text:
Injury Risk in Elite Basketball Players
Tagged: Sports
The elite basketball player is considered in this piece not only in terms of his potential for injury but also in terms of the potential of the physiotherapist and other sports professionals, to give advice, support and guidance so that he may practice his chosen sport as safely as is reasonably possible.
We have looked at the nature, incidence and sites of injuries sustained. We have looked at the two most commonly injured sites (the knee and ankle) in specific detail. We have also discussed the relevant modalities of treatment that a physiotherapist can provide for their clients.
There appears to be considerable controversy in the current literature, particularly in the field of pre-exercise stretching. As this is commonly accepted practice by participants, coaches, trainers and sports medicine professionals alike, we have reviewed the arguments both for and against in some detail. We have paid particular attention to its value in the prophylaxis of injury and the evidence to support it.
The role of the physiotherapist in education and training of the elite athlete is also discussed. There are a number of sources quoted who regard it as a prime responsibility of the physiotherapist to give the athlete the information to allow them to train and participate as safely and effectively as possible.
We have also considered the role of the physiotherapist in the prophylaxis of injury by looking at the various modalities of treatment and intervention that can be employed to make the field of play a safer place.
In addition to the main-stream elite basketball player we have also looked at the role of the physiotherapist in the role of helping the disabled basketball player, some of whom have achieved elite status in their own right. They have their own specific problems and these are reviewed and discussed.
Lastly we look at the specific gender differences in the sport. With many women finding that the sport is attractive, they participate at a top level of achievement. We look at the reasons why they have a different injury profile to men, both in terms of numbers of injuries but also in terms of the frequency of specific types of injury. The mechanisms of this difference is discussed together with the means whereby it can be addressed.
Basketball is a world-wide sport practised by children in their backyard, adolescents in their playground, amateurs in their league games and elite athletes in their world-stage arenas. It is – by any standards – a fast game with inevitable physical contact, both intentional and accidental. Both these factors lead to the potential for injury.
The explosive effort for the fast moves leads to particular pattern of muscle, ligament and tendon injury (see on) and the physical contact can lead to bruises, dislocations, fractures another injuries. It is a sport that is enjoyed by both sexes. Although it was originally conceived primarily as a male sport (for the YMCA)in an era when female participation in sport was a rarity, women now participate in it to elite levels and suffer injury to a similar extent to their male counterparts.
The game itself has evolved dramatically since its humble beginnings when Dr James Naismith nailed two peach baskets at the ends of his gymnasium in 1891 (hence the name basketball) It was developed as a tool for fitness training by the YMCA. By 1927 The Harlem Globetrotters had been formed and by 1936 it was included as an Olympic sport. According to FIBA (Basketball governing body) over 400 million people play basketball on a world-wide basis
Training for the fitness needed to play the sport can also lead touts own problems. One huge study by Ruhr M Kuala et al. (1994) (1) found that of all the injuries associated with basketball, 50% occurred during the matches and 50% occurred during training for the matches. This should be contrasted with the finding in study by Meeuwisse et al.(2) where injuries during the game were 3.7 times as likely to occur as in training.
One could reasonably conclude that a large proportion of the injuries sustained in the "cut and thrust" of a full scale match are part of the risk package accepted in playing the game. The huge proportion of injuries sustained whilst training, however, should be largely preventable, as training should be ideally undertaken in carefully controlled circumstances. The physiotherapist, personal trainer and sports medicine specialist are ideally placed to advise and oversee poor practice in the training arena and to give advice and guidance to maximise training efficiency and to reduce the toll of injury.
Any experienced sports care professional will tell you that the single most important factor in determining the likelihood of sustaining an injury is the occurrence of a previous injury (2). It therefore follows that prevention of any injury will help, not only in improving the immediate efficiency of the player, but will also confer protection against the possibility of recurring injury in any given site.
Before we consider the mechanisms and prophylaxis of injuries in basketball, it would be prudent to consider the observed injuries from the sport, both in absolute number and site. The study by Meeuwisse(2003) (2) followed a cohort of 142 basketball players over a two year period and discovered that 44.7% of the players were injured in that time frame. As they recorded over 200 injuries in that time, it is clear that many players were injured more than once.
The study by Ruhr M Kuala et al. (1994) (1) will be extensively quoted in this piece as it provides an enormous amount of meticulously collected data which has a high degree of confidence in its validity. It was based in Finland where the population has a particularly regimented system of bureaucratic personal information storage, especially with regard to injury and healthcare details. The entire population has to be registered with a nationally based health insurance, which records every accident and injury. This is of enormous value to studies such as this, as accurate statistics about entities such as specific sporting injuries can be derived comparatively easily.
The study is also important in this specific regard as it encompasses an enormous cohort of basketball players analysing 39,541person years of basketball experience and 3,472 specific injuries. It's worth considering the patterns of injury found in some detail as it has an impact on the deliberations in this piece.
In terms of age distribution, it was found that injuries in thunder 15 yr. age group were comparatively rare and that the injury rate peaked in the 20 – 24 yr. age groups.
Percentage of injuries by sites in basketball players
(These results are slightly modified with some trivia removed)
Injury Site % of total
Lower limb Total 56.0
Thigh 2.5
Knee 15.8
Leg 2.0
Ankle 31.4
Foot 4.0
Other 0.4
Upper Limb total 19.3
Upper arm + Shoulder 2.6
Forearm and elbow 1.3
Palm + wrist Fingers 11.1
Other Sites Total 24.7
Teeth 5.2
Eyes 3.0
Head + neck 7.4
Thorax + Abdomen 1.5
Back 5.4
Pelvis 0.9
Multiple sites 1.4
There are clearly a number of striking trends in these figures. The lower limbs sustaining the most injuries with 56% of the total. The ankle and knee taking the lion's share of these. These results are clearly fairly predictable with the nature of the sport being one of sudden changes of acceleration and direction, many changes of direction(pivoting) involving turning forces impinging maximally on the knee and ankle.
Both joints are intrinsically unstable for these modalities of movements. They are designed to be most effective in walking and running in a straight line. Although they can accommodate twisting movements, they are much less mechanically sound in these directions. The possibility of unanticipated, and therefore unraced, impacts is endemic in the sport and will increase the possibility of injury to these joins in particular.
