text:
Were the Egyptian pyramids wireless power stations?
This video states many claims, among others:
the pyramids were built to create "wireless electricity"
electricity was created by "aquifers" - some mechanism based on water flowing underground
"negative ions" were transferred to the ionosphere, generating electrical current
Egyptians used "wireless electricity" for communication purposes
fine gold plating found on some ancient artifacts requires electricity
Is anything about it feasible?
history egypt pyramids
kenorb
MarekMarek
The video says (at 0:50) "electricity was originally generated and widely utilised in ancient Egypt, the Baghdad battery and the first arc lights were used at that time"
However the dates don't match up.
Baghdad battery: between 250 BC and AD 224
Egyptian pyramids 2630 BCE–2611 BCE
Only a small number of these "Baghdad batteries" were discovered, by contrast the number of Egyptian mummies is in the millions.
Several alabaster oil lamps were found in Tutankhamen's tomb (but no batteries)
This isn't consistent with electricity being "widely utilised" in "ancient Egypt".
At 1:18 the video claims "No soot has been found in the corridors of the pyramids" and this is used to suggest thet they therefore must have used electric lighting.
However this is untrue, there is plenty of soot found inside the pyramids. Most of it from visitors in the 18th or 19th centuries, who used oil lamps and candles. When the pyramids were built, the chambers and passageways were constructed in the open, in daylight. The roofs of these spaces were only closed after the work on the spaces was mostly completed/ After that the upper layers could be placed. Reference. In ancient times, visitors were not permitted to enter the sealed tombs of the pharaohs. Once completed there was no need for lighting within.
Pharos Lighthouse
The video says "the arc lamp used in the lighthouse of alexandria is further proof that electricity was used in ancient Egypt, the energy required to power the lighthouse for 24 hours a day could only have been supplied by a regular electrical source"
Early European and American lighthouses did not require a regular electrical source. They were lit by open fires, candles and oil lamps
Granite is a conductor
This claim is made at 02:35.
however this is untrue - by any reasonable interpretation of "conductor" in the context of practical transmission of electrical current for powering, for example, a lighthouse.
Conductivity of granite =~ 10-3 - 10-7 S/m
Conductivity of copper = 5.8 x 10+7 S/m
So granite is at least 10,000,000,000 times less conductive than copper.
Excavations have shown that the Egyptian pyramids were built to house the tomb of the Pharaohs and their families.
The British Museum says
These monumental stone tombs were part of the funerary complexes of the kings of the Old and Middle Kingdoms. Their form developed from the rectangular mastaba tombs of the kings of the Early Dynastic period. The first pyramid, the Step Pyramid of Djoser, consists of six tiers that are like mastabas of decreasing size stacked one on top of the other.
National geographic says
The Pyramids of Giza and the Nile Delta were the tombs of choice for pharaohs of Egypt's Old Kingdom.
sarcophagus in the central chamber of the pyramid at Giza - From St Louis University.
According to A BRIEF HISTORY OF ANCIENT EGYPTIAN TOMBS at Dartmouth University
Because the king was revered as God, his tomb (the pyramid) was constructed to last forever, thus ensuring the continuing prosperity of the king in his afterlife. Like the early mastabas, the 4th dynasty pyramids had no decorations.
The 5th dynasty (Old Kingdom) which saw the construction of more modest pyramids contained the first decorations. These decorations (Fig. 3 and 4) took the form of hieroglyphic writings - known as the Pyramid Texts - which provide guidelines and instructions on how to ensure safe voyage through the nether world and the eternal life thereafter.
Wikipedia cites Lichtheim, Miriam (1975). Ancient Egyptian Literature, vol 1. London, England: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02899-6. for Utterance 373 - It can also be found in The Pyramid Texts, Volume 4 By Samuel Alfred Browne Mercer
Oho! Oho! Rise up, O Teti! Take your head, collect your bones, Gather your limbs, shake the earth from your flesh! Take your bread that rots not, your beer that sours not, Stand at the gates that bar the common people! The gatekeeper comes out to you, he grasps your hand, Takes you into heaven, to your father Geb. He rejoices at your coming, gives you his hands, Kisses you, caresses you, Sets you before the spirits, the imperishable stars...
The contents which remain after looting and the inscriptions in chambers in the old-kingdom pyramids in Egypt provide evidence of their purpose.
"Wireless Electricity"
Electricity is actually a rather vague notion but if we take it to mean the movement of charge carriers, wireless electricity would be what we experience in lightning or in the discharge of static electricity. This sort of electricity is much less useful to us than electricity conducted in wires.
There are methods for gold plating that do not require electricity
RedGrittyBrickRedGrittyBrick
An anonymous user tried to comment on this with an edit. They complained there was no evidence to suggest Egyptian pyramids were built to house the tombs of pharaohs. Could you please provide a reference to support that claim? – Oddthinking♦ Feb 22 '14 at 8:08
@Oddthinking: See revisions to answer. – RedGrittyBrick Feb 22 '14 at 11:47
I'd +1, but I already have. – Oddthinking♦ Feb 22 '14 at 13:13
A central part of the theory seems to hinge on the belief that the pyramids are far older than cited (10,000 BCE), and that the ancient Egyptians claimed them for themselves. The various other pyramids in the area are claimed to be failed attempts by the ancient Egyptians at reproducing the grand pyramids on the Giza strip. This theory, of course, has many flaws. In fact, the very point about the lack of soot within the pyramids discredits this idea, as the ancient Egyptians undoubtedly would have used torches to navigate the pyramids had they been beyond their expertise to build. – crush Mar 14 '14 at 14:03
Also, w.r.t. powering a lighthouse "24 hours a day," a lighthouse isn't really needed at noon. – David Conrad Sep 28 '18 at 21:04
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text:
require "google/cloud/service_control/v1/quota_controller"
require "google/cloud/service_control/v1/service_controller"
require "google/cloud/service_control/v1/version"

module Google
  module Cloud
    module ServiceControl
      ##
      # To load this package, including all its services, and instantiate a client:
      #
      # @example
      #
      #     require "google/cloud/service_control/v1"
      #     client = ::Google::Cloud::ServiceControl::V1::QuotaController::Client.new
      #
      module V1
      end
    end
  end
end

helper_path = ::File.join __dir__, "v1", "_helpers.rb"
require "google/cloud/service_control/v1/_helpers" if ::File.file? helper_path

