, and with modifications to current plant design it is possible to convert the process to provide energy storage which can be tapped and supplied to the electrical grid when required. According to the research the biggest challenge to this conversion process is to maintain heat balances of the pots when discharging energy to prevent freeze-up of the cells. Trimet Aluminum has overcome this problem by incorporating shell heat-exchange technology to the sides of the cell to maintain operating temperatures. Trial runs with this technology have been positive where plans are to push the technology to +/- 25% energy input/output. If this technology is applied to all 3 Trimet plants in Germany, it is claimed that up to 7700 MWh of electrical storage is possible (4).
Trimet Aluminum SE, Germany's largest producer of the metal, is experimenting with using vast pools of molten aluminum as virtual batteries. The company is turning aluminum oxide into aluminum by way of electrolysis in a chemical process that uses an electric current to separate the aluminum from oxygen. The negative and positive electrodes, in combination with the liquid metal that settles at the bottom of the tank and the oxygen above, form an enormous battery.
By controlling the rate of electrolysis, Trimet has been able to experiment with both electricity consumption and storage. By slowing down the electrolysis process, the plant is able to adjust its energy consumption up and down by roughly 25 percent. This allows the plant to store power from the grid when energy is cheap and abundant and resell power when demand is high and supply is scarce. (5)
Figure 2. TRIMET Aluminium SE Hamburg with emission control technology (6)
Figure 3. Rio Tinto Alcan inaugurates new AP60 aluminum smelter in Quebec (7)
Aluminum as a Material and it's Energy Efficiency Properties
Aluminum and it's alloys generally have high strength-to-weight ratio's and are often specified in the aircraft industry where weight reduction is critical. A plane made of steel would require more energy to fly, as the metal is heavier for a given strength. For marine vessels, an aluminum hull structure, built to the same standards, weighs roughly 35% to 45% less than the same hull in steel (8). Weight reduction directly converts to energy savings as more energy would be required to propel the aircraft.
Other modes of transportation, including automobiles, trucking, and rail transport may similarly also benefit from being constructed of lighter materials, such as aluminum. Indeed this would continue the long-standing trend of weight reduction in the design of vehicles. The recent emergence of electric vehicles (EV's) have required weight reduction to offset the high weight of batteries which are necessary for their operations. The weight reduction translates into longer range and better handling.
Figure 4. Tesla Model S (9)
In the 1960s, aluminium was used in the niche market for cog railways. Then, in the 1980s, aluminium emerged as the metal of choice for suburban transportation and high-speed trains, which benefited from lower running costs and improved acceleration. In 1996, the TGV Duplex train was introduced, combining the concept of high speed with that of optimal capacity, transporting 40% more passengers while weighing 12% less than the single deck version, all thanks to its aluminium structure.
Today, aluminium metros and trams operate in many countries. Canada's LRC, France's TGV Duplex trains and Japan's Hikari Rail Star, the newest version of the Shinkansen Bullet train, all utilize large amounts of aluminium. (10)
Figure 5. Image of Japanese Bullet Train (11)
Aluminum For Renewable Energy
One of the biggest criticisms against renewable technologies, such as solar and wind has been that they are intermittent, and not always available when demand demand for energy is high. Even in traditional grid type fossil fuel plants it has been necessary to operate "peaker plants" which provide energy during peak times and seasons.
In California, recent technological breakthroughs in battery technology have been seen as a means of providing storage options to replace power plants for peak operation. However, there remains skepticism that battery solutions will be able to provide the necessary storage capacity needed during these times (12). The aluminum smelter as an energy provider during these high demand times may be the optimum solution needed in a new age renewables economy.
The EnPot technology has the potential to make the aluminium smelting industry not only more competitive, but also more responsive to the wider community and environment around it, especially as nations try to increase the percentage of power generated from renewable sources.