The upper limb has a substantial tally of injuries with the bulk being to the palm, wrist and fingers. Although it is not specified in this particular study, any experienced clinician would expect to see substantial proportion of hyperextensions and dislocations to the fingers and sprains and strains to the wrist (this is partially amplified in the next section).
For a sport that involves considerable manipulative and throwing skills, it is, perhaps, surprising that the shoulder and upper arm account for only 2.6% of all the injuries. In contrast to the comments made about the knee and ankle, one can postulate that the shoulder, by virtue of its design to accommodate a much greater range and compass of movement, is less likely to be injured in the way that the knee and ankle are.
Also, in the course of the normal game, it is subject to rather less overall mechanical force as both the knee and ankle have to assimilate peak loads of several times the body weight whereas the shoulder, unless involved in a fall, does not.
Of the "Other Sites", the neck and back are the commonest sites for injury. To a large extent, this again is a reflection of the explosive nature of the game with frequent changes of direction and velocity with high levels of acceleration.
Having recognised the major sites of injury it is now prudent to discuss the main types of injury.
Percentage injury by type in basketball players
Injury type + site % of total
Sprains +strains 61.3
Bruises + Wounds 22.2
Fractures 12.6
Fracture (other than dental) 7.6
Foot + ankle 18.5
Lower limb (other) 3.8
Fingers Palm + wrist 57.0
Upper limb (other) 4.2
Other (nondental) 16.6
Dental 4.9
Dislocations 1.7
Knee 0.5
Shoulder + elbow 0.3
Fingers 0.3
Others 2.2
Sprains and strains are the commonest type of injury in this sport with the ankle being the most frequently injured site in this respect. Considerable amounts of work and research have been done(2,3,4,5,6,7,8) to try to find mechanisms whereby ankle injuries can beat least reduced in both frequency and severity. This will be discussed in detail later. Knee strains and sprains are the next most frequent at12.4%. Similar amounts of work have been done to find ways of minimising knee injuries (9,10,11).
The knee injury is notorious for producing long-term debilitating problems as not only is the acute injury painful and potentially debilitating in itself, but there is also the potential for Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) damage and meniscal damage and wear as well. This may not be immediately apparent but may contribute to morbidity at a later date. This study (1) found that knee injuries were the most common cause of permanent disability In the longer term. During the time frame of this study, four basketball players sustained permanent injuries.
In specific relation to knee and ankle injury, the Meiuwess study(2) found that the situation can be further amplified by the finding that the greatest number of injuries which resulted in seven or more sessions being lost in a season arose from the knee. Equally striking was the fact that the most common injury that involved less than seven sessions being lost, were injuries to the ankle. This underlines the comment made earlier that knee injuries tend to be potentially more serious than ankle injuries
Bruises and wounds account for over 1/5th of the total types of injury and fractures account for just over 1/10th. In line with the comments made earlier about the frequency of hand, finger and wrist injury, it will come as no surprise therefore to see that the hand and wrist accounts for over half of the total of fractures. The foot and ankle account for 18.5% of total fractures.
This is a reversal of the figures relating to site of injury. It would therefore appear that the hand gets injured less frequently that the foot, but when it does, it's more likely to sustain the more serious (fracture) type of injury. Although the foot is more likely to be injured, it is more likely to suffer a strain or sprain rather than a fracture.
In the study by Home et al.,(2004) (12) There was an unexpected, and slightly worrying, conclusion. They found that, in a study of fractures in sport, that (for men at least) basketball was the sport that put the participants at greatest risk of sustaining a fracture.
The Knee and Basketball
As we have already discussed, a knee injury is potentially more serious than just the implication of the immediate acute injury. For that reason, and for the fact that it is one of the two most commonly injured areas, we will look at the knee as a specific entity.
We know that the single most important predictor for further injury is the past history of a preceding original injury. The knee is also significant insofar as the normal maxim of rest a joint until the inflammation has settled is rarely practical, as the knee is essential for locomotion and, as any experienced clinician knows, the vast majority of patients with resolving knee injuries will wait until the pain subsides to a tolerable level, and then start to walk on it.
This effectively means that the joint is being stressed while resolving inflammation is present. Initially this may manifest itself as no more than a mildly aching knee, but it is likely that menisci, cruciate ligaments and articular surfaces are all being stressed in a "less than optimal" state.
It is likely, on a first principles basis, that this type of mechanism may be, in part at least, responsible for the increased levels of arthritis and arthritis that is observed in lifelong athletes. (13,14)
The paper by Meeuwisse (2) has been quoted several times in this piece. It is worth remembering that his team found that the knee waste joint which, if injured, gave rise to the longest periods of incapacity. It is therefore prudent to consider the mechanisms of injury, the treatment of those injuries and, possibly more importantly in the context of this piece, what can be done to minimise the incidence and impact of those injuries.
We would commend an excellent paper by Bahr (2001) (3) on the subject. He discusses (amongst other things) the current thinking on knee injuries. He makes comment on the increasing incidence of cruciate ligament injuries. These injuries are seen with greatest frequency in athletes who participate in sports that involve "pivoting" – a movement which involves a fixed foot on the floor being used as a fulcrum topspin the body around – a movement which can put huge rotational stresses on the knee joint. As has been observed earlier in this piece, the knee is designed primarily to be efficient in dealing with movement in a sagittal plane. It is very poorly adapted to deal with rotational stresses.
Bahr observes that the maximal incidence of cruciate ligament injury is in the 15-25 yr. old age group and in women three to five times more frequently than in men (see on) (14). He also refers to the post-injury, long-term complications of abnormal joint mechanics and the early onset of degenerative joint disease (15).
Significantly he points to the fact that, although there has been an increasing trend recently (mainly because of improved operating techniques) to attempt to repair menisci and cruciate ligaments, this has not been accompanied by an apparent reduction in the rate of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Similarly, arthroscopic repair of isolated meniscal damage has not been shown to reduce the incidence of arthritis. These factors all mitigate the argument that, although treatment is important, the identification of risk factors that predispose to injury is even more important.
The Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) is commonly injured in circumstances that many athletes would consider as normal or routine for their particular sport. Frequently the damage occurs without direct physical contact to the knee (9). This is strong evidence to support the "design fault" explanation of the aetiology. There is recent anecdotal data to suggest that improving the control of the knee may have an impact in reducing the incidence of these injuries.