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Our Clear Cleanser has got a new look! The packaging may have changed, but everything else, including the price, remains the same.
Tough on breakouts, soft on your skin.
Breakouts can occur at any age, whether you're 15 or 50. Cleansing is the first step to improving your skin. Clear Pore Normalizing Cleanser is tough on blemishes yet kind to your skin, gently removing excess oil, debris and pore-clogging impurities to leave skin clean, clear and refreshed.
This product contains salicylic acid (BHA), therefore, if you are allergic to aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), we recommend using the Skin Balancing Cleanser instead.
*This product contains salicylic acid (BHA), therefore, if you are allergic to aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), we recommend using the Skin Balancing Cleanser instead.
nana - Did not like at all!!
i started using this product in trial size for my bacne, hoping it will clear the problem. i have used the skin balancing cleanser and loved it so i thought of using a different cleanser for a change... worst mistake i have ever made!! instead of clearing my problem area it gave me even more blackheads then i had before!! i will go back to the skin balancing cleanser which does the trick for me!
This cleansed my face well but was too drying for me even if i have combination skin.
This is a very good gentle cleanser with an antimicrobial agent (triclosan) that will help clear acne. It does not irritate the skin, nor dry it. However, it is ineffective in cleansing the skin. It does not remove regular makeup or regular mascara. My face always comes out all smudged after using this. If I use a makeup remover or a toner afterwards, it will be dirty. I am aware that there is a trend going on about dual cleansing and completely cleaning your skin before cleaning your skin. To me, the more rubbing, the more irritating. I would like to know Paula's Choice opinion on this. For me, there are plenty of super efficient cleansers out there, some great ones within Paula's Choice range, that clean gently and efficiently in one step. My current preference goes for the Resist anti-aging foaming cleanser.
thank you for sharing your experience with us - we're sorry to hear this didn't work as expected for you! Please contact a member of our Customer Care team, who can assist you with a possible alternative.
I never suffered from particular bad skin (e.g. acne), but over the years I have developed several blackheads, breakouts and especially whiteheads (those annoying white dots on your cheek bones, chin and forehead that just never seem to go away no matter what). I would always pick in skin - and yes I know I definitely should not be doing that, but I just came to a point where scares were better than blemishes. I was so frustrated of my skin situation, so when I read about Paula's magic prodructs on a beauty blog, I thought this will be the end of my skin battle.
The product is really soft and gentle towards the skin which is great. The product is easy to apply on. I use it twice a day. In the morning and in the night. I have used the product for exactly 4 weeks where I at the same time have not picked in my skin at all (pretty proud). I really wanted to improve my skin, thus why I decided no picking at all no matter skin situation while trying out the product.
I do not if it is the product or simply because I have not picked in my skin, but the skin on my cheeks are definitely better. I always used to get blackheads on my cheeks, but I have not had a single on since I started to use the product. However, I still have many whiteheads on my chin which is so frustrating. I do not know how to get rid of them. Also, I have had a couple of break outs while using the product, and the one break out was really infected, why I got rid of it, but I actually expected the product to reduce my break outs and whiteheads, but unfortunately it have not.
But I will definitely continue to buy Paula's products. Perhaps it just takes longer than 4 weeks for my skin to improve in terms of break outs and whiteheads. Or maybe I will try some of their other products.
Overall happy, but still a bit frustrated since the product has not solved my major skin issue (whiteheads).
Customer Care: Thank you for your review. To address blackheads, breakouts and whiteheads, we recommend using a BHA exfoliant, if you are not allergic to aspirin of course. A cleanser removes debris, oil, and makeup and therefore allows other products to work better, but may not address the skin concerns you have mentioned. We are happy to recommend you some products that may help, please contact us by email.
This product (with Clear extra strenght 2% Bha and ultra-light daily mattifying fluid) has been a miracle for me. My face suddenly broke out. There were huge whiteheads and little blackheads literally all over my face. Although I hated the situation I was lucky in a way because they never got infected. For months I tried many different products but nothing seemed to work. Some of them only made matters worse. In July I finally went to see a Dermatologist and he analysed it as comedo acne. In August I started using Paula`s products and little by little my face started to heal. Even though these products work like a charm they haven´t done anything for the blackheads on my nose (hence the 4 stars). Apparently those blackheads are here to stay. Thinking about trying next Resist anti-aging foaming cleanser. It might be a better solution for my face is starting to dry as winter is coming.
I have terribly moody skin - my skin is supersensitive, it reacts to weather changes, cosmetic products and sometimes I get eczema even from clothes or detergent. At the same time I suffer from rosacea and dryness on my cheeks, yet I have oily nose and forehead. In past couple months I had severe acne on my chin, that had to be cured by antibiotics, and even after that some of the blemishes survived. This cleanser got me rid of them. It's the only cleanser from all that I have ever used (except from La Roche-Posay Tolerraine cleanser) that hasn't caused any burning sensation nor alergic reaction. My skin feels clean, soft and calm and all the blemishes are gone. What's more - since I started using this cleanser I haven't noticed any new blemishes, which is great!
I have combination skin an get a lot of breakouts, but not so much since I have started using the Paula's Choice product! I have tried out so many different cleansers, and this is my absolute favourite! It leaves your skin so soft and does not dry out the skin. Amazing product!
I have very oily skin with a tendency to break out, and nothing has ever worked before now. So what I have done is a bit of a combo. I use the the Clear cleanser to fight any possible breakouts, but otherwise have used products for oily skin.
My skin is now far less oily than it has ever been, and therefore no breakouts. In fact it's great. The mild approach to oily and blemish prone skin really works. And as I am allergic to benzoylperoxide, I am only to happy to do without.
I loved Paula's books when I lived in the States years ago, and I was thrilled when I discovered she had her own product line recently.
I had really high hopes for this cleanser (as well as the whole CLEAR line of products) because of all the great reviews, but I was very disappointed after only a couple of days use. I have combination skin prone to breakouts, so this sounded like the ideal cleanser for my skin type. This cleanser in combination with the "CLEAR Extra Strength Anti-Redness Exfoliating Solution With 2% Salicylic Acid" made my skin so dry and flaky. I started using the cleanser alone hoping that it would help my (at this point) dry and very sore skin, but unfortunately it didn't. The only reason that I give this cleanser two stars is because it's fairly good at removing make up - which is the only plus as far as I can see. I really wanted to love the products, but I don't think that I will be repurchasing after this experience.
This is the best cleanser I've ever used. It doesn't dry out my skin, it removes all my leftover makeup and I only need a small amount.
I thought, that a cleanser did not have a such big difference!
I started using Paula's products - and bought the Skin Balancing oil reducing cleanser - together with the toner.
But it did not have any effect on my breakouts, so I bought a trial size of this cleanser. And what a difference!!
This cleanser is the best EVER!!
Not too hard on the skin, and yet it has a great effect on breakouts and acne prone skin!
I've been using this product along with CLEAR Extra Strength Anti-Redness Exfoliating Solution With 2% Salicylic Acid for about a week now and I have already seen significant difference in my skin! In the winter my skin dries out and that worsens my acne. Moisturizing isn't enough and my skin breaks out very easily from too heavy moisturizers. Changing my cleanser to this one has made a big difference because this doesn't dry my skin at all. It is gentle and leaves my skin feeling absolutely clean. The amount of blemishes and blackheads has decreased and the dryness is in control.
Sandra Kumuduni - BEST CLEANSER EVER!!!!
This cleanser is by far the best I've ever tried -and I have tried lots! It removes makeup and leaves the skin clean, soft and fresh. LOVE IT!
The CLEAR system has literally saved my acne-prone skin, and I couldn't be more exited. However, it took about two-three months before my skin got use to the BHA product, but then the results were just amazing. Thank you, Paula AND also customer service. They've been very helpful along the way, which I'm truly grateful for!
This removes everything exept a little of my mascara which is left under my eyes, but after the moisturizer I can remove that with a cotton pad. My skin has less acne, probably a result of using the aha and bha. I trust PC's product, everything else feels like cheating my skin. Customer Care : For removing (waterproof) mascara, stay put foundation and or stubborn lipstick we can recommend our Gentle Touch Make Up Remover. We will forward a sample.
Martin - Cleansers aren't that fine, this one does what it says.
Though without fragrance this cleanser smells nice, feels nice, rinses off nice, and I've found that it provides enough lubrication for me to use for shaving (unless I've been lazy and there's a lot to shave off). It's a bit boring, but, I don't think you can make cleansers fun, and if you did, that would probably not be any good for the skin at all. If I feel rich one day, I will probably use this one for my body, too, due to acne, but that's another story.
A great cleanser! Removes all makeup without making my skin feel tight or dry! I can't say that this product alone makes wonders for my complexion but it's definetily better than any cleanser I have tryed before!
Since I have been using this Clear cleanser in combination with the toner, even my beautician can see the difference.
I love this cleanser. In fact since I have started to use the Clear System I feel I have control over my skin. No more nasty breakouts on dry, dull skin. I can't say I don't ever get spots but they are no as inflamed and they are few and far in between. This cleanser removes my heavy eye makeup most the time and does not strip my skin of all its oils. My face just feels clean, not tight and begging for moisturiser like most cleansers leave me.
I am really impressed on how well this lightweight gel can clean even my Estee Lauder Double Wear Foundation without making my skin feel dry or irritated. Great product. I wish it came in a bigger size.
Panthenol is a humectant because of its ability to attract and hold moisture. It improves the look and feel of skin.
Gentle cleansing ingredient for all skin types.
Aqua, Sodium Lauroyl Sarcosinate (cleansing agent), Acrylates/Steareth-20 Methacrylate Copolymer (texture-enhancing), Glycerin (skin replenishing), PEG-200 Hydrogenated Glyceryl Palmate (hydrating cleansing agent), Sodium Laureth Sulfate (cleansing agent), Salicylic Acid (skin-soothing), Arginine (amino acid/hydration), Butylene Glycol (texture enhancer), PEG-7 Glyceryl Cocoate (cleansing/skin-softening/emulsifier), Panthenol (hydration), Disodium EDTA (chelating agent), Citric Acid (pH adjuster), PEG-60 Hydrogenated Castor Oil (skin-softening), Sodium Citrate (chelating agent), Phenoxyethanol (preservative), Caprylyl Glycol (preservative), Chlorphenesin (preservative).
Which cleanser should I choose if I suffer from breakouts?
The Clear Normalizing Cleanser is a very light gel cleanser, and is ideal for skin with breakouts. Would you rather use a light foamy, creamy cleanser that washes off easily? Then Skin Balancing Cleanser is also a good choice.
Does Paula's Choice have a product range with benzoyl peroxide?
Benzoyl peroxide is an active ingredient that is powerful against bacteria that causes breakouts. Based on cosmetic regulations of the EU, the Paula's Choice Clear products that contain benzoyl peroxide are not available in the European Union. A good alternative is Clear Daily Skin Clearing Treatment with azelaic acid.
Liquid exfoliant gently exfoliates the skin's surface and inside pores for clearer skin.
Liquid exfoliant quickly penetrates deep inside pores, effectively clearing breakouts.
Targets breakouts, brown spots and wrinkles in one go.
Water-light fluid minimises the appearance of pores and protects skin from the sun.