The flexibility EnPot offers smelter operators can allow the aluminium industry to be part of the solution of accommodating increased intermittency. (13)
(1) http://www.aluminum-production.com/aluminum_history.html
(2) http://www.aluminum-production.com/Basic_functioning.html
(3) http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-50532000000300008
(4) The 'Virtual Battery' – Operating an Aluminium Smelter with Flexible Energy Input. https://energiapotior.squarespace.com/s/Enpot-Trimet-LightMetals2016.pdf
(5) http://www.metalsproclimate.com/metals-pro-climate/best-practice/reduction-of-pfc-process-emissions
(6) http://www.sauder.ubc.ca/Faculty/Research_Centres/Centre_for_Social_Innovation_and_Impact_Investing/Programs/Clean_Capital/Clean_Capital_News_Archive_2014/Aluminum_smelters_could_act_as_enormous_batteries
(7) http://www.canadianmetalworking.com/2014/01/rio-tinto-alcan-inaugurates-new-ap60-aluminum-smelter-in-quebec/
(8) http://www.kastenmarine.com/alumVSsteel.htm
(9) http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1077672_2012-tesla-model-s-is-aluminum-its-secret-weapon
(10) http://transport.world-aluminium.org/en/modes/trainssubways.html
(11) http://www.aluminiumleader.com/focus/aluminium_carriages_help_provide_high_speed_rail_service/
(12) http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-22/batteries-gaining-favor-over-gas-peaker-plants-in-california
(13) http://www.energiapotior.com/the-virtual-battery
Posted in Electric Vehicles, Energy, Energy Projects, Industrial & Manufacturing, Material Science, Power Plants, Renewable Energy, Sustainable Development, Thermodynamics & Power Plants, Transportation	| Tagged Aluminum	| 1 Reply
The End of Oil Domination? – German Government Votes to Ban Sales of ICE Vehicles by 2030
Posted on October 26, 2016 by duanetilden
Figure 1: Chart showing recent drop in Diesel Car sales, AID Newsletter
"[…] Germany's Bundesrat has passed a resolution to ban the internal combustion engine starting in 2030,Germany's Spiegel Magazin writes. Higher taxes may hasten the ICE's departure.
An across-the-aisle Bundesrat resolution calls on the EU Commission in Brussels to pass directives assuring that "latest in 2030, only zero-emission passenger vehicles will be approved" for use on EU roads. Germany's Bundesrat is a legislative body representing the sixteen states of Germany. On its own, the resolution has no legislative effect. EU type approval is regulated on the EU level. However, German regulations traditionally have shaped EU and UNECE regulations.
EU automakers will be alarmed that the resolution, as quoted by der Spiegel, calls on the EU Commission to "review the current practices of taxation and dues with regard to a stimulation of emission-free mobility."
"Stimulation of emission-free mobility" can mean incentives to buy EVs. Lavish subsidies doled out by EU states have barely moved the needle so far.
A "review the current practices of taxation and dues" is an unambiguously broad hint to end the tax advantages enjoyed by diesel in many EU member states. The lower price of diesel fuel, paired with its higher mileage per liter, are the reason that half of the cars on Europe's roads are diesel-driven. Higher taxes would fuel diesel's demise. […]
With diesel already on its tipping point in Europe, higher taxes and increased prices at the pump would be the beginning of the fuel's end. As evidenced at the Paris auto show, the EU auto industry seems to be ready to switch to electric power, and politicians just signaled their willingness to force the switch to zero-emission, if necessary. Environmentalists undoubtedly will applaud this move, and the sooner diesel is stopped from poisoning our lungs with cancer-causing nitrous oxide, the better. Cult-like supporters of electric carmaker Tesla will register the developments with trepidation.
When EU carmakers are forced by law to produce the 13+ million electric cars the region would need per year, the upstart carmaker would lose its USP, and end up as roadkill. Maybe even earlier. Prompted by a recent accident on a German Autobahn, experts of Germany's transport ministry declared Tesla's autopilot a "considerable traffic hazard," Der Spiegel wrote yesterday.Transport Minister Dobrindt so far stands between removing Germany's 3,000 Tesla cars from the road, the magazine writes. Actually, until the report surfaced, the minister's plan was to subsidize Autopilot research in Germany's inner cities. "Let's hope no Tesla accident happens," the minister's bureaucrats told Der Spiegel. It happened, but no-one died."
