text:
\section{Introduction}
The study of the in-medium properties of hadrons is an active topic of
research in strong interaction physics, both experimentally and
theoretically. The topic is of direct relevance in the context of
heavy ion collision experiments, which probe matter at high
temperatures and/or densities. The medium modifications of the
hadrons have direct consequences on the experimental observables
from the strongly interacting matter produced in heavy ion collision
experiments. The in-medium properties of the kaons and antikaons
in the nuclear medium are of relevance in neutron star phenomenology
where an attractive interaction of antikaon-nucleon can lead
to antikaon condensation in the interior of the neutron stars.
The medium modifications of kaons and antikaons also show in their
production and propagation in the heavy ion collision experiments.
The modifications of the properties of the charm mesons, $D$ and
$\bar D$ as well as the $J/\psi$ mesons and the excited states of
charmonium, can have important consequences on the production of open
charm and the suppression of $J/\psi$ in heavy ion collision experiments.
In high energy heavy ion collision experiments at RHIC as well as LHC,
the suppression of $J/\psi$ can arise from the formation of
the quark-gluon-plasma (QGP) \cite{blaiz, satz}.

The D (${\rm {\bar D}}$) mesons are made up of one heavy charm quark
(antiquark) and one light (u or d) antiquark (quark).
In the QCD sum rule calculations, the mass modifications of
$D$ ($\bar D$) mesons in the nuclear medium arise due to the
interactions of light antiquark (quark) present in the $D$($\bar D$)
mesons with the light quark condensate. There is appreciable change
in the light quark condensate in the nuclear medium and hence
$D$ ($\bar D$) meson mass, due to its interaction with
the light quark condensate, changes appreciably in the hadronic matter.
On the other hand, the charmonium states are made up of a heavy charm quark and
a charm antiquark. Within QCD sum rules, it is suggested that these heavy
charmonium states interact with the nuclear medium through the gluon
condensates. This is contrary to the interaction of the light vector mesons
($\rho$, $\omega$, $\phi$), which interact with the nuclear
medium through the quark condensates.
This is because all the heavy quark condensates can be related to the
gluon condensates via heavy-quark expansion \cite{kimlee}. Also in the
nuclear medium there are no valence charm quarks to leading order in
density and any interaction with the medium is gluonic. The QCD sum
rules has been used to study the medium modification of $D$ mesons
\cite{haya1} and light vector mesons \cite{hatsuda}. The QCD sum rule
approach \cite{klingl} and leading order perturbative calculations
\cite{pes1} to study the medium modifications of charmonium,
show that the mass of $J/\psi$ is reduced only slightly in the nuclear medium.
In \cite{lee1}, the mass modification of charmonium has been studied using
leading order QCD formula and the linear density approximation for
the gluon condensate in the nuclear medium. This shows a small drop
for the $J/\psi$ mass at the nuclear matter density, but there is seen
to be significant shift in the masses of the excited states of charmonium
($\psi$(3686) and $\psi$(3770)).

In the present work, we study the medium modification of the masses
of $J/\psi$ and excited charmonium states $\psi(3686)$ and $\psi(3770)$
in the nuclear medium due to the interaction with the gluon condensates
using the leading order QCD formula. The gluon condensate in the nuclear
medium is calculated from the medium modification of a scalar
dilaton field introduced within a chiral SU(3) model \cite{papa}
through a scale symmetry breaking term in the Lagrangian density
leading to the QCD trace anomaly. In the chiral SU(3) model, the gluon
condensate is related to the fourth power of the dilaton field $\chi$
and the changes in the dilaton field with density are seen to be small.
The model has been used successfully to study the medium modifications
of kaons and antikaons in isospin asymmetric nuclear matter in
\cite{isoamss} and in hyperonic matter in \cite{isoamss2}. The model
has also been used to study the $D$ mesons in asymmetric nuclear matter
at zero temperature \cite{amarind} and in the symmetric and asymmetric
nuclear matter at finite temperatures in Ref.\cite{amdmeson} and
\cite{amarvind}. The vector mesons have also been studied within
the model \cite{hartree, kristof1}. In the present investigation,
we study the isospin dependence of the in-medium masses
of charmonium obtained from the dilaton field, $\chi$
calculated for the asymmetric nuclear matter at finite temperatures.
This study will be of relevance for the experimental observables
from high density matter produced in the asymmetric nuclear collisions
at the future facility at GSI.

The outline of the paper is as follows : In section II, we give a brief
introduction of the chiral $SU(3)$ model used to study the in-medium
masses of charmonium in the present investigation. The medium
modifications of the charmonium masses arise from the medium
modification of a scalar dilaton field introduced in the hadronic
model to incorporate broken scale invariance of QCD leading to QCD
trace anomaly. In section III, we summarize the results obtained
in the present investigation.

\section{The hadronic chiral $SU(3) \times SU(3)$ model }
We use an effective chiral $SU(3)$ model for the present investigation
\cite{papa}. The model is based on the nonlinear realization of chiral
symmetry \cite{weinberg, coleman, bardeen} and broken scale invariance
\cite{papa,hartree, kristof1}. This model has been used successfully to
describe nuclear matter, finite nuclei, hypernuclei and neutron stars.
The effective hadronic chiral Lagrangian density contains the following terms
\begin{equation}
{\cal L} = {\cal L}_{kin}+\sum_{W=X,Y,V,A,u} {\cal L}_{BW} +
{\cal L}_{vec} + {\cal L}_{0} + {\cal L}_{SB}
\label{genlag}
\end{equation}
In Eq. (\ref{genlag}), ${\cal L}_{kin}$ is kinetic energy term,
${\cal L}_{BW}$ is the baryon-meson interaction term in which the
baryon-spin-0 meson interaction term generates the vacuum baryon masses.
${\cal L}_{vec}$  describes the dynamical mass generation of the vector
mesons via couplings to the scalar mesons and contain additionally
quartic self-interactions of the vector fields. ${\cal L}_{0}$ contains
the meson-meson interaction terms inducing the spontaneous breaking of
chiral symmerty as well as a scale invariance breaking logarthimic
potential. ${\cal L}_{SB}$ describes the explicit chiral symmetry breaking.

To study the hadron properties at finite temperature and densities
in the present investigation, we use the mean  field approximation,
where all the meson fields are treated as classical fields.
In this approximation, only the scalar and the vector fields
contribute to the baryon-meson interaction, ${\cal L}_{BW}$
since for all the other mesons, the expectation values are zero.
The interactions of the scalar mesons and vector mesons with the
baryons are given as
\begin{eqnarray}
{\cal  L} _{Bscal} +  {\cal L} _{Bvec} = - \sum_{i} \bar{\psi}_{i}
\left[  m_{i}^{*} + g_{\omega i} \gamma_{0} \omega
+ g_{\rho i} \gamma_{0} \rho + g_{\phi i} \gamma_{0} \phi
\right] \psi_{i}.
\end{eqnarray}
The interaction of the vector mesons, of the scalar fields and
the interaction corresponding to the explicitly symmetry breaking
in the mean field approximation are given as
\begin{eqnarray}
 {\cal L} _{vec} & = & \frac{1}{2} \left( m_{\omega}^{2} \omega^{2}
+ m_{\rho}^{2} \rho^{2} + m_{\phi}^{2} \phi^{2} \right)
\frac{\chi^{2}}{\chi_{0}^{2}}
\nonumber \\
& + &  g_4 (\omega ^4 +6\omega^2 \rho^2+\rho^4 + 2\phi^4),
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray}
{\cal L} _{0} & = & -\frac{1}{2} k_{0}\chi^{2} \left( \sigma^{2} + \zeta^{2}
+ \delta^{2} \right) + k_{1} \left( \sigma^{2} + \zeta^{2} + \delta^{2}
\right)^{2} \nonumber\\
&+& k_{2} \left( \frac{\sigma^{4}}{2} + \frac{\delta^{4}}{2} + 3 \sigma^{2}
\delta^{2} + \zeta^{4} \right)
+ k_{3}\chi\left( \sigma^{2} - \delta^{2} \right)\zeta \nonumber\\
&-& k_{4} \chi^{4} - \frac{1}{4} \chi^{4} {\rm {ln}}
\frac{\chi^{4}}{\chi_{0}^{4}}
+ \frac{d}{3} \chi^{4} {\rm {ln}} \Bigg (\bigg( \frac{\left( \sigma^{2}
- \delta^{2}\right) \zeta }{\sigma_{0}^{2} \zeta_{0}} \bigg)
\bigg (\frac{\chi}{\chi_0}\bigg)^3 \Bigg ),
\label{lagscal}
\end{eqnarray}
and
\begin{eqnarray}
{\cal L} _{SB} & = & - \left( \frac{\chi}{\chi_{0}}\right) ^{2}
\left[ m_{\pi}^{2}
f_{\pi} \sigma + \left( \sqrt{2} m_{k}^{2}f_{k} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}
m_{\pi}^{2} f_{\pi} \right) \zeta \right].
\end{eqnarray}
The effective mass of the baryon of species $i$ is given as
\begin{equation}
{m_i}^{*} = -(g_{\sigma i}\sigma + g_{\zeta i}\zeta + g_{\delta i}\delta)
\label{mbeff}
\end{equation}
The baryon-scalar meson interactions, as can be seen from equation
(\ref{mbeff}), generate the baryon masses through
the coupling of  baryons to the non-strange $\sigma$, strange $\zeta$
scalar mesons and also to scalar-isovector meson $\delta$. In analogy
to the baryon-scalar meson coupling there exist two independent
baryon-vector meson interaction terms corresponding to the F-type
(antisymmetric) and D-type (symmetric) couplings. Here antisymmetric
coupling is used because the universality principle \cite{saku69}
and vector meson dominance model suggest small symmetric coupling.
Additionally,  we choose the parameters \cite{papa,isoamss} so as
to decouple the strange vector field $\phi_{\mu}\sim\bar{s}\gamma_{\mu}s$
from the nucleon, corresponding to an ideal mixing between $\omega$ and
$\phi$ mesons. A small deviation of the mixing angle from ideal mixing
\cite{dumbrajs,rijken,hohler1} has not been taken into account in the
present investigation.

The concept of broken scale invariance leading to the trace anomaly
in (massless) QCD, $\theta_{\mu}^{\mu} = \frac{\beta_{QCD}}{2g}
{G^a}_{\mu\nu} G^{\mu\nu a}$, where $G_{\mu\nu}^{a} $ is the
gluon field strength tensor of QCD, is simulated in the effective
Lagrangian at tree level \cite{sche1} through the introduction of
the scale breaking terms
\begin{equation}
{\cal L}_{scalebreaking} =  -\frac{1}{4} \chi^{4} {\rm {ln}}
\Bigg ( \frac{\chi^{4}} {\chi_{0}^{4}} \Bigg ) + \frac{d}{3}{\chi ^4}
{\rm {ln}} \Bigg ( \bigg (\frac{I_{3}}{{\rm {det}}\langle X
\rangle _0} \bigg ) \bigg ( \frac {\chi}{\chi_0}\bigg)^3 \Bigg ),
\label{scalebreak}
\end{equation}
where $I_3={\rm {det}}\langle X \rangle$, with $X$ as the multiplet
for the scalar mesons. These scale breaking terms,
in the mean field approximation, are given by the last two terms
of the Lagrangian density, ${\cal L}_0$  given by equation (\ref{lagscal}).
The effect of these logarithmic terms is to break the scale invariance,
which leads to the trace of the energy momentum tensor as \cite{heide1}
\begin{equation}
\theta_{\mu}^{\mu} = \chi \frac{\partial {\cal L}}{\partial \chi}
- 4{\cal L}
= -(1-d)\chi^{4}.
\label{tensor1}
\end{equation}
Hence the scalar gluon condensate of QCD ($\langle {G^a}_{\mu \nu}
G^{\mu \nu a} \rangle$) is simulated by a scalar dilaton field in the present
hadronic model.

