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World perspectives: Revolution and counter revolution – Who stands to gain?
Posted byIndependent Socialist Group October 20, 2020 Posted inNews & Analysis
This article was originally published on socialistworld.net, the website of the Committee for a Workers' International, on October 8th, 2020.
More than six months of the global COVID pandemic and global crisis have exposed everything that is rotten in this era of capitalist decline. Global capitalism is in a putrefying prolonged death agony, which is inflicting misery on millions of people on a scale not seen for an entire historical era. Humankind's productive forces stagnate, and the technological leaps forward made in recent years are failing to raise the material wealth of the mass of the global population. The environmental crisis, reflected in recent fires and floods, is causing additional suffering and dislocation. Internationally, in most countries, an economic, political, and social crisis not witnessed since the 1930s is unfolding at breakneck speed. The horrific consequences of these crises have demonstrated the crucial necessity for the working class to build mass socialist parties that offer an alternative to capitalism in a decadent era of decline. "The world political situation as a whole is chiefly characterized by a historical crisis of the leadership of the proletariat," wrote Leon Trotsky in 1938. Words that are very apposite to the situation we face today.
The leaderships of the former social-democratic and 'communist' parties have embraced capitalism. Those donning the mask of the 'left' in the leadership of the newer organisations, like PODEMOS, Die Linke, Left Block or Momentum, and the Corbynistas, have tail-ended them and adapted to capitalism. They fail to pose even the idea that a socialist alternative is possible. In most countries, the majority of the trade union bureaucracy, even those on the left, have placed themselves in quarantine and have failed to lead a serious struggle to defend workers and the oppressed. The more the crisis has intensified, the further to the right the "left" leaders have moved to accommodate and manage capitalism and buckled to the pressure of calling for 'national unity'.
The need to build new mass parties and revolutionary parties of workers and youth with a socialist programme and to transform the trade unions into combative fighting organisations is now globally an urgent historical task for the working class. The bitter class divisions opening up in society, and increasing polarization taking place within and between nations, reveals that these tasks are posed more acutely with each passing day. This is demonstrated by the electric events unfolding in the run-up to the US Presidential elections and the devastating crisis breaking in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The absence of such organisations of the working class has left a vacuum. In some countries, this has allowed the populist right and far-right to partially step in, along with increasingly authoritarian measures being introduced by numerous governments, which pose a serious threat to the oppressed. The massive polarisation and upheavals taking place are posing the question of which forces will gain from it.
It is necessary for Marxists and activists in the workers' movement to assess through which stage we are passing in the crisis and class struggle, and, at the same time, have an accurate assessment of the nature of the right-wing forces which are developing in many countries. This is essential in order to prepare for active intervention in the coming upheavals and class battles which are pending, in order to assist workers and the oppressed to draw the conclusions of how capitalism and the ruling class can be defeated.
Capitalism in deepest crisis since the 1930s
Capitalism is faced with its deepest crisis since the 1930s. The "great accelerator", COVID, has speeded up all of the economic features which were present in the world economy prior to the onset of the pandemic. In the neo-colonial world, especially Latin America and Africa, a debt crisis is currently unfolding. It has led the president of the World Bank to call on the Chinese state-owned banks and lenders to join in a debt rescheduling for these countries. They may be prepared to reschedule debt repayment for a period but they will not totally write them off. Japan, the third-largest imperialist power is gripped by an economic crisis. Some capitalist economists raised the spectre of the UK facing its deepest economic contraction for 300 years. They have recently consoled themselves that it will only be the worst recession since 1918! A similar situation, only worse, exists in the USA. Although officially the unemployment rate has not yet hit the highest levels anticipated, it remains catastrophic. Of the twenty million jobs lost during the pandemic only 11 million new ones have been "created". The Federal government figure of 12.6 million being out of work in September grossly underestimates the reality of the situation due to how the statistics are compiled.
There is no likely prospect in the immediate future of a return even to the ephemeral growth which eventually followed the 2007-08 crash. The economy never returned to its pre-crash levels of employment, real living standards, homeownership, or business investment as a percentage of the GDP. In the five years running up to the pandemic, the growth which did take place in the US economy was mainly driven by consumer spending and expanding debt. This is not going to be repeated in the 2020s following this crash and deep recession/depression which now exists. We correctly discounted a 'V-shaped' recovery.
The pandemic has devastated the global market for many advanced goods in which the US excels. The most glaring example is the civil aviation industry which depends on worldwide demand. This is currently dead as most planes remain grounded. Construction of offices is virtually stagnant and will remain so as increasing numbers of office workers work from home. The limited growth after the 2007-2008 crash was not in the purchasing of goods but more in the production and consumption of services. The growth in jobs was most pronounced in bars, restaurants, hotels, and other areas of the service sector. A large part of this is being wiped out by the pandemic and will not simply return. It is estimated that the number of US citizens who will be "food insecure" in 2020 will rise to 54 million.
The unprecedented stimulus packages which have been introduced globally by capitalism have failed to resolve the crisis. The reversion to Keynesian-type methods has, thus far, prevented a more catastrophic collapse from taking place in the global economy. However, they have failed to resolve the recession and depression in most countries revealing the limitations of Keynesianism. Global capitalism in the 2020s is poised to stumble from one crisis to the next like a drunk staggering down the street.
Turmoil on every continent
The economic crisis and consequences of the pandemic have produced turmoil on every continent. It is especially pronounced in the USA where developments are already shaping world events. At the same time, the crisis has provoked convulsions in the neo-colonial world. The process of de-globalisation which is taking place has resulted in an increase in tensions and the outbreak of a series of conflicts between the main imperialist powers, and also between different countries and regional blocks. They illustrate how unstable capitalism has become. The clash between China and US imperialism will not be resolved following the US elections. Indeed, Biden has denounced Trump for being "too soft" on both China and Russia. The tensions between China and India over Kashmir continue to flare up. Putin has asserted Russia's international interventions but with growing opposition at home. The clash between Turkey and Greece, backed by France, over gas reserves poses the prospect of two NATO powers being in a military conflict. Now the clash between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the disputed territory of Nagorno-Karabakh threatens to draw in Russia, Turkey, and Iran. Tensions within the EU continue which can lead to its breakup or reconfiguration, with the prospect of a no-deal Brexit threatening to aggravate tensions further in the short term.
The economic and COVID crisis has also sharpened the national question in a series of countries. The surge in support for independence in Scotland is a reflection of this process. It has also seen increased support for independence in Catalonia. The Hindu nationalist agenda being pursued by Modi in India is strengthening nationalist sentiment in Tamil Nadu and other states. In Africa, in some countries like Libya, Ethiopia, and Cameroon, there is a tendency towards break-up taking place. In Nigeria and some other countries, national and religious forces have gained strength, especially where the working class has not posed an alternative. Within other nations, a series of conflicts have developed during the crisis. The Spanish government is in conflict with Madrid over the handling of the crisis, and Macron in France is in conflict with Marseille and other regions. The centrifugal tendency for some of the states in the US to act in opposition to Washington is likely to increase should Trump hunker down and remain in the White House.
Class battles and uprisings
We have already seen big class battles erupt, and even multiple uprisings break out, in a series of countries as a consequence of the health and economic crisis. In others, like France and the US, smaller but significant strike movements have taken place. The tremendously inspiring unified uprising in Lebanon has continued for twelve months. Lebanon faces economic bankruptcy and recurring crisis. The mass mobilization against the ruling class, corruption, the banks, sectarianism, and the sectarian political leaders illustrates the processes of revolution at work. The ongoing movement in Belarus against the Lukashenko regime, the general strikes and mass demonstrations in Bolivia, Ecuador, Algeria, Iraq, and Hong Kong, together with the unprecedented youth protests in Thailand, and strikes and demonstrations in Iran, illustrate the nature of the period that we are now in, and the demand for change and end to the system as it is. The social uprisings of the BLM movement, in particular in the US, Britain, and elsewhere, were also a part of this process.
The bigger mass movements and revolts that have emerged developed spontaneously from below, in the main lacked organization by the proletariat, and are marked by the absence of any mass parties of the working class. They have often raised the demand for 'revolution' or removal from power of the existing regimes. They have largely been marked by a sharp class polarization and demand for change, greater equality, and democracy but without a rounded-out socialist programme for overthrowing capitalism. The spontaneous character of the movements in many of the countries where they have taken place allowed them to go forward for a period. Often, the reformist or Stalinist organisations were not in the leadership to act as a brake on them. This, of course, will not always be the case in future movements and social explosions. The spontaneous character they have assumed has, in that sense, been for a period the strength of these movements. This was reflected in the general strike in Bolivia, in which the leadership of the trade unions and social movements were forced to convene because of the mass pressure from below. However, this massive movement was called off by the leadership and a rotten compromise reached, rather than taking the movement forward and allowing the working class and masses to take power into their own hands.
However, these struggles have now also demonstrated the limits of a spontaneous movement. The lack of an organization or party with a clear programme and strategy to advance and overthrow the ruling regimes, and replace them with a workers' democracy and a revolutionary socialist programme, is now acting as a major obstacle that needs to be overcome. This weakness poses a threat to these revolutionary upheavals.
The lack of a social base of the regimes where these movements have erupted points towards such upheavals being drawn out over a relatively lengthy period of time. Inevitable ebbs and flows in the mass movement will take place. The movements can become exhausted and tire over a period. This can allow a decrepit regime to cling on to power for a time. Alternatively, power can be passed to "new governments" or regimes in cosmetic acts of window-dressing where little changes other than allowing the ruling class to win time. In Hong Kong, despite some continuing protests, the Chinese regime is step-by-step strengthening its grip and ratcheting up repression.
In Lebanon, there was an attempt to cobble together a new government headed by Mustapha Adib in August. It was intended as a government of "consensus". A former diplomat and ambassador to Germany, Adib, initially had the backing of all the existing sectarian political parties in Lebanon ('Plus ça change, plus c'est la même chose'). However, reflecting the explosive situation, he was forced to step down. Macron's "reconstruction" initiative has failed to come to fruition. In Mali, in August, the military stepped in, with some popular support, following months of protest against the Keita government. But almost immediately the question of the character of the transitional government arose, especially the role of the military. A similar development took place in Sudan, last year, where protests took place in August on the first anniversary of the transitional government.
It would be a mistake to think that spontaneous mass movements and struggles – or even mass anger and pressure – without leadership and rounded-out coherent programme, have no effect. They can compel the ruling class to make some concessions for a period. This can have a crucial effect in boosting the confidence and mood of workers and youth in struggle. In Britain, Johnson was forced into 11 U-turns in 8 months! More than enough to have brought the government crashing down if a fighting political opposition existed, rather than the new right-wing Labour JParty leadership led by Keir Starmer. In Chile, following the mass movement, the Piñera regime has been compelled to concede a referendum on changing the constitution, albeit on a fraudulent, undemocratic basis, and also allow workers to withdraw 25% of monies paid into their pension fund. These demands were originally implacably opposed by his regime. In some situations, spontaneous mass uprisings can overthrow the existing regimes but then the question is starkly posed: what next? This is illustrated in the uprising in Kyrgyzstan. Without consolidating power into the hands of the working class and breaking the grip of the ruling class, capitalist counter-revolution can develop. This was illustrated by the events which unfolded in Portugal following the revolution in 1974.
Modern Monetarist Theory not an alternative
Concessions or U-turns by the ruling class can embolden the mass movement under certain conditions, especially when it is in the ascendancy. However, in this era of capitalist death agony, we are not in a period of sustained reforms being possible. This is something that the 'new left' supporters of 'Modern Monetarist Theory' (MMT), like American economist, Stephanie Kelton, fail to grasp. Like the leaders of the 'new left' parties, they remain imprisoned within the confines of capitalist thought. They fail to even pose the idea that an entirely different social and economic system – socialism – is possible, as even the old-style reformists and social democrats did in the past. They dream of a return to the golden-era of capitalist boom and upswing, which belongs to a bygone age. In defining MMT in an interview with 'The Intercept' in March 2020, Kelton argued, "Well, in fact, MMT is almost an entirely descriptive project… But MMT is mostly about helping people get a better understanding of the nature of the monetary system we have today… We don't have fixed exchange rates and how can we best take advantage of the monetary system of the policy space to build a better economy? That's essentially what MMT is about". In other words, manage capitalism better! In practice, it means managing misery. Any programme that will be in the interests of the working class will meet the resistance and sabotage of the markets and capitalism.
The role of the trade unions and building fighting oppositions
As the economic and health crisis has deepened, most of the 'left', including the 'left' intelligentsia and trade union leadership has been driven further to the right into the arms of the capitalist class. The appearance of the General Secretary of the TUC on the steps of 11 Downing Street in London – the residence of the British finance minister –parading together with the Conservative chancellor and the leader of the employers' organization, the CBI, supporting government economic policy, graphically illustrated this.
In Nigeria, the trade union leadership recently called off the general strike against the increase in fuel (PMS) and electricity prices. They signed a document that accepted "the dire financial circumstances of the federation that precludes any ability to sustain any subsidy on PMS and thus makes the deregulation of the PMS inevitable". The draconian labour laws introduced by Modi in India and other attacks on workers' rights have not been fought against by the trade union bureaucracy or the CPI and CPI(M). Their call for a general strike will not, as usual, be followed up with meaningful campaigning. In Spain, the PSOE/PODEMOS government has been propped up by the CCOO and UGT bureaucracy.
Under pressure from the working class, some sections of the trade union bureaucracy can be compelled to organize some action, as we have seen recently in Germany, South Africa, and Ireland. In Austria, the crisis and wave of redundancies have sparked off protests, which could lead to strikes and even occupations. However, the rotten role played by the majority of the trade union bureaucracy during this crisis has been a brake on the development of bigger workers' movements and has allowed the employers and ruling class to go on the offensive and attack workers' rights and conditions. This highlights the need to struggle in the workplaces to mobilise workers in struggle to transform the trade unions into fighting, combative organisations. This is a crucial task in this crisis, in which the CWI and others can play an important role in assisting, as illustrated by the work of the NSSN in England, Wales, and Scotland.
The launching by the far-right VOX in the Spanish state of a 'trade union' denouncing the existing unions as being tools of the government is a warning, although it is uncertain this will get much of an echo. The far right-wing paramilitary, RSS, in India, controls one of the largest trade union organisations, the Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS). These warnings underline the importance of building fighting opposition groups in the trade unions. Where this is blocked, other initiatives to organize workers who want to struggle may be necessary.
US – a harbinger for the 2020s
The economic, social, and political eruptions taking place in the US are a harbinger for the class and social upheavals that will rock every continent and country in the 2020s. The events in the most powerful imperialist country are having pronounced effects internationally and will shape world events in the coming period along with developments in China. The most polarized presidential election for decades is currently taking place against the background of clashes, including armed clashes, in a number of states. The political earthquake taking place with a high level of social and class polarization includes elements of civil war, which will not be resolved whoever wins the election. The election has been thrown into turmoil as a result of Trump contracting COVID-19. Numerous twists and turns, constitutional crises and battles, are set to take place. Should Trump not have recovered from the virus further turmoil and upheaval are certain.
The US capitalist class, in the main, wants Trump out. They are mobilizing their forces to try and ensure he is defeated. The leaking of his tax returns, the declaration by hundreds of retired generals in support of Biden, and the attacks on him in the media are all indications of this. The national polls point to his defeat. However, a Biden victory remains far from certain, at this stage. The narrow lead for Biden in many swing states, the weakness of Biden's campaign and programme, and the totally undemocratic nature of the Electoral College election system all mean that a second term for Trump cannot be excluded.
Moreover, the unprecedented declarations and actions of Trump and his machine, that he may not accept the result and refuse to accept defeat, mean that a contested result could erupt into a massive social conflict including armed clashes. In the bitter presidential debate, Trump's refusal to condemn white supremacists and urging the militia 'Proud Boys' to "stand back and stand by", indicate that he is preparing to make a fight of it. Trump clearly has a 'game plan' to contest the result: challenging mail-in ballots, the use of voter suppression, passing the election of Electoral College delegates from the popular vote to state legislatures or governors, and ultimately passing the election of the President to Congress.
Trump's dash to get the Supreme Court vacancy filled by the arch-reactionary, Amy Coney Barrett, is part of his schema. It has also been set back by the contraction of COVID-19 by three Republican senators. Votes in the Senate have to be in person, meaning Trump has lost a majority to force through the nomination unless the Senate rules are changed.
Whether Trump can get away with his game plan to stay in power is another question but, should Trump attempt it, a massively polarized situation and conflict are likely to erupt. The majority of the ruling class is desperate to avoid this and may resort to using sections of the state to oust Trump, if necessary. A section of the Republican Party has come out against Trump and fears a backlash. Should Trump move in this direction, there will be a ferocious reaction against him and the Republican Party, deepening the polarization which already exists.
Incredibly, Biden raised the spectre of the army being mobilized to escort Trump from the White House. The chairman of the Chiefs of Staff responded by saying it would not be their responsibility to do this but that of the security services or police marshals! The drama being played out in this election makes the presidency of Francis Underwood in 'Houses Of Cards seem like a model of calm, consensual, honest government!
Should events move in this direction it will provoke massive upheavals within the US, including armed clashes and the possible invoking of the Anti-Insurgency Act and deployment of the army. Pro-Trump right-wing militias have emerged in a number of states – with the nod or tweet of approval by Trump.
Such militias have existed before in the US. Prior to Obama's election, it was estimated that up to fifty were in existence. Following Obama's election, the number rose to more than 200. Today even more have been formed. In response to these and the brutal killings by the police more recently, black militias have also been formed, like the 'Minnesota Freedom Fighters', who see their role as "defending the community".
The impact of such developments would be felt internationally and enormously damage the credibility of US imperialism, especially in the neo-colonial world. However, this is the nature of the period that we have now entered.
The objective situation in the US is crying out for the formation of a new mass workers' party. The capitulation of Sanders to the Democratic Party, and his refusal to take the steps necessary to form such a party, in 2016, was a lost opportunity. The deepened social and economic crisis since then makes this task even more urgent now. An independent party of the working class would win the support of millions today. More than 50% of young people in the US now view the idea of socialism favourably. This represents a sea change in US society, even if many will not yet grasp fully what socialism is. Whereas in the past socialism was a "conversation stopper", today it is a "conversation starter", as Howie Hawkins, the Green Party candidate in the presidential elections, put it.
The understandable sentiment of millions to get Trump out and a mood of 'lesser evilism' in the elections will inevitably lead to a squeezing of the vote potential for Howie Hawkins' campaign. But the need for a mass workers' party in the US will be posed even more acutely post-election, whoever wins the presidency. Some of the forces drawn to Hawkins' campaign, along with others, especially rank-and-file trade unionists and activists from BLM, could become a point of reference for a campaign to build a new workers' party after the election.
The character of the populist and far-right
The polarization within US society and the absence of a mass workers' party pose important questions of international significance about the nature of the right-wing forces which have emerged around Trump. This is part of an international process taking place in many countries. The desperate social conditions which have emerged and the absence of a mass socialist alternative have left a vacuum. The far-right and populist right in some countries have made significant inroads and increased support, mainly electorally. It is important to distinguish between the populist right parties, such as Forza Italia, in Italy, the FPÖ Freedom Party, in Austria, and National Rally, in France, and the far-right parties and organisations with a stronger fascistic element or core.
In Europe, the far-right VOX, in the Spanish state, with its origins in the fascist Falange, is now the third-largest party, with 50 seats in parliament. Its base, at the moment, is mainly amongst the middle class, security forces, and far-right Roman Catholic groups. In Italy, the fascistic Fratelli d' Italia (Brothers of Italy) has recently won control of a second region. In Germany, the far-right populist AfD became the largest opposition party to Merkel's coalition but has lost ground during the pandemic. The far-right parties use populist rhetoric which has been incorporated in some countries by the traditional right-wing bourgeois parties. The populist right and the far-right parties have their own features in each country but are often racked by splits and divisions when they grow.
The growth of these and other parties has been accompanied by a growth in authoritarian measures and repression by numerous governments during the COVID-19 crisis. This has been the case in the imperialist countries, like the US under Trump, and Britain under Johnson. The Tory prime minister has now introduced legislation prohibiting the use of "anti-capitalist" and "extremist" teaching in schools. His attempt to appoint right-wing supporters to head the BBC, and the state communications regulator, Ofcom, are an echo of Trump's attempt to stack the Supreme Court with right-wing supporters.
The repressive powers enacted by these and other governments, including greater powers to the police and threats to use the army, include an element of parliamentary Bonapartist methods – of rule by decree and stripping back of parliamentary checks. This has produced open divisions within the Conservative Party and the ruling class in Britain.
In the US, Trump has largely been able to take control of the Republican Party and shift it dramatically to the right. Whilst the Republican Party has shifted to the right before, the depth of the crisis and the political characteristics of Trump gives it a different magnitude. The militias and growth of previously obscure conspiracy theory groups, such as QAnon, are measures of the desperation layers of society are being driven to as a consequence of the crisis. While not overstating its growth, QAnon is gaining influence even within the Republican Party. Whilst most Republicans are not openly endorsing it, they are drawing on it for some support, and some QAnon supporters are likely to enter Congress. There are echoes of the growth of mysticism and religious ideas around Rasputin, in Russia, prior to the revolution in 1917. This illustrates the dead-end that capitalist society now finds itself in.
Involved in some of the militias are groups like the 'Michigan Freedom Fund', which was created in 2012 by employers to lobby for anti-union legislation. QAnon and others have a clearly right-wing agenda. Yet some drawn to the anti-lockdown protests in the US, and elsewhere, are attracted in a confused way by opposition to the lockdown and the desperate consequences it has had on millions of workers and the poor. This is also fuelled by a lack of trust and confidence in the government, or that its measures will be effective. Forces on the far right have intervened in a populist way and got a certain echo amongst a relatively small layer, at this stage.
In the neo-colonial world, brutal repression has been enacted and even gone further. Indian Prime Minister Modi enacted a vicious, draconian wave of repression before and during the lockdown period. Sri Lanka, following the election of Gotabaya Rajapaksa, has in place the template for a de-facto military dictatorial regime. Brazil now has more military personnel running government departments and offices than existed under the military dictatorship! In Bolivia and Ecuador, Morales and Correa have been barred from running in the forthcoming elections after spurious legal cases were taken out against them. However, it seems likely that the MAS will win the election in Bolivia, reflecting the weak social basis of the right-wing government which was installed after the de-facto coup against Morales. Whether the right-wing will accept this probable defeat is another question.
The growth of the far-right and the tendency towards more authoritarian methods of rule represent important threats to the working class and urgently pose the need for the working class to take the necessary steps to combat it. Understandably, some youth and activists see in these trends the prospect of a fascist threat similar to that which developed in the 1920s and 1930s. Some have even dubbed Trump and his supporters "fascists". Bolsonaro, in Brazil, and Modi, in India, are often denounced as fascist. This sentiment is an understandable response from those wishing to fight these reactionary, repressive regimes.
However, in order to combat the threat posed by the far-right and the introduction of increasingly authoritarian rule, it is important for Marxists and the working class to have an accurate estimation and assessment of these regimes and developments. This does not mean underestimating their threat but being able to face up to what they represent and combat them.
Fascism in the 1920s and 30s
Fascism, as developed in the 1920s and 1930s, had very specific characteristics and objectives, although in each case it represented a special form of reaction. In the conditions which developed in the 1920s and 1930s, it rapidly acquired a mass base amongst the petty-bourgeois, most oppressed and downtrodden sections of the working class, and some demoralized workers. The term 'fascist' originated in Italy under Mussolini's leadership and then developed in Germany and Spain. Fascism had a very specific objective of destroying and atomizing the organisations of the working class. As Trotsky pointed out, the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera in Spain (1923-30), despite its reactionary repressive nature, was not the same as the mass fascist movements and regimes which later came to power.
Fascism arose as a consequence of the social crisis which had developed and the threat of the working class taking power. It was due to the failure of the working class in those countries to take power as a result of the wrong policies and programme of the mass workers' parties which then existed. The social-democratic and communist parties allowed the fascists to triumph. In particular, in Germany, it was due to the refusal of the Communist and SPD leaders to form a united front to combat the fascists.
The depth of the political and social crisis, and the fear of further revolutionary explosions, meant that for the bourgeoisie in those countries, parliamentary democracy was no longer a reliable system of rule for capitalism. The capitalist class therefore eventually threw their weight and support behind the fascists and allowed them to come to power.
In Germany, the Nazi party won its strongest base of support in the rural areas and smaller towns where the working class and its parties were weaker. In general, in the large industrial areas, fascist dominance was only achieved after Hitler came to power in 1933, as a result of brutal intimidation by the state and the fascist auxiliary forces. The working-class parties still won 13 million votes in November 1932 in elections in Germany. The votes for the fascists rocketed in elections in July 1932 to 13.7 million, before falling to 11.7 million, four months later. The Nazis never won an absolute majority, in November 1932 the workers' parties won over 1.5 million more votes than the fascists. The increase in the Nazi vote was mainly the result of the collapse of the middle-class liberals, moderate nationalists, and the unemployed into the arms of the fascists, who were desperate as a result of the economic collapse.
The 'anti-capitalist' slant of fascist propaganda, in both Germany and Italy, which was necessary to win support amongst those who were driven by desperation and the failure of the working-class parties to offer an alternative, was jettisoned once in power. The fascist club of the SA Stormtroopers was used to crush and atomise the working class and its organisations. However, the purge of the SA in 1934 in the 'Night of the Long Knives' signified a change, as the dictatorship evolved into a reactionary bourgeois government. As a result, its mass base began to ebb away. The regime then rested on the effects and consequences of the victory of the fascists on political consciousness, and the fear of the repressive apparatus.
The threat of the right today – the need for a socialist alternative
In general today, the social basis for mass fascist movements, as seen in Germany, Italy, and Spain in the 1920s and 1930s, does not exist as it did then. Big layers of the previously petty bourgeois layers are in the process of being proletarianised and often politically radicalized towards the left. Moreover, the more farsighted sections of the capitalist class also have learned from history and the experience of the fascists in power. The German capitalist class paid a price for allowing the fascists to come to power. The bourgeois politicians lost power to the fascist state for a period. The ruling class paid a heavy price both economically and from defeat in the war. The prospect of such an outcome being repeated in one form or another will make the capitalist class, in general, drawback from allowing mass fascist forces come to power.
Yet this does not mean that the ruling class when threatened will not be prepared to resort to drastic measures if they have no alternative. In the 1970s throughout Latin America, they turned to rule by the sword in a series of brutal military-police dictatorships. In the main, these lacked the mass base that the fascists enjoyed, although they rested on the support especially of the middle class and lumpenised sections of the urban poor. In Chile, the Pinochet regime also enjoyed the support of a substantial fascist auxiliary, Patria y Liberdad.
Today, the scale of the economic and social crisis is having a devastating effect on sections of the middle class, and is also resulting in a mass reserve army of the unemployed in many countries. From this, it is possible that in some countries more substantial far-right or even fascistic forces can develop on a larger basis than has been seen in recent decades. These can be used as an auxiliary weapon by the ruling class against the working class. How far this develops depends on the ability of the working class and socialists to build parties and organisations which can offer an alternative. The recent emergence of far-right parties, groups, and militias is a warning to the working class.
The brutal regime of Modi in India illustrates the danger that exists in some countries. Modi leads the BJP – the largest party in the world with more than 100 million members – and is supported by the paramilitary Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS – 'National Volunteer Organisation') with a fascistic large core from which Modi himself originates. The Hindu nationalist mood that his regime is whipping up, and the brutal attacks especially against Muslims and other minorities, are now being followed by savage attacks on workers' and labour and farmers' rights.
These developments reflect the highly polarized nature of the period we have now entered. A struggle between the elements of revolution and counter-revolution is unfolding globally. The rhythm of this conflict may vary from country to country but it is present globally. Extremely rapid changes can take place in the rhythm of the class struggle. The speed of events unfolding in this crisis is one of its central characteristics. As new social explosions erupt, we need to be prepared for new forms of organization, assemblies, and action committees to be thrown up during the struggle.
Revolutionary socialists need to be ready to intervene in developments and, where possible and relevant, initiate them. In the explosive situation which is unfolding, even small revolutionary groups can have a big impact, with audacious interventions, tactics and concrete proposals for action and struggle.
Revolutionary socialist groups and parties enter this period of upheaval with relatively small forces. However, this does not mean they will remain so. With the right tactics, strategy, slogans, programme, and audacious interventions, small organisations can experience explosive growth. They can win the most advanced and combative sections of the working class and youth who are searching for a road to escape from the dystopian era of capitalism we have now entered. A historic responsibility and opportunity confronts the CWI and revolutionary socialists to actively intervene in the stormy events which are taking place and build a more powerful socialist alternative.
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Home / News / Auto Shows
New heart, old body: 2020 Nissan Frontier bows for short model year with new 3.8-liter V-6, 9-speed automatic
Andrew Ganz February 7, 2020 Comment Now!
With the 2020 Frontier, Nissan is taking the unusual approach of swapping the bulk of the mid-size pickup's powertrain for a short final model year before a redesigned truck bows late in 2020. Nissan showed the revised pickup on Wednesday at the Chicago Auto Show.
A new, direct-injected 3.8-liter V-6 provisionally rated at 310 horsepower and 281 pound-feet of torque sends power to the rear or all four wheels through a new (for the Frontier) 9-speed automatic transmission. The V-6 is a clean-sheet redesign rather than an evolution of the 4.0-liter V-6 used in the Frontier for the last decade and a half, and it is unrelated to the twin-turbocharged 3.8-liter V-6 in the GT-R supercar.
The automaker didn't comment on whether the new engine was designed for a full hybrid or 48-volt mild-hybrid powertrain, and it has not said whether it will be offered in the larger Titan pickup.
Nissan promises fuel economy will be about 10 percent better than that delivered by the base 2019 Frontier, which uses a 2.5-liter inline-4 that has been discontinued.
2020 Nissan Frontier, 2020 Chicago Auto Show
The 9-speed automatic replaces a 5-speed automatic. It made its Nissan debut in the 2020 Titan, and it arrives largely unchanged in the Frontier other than gear-ratio tweaks. The 6-speed manual transmission that accounted for about 5 percent of Frontier sales last year has been dropped with the arrival of the new engine.
Rear-wheel drive will again be standard and a carryover part-time 2-speed transfer case that can be paired with a locking rear differential is optional. The Frontier will be available in S, SV, and Pro-4X trim levels. Minor trim changes include newly standard power windows and locks for the base S as well as the discontinuation of the SL.
The 2020 Frontier is a dead-ringer for last year's model, as well as the truck that first went on sale in mid-2004. The only cosmetic change is on the inside, where a revised center console accommodates a different transmission lever. Additionally, push-button start is newly available. Active safety features such as automatic emergency braking remain unavailable.
Three body configurations will be available: an extended cab for the S and SV trims; a crew cab with a 59.5-inch bed for S, SV, and Pro-4X trims; and a crew cab with a 73.3-inch bed in SV trim. The Frontier Pro-4X comes standard with four-wheel drive as well as a locking rear differential.
What's to come for the Frontier
Changing the powertrain for a short model year—it arrives in showrooms by late spring but will go out of production before the end of the calendar year—is a largely unprecedented move, though it provides some hints about what's to come for the long-anticipated third-generation Frontier expected to arrive in 2021.
The automaker confirmed to Motor Authority last week at a media event held at its Canton, Mississippi, assembly plant that the next-generation truck will not be the Navara pickup sold globally. The 2021 Frontier will use the new V-6, and it's possible that it will retain the 2020 model's frame and thus its proportions, which are on the small side for a mid-size pickup truck.
Nissan will continue to build future Frontier trucks alongside the Titan in Mississippi for the American market.
For more from the Chicago Auto Show, see our dedicated hub.
High-Res Gallery: 2020 Nissan Frontier, 2020 Chicago Auto Show
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Andrew Ganz - Senior Editor
2022 Ford Ranger Splash returns to relive the '90s Pickup Trucks January 14, 2022
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Detroit auto show returns in 2022 with revamped format Auto Shows January 12, 2022