Via Forbes: http://bit.ly/2e8HSQf
Posted in Business, Climate Change, Electric Vehicles, Energy, Petroleum, Pollution, Renewable Energy, Sustainability, Transportation	| Leave a reply
Electric Vehicles Future Threatens OPEC
The oil cartel is living in a time-warp, seemingly unaware that global energy politics have changed forever
Sourced through Scoop.it from: www.telegraph.co.uk
"…OPEC says battery costs may fall by 30-50pc over the next quarter century but doubts that this will be enough to make much difference, due to "consumer resistance".
This is a brave call given that Apple and Google have thrown their vast resources into the race for plug-in vehicles, and Tesla's Model 3s will be on the market by 2017 for around $35,000.
Ford has just announced that it will invest $4.5bn in electric and hybrid cars, with 13 models for sale by 2020. Volkswagen is to unveil its "completely new concept car" next month, promising a new era of "affordable long-distance electromobility."
The OPEC report is equally dismissive of Toyota's decision to bet its future on hydrogen fuel cars, starting with the Mirai as a loss-leader. One should have thought that a decision by the world's biggest car company to end all production of petrol and diesel cars by 2050 might be a wake-up call.
Goldman Sachs expects 'grid-connected vehicles' to capture 22pc of the global market within a decade, with sales of 25m a year, and by then – it says – the auto giants will think twice before investing any more money in the internal combustion engine. Once critical mass is reached, it is not hard to imagine a wholesale shift to electrification in the 2030s. […]
A team of Cambridge chemists says it has cracked the technology of a lithium-air battery with 90pc efficiency, able to power a car from London to Edinburgh on a single charge. It promises to cut costs by four-fifths, and could be on the road within a decade.
There is now a global race to win the battery prize. The US Department of Energy is funding a project by the universities of Michigan, Stanford, and Chicago, in concert with the Argonne and Lawrence Berkeley national laboratories. The Japan Science and Technology Agency has its own project in Osaka. South Korea and China are mobilising their research centres.
A regulatory squeeze is quickly changing the rules of global energy.The Grantham Institute at the London School of Economics counts 800 policies and laws aimed at curbing emissions worldwide.
Goldman Sachs says the model to watch is Norway, where electric vehicles already command 16.3pc of the market. The switch has been driven by tax exemptions, priority use of traffic lanes, and a forest of charging stations.
California is following suit. It has a mandatory 22pc target for 'grid-connected' vehicles within ten years. New cars in China will have to meet emission standards of 5 litres per 100km by 2020, even stricter than in Europe. […]
In the meantime, OPEC revenues have crashed from $1.2 trillion in 2012 to nearer $400bn at today's Brent price of $36.75, with fiscal and regime pain to match.
This policy has eroded global spare capacity to a wafer-thin 1.5m b/d, leaving the world vulnerable to a future shock. It implies a far more volatile market in which prices gyrate wildly, eroding confidence in oil as a reliable source of energy.
The more that this Saudi policy succeeds, the quicker the world will adopt policies to break reliance on its only product. As internal critics in Riyadh keep grumbling, the strategy is suicide.
Saudi Arabia and the Gulf states are lucky. They have been warned in advance that OPEC faces slow-run off. The cartel has 25 years to prepare for a new order that will require far less oil.
If they have any planning sense, they will manage the market to ensure crude prices of $70 to $80. They will eke out their revenues long enough to control spending and train their people for a post-petrol economy, rather than clinging to 20th Century illusions.
Sheikh Ahmed Zaki Yamani, the former Saudi oil minister, warned in aninterview with the Telegraph fifteen years ago that this moment of reckoning was coming and he specifically cited fuel-cell technologies.
"Thirty years from now there will be a huge amount of oil – and no buyers. Oil will be left in the ground. The Stone Age came to an end, not because we had a lack of stones."