The coupled equations of motion for the non-strange scalar field $\sigma$,
strange scalar field $ \zeta$, scalar-isovector field $ \delta$ and dilaton
field $\chi$, are derived from the Lagrangian density
and are given as
\begin{eqnarray}
&& k_{0}\chi^{2}\sigma-4k_{1}\left( \sigma^{2}+\zeta^{2}
+\delta^{2}\right)\sigma-2k_{2}\left( \sigma^{3}+3\sigma\delta^{2}\right)
-2k_{3}\chi\sigma\zeta \nonumber\\
&-&\frac{d}{3} \chi^{4} \bigg (\frac{2\sigma}{\sigma^{2}-\delta^{2}}\bigg )
+\left( \frac{\chi}{\chi_{0}}\right) ^{2}m_{\pi}^{2}f_{\pi}
-\sum g_{\sigma i}\rho_{i}^{s} = 0
\label{sigma}
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray}
&& k_{0}\chi^{2}\zeta-4k_{1}\left( \sigma^{2}+\zeta^{2}+\delta^{2}\right)
\zeta-4k_{2}\zeta^{3}-k_{3}\chi\left( \sigma^{2}-\delta^{2}\right)\nonumber\\
&-&\frac{d}{3}\frac{\chi^{4}}{\zeta}+\left(\frac{\chi}{\chi_{0}} \right)
^{2}\left[ \sqrt{2}m_{k}^{2}f_{k}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} m_{\pi}^{2}f_{\pi}\right]
 -\sum g_{\zeta i}\rho_{i}^{s} = 0
\label{zeta}
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray}
& & k_{0}\chi^{2}\delta-4k_{1}\left( \sigma^{2}+\zeta^{2}+\delta^{2}\right)
\delta-2k_{2}\left( \delta^{3}+3\sigma^{2}\delta\right) +k_{3}\chi\delta
\zeta \nonumber\\
& + &  \frac{2}{3} d \left( \frac{\delta}{\sigma^{2}-\delta^{2}}\right)
-\sum g_{\delta i}\rho_{i}^{s} = 0
\label{delta}
\end{eqnarray}

\begin{eqnarray}
& & k_{0}\chi \left( \sigma^{2}+\zeta^{2}+\delta^{2}\right)-k_{3}
\left( \sigma^{2}-\delta^{2}\right)\zeta + \chi^{3}\left[1
+{\rm {ln}}\left( \frac{\chi^{4}}{\chi_{0}^{4}}\right)  \right]
+(4k_{4}-d)\chi^{3}
\nonumber\\
& - & \frac{4}{3} d \chi^{3} {\rm {ln}} \Bigg ( \bigg (\frac{\left( \sigma^{2}
-\delta^{2}\right) \zeta}{\sigma_{0}^{2}\zeta_{0}} \bigg )
\bigg (\frac{\chi}{\chi_0}\bigg)^3 \Bigg )
+\frac{2\chi}{\chi_{0}^{2}}\left[ m_{\pi}^{2}
f_{\pi}\sigma +\left(\sqrt{2}m_{k}^{2}f_{k}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}
m_{\pi}^{2}f_{\pi} \right) \zeta\right]  = 0
\label{chi}
\end{eqnarray}
In the above, ${\rho_i}^s$ are the scalar densities for the baryons,
given as
\begin{eqnarray}
\rho_{i}^{s} = \gamma_{i}\int\frac{d^{3}k}{(2\pi)^{3}}
\frac{m_{i}^{*}}{E_{i}^{*}(k)}
\Bigg ( \frac {1}{e^{({E_i}^* (k) -{\mu_i}^*)/T}+1}
+ \frac {1}{e^{({E_i}^* (k) +{\mu_i}^*)/T}+1} \Bigg )
\label{scaldens}
\end{eqnarray}
where, ${E_i}^*(k)=(k^2+{{m_i}^*}^2)^{1/2}$, and, ${\mu _i}^*
=\mu_i -g_{\omega i}\omega -g_{\rho i}\rho -g_{\phi i}\phi$, are the single
particle energy and the effective chemical potential
for the baryon of species $i$, and,
$\gamma_i$=2 is the spin degeneracy factor \cite{isoamss}.

The above coupled equations of motion are solved to obtain the density
and temperature dependent values of the scalar fields ($\sigma$,
$\zeta$ and $\delta$) and the dilaton field, $\chi$, in the isospin
asymmetric hot nuclear medium. As has been already mentioned, the value
of the $\chi$ is related to the scalar gluon condensate in the hot
hadronic medium, and is used to compute the in-medium masses of charmonium
states, in the present investigation. The isospin asymmetry in the medium
is introduced through the scalar-isovector field $\delta$
and therefore the dilaton field obtained after solving the above
equations is also dependent on the isospin asymmetry parameter,
$\eta$ defined as $\eta= ({\rho_n -\rho_p})/({2 \rho_B})$,
where $\rho_n$ and $\rho_p$ are the number densities of the neutron
and the proton and $\rho_B$ is the baryon density. In the present
investigation, we study the effect of isospin asymmetry of the medium
on the masses of the charmonium states $J/\psi, \psi(3686)$
and $\psi(3770)$.

The comparison of the trace of the energy momentum tensor arising
from the trace anomaly of QCD with that of the present chiral model
gives the relation of the dilaton field to the scalar gluon condensate.
We have, in the limit of massless quarks \cite{cohen},
\begin{equation}
\theta_{\mu}^{\mu} = \langle \frac{\beta_{QCD}}{2g}
G_{\mu\nu}^{a} G^{\mu\nu a} \rangle  \equiv  -(1 - d)\chi^{4}
\label{tensor2}
\end{equation}
The parameter $d$ originates from the second logarithmic term of equation
(\ref{scalebreak}). To get an insight into the value of the parameter
$d$, we recall that the QCD $\beta$ function at one loop level, for
$N_{c}$ colors and $N_{f}$ flavors is given by
\begin{equation}
\beta_{\rm {QCD}} \left( g \right) = -\frac{11 N_{c} g^{3}}{48 \pi^{2}}
\left( 1 - \frac{2 N_{f}}{11 N_{c}} \right)  +  O(g^{5})
\label{beta}
\end{equation}
In the above equation, the first term in the parentheses arises from
the (antiscreening) self-interaction of the gluons and the second term,
proportional to $N_{f}$, arises from the (screening) contribution of
quark pairs. Equations (\ref{tensor2}) and (\ref{beta}) suggest the
value of $d$ to be 6/33 for three flavors and three colors, and
for the case of three colors and two flavors, the value of $d$
turns out to be 4/33, to be consistent with the one loop estimate
of QCD $\beta$ function. These values give the order of magnitude
about which the parameter $d$ can be taken \cite{heide1}, since one
cannot rely on the one-loop estimate for $\beta_{\rm {QCD}}(g)$.
In the present investigation of the in-medium properties of the
charmonium states due to the medium modification of the dilaton
field within chiral $SU(3)$ model, we use the value of $d$=0.064
\cite{amarind}. This parameter, along with the other parameters
corresponding to the  scalar Lagrangian density, ${\cal L}_0$
given by ({\ref{lagscal}), are fitted so as to ensure
extrema in the vacuum for the $\sigma$, $\zeta$ and $\chi$ field
equations, to  reproduce the vacuum masses of the $\eta$ and $\eta '$
mesons, the mass of the $\sigma$ meson around 500 MeV, and,
pressure, p($\rho_0$)=0,
with $\rho_0$ as the nuclear matter saturation density \cite{papa,amarind}.

The trace of the energy-momentum tensor in QCD, using the
one loop beta function given by equation (\ref{beta}),
for $N_c$=3 and $N_f$=3, is given as,
\begin{equation}
\theta_{\mu}^{\mu} = - \frac{9}{8} \frac{\alpha_{s}}{\pi}
G_{\mu\nu}^{a} G^{\mu\nu a}
\label{tensor4}
\end{equation}
Using equations (\ref{tensor2}) and (\ref{tensor4}), we can write
\begin{equation}
\left\langle  \frac{\alpha_{s}}{\pi} G_{\mu\nu}^{a} G^{ \mu\nu a}
\right\rangle =  \frac{8}{9}(1 - d) \chi^{4}
\label{chiglu}
\end{equation}
We thus see from the equation (\ref{chiglu}) that the scalar
gluon condensate $\left\langle \frac{\alpha_{s}}{\pi} G_{\mu\nu}^{a}
G^{\mu\nu a}\right\rangle$ is proportional to the fourth power of the
dilaton field, $\chi$, in the chiral SU(3) model.
As mentioned earlier, the in-medium masses of charmonium states are
modified due to the gluon condensates. Therefore, we need to know the
change in the gluon condensate with density and temperature
of the asymmetric nuclear medium, which is calculated from the
modification of the $\chi$ field, by using equation (\ref{chiglu}).