This views supported in a paper by Carafe (10) who looked at improving the proprioceptive and balance mechanisms in footballers over a three season period. They reported an 87% decrease in the incidence of injuries to the ACL. It may be significant that they studied semi-professional and amateur footballers who, presumably, did not train as efficiently of as skilfully as their professional footballer counterparts and therefore there was probably considerable room for improvement.
Similarly constructed studies have shown similar pattern of improvement in young female football (11) and handball (16) players using a similar programme of training over a season. As has been pointed out earlier, such changes are more likely to be noticeable in females because of the higher incidence of ACL injury in the first place.
Bahr points out that these studies were too small to allow a proper statistical evaluation of the reduction of injury to the ACL specifically, but there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the risk of serious knee injury can be significantly reduced by the introduction of structured training exercises that focus on improving the neuron-muscular control of the knee.
Bahr makes the very salient point that balance (proprioceptive)training is not yet universally recognised by coaches and trainers as useful tool. As a result, he argues that it is the responsibility of doctors and physiotherapists to disseminate the knowledge that such training does reduce the incidence of serious short-term (and therefore long-term) knee injury.
Anterior knee pain is a common, sometimes chronic presenting symptom in any sports related health professional's clinic. There are many theories as to its aetiology and it is notoriously resistant to treatment. An unattributed paper (quoted by Minerva in the BMJ) (17)refers to Jumper's knee where the pain is maximal near the attachment of the patella ligament. Ultrasound of the region can show an area of increased echogenicity in the inferior pole of the patella. Minerva quotes the study as observing that of 100 athletes seen in one clinic,18 had to give up their sport for over a year and about 1/3rd needed surgery in order to try to get resolution of the problem.
In conclusion to this section we would refer the reader to the excellent paper by Adams WB (2004) (18) who reviews the current thinking on treatment options on both overuse syndromes and trauma tithe knee.
The Ankle and Basketball
As we have seen earlier, the ankle is the single most commonly injured site in the body during basketball comprising 31.4% of all the injuries observed (1) and ankle strains and sprains were the single commonest mechanism of injury observed with 1/3rd of all such injuries and 1/5th of all fractures. We will therefore also consider the ankles a special case.
Bahr (3) quotes that in round figures 20% of sports related injuries involve the ankle. The vast majority of ankle injuries are simple sprains of the lateral and medial ankle ligaments. Proper functional care will allow the patient to return to work within a few days, or at worst a few weeks, with minimal squeal. Some sprains are found to cause prolonged disability in the form of chronic instability or persistent pain.
Prophylaxis of injury is discussed elsewhere in this piece but it should be noted that taping and bracing are commonly employed techniques for protection, but their efficacy has only been demonstrated in sportsmen with a history of previous injury (5,6).There is little doubt that taping and bracing will reduce the incidence of sprains and result in less severe strains. "High-top" basketball boots have been introduced recently on the assumption that similar boots (18a) (viz. ski boots) reduce the incidence of ankle injury, but it has not yet produced any specific evidence that sprains and strains are reduced.
Braces seen to be more effective than tape in preventing sprains of the ankle (7,8) Bracing has the advantage that it is more acceptable in terms of comfort for long-term use (6). Taping is commonly used but appears to be less effective than braces because it relies on adhesion to the skin to exert its protective influence. It can cause skin irritation and has to be reapplied on virtually every occasion where potential stress can occur.
One of the major problems of doing research into ankle injuries is that qualitative and subjective measurements such as pain and immobility can be easily assessed, but the ankle joint is a very functionally complex structure and quantitative measurements of anything other than flexion/extension or rotation an very difficult. Its therefore heartening to read of a Dutch group who are developing a specially designed goniometer to use in researching the pathology of the ankle joint (19). This is only mentioned for the sake of completeness and we do not propose to go into any detail about the instrument.
There is an excellent article by McKay on ankle injuries in basketball (20) but this is discussed at some length in the section on prophylaxis of injuries.
Treatment of injuries
The treatment of sports related injuries is a vast topic and specialism in itself. The sports medicine medical specialist and the physiotherapist sports specialist are technically knowledgeable people who have had to assimilate a vast quantity of information relative to their specialisation.
It is therefore not proposed to present the topic in any great detail but to cover the elements of treatment of acute injuries and their subsequent treatment that are specifically important to the field of basketball. We will also present a brief literature review of some of the most recent papers in the field.
In general terms, the old adage of ICE (immobilisation, compression and elevation) (20b) is a useful first-aid mnemonic which will help to minimise injury prior to assessment by a more specialist professional.
In this article it is proposed to look primarily at the aspects of treatment which impinge on the areas covered in this piece and broad overviews. We shall restrict ourselves here to a brief literature review of some of the most important recent papers
The area of dental trauma is highlighted in the analysis by Kujalaet al. (1994) (1) with 5.0% of all basketball injuries being dental. Airport by Randall (2005) (21)
discusses the impact of dental injuries and suggests that sports field medical personnel should have at least basic training in the first-aid of dental injuries so that they can, at least, provide appropriate care until a dental specialist can be properly involved.
A particularly controversial issue is raised by Dietzel and Hedlund(2005) (22) They review the current controversy about the use of analgesic and anti-inflammatory injections both in the acute phase of injury (to allow continued participation in a sporting event) or in the chronic recovery phase. This is a particularly well balanced article which evaluates both sides of the arguments for and against the use of injectable medications.
Sanchez et al.(2005) (23) review the desperately important area of management of the potentially spine-injured athlete. This is an area which has had substantial changes in management techniques in the recent past. This paper is a particularly useful review of techniques of diagnosis and stabilisation of the injured athlete. Very significantly it highlights the role of pre-injury planning – so often overlooked – on the sports field.
There are two recent papers which examine the thorny problem of concussion on the sports field (24,25). This has long posed a problem for the supervising healthcare specialist, both in terms of immediate diagnosis and subsequent action and treatment. The working "rule of thumb" has been that any player with definite signs of concussion(impaired consciousness or increased level of confusion) should be taken off the field and not returned to play for 48 hrs. In practice, this advice may be ignored by coaches who are anxious to keep their best players on the field and who may be ignorant of the potential side effects. McKean (24) and Johnston et al. (25) review the arguments in coherent manner and present the current thinking in a modern context.