They did not listen to him then, and they are not listening now."
Posted in Electric Vehicles, Fossil Fuels, Government & Regulatory Bodies, Grid Technology, Renewable Energy, Smart Cities, Sustainable Development, Transportation, Uncategorized	| 1 Reply
California Resort Hotel First to Upgrade to Energy Storage + EV Charging
Shore Hotel in Santa Monica, California, is a luxury establishment with an energy storage system and fast DC electric vehicle (EV) charging — reportedly, the first one in the US to have this setup. It is expected that the lithium-ion energy storage system will help it reduce electricity demand charges by 50%. Over time, that savings
Source: cleantechnica.com
>" […] So what is the connection between energy storage and EV charging? When an EV is plugged into a charger, electricity demand increases, so the hotel could be on the hook for a high rate for the electricity, depending on the time of day. Demand charges are based on the highest rate for 15 minutes in a billing cycle. So, obviously, a business would want to avoid spikes in electricity usage so it would not have to pay that rate.
That's where the energy storage comes in. When there is a spike, electricity can be used from the energy storage system, instead of from a utility's electricity. Avoiding demand charges in this way, as noted above, can thus help businesses save money. […]"<
Posted in Electric Vehicles, Renovations and Retrofits	| Tagged Charging Stations, Demand Response, Economics, Energy Storage, Engineering, Green Building, Green Energy, Micro Grid, Smart Grid, Transportation	| 1 Reply
Determining the True Cost (LCOE) of Battery Energy Storage
The true cost of energy storage depends on the so-called LCOE = Round-trip efficiency + maintenance costs + useful life of the energy system
Source: www.triplepundit.com
By Anna W. Aamone
"With regard to [battery] energy storage systems, many people erroneously think that the only cost they should consider is the initial – that is, the cost of generating electricity per kilowatt-hour. However, they are not aware of another very important factor.
This is the so-called LCOE, levelized cost of energy(also known as cost of electricity by source), which helps calculate the price of the electricity generated by a specific source. The LCOE also includes other costs associated with producing or storing that energy, such as maintenance and operating costs, residual value, the useful life of the system and the round-trip efficiency. […]
Batteries and round-trip efficiency
[…] due to poor maintenance, inefficiencies or heat, part of the energy captured in the battery is released … or rather, lost. The idea of round-trip efficiency is to determine the overall efficiency of a system (in that case, batteries) from the moment it is charged to the moment the energy is discharged. In other words, it helps to calculate the amount of energy that gets lost between charging and discharging (a "round trip").
[…] So, as it turns out, using batteries is not free either. And it has to be added to the final cost of the energy storage system.
[…] An energy storage system requires regular check-ups so that it operates properly in the years to come. Note that keeping such a system running smoothly can be quite pricey. Some batteries need to be maintained more often than others. Therefore when considering buying an energy storage system, you need to take into account this factor. […]
Useful life of the energy system
Another important factor in determining the true cost of energy storage is a system's useful life. Most of the time, this is characterized by the number of years a system is likely to be running. However, when it comes to batteries, there is another factor to take into account: use. […]
More often than not, the life of a battery depends on the number of charge and discharge cycles it goes through. Imagine a battery has about 10,000 charge-discharge cycles. When they are complete, the battery will wear out, no matter if it has been used for two or for five years.
[…] [However] flow batteries can be charged and discharged a million times without wearing out. Hence, cycling is not an issue with this type of battery, and you should keep this in mind before selecting an energy storage system. Think twice about whether you want to use batteries that wear out too quickly because their useful life depends on the number of times they are charged and discharged. Or would you rather use flow batteries, the LCOE of which is much lower than that of standard batteries?
So, what do we have so far?
LCOE = Round-trip efficiency + maintenance costs + useful life of the energy system.
These are three of the most important factors that determine the LCOE. Make sure you consider all the factors that determine the true cost of energy storage systems before you buy one.