From the QCD sum rule calculations, the mass shift of the charmonium
states in the medium is due to the gluon condensates \cite{haya1,lee1}.
For heavy quark systems, there are two independent lowest dimension
operators: the scalar gluon condensate ( $\left\langle
\frac{\alpha_{s}}{\pi} G_{\mu\nu}^{a} G^{\mu\nu a}\right\rangle$ )
and the condensate of the twist 2 gluon operator ( $\left\langle
\frac{\alpha_{s}}{\pi} G_{\mu\nu}^{a} G^{\mu\alpha a}\right\rangle$ ).
These operators can be rewritten in terms of the color electric and
color magnetic fields, $\langle \frac{\alpha_s}{\pi} {\vec E}^2\rangle$
and $\langle \frac{\alpha_s}{\pi} {\vec B}^2\rangle$. Additionally,
since the Wilson coefficients for the operator $\langle \frac{\alpha_s}{\pi}
{\vec B}^2\rangle$ vanishes in the non-relativistic limit, the only
contribution from the gluon condensates is proportional to $\langle
\frac{\alpha_s}{\pi} {\vec E}^2\rangle$, similar to the second order
Stark effect.  Hence, the mass shift of the charmonium states  arises
due to the change in the operator $\langle \frac{\alpha_s}{\pi}
{\vec E}^2\rangle$ in the medium from its vacuum value \cite {lee1}.
In the leading order mass shift formula derived in the large charm
mass limit \cite{pes1}, the shift in the mass of the charmonium
state is given as
\cite{lee1}
\begin{equation}
\Delta m_{\psi} (\epsilon) = -\frac{1}{9} \int dk^{2} \vert
\frac{\partial \psi (k)}{\partial k} \vert^{2} \frac{k}{k^{2}
/ m_{c} + \epsilon} \bigg (
\left\langle  \frac{\alpha_{s}}{\pi} E^{2} \right\rangle-
\left\langle  \frac{\alpha_{s}}{\pi} E^{2} \right\rangle_{0}
\bigg ).
\label{mass1}
\end{equation}
In the above, $m_c$ is the mass of the charm quark, taken as 1.95 GeV
\cite{lee1}, $m_\psi$ is the vacuum mass of the charmonium state
and $\epsilon = 2 m_{c} - m_{\psi}$.
$\psi (k)$ is the wave function of the charmonium state
in the momentum space, normalized as $\int\frac{d^{3}k}{2\pi^{3}}
\vert \psi(k) \vert^{2} = 1 $ \cite{leetemp}.
At finite densities, in the linear density approximation, the change
in the value of $\langle \frac{\alpha_s}{\pi} {\vec E}^2\rangle$,
from its vacuum value, is given as
\begin{equation}
\left\langle  \frac{\alpha_{s}}{\pi} E^{2} \right\rangle-
\left\langle  \frac{\alpha_{s}}{\pi} E^{2} \right\rangle_{0}
=
\left\langle  \frac{\alpha_{s}}{\pi} E^{2} \right\rangle _{N}
\frac {\rho_B}{2 M_N},
\end{equation}
and the mass shift in the charmonium states reduces to \cite{lee1}
\begin{equation}
\Delta m_{\psi} (\epsilon) = -\frac{1}{9} \int dk^{2} \vert
\frac{\partial \psi (k)}{\partial k} \vert^{2} \frac{k}{k^{2}
/ m_{c} + \epsilon}
\left\langle  \frac{\alpha_{s}}{\pi} E^{2} \right\rangle _{N}
\frac {\rho_B}{2 M_N}.
\label{masslindens}
\end{equation}
In the above, $\left\langle  \frac{\alpha_{s}}{\pi} E^{2}
\right\rangle _{N}$ is the expectation value of
$\left\langle  \frac{\alpha_{s}}{\pi} E^{2} \right\rangle$
with respect to the nucleon.

The expectation value of the scalar gluon condensate can be expressed
in terms of the color electric field and the color magnetic field
as \cite{david}
\begin{equation}
\left\langle
\frac{\alpha_{s}}{\pi} G_{\mu\nu}^{a} G^{\mu\nu a}\right\rangle
=-2 \left\langle \frac{\alpha_{s}}{\pi} (E^{2} - B^{2}) \right\rangle.
\end{equation}
In the non-relativistic limit, as already mentioned, the contribution
from the magnetic field vanishes and hence, we can write,
\begin{equation}
\left\langle \frac{\alpha_{s}}{\pi} E^{2} \right\rangle
=-\frac {1}{2}
\left\langle \frac{\alpha_{s}}{\pi}
G_{\mu\nu}^{a} G^{\mu\nu a}\right\rangle
\label{e2glu}
\end{equation}

Using equations (\ref{chiglu}), (\ref{mass1}) and (\ref{e2glu}),
we obtain the expression for the mass shift in the charmonium
in the hot and dense nuclear medium, which arises from
the change in the dilaton field in the present investigation,
as
\begin{equation}
\Delta m_{\psi} (\epsilon) = \frac{4}{81} (1 - d) \int dk^{2}
\vert \frac{\partial \psi (k)}{\partial k} \vert^{2} \frac{k}{k^{2}
/ m_{c} + \epsilon}  \left( \chi^{4} - {\chi_0}^{4}\right).
\label{masspsi}
\end{equation}
In the above, $\chi$ and $\chi_0$ are the values of the dilaton field
in the nuclear medium and the vacuum respectively.

In the present investigation, the wave functions for the charmonium states
are taken to be Gaussian and are given as \cite{charmwavefn}
\begin{equation}
\psi_{N, l} = Normalization \times Y_{l}^{m} (\theta, \phi)
(\beta^{2} r^{2})^{\frac{1}2{} l} exp^{-\frac{1}{2} \beta^{2} r^{2}}
L_{N - 1}^{l + \frac{1}{2}} \left( \beta^{2} r^{2}\right)
\label{wavefn}
\end{equation}
where $\beta^{2} = M \omega / h$ characterizes the strength of the
harmonic potential, $M = m_{c}/2$ is the reduced mass of
the charm quark and charm anti-quark system, and $L_{p}^{k} (z)$
is the associated Laguerre Polynomial. As in Ref. \cite{lee1},
the oscillator constant $\beta$ is determined from the mean squared
radii $\langle r^{2} \rangle$ as 0.46$^{2}$ fm$^2$, 0.96$^{2}$ fm$^2$
and 1 fm$^{2}$ for the charmonium states $J/\psi(3097) $, $\psi(3686)$ and
$\psi(3770)$, respectively. This gives the value for the parameter
$\beta$ as 0.51 GeV, 0.38 GeV and 0.37 GeV for $J/\psi(3097)$,
$\psi(3686$ and $\psi(3770)$, assuming that these
charmonium states are in the 1S, 2S and 1D states respectively.
Knowing the wave functions of the charmonium states and
calculating the medium modification of the dilaton field
in the hot nuclear matter, we obtain the mass shift of the
charmonium states, $J/\psi$, $\psi (3686)$ and $\psi (3770)$
respectively. In the next section we shall present the results
of the present investigation of these in-medium charmonium masses
in hot asymmetric nuclear matter.

\section{Results and Discussions}

In this section, we first investigate the effects of density,
isospin-asymmetry and temperature of the nuclear medium on the dilaton
field $\chi$ using a chiral SU(3) model. From the medium modification
of the $\chi$ field, we shall then study the in-medium masses of
charmonium states $J/\psi$, $\psi(3686)$ and $\psi(3770)$ using
equation (\ref{masspsi}).

The values of the parameters used in the present investigation,
are : $k_{0} = 2.54, k_{1} = 1.35, k_{2} = -4.78, k_{3} = -2.77$,
$k_{4} = -0.22$ and $d =  0.064$, which are the parameters
occurring in the scalar meson interactions defined in equation
(\ref{lagscal}).
The vacuum values of the scalar isoscalar fields, $\sigma$ and $\zeta$
and the dilaton field $\chi$ are $-93.3$ MeV, $-106.6$ MeV and 409.77 MeV
respectively.
The values, $g_{\sigma N} = 10.6$ and $g_{\zeta N} = -0.47$ are
determined by fitting to the vacuum baryon masses. The other parameters
fitted to the asymmetric nuclear matter saturation properties
in the mean-field approximation are: $g_{\omega N}$ = 13.3,
$g_{\rho p}$ = 5.5, $g_{4}$ = 79.7, $g_{\delta p}$ = 2.5,
$m_{\zeta}$ = 1024.5 MeV, $ m_{\sigma}$ = 466.5 MeV
and $m_{\delta}$ = 899.5 MeV. The nuclear matter saturation
density used in the present investigation is $0.15$ fm$^{-3}$.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=16cm,height=16cm]{fig1.eps}
\caption{(Color online)
The dilaton field $\chi$ plotted as a function of the
temperature, at given baryon densities,
for different values of the isospin asymmetry parameter, $\eta$.
}
\label{chitemp}
\end{figure}

The variations of the dilaton field $\chi$ with density, temperature
and isospin asymmetry, within the chiral SU(3) model, are obtained by
solving the coupled equations of motion of scalar fields given by
equations (\ref{sigma}), (\ref{zeta}), (\ref{delta}) and (\ref{chi}).
In figure \ref{chitemp}, we show the variation of dilaton field $\chi$,
with temperature, for both zero and finite baryon densities,
and for selected values of the isospin asymmetry parameter,
$\eta$ = 0, 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5. At zero baryon density, it is observed
that the value of the dilaton field remains almost
a constant upto a temperature of about 130 MeV above which it is
seen to drop with increase in temperature. However, the drop
in the dilaton field is seen to be very small. The value of the
dilaton field is seen to change from 409.8 MeV at T=0 to about
409.7 MeV and 409.3 MeV at T=150 MeV and T=175 MeV respectively.
The thermal distribution functions have an effect of increasing
the scalar densities at zero baryon density, i.e., for $\mu_i ^*$=0,
as can be seen from the expression of the scalar densities, given
by (\ref{scaldens}). This effect seems to be negligible upto
a temperature of about 130 MeV. This leads to a decrease in
the magnitudes of scalar fields, $\sigma$ and $\zeta$.
This behaviour of the scalar fields is reflected in the value of $\chi$,
which is solved from the coupled equations of motion of the
scalar fields, given by equations (\ref{sigma}), (\ref{zeta}),
(\ref{delta}) and (\ref{chi}), as a drop as we
increase the temperature above a temperature of about 130 MeV.
The scalar densities attaining nonzero values at high temperatures,
even at zero baryon density, indicates the presence of baryon-antibaryon
pairs in the thermal bath and has already been observed in the literature
\cite{kristof1,scalartemp}. This leads
to the baryon masses to be different from their vacuum masses above this
temperature, arising from modifications of the scalar fields $\sigma$ and
$\zeta$.

For finite density situations, the behaviour of the $\chi$ field
with temperature is seen to be very different from the zero density
case, as can be seen from the subplots (b),(c) and (d) of figure \ref{chitemp},
where the $\chi$ field is plotted as a function of the temperature
for densities $\rho_0$, 2$\rho_0$ and 4$\rho_0$ respectively.
At finite densities, one observes first a rise and then a decrease of
the dilaton field with temperature. This is related to the fact that
at finite densities, the magnitude of the $\sigma$ field (as well as
of the $\zeta$ field) first show an increase and then a drop with further
increase of the temperature \cite{amarvind} which is reflected in the
behaviour of $\chi$ field, since it is solved from the coupled
equations of the scalar fields. The reason for the different behaviour
of the scalar fields ($\sigma$ and $\zeta$) at zero and finite densities
can be understood in the following manner \cite{kristof1}. As has been
already mentioned, the thermal distribution functions in (\ref{scaldens})
have an effect of increasing the scalar densities at zero baryon density, i.e.,
for $\mu_i ^*$=0. However, at finite densities, i.e., for nonzero values
of the effective chemical potential, ${\mu_i}^*$, for increasing temperature,
there are contributions also from higher momenta, thereby,
increasing the denominator of the integrand on the right hand side of
the equation (\ref{scaldens}). This leads to a decrease in the scalar
density. The competing effects of the thermal distribution functions
and the contributions of the higher momenta states
give rise to the observed effect of the scalar density
and hence of the $\sigma$ and $\zeta$ fields with temperature
at finite baryon densities \cite{kristof1}. This kind of behaviour
of the scalar $\sigma$ field on temperature at finite densities
has also been observed in the Walecka model by Li and Ko \cite{liko},
which was reflected as an increase in the mass of the nucleon with
temperature at finite densities in the mean field calculations.
The effects of the behaviour of the scalar fields on the value
of the $\chi$ field, obtained from solving the coupled equations
(\ref{sigma}) to (\ref{chi}) for the scalar fields, are shown in
figure \ref{chitemp}.