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Breaking News: Reliance tunes into Network18!
On May 29, 2014, India's richest man, Mukesh Ambani and India's media mogul, Raghav Bahl shook hands, for transfer of control of India's largest media empire, the Network18 Group ("Transaction"). The timing of the announcement and the takeover took the entire industry by surprise, since the Network18 Group had only recently started its ascent from dire financial conditions to move towards profitability. However, Ambani's group, i.e. the Reliance Group already had its foot-in-the-door of the Network18 Group when it subscribed to the optionally convertible debentures ("Debentures") issued by the holding companies of the Network18 Group, and the time was right for the Reliance Group to take over the Network18 Group.
An interesting aspect about the Transaction was that the structure of the Transaction involved acquisition of a number of private unlisted companies, which controlled, inter alia, Network18 Media and Investments Limited, TV18 Broadcast Limited, Infomedia Press Limited, all being listed on the BSE and the NSE, resulting in open offer obligations for the indirect acquisition of these entities. The anti-trust hurdle for the acquisition, it seems, was already crossed back in 2012 when the Debentures were subscribed to, and the regulatory hurdles to be posed by the securities regulator, the Securities Exchange and Board of India were dealt with during the open offer.
While the Transaction would provide Network18, and its various subsidiaries, including TV18 deeper pockets, it is to be seen whether Mr. Ambani's midas touch would be able to take the Network18 Group to greater heights. This M&A Lab analyzes the legal, regulatory, tax and commercial considerations pertaining to the Transaction.
For a detailed analysis of the commercial, legal, regulatory and tax considerations and to access the M&A Lab, please click here.
– Aishwarya H, Abhinav Harlalka, Khushboo Raval, Simone Reis & Nishchal Joshipura