Image credit: Flickr/INL"
Posted in Electric Vehicles, Energy, Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy, Thermodynamics & Power Plants	| Tagged Batteries, Energy Efficiency, Energy Management, Green Energy, Power Production, Utilities	| 3 Replies
Why Electric Vehicles are not 100% Green
In 2013 Tesla's [time-stock symbol=TSLA] Model S won the prestigious Motor Trend Car of the Year award. Motor Trend called it "one of the quickest American four-doors ever built." It went on to say that the electric vehicle "drives like a sports car, eager and agile and instantly responsive."
Source: time.com
The secret behind Tesla's success
While the power driving Tesla's success might be its battery, that's not the real secret to its success. Instead, Tesla has aluminum to thank for its superior outperformance, as the metal is up to 40% lighter than steel, according to a report from the University of Aachen, Germany. That lighter weight enables Tesla to fit enough battery power into the car to extend the range of the Model S without hurting its performance. Vehicles made with aluminum accelerate faster, brake in shorter distances, and simply handle better than cars loaded down with heavier steel.
Even better, pound-for-pound aluminum can absorb twice as much crash energy as steel. This strength is one of the reasons Tesla's Model S also achieved the highest safety rating of any car ever tested by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
But it's not all good news when it comes to aluminum and cars.
Aluminum's dirty side
[…] Before alumina can be converted into aluminum its source needs to be mined. That source is an ore called bauxite, which is typically extracted in open-pit mines that aren't exactly environmentally friendly. Bauxite is then processed into the fine white powder known as alumina, and from there alumina is exposed to intense heat and electricity through a process known as smelting, which transforms the material into aluminum.
Aluminum smelting is extremely energy-intense. It takes 211 gigajoules of energy to make one tonne of aluminum, while just 22.7 gigajoules of energy is required to produce one tonne of steel. In an oversimplification of the process, aluminum smelting requires temperatures above 1,000 degrees Celsius to melt alumina, while an electric current must also pass through the molten material so that electrolysis can reduce the aluminum ions to aluminum metals. This process requires so much energy that aluminum production is responsible for about 1% of global greenhouse gas emissions, according to the Carbon Trust.
There is, however, some good news: Aluminum is 100% recyclable. Moreover, recycled aluminum, or secondary production, requires far less energy to produce than primary production, as the […] chart shows. […]"<
Posted in Climate Change, Electric Vehicles, Energy Efficiency, Sustainable Development, Transportation	| Tagged Aluminum, Batteries, Commodities, Electric Vehicles, Financial Markets, Mining, Tesla	| 3 Replies


Join us for worship, prayer and teaching. Our new series takes us through the book of Acts, and this morning Duncan will be looking at Acts 1.12-26.
Sue leads this evening's service and takes the first chapter of Ruth, the first in a new series for summer term.


Graduate degree in Sanskrit with English and Hindi as subjects at the degree (graduation) level.
Banks / PSUs Central Government / State Governments.
The selection will be made on the their performance in group discussion/ online test & interview.


The stage is set for Grimsby Town to take on their old rivals Lincoln City once again this afternoon (1pm) – and, ahead of the game, Russell Slade feels belief is growing among his players.
The Lincolnshire derby returns as a Football League fixture more than seven years after both the Mariners and the Imps were both in League Two together.
Town go into the Blundell Park clash having picked up seven points from their last three games at home, and will be aiming to go above their rivals with another victory.
The Mariners are just two points behind Lincoln in the table ahead of kick-off and, despite an inconsistent start to the season, Slade feels his side are on the right path.
"It's frustrating because we're a little bit up and down, but that's to be expected to some extent with the new bodies that have come in," Slade said.
"We're fighting for new combinations and partnerships around the pitch. It will be an improving group, it's a good group attitude-wise.
"I think we showed that on Tuesday because we went behind twice and we dragged our way back into the game and didn't want it to finish.
"We have a good attitude, good work ethic, and a growing belief for sure.