Interested in getting paid to take surveys? Want to know the online surveys that pay cash?
When I first started completing online surveys for cash, my number one question was this – which online survey sites in Australia pay cash?
Sure, gift vouchers from paid surveys sounded good, but what I really wanted was the ability to earn real money. I'm sure many of you will share this desire.
I sifted through my options, locating all the top survey sites in Australia to narrow it down to the very best sites for completing surveys online for money.
Australia has some really great paid online survey sites offering reliable cash from online surveys. Many of the sites offer multiple options to redeem rewards, with PayPal and bank transfer being just two of these.
Below you'll find a list of the best sites that offer surveys for money Australia offers. Or if you're anxious to get started right now, I recommend you sign up to both Toluna or Pureprofile right now – two of the best options!
2.3 How Much Can You Earn?
2.4 Do Online Surveys For Cash Australia Really Work?
Toluna. A huge international community with surveys that pay via PayPal.
LifePoints. Get paid for surveys via PayPal as well as entry into monthly prize draws and shopping vouchers.
Octopus Group. Pays cash straight to your bank account. Earn up to $8 per survey.
Swagbucks. Pays via PayPal and offers loads of ways to earn points, surveys included.
Pureprofile. Some of the best paying surveys for cash. Get gift cards and bank transfers.
MyOpinions. Attach your PayPal account for easy cash transfers.
OpinionWorld. You can withdraw cash via PayPal after earning $5 from online surveys.
Survey Rewardz. Get paid via cheque, PayPal or prepaid visa cards.
YouGov. High profile surveys that pay well and only take 10 minutes on average.
Viewfruit. Do surveys for PayPal money and get entry into monthly prize draws.
MOBROG. Regular survey that pay via PayPal, paying $1-$5 on average.
There are loads of sites offering legitimate paid surveys in Australia. There are companies that need consumers' opinions and they're willing to conduct paid market research to get it. Doing an online survey for money gives you a chance to be part of this and to earn some extra cash on the side.
The great thing about doing surveys for cash is that you won't receive a gift card that can get lost in the mix, but cash allowing you to spend your earnings not only on luxuries but necessities too.
Remember something – most people aren't patient enough to persist when they aren't earning enough money. This gives you the advantage. The more surveys you do for cash, and the more you can present yourself as a valuable source of data, the more opportunities you'll be given.
You can complete paid online surveys at home or on the go as many sites have apps to earn money online.
My advice remains the same as it always has – be as honest as possible and answer as many questions as you can. Don't just sign up for any offer. If you're still wondering are Aussie paid surveys safe, I recommend reading this article to avoid becoming victim to a survey scam. Or just use the list of survey sites on this site.
Something worth noting when you do a paid survey is that you won't always be paid in the same way. Some sites pay via PayPal, some pay via bank transfer and others pay via cheque. You can usually choose which payment method best suits you.
From PayPal, you can either spend money online or transfer funds directly into your bank account. This is the method I prefer. I transfer bulk amounts into my PayPal account once monthly.
The final way to be paid is by cheque. Sometimes I will opt to receive a cheque, although this is lengthy and the number of online survey sites offering to pay via cheque is diminishing.
Some of these sites can pay the best rates for online surveys Australia offers. Although it's not possible to give an exact figure of how much you can make from surveys, it is worth working out how much you're willing to receive.
Time is money, and most survey sites will give an estimate of the cash you'll receive for doing online surveys for money. You can expect better rates and more survey opportunities the more surveys you do, so don't neglect offers early on.
Something else you need to be aware of is that sites that offer cash for online surveys are usually the most popular. Survey offers don't last long, so you'll need to be quick when you receive one.
If you treat it seriously, you'll have the best chance of earning more through survey money making.
Do Online Surveys For Cash Australia Really Work?
Do online surveys for money work? Is taking online surveys for money worth it? In my experience, yes. However it's important to be realistic.
Whilst nearly anyone can do online surveys for money, it doesn't mean you'll get rich and be able to quit your day job. Be realistic with your expectations.
What they can and should offer you are a good return on your time and some extra pocket money at the end of each week.
Want to know which online surveys pay cash? The sites below are the best survey websites that offer online surveys paid in cash. These are the top paid surveys Australia offers for cash and are all legitimate survey opportunities.
Not only does Toluna offer me the best paid surveys online, they also offer consistent surveys. There are plenty of opportunities to do online surveys for money. It was also one of the fastest online survey sites that I began to earn money from.
Toluna surveys pay great and in addition to a range of gift vouchers to choose from, they pay via PayPal. To be able to transfer your points to your PayPal account, you need to earn 60,000 points. For me this is usually between 8 – 12 surveys.
I always find lots of surveys waiting for me in the dashboard, and although there is a delay in receiving points, they usually come within a day or two. It's by far one of the best sites I've used to get paid to do surveys.
Australians can now join LifePoints and get paid for surveys online. Within a few days of signing up I had stacks of opportunities to make money for surveys waiting for me in my inbox.
The surveys are fun, most pay over 100 points and payment is via PayPal. You are also entered into their monthly prize draw if you answer surveys for money.
There is also the opportunity to earn points (and thus cash) from other activities like keeping an activity journal or reviewing products.
I don't find them to be the best paying site, but they do send me plenty of survey offers which are quick and easy to complete and the payout figure is low. There is also nothing better than getting actual cash for surveys.
One of the highest paying survey sites is Octopus Group. Relative to the amount of time it takes to complete surveys, they pay some of the best rates in Australia.
Sign up can be with your mobile and there is an app you can use to complete surveys. The app is great as it means you can still do a survey online while you're away from a computer such as on the train or bus.
They pay cash via bank deposit, so you need to provide them with you BSB and Account Number.
A great thing about Octopus Group is that cash doesn't expire – it exists as long as you're a member. You can even earn up to $20 just for referring a friend.
Swagbucks is a site where you can make money doing surveys from the get go. There are so many ways to earn points. Just for signing up I earned $5!
Their PayPal transfers start from $25 which is equal to 2500 SB (their points system). Points are transferable to cash via PayPal.
You can earn SB from a range of activities, just one of those them being surveys. You may be asked to watch a series of videos, to answer the daily poll or to download an app. They're a great site that offers lots of different ways to earn points which keeps it super interesting.
Pureprofile is one of the sites with surveys online made for making cash. They use a dollar based points system so that you can see exactly how much you've earned and how much each survey is worth. Cash can be deposited directly into your bank account.
Their emails outline how long the survey is expected to take and how much it pays. Pureprofile surveys website is very simple and easy to navigate. A short survey can pay anywhere from $2 to $5 and you can also earn points by watching videos and referring friends.
Once you've accumulated $25 you can transfer funds directly into you bank account.
Another site Australian's can make money online with surveys is MyOpinions.
I have found MyOpinions to pay well in comparison to how long surveys take. For example, a survey of 10 minutes paid me 50 points, and even if I was screened out, I would receive 20 points and a prize draw entry!
Survey offers quickly build up. Within a week I was regularly receiving offers for surveys paying up to $3 each for a minimal investment of my time.
The best part – you can easily attach your PayPal account for smooth withdrawls – and their loyalty program means the more surveys you complete, the more you earn. Pretty great!
Opinion World is another of the survey sites Australia offers. It is easy to get started, with signup available via your Facebook or Google account.
It takes just $5, or 500 points in your account before you can withdraw points for cash. You can also get entry into quarterly prize draws with the chance to win up to $5000.
Be aware that some online paid surveys offer donations or prize draw entries instead of cash.
The next top paid survey site is Survey Rewardz. I have only recently started to get paid to do surveys with Survey Rewardz, but so far so good. Something I've noted – they use points but each survey email offer will still give you an estimate of the survey's equivalence into cash.
They offer one of the best range of choices for how you'd like to receive your cash. You can choose to receive a cheque, PayPal payment or prepaid Visa gift cards.
I find on average the surveys pay over $2 each. These aren't the top paid survey opportunities out there, but they are good at alerting me to if there are any new surveys to complete which helps me earn more.
Another site that allows you to redeem cash via PayPal is YouGov which makes making money with surveys simple. Sign up is simple and you'll find yourself earning points pretty quickly.
I didn't receive a huge amount of survey offers from this site, but it is still early days. Surveys can be done on your phone and are generally pretty short – usually only 5 to 10 minutes in length which makes them easy to complete.
There's also a monthly prize draw in addition to opportunities to earn money from surveys.
A new site I've started using is Viewfruit aswhen I heard that they pay via Paypal I had to check it out. I'm glad I did!
This site is simple to sign up and I immediately had some surveys waiting for me. Their points based system means that 500 points is equivalent to $1. The site has quite a community feel and there are loads of ways to participate and get involved.
You can also win some pretty cool prizes on this site with their regular sweepstakes, so it's worth being signed up to try and win free stuff.
Have you had success with any of these sites? I'd love to hear your experience in the comments below.
If you want another way you can get some extra rewards in a similar way to surveys but faster then scan your groceries.
Research companies want to know what people buy in their weekly shop and, if you tell them, you can earn gift vouchers and go into prize drawers.
IRI Shopper Panel gives you a bonus $20 gift voucher just for getting started!
You can join IRI shopper panel here.
I also recommend checking out Homescan which is a similar deal.
You can also read our list of ways to make money from home here or win free stuff here.
Want to learn about other paid survey sites in Australia? Read about other sites like Valued Opinions that offer paid surveys.


Bomba Estéreo is a (cumbia + reggae and electronic music) band formed in Bogotá Colombia. In 2007 they release their first album Vol.1. Currently the band is presenting a new album, "Estalla".
Willard Christopher Smith II (born September 25, 1968) is an American Oscar nominated actor and a multiple Grammy winning hip hop artist. He is one of few people who have enjoyed legitimate success in the three major entertainment media in the United States: film, television, and the music industry.


Durham, NC – On December 1, 2018, at approximately 5:30 a.m., a subject drove a pick-up truck through the front entrance of a jewelry store. The subject then took jewelry and fled from the store. If you have any information regarding this subject, please call the Jewelers' Security Alliance at 212-687-0328.