In figure \ref{chitemp}, it is observed that for a given value of
isospin asymmetry parameter $\eta$, the dilaton field $\chi$ decreases
with increase in the density of the nuclear medium. The drop
in the value of $\chi$ with density is seen to be much larger as compared
to its modification with temperature at a given density.
For isospin symmetric nuclear medium ($\eta = 0$) at temperature $T = 0$,
the reduction in the dilaton field $\chi$ from its vacuum value ($\chi_0$
 = 409.8 MeV), is seen to be about 3 MeV at $\rho_{B} = \rho_{0}$
and about 13 MeV, for $\rho_{B} = 4\rho_{0}$.
As we move from isospin symmetric medium, with $\eta = 0$, to isospin
asymmetric medium, at temperature $T = 0$, and, for a given value
of density, there is seen to be an increase in the value of the
dilaton field $\chi$. However, the effect of isospin asymmetry
of the medium on the value of the dilaton field is observed to be
negligible upto about a density of nuclear matter saturation density,
and is appreciable only at higher values of densities as can be seen
in figure \ref{chitemp}. At nuclear matter saturation density,
$\rho_{0}$, the value of dilaton field $\chi$ changes from
$406.4$ MeV in symmetric nuclear medium ($\eta = 0$) to $406.5$ MeV in
the isospin asymmetric nuclear medium ($\eta = 0.5$). At a density of
about $4\rho_{0}$, the values of the dilaton field are modified to
396.7 MeV and 398 MeV at $\eta =0$ and $0.5$, respectively. Thus the
increase in the dilaton field $\chi$ with isospin asymmetry of the
medium is seen to be more at zero temperature as we move to
higher densities.

At a finite density, $\rho_{B}$, and for given isospin asymmetry
parameter $\eta$, the dilaton field $\chi$ is seen to first increase
with temperature and above a particular value of the temperature,
it is seen to decrease with further increase in temperature. At the nuclear
saturation density $\rho_{B} = \rho_{0}$ and in isospin symmetric
nuclear medium ($\eta = 0$) the value of the dilaton field $\chi$
increases upto a temperature of about $T = 145$ MeV, above with there
is a drop in the dilaton field. For $\rho_B$=$\rho_0$ in the asymmetric
nuclear matter with $\eta = 0.5$, there is seen to be a rise in the value
of $\chi$ upto a temperature of about 120 MeV, above which it starts
decreasing. As it has been already mentioned, at zero temperature and for a
given value of density, the dilaton field $\chi$ is found to increase
with increase in the isospin asymmetry of the nuclear medium. But
from figure \ref{chitemp}, it is observed that at high temperatures
and for a given density, the value of the dilaton field $\chi$ becomes
higher in symmetric nuclear medium as compared to isospin asymmetric
nuclear medium e.g. at nuclear saturation density $\rho_{B} = \rho_{0}$
and temperature $T = 150$ MeV the values of dilaton field $\chi$ are
$407.3$ MeV and $407$ MeV at $\eta = 0$ and $0.5$ respectively.
At density $\rho_{B} = 4 \rho_{0}$, $T = 150$ MeV the values of
dilaton field $\chi$ are seen to be $399.1$ MeV and $398.7$ MeV
for $\eta = 0$ and $0.5$ respectively. This observed behaviour
of the $\chi$ is related
to the fact that at finite densities and for isospin asymmetric matter,
there are contributions from the scalar isovector $\delta$ field,
whose magnitude is seen to decrease for higher temperatures
for given densities, whereas $\delta$ field has zero contribution
for isospin symmetric matter.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=16cm,height=16cm]{fig2.eps}
\caption{(Color online)
The mass shift of J/$\psi$ plotted as a function of the
baryon density in units of nuclear matter saturation density
at given temperatures,
for different values of the isospin asymmetry parameter, $\eta$.
}
\label{mjpsi}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=16cm,height=16cm]{fig3.eps}
\caption{(Color online)
The mass shift of $\psi$(3686) plotted as a function of the
baryon density in units of nuclear matter saturation density
at given temperatures,
for different values of the isospin asymmetry parameter, $\eta$.
}
\label{mpsi1}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=16cm,height=16cm]{fig4.eps}
\caption{(Color online)
The mass shift of $\psi$(3770) plotted as a function of the
baryon density in units of nuclear matter saturation density
at given temperatures,
for different values of the isospin asymmetry parameter, $\eta$.
}
\label{mpsi2}
\end{figure}

We shall now investigate how the behaviour of the dilaton field $\chi$
in the hot asymmetric nuclear medium affects the in-medium masses of
the charmonium states $J/\psi$, $\psi(3686)$ and $\psi(3770)$.
In figures \ref{mjpsi}, \ref{mpsi1} and \ref{mpsi2},
we show the shifts of the masses of charmonium states $J/\psi$, $\psi(3686)$
and $\psi(3770)$ from their vacuum values, as functions of the baryon density
for given values of temperature $T$, and for different values of the
isospin asymmetry parameter, $\eta$. We have shown the results for the
values of the temperature, T = 0, 50, 100 and 150 MeV. At the nuclear matter
saturation density, $\rho_{B}$ = $\rho_{0}$ at temperature $T = 0$,
the mass-shift for $J/\psi$ meson is observed to be about $-8.6$ MeV
in the isospin symmetric nuclear medium ($\eta = 0$)
and in the asymmetric nuclear medium, with isospin asymmetry parameter
$\eta = 0.5$, it is seen to be $-8.4$ MeV. At $\rho_{B} = 4\rho_{0}$,
temperature $T = 0$, the mass-shift  for $J/\psi$ meson is $-32.2$ MeV
in the isospin symmetric nuclear medium ($\eta = 0$) and in isospin
asymmetric nuclear medium ($\eta = 0.5$), it changes to $-29.2$ MeV.
The increase in the magnitude of the mass-shift, with density $\rho_{B}$,
is because of the larger drop in the dilaton field $\chi$ at higher densities.
However, with increase in the isospin asymmetry of the medium the magnitude
of the mass-shift decreases because the drop in the dilaton field $\chi$
is less at a higher value of the isospin asymmetry parameter $\eta$.
At the nuclear matter saturation density $\rho_{B} = \rho_{0}$,
and for temperature $T = 0$, the mass-shift for $\psi(3686)$
is observed to be about $-117$ and $-114$ MeV for values of the
$\eta = 0$ and $0.5$ respectively, and for $\psi(3770)$,
the values of the mass-shift are seen to be about $-155$ MeV and
$-$150 MeV respectively.
At $\rho_{B} = 4\rho_{0}$ and zero temperature, the values
of the mass-shift for $\psi(3686)$ are modified to $-436$ MeV
and $-396$ MeV for $\eta = 0$ and $0.5$ respectively, and,
for $\psi(3770)$, the drop in the masses are about
 $-577$ MeV and $-523$ MeV respectively.
As mentioned earlier, the drop in the dilaton field, $\chi$,
at finite temperature is less than at zero temperature and
this behaviour is reflected in the smaller mass-shifts of the
charmonium states at finite temperatures as compared to the zero
temperature case. At nuclear matter saturation density $\rho_{B} = \rho_{0}$,
and for temperature $T = 100$ MeV, the values of the the mass-shift for
the $J/\psi$ meson are observed to be about $-6.77$ MeV and
$-6.81$ MeV for isospin symmetric ($\eta = 0$)
and isospin asymmetric ($\eta = 0.5$) nuclear medium respectively.
At baryon density $\rho_{B} = 4\rho_{0}$, temperature $T = 100$ MeV,
the mass-shift for $J/\psi$ is observed to be $-28.4$ MeV and $-27.2$ MeV
for isospin symmetric ($\eta = 0$) and isospin asymmetric ($\eta = 0.5$)
nuclear medium respectively. For the excited charmonium states $\psi(3686)$
and $\psi(3770)$, the mass-shifts at nuclear matter saturation density
$\rho_{B} = \rho_{0}$ and temperature $T = 100$ MeV, are observed to
be $-91.8$ MeV and $-121.4$ MeV respectively, for isospin symmetric nuclear
matter ($\eta = 0$) and $-92.4$ MeV and $-122$ MeV for the isospin
asymmetric nuclear medium with $\eta = 0.5$.
For baryon density $\rho_{B} = 4\rho_{0}$,
and temperature $T = 100$ MeV, mass-shift for the charmonium states
$\psi(3686)$ and $\psi(3770)$ are modified to about $-386$ MeV and $-510$
MeV respectively, for isospin symmetric ($\eta = 0$) and
$-369$ MeV and $-488$ MeV for isospin asymmetric
nuclear medium with $\eta = 0.5$.

For temperature $T = 150$ MeV and at the nuclear matter saturation
density $\rho_{B} = \rho_{0}$, the mass-shifts for the charmonium states
$J/\psi, \psi(3686)$ and $\psi(3770)$ are seen to be $-6.25$, $-85$
and $-112$ MeV respectively in the isospin symmetric nuclear
medium ($\eta = 0$). These values are modified to $-7.2$, $-98$
and $-129$ MeV respectively, in the isospin asymmetric nuclear medium
with $\eta = 0.5$. At a baryon density $\rho_{B} = 4\rho_{0}$,
the values of the mass-shift for $J/\psi, \psi(3686)$ and $\psi(3770)$
are observed to be $-26.4$, $-358$ and $-473$ MeV in isospin
symmetric nuclear medium ($\eta = 0$) and in isospin asymmetric
nuclear medium with $\eta = 0.5$, these values
are modified to $-27.6$, $-375$ and $-494$ MeV respectively.
Note that at high temperatures e.g at $T = 150$ MeV the mass-shift
in isospin asymmetric nuclear medium ($\eta = 0.5$) is more as
compared to isospin symmetric nuclear medium ($\eta = 0$). This is
opposite to what is observed for the zero temperature case.
The reason is that at high
temperatures the dilaton field $\chi$ has more drop in the isospin
asymmetric nuclear medium ($\eta = 0.5$) as compared to the isospin
symmetric nuclear medium ($\eta = 0$), due to the contributions
from the $\delta$ field for nonzero $\eta$, which is observed to
decrease in its magnitude at high temperatures.

The values of the mass-shift for the charmonium states obtained
within the present investigation, at nuclear saturation density
$\rho_{0}$ and temperature $T =0$, are in good agreement with the
the mass shifts of $J/\Psi$, $\Psi (3686)$ and $\Psi (3770)$
as $-8$, $-100$ and $-140$ MeV respectively, at the nuclear matter
saturation density, computed in Ref. \cite{lee1} from the
second order QCD Stark effect, with the gluon condensate in the nuclear
medium computed in the linear density approximation. The
mass-shift for $J/\psi$ has also been studied with the QCD sum
rules in \cite{klingl} and the value at nuclear saturation density
was observed to be about $-7$ MeV.
In Ref. \cite{kimlee} the operator product expansion was carried out
upto dimension six and the mass shift for $J/\psi$ was calculated to be
$-4$ MeV at nuclear matter saturation density $\rho_{0}$ and
at zero temperature. The effect of temperature on the $J/\psi$
in the deconfinement phase was studied in \cite{leetemp,cesa}.
In these investigations, it was reported that $J/\psi$ mass
is essentially constant in a wide range of temperatures and
above a particular value of the temperature, $T$, there was observed
to be a sharp change in the mass of $J/\psi$ in the deconfined phase
\cite{lee3}. In the present work, we have studied the effects of
temperature, density and isospin asymmetry, on the mass modifications
of the charmonium states ($J/\psi, \psi(3686)$ and $\psi(3770)$)
in the confined hadronic phase, arising due to modifications
of a scalar dilaton field which simulates the gluon condensates of
QCD, within a chiral SU(3) model. The effect of temperature was
found to be small for the charmonium states $J/\psi(3097)$,
$\psi(3686)$ and $\psi(3770)$, whereas, the masses of charmonium states
observed to vary considerably with density, in the present investigation.