This afternoon will be Lincoln boss Danny Cowley's first taste of the Lincolnshire derby, and the former Braintree boss is looking forward to the experience – and has spoken about his respect for Slade ahead of the game.
"We're pretty aware of where they're at," Cowley told Lincolnshire Live.
"They've changed quite a lot since they came up from the National League.
"Russell Slade is a vastly experienced manager who will know that club very well.
"He's enjoyed success right through the divisions. They'll be a very organised team and it will be a really tough game for us.


text:
Senior Ethiopian Economist and Author Teklebirhan Gebremichael
November 6, 2018 Africa , Interviews , OPINION/NEWS , OTHER
Adam Jones/CC photo
Ambo Mekasa interviews Teklebirhan Gebremichael
We have late been introducing lulus from different walks of life and touching a panoply of socio-political and other events in Ethiopia and abroad. Today, we have come up with a new guest that has a wealth of experience in the economic sector.
Today's guest is the senior economist and author Teklebirhan Gebremichael. Teklebirhan was born in 1947 in Addis Ababa. At the age of six he was dragged to the nearby Haile Selassie School (also known as Kokeb Tsebahe) against his will by his big brother. He was entrusted to a teacher called Tefera Haile Silassie, who later became a prominent minister of Labor and Social Affairs.
He completed his elementary and secondary education at the same school and joined the then Haile Selassie University (which began as University College of Addis Ababa- UCAA), majoring in economics and sociology. This was in 1963, and six years later, after a break of one year due to illness and another year of the then university service stint at Gelawdios School in Nazreth (now Adama).He graduated with a B.A degree in economics and pursued his education during those turbulent years of the famous Ethiopian Students' Movement.
He was fortunate enough to listen to the heated debates on Marxist historical and dialectical materialism. Also on the Philosophies of Hegel and Kant between student movement stalwarts such as Yohannes Sebehatu and Gebru Gebrewold. Birhanmeskel's mesmerizing oratory will remain imprinted on his mind as long as he lives. Yohannes Admasu's alternating macabre and sublime poetry would make the most indifferent sit up and notice. Gemoraw's (Hailu's) poetic genre fulminating against the leading lights of the world including intellectual giants such Marconi and, in fact, against the entire humankind in his masterpiece, Bereket Mergem. It is of seminal importance in Ethiopian literature.
Then in 1969 he graduated with no mean nostalgia behind him and joined the national bank of Ethiopia as a junior clerk (the job grade for a new recruit). He worked on the balance of payments, macro-economy analysis, exchange rates, money and banking, etc. and wrote regular articles for the bank's Quarterly Bulletin and Annual Report. He was later appointed as Director of the Bank's Economic Research Department. Then, he was seconded to the Supreme Planning Council under the Derg regime. There, he expanded and refined his knowledge of micro-economics working on investment, project analysis, national income accounting and socialist planning methodology.
Eventually, he was highly gratified to have been given the opportunity to contribute two chapters to the Derg's Ten- Year Perspective Plan. Towards the end of the Derg's regime, Teklebirhan returned to the National Bank of Ethiopia and served as Economic Advisor to the Governors on contract basis. Then, for a reason obscure to him, his work contract was terminated in January 2010. Since that time he hasbeen a full time pensioner. Beyond his economic knowledge, Teklebirhan has written books on the socio-political conditions of the country.
I had the opportunity to interview the senior economist and author Teklebirhan Gebremichael on the economic issue of the country:
What has been your impression of Ethiopia's economic development under the incumbent (before reform)?
There has been considerable infrastructure development as well as building construction at high cost in terms of inflated prices, resource, wage, embezzlement and time delay, etc. The impact of this infrastructural development has not been manifested in terms of increased food production and industrial development.
Over the last twenty-seven years there has been no structural transition from small-holder farming to commercial farming, agro-industry and industrial development. The share of manufacturing in the GDP is still not more than five percent. Since, the government's development program is dependent on domestic and foreign credit and debt, extremely large domestic and debts have emerged. For example, domestic outstanding bank debt of the government development agencies is reported to have reached 400 billion birr, while government outstanding foreign debt is fast approaching the 30 billion dollar mark.