text:
General T&T, Media, People's Partnership, Politics
Taking Stock of Our Democracy
Everyone remembers when Justice Herbert Volney bus' it and became the victorious representative of the people of St. Joseph. One day he was a justice of the court the next day he was a UNC candidate. Although Sat Maharaj pointed out that other members of the judiciary had ties to politics and politicians the Volney bomb touched a delicate part of the nation. We made a lot of noise about Volney's defection but everyone in Trinidad and Tobago – the country that God has especially blessed – knows everything is a one-day wonder. Folks made noise about his ethical nature of the defection but soon it was yesterday's news.
The prime minister was ecstatic when Volney joined her party. At one of her meetings she declared: "Imagine what it took for him to leave behind his career as a judge. He will be leaving all his years of study. He may open himself to ridicule simple because he chose to put Trinidad and Tobago before his own needs. It shows the desperate need to remove Mr. Manning from office. Even members of the Judiciary are standing up for their country" (Newsday, April 29).
She was correct. Many people gave up many things to join the PP's bandwagon to remove the PNM. Now that the PP is in power esteemed members of the press have jumped ship to demonstrate that they too "are standing up for their country." Andy Johnson is the latest defector. He will become the chief officer of the Government Information Services and will be "an official part of the Government's delegation" to the United Nations next week.
Johnson's defection follows Clevon Raphael's elevation to special adviser and "right hand man" to the Attorney General. The AG called him "a distinguished journalist and someone for whom I've had the greatest respect." Just to demonstrate that he had learned his lines well Raphael uttered the identical sentiments his Prime Minister uttered when Justice Volney jumped into her party. Says Raphael: "It's a major challenge but I see this job as my contributing to national development…but in a different way. I see everything I do, I do in the name of my country."
Such patriotic sentiments are touching but one wonders if Andy or Clevon or Francis Joseph or Ken Ali – all distinguished members of the media – ever gave any thought to their responsibilities, nay obligations, as members of the Fourth Estate. We are told that Andy and Joseph have been working for Jack Warner's Ministry since August and that Ali handled the press releases for the Prime Minister's Office during the Government's Tobago's retreat. This leads us to ask: who is the next member of the Fourth Estate that will express their full-throttled patriotism by serving the Third Estate.
I am sure their remuneration was a consideration since they will receive bigger emoluments from the Government than they received from the previous employers. That's all to the good. But I wonder how the public sees their massive jumping over to the government and how does it affect the public's perception of the media in our country?
Whereas previously it was thought that press persons were neutral when they reported and interpreted the news, now we are told that they really supported the policies and programs of the present government. As full-time advocates of the government they will give full-throated praises to the wonders of Kamla and the PP which leads one to believe that when Patrick Manning and the PNM were telling the country that the press was not as neutral as they declared they were not totally off the mark.
When members of the public accused the media of bias against the PNM they were told they were simple reporting the news–no bias, just facts. In light of the recent action of these journalists I am not sure the press could be so categorical in their denial of whose interest they (or their reporters) serve. Even though the jumping of these journalists into government service does not in and of itself demonstrate media bias their massive exodus – to use the Guardian's words – does not speak well for our media nor is it a salutary sign of things to come.
The press plays a vital role in strengthening our democracy and promoting good governance. It acts as a watchdog of the public interest. We, as a public, grant them certain rights and freedoms to insure that they ferret out wrong doing and expose the malfeasance of office holders. We also expect them to promote government's accountability. However when we hear that the persons who said they dedicated themselves to the public good become advocates for the very persons and policies they were supposed to watching over then we have to shake our heads and ask how believable are these gentlemen.
There is evidence that where newspaper circulation is high electoral accountability is greater and wrong doing by public officials is less likely to occur. Where newspapers are thought to be neutral (or certainly less bias) the public's belief in the democratic process is greatly enhanced. In other words, if the public believes that the newspaper is acting in their interest then they are more likely to place greater faith in their reportage, interpretations and commentaries.
Correspondingly, the more the media seem to be support or contribute to the maintenance of existing governments (or autocratic regimes) the more the public is likely to lose faith in their leavening role. So even though these journalists seem to be defecting to the government on their own free will it does not necessarily reflect well on the media as a whole. Under the circumstances it is difficult to convince the public that it is not in cahoots (or its reporters were not in cahoots) with the party they left to serve and more importantly that they, as journalists, carried out their responsibility fairly.
I do not disparage any of these reporters who have abandoned their profession and to serve the powers that be. I am not too sure that any one would ever be able to take them seriously again. But then that is the price one pays when one abandons one's profession and gives the impression that one was never serious in the first place.
Let us hope that their actions do not diminish the strength and vitality of our democracy.
Andy JohnsonAttorney GeneralJournalistJustice Herbert VolneyPoliticsSelwyn R. Cudjoe
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10 thoughts on "Taking Stock of Our Democracy"
What can one say , I have been warning folks about that bunch for quite some time, but many choose to ignore me.
Don't we miss the days of Editor Shah , and his Rasta sidekick , was it Keith Shepherd, when they were in charge of de Bomb, Blast, T&T Mirror, and if I am not mistaken de decadent Punch etc? At least with dem boys , you knew exactly where their allegiances were, and so did their Machiavellian, visionary boss ,Pat Chocolingo , as 99.9 % of the articles were about alleged wrongs done to a particular unmentionable group across the length and breath of our country. Now fast forward to 2010, and tell me the dividends did not pay off, yes? As your Afro Trini folks dependent on allegedly main stream media entities?
Well even you can fill in the blanks, whether you were still a top notch Literature Professor in 'Norte Americana,' or now an ,advocate for the local down trodden in the land of your birth.
I say however, go easy on dem guys , gals , and in between agents ,of the Corporate 4th Estate ,as dey too have to put food on their family table, yes? In addition, as the wisest lady would say 'water more than flour' -and I would add-one must jump off the sinking ship and get on the right side of the Bocas. What's dat ,you don't believe me?
Alright , then ask your Westmooring , Far Estern Asian, Eurocentric ,and Middle Eastern business entitities that told Manning and his crazy PNM political machinery to kiss dey you know what, as they instead joined corporate pals from Central, South, and selective non dominated PNM enclaves ,near to the East West corridor , to jump on the PP bandwagon when it became expedient , and obvious that Manning the , delusional , self opinionated nutcase , was about to go down faster than the Titanic , or a Trini hungry Mayaro fisherman's scuttled boat ,near military buffoon ,Castro wannabe, socialist , pretending Yankee hating fraud Chavez ,Venezuelan waters.
I wish you well my friend in your quest to take our country back on track , and off the barbarian runaway express!
Let us put our heads together and form our own rival , authentic people's media, perhaps that's the solution, yes? I am available Professor.
"I wish you well my friend in your quest to take our country back on track , and off the barbarian runaway express! Let us put our heads together and form our own rival , authentic people's media, perhaps that's the solution, yes? I am available Professor" Neal
Nealos the world has change and you and prof is way behind times. Again it is my duty to bring you up to speed my tribal friend. Information is available all over the place. The media houses in T&T recognise that they are no longer the central voices in the nation. If they write an article, in less that one week that information is no longer relevant.
Further to all of that there are many radio stations available in T&T. If someone have a particular interest there is a radio station available to fulfill that interest. So essentially the centrality of information has been lost. So if someone were the ask the average Trini what is the topic of interest in T&T, the response will be from what media outlet that person is tuned into.
The point is this we are living the INFORMATION AGE. Information is travelling globally at the speed of light. People are tuned in Nealos to information from various sources, radio, television, internet and newspapers. The internet has revolutionized information to the point that we are overloaded with it.
You and the prof can do your song and dance but the fact is your audience will not be as big as it was in the olden days. The government now have all kinds of sources to get it's information out there in the public domain.
It appears that the PP in government is, either through exceptional organization and/or effective governance able to attract high-profile professionals to their side and cause.
It is without doubt the right of these professionals to advance their personal interests as they best see fit, and no one can deny them this right. The question is, what is the point of departure between pursuing their rights and fulfilling their responsibilities?
There is both an up-side and a down-side to these developments. It might also be that attracting such professionals the PP will increase in attractiveness to gthe general public, and improve in governance.
It might also be that culling these professionals, especially when some of them now indicate that long after they were reporting as neutral observers, commentators and defenders of the public good, they had already been working on behalf of those on whose policies they were ostensibly independent, neutral observers.
One might think that for the PP their loss of credibility is nonetheless the PP's gain, and this might well be so. However, by their actions joining the PP and revealing now that they had been part of the PP for some time, the question remains, who is next to confess to have been in the employ of those whose policies they were analysing and commenting on as neutrals.
There is a negative backlash for the PP in this, for by apearing to be too clever by half, they run the risk of tainting even more than is real, anyone who eventually comes out, so to speak, of the political closet.
This is so since the PP has not only herded media professionals into their polittical pen, but has also done so with legal professionals and others.
Also, some of the PP's decisions now appear to be tainted. For example, one of these, among many including the firing of Philbert by the PSC, came up as a question during debate on the budget. It was about the AG's choice of individuals to head the probe of corruption under the PNM. It would have been wiser, in fact, less tainted if the AG had chosen from among a wider set of individuals, not only by profession as lawyers, but also by his personal relations as colleagues with them in the same legal offices as he.
The unfortunate reaction of the PM to these accusations by name-calling the leader of the official Opposition a "merchant of mischief" must leave a public already sceptical of politicians even more suspicious about the sense of honour, or lack thereof on the part of the PM.
The public has the right, in fact, the responsibility to think this is politics as usual.
Greetings cousin Khem. I am with you on the transition to what Thomas Friedman described as a "Flat World," and won't argue with you if you think that our T&T has reached that level as well. There is still room for added voices my friend, so let's keep dem eyes on the real prize.
There is only so much the State can do, or the profit oriented private sector business class ,will be encouraged to engage in. I am for civil society filling that void. We will see moving forward, my fellow patriotic optimist.
In a democracy we must honour and respect the constitution, our laws, our judiciary, our parliament and yes the freedom of the PRESS (some times called the fourth estate). While we cannot tell the PRESS who to treat fairly and who they should call out, we expect them to present us with a fair reporting of facts as they pertain to political positions. While there are many who bask in euphoria of the PPs win and subsequent formation of government and condemn what they view as PNMs incompetence and waste, there are other views of equal weight that need to be aired for reader consumption. We are not all lovers of the PP and haters of the PNM. We are not all supporters of the PNM that envy the PP in power. We are, many of us people love a good story, one that tell us who our leaders are and what they are doing. Many of us can decide for ourselves who are good for us and those who are NOT. Our three dailies Guardian, Express and Newsday whose publications and reporting can be dubbed as pro PP and anti PNM during the campaign, continues to report as though we still need to 'listen' (mainly) to what the PP has to say and "need not worry' about what the PNM or independents have to say. This takes away from the value of the story and leaves the emotional euphoria of the PP suypporters to be sustained while those of us who are looking for something of value to happen are left with a kind of 'take my word for it' readership. WEe dont want to take anytbody's word we want to formulate our own opinions based on the happenings in the public arena, the thgree dalies need not hold our hands to lead us to believe what theyt want us to believe. The mass migration of well-known correspondents does not give us a feeling of confidence in our newspapers and what they report. We want our newspapers to be investigative, probing, insightful, revealing, at times alarming and most importantly truthful. What we see in our dailies is a FOX-like approach to reporting which may last while the PP is popular but WILL be found out as soon as people cannot substantiate the information being fed through the media.
"While we cannot tell the PRESS who to treat fairly and who they should call out, we expect them to present us with a fair reporting of facts as they pertain to political positions."
The issue of bias in favour off and not in favour off has been a long, long debate. The press argues that they have the freedom, meaning they can say whatever they want. That is a third world kickback to government regulations and the catalyst for anarchy.
What exactly is "fair". If T&T chooses the Singapore model then I think fairness will be achieve. If a Singapore newspaper publishes an article about a government minister, that minister MUST be given the right to respond in the said newspaper. Some people may say that it is fair, others say it is unfair. Too much media control.
In developed nations the media is controlled. Governments understood a long time ago that with freedom comes responsibilty. In Canada there is the CTRC, media house are given guidelines as to what they can say and what they can't. For instance in "call in" talk shows if a caller calls in and says something that is prejudicial or defamatory, the host of that show must immediately correct that error or the station could be sued. People's reputation must be defended.
In the U.S. it is quite different people are allow to say whatever they want. That makes the media especially radio stations very vulgar in it's discourse with the public. Of course someone can sue.
In Trinidad the former Express boss sued Panday for using the word "psuedo" and he won. What was amazing about this case was the fact that Panday was responding to articles in the newspaper, so defamation was not deliberate. However, the courts saw otherwise and the pristeen reputation of the former Express boss was salvaged.
The fact is bias is perception and perception is reality. The media needs to work with the government and at times chastise it, expose it and rebuke it. It is a tough job but it must be done to ensure democracy is perserved. Dr Williams denied the newspapers newsprint, Mr. Chambers called a weekly "a rag". Panday sought to introduce the "green paper'. Manning complained all the time about media bias. The song and dance with the media will continue in this love /hate relationship for quite some time into the future.
Danny Colossus says:
In Trinidad & Tobago the line is blurred between "journalist" and "opinion-maker". Clevon Raphael, for example, wrote both "news" items opinion pieces for his former employer, The Trinidad Guardian; others have done the same, I'm sure. One of I95.5 FM's talk show hosts, a gentleman from St. Lucia, took pains to inform his listeners, during the run-up to the T&T election, that he had never voted in his life so as to remain relatively free of political bias. This contrasts with the position recently taken by this same station to practice what they are advertising as "opinion journalism". I wondered and am still wondering what this all means. I prefer that journalists appear to be fair, or more precisely, political journalists, to appear so. By all accounts, the T&T public has already lost faith in the ability of some news/television/radio outlets to give unbiased news. It's now up to the newspapers and TV/radio stations to take positive action to return the profession to its esteemed status.
"If T&T chooses the Singapore model then I think fairness will be achieve." Lord , Lord,I just could not read anymore after this, so forgive me if I miss a bigger point he was attempting to contrive, but this man khem ,never ceases to amaze me, I tell you.
I would not doubt , if he is some paid governmental operative, or simply a fictitious, online creation, mealy bent on antagonizing those of us that really still care about the long term welfare of our country.
Are these, and similar clowns so dense, to not know that T&T ain't no Indonesia- where 'benevolent dictators,' are the order in the latter,but might instead – if left to the encroaching barbarians follies, and ,or , childish devices- could result in an inevitable break down , in the vain of Bainimarama's Fuji, Idi Dada Amin's Uganda ,or even heavens forbid, Rwanda, and Former Yugoslavia?
The Singapore model of achieving fairness is futuristic for third world thinkers. A good friend of mine once said to me "half a story is NO story". Nealos, you need to think as my tribal teacher used to say to me "God give you a brain use it".
In a court of law you are allowed to present evidence for or against any charge. If you do not present evidence then your case will not go forward. Nealos in the court of public opinion, all evidence must be presented to the public, not these half truths that are borne as whole truths. The accuse according to Western law always have a right to defend himself. According to PNM laws the accused must stay accused until "dey say so". According to the Press the accuse must always be in an "aha" situation. Forever the victim of poor commentators and journalist who want increase pay and promotion at the end of the year.
While I am musing here Nealos tell me if it is right to decimate an individual's character without the right of self defence??? If your answer is yes, then the Singapore model will be the most attractive one for you. If your answer is no then the Mugabe model will be the one you embrace. It is all about choice and freedom comes with responsibilities.
We are deem as agents of provocoturs or agents of transparency in a world where gossip can run rampant we must pursue instead the truth, which can conveniently be lost by the zeal of attackers, be it by pen, books, television or internet. I am confident my tribal friend you will see my point.
In fact the opposite I believe is true, democracy is at work here. You have played on one side only in your article. What about their freedoms from the side of their previous employer. Ah, you do not wish to cover that part. Well you cannot brainwash me friend so easily. If the respective employers were treating them correctly then perhaps they would have stayed put.