In summary, in the present work, we have investigated the effects
of density, temperature and isospin asymmetry of the nuclear medium on the
masses of the charmonium states $J/\psi, \psi(3686)$
and $\psi(3770)$, arising due to modification of the scalar dilaton
field, $\chi$, which simulates the gluon condensates of QCD,
within the chiral SU(3) model and second order QCD Stark effect.
The change in the mass of $J/\psi$ with density is observed to be small
at nuclear matter saturation density and is in agreement
with the QCD sum rule calculations. There is seen to be an
appreciable drop in the in-medium masses of excited charmonium
states $\psi(3686)$ and $\psi(3770)$ with the density.
At the nuclear matter saturation density, the mass shifts
of these states are similar to the values obtained using
the QCD second order Stark effect with the modifications
of the gluon condensates computed in the linear density
approximation \cite{lee1}.
For a given value of density and temperature, the effect of the
isospin asymmetry of the medium on the in-medium masses of the
charmonium states is found to be small. This is due to the fact that
the magnitude of the $\delta$ field remains small as compared to
the $\sigma$ and $\zeta$ fields. At finite densities, the effect
of the temperature on the charmonium states is found
to decrease the values of mass-shift upto a particular temperature,
above which the mass shift is seen to rise. This is because of
an initial increase in the dilaton field $\chi$ and then a drop
with further increase in the temperature, at a given baryon density,
arising from solving the coupled equations for the scalar fields.
This is related to the fact that the scalar densities of the nucleons
initially drop and then rise with the temperature at finite values
of the baryon densities. The mass drop of the excited charmonium
states ($\Psi (3686)$ and $\Psi (3770)$) are large enough
to be seen in the dilepton spectra emitted from their
decays in experiments involving $\bar p$-A annihilation
in the future facility at GSI, provided these states decay
inside the nucleus. The life time of the $J/\Psi$ has been
shown to be almost constant in the nuclear medium,
whereas for these excited charmonium states, the lifetimes
are shown to reduce to less than 5 fm/c, due to appreciable
increase in their decay widths \cite{charmwavefn}.
Hence a significant fraction of the produced excited charmonium states
in these experiments are expected to decay inside the nucleus
\cite{Golubeva}. The in-medium properties of the excited charmonium
states $\psi(3686)$ and $\psi(3770)$ can be studied in the
dilepton spectra in $\bar p$-A experiments in the future facility
of the FAIR, GSI. The mass shifts of the charmonium states in the hot
nuclear medium seem to be appreciable at high densities as compared
to the temperature effects on these masses, and these should show in
observables like the production of these charmonium states, as well as
of the open charmed mesons in the compressed baryonic matter (CBM)
experiment at the future facility at GSI, where baryonic matter
at high densities and moderate temperatures will be produced.

\acknowledgements
One of the authors (AM) is grateful to the Frankfurt Institute for Advanced
Research (FIAS), University of Frankfurt, for warm hospitality and
acknowledges financial support from Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung
when this work was initiated. Financial support from Department of
Science and Technology, Government of India (project no. SR/S2/HEP-21/2006)
is also gratefully acknowledged.

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text:
Llista de monuments de Naut Aran inclosos en l'Inventari del Patrimoni Arquitectònic Català per al municipi de Naut Aran (Vall d'Aran). Inclou els inscrits en el Registre de Béns Culturals d'Interès Nacional (BCIN) amb la classificació de monument històric, els Béns Culturals d'Interès Local (BCIL) de caràcter immoble i la resta de béns arquitectònics integrants del patrimoni cultural català.

|}

Referències

 Cercador de l'Inventari del Patrimoni Arquitectònic
 Patrimoni cultural , Ajuntament de Naut Aran.

Naut Aran

 00Llista Naut

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text:
Ted North
Actor, Film actor
Who is Ted North?
Ted North, sometimes credited as Michael North, was a film actor of the 1940s. He appeared in a few memorable films including the films noir The Unsuspected and The Devil Thumbs a Ride. He was married to actress Mary Beth Hughes from 1943 until their divorce in 1947.
Michael North
Edward E. Steinel
Michael Ted North
Mary Beth Hughes
Donald North
"Ted North." Biographies.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2022. Web. 21 Jan. 2022. <https://www.biographies.net/people/en/ted_north>.
Discuss this Ted North biography with the community:
Movies starring
Charlie Chan in Rio (1941)

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Our surgeons are highly trained in the most advanced, minimally invasive surgical techniques.
We are seeking ways to use more minimally invasive procedures and make the ones we already perform even less invasive.
While we have all of the latest approaches at our disposal, our focus always comes back to finding the right approach for each patient.
If your doctor has recommended surgery, it's natural to feel anxious about it. But minimally invasive (also known as laparoscopic or keyhole) procedures are making many surgeries dramatically safer and more tolerable. Instead of a large incision at the treatment site, the surgeon makes one or more very small incisions, and inserts slender instruments and a tiny camera to help visualize progress on a monitor. In some cases, the patient goes home with only bandages to cover the wounds.
Lymph nodes can be used to determine whether cancer has become metastatic, meaning it's begun to spread from the original tumor site to other parts of the body.
Metastatic liver cancer started elsewhere and spread to the liver. Interventional radiology procedures can offer effective minimally invasive treatment.
Survival rates for children with cancer have risen dramatically, a result of major advances in cancer treatments, including pediatric cancer surgery.


text:
Jumping into the abyss, the top secret mind control tests of the CIA
The unknown abyss. - [Filmleri Korku / Flickr]
Was the Central Intellegence Agencey using mind control substances to control people?
by Gordon Veley (article) and Jane Flowers (video)
May 9, 2018 at 2:19 AM May 9, 2018 at 2:19 AM
'Wormwood' is a Netflix documentary that indicates the CIA used mind control - Video
In history, there have been many governments and World leaders who have tried to get masses of people under their control. They used ways such as military force and brain washing to try to control people to do what they want. In the early 1950s, it is said that United States soldiers captured by the North Korean military were brainwashed to start following communism. After being released, they were questioned and it was confirmed that they were in fact put through tests to change their thoughts and beliefs.
Reports by the Washington Times and Britannica were used to construct this article.
Mind control experiments
In the 1950s the Central Intelligence Agency, better known as the CIA, began experiments in which they studied the possibility of mind control. They were in the middle of the Cold War and were looking into ways get the upper hand on the Soviet Union. They began by giving doses of LSD, which is a mind-altering drug that can, in large doses, make the mind become persuasive and lead to control of thoughts.
It is the same drug Charles Manson was said to have used to sway people to commit acts of violence, including murder. At the beginning of the project, they used volunteers, but as it grew larger they began to test there theories on foreigners and eventually unsuspecting Americans.
Declassified CIA documents show that research grants were funded by the CIA to leading universities such as Harvard to conduct mind-controlling experiments.
Many of the professors didn't even know who the experiments were funded by. It is believed that Ted Kacynnski, better known as the" Unabomber," was part of such tests in the early 1960s at Harvard University. This being written in Kaczynski's "Manifesto," which he wrote, detailing why he followed through with the terror attacks.
The CIA began to use LSD
These tests were done all over the country. From San Francisco, where they spiked drinks with LSD, and monitored the results, to New York City, where CIA agent and military scientist Frank Olson had his drink laced with LSD.
This was an attempt to see if Olson would be able to keep the top-secret information a secret. Olson jumped out his New York City apartment window to his death. Thought to have been a suicide, later unclassified documents showed that he was given the LSD without his knowledge. The Netflix documentary "Wormwood" depicts the story of Olson's death and his family's struggle to find the truth of how Frank Orson really died.
In the mid sixties, the CIA shut down all operations due to the firestorm that was started due to the Olson death and other related mind-altering experiments.
Trevor Lawrence sends an emotional message to Chase Brice as he leaves Clemson Tigers
Ramon Sanchez
New England Patriots targeting Trevor Lawrence if Tom Brady departs
Gordon Veley
I'm a freelance journalist love the Yankees the Bills and love labron james.
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Read more on the same topic from Gordon Veley:
The real bronx bomber, Giancarlo Stanton, making his mark on New York Is Josh Allen the key that unlocks the Buffalo Bills quarterback delema? Who really won the race; a look at the color barrier in NASCAR
Ryan C. Devault
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Blasting News recommends 20 Eastern Conference trade candidates including Jabari Parker, Marcus Morris NBA trade deadline: Five potential trade scenarios for Derrick Rose Search And Destroy game mode is coming to 'Fortnite Battle Royale' Nebraska football: Frost attempts to shut down rumors while hiring Matt Lubick A look at five some potential trade scenarios for Derrick Rose Video Chase Brice is leaving Clemson Tigers, Trevor Lawrence sends an emotional message Video


For more than two decades, Oklahoma has turned to fines and fees instead of state appropriations to fund the court system, and the debt former prisoners now face has becoming increasingly burdensome as the state has grown more and more reluctant to raise taxes.The roots of Oklahoma's crime-funded court system start back in 1992 with State Question 640. The public was mad about tax hikes, so they passed a referendum making it nearly impossible for lawmakers to raise taxes. Legislators then began turning to other ways to pad the state budget, like fines and fees."The legislature today obviously is hampered by that state question, and so I think this is one of the ways they responded to that," Dwayne Steidley says.
Editor's Note: This is one installment of a series of stories reported jointly by KGOU and Oklahoma Watch.
For more than two decades, Oklahoma has turned to fines and fees instead of state appropriations to fund the court system, and the debt former prisoners now face has becoming increasingly burdensome as the state has grown more and more reluctant to raise taxes.
The roots of Oklahoma's crime-funded court system start back in 1992 with State Question 640. The public was mad about tax hikes, so they passed a referendum making it nearly impossible for lawmakers to raise taxes. Legislators then began turning to other ways to pad the state budget, like fines and fees.
"The legislature today obviously is hampered by that state question, and so I think this is one of the ways they responded to that," Dwayne Steidley says.
Steidley was a legislator from Claremore when voters approved the state question and now presides as a district judge in Rogers County. He was at the Capitol when fellow lawmakers started increasing fines and fees to more heavily fund the courts and other state agencies.
He jokes that he now reaps as a judge what he sowed as a representative.
Steidley's referring to the drastic increase in fees over the years. And Vice Chief Justice Douglas Combs with the State Supreme Court says it's getting worse.
"The example that you hear all the time is a speeding ticket. I mean, 1 to 10 miles over the speed limit, the minimum fine and cost for that is $188.50. The fine itself is $10," Combs says.
Since the state question passed in 1992, lawmakers have added more than 30 different fines and fees for state and local governments to the court's collection duties. Last year, one-third of the fines and fees Oklahoma courts brought in went to other agencies, according to a 2014 State Supreme Court study.
"You see a legislative leadership and a governor willing to use criminals as an ATM to fund other parts of government," Democratic Minority Leader Scott Inman says.
He serves on the House Budget and Appropriations Committee and has been at the Capitol since 2007. He says the state is at a critical point in funding its agencies.
It's politically untenable to raise taxes, and while the economy is growing right now, Inman says the bucket of money lawmakers spend on state agencies continues to shrink.
"I'm particularly concerned that eventually when we put so much of the burden to pay for the criminal justice system on the backs of really poor, indigent criminals, we're going to have a criminal justice system that suffers and is unable to perform its stated duty," Inman says.
"Those decisions were all made in the name of increasing public safety," former State House Speaker Republican Kris Steele says. He argues Oklahoma's criminal court system is a bad return on taxpayer investment: costs keep increasing and there's no proportional decrease in crime.
He also says the state is doing a bad job rehabilitating offenders to become tax producers instead of consumers.
"I don't think that the fees and fines structure that we currently have in place is fair to allowing a person to move on with their life, to learn from their mistakes and to ultimately be a contributing member of our community," Steele says.
Steele spent 12 years at the Oklahoma House of Representatives, and he saw significant increases in these court costs during his time in office. He says for the most part, the procedural changes – like shifting the cost of medical treatment from law enforcement to the offender in 2005 – were enacted quietly.
Former State Senator Cal Hobson, who's had his own experiences with the criminal justice system after being charged with two DUI's in 2014, says tacking on court fees is so simple because criminals are such an easy revenue target.
But those little fees can add up, Hobson says.
And they almost have to. Rogers County District Judge Dwayne Steidley says the court system used to get half its budget from the general revenue fund, but that's decreased to almost nothing.
"Today, we fund probably 90 percent or more of the operation of the courts actually out of the money that the court collects," Steidley says.
He and other judges across the state suggest they may only be digging a deeper hole. The more successful courts are in collecting money from criminals, the greater the chance their appropriation will be cut.
KGOU produces journalism in the public interest, essential to an informed electorate. Help support informative, in-depth journalism with a donation online, or contact our Membership department.