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Readers' View
Projection of 6.5-7.5 pct GDP growth for 2021 based on economic expectations
By Editor , in Economy Nation on November 14, 2020 .
KUALA LUMPUR, Nov 14 — The government's gross domestic product (GDP) growth projection of between 6.5 percent and 7.5 percent for next year, is an estimate based on the expected economic developments in 2021.
Finance Minister Tengku Datuk Seri Zafrul Tengku Abdul Aziz said the first presumption was on the availability of the COVID-19 vaccine.
"We feel that the commercialization of the vaccine will be faster, InsyaAllah (God willing) in the first six months of next year.
"The global economy projection will be better and as a country with an open economy, Malaysia will get the positive effects as the world economy expands," he told a media conference at Bernama here, today.
He said Malaysia is already seeing an improving economy due to external demand in the third quarter (Q3) of this year and this was expected to continue into next year.
"Secondly, we must remember that we started with a low base (projection) because it's negative this year. Hence, the lower the negative performance this year, the higher the positive performance next year.
"But, this does not mean we will get back the trajectory made previously. The important thing is, it has shown a positive recovery," said Tengku Zafrul.
He was also optimistic that the economic growth in the fourth quarter (Q4) of 2020 would improve compared with Q2 and Q3 this year, following positive developments in export activities and manufacturing sector.
In another development, Tengku Zafrul also commented on the aid given to the Middle 40 per cent household income group (M40) in Budget 2021, whereby there are two categories of assistance, namely those who lost their jobs or that their pay was affected, and those who still have jobs.
For those who have lost their jobs, he said under the Employment Insurance System (EIS) managed by the Social Security Organisation (Socso), the government has increased the Job Search Allowance to nine months from six months previously.
Meanwhile, he said reskilling and upskilling efforts were also provided with an allocation of about RM1 billion for the M40 group, whereby a job is guaranteed once the retraining is completed.
"Besides that, the government has also announced an increase in the tax exemption to RM20,000, and the withdrawal of RM500 from Account 2 of the Employees Provident Fund (EPF) through the i-Lestari facility for 12 months.
"The M40 group can also ask for an extension of the loan moratorium with easier process, whereby they only have to make a self-declaration without having to present proof that they have lost their jobs or that their pay have been affected.
"To-date, about 98 per cent of the applications from M40 group have been approved," he said.
Meanwhile, for those who still have jobs, the benefits for the M40 group include reduced personal income tax rate by one percentage point for those earning a taxable income of RM50,001 to RM70,000, and reduction of EPF contribution from 11 per cent to nine per cent.
This would inject a cash liquidity of RM9.3 billion into the country's economy, he added.
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Executive Vice President Becca Cohen called the meeting to order at 3:36 PM.
A. Voting Members Present: Becca Cohen, Ezinne Ofeogbu, Jacqueline Karczewski, Cassie Zimmerman, Alyssa Carbajal, Megan Goodman, Hassan Abdinur, Grace Diaz, Haocheng (Eddie) Iing, Dara Majdi, Kelsey Schroeder, Tyler Aguilar, Michelle Ong, Tianna Williams, Josh Garman, Kevin Hancock, Josh Morse, Javier Gomez, Morgan Chan.
B. Voting Members Absent: Gabrielle Gray, Jordan Wells, Corey Polant, Mariah Kelly, Washington Navarrete.
C. Ex-Officios (non-voting) Present: Christina Brown, Clarice Mendoza, Dr. Timothy Quinnan, Robby Rosenthal.
D. Ex-Officios (non-voting) Absent: Bree Lutjens.
E. Visitors Present: Jennifer Esquivel-Parker, Octaviano Ramirez, Audrey Malbog, Nick Serrano, Jamie-Lee Miller, Sean Guardian.
It was moved and seconded to approve the agenda of April 16, 2014.
It was moved and seconded to approve the previous minutes of March 26, 2014.
1. The 18th Annual Fashion Talent Show, hosted by the Asian Pacific Student Alliance, will be on April 18, 2014 from 6-10 PM, and will showcases the Asian Pacific Islander culture to the community. Doors will open at 5:30 PM and it is a free event.
1. All schools in the California State University system are affected by the Reauthorization Act, which obligates universities to administer education on the prevention and reporting of sexual violence. Incoming freshman will undergo training this summer as a start and later, all current SDSU students will receive training as well. A prototype for the training program is still being developed. A taskforce to determine these training procedures is being created, headed by Dr. Lee Mintz. If any students are interested in becoming a representative, contact Dr. Quinnan.
1. The SDSU Children Center's 10th Annual "A is for Art" Gala Exhibition Fundraiser is this Saturday evening at the Mingei International Museum from 5:30-7:30 PM. It is a free event, showcasing paintings by the children enrolled at the SDSU Children's Center.
2. The Daily Aztec's Centennial Celebration will also be this Saturday evening in Montezuma Hall at 6:30 PM. It is a ticketed event at $15 each.
It was moved and seconded to separate out the 3/19 Student Diversity Commission minutes.
The General Consent Agenda was approved as amended. It was requested that the Student Diversity Commission 3/19 minutes be resubmitted with the inclusion of the roll call vote results for the Resolution in Support of Divestment for the Human Rights of the Palestinian People.
Nick Serrano reviewed the Campus Life Council's representatives on the Appointments and Review Committee with Campus Life Council and presented the interview schedule for appointed positions next year. Josh Garman, Haocheng (Eddie) Iing, and Dara Majdi were approved as the three representatives of the Campus Life Council on the Appointments and Review Committee.
1. The Aztec Achievement Awards are on Thurs., May 1. Invitations are being sent out and the Awards Committee is working very hard to make this event spectacular and start new traditions.
1. The Campus Fee Advisory Committee met last Friday and had discussion on the creation of a 10% Committee to represent students who may be unable to pay the Student Success Fee that was recently signed and approved by CSU Chancellor Timothy White. If you have any feedback, please contact Josh.
1. CSSA San Diego was this past weekend. It was a great event and the representatives in attendance were amazed at the grandeur and activity going on that Saturday at the Conrad Prebys Aztec Student Union.
1. The Senate Committee approved of the new online syllabus policy. Professors are now required to submit their syllabus into a database, managed by the library, before the end of their semester. This collection will allow future students to view the syllabi of potential courses and help guide their decisions based on a better idea of a course's design.
2. If you have no commitments after the Campus Life Council meeting ends, you are invited to stay for the University Council meeting. We will be having the second reading of the Resolution in Support of Divestment for the Human Rights of the Palestinian People.
Executive Vice President Becca Cohen adjourned the meeting at 4:26 PM.