Hence, the impact of the government's credit-driven development program, rather than being increased food production and agricultural and industrial exports, has been to exacerbate domestic inflation (cumulative inflation has passed 4000 percent) currency depreciation (the Birr has depreciated by about 93 percent), youth unemployment of nearly 60 percent.
What do you think are the major causes of all these problems?
In short and in general, the causes are poor economic and political leadership lacking transformation and dynamic governance as well as misguided land, credit, education, fiscal, monetary and development policies and strategies and hardships. The combination of all these resulted in all sorts of economic shortages and hardships.
These include high unemployment, high income and wealth inequalities, corruption, water, electricity, transport and housing shortages, high inflation, currency depreciation and foreign exchange shortage, among others.
What are your views on public awareness in Ethiopia as regards economic concepts, categories and variables such as saving, investment and entrepreneurship?
The general level of economic awareness of the public is quite low. The rural population is generally aware that it must sustain the back breaking drudgery just to eke out a bare subsistence to survive on. Peasant farm productivity due to increased fertilizer use appears to have peaked, making the negative effects of land fragmentation evermore keenly felt.
On the other hand, although grain prices have gone up pasi passu with general inflation. So, have agricultural production costs. This implies no increase in real incomes (ie. inflation adjusted) and, therefore, in real savings, if any, in fact some peasants appear to have profited by selling ( de facto) their land holdings at sky- high land prices than by farming them. Such farmers have become real estate developers of sorts, of course, on a micro scale, by putting up shacks on the unsold parts of their land holdings and renting them off. So, we may conclude that there is economic awareness at a rudimentary level in rural Ethiopia in terms of micro production, buying and selling on traditional markets, earning income and profit and shifting to other economic activities as in the" real estate" example given above.
By contrast, economic awareness of the urban population in Ethiopia is understandably more sophisticated in terms of all the economic aspects under discussion including employment, unemployment, markets, buying and selling, saving investment, income, profit, inflation, foreign exchange, exports, imports, etc. But, the major problem is that knowledge, hard work and entrepreneurial talent are not thought of as being the real sources of value.
Money and wealth, but political connections to the incumbent (before reform) patronage system are so thought of. This counterproductive mindset has led to the violation of what may be considered to be the two basic laws of society. One of them runs as follows: political power must be held only through free and fair election; the other one stipulates that money must be earned by creating value equivalent to it as determined by the price set by the forces of demand and supply in a free and competitive market. This, of course, represents a higher form of economic awareness which even the EPRDF leadership has not possess. That is why corruption had become so endemic in the country.
Could you comment on Ethiopia's tax system?
As you probably know, there is no such thing as a perfect tax system. Every country simply tries to improve its taxation system positing it against what are known as the canons of taxation. The canons include equality, certainty, economy, convenience, productivity, elasticity, simplicity and diversity. As would be expected, Ethiopia's tax system assessed against these canons is bound to fail miserably.
To start with, although the tax effort (rate) at no more than 12 percent , is reported to be one of the lowest in Africa. Tax complaints arising from the arbitrary nature of some taxes (especially related to presumptive taxation) are widespread. Another reason for reluctance to pay taxes on the part of tax-payers is lack of confidence on the government (before reform) mainly because of corruption including at the highest echelons of power. So, tax evasion is estimated to be high. With regard to particular taxes, the value-added tax currently levied at 15 percent is considered to the high, and many people think something like 7 percent would be about right. In addition, value-added taxation on basic consumption goods and services such as food should be lifted. On the other hand, tax revenue should be spent on economic and social priorities without waste or embezzlement.
How do you view the EPRDF's recent privatization guidelines?