Injury types in relation to position played
There are few studies that actually compare the rates and types of injury with actual position played on the court. Given the fact that Kuala, (1) reports that 50% of injuries are sustained in training rather than on the court, this may prove to be rather academic.
The study by Meeuwisse (2003) (2), was one of the few that looked at this issue and regarded it as purely peripheral to the main mechanism of injury. However , they summed up the findings of the study in the phrase "Centres had the highest rate of injury, followed by guards, and then forwards. The relative risk of re-injury was significantly increased by previous injuries to the elbow, shoulder, knee, hand, lower spine or pelvis, and by concussions."
As part of their conclusions the research team commented that the predictive risk factors for injury were, in order of importance: – previous injury, number of games played, the number of player contacts during a game, player position, and court location (this is a reference to the proximity to a hospital). In real terms, the players position is of much less importance in predicting injury than many other factors
Clinical considerations
The clinical implications of basketball injury must be viewed in the context of the benefits derived from playing any competitive sport– or indeed pursuing any degree of fitness. Virtually any sporting endeavour has a downside and indeed risks associated with it, but equally there are very considerable benefits to be gained as well. By concentrating (by necessity) on the risks of injury in basketball in this article we do not wish to ignore the balancing perspective of the health gains to also be derived.
Clearly, one of the major benefits to be gained is the concurrent increase in cardiovascular fitness (13) This is in addition to the less easily quantifiable benefits of general fitness, social interaction, increase in self-confidence and satisfaction in participation which are common to most sporting endeavours.
The study by Kuala et al. (1993) (13) looked at the incidence of degenerative joint conditions in elite athletes. It found that participation in sports generally could lead to premature osteoarthritis. Specifically it found that, in the elite international athletes studied there was a greater than predicted admission rate to hospital for treatments for osteoarthritis of the hip, knee and ankle. Very significantly, in the context of this article on physiotherapy, it concluded that proper treatment of injuries to these joints could significantly reduce the incidence of premature osteoarthritis in this group. It should be noted that this was a large control moderated study of over 2000 international athletes so the findings are clearly significant
Disability and basketball
It is important not to ignore the fact that basketball is played, not only by able-bodied sportsmen but also by those who have a concurrent disability as well. This group also presents a professional problem for the physiotherapist as. Not only are there the "normal "considerations for the able-bodied player that we have discussed in this piece, but also there may well be disability-specific considerations in the disabled player which will tax the physiotherapist every bit as much as those in their able-bodied counterparts. In consideration of this we would commend the reader to an excellent article by Chula (1994) (26) which discusses inconsiderable depth, the whole issue of sports specific medical considerations for people with a disability.
The use of sports for the disabled as a therapeutic measure was championed by Sir Ludwig Guttmann, who was a specialist in spinal injuries. He pointed out not only the obvious physical benefits to be gained in improving functions of the body which the paraplegic ortetraplegic had not fully exploited in their pre-injury state togetherwith the obvious cardiovascular benefits that could be obtained, but healso pointed to the psychological benefits to be gained by socialisingand competing against others.
The Disabled Person's Employment Act (1944) was the first majorlegislative landmark in the effective rehabilitation of the disabledperson back into society and other legislation relating todiscrimination generally has helped the disabled person to achievelevels of attainment in sport that would have been unthinkable half acentury ago.
The comments that have been made in this piece in relation toable-bodied people obviously apply, in general terms, to the disabledperson as well. Clearly it depends on the nature of the disability asto what specific measures need to be employed specifically, but thebasic principles are the same. Muscle groups need to be developed inorder to protect the joints that they work over. This is particularlyrelevant to the knee.
Appropriate proprioceptive skills need to beenhanced if the risk of injury is to be kept to an acceptable minimum.More specific considerations that may involve the occupationaltherapist as well as the physiotherapist may include the prevention ofpressure problems from a wheelchair or calliper or the use ofrestraints in a patient who has sudden muscular spasms, so that theyare not thrown out of the wheelchair.
The experienced physiotherapist will be well aware of the benefitsof sport in the disabled in improving strength, co-ordination andendurance. Basketball, in particular, is commonly employed in thewheelchair-bound patient, who has to learn transferable skills in orderto propel the wheel chair accurately as well as catch, intercept andpass the ball.
Prophylaxis and pre-injury actions
Earlier in this piece we briefly discussed a paper by Sanchez (23).and commended it for its tackling of the problem of anticipating an injury. This involved a significant amount of pre-planning andorganisation on the court and field of play. Such issues are of vitalimportance to the athletes although they may not either realise orappreciate it at the time.
This type of forward thinking can lead to dramatic reductions in morbidity (or even in mortality) and should be the concern of each and every healthcare professional who is working in the field of acute sports injury.
Prophylaxis can be considered not only as actual pre-planning thecourse of action needed if an injury is sustained (viz. are theresplints, bandages, sterile water and gloves etc. available?) but equally it can be considered as the correct training and preparation ofboth the players and the game officials, so that the game itself can beplayed in conditions of optimum safety. Although the first of these two considerations is clearly important, in the context of this piece, weshall consider the second element in detail.
Prophylaxis of injury is a major concern. We have discussed thepredictive value of a pre-existing injury. It follows that, if thatinjury can be prevented, then the subject is statistically less likelyto suffer a further injury.
Common sense is behind the definitive recommendation in the paperby Kuala et al., (1) where he states that, in an attempt to reduce the incidence of injuries in basketball, specific preventative measuresshould be employed to reduce the number of violent contacts betweenplayers. He cites improving the drafting of game rules so that violentinfringements of the rules can be mo
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The latest job losses take the total number of people made redundant since Carillion's collapse in January to almost 3,000.
Announcements on the most recent job losses were made by the Official Receiver, which was appointed to oversee and undertake the process of liquidating Carillion's assets and business operations.
Almost all of the 356 people laid off this week were apprentices working within the company's construction sector operations.
Efforts were being made by the Official Receiver to find ways of transferring the employment of Carillion workers and apprentices to other companies involved in similar fields but that has proven not to be possible in every instance.
"A further 21 jobs have been transferred to new suppliers over the past week and in total, more than 13,500 jobs have been saved," a spokesperson for the Official Receiver said in a statement.
"Regrettably, 356 people will be leaving the business as their roles are no longer required but support is available to help them find new work.