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Is the Ability to Dissolve Metals a Physical or Chemical Property?
Written by Richard Gaughan
1 Which Is the Best Conductor of Heat: Water or Aluminum?
2 3 Examples of Chemical Properties of Elements
3 What Causes Mercury to Solidify?
4 Reactive vs. Non Reactive Mercury
The boundary between the definitions of physical and chemical change is sometimes fuzzy. That's because chemical and physical changes are both often accompanied by changes in appearance. If those changes are driven by the change to a distinctly new substance, the change is chemical, while if the final substance is identical in molecular or atomic structure, it's a physical change. Depending upon how you dissolve metal, the change can be either physical or chemical.
Metals and Acids
Metals are metals because they have a lot of free electrons floating around inside a solid piece of material. The electrons can move easily because they aren't held very tightly to the nuclei at the centers of the atoms, which is why a metal can conduct electricity so easily. Electrons are negatively charged. Acids are positively charged. When an acid comes in contact with a metal, the acid steals free electrons away. That loosens the bonds holding metal atoms in place, so the metal dissolves. That's a chemical change, so the ability of acids to dissolve metals is a chemical property.
Metals and Heat
When a metal is heated past its melting point, the physical structure changes. Essentially, the heat adds enough energy to atoms in a block of metal that each atom can "bounce away" from its neighbors. But the atoms don't change their identity. They don't lose or gain electrons or link up with other atoms. So the ability to dissolve a metal by heating is an example of a physical property.
Le Moyne College: Transformation of Copper -- A Sequence of Chemical Reactions
Jefferson and Community Technical College: Physical and Chemical Changes
University of Illinois: Scientific Principles -- Structure of Metals
Western Michigan University: Physical Change -- Chemical Change
First published in 1998, Richard Gaughan has contributed to publications such as "Photonics Spectra," "The Scientist" and other magazines. He is the author of "Accidental Genius: The World's Greatest By-Chance Discoveries." Gaughan holds a Bachelor of Science in physics from the University of Chicago.
Hemera Technologies/PhotoObjects.net/Getty Images
Which Halogen Has the Least Attraction for Electrons?
Theory of Metallic Bonding
What Does the Atomic Number of an Atom Identify?
Explaining Why Condensation Is Exothermic
What Type of Bond Does Ethanol Have?
How Does Pressure Affect Buoyant Force?
Examples of Immiscible Liquids
How Do Carrier Proteins Facilitate Passive Transport of Molecules Across a Membrane?
Differences Between Polar & Nonpolar in Cell Biology
How Does Spectroscopy Help Identify Elements?