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The Flamethrower
We wanted to put together a quick update showing off one of the new weapon classes that is in NS2 – the Flamethrower. While still a work in progress, it will be in the next patch for those with Alpha access to play around with.
The basics of the weapon are pretty straightforward. The primary fire will spray a cone of flaming death that will barbeque aliens and alien structures. The initial flame burst will do the most damage, but players and structures will remain on fire for some time after, continuing to lose health but at a slower rate. We played around with having targets on fire set others nearby on fire, but it quickly became apparent that it would be abused by griefers.
Currently there is no secondary fire implemented for the Flamethrower, though we have several ideas kicking around that we'd like to experiment with. One very useful gameplay aspect of the flamethrower, however, is that it can be used to clear rooms of Dynamic Infestation. It's likely that the flamethrower will be the only item in the Marines' arsenal capable of this, making it extremely necessary for pushing back the alien advance.
When faced with a raging inferno of fiery destruction the aliens will be cheered to see their fat firemen friends racing to the rescue – Gorges will be able to put out fires using their heal spray.
Finally, here is some brief in-game footage put together quickly to give you a taste for the pyromaniacal fun of setting a Hive room on fire.
We hope you enjoyed this look at the flamethrower!


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Bonsai vineyard, the densest vineyard in the world | Podere Le Ripi
Biodynamic Winery Montalcino Why Where Who How Vineyards and Winemaking
Wine Experience Wine Tour and Tasting Tuscan Garden Experience Fly Brunello
Our Wines Our Oils Our Allocation
Golden Cellar
Discover the Golden Cellar How we harvest Sorting the grapes Vinification Ageing Refinement in the bottle
62.500 plants per hectare
The Bonsai Vineyard, where vines are planted only 40 centimeters apart, with extreme density.
"A vineyard can produce good grapes only after 35 years". That's what an old winegrower in Burgundy once told me. I began wondering whether I had to wait until I was ninety to understand what my young vines could produce. The answer to my questions turned out to be simple. I had decided to try something new and innovative: a vineyard with such extreme vine density that they would push each other to grow through many different geological layers in a shorter time span. This gave the plants but one choice: compete for survival by digging deeper with their roots to live.
Back then everyone told me that I was crazy and that the plants would have simply died.
The first few years of plant training were hard, we devoted a long time looking after these small vines, and keeping the soil at its best. But such work positively resulted in a low mortality rate which capped at 8%.
We provided every plant with a supporting acacia wooden cane and grew them using the goblet training system. Two and a half years later, with their third bud, we made the very first barrique of the Bonsai Sangiovese 2007. I could not believe that I was actually tasting wine produced from such a crazy vineyard.
I had thought for long about what the old Burgundian grower once had said to me, but in the end, I concluded that nature repeats itself by applying the same mechanisms in its every living being. A plant that has been cared for too much by human technology and interaction will grow to become lazy, and on the contrary, a vine that needs to work for its own survival does not have any time to waste. Against laziness, nothing is as effective as hunger.
When we harvested the Bonsai, we were excited: we could not believe that this crazy experiment had worked.
Often soils are made of different geological characteristics, each completely different from the other. A root that is capable of exploring vertically the soil where it is growing, will then enjoy heightened complexity and higher amounts of water.
In each one of our vineyards, we attempt to promote such deep "exploration" of our soil, trusting that, if our aim is to read and interpret the land through the glass, the roots are the main tool to do so.
Guiding the Bonsai Vineyard
In time, we've been implementing specific systems for this peculiar vineyard.
Following the example of our vines that adapted to specific growth conditions, we had to follow suit and do the same in terms of how we manage the vineyards to aid the plants in their survival. We've therefore implemented specific practices adapted to this specific vineyard.
In regard to pruning, we've understood that we could not expect this vineyard to produce the same quantities of a more regular one. The plants' effort was already a liability to begin with, therefore we identified a smaller amount of gems to keep, setting the goblet's height at 40-50cm from the ground, with a single spur with 2 or 3 productive gems. Production amounts vary year after year, although occasionally some plants do not produce any bunches due to adverse weather conditions. But typically, we harvest between one to two bunches of grapes per plant every year.
The health state of the soils has been the main obstacle from the beginning. Our soils are mainly formed of clay and limestones therefore they compact easily but their physical structure finds it hard to construct and texturize.
A vineyard with this number of plants requires abundant replenishment of organic compounds. This is done by utilizing manually spread manure, and carrying out a soil decompaction of the upper layer, at a maximum depth of 30 cm. Afterwards, we apply a rich amount of straw (pacciamatura) to defend plants from hydric stress and to reduce soil compaction. All of this is done in addition to biodynamic preparations.
Bonsai's journey in the cellar
After several harvests, we've finally understood how to best interpret the grapes coming from the Bonsai vineyard
The crushed and destemmed must spontaneously ferments in open tonneaux placed vertically. The wild fermentation lasts approximately two weeks, accompanied by manual punching downs. As soon as sugars run out, we separate the wine from the skins, this must is normally enough to fill up two tonneaux and since the quantities are always very small, we cannot use bigger oak barrels. The aging lasts 15 to 18 months trying to transfer it the least possible number of times and always using older barrels. The bottling is often manual and once bottled it will age another 18 months.
Bonsai's future
As of today, we have a total of 1.4 hectares of Sangiovese Bonsai, with adult plants that produce around 200 grams of grape each. From the first harvest until now we feel comfortable in saying that we've created something truly unique, something that we've grown very fond of. For us, it has been a research study, and in more than one instance we've observed and examined the soil's profile in-depth, to understand roots' behavior. Roots are currently three meters deep, around twice as much as other vineyards planted with a regular amount of vines. This is undoubtedly an encouraging sign.
Having such high-quality Sangiovese here in Montalcino that is not included in DOCG Brunello Appellation is definitely not ordinary. To us, this wine is first and foremost a Sangiovese of Montalcino, putting aside the "different" practices this vineyard requires. We will keep studying it and keep vinifying its grapes on their own (100% sangiovese from Bonsai vineyard) and that is done because the unique visual impact transmitted by this vineyard when visiting it is entirely translated into every sip of this wine, and we could never call it any other way than "Bonsai".
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Winery in Montalcino | Podere Le Ripi
53024 MONTALCINO, ITALY
Are you interested in becoming a part of the team? Send us an email with your CV, your motivations and a short story about yourself (we like to read!). Email us here: [email protected]
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Modern maritime radar systems for missile defense and navigation have become more precise by leveraging commercial signal processing and radio frequency (RF) components in modular designs that enable commonality with clear technology refresh paths.
Superior radar capability is key to enabling an effective missile defense, as adversarial threats continue to grow in complexity and capability. In the maritime domain this dominance is even more crucial as the U.S. and its allies look to upgrade their maritime missile-defense and radar capability to counter the aggressiveness of North Korea and China.
Demands are also being placed on designers of maritime navigation radar to improve the accuracy and performance of their systems, especially in high-clutter environments.
In both cases, radar system designs are leveraging commercial components and building modular systems.
Modularity and open architectures are important to the design of the Enterprise Air Surveillance Radar (EASR) from Raytheon, which is being outfitted on all Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carriers and amphibious warships by the U.S. Navy. EASR enables simultaneous anti-air and anti-surface warfare, electronic protection, and air-traffic-control capabilities, Raytheon says.
The system takes advantage of the highly scalable design and mature technologies of Raytheon's AN/SPY-6(V) Air and Missile Defense Radar (AMDR). Taking advantage of modularity, both EASR and AMDR have been built with the same individual building blocks, which Raytheon dubs Radar Modular Assemblies (RMAs).
"Each RMS is roughly 2 feet by 2 feet by 2 feet in size, and is a standalone radar that can be grouped to build any size radar aperture – from a single RMA to configurations larger than currently fielded radars," says Scott Spence, director of Naval Radar Systems for Raytheon.
The AMDR consists of 37 RMAs, equivalent to SPY-1D(V) +15 dB in terms of sensitivity, according to Raytheon, which essentially means that the SPY-6 can see a target of half the size at twice the distance of today's radars. Meanwhile, the EASR is a 9-RMA configuration – which is equivalent to the sensitivity of the current SPY-1D(V) radar on today's destroyers, and at only 20 percent of the size of the older SPS-48.