Further statements from liquidators explain that a total of 1,277 former Carillion employees have not needed to be made redundant because they've retired or left voluntarily for some other reason since the company officially became insolvent.
Only 650 people are still employed by the business, which is continuing to provide some services to clients and fulfilling elements of contracts committed to before its collapse.
However, those people are expected only to remain in their posts "until decisions are taken to transfer or cease its [Carillion's] remaining contracts", the Official Receiver has said.
Carillion's collapse and subsequent entry into liquidation is known to have had some very significant knock on consequences for hundreds of other businesses across the UK.
In many cases, within the construction services sector in particular, the demise of Carillion has led to major cash flow problems and potential insolvency.


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In this Free Rosecast Newsletter I want to touch once again the topic of the Bradley Siderograph.
The Bradley Siderograph is the most famous astrological indicator for forecasting stock market prices with a forecasting history of over 60 years.
The above graph has been created with the Rosecast Bradley Software. If none of the checkboxes in the Input window are checked - as you can see above - then the Rosecast Bradley software will calculate the Original Bradley Siderograph as proposed by Donald Bradley in 1947.
chart 2: Bradley Siderograph for 2008-2009 with 30 and 150 degrees added / the December 16 turns appears also without the 30 and 150 degrees in the 2008 Bradley model.
So which indicator is more powerful ?
In the end it turned out that both models have indicated an important top, the December 16 top in the case of the Bradley Siderograph and the January 6 top in the case of the Rosecast Bradley.
As you can see from the above S&P chart, this was a case where both Bradley models have inverted. If you had only one model at your disposal, the picture would not have been as clear, but with both models, once the second top was in, it was obvious that the market would head down for a longer time period as both Bradely model also indicated a turn for a longer time period.
Therefore my conclusion is that both models complement each other in an ideal way. Click here to see a chart of the Rosecast Bradley for 1987. The Rosecast Bradley has nailed both the August 1987 top and the December 4 bottom of the same year. The original Bradley has given the same indication for a top, but failed to nail the exact bottom. Only both models taken together have an uncanny history of spotting major turns in the stock market (and sometimes in other markets, too).
Bradley has used the following five astrological aspects in his model: 00, 60, 90, 120 and 180. To each of these aspects he assigned an orb of 15 degrees. In the Bradley formula each aspect receives a higher value the more exact it becomes and a lower value the less exact it becomes.
In the Rosecast Bradley software I have added the important aspects of 30 degrees and 150 degrees and also gave them an orb of 15 degrees. Doing this I assured that all planets would be constantly in orb of one of the seven aspects. Thus with this addition I have created the perfect measure of planetary geometry in my opinion. Planetary geometry in this regard means the time when most of the planets in the nuight skies stand in a mathematical (aspect) relationship to each other.
Rosecast recommendation: Thus when using the Bradley I recommend you to first use its "pure" form and next to add both 30 and 150 degrees (with a simple mouse click) in order to achieve a perfect measure of the interrelationship of all planets at any moment in the skies.
One short notice about the term "all planets": The original Bradley uses the Sun, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. In the Rosecast Bradley software I have created the possibility for the user to add Ceres and Chiron to the set of the original planets. However it is my experience that these additions will alter the bigger picture not significantly.Therefore I use these additions rarely. The additions of the 30 and 150 degree aspects are far more important in my opinion.
Finally I have created the possibility to add the aspects of 45 and 135 degrees to the Bradley formula. This addition will satisfy friends of the Hamburg school of astrology that places major weight on these two aspects. I have thus created an orb of only 7.5 degrees for all aspects when adding 45 or 135 degrees or both. The Bradley curve becomes therefore less smooth with these additions. To use the option of 45 and 135 degrees is less important in my opinion from the standpoint of planetary geometry (or from the standpoint of spotting major highs and lows), but could be helpful for someone that is particularly looking to buy lows in any market as the 45 and 135 degrees are traditionally associated with stressful planetary aspects.
The Rosecast Bradley software features all of the aboved described options and both the "Original Bradley" and the Rosecast Bradley. It has recently been improved so that it works now on all Windows versions smoothless, while previosly it would work only on English versions of Windows. At the same time a German language version of the software has been created for German speaking users (if you want to order the German speaking version, please specify upon ordering). Other language versions are considered and we are accepting distribution partners for non-English speaking countries.
The new version is called 1.23 while the old version was 1.13. Users of the old version (1.13) can upgrade for a fee of 19 USD to the new version. This upgrade fee is the same cost as an additional code key for the version 1.13.
After much soul searching I have come to the conclusion that I do not want to inhibit the freedom of rightful purchasers when using the software on their own computers. In today's time it is common that people buy a new computer every year or two. I myself hate to bother software companies for a license key when buying a new computer. Also it costs me additional time when setting up my new computer. I have therefore removed all hardware-related copy-protection features that would hinder the transfer from one computer to another. Thus the new version 1.23 will install - upon download - on all your present and future computers (just safe your copy on a disc and store it in a secure place). By the way, the software runs between the years 1800 and 2400, you can therefore even pass it rightfully onto your kids, if you do not longer use it. You are however not allowed to pass the software on to anybody outside of your family as this would breach your license agreement. Please refer your friends to Rosecast and we will consider this with a little surprise to you when they contact us with your name as a referral.
All currently available software from rosecast (ROSECAST TRADER and ROSECAST BRADEY) is now sold without special copy protection. I have discontinued MOVING STARS for the moment and plan on re-releasing it with an important improvement later this year.
In the next free Rosecast newsletter I will compare the period of the years 1929-1932 with the period of the years 2009-2012 and I will introduce a new piece of Rosecast financial astrology software in order to do so. It is my strong astrology-based conviction that the bear market that has started in October of 2007 has not ended on March 6, 2009 and the many Bradley charts I have posted in this free newsletter are just one indication of what is to come in the near future. But it is always worthwhile to look at the same subject from different angles. Therefore I am looking forward to the next Free Rosecast Newsletter which is scheduled to appear before May 21st.


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Journal Article Detail Page
Interference with correlated photons: Five quantum mechanics experiments for undergraduates
written by Dr. Enrique Galvez and Dr. Charles Holbrow
This journal article contains information on constructing the apparatus for a set of experiments on entangled photons. The five experiments are used as an undergraduate quantum mechanics lab course.