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You'll never guess who the new face of L'Oréal Paris is…
Marie Claire 02/04/2019 1:21 pm
Words by Olivia Edwardes
Céline Dion, everyone's favourite diva, has been named the newest L'Oréal Paris spokesperson and we are all for it.
The five-time Grammy award winner joins the impressive, and not to mention diverse, line up of brand ambassadors that L'Oréal Paris have always advocated. In comparison to other well-known household brands, L'Oréal Paris have always championed the use of older women in their campaigns; Jane Fonda, Helen Mirren, Julianne Moore to name a few, and Dion joins the roll call at the age of 51.
L'Oréal Global Brand President, Pierre-Emmanuel Angelogiou, explains why Dion is the perfect fit: 'Signing Céline Dion as the newest member of the L'Oréal Paris family builds our mission of aligning with spokeswomen who are strong, self-empowered, assertive, diverse and inclusive. Céline Dion is a woman of innate self-worth – following her heart to achieve success, challenge stereotypes and trail-blaze the path for so many other women – and fully embodies our brand mission of "Because I'm Worth it."'
Dion, who famously does her own make-up for appearances, has been using the brand for years, 'I really see L'Oréal Paris beyond beauty products, beyond colours, beyond care. You feel confident, whatever your achievement is. You feel feminine and empowered, expressing your inner strength. All of this means we are worth it. We need to give ourselves the credit we deserve.'
Her L'Oréal Paris partnership comes as she concludes her hit Las Vegas show, where she has been performing for eight years. 'When you think I'm done, I'm just starting,' Dion said in an interview with L'Oréal. 'I've never felt so beautiful, strong, and I feel that the best is yet to come. Today is the beginning of the rest of my life and I don't want to go back in time, I am going forward.'
You can catch Dion's first TV advert on 22nd April, when it premieres worldwide. She kicks off this next chapter as the face of Excellence Hair Colour.
Sweet photographs of Prince William and Kate Middleton playing with a therapy dog are going viral
Kate Middleton and Sophie Wessex have matching friendship bracelets and they're available to buy
Kate Middleton has a close royal family member to help her with shopping decisions
Best Maybelline mascara: All of the brand's iconic mascaras ranked by a beauty editor – including the new Curl Bounce
Best sexy Valentine's gifts for couples: 10 ideas to treat your partner
Why decluttering could actually help your mental health, according to an expert
Mollie's Feel-Good Feed: January motivation, cheerleading and Hilary Duff
The story behind Carrie's iconic Versace dress on And Just Like That
8 of the best sunrise alarm clocks to help you wake up naturally this winter


One of the few shortcomings of the Duke 4 that I've discovered in the five months that I've had the bike, is the awkward relationship between the footrest and the brake pedal.
When KTM introduced the Duke 4, one of the changes compared to earlier Dukes was the introduction of a bolt-on footrest support bracket (as opposed to a bracket that was part of the frame) and a less substantial (more road and less motard) design of footrest. I presume that the main reason for the change was a cost saving although there may have been some style considerations as well.
The change has not however been a success. The Duke 3 and earlier brake pedal has been retained, whilst the new bracket does not seem to have been designed properly so that the footrest sits too low in relation to the brake pedal. This, in turn, means that for an initial application of the brake, you either have to flex your foot at an unnatural angle, or as I do, take your foot completely off the footrest.
The pedal position can be adjusted somewhat and this is described on page 75 and 76 of the 2012 owners' manual.
The manual itself points out that the range of adjustment is limited and according to correspondents on the Dutch motor-forum.nl site (discussion starts round about here) not sufficient to deal with the issue described above.
An early suggestion from the motor-forum site to deal with this issue, was to increase the pedal adjustment range by shortening (by grinding down) the master cylinder pressure rod (item #14 in drawing below) and replacing the pedal adjusting bolt (# 12 below) with a longer one.
This seemed to me to be a rather extreme way of dealing with the issue, so when correspondent on motor-forum, RaptorRVL suggested rotating the footrest mount bracket by 180° (which would both raise and move the footrest back by about 2 cm) this seemed like the ideal solution.
Being of a cautious disposition, I decided to approach KTM SA for the green light to carry out the modification. After an exchange of e-mail I eventually received a reply that "to change the way that the foot rest bracket is fitted is not recommended by KTM and doing this will affect the safety of the motorcycle".
I then decided to let Alfie Cox Racing adjust the pedal during the 1000km service, which was carried out last week. There is no doubt that the adjusted pedal position is a huge improvement on the way it came out of the factory, but, as expected, the adjustment range was not sufficient to resolve the problem.
Then, quite by accident, whilst looking at the 2013 owners manual (which covers the 'standard' Duke as well as the R version), I found at pages 73 – 75, under the heading '10.9 – Adjusting the footrests', exactly the procedure described above which rotates the footrest bracket by 180º.
As you might imagine, I'm alternately mildly bemused and irritated by another instance of KTM miscommunication (the first was about the rear axle bobbin issue described in an earlier post). I don't know where the miscommunication occurs but it seems as if ultimately Mattighofen must take the blame. The factory is clearly not letting distributors and dealers know about problems that arise and how they are being resolved. I suspect that at the factory itself, the 'right hand does not always know what the left hand is doing'. And that is a great pity – KTM make great bikes, but seem to suffer somewhat from a product as opposed to a customer orientation – that in turn dulls the shine that comes with owning a KTM.
Posted in Technical.Tagged Duke 4 adjusting the footrest position, Duke 4 brake pedal too high, Duke 4 footrest position.