Two variants of EASR are being designed with each facing an identical 9-RMA array: Variant 1 will be a single-face, rotating radar replacing AN/SPS-48 and -49 air search radars. It will be the primary sensor for ship self-defense and situational awareness and the designated radar for the LHA-8 and LX(R) platforms. Variant 2 will be three-face, fixed-array radar replacing AN/SPY-4 Volume Search Radar. It will be the primary sensor for ship self-defense, situational awareness, and air-traffic control. It will also be the designated radar for Gerald R. Ford-class supercarriers, starting with CVN 79.
Commonality between the radar systems and open architectures plays an important role in the design of the EASR.
The SPY-6(V) features a fully programmable, back-end radar controller unit built out of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) x86 processors. "This programmability allows the system to adapt to emerging threats," Spence says. "And the commercial nature of the x86 processors simplifies obsolescence replacement – as opposed to costly technical refreshes/upgrades and associated downtime – which are savings that lower radar sustainment costs during each ship's service life. The radar's open architecture also facilitates integration with existing and future combat-management systems." Designed for maintainability, standard line-replaceable unit (LRU) replacement in the RMA can be accomplished in under six minutes – requiring only two tools.
Leveraging commercial semiconductor technology such as gallium nitride (GaN) has also enabled the advanced performance capabilities of the EASR, as well the AMDR.
Beyond GaN, Raytheon engineers also leveraged distributed receiver exciters and adaptive digital beamforming in the EASR design. GaN components cost 34 percent less than gallium arsenide (GaAs) alternatives, deliver higher power density and efficiency, and have shown mean time between failures at 100 million hours, according to Raytheon says.
Modularity and commercial component use continues to drive innovation in maritime navigation radar systems.
Like military defense radar systems, maritime navigation radars leverage COTS digital signal processing (DSP) and integrated circuit (IC) solutions to meet high-level performance demands and reduce long-term life cycle costs.
Figure 1: X-Band SharpEye radar transceivers from Kelvin Hughes enable clutter suppression through use of a patented pulse sequence, pulse compression, and radar-return processing to ensure that the radar operator is presented with targets and tracks on the display, while minimizing the clutter from the severest of rainstorms and high sea states.
Midlevel sensors use a similar design approach, according to Acland, but with less involvement from silicon manufacturers. "The design life cycles are longer, integration levels lower, and the emphasis is on product flexibility," he says.
"High-end sensors are using COTS DSP PCBs [printed circuit boards] – reducing the integration of the manufacture in favor of concentrating on developing novel high-performance processing routines – to implement and optimize low-level DSP in-house, ahead of the generic IP block available on the market," Acland explains. "This effort is focused in software rather than in developing DSP-processing PCBs.


text:
Q: How to Artisan (specifically migrate command) on non-laravel project? I'm just wondering if anyone have been able to do this?
I have been able to use Eloquent by adding illuminate/database to composer.json
I believe the necessary files are already included in illuminate/database but having trouble figuring out on how to call it through terminal because I don't have the artisan command line.
So just wandering if I can actually have the Artisan CLI to allow me to do the migration.

A: All Artisan commands registered through Illuminate\Foundation\Application::register() method,
and  Illuminate\Foundation require all illuminate component, means that if we have to use Artisan, we need a laravel apps.
I think, it just fine to use artisan to only manage database for non-laravel project. You can, but yes you also have to install laravel, just install in separate location and  create proper database config fit to your project.

I believe the necessary files are already included in
  illuminate/database

Illuminate\Database\Console ? it's nothing without Artisan.
I suggest to just install laravel, and use it's artisan to only manage your project database. If you dont want laravel, you can use other migration tools e.g doctrine-migration since db-migration is separated, have no relation with your codes.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Retail Performance
Time to Market
Product Preservation
Rigid Packaging
Print & Labelling
Converting & Filling
Home Tetra Pak Pioneers New Generation of Digital Technologies to Boost Efficiency for Customers
Tetra Pak Pioneers New Generation of Digital Technologies to Boost Efficiency for Customers
Tetra Pak is transforming the way it delivers services to its customers through the use of breakthrough technology. Powered by Microsoft, cutting-edge digital solutions are set to boost manufacturers' efficiency, cut costs, ensure food safety and drive their businesses forward.
"Tetra Pak is thrilled to deploy these advanced digital technologies to enhance our unique technical services offering for the food and beverage industry," said Pekka Matilainen, Tetra Pak Services VP for the Americas. "It's exciting to make the latest innovations work to meet our customers' most pressing operational needs."
Through one of these new technologies, the Microsoft HoloLens, Tetra Pak is revolutionising its issues diagnosis and resolution service to reduce machine downtime and productivity loss while securing quick resolution of quality issues for its customers. Armed with HoloLens Mixed Reality (MR) smart glasses, Tetra Pak on-site service engineers are now able to work "alongside" the company's global experts specialised in the problem they are trying to resolve. This means that a service engineer can connect with the right expert, who then sees and hears everything in real time, and guides the on-site work even when a machine is thousands of miles away.
Tetra Pak is piloting the service in 2017 with 50 HoloLens devices and plans to expand further next year.
Another innovation, the Condition Monitoring service, taps into performance data from more than 5,000 connected filling machines around the world to help food and beverage manufacturers prevent machine failures before they occur. Using the power of Microsoft Azure, Tetra Pak specialists can identify deviations and advise customers on their maintenance needs in a more timely and effective way. The new service removes the need for a standardised maintenance process while reducing machine down-time and lowering costs related to maintenance or unexpected failures.
Tetra Pak started a six-month trial in February 2016, supporting 17 customer lines with the new service, including two in Mexico and one in Argentina. During this period, downtime was eliminated by up to 48 hours for each line.
These new technologies and services are part of Tetra Pak's expanded technical services offerings that include full plant solutions to help food and beverage manufacturers achieve world-class manufacturing operations.
Beverages Efficiencies Automation & Software Tetra Pak Digital Print
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text:
NSF Teams with Private Cloud Providers to Beef up BIGDATA Awards
By Joshua Bolkan
The National Science Foundation is partnering with cloud providers on its Critical Techniques, Technologies and Methodologies for Advancing Foundations and Applications of Big Data Sciences and Engineering (BIGDATA) program in an effort to encourage projects that focus on large-scale experimentation and scalability.
BIGDATA supports research in fields such as mathematics, computational science, statistics and computer science that advance data science, as well as projects that leverage data science to advance knowledge in other disciplines, such as education, engineering or behavioral sciences.
The NSF is offering $30 million in grants through the program, and Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Cloud Platform (GCP) and Microsoft Azure have committed up to $3 million each over three years to support relevant projects with credits for cloud-based storage and computing.
"NSF's collaboration with the technology industry through BIGDATA is vital, especially in the area of data science," according to a news release. "In its first year, this collaboration is driving creative and principled approaches to address data management, modeling, and analysis of big data, and applying novel techniques to solve data-intensive domain science and engineering problems. Furthermore, NSF is actively seeking to expand this collaboration through a recently released dear colleague letter."
Examples of this year's BIGDATA awards, two of which include cloud credit awards, are:
University of California, Berkeley's Scalable and Interpretable Machine Learning: Bridging Mechanistic and Data-Driven Modeling in the Biological Sciences, which looks to develop " novel, scalable, statistical machine learning algorithms that can effectively guide human decision-making and discovery in biological systems," according to information released by NSF;
Predictive Analytics of Driver's Engagement for Injury Prevention, a collaborative project between Drexel University, Virginia Tech and the Children's Hospital of Pennsylvania, that will research predictive analytics regarding driver disengagement in an attempt to create alerts to reduce driving accidents; and
Foundations of Responsible Data Management, a joint project of Drexel University, University of Washington, University of Michigan and University of Massachusetts, Amherst, that will explore responsible data management, including ideas such as "representativeness and diversity, transparency and accountability, and data protection," throughout the data lifecycle, from discovery through analysis, according to an NSF news release.
For more information, visit nsf.gov.
Joshua Bolkan is contributing editor for Campus Technology, THE Journal and STEAM Universe. He can be reached at [email protected].