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Interview with Kyler Zeleny: Aesthetica Art Prize Longlisted Artist
Kyler Zeleny's work focuses on the family album and found Polaroids. His current interests relate to rural mythology, in which he using photography to explore cultures. Zeleny was longlisted in the 2014 Aesthetica Art Prize with his piece Broken Road from his current Out West project.
The project was conducted to explore a perceived lack of imagery on the current state of the rural in the Canadian West, as well as a need to document the continued transition from rural-dominant (western) to urban-dominant provinces – rural drain, urban claim. The book of Out West is now available to buy from the publishing house The Velvet Cell.
A: How has being longlisted for the Aesthetica Art Prize affected your practice?
KZ: Being longlisted for the Aesthetica Art Prize was quite an honour; especially given I was competing against a lot of high quality art producers working across different media. The exposure I gained has also helped me establish myself as a serious image-maker.
A: Can you explain the idea behind Out West?
KZ: Out West is a project exploring small rural communities and rural culture in the Canadian West. Over two summers I visited and documented 160 communities with a population of 1,000 or less. I was interested in looking at the current state of these communities and wanted to document what I thought was their slow death into neglect and ambiguity.
A: Which photographers have inspired you?
KZ: A lot of photographers inspire me, but the primary photographers who I feel influenced this body of work are Stephen Shore (American Surfaces) for his subject matter and his great use of frame and William Eggleston (2 ¼) for his eye for colour, his use of the square format and his ability to photograph people. Even though Out West features very few people, it is in fact all about people.
A: The book opens with a TS Elliot quote: "…the end of all our exploring will be to arrive where we started and know the place for the first time." How do you aim to do this in your work?
KZ: For me the quote highlights the trajectory of my own page and it was the resulting consequence of the project on a personal level. I was raised on a farm in a rural community and like many I moved away. I wanted to revisit these areas as much for others as for myself. In the end I found something new and refreshing in these communities, a beauty I would wager I could not have found any other way but by leaving.
A: What do you have planned for the future?
KZ: I will be moving to Toronto at the end of the summer to continue my studies as a doctoral student at a joint York/Ryerson programme in Communication and Culture. While there I hope to explore some questions that arose out of the Out West project.
For more information on Kyler Zeleny's Out West and to purchase a copy of the book visit www.thevelvetcell.com/Out-West.
The Aesthetica Art Prize is open for entries. For more information and to submit visit www.aestheticamagazine.com/artprize.
1. Kyler Zeleny, Out West.
Follow us on Twitter @AestheticaMag for the latest news in contemporary art and culture.
Aesthetic Languages
BALTIC Curator of Exhibitions and Research, Alessandro Vincentelli, speaks about Jasmina Cibic's latest exhibition, This Machine Builds Nations.
Marilyn Monroe: A British Love Affair, NPG, London
Coinciding with the 50th anniversary of Marilyn Monroe's death, the National Portrait Gallery will focus on Monroe's connection to Britain in their new exhibition this September.
Interview with Aesthetica Art Prize Artist, Jordan L. Rodgers
Jordan L. Rodgers uses his cross-disciplinary way of working to bridge the gap between traditional drawing and drawing on the iPad. It is this approach combined with an infatuation for architecture that saw Rodgers longlisted.


Founded in 1945 the NASC membership now accounts for a significant share of the UK's total industry workload and is increasingly making its mark in Europe. Their members operate from locations throughout the UK. Access and Scaffolding is an important part of most contracts and both specifiers and contractors need to know they are receiving the highest quality of service. Consequently, many public and private organisations, and an increasing number of local authorities are now specifying that the Access providers they employ must be members of the NASC.


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Economy Economics
Jason Fernando
Jason Fernando is a professional investor and writer who enjoys tackling and communicating complex business and financial problems.
Suzanne Kvilhaug
Fact checked by Suzanne Kvilhaug
Suzanne is a researcher, writer, and fact-checker. She holds a Bachelor of Science in Finance degree from Bridgewater State University and has worked on print content for business owners, national brands, and major publications.
Race and Income Inequality
Gender and Income Inequality
Practical Look At Microeconomics
Understanding Income Inequality
Global Trade Guide
Guide to Economics
Guide to Inflation
What Is a Commercial Code?
A commercial code is a set of laws that regulates and facilitates commercial transactions. In the U.S, the Uniform Commercial Code sets out to provide a uniform set of standards that market participants can refer to when conducting business and resolving disputes.
A commercial code is a set of laws designed to regulate commerce.
Commercial codes can facilitate commerce by providing protocols for resolving common challenges and disputes.
In the U.S., a Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) has been adopted in all 50 states.
A central theme of the UCC is the resolution of contractual disputes, offering guidelines for the codification of concerns and advice on how to proceed if a contract is breached.
Understanding Commercial Codes
In the U.S., all 50 states have adopted a unified body of commercial law known as the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC). The UCC was developed in 1951 as the result of collaboration between the American Law Institute (ALI) and the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws (NCCUSL).
Examples of the kinds of questions addressed by a commercial code include: When does a contract become legally binding? How do we handle instances when money is transferred to the wrong party? And how do we prove ownership of assets?
The purpose of the UCC is to provide a set of standard statutes nationwide for the governance of commercial activities. Once a state enacts the UCC, it becomes codified in that state's laws. States can adopt the UCC in its original form, or they can modify it to better suit their local interests.
A central theme of the UCC is the resolution of contractual disputes, offering guidelines for the codification of concerns and advice on how to proceed if a contract is breached. Although the UCC covers a wide range of issues relating to commerce, it is principally concerned with transactions relating to personal property, as opposed to real estate. As such, its articles focus on subjects such as sales, leases, funds transfers, bank deposits and withdrawals, warehouse receipts, and documents of title.
The UCC has largely accomplished its goal of standardizing American commerce. All 50 states have enacted at least portions of the UCC, as have the territories of Guam, the District of Columbia, the Northern Mariana Islands, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico.
Some jurisdictions have not adopted all of the articles of the UCC, such as Louisiana, Puerto Rico, and the Navajo Nation. In the case of Louisiana and Puerto Rico, the modifications to the UCC concerned the preservation of traditional civil law statutes relating to leases and sales.
Commercial Code Example
Suppose you own a warehousing and trucking business. One of your truck drivers receives a bill of lading from a customer, specifying the nature and destination of the goods and authorizing your company to transport them. However, during a routine stop at a gas station, they discover that the bill of lading is missing, presumed stolen. Technically, you are not allowed to transport the goods without the bill of lading. Therefore, what do you do? Do you complete the delivery, or return the goods to your warehouse?
In section 7-601 of Article 7, the UCC provides guidance on what to do if a bill of lading has been lost, stolen, or destroyed. It states that a court can order the shipping company who lost possession of the bill of lading to complete the delivery of the goods even though that company is no longer in possession of the original bill of lading. Under these circumstances, the delivery company would be released from any liability associated with delivering goods without a bill of lading.
The UCC also states that, if a court order is not given, any company that completes delivery without a bill of lading will be liable for any personal injury that occurs during the delivery.
With these provisions in mind, you direct your driver to complete the delivery but to drive even more carefully than usual and to remember to lock their door the next time they stop for gas.
Uniform Law Commission. "Uniform Commercial Code." Accessed June 17, 2021.
Louisiana Secretary of State. "What Is Uniform Commercial Code?" Accessed June 17, 2021.
Gobierno de Puerto Rico, Departamento de Estado. "Commercial Transactions." Accessed June 17, 2021.
Navajo Nation Code. "Navajo Uniform Commercial Code," Pages 1-3. Accessed June 17, 2021.
Uniform Law Commission. "Proposed Revisions to Uniform Commercial Code, Article 7 - Documents of Title, " Page 77. Accessed June 17, 2021.
Uniform Consumer Credit Code (UCCC)
The Uniform Consumer Credit Code (UCCC) provides guidelines for laws related to the purchase and use of all types of credit products.
Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) Definition
The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) is a set of business laws that regulate financial contracts and transactions employed across different states.
Article 9 is an article under the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) that governs secured transactions.
Adhesion Contract
An adhesion contract refers to an agreement where one party has substantially more power than the other in creating the contract terms and conditions.
Statute of Frauds
The statute of frauds is a legal concept that stipulates that certain types of contracts must be executed in writing to be valid.
Uniform Partnership Act (UPA)
The Uniform Partnership Act (UPA) provides governance for business partnerships in several U.S. states.
The Role of Commercial Banks in the Economy
Costco vs. Sam's Club: What's the Difference?
Uber Driver Requirements: A Step-by-Step Guide
The $900 Billion Consolidated Appropriations Act Stimulus: What's in It, What's Not
How to File for a Tax Extension
The Impact of Ending the U.S. Embargo on Cuba


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Homelessness charity sees a rise in calls for help
Housing and homelessness charity Shelter is urgently appealing for support for its helpline, after receiving almost 63,000 calls from the south-east in the last year alone.
Sunday, 22nd November 2015, 6:31 pm
Delays continue following the serious collision
In the last year, the number of calls to the charity's free helpline from the south-east, which is part-funded by Marks & Spencer, has increased by 8,300 (15 per cent).
With the helpline struggling to meet demand, this includes many people ringing multiple times desperate to get through.
Shockingly, the charity said one in three of the calls answered came from people on the brink of homelessness who faced losing their home within a month.
This comes in the wake of previous analysis by Shelter, which revealed that almost 7,300 children in the region will be homeless this Christmas day.
As the shortage of affordable homes continues to take its toll and demand for the charity's services increases, Shelter is calling on the public to help them to be there for everyone who needs them this Christmas.
This year, the tenth anniversary of the partnership with Shelter, M&S will again donate five per cent of every sale of its Christmas 'Food on the Move' range directly to Shelter's helpline.
Nadeem Khan, a helpline adviser for Shelter, said: "Every day I speak to people who face losing something as important as the roof over their family's heads. Hearing the worry in a parent's voice doesn't get any easier, and sadly more and more people are coming to us every day, desperate for support.
"Without the money raised by Marks and Spencer's M&S customers, thousands of calls for help would go unanswered. It's heart-breaking to imagine someone facing homelessness with nowhere to turn, but the 'Food on the Move' range means that something as simple as buying lunch can help us to be there for everyone who needs us."
Mike Barry, Director of Plan A at M&S, said: "Our partnership with Shelter is hugely important to us, and we proud to play our part in supporting the fantastic work that the charity does. This year has particular significance, with it being a decade since our first fundraising campaign for Shelter, and the funds raised will clearly be as important as ever.
"At this time of year in particular, Shelter's work and M&S's support is vital. With many donations to the Shelter helpline coming through our Food on the Move range and coffee sales, every time a customer comes into store for lunch they are helping to ensure no-one has to fight bad housing or homelessness alone this Christmas."