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Virtual Global Monitoring Annual Conference (eGMAC)
GMAC Home
GML Home
New Measurements of the Lunar Spectral Irradiance for Satellite Calibration
S. Maxwell and J.T. Woodward
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20880; 301-975-4950, E-mail: stephen.maxwell@nist.gov
Precise radiometric calibration of optical earth observing satellites enables improved understanding of the earth system, better long-term climate data records, and mitigation against gaps in coverage. While there are many techniques to calibrate earth observing satellites, both pre-launch and on-orbit, there are none currently in use that can deliver calibration uncertainties under 1% in the visible and near infrared (VNIR).
To enable on-orbit calibrations at this level, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is working on obtaining new, high-precision measurements of the spectral irradiance of the moon in the VNIR and short-wave infrared ranges. The moon's brightness approximates that of an earth scene, can be easily observed by many satellites (indeed it is incidentally observed by many geostationary instruments), and has a stable reflectance that has been estimated to change by less than 10-8 per year. Further, it is already in use by dozens of satellite programs for relative calibrations both in the U.S. and internationally, using the highly successful U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Robotic Lunar Observatory Model and its derivatives.
The new lunar measurements are being taken through two programs. One NIST program has taken measurements from Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) in 2017 and 2019, and intends to begin a multi-year measurement campaign later in 2021 at MLO. The program will run until enough of the 18.6 year Sun-Moon-Earth configuration cycle has been sampled to constrain a redeveloped lunar model. The other program operates jointly with NASA, the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the University of Maryland Baltimore County, and the University of Guelph to put a similar lunar-observing instrument on NASA's ER-2 to make a smaller number of measurements above 95% of the atmosphere. These measurements, and possibly others, will then be used both to develop a new model of the lunar spectral irradiance and to update existing models.
This talk will describe the measurement programs, what the measurement goals are, and how the programs fit into the context of concurrent global efforts.
Figure 1. The NIST Lunar Spectral Irradiance Instrument at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii (MLO-LUSI) observing moonrise in December 2017.
Figure 2. The Airborne Lunar Spectral Irradiance Instrument (air-LUSI) being loaded into the wing pod of NASA's ER-w in November 2019.


This is our normal.: Wanna see some pics of my crew?
Wanna see some pics of my crew?
My friend (and talented photographer) came over Saturday morning to get some pictures of the kids. I decided to get in on the action a bit, too - you know those awesome pictures you see of a mom all in play with her kids? Yeah, we didn't get a lot like that but we both had some good ideas! Caden and Declan were seriously SERIOUSLY uncooperative. You can see that in a lot of shots. I'm sporting myself down 40 pounds from January (go, me!) and am determined to love me and the mommy I am to my beautiful children! They light up my life. Let me know what your favorites are - I'm going to have a hard time choosing!
Number 97 is also cute. So is 102. 109 is great, 110 is adorable. They are all great!!
And you are looking fabulous! Keep up the hardwork, it is definitely paying off.
You have the cutest crew. Those pictures are adorable, good luck choosing.
Do I need to post with more pictures?


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I'll have several sculptures in Outside the Box at bG Gallery in Bergamot Station in Santa Monica. The show opens this Saturday, March 11 from 6-8 pm. Click here for more details here.
From the Gallery: "Outside The Box" brings together a group of artists who employ unexpected and compelling approaches to both traditional and contemporary media. Themes range from formal to conceptual and imagery from realistic to surreal. Artworks on display utilize a wide variety of materials including: sound-light-wood-glass-movement-foam-bones-found objects-metal-food-paint-thread-participation-toys-scrap materials-books-repurposed objects-tableaux-fabric-porcelain-etc….
Artists: Stephen Anderson, Dave Brokaw, Debra Broz, Philip Campbell, YaYa Chou, Jeffrey Frisch, Jeff Gilette, Laurie Hassold, Melanie Kehoss, Michelle Kingdom, Daniel Lam, Dan Levin, Joella March, Gary Raymond, Steve Roberts, Fred Rose, Susan Sironi, Bethany Taylor.


According to the U.S. Department of Education, families can spark enthusiasm in children and lead them to a very important understanding- that learning can be enjoyable as well as rewarding and well worth the effort required.
This page contains extension activities related to picking a book, sight words, phonics and decoding, comprehension, writing, fluency, and speaking and listening.
Read as often as possible with your child.
Encourage your child to read independently at least 25 books annually.
Discuss ideas in books your child reads.
Read an action story or tale of adventure to replace an evening TV program.
Be a role model. Let your child see you read for pleasure.
Believe it or not, 50% of all reading texts are made up of the same 100 words! The most frequently used and repeated words in the English language are known as high frequency words. This list of words includes the, a, is, of, to, in, and, I, you, and that. Think about the number of times that you have seen these words in a piece of reading material. It's probably too many times to count.
These electronic flashcards are for independent practice.
Your child will read the word out loud as it flashes on the screen.
The words will automatically change every 3 seconds.


Being the daughter of an artist can be…well, inspiring, sometimes frustrating. Occasionally you watch him paint and it makes you think "hey, I can do that!"…but you can't. Nope, you never can. It has given me a healthy appreciation for having art on my walls however.
Now, I'm desperate to find the perfect stunning piece for my high living room wall, something that your eye is drawn to when you enter the room, something that sets the tone, and the pallet just tumbles off of into the rest of the space.
And because I am dedicated to sharing all the details and how-tos, artist or not, fail or succeed, I'm sharing how I created this piece for my living room inspired by Emily's perfect piece.
Just kidding, I don't have a studio, just my living room. I wanted to paint the piece in the lighting from the room it would hang, so a piece of cardboard atop the coffee table is my station for today. And by the way, you shouldn't try this at home! When I wield a paint brush or roller, I'm meticulous. Crazy as this sounds, I don't usually use plastic when I paint walls, I never drip, and I don't get paint on my clothes unless I intentionally used them as a brush cleaning tool. Accidents can always happen, so I should have at least protected the area from spills, but I confess I didn't. *shrug* Let's paint!
We've got wall paint, craft paint, and real painters paint half dried up! I'm using paper plates and bowls as my art pallet, and my kids paint brushes from their school art set. Yep, nothing too fancy here!
The most profession items I am using are these leftover gouache paints my dad sent me years ago, most of them were dried up but some were still viable! I read up on gouache paint to make sure it would mix with the other paint types, which they do with the exception of a couple possible colors/brands. If you are afraid your leftover paints won't react well together, test them before use.
As I mentioned, I am also using a wall paint sample I got free from Lowes (after coupon), and a small assortment of acrylic and "craft" paints (which I just realized are actually just acrylics labeled for the consumer).
However the star of this show is going to be the metallic gold paints. I am mixing my greens with a very buttery gold to get more sparkle, and I'll be using other golden hues for my mountain ranges.
First let's talk about my mistakes. Hopefully you can avoid them and get a leg up on this project.
Mistake #1: I wish I had prepared the canvass with a couple layers of gesso before painting. I prefer a smoother, less canvass-y texture.
Mistake #2: I should have laid down a better paint base. Once my first painting attempt dried, I realized I could see white canvass spots peeking through at me. Basically I dived right into "detail" without starting with a base. Big no-no, I should have known better. I had to go back and paint over top a second time.
Mistake #3: I was timid with my colors and brush strokes. When I look back at the inspiration painting, I see a greater use of colors to create dimension. For example: when non-artists like you and I paint a tree, we think brown for the trunk and green for the leaves. In reality, artists understand that there is a much greater range of colors that make that tree realistic. They will use purples to make the shadow, leave smudges of yellow and grey to make reflective spots, etc. If you want to imitate a painting, look at it for what it is, then take a more literal look at the colors actually used. You might discover that your favorite painting of a tree didn't have any brown or green. Neat right?
Mistake #4: Not keeping my brushes moist enough. Whether not using enough paint, or not keeping my brushes wet, somehow I had a lot of dragging brush strokes to correct. Almost as if the paint lost steam across it's stroke and puttered out. Not the effect I was going for.
One of these days I'll get a professional on the blog to show you (and me) how it's done. In the meantime, you want the deets on how I managed my novice version?
1. Lots of sweeping strokes. Especially using curved sweeping strokes for my sky.
2. Let's call this motion dabbing. I wanted to use the brush to create the subtle texture of bushes and grass.
3. I like to call this the drag and drop. I wanted the light areas to associate a little more with my dark areas, and would occasionally drag my brush from one hue into another and drop it there leaving a fanned brush imprint.
Well, I've learned from this experience that I am no skilled artist, but I can sure enjoyed painting! I learned a few things, and as they say "practice makes perfect".
Now have an art piece that I can call my own, and a few hundred still in my pocket (or being spent on our heating bill).
THANKS for this! I am so doing this! I too LOVE jeffords and am a daughter of an artist, yet…my skillz need some work, so these tips are going to help a ton! I LOVE your painting! You should keep doing this!
I came across your website to check your diamond tufted headboard, and suprisingly I found the painting I owned!
What a coincidence! I like your painting as well!
I'm not an artist artist but I enjoy painting as well and I have to say… I kinda like your painting more than the one that inspired you :o!
Oh my, this person has said exactly what I wanted to say! I loved the inspiration piece and then I saw yours – even better! I love to try to copy (because I have no originality like you). Tell me more of how you did this – it is gorgeous! Stop saying you aren't an artist. You are indeed! And a very good one!
Thank you so much! You bring a smile to my heart!
You ARE an artist, Sweetie!! Just look around you at your beautiful home! Not just at the "paintings" you've created, but the whole package! Simply gorgeous!
this is excellent tips…. i have recently started painting on canvas and have so far painted few abstract based paintings and this one is a welcome addition to my collection. Thanks.
as someone who usually hates landscape paintings (unless i'm painting them myself), i'd like to chime in and say that while the inspiration piece is cool, i find your choice of colors more subtly moody and evocative. rock on.
Well done and you enjoyed yourself while doing it! That's a win win in my book. My budget also doesn't allow for art purchases but I certainly enjoy painting my own. Painting it in the room where it will hang is a good idea!
This looks great! I would totally hang this in my own home. I definitely think you're an artist.
I know what you mean by seeing something and thinking, "Oh, I could do that." It's always so much harder than it you think it would be. I think you did a great job!
saying your talent if you want. It isn't polite to toot your own horn – let your admirers do that!
Aw, thank you! I appreciate all the support and encouragement!
Holy cow, what was I drinking? Creative geans? I meant CREATIVE GENES. Egads. I should proof read closer.