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Image | August 5, 2019 | jfgruenke
Hundreds of guests watch UniverSoul Circus members perform Saturday afternoon outside the Hampton Roads Convention Center August 3, 2019.
A UniverSoul Circus clown walks through the audience during a performance Saturday afternoon outside the Hampton Roads Convention Center August 3, 2019.
Children walk to their seats past a camel at the UniverSoul Circus during a performance Saturday afternoon outside the Hampton Roads Convention Center August 3, 2019.
A UniverSoul Circus performer limbos beneath fire Saturday afternoon outside the Hampton Roads Convention Center August 3, 2019.
UniverSoul Circus performers dance Saturday afternoon outside the Hampton Roads Convention Center August 3, 2019. The circus featured dancers, stunts and performers from around the world. (Photos by Jonathon Gruenke / Daily Press) To see more photos, click here.
Scenes from Something in the Water, a three-day music festival in Virginia Beach, Va.
Image | April 28, 2019 April 28, 2019 | Adrin Snider
Music fans cover the beach on the last day of Something in the Water on Sunday, April 28, 2019. (Steve Earley)
As the wind picks up at the oceanfront, workers wrestle down one of the floats before the start of Something in the Water on Friday, April 26, 2019. Steve Earley
Between thunderstorms, people stroll the boardwalk as they wait for word on the Something in the Water festival. (Steve Earley)
Daivon Tolbert takes shelter under the Dairy Queen at the oceanfront as a sudden downpour hits the area during the Something in The Water festival in Virginia Beach Friday April 26. 2019. Rob Ostermaier)
Rosalia performs at Something in the Water on Saturday, April 27, 2019. (Steve Earley)
Kevin Byer goes up for a dunk at the HU Court during the Something in the Water festival in Virginia Beach Saturday April 27, 2019. (Rob Ostermaier)
The crowd enjoys the show at Something in the Water on Saturday, April 27, 2019. (Steve Earley) more photos
Christian Cimafranca, 26 from Virginia Beach, poses for a portrait dressed as Goku from Dragon Ball Z during the Something in the Water festival on April 27, 2019. (Sarah Holm)
Security guards toss bottles of water into the crowd at Something in the Water on Saturday, April 27, 2019. (Steve Earley)
A member of the Norfolk dance group Captivating Cats performs at the JaQuel Knight Dance Showdown during the Something in The Water festival in Virginia Beach Saturday April 27, 2019. (Rob Ostermaier)
A view of the SITW festival along Virginia Beach's Oceanfront on Saturday, April 27, 2019. (Stephen Katz)
Caitlyn Cook, 18, from Mississippi, poses for a portrait during Something in the Water on April 27, 2019. (Sarah Holm)
Festival goers climb on the Something in the Water sign to get photos near the Beach Stage on April 27, 2019. (Sarah Holm)
Sza performs on the Beach Stage during Something in the Water on April 27, 2019. (Sarah Holm)
SZA performs on the 5th street stage during the Something in the Water music festival, April 27, 2019. (Todd Spencer) more photos
Travis Scott performs on the 5th street stage during the Something in the Water music festival, April 27, 2019. (Todd Spencer)
Pharrell Williams performs on the 5th street stage during the Something in the Water music festival, April 27, 2019. (Todd Spencer) Jay-Z performs during Saturday's Something in the Water festival at Virginia Beach April 27, 2019. (Jonathon Gruenke) Diddy, Busta Rhymes and Pharrell Williams perform during Saturday's Something in the Water festival at Virginia Beach April 27, 2019. (Jonathon Grunke) more photos Fans cheer during Saturday's Something in the Water festival at Virginia Beach April 27, 2019. (Jonathon Gruenke)
John-Robert, 18, from Edinburg, VA, performs on the Beach Stage during Something in the Water on April 28, 2019. (Sarah Holm)
Kap G performs on the Beach Stage during Something in the Water on April 28, 2019. (Sarah Holm) People in the crowd get energized before Kap G performs on the Beach Stage during Something in the Water on April 28, 2019. (Sarah Holm) Pharrell is photographed as he sits for an interview on Sunday, April 28, 2018, the last day of Something in the Water. (Steve Earley) more photos DRAM performs on the Beach Stage during Something in the Water on April 28, 2019. (Sarah Holm) Julissa Perez, 19, poses for a portrait during Something in the Water on April 28, 2019. (Sarah Holm) Verdell Sanders lifts her arms to the sky during the Pop Up Church Service at the Something in the Water festival on April 28, 2019 at the Virginia Beach oceanfront. (Kaitlin McKeown) Guests sing during the Pop Up Church Service at the Something in the Water festival on April 28, 2019 at the Virginia Beach oceanfront. (Kaitlin McKeown) Norfolk resident Sherry Ransom stands and sings during the Pop Up Church Service at the Something in the Water festival on April 28, 2019 at the Virginia Beach oceanfront. (Kaitlin McKeown) Erica Triplett, right, comforts Tara McGee as she is overcome with emotion during the Pop Up Church Service at the Something in the Water festival on April 28, 2019 at the Virginia Beach oceanfront. (Kaitlin McKeown) more photos Jhené Aiko performs during Sunday's Something in the Water festival at Virginia Beach April 28, 2019. (Jonathon Gruenke) Fans pass out water before Jhené Aiko performs during Sunday's Something in the Water festival at Virginia Beach April 28, 2019. (Jonathon Gruenke) Shaynna "Esther" Cooper, 22, from Richmond, poses for a portrait during Something in the Water on April 28, 2019. (Sarah Holm)
Teddy Riley performs during Sunday's Something in the Water festival at Virginia Beach April 28, 2019. (Jonathon Gruenke) The main stage glows with a light show, seen from the Virginia Beach Fishing Pier, during a performance on the last day of Something in the Water on Sunday, April 28, 2019. (Steve Earley) Charlie Wilson performs during Sunday's Something in the Water festival at Virginia Beach April 28, 2019. (Jonathon Gruenke)A crowd member lifts their hands up in praise during the Pop Up Church service during Something in the Water on April 28, 2019. (Sarah Holm) The main stage glows with a light show, seen from the Virginia Beach Fishing Pier, during a performance on the last day of Something in the Water on Sunday, April 28, 2019. (Steve Earley) Chris Brown performs during Sunday's Something in the Water festival at Virginia Beach April 28, 2019. (Jonathon Gruenke) Guests sing as evening falls during the Pop Up Church Service at the Something in the Water festival on April 28, 2019 at the Virginia Beach oceanfront. (Kaitlin McKeown)
Fans wait for Chris Brown to perform during Sunday's Something in the Water festival at Virginia Beach April 28, 2019. (Jonathon Gruenke)
World Arts Celebration
Image | August 4, 2018 August 5, 2018 | jfgruenke
People dance as the Junkanoo Commandos perform along Town Center Drive during Saturday's World Arts Celebration in City Center August 4, 2018.
Levi Everett rests beneath flags of various countries during Saturday's World Arts Celebration in City Center August 4, 2018.
Paper flowers decorate the fountain in City Center as hundreds of people gather for Saturday's World Arts Celebration in City Center August 4, 2018. The event featured art demonstrations, entertainment and international food in a celebration of diversity. (Photos by Jonathon Gruenke / Daily Press) For more photos, click here. For video, click here.
Spring on the Peninsula
Image | April 4, 2018 April 4, 2018 | aileendevlin
Signs of spring fill the scene in Hilton Village on Wednesday, April 4, 2018 as two dogs enjoy an afternoon walk. (Aileen Devlin/Daily Press) MORE PHOTOS
Virginia Living Museum Moray Eels
Image | March 30, 2018 March 30, 2018 | aileendevlin
A green moray eel swims through the newly installed exhibit at The Virginia Living Museum on Thursday, March 29, 2018. The 2,000 gallon tank was created using mostly recycled parts to create a low-light environment replicating the natural habitat for the species. The exhibit opens April 2nd as part of the museum's "Under the Sea Week" which goes on during spring break. (Aileen Devlin/Daily Press) MORE PHOTOS VIDEO
Battle of Hampton Roads
Historical reenactor Harland Thompson, left, demonstrates how arms were used as Preston Leonard and his grandson Lucas Partain, right, looks on during the Battle of Hampton Roads event at the Mariners ' Museum and Park on Saturday, March 10, 2018. (Aileen Devlin/Daily Press) MORE PHOTOS VIDEO
Busch Gardens' Battle For Eire
Image | February 28, 2018 February 28, 2018 | aileendevlin
Director of Design and Engineering Suzy Cheely demonstrates wearing the emerald mask used in the Battle for Eire – a new virtual reality ride at Busch Gardens in Williamsburg on Wednesday, Feb. 28, 2018
Pictured: Addi the heroine in Battle for Eire – a new virtual reality ride at Busch Gardens in Williamsburg on Wednesday, Feb. 28, 2018. Opening in Spring 2018, Battle for Eire combines a motion-based theater simulator with 360-degree virtual reality headsets. Riders follow Addie the fairy on her journey rescuing the scared Heart of Ireland. (Aileen Devlin/Daily Press) MORE PHOTOS VIDEO
Governor's Palace Arms Reinstallment
Image | January 26, 2018 January 26, 2018 | aileendevlin
Senior Curator of Mechanical Arts and Numismatics Eric Goldstein, center, looks around the freshly painted entrance of the Governor's Palace on Friday, Jan. 26, 2018.
Freshly painted walls are lit with sunlight inside the Governor's Palace main entrance on Friday, Jan. 26, 2018. (Aileen Devlin/Daily Press) MORE PHOTOS VIDEO
Colonial Williamsburg Governor's Palace gets a makeover
Preservation assistant Emily Campbell, right, carries a sword to be packaged and removed from the Governor's Palace in Williamsburg on Thursday, Jan. 11, 2018. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Senior Art Preparator carefully removes the swords from the inside of the Governor's Palace in Williamsburg on Thursday, Jan. 11, 2018. VIDEO HERE
A lot of muskets await being cleaned at the Colonial Williamsburg conservation lab on Thursday, Jan. 18, 2018. The arms collection from Colonial Williamsburg Governor's Palace will receive general maintenance and re-displayed after the Palace main entrance restorations are complete.
Colonial Williamsburg is embarking on a dramatic makeover of the iconic arms display at the Governor's Palace. The hope is to create similar displays from related 18th-century England displays with a light colored backdrop. (Aileen Devlin/Daily Press) MORE PHOTOS HERE PAINTING VIDEO