As to me, privatization is not a priority as of now. However, since the government is already committed to privatization, I would suggest that first a privatization board of professional economists, accountants, valuation experts, property lawyers, etc. be set up. Then each enterprise slated for privatization would be evaluated on its own merits and demerits. Therefore, the approach should be on a case by case basis. The catch phrase here should be "let well alone". From this perspective, I would not touch national champions like Ethiopian Airlines. Background checks on prospective domestic and foreign buyers and investors should be made. Frankly speaking, I do not know why privatization should be considered a priority by the government right now when what we immediately need is fundamental reforms.
Quite on the contrary, what is uppermost in mind is nationalization of the likes of EFFERT and TIRET.
What do you think about Ethiopia's joining the World Trade Organization (WTO)?
That is another issue that does not command priority in my scheme of things. Why bother about WTO rules such as the most favored nation and national treatment rules when Ethiopia as a backward developing country already enjoys preferential treatment under the existing international trade system. You know something I would tax imports of private automobiles twice as heavily as they are now. Because most private car owners do not deserve them. These folks are neither in commercial farming nor in agro-industry, nor yet in manufacturing. How on earth did they make the money to buy those horrible and deadly killers and polluting agents? If Ethiopia becomes a member of the WTO, Japan would certainly complain.
What then is the way forward for Ethiopia?
Well, "that is a two trillion Birr question!" as I am always inclined to say when that question is put to me. By the way, the inflation-swollen GDP is fast approaching that figure. Forget about purchasing power, because in Ethiopia that does not seem to be an issue any longer, for some obscure reasons. Well, to come back to your question, an honest answer would be "I don't know".
But when pressed, I often revert to the fundamental basis of economics: land, labor, capital and enterprise. In Ethiopia's specific economic context, the mention of the word "land" immediately revokes reform. Mention of labor elicits quality education and entrepreneurial talent. Capital calls for banking and financial sector reform.
Hence, the first order of business is land reform and that would call for constitutional reform. Labor in the Ethiopian context largely means raising the quality of education and training, including that of entrepreneurial talent development. Again in the Ethiopian context, capital means largely bank credit. Hence, financial sector reform and pro-production and productivity credit policy would be required. But above all, we need transformation and dynamic political economic financial and business leaders. Hence, after all, there is a great deal of truth in the Marxist tenet that the source of value is human labour, particularly human labour in the form of transformational leadership.
Teklebirhan Gebremichael
Ambo Mekasa
EPA reporter, earning his BA in English Language and Literature from Arsi University.
Tags Abiy AhmedAmbo MekasaEconomyEthiopiainterviewOpinionPoliticsTeklebirhan Gebremichael
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Longines media center / Ambassadors / Eddie Peng
Ambassadors of elegance
Ambassadors of elegance Chi Ling Lin Eddie Peng Edouard Schmitz Géraldine Fasnacht Jane Richard Jennifer Lawrence Jung Woo-Sung Kate Winslet Mikaela Shiffrin Regé-Jean Page Sabine Schut-Kery Semmieke Rothenberger Suzy Sönke Rothenberger Zhao Liying
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Lauded as Asia's new generation action hero, Eddie Peng (Yuyan Peng) has been constantly recognized by prestigious film awards such as Hong Kong Film Awards and Taipei Golden Horse Awards for his breakthrough performances in box office hits such as Unbeatable (2013) and Jump Ashin! (2011). He has concluded filming for Rise of the Legend (2014), a revival of the classic martial-arts genre where he plays the iconic kung-fu master Wong Fei Hung. Famous Hong Kong producer Bill Kong, who was credited for international successes, is behind this anticipated film. Eddie has also caught the eye of producers and directors in non-Chinese speaking countries such as South Korea. Throughout his acting career, Eddie has played many different roles with great conviction on both the silver screen and small screen; combining his innate talent and versatility with highly professional preparatory work. His dedication to his craft includes spending months getting into a role both mentally and physically. Combined with his can-do spirit and positive attitude, he is a role model for his fans all over Asia. Eddie was born in Taipei and grew up in Canada. His familiarity with both Eastern and Western cultures, and multi-talented background including music recording makes him a dynamic artist primed for the international stage.
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