text:
Амір Хаміді (,  14 жовтня 1978) — індонезійський герпетолог, науковий співробітник лабораторії герпетології Богорського зоологічного музею Індонезійського інституту наук. Автор описання нових зоологічних таксонів.

Біографія
Амір Хаміді народився в Паситані (Східна Ява) 14 жовтня 1978 року. Закінчив початкову та середню школу у своєму рідному місті. Потім він продовжив свою освіту в старшій середній школі у Джок'якарті. У 2004 році здобув ступінь бакалавра на факультеті біології Університету Гаджа Мада. У 2005 році Амір почав працювати у Дослідницькому центрі біології, зоології, біосистематики хребетних Індонезійського інституту науки. У 2010 році Амір продовжив навчання в Японії та здобув ступінь магістра у Вищій школі вивчення навколишнього середовища людини Кіотського університету. Він здобув ступінь доктора в тому ж університеті в 2013 році.

Амір — один із небагатьох індонезійських вчених, які є членами Конвенції про міжнародну торгівлю видами дикої фауни та флори, які перебувають під загрозою зникнення. Він також є головою Індонезійської герпетологічної асоціації.

Описані види
 Leptobrachium waysepuntiense. Hamidy A, Matsui M. 2010.
 Rhacophorus indonesiensis. Hamidy A, Kurniati. 2015.
 Leptobrachium kantonishikawai. Hamidy A, Matsui M. 2014.
 Leptobrachium kanowitense. Hamidy A, Matsui M, Nishikawa K, Belabut DM. 2012.
 Leptophryne javanica. Hamidy A, Munir M, Mumpuni, Rahmania M, and Kholik AA. 2018.
 Micryletta sumatrana. Munir, Hamidy, Matsui, Dikari Kusrini & Nishikawa, 2020
 Occidozyga berbeza. Matsui, Nishikawa, Eto, Hamidy, Hossman & Fukuyama, 2021
 Cyrtodactylus papeda. Riyanto, Faz, Amarasinghe, Munir, Fitriana, Hamidy, Kusrini & Oliver 2022.

Примітки

Герпетологи
Автори зоологічних таксонів

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This Smeg FAB28YR1 Tall Fridge looks exceptional with a retro red finish and offers ample space to keep your fresh groceries stored safely. This fridge is hinged on the left hand side.
Merging a 50s-style appearance with high-performance technology, the FAB28YR1 is a quality appliance designed for optimum food storage.
Enjoy the convenience of automatic defrosting, taking the chore out of appliance maintenance by working at regular intervals to remove the need to ever have to defrost your fridge. An A++ energy efficiency rating assures you of great savings on power consumption and helps to reduce your carbon footprint.
The fridge offers a fast chill function that gets new groceries down to the optimum temperature, sealing in their freshness and protecting currently-stored items.
Three safety glass shelves divide up its 222 litres of usable space, with three door balconies on offer for your bottles, jars and smaller items. An egg rack keeps eggs safe, and there's a chrome wine rack for your bottles of white and rosé. Keep fruit and vegetables in great condition using the salad crisper drawer.
You can adjust the shelves to accommodate taller items such as soft drink bottles. A halogen light provides superb illumination to help you find what you want, when you want it.
The Smeg FAB28YR1 Fridge includes a 26-litre ice box that's ideal for keeping small portions of food frozen for when you need them most.
Whether it's a couple of packs of meat or a tub of ice cream, this freezer box will keep your food perfectly frozen with its four-star performance rating. In the event of a power failure, it will keep everything frozen for up to 12 hours.
There's an ice cube tray provided for keeping drinks cool, and the ice box also offers automatic defrosting to save you mess and hassle.
Give your kitchen a dash of real retro style with the Smeg FAB28YR1 Tall Fridge in red.


text:
Marguerite Gachet al piano è un dipinto a olio su tela (102,6x50 cm) realizzato nel 1890 dal pittore Vincent van Gogh. È conservato nel Kunstmuseum di Basilea.

Van Gogh raffigura la figlia del suo amico Gachet che suona il pianoforte.

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni
 Kunstmuseum – Sito ufficiale

Dipinti di Vincent van Gogh
Ritratti pittorici femminili
Ritratti di musicisti
Dipinti nella Kunstmuseum Basel


This intermediate course is intended for report and form authors, typically financial and business people, who will be using Cognos Finance to input and report on financial data.
This is the self paced training version of Cognos Finance 7.4 Authoring classroom course. Cognos Finance 7.4 Authoring is a two-day, self paced course designed to teach report authors how to create and distribute reports and forms. Through a series of lectures and hands-on exercises, you will learn essential data input techniques that can be used to create budgets and forecasts in Cognos Finance Windows, Web and Excel interfaces. It is assumed that you have no experience with Cognos Finance or multidimensional reporting and analysis, but are familiar with the financial data and reporting needs of your organization.


Description: In this video Yusuf Estes elaborates on compassion within Islam in our everyday relationship with our parents, children, spouses, neighbours and even animals.
Who are the highest and the best of the people that ever walked on this planet?
How do you want people around you to treat you?


For most of the Facebook users, posting an image is a kind of routine but tagging and re-tagging method can do wonders to get you more likes and comments to the posts. With tagging you can easily notify the person being tagged, which can engage more attention. Though this won't work if the target user has disabled the feature of tagging, but for that chances are less. Therefore, it's always better to tag as much as the given limit.
Sometimes, you can't tag your friends in a selfie, it just doesn't sound cool. So in that case, you need to go for the substitute method i.e. recalling your status. It basically means that once you have liked or commented on a post, an automatic notification is sent to you friends, all you need to do is to unlike the status and re-like it. Hence, they all will receive notification once again, which means better response and attention.
To get likes is easier than getting comments. When you post something intriguing like a fill-in-the-blanks posts, inflow of comments is natural. Also, keep the posts as short and crisp as possible, within 80-100 characters at most. It should appeal your target users, especially emotionally driven would fetch more attention than any other.
Ask questions that can be answered in one or two words but it should be equally fascinating and interesting for the users to answer. If not that, then go for multiple choice questions, it never fails to get response in terms of quantity and quality.
This technique is not new but it works amazingly on Social media especially on Facebook. Participation in contests is possible if you know how to touch the right chords of your target users. Keep it focused on a particular section, keep the time duration limited. Allow and encourage your participants to share as much they can.
Though these are natural ways of getting likes on Facebook posts, but you will find many unnatural ways to gain likes, comments and response from the users. All those methods are not recommended here.