This is the second post in a series on social media gift cultures. I am interested in how indigenous gift cultures can help us understand the psychological and motivational dynamics of online social sharing. The first post in the series, Social media as gift culture: the reputation game, used the Potlatch ceremony of native North Americans to reflect on the enticements and rewards of sharing online. Social sharing, I argued, involves a reputation game – a 'virtuous competition' premised on the free exchange of gifts. As in the Potlatch, social media prosumers seek to create value for their followers through 'gifts' in the form of posts, tweets, pins, shares, comments, vouches, etc. The more value they create, the more reputation they earn and the more support they stand to gain from their communities.
In sharing content online, we are playing a reputation game. The object of the game is not to beat other players but to challenge them to greater expressions of generosity. It is a battle of abundant spirits that contributes to the common good.
This is the first in a series of posts exploring the gift cultural dimensions of online social sharing. It builds on The Gift Shift and The Family History of Facebook, in which I introduced the idea of social media as a gift culture. It also represents a critical response to the position I developed in the Foucault and social media series, in which I used Foucault's idea of the Panopticon to explore the psychological effects of sharing in the presence of a crowd. The 'virtual Panopticon' idea is not wrong but it is incomplete. What it leaves out is the virtuous competition that takes place between participants in the open social space – a competition based in the free exchange of gifts.
It comes down to how we relate to our followers. If we feel alienated from them, or intimated by them, sharing in public can be difficult. We are uncomfortably aware that our content is tagged with an existential marker: 'I like it – it reflects my values and interests'. Like prisoners in a Panopticon, we can't help feeling that we are judged on the basis of our posts and shares, and it is hard to shake the sense that we need to prove ourselves in some way. If, on the other hand, we feel supported and empowered by our followers, sharing in public is a different experience. We feel like valued participants in a multi-player game. We feel able to make valid contributions to the mix – to add content that may be passed around and enjoyed, that enriches the social experience. The fact that the content of our posts and shares reflects personally on us becomes a positive thing. We want to be known for the things that we share. We affirm our right to step forth and lead the conversation. It is by leading that we develop a positive reputation.
Don't think of your followers as judges. Think of them as your tribe. Yes, they implicitly judge your contributions. Yet, for the most part, they value your gifts. Think of yourself as a tribal chief, competing for status in a virtual Potlatch. The crowd is there to witness your gifts, not to judge and condemn them. Your goal is to enrich your tribe with whatever gifts you have to offer.
Play the reputation game. Celebrate the virtual Potlatch and give.
The gift shift: what's social about social media?
If a picture's worth a thousand words, the cover art of the July 23rd issue of the New Yorker is a critical disquisition. A middle class family poses for a photo on a sunny tropical beach. Given that this is the New Yorker, we can assume that they are Americans citizens, perhaps in Hawaii or the Bahamas. Presumably they are on holiday. The point that is implied by the image is that, whoever and wherever they are, their attention is somewhere else. Instead of celebrating the moment and being together, they have their heads bent over their mobile phones, texting, tweeting, checking status updates… Who knows, perhaps they are checking the weather. Whatever they are doing, they are not engaging with one another.
This was originally posted on the Coalition blog on 10 October, 2011.
Why are people occupying Wall Street? The US political elite and mainstream media don't know what to make of it. 'Anti-capitalist and unAmerican', says Republican presidential candidate Herman Cain, echoing the sentiments of the conservative left and political right. The mainstream commentariat, when it dares to peer closer, paints an unflattering picture of disaffected, disorganized youth, milling about Liberty Square without a shower or a set of policy demands to level at the administration.
Meanwhile the occupation grows day by day.
If camp in Manhattan makes the doyens of the status quo feel nervous, the explosion of Occupy Together events across the US last weekend will have sent anxiety levels through the roof. There were 'Occupy' camps in 70 cities across the nation last weekend. More events are planned for the coming days and weeks in the US and other countries.
Political leaders must be wondering what is going on. ('Who are these kids? Would they vote for me?') To be fair, it is difficult to say exactly what the the protesters want. They have no single message or identity. They represent, they say, the 99% who are excluded by the standing political and economic system. They say that the top 1% of the US population owns 40% of the wealth. The way the movement has accelerated seems to follow the pattern set in Egypt and elsewhere in the Arab world earlier this year: a contingent of dissidents occupy public space; footage of their mistreatment by police is spread via Facebook and Twitter; this consolidates the sense of injustice and inequality that inspired their actions in the first place.
This is the final instalment in a three-part series on social media and 'subjectivation' (Michel Foucault's term for the self-construction of identity). Part one discusses how the open commons ideal of social media creates a 'virtual Panopticon' effect that impacts on the psychology of users. I argue that the awareness of being watched and implicitly judged by the material we post online (including likes, shares, and comments) leads us to unconsciously aspire to please and/or impress a certain crowd, and to select content accordingly.
Part two deepens the analysis by reflecting on author Peggy Orenstein's experience of Twitter. Orenstein's awareness of the crowd spurred her to work even harder to craft a positive identity. This reflects a common response on the part of social media prosumers. Users who are able to channel and utilize the anxiety produced by the virtual Panopticon seize on the positive aspects of their identity and amplify them to the nth degree. This is what I call 'creative self-affirmation'.
Forget Farmville and World of Warcraft. Creative self-affirmation is the most popular game online. We play this game whenever we select material to share with friends or craft messages to frame our posts. The name of the game is to present oneself, via one's tweets, posts, likes, comments, and shares, in the light in which one aspires to be viewed. This essentially amounts to affirming the things that one loves in such a way that the love one brings to the world is reflected in one's online activity. The rules of the game are simple:  share only what you love or what resonates with you;  pay attention to the feedback you receive from the crowd and modify your posts accordingly;  don't stray too far from the truth. Be creative but don't be phoney.
This last point is crucial. It is easy to fabricate an identity online. We do this when we create avatars on SecondLife or player characters in World of Warcraft. We create fictional personas drawn from our dreams and imaginings – personas that may have little or no connection with our real world self. Creative self-affirmation is different. Instead of fabricating an identity, it involves creatively affirming key aspects of your person – those aspects that you consider valuable, virtuous and beautiful – while editing out your weaknesses and deficiencies.
'I sent this – it is part of my work. You shall know me by my works'.
Part two continues the Foucaultian interrogation of social media looking at Foucault's concept of subjectivation. I argue for a playful approach to life in the virtual Panopticon. Social media shapes us, so why shouldn't we engage this process in a creative way? Indeed, we can and do use social media as a vehicle for creative self-development.
'Never stop sculpting your own statue', the ancient philosopher Plotinus said. Latter-day Foucaultians are recovering this teaching in an age of social media. We are crafting our selves online in the engagement with crowds.
Peggy Orenstein came late to Twitter. Orenstein was sceptical at first when her publisher suggested she use Twitter to promote her book, Cinderella Ate My Daughter. She wasn't fond of the gossip and celebrity culture and the trivial nature of much of what passed as content in the Twittersphere. Orenstein knew, however, that a ready tribe of tweeps is an essential part of the contemporary writer's guerilla marketing toolkit. She succumbed to pressure and signed up.
Orenstein approached her Twitter experiment with the studious detachment of the field anthropologist. I imagine this is why she noticed how Twitter was changing her.
Tweeting, it turned out, was more fun than she had expected. It was addictive. In an article on her experience published in the New York Times, 'I Tweet, Therefore I Am', Orenstein describes how using Twitter redefined her experience of life and self. There was nothing covert or oppressive about this transformation. Orenstein was a willing participant in her own subjectivation.


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You are at:Home»Outside the wire»This week in Army Times print edition: Genital injury compensation… Grooming rules… and $150K re-up bonuses
This week in Army Times print edition: Genital injury compensation… Grooming rules… and $150K re-up bonuses
By Kathleen Curthoys on	 April 9, 2012 Outside the wire
$50,000 for your junk — and what your other parts are worth
The Army has updated a program to compensate soldiers for their injuries, adding genital injuries to the list of "anatomical losses" that qualify both male and female soldiers for payment.
Also, payments are no longer restricted to injuries from service in Iraq or Afghanistan. The Traumatic Servicemembers' Group Life Insurance program can now compensate for injuries "any time, anywhere," an Army official says.
Genital losses qualify soldiers for $50,000 in compensation. Losing all four limbs will qualify soldiers for the maximum payout of $100,000.
To see more, including what your other body parts are worth, go to the story in Army Times this week.
New rules on appearance for every soldier, on duty and off
Tough new rules for how soldiers dress and groom themselves are on the way, covering everything from civilian attire to haircuts and tattoos.
Most of the rules are restrictive, but one of them gives soldiers an option they've never had before: umbrellas.
Senior leaders are putting the finishing touches on the 17 new rules that include shorter sideburns, limits on tattoos and piercings, and a ban on smoking or using cell phones while walking.
Soldiers may face punishment under the Uniform Code of Military Justice if they break the rules.
Find out all the details in this week's Army Times, on newsstands now.
NCOs with critical skills can get up to $150K to re-enlist
Noncommissioned officers in several priority specialties are eligible for a new round of big-bucks incentives to stay in uniform.
As of this month, lump-sum payments up to $150,000 will go to sergeants first class and above in targeted specialties. The bonuses generally are tax-free if paid in a combat zone.
For all the details and the rules, see Army Times.
Kathleen Curthoys
Fox football pregame to feature Fort Benning
'Enlisted' creator heads back to Fox with 'Big'


To test hardware installation automatically via jenkins or simply from nosetests we need hardware driver to devops library (https://github.com/Mirantis/devops).
It should be able at least to start/stop/reset node(via IPMI), mount iso image(via PXE for example).
mihgen - what's the status on this effort?
teran - https://github.com/Mirantis/devops/pull/24 -- the current code for this blueprint.


The Pomona College Department of Music annually offers a number of prizes and awards to students based upon academic and musical excellence. Recent winners are listed below. Earlier information is available by emailing Pomona College Archives Office.