- Entanglement and Quantum Information
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http://departments.colgate.edu/ph…
© 2005 American Association of Physics Teachers
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Metadata instance created May 24, 2005 by Blake Laing
April 21, 2009 by Lyle Barbato
Galvez, Enrique, and Charles Holbrow. "Interference with correlated photons: Five quantum mechanics experiments for undergraduates." Am. J. Phys. 73, no. 2, (February 1, 2005): 127-140.
E. Galvez and C. Holbrow, , Am. J. Phys. 73 (2), 127 (2005), WWW Document, (https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1796811).
E. Galvez and C. Holbrow, Interference with correlated photons: Five quantum mechanics experiments for undergraduates, Am. J. Phys. 73 (2), 127 (2005), <https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1796811>.
Galvez, E., & Holbrow, C. (2005, February 1). Interference with correlated photons: Five quantum mechanics experiments for undergraduates. Am. J. Phys., 73(2), 127-140. Retrieved January 27, 2023, from https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1796811
Galvez, Enrique, and Charles Holbrow. "Interference with correlated photons: Five quantum mechanics experiments for undergraduates." Am. J. Phys. 73, no. 2, (February 1, 2005): 127-140, https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1796811 (accessed 27 January 2023).
Galvez, Enrique, and Charles Holbrow. "Interference with correlated photons: Five quantum mechanics experiments for undergraduates." Am. J. Phys. 73.2 (2005): 127-140. 27 Jan. 2023 <https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1796811>.
@article{ Author = "Enrique Galvez and Charles Holbrow", Title = {Interference with correlated photons: Five quantum mechanics experiments for undergraduates}, Journal = {Am. J. Phys.}, Volume = {73}, Number = {2}, Pages = {127-140}, Month = {February}, Year = {2005} }
%A Enrique Galvez %A Charles Holbrow %T Interference with correlated photons: Five quantum mechanics experiments for undergraduates %J Am. J. Phys. %V 73 %N 2 %D February 1, 2005 %P 127-140 %U https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1796811 %O application/pdf
%0 Journal Article %A Galvez, Enrique %A Holbrow, Charles %D February 1, 2005 %T Interference with correlated photons: Five quantum mechanics experiments for undergraduates %J Am. J. Phys. %V 73 %N 2 %P 127-140 %8 February 1, 2005 %U https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1796811
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Home COMMUNITY BANDRAITE A tribute to Fr. Joe Pareira founder of Kripa Foundation, Mt Carmel Church.
A walk into the dark streets of bandra in the 1980s…..
Amongst the bright lights and Glitterati of the Queen of Suburbs also lurked the dark shadowy bylanes of bandra… where the onset of darkness brought out the Hyde in man.
Bylanes of Bazaar road, Chapel road and bandra villages sold home-made liquor cheap. They were affordable not only to the lower middle class but also the upper middle class children. Children could afford this out of the pocket money their hardworking parents gave them for healthy snacks.
Alcoholism was at its peak and gambling and prostitution was hush hush but available. Drugs began their creep into society, targeting the youth around colleges. The 'charsi' was born.
Bandra needed a savior, God heard their prayers.
A fantastic orator and intelligent person who loved, cared and spoke with depth and sternness. A young Fr Joe Periera joined Mt Carmel Church Bandra and grew to be a Parish Preist. He saw and understood the need of the Society and began his relentless work of creating awareness to alcohol, charas, ganja, HIV. He worked selflessly to bring children and adults to lead healthy lives, eradicate alcoholism, HIV and drug abuse.
He founded the Kripa Foundation in 1981 in the annex of the Church of Mt. Carmel's . An Iyengar Yogi Catholic Priest, yes you have read right. He combines the scientific aspect and spirituality of yoga in his Yoga classes for fitness and for rehabilitation of alcoholics. He works to cure not only body but also the mind and soul.
This visionary slowly but surely not only served Bandra but spread his good work to entire India and the world. It's been about 35years now that the dashing priest runs Kripa Foundation to rehabilitate addicts all over the world, countries including Germany, USA and Canada.
Fr Joe Periera, is the true hero of Bandra. His works have been recognized and awarded.
These perceptions and applications have resulted in various awards in the field of Drug Abuse Care, Health Sciences and Social Services like Priyadarshini National Award (1989), Perestroika Sanjeevani Award (1990), Anti Narcotic Council of India Award for best Establishment in the field (1994), Sahayogi Foundation Award (1995), Ati Vashisht Sewa Medal of the College of Chest Physicians (1997), International Yoga Journal Karamyogi of the Year Award (2003), Expert to the National Institute of Social Defence (Government of India) (2005) and Christian Chamber of Commerce Award for Excellence in the field of Social Work (2007). Awarded the PADMA SHRI in the field of Social Work by the Government of India (2009). Catholic Priest Conference of India (CPCI) National Excellence Award to Priest (2011). Lifetime Achievemnt National Award (2014) by an Outstanding Individual -Professional at the Hands of Hon'ble President of India Shri Pranab Mukherjee.
Previous article Gitanjali meets Bandra Bungalow owners and writes about their houses.
Next article The Rise and the Fall of SeaRock Hotel – Nostalgic Memories.


Clive Paget is a theatre consultant, director and dramaturge. Since 2003, he has been Music Theatre Consultant to the National Theatre where he is responsible to Nicholas Hytner for the development of new musical theatre work, most recently working as staff director on Tony Kushner and Jeanine Tesori's Caroline, or Change (Evening Standard and Critics Circle Awards for Best Musical, 2006). From 2003 to 2006 he was the Artistic Advisor to the English Theatre Frankfurt where he directed acclaimed productions of Jesus Christ Superstar and Closer in their new theatre. In 2004 Clive was a judge on Channel 4's Musicality and in 2005 he directed The Next Big Thing at the New Players Theatre, nominated for Best New Musical by What's On Stage. His most recent productions include Grant Olding's Three Sides which played the New York Music Theater Festival in 2006 and a Celebration of W H Auden for the Southbank Centre in 2007.
Artistic Director of London's Bridewell Theatre from 2000 to 2003, Clive was an original co-founder of the venue and was involved in all aspects of programming, funding and planning for one of the UK's most imaginative and highly regarded small theatres, while also directing many of its most successful productions.