We are excited to announce our new Little Caesars® Pizza Kit website, www.pizzakitnc.com! Our new website makes it so easy to sign up your group for this terrific fundraiser. With the name recognition, great value and delicious taste, Little Caesars® Pizza Kits is an excellent fundraiser program for schools, sports teams, youth groups, dance clubs, etc. We, at Fun Services, are here to service all of our North Carolina groups making the process even easier. Check out the website today and let us know how we can help your group reach their fundraising goals!


strings and make a separate read_line that uses caml_alloc.
> >>> function, or is there a version that doesn't copy the string?
> >> to add a one word header to the string and maybe some byte at the end.
> >> end of string and will stick to its allocated size).


text:
// Copyright (c) 2007-2017 ppy Pty Ltd <contact@ppy.sh>.
// Licensed under the MIT Licence - https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ppy/osu/master/LICENCE

using System;
using System.Linq;
using osu.Game.Beatmaps;
using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Objects;
using osu.Game.Rulesets.Objects.Types;
using osu.Game.Rulesets.Replays;
using osu.Game.Users;

namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Replays
{
    internal class ManiaAutoGenerator : AutoGenerator<ManiaHitObject>
    {
        private const double release_delay = 20;

        private readonly int availableColumns;

        public ManiaAutoGenerator(Beatmap<ManiaHitObject> beatmap, int availableColumns)
            : base(beatmap)
        {
            this.availableColumns = availableColumns;

            Replay = new Replay { User = new User { Username = @"Autoplay" } };
        }

        protected Replay Replay;

        public override Replay Generate()
        {
            // Todo: Realistically this shouldn't be needed, but the first frame is skipped with the way replays are currently handled
            Replay.Frames.Add(new ReplayFrame(-100000, null, null, ReplayButtonState.None));

            double[] holdEndTimes = new double[availableColumns];
            for (int i = 0; i < availableColumns; i++)
                holdEndTimes[i] = double.NegativeInfinity;

            // Notes are handled row-by-row
            foreach (var objGroup in Beatmap.HitObjects.GroupBy(h => h.StartTime))
            {
                double groupTime = objGroup.Key;

                int activeColumns = 0;

                // Get the previously held-down active columns
                for (int i = 0; i < availableColumns; i++)
                {
                    if (holdEndTimes[i] > groupTime)
                        activeColumns |= 1 << i;
                }

                // Add on the group columns, keeping track of the held notes for the next rows
                foreach (var obj in objGroup)
                {
                    var holdNote = obj as HoldNote;
                    if (holdNote != null)
                        holdEndTimes[obj.Column] = Math.Max(holdEndTimes[obj.Column], holdNote.EndTime);

                    activeColumns |= 1 << obj.Column;
                }

                Replay.Frames.Add(new ReplayFrame(groupTime, activeColumns, null, ReplayButtonState.None));

                // Add the release frames. We can't do this with the loop above because we need activeColumns to be fully populated
                foreach (var obj in objGroup.GroupBy(h => (h as IHasEndTime)?.EndTime ?? h.StartTime + release_delay).OrderBy(h => h.Key))
                {
                    var groupEndTime = obj.Key;

                    int activeColumnsAtEnd = 0;
                    for (int i = 0; i < availableColumns; i++)
                    {
                        if (holdEndTimes[i] > groupEndTime)
                            activeColumnsAtEnd |= 1 << i;
                    }

                    Replay.Frames.Add(new ReplayFrame(groupEndTime, activeColumnsAtEnd, 0, ReplayButtonState.None));
                }
            }

            Replay.Frames = Replay.Frames
                                  // Pick the maximum activeColumns for all frames at the same time
                                  .GroupBy(f => f.Time)
                                  .Select(g => new ReplayFrame(g.First().Time, maxMouseX(g), 0, ReplayButtonState.None))
                                  // The addition of release frames above maybe result in unordered frames, but we need them ordered
                                  .OrderBy(f => f.Time)
                                  .ToList();

            return Replay;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Finds the maximum <see cref="ReplayFrame.MouseX"/> by count of bits from a grouping of <see cref="ReplayFrame"/>s.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="group">The <see cref="ReplayFrame"/> grouping to search.</param>
        /// <returns>The maximum <see cref="ReplayFrame.MouseX"/> by count of bits.</returns>
        private float maxMouseX(IGrouping<double, ReplayFrame> group)
        {
            int currentCount = -1;
            int currentMax = 0;

            foreach (var val in group)
            {
                int newCount = countBits((int)(val.MouseX ?? 0));
                if (newCount > currentCount)
                {
                    currentCount = newCount;
                    currentMax = (int)(val.MouseX ?? 0);
                }
            }

            return currentMax;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Counts the number of bits set in a value.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="value">The value to count.</param>
        /// <returns>The number of set bits.</returns>
        private int countBits(int value)
        {
            int count = 0;
            while (value > 0)
            {
                if ((value & 1) > 0)
                    count++;
                value >>= 1;
            }

            return count;
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
https://www.wsj.com/articles/clean-air-the-next-luxury-apartment-perk-11607526064
Developer Brian Levitt at his condo building, Lakehouse, in Denver. Each unit receives its own ventilated and filtered air. PHOTO ILLUSTRATION: David Williams for The Wall Street Journal; Edmon de Haro
Clean Air: The Next Luxury Apartment Perk
Technology that seamlessly fixes air quality will become widespread in homes by 2030, real-estate developers say. Will homebuyers care once the pandemic subsides?
Katy McLaughlin
Mr. Levitt examines a MERV 13 filter at Lakehouse. Air quality experts believe that the wide adoption of MERV 13 or 14 filters will be sufficient to manage major particle-related problems.
Photo: David Williams for The Wall Street Journal
When buyers of real-estate developer John Roe's seven condos walk into their new Manhattan homes sometime after May next year, Mr. Roe wants them to breathe deep and feel good about it. That's because he has spared no expense on air quality.
The boutique building, called Charlotte of the Upper West Side, is being constructed with an airtight external shell. Fresh air, tempered, filtered and then treated with ultraviolet light, will be constantly pumped into each room, while the same amount of used air is extracted. If a resident is worried—say they muttered "God bless you" to a sniffly dinner guest a worrisome number of times last night—they can boost the air exchange in their unit by 120%. Buyers of Mr. Roe's properties will be well aware of how special their air is: Marketing materials, which typically might describe the amenities and luxe touches, include elaborate diagrams and animations describing how the air system works.
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This book is a memoir, set against the backdrop of Teri P. Gay's life out in the country with her second husband, John Gay, a renowned engineer and land surveyor in New York State, whom she married after ending a previous marriage of twenty-five years.
The book's chapters tell about growing up in Glens Falls, New YorkHometown, U.S.A.in the 1960s and '70s; being a wife, mother, and professional woman in the '80s and '90s; getting divorced and remarrying; turning fifty; living out in the country; and embracing life and aging in the twenty-first century.
Through tales of growing up poor, rising to a career as a corporate executive, suffering through personal turmoils, and grappling with some misadventures, this book should resonate wholeheartedly with a broad audience of readers. It is honest and fresh, happy and sad, while weaving in a historical perspective throughout.
Teri P. Gay has been a historian and writer in northern New York State for many years, and in addition to authoring many historical articles (which are listed on her website: www.terigay.com), she has written two other books. The first is Malta Memories (Adirondack Press, 2007), and the second is Strength without Compromise: Womanly Influence and Political Identity in Turn-of-the-Twentieth-Century Rural Upstate New York (The American Classics Company, 2009).


Ecclesiastes 3 says there is a time and a season for everything and there is a purpose to it all. Your season may be Fall. There are a lot of changes taking place in your life. In Some areas, it's all falling apart. In others you're holding strong.
Perhaps you're in a dry season. You've been stripped of everything you've worked hard for. Like winter; every area of your life seems bare, it's going nowhere. Everything seems fruitless and pointless. What makes matters worse is when everyone around you seems to be growing and flourishing and you, you're standing still. Like someone hit the pause button on your life.
I've had seasons where I thought I wouldn't make it. Some time ago my life had just blew apart. I was on the bathroom floor crying and screaming, Why God? Why?
I heard God say, Wrong question.
I sat up angry and confused and said, What do you mean wrong question, I'm the one doing the asking!
Then He said, It's not why you should be asking, it's Who! Who is in control?
That's a good question, I thought. Who is in control? Just because I'm having the worst day of my life, it doesn't mean that God stopped being Alpha and Omega of my life. He said He would never leave me or forsake me. As far as I know, never means never. Good or bad day, He'll never leave my side. He doesn't take sick days, or pop out for a lunch break. My bad day isn't the result of God being out on vacation. So as bad as things may be, I'm not in this alone, God is with me and He can get me through this!
God is a Promise Keeper. When I got saved He made a promise to me. He said that He has a plan for me. The situations in my life may change but God's plans for me will never change. Things may rock me, but they won't harm me. Things may be rough right now but according to His word I will succeed, I have hope and a great future ahead of me.
I made up my mind that day. Whether it's the worst day or the best day of my life, I'm going to hold on to God's promise like my life depends on it. No matter how it looks, I'm going to judge Him who promised faithful and If I struggle with unbelief. He's going to give me the encouragement I need to overcome my unbelief. I'm not alone in this I can and will lean on Him.
What did God promise you?
Your fall and winters are just seasons, they're temporary. Some falls and winters are worse than others. Yet we are encouraged by our Father who loves us and sent His beloved Son to die for us to count it All joy!
I have to be honest with you, I don't enjoy these seasons but I can't deny that these were the seasons that refined me. Where faith was built up and hope renewed. I learned how to tune into God's voice in the midst of the lies and accusations of the enemy during these seasons. It drew me closer to God and I saw a Love for me that is beyond words.
There is a purpose to your lack, droughts and afflictions. According to His promise your pain will not be in vain. I've come to see the low points in my life as the fertilizer that prepares me for the fruit that's about to come. The vehicle that carries me into my Spring and Summers. You may not be in that place where you can celebrate in the midst of your trials yet, but you can have rest and peace in them knowing that God is with you and for you.


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