USTA Texas' National Junior Tennis and Learning programs have been working hard on their artwork this year. Entries nearly tripled for this year's third annual NJTL Art Contest, coming from NJTL Chapters all over Texas.
The full list of winners for each division are listed below. You can view the winning submission by clicking on the entrant's name.
The competition was open to all residents of Texas who were under the age of 18 and active in their local NJTL chapter. ADVERTISEMENT The theme of this year's competition was to showcase when tennis makes them happiest. This contest helps participants in preparation for the upcoming USTA Foundation Essay Contest where players use experiences through tennis to tell a story.
Our grand prize winner this year is Mauricia Gallegos from Tennis Success in Corpus Christi. Mauricia has been chosen to receive four (4) tickets to this year's U.S. Men's Clay Court Championship in Houston. She will be conducting the coin toss for the final match on Sunday, April 16th at River Oaks Country Club in Houston. Thank you to everyone who participated and congratulations to our winners.
The NJTL program was established in 1969, with the mission to develop the character of young people through participation in tennis. The theme of this year's competition was to showcase when tennis makes them happiest.


We're fans, just like you! In order to provide customers with the best experience possible, we hire associates who share the same passion for sports as our patrons. We encourage our associates to show their team spirit, so customers feel welcome to strike up a conversation about their favorite team, the latest game or even their favorite rivalry! We want to be more than just another sports store, and our associates help us stand apart from the competition.
At Rally House, we understand that when our associates feel valued, they operate at their best and maximize their talents to benefit both themselves and the company. We offer our associates a competitive benefits package. Click below for more information.
Not only does Rally House have team spirit for the sports teams we promote, we also have team spirit for our associates! This affords us the ability to promote from within and help associates develop their careers.
At a time when other retail companies are scaling back, Rally House continues to open new stores! Our leaders are committed to growing!
We offer the flexibility in schedules that employees need.
Rally House offers an array of benefits that range from medical insurance to a very attractive employee discount.
Rally House offers competitive wages that reward performance.


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Q: How can I download a file from an S3 bucket after I SSH to a remote machine/edge node to a particular path in the same remote machine? I am relatively new to Airflow and am trying to solve a particular problem.
I wanted to know how I could download my file residing in an S3 bucket after SSH to a remote machine/client through the SSHOperator.
Can I simply use some bash script (I have tried this using the S3 URL, but it does not work)? or are there any operators available within airflow to perform this operation as part of my DAG? I tried the PythonOperator, but it seems to work only when I specify a local file path (in the op_kwargs dictionary).
Below is my sample Airflow code; any help will be highly appreciated.
# command to execute on remote
download_file_cmd = 'rm -rf airflow_pipeline && mkdir -p airflow_pipeline && cd airflow_pipeline'

download_to_edge_node = SSHOperator(
    task_id='download_file_to_edge_node',
    ssh_conn_id='itversity',
    command=download_file_cmd,
    dag=dag
)

task_download_from_s3 = PythonOperator(
    task_id='download_file_from_s3',
    python_callable=download_from_s3,
    op_kwargs={
        'key': 'orders.csv',
        'bucket_name': 'airflow-pipeline-files',
        'local_path': '/home/danish/test'
    }
)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


"Decision Model for Selection of a Senior Program Manager for Rovi Corp" by Asem Alluhibi, Fannie Black et al.
This report presents research conducted on developing a systematic decision making process for Rovi Corporation (Rovi) to select the best candidate for their vacant senior program manager position. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is used as the main methodology, which resulted in a four-level hierarchical decision model (HDM) composed of the qualifications and requirements of the senior program manager. Management staff at Rovi verified all elements of each level in the HDM. An expert panel at Rovi was used to weight the criteria in the HDM, and the research team weighted the candidates based on their resumes. The candidate with the highest amount of contribution to the goal is presented in the results. This report concludes with a comparison between the research team's recommendation and Rovi's selected candidate.
Alluhibi, Asem; Black, Fannie; Jahromi, Shabnam Razeghian; Pakdeekasem, Pinprapa; and Trolese, Alex, "Decision Model for Selection of a Senior Program Manager for Rovi Corporation" (2012). Engineering and Technology Management Student Projects. 543.


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Abū ʿAbdullāh ʿUbaydullāh ibn Muḥammad ibn Baṭṭah al-ʿUkbarī al-Ḥanbalī
Written by troid.org admin on 05 June 2007 . Posted in ...Those Who Followed
A biography of the writer of al-Ibānah al-Kubrā, the work containing the creed of Ahl al-Sunnah wa-al-Jamāʿah.
I have loved the Ḥanbalīs since the day I saw Abū ʿAbdullāh ibn Baṭṭah.
The Imām, the Ḥadīth Master (Ḥāfiẓ), the Ḥanbalī Legal Jurist (Faqīh), the devout worshipper and ascetic. He was born in the year 304H in Ukbaraa, a land close to Baghdād, and died in the year 387H. His father was a Faqīh and it was under his auspices that he began his studies and he often reports from him in his books. He was sent to Baghdād to study ḥadīth while still young, then he travelled to various lands such as Shaam, Baṣrah, Makkah and Thagur studying under a host of the leading scholars of his time and excelled in ʿaqīdah, ḥadīth and fiqh.
He heard from the likes of Abū al-Qāsim al-Baghawī, Abū Dharr al-Bāghandī, Abū Bakr ibn Ziyād an-Naisabooree, Ismaa`eel al-Warraaq, al-Qaadee al-Mahaamalee, Muḥammad ibn Mukhlid, Abū Ṭālib Aḥmad ibn Naṣr al-Ḥāfiẓ, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Thābit al-Ukbaree, ʿAlī ibn Abī al-Aqab, Aḥmad ibn Ubaid as-Saffaar, ibn Saa`id and others.
A group of the scholars narrated from him such as Abū al-Fath ibn Abī al-Fawaaris, Abū Nu`aym al-Aṣbahānī, ʿUbaydullāh al-Azharee, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz al-Azjee, and Abū Ishāq al-Barmakee, Abū Muḥammad al-Jawharee, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn ʿĪsá as-Sa`see and others. He has been praised by more than one Imām and was famous for enjoining the good and forbidding the evil. [Ibn Kathīr, 'al-Bidāyah wa al-Nihāyah' (11/368-369); ibn Hajr, 'Lisān al-Mīzān' (4/133+); al-Dhahabī, 'Siyar' (16/529-533)]
Al-Khatīb al-Baghdādī said: Abū Haamid ad-Dawlee narrated to me that when ibn Baṭṭah returned from his travels he confined himself to his house for forty years [only rarely going out]. He was not seen in the market place and neither was he seen breaking fast except on the day of Eed. He used to enjoin the good and not a single bad narration [concerning people] would reach him except that he put it in a better light." [Ibid and al-Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī, 'Taareekh Baghdād' (10/372)]
ʿAbd al-Wāḥid ibn ʿAlī al-Ukbaree said, "I have not seen any of the scholars from the Ashaabul Ḥadīth or other than them having a better disposition and mannerism than ibn Baṭṭah" [al-Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī, 'Taareekh Baghdād' (10/372)]
Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad al-ʿAtīqee said, "Ibn Baṭṭah was a righteous Shaykh, one whose supplications were answered." [Ibn al-Jawzī, 'al-Muntadhim' (7/194)]
Abū al-Fath al-Qawwaas said: I mentioned the knowledge and asceticism of ibn Baṭṭah to Abū Saʿīd al-Ismaa`eelee and so he went to him. When he returned he commented, "his [knowledge and ascetism] is beyond description." [Al-Asqʿalánee, 'Lisān al-Mīzān' (4/134)]
Abū Mas`ud Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad al-Bajlee, the Ḥāfiẓ said, "I have loved the Ḥanbalīs since the day I saw Abū ʿAbdullāh ibn Baṭṭah." [Ibn Abī Ya`lā, 'Tabaqaatul Hanaabilā' (2/145)]
Ibn al-Amaad said, "the great Imām, the Ḥāfiẓ, ibn Baṭṭah, the Ḥanbalee Faqīh and righteous servant." [Ibn al-Amaad, 'Shadharaat adh-Dhahab' (3/122)]
However in the field of ḥadīth he has been criticised for his lack of precision although in and of himself he is regarded to be truthful (sadooq). It is important to note that the scholars of ḥadīth have cleared him of the possibility of fabricating. [Al-Dhahabī, 'al-Mughnī fī ad-Du`afaa' (2/417), 'al-Uluw' (2/417), 'Siyar' (16/529-533); al-Ṣuyutī, 'al-Lā`ee' (1/85) and others; a defense of him against a number of criticisms levelled against him can be found in ibn al-Jawzī, 'al-Muntadhim' (7/194+) and al-Mu`allamee, 'at-Tankeel' (pp. 561-571)]
At this point it is necessary to mention that the People of Innovation have capitalised on a statement concerning this great Imām made by al-Ḥāfiẓ ibn Hajr al-Asqʿalánee, may Allāh have mercy upon him. Using this statement they have attempted to declare this Imām a fabricator and liar, may Allāh forgive them and us.
Ibn Hajr in his notice of ibn Baṭṭah begins by declaring him an Imām and then proceeds to criticise him for his lack of precision in narration. He quotes the words of al-ʿAtīqee about him that "despite his lack of precision [in narrating] he was an Imām in the Sunnah and an Imām in fiqh, possessor of miraculous events and one whose supplications were answered, may Allāh be pleased with him."
He then proceeds to mention a munkar narration concerning the Attributes of Allāh and after identifying ibn Baṭṭah as being the source of this narration [although his being the culprit is differed over by the Scholars of Ḥadīth], ibn Hajr comments, "and I do not know what I should say about ibn Baṭṭah after this."
It should be noted here that if ibn Hajr thought ibn Baṭṭah to be a liar or fabricator it would have been necessary for him to mention this clearly, for the likes of this Ḥāfiẓ could not possibly remain silent on such an issue.
Furthermore, al-Ṣuyutī may Allāh have mercy upon him, further clarifies ibn Hajr's position on him. He says, after quoting the above-mentioned words of ibn Hajr, "I saw in the handwriting of ibn Hajr in his notes to 'Mukhtasar al-Mawdoo`aat' of ibn Darbaas [concerning this ḥadīth], "…this bāṭil addition that occurs at the end of it is not present here and so it is clear that it occurs due to the poor memory of ibn Baṭṭah."
So in this narration ibn Hajr explicitly clears ibn Baṭṭah of intentional fabrication and hence his stance on him falls in line with the majority of Ḥadīth Masters. Allāh knows best.
[ibn Hajr al-Asqʿalánee, 'Lisān al-Mīzān' (4/134); al-Ṣuyutī, 'al-Lā`ee al-Masnoo`ah' (1/75)]
His books concerning Aqīdah that have been published are 'al-Ibānah al-Kubraa' in seven volumes with the tahqeeq of Yusuf ibn ʿAbdullāh al-Waabil and 'al-Sharḥ wal-Ibānah' with the tahqeeq of Dr. Ridaa Nu`saan. May Allāh have mercy upon him.
Those who followed them...
Abu Abdullaah `Ubaidullaah bin Muhammad bin Battah al-`Ukbaree al-Hanbalee
Tags: Biographies