Clive directed the UK premieres of Adam Guettel's Floyd Collins (Observer Top Ten Theatre Productions for 1999), Michael John LaChiusa's Hello Again and Jason Robert Brown's Songs for a New World. He co-directed the World premiere of Stephen Sondheim's first musical, Saturday Night and directed the world premiere of Stephen Clark and Andrew Peggie's Eyam.
He devised and directed The Cutting Edge, which brought together the talents of Jason Robert Brown, Adam Guettel and Michael John LaChiusa and played at the Donmar Warehouse and the Cardiff International Festival. In 2002, Clive devised and directed There's Always a Woman and The Road You Didn't Take, two shows exploring Sondheim's writing for women and men respectively. He also directed Greg Lyon's Correspondent at the Edinburgh Festival (Assembly Rooms).
Other directing credits for the Bridewell include: the premiere of Higher Than Babel (Andrew Caldecott), Marry Me A Little (Sondheim), All in the Timing (Ives), An Englishman Abroad (Bennett), The Blue Hour (Mamet), Trouble In Tahiti (Bernstein), Green Forms (Bennett), Noon (McNally), A Visit From Miss Prothero (Bennett) and A Grand Wee Game (Greg Lyons).
Other directing credits include: No Stone Unturned and Mort for Youth Music Theatre: UK, Possessed (Greenwich Musical Futures), The Night Before Christmas (Anthony Neilson) for Cassandra Theatre Company, the European premiere of A Childhood Miracle (Rorem), the London premiere of Closer Than Ever (Maltby & Shire), La Belle Helene (Offenbach), The Beggar's Opera (Britten), Paul Bunyan (Auden & Britten), Acis and Galatea (Handel), The Wandering Scholar (Holst).


text:
Justice Laws Website
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Laws Website Home
Consolidated Acts
R.S.C., 1985, c. C-42 - Table of Contents
R.S.C., 1985, c. C-42
This Web page has been archived on the Web.
Version of section 13 from 2012-11-07 to 2020-01-08:
Previous Versionof section
Marginal note:Ownership of copyright
13 (1) Subject to this Act, the author of a work shall be the first owner of the copyright therein.
(2) [Repealed, 2012, c. 20, s. 7]
Marginal note:Work made in the course of employment
(3) Where the author of a work was in the employment of some other person under a contract of service or apprenticeship and the work was made in the course of his employment by that person, the person by whom the author was employed shall, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, be the first owner of the copyright, but where the work is an article or other contribution to a newspaper, magazine or similar periodical, there shall, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, be deemed to be reserved to the author a right to restrain the publication of the work, otherwise than as part of a newspaper, magazine or similar periodical.
Marginal note:Assignments and licences
(4) The owner of the copyright in any work may assign the right, either wholly or partially, and either generally or subject to limitations relating to territory, medium or sector of the market or other limitations relating to the scope of the assignment, and either for the whole term of the copyright or for any other part thereof, and may grant any interest in the right by licence, but no assignment or grant is valid unless it is in writing signed by the owner of the right in respect of which the assignment or grant is made, or by the owner's duly authorized agent.
Marginal note:Ownership in case of partial assignment
(5) Where, under any partial assignment of copyright, the assignee becomes entitled to any right comprised in copyright, the assignee, with respect to the rights so assigned, and the assignor, with respect to the rights not assigned, shall be treated for the purposes of this Act as the owner of the copyright, and this Act has effect accordingly.
Marginal note:Assignment of right of action
(6) For greater certainty, it is deemed always to have been the law that a right of action for infringement of copyright may be assigned in association with the assignment of the copyright or the grant of an interest in the copyright by licence.
Marginal note:Exclusive licence
(7) For greater certainty, it is deemed always to have been the law that a grant of an exclusive licence in a copyright constitutes the grant of an interest in the copyright by licence.
R.S., 1985, c. C-42, s. 13
1997, c. 24, s. 10
2012, c. 20, s. 7
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text:
HEARINGS BOARDS
[ Filed February 8, 2000, 12:23 p.m. ]
Title of Rule: Growth Management Hearings Boards (GMHB) rules and procedures.
Purpose: Update and clarify rules of practice and procedure, change meeting times.
Statutory Authority for Adoption: RCW 36.70A.270(7).
Statute Being Implemented: Chapter 36.70A WAC, Growth Management Act.
Summary: Three sections are changed to reflect board administrative changes regarding meeting times board contacts. One section adds the boards website as a location for obtaining decisions of the boards. Three sections are amended to clarify board procedures (reconsiderations, governor standing, and settlement extensions).
Reasons Supporting Proposal: Efficiency and periodic updates.
Name of Agency Personnel Responsible for Drafting: Ed McGuire, Central Puget Sound, 1215 4th Avenue, Seattle, (206) 389-2625; Implementation and Enforcement: Joint (all board members).
Name of Proponent: Growth Management Hearings Boards, governmental.
Explanation of Rule, its Purpose, and Anticipated Effects: WAC 242-02-052, changes place for filing rule-making requests; WAC 242-02-255, establishes process for obtaining governor certified standing; WAC 242-02-522, authorizes presiding officer to grant settlement extensions; WAC 242-02-832, clarifies reconsideration procedures; WAC 242-02-834, adds website as location board decision and orders; WAC 242-04-030, changes Central Puget Sound board's regular meeting time; and WAC 242-04-050, changes contact for joint boards.
Proposal Changes the Following Existing Rules: See above.
No small business economic impact statement has been prepared under chapter 19.85 RCW.
RCW 34.05.328 does not apply to this rule adoption.
Hearing Location: Capitol Court Building, Room 135, 1110 Capitol Way South, Olympia, WA, on March 30, 2000, at 11:00 a.m.
Assistance for Persons with Disabilities: Contact Diane Rennell by March 23, 2000, TDD (206) 389-2625, or e-mail cps@gmaboards.wa.gov.
Submit Written Comments to: Ed McGuire, Joint Board Rules Coordinator, fax (206) 389-2588, by March 27, 2000.
Date of Intended Adoption: March 30, 2000.
E. G. McGuire
Rules Coordinator
Joint Boards CPSGMHB Member
AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending WSR 98-01-144, filed 12/19/97, effective 1/20/98)
WAC 242-02-052
Petition for rule making.