text:
Damnation ist das siebte Studioalbum der schwedischen Metal-Band Opeth. Es erschien im Jahr 2003 bei Music for Nations.

Entstehung und Veröffentlichung
Nach dem Erscheinen von Blackwater Park im Jahr 2001 tourten Opeth in Nordamerika und in Europa. Anschließend begann Mikael Åkerfeldt neues, sehr verschiedenartiges Material zu schreiben. Jonas Renkse von Katatonia kam auf die Idee, die unterschiedlichen Stücke auf zwei gegensätzlichen Alben zu veröffentlichen. Music for Nations konnte nur davon überzeugt werden, da die Band einverstanden war, beide Alben bezüglich der Modalitäten ihres Plattenvertrages und der finanziellen Unterstützung durch die Plattenfirma als ein einziges zu behandeln.

Damnation und der Vorgänger Deliverance wurden zeitgleich im Sommer 2002 aufgenommen. Die Band und Steven Wilson, der auch als Gastmusiker (Gesang, Gitarre, Keyboard) beteiligt war, produzierten Damnation, zudem mischte und masterte Wilson das Album. Travis Smith war erneut für das Artwork mitverantwortlich. Sony Music legte das Album 2006 neu auf, es erschienen auch diverse LP-Auflagen. Deliverance und Damnation erschienen 2015 zusammen in einer 2CD/2DVD- oder 3LP-Box mit neuen Abmischungen von Steven Wilson und Bruce Soord sowie neuem Artwork von Travis Smith.

Titelliste
 Windowpane – 7:45
 In My Time of Need – 5:50
 Death Whispered a Lullaby – 5:50
 Closure – 5:16
 Hope Leaves – 4:30
 To Rid the Disease – 6:21
 Ending Credits – 3:39
 Weakness – 4:09

Stil
Damnation widmet sich ganz der ruhigen Seite Opeths und kommt ohne Metal-Einflüsse, also ohne verzerrte Gitarren und gutturalen Gesang, aus. Mikael Åkerfeldt singt gefühlvoll und emotional, die melancholisch-atmosphärischen Stücke sind mit meist akustischen Gitarren sowie gelegentlichem Piano- und Mellotron-Einsatz schlicht instrumentiert und wirken mit dem gemächlichen Tempo also "beinahe wie eine entschlackte Zeitlupenversion [von Opeths] ursprünglichen Sounds". In der Presse wurden v. a. Vergleiche zu Porcupine Tree gezogen.

Rezeption
Die Reaktionen der Presse auf das Album waren zwiespältig, aber überwiegend positiv. Wolfgang Schäfer vom Rock Hard findet, dass Damnation "nicht der erhoffte große Wurf geworden ist. Dazu fehlen der Scheibe vor allem in der zweiten Hälfte die wirklich zündenden Ideen und magischen Momente." Auch Henning Mangold von den Babyblauen Seiten findet "manche Stellen einfach zu seicht", Horst Straske lobt jedoch "die atmosphärische Geschlossenheit des Albums" und den "ganz behutsamen und gefühlvollen Spannungsaufbau" der Stücke. Eduardo Rivadavia von Allmusic hebt das "zuverlässig hochkarätige Songwriting" hervor, Rouven Dorn von powermetal.de hält Damnation für "ein Album, das so viel Tiefgang bietet, dass man darin zu ertrinken droht", und den "Meilenstein einer Band, die auf dem Zenit ihrer Kreativität steht".

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Album 2003
Album (Progressive Rock)
Opeth-Album

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Children grow a little more every day. ABC's of Life is an organization in Ukraine that desires to minister to and to help provide creative resources in the nurturing of these little ones so they will develop into those who know, love and follow God. We invite you to explore the various pages of this website and learn how God is using us. Who knows? He may call you to join us!


Ladders and platforms – Hetech Trend Kft.
These means are indispensable parts of the storage, drying and cleaning plants. Ladders are manufactured with anti-slip rungs and with backrest cage, with galvanized surface protection. Platforms have handrails and grating also in galvanized surface protection.


text:
Q: How do I upgrade gunicorn3 to use python3.8 instead of python3.6? I'm using a basic Ubuntu 18.04 VPS and I've been using gunicorn3 for a while. I've decided to upgrade to python3.8, however, it's unclear how to make gunicorn3 run python3.8 applications. Is there any way to do so?
Thanks!

A: It seems that there's a package for this called gunicorn3 (this was tested on ubuntu)
sudo apt-get install gunicorn3
then running the following command should work and run gunicorn with python3:
gunicorn3 --log-level debug --bind 0.0.0.0:30443 server:app


text:
How Do You Know If A Book Is Public Domain?
May 20, 2022 Victoria
To determine if a book is public domain, the first thing you need to do is read its copyright page. All books that were published before 1923 are public domain.
What are some examples of public domain?
Is Mickey public domain?
What makes a book public domain?
Can you download public domain books?
What year is considered public domain?
Do you have to cite public domain?
Is Tigger public domain?
Is Cinderella public domain?
Is Donald Duck copyrighted?
Are Dr Seuss books public domain?
Can I read public domain books on YouTube?
Is the Wizard of Oz public domain?
There is a wide variety of intellectual property in the public domain.
The character of Mickey Mouse will enter the public domain on January 1, 2019.
A book with no copyright, a book that was created without a license, or a book where its copyrights expired are all public-domain books. The term of protection of copyrighted works in most countries ends on the first day of January, 70 years after the death of the last living author.
Public domain books are free to download and can be used to explore everything from classic novels to computer manual.
If something was published before 1923, it's in the public domain. The author of the work died over 70 years ago, so it's in the public domain. If it was written over 120 years ago, it's in the public domain.
See also Can A Pharmacist Override A Doctors Prescription?
You don't have to give a citation when using items from the public domain. Even when using public domain material, it's a good idea to give credit to others.
The House at Pooh Corner is not in the public domain despite being a second book. Tigger is a copyrighted work and can't be used without a proper license.
Cinderella has been in the public domain for a long time, allowing many authors to build on the story and allow the character to become well known as she is today. The character and plot of the play would not be protected by Barrie's copyright because they are well known.
The public domain for Mickey Mouse, Goofy, and Donald Duck was going to be set in motion in 2004. The On-line Copyright Liability Limitation Act was approved by the House and Senate a few days after the copyright extension legislation was passed.
The books of Dr. Seuss are not publicly available. The laws in the US were established in the 70s. They aren't free for the public to see.
It used to be popular to read children's stories on the internet. These books were not part of the public domain. All of these channels were contacted by YouTube and asked to take down copyrighted works. If you want to read public domain books, you can still read children's books.
See also How Much Is A 1964 Dime Worth?
L. Frank Baum wrote a children's book called TheWonderful Wizard of Oz in 1900. The general rule is that works published before 1923 are in the public domain.
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