(1) Right to petition for rule making. Any person may petition the joint boards for the adoption, amendment, or repeal of any rule. Said petition shall be filed with the ((Eastern board's office in Yakima, Washington)) Central Puget Sound board during the 1999-2001 biennium; the Western board during the 2001-2003 biennium; and the Eastern board during the 2003-2005 biennium.
(2) Form of petition. The form of the petition for adoption, amendment, or repeal of any rule shall generally adhere to the following:
(a) A caption in the following form:
BEFORE THE JOINT GROWTH MANAGEMENT HEARINGS BOARDS
PETITION FOR RULE MAKING
In the matter of
the Petition of
(Name of Petitioner)
for Rule Making
(b) The body of the petition shall be set out in numbered paragraphs. The first paragraph shall state the name and address of the petitioning party and whether the petitioner seeks the adoption of a new rule or rules, or amendment or repeal of an existing rule or rules. The second paragraph, in case of a proposed new rule or amendment of an existing rule, shall set forth the desired rule in its entirety. Where the petition is for repeal of an existing rule, such shall be stated and the rule proposed to be repealed shall either be set forth in full or shall be referred to by board rule number. The third paragraph shall set forth concisely the reasons for the proposal of the petitioner and shall contain a statement as to the interests of the petitioner and the subject matter of the rule. Additional numbered paragraphs may be used to give full explanation of petitioner's reason for the action sought.
(c) The petition shall be dated and signed by the party named in the first paragraph or by the petitioner's attorney or other authorized representative. The original and nine copies shall be filed with the Eastern board at its office in Yakima, Washington.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 36.70A.270(7). 98-01-144, § 242-02-052, filed 12/19/97, effective 1/20/98. Statutory Authority: RCW 36.70A.270(6). 94-23-112, § 242-02-052, filed 11/22/94, effective 12/23/94; 94-07-033, § 242-02-052, filed 3/9/94, effective 4/9/94; 92-21-034, § 242-02-052, filed 10/15/92, effective 10/15/92.]
Governor certified standing.
If the board receives a request for governor certified standing from a petitioner pursuant to RCW 36.70A.280 (2)(c), the board shall immediately forward the petitioner's request to the governor. The board shall indicate the end of the sixty-day time period within which the determination of standing must be made.
Presiding officer -- Powers and duties.
It shall be the duty of the presiding officer to conduct conferences or hearings as directed by a board in an impartial and orderly manner. The presiding officer shall have the authority, subject to the other provisions of the act or these rules to:
(1) Inspect the petition for review to determine whether, on its face, compliance with the jurisdictional and standing requirements of the act is shown, and if compliance is not shown, to recommend an action or to refer the issue to the full board for resolution;
(2) Take appropriate action with respect to the qualifications of the parties or the parties' attorney(s) or other authorized representative(s) to appear before a board;
(3) Administer oaths and affirmations if witnesses are permitted to testify;
(4) Issue subpoenas as provided in RCW 34.05.446;
(5) Rule on all procedural matters, objections and motions unless a board determination is required;
(6) Rule on all evidentiary matters including offers of proof;
(7) When applicable, question witnesses called by the parties in an impartial manner as needed to develop any facts deemed necessary to fairly and adequately decide the issue;
(8) Issue orders joining other parties, on motion of any party, when it appears that such other parties may have an interest in, or may be affected by the case;
(9) Consolidate cases for hearing when such consolidation will expedite disposition and avoid duplication of testimony and when consolidation will not unduly prejudice the rights of any party;
(10) Hold conferences for the settlement or amplification of the issues;
(11) Regulate the course of the case;
(12) Encourage the parties to stipulate to the admissibility of documents in advance of a hearing and to rule on issues concerning the content of the record;
(13) Limit the length of a brief or impose format restrictions;
(14) Sign and file certificates of agreement acknowledging receipt of timely, complete, executed agreements for direct review by superior court;
(15) Rule on requests for settlement extensions;
(16) Waive any requirement of these rules unless a party shows that it would be prejudiced by such a waiver; and
(((16))) (17) Take any other action necessary and authorized by these rules, the act, or the Administrative Procedure Act, chapter 34.05 RCW.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 36.70A.270(7). 98-01-144, § 242-02-522, filed 12/19/97, effective 1/20/98; 97-04-008, § 242-02-522, filed 1/24/97, effective 3/1/97. Statutory Authority: RCW 36.70A.270(6). 94-07-033, § 242-02-522, filed 3/9/94, effective 4/9/94; 92-21-034, § 242-02-522, filed 10/15/92, effective 10/15/92.]
(1) After issuance of a final decision any party may file a motion for reconsideration with a board in accordance with subsection (2) of this section. Such motion must be filed within ten days of service of the final decision. The original and three copies of the motion for reconsideration shall be filed with the board. At the same time, copies shall be served on all parties of record. Within five days of filing the motion for reconsideration, a party may file an answer to the motion for reconsideration without direction or request from the board. A board may require other parties to supply an answer ((which shall be served in a like manner)). All answers to motions for reconsideration shall be served on all parties of record.
(2) A motion for reconsideration shall be based on at least one of the following grounds:
(a) Errors of procedure or misinterpretation of fact or law, material to the party seeking reconsideration;
(b) Irregularity in the hearing before the board by which such party was prevented from having a fair hearing; or
(c) Clerical mistakes in the final decision and order.
(3) In response to a ((petition)) motion for reconsideration, the board may deny the ((petition)) motion, modify its decision, or reopen the hearing. A ((petition)) motion is deemed denied unless the board takes action within twenty days of filing ((of the petition or answer where a board has required other parties to provide such an answer pursuant to subsection (1) of this section)) the motion for reconsideration. A board order on a motion for reconsideration is not subject to a motion for reconsideration.
(4) A decision in response to the petition for reconsideration shall constitute a final decision and order for purposes of judicial review. Copies of the final decision and order shall be served by the board on each party or the party's attorney or other authorized representative of record.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 36.70A.270(7). 98-01-144, § 242-02-832, filed 12/19/97, effective 1/20/98; 97-04-008, § 242-02-832, filed 1/24/97, effective 3/1/97.]
AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending WSR 97-04-008, filed 1/24/97, effective 3/1/97)
Publication of final decision and orders.
Copies of all final decisions and orders are available from the board that entered the decision and order. Code Publishing Company, POB 51164, Seattle, WA 98115-1164 is the official publisher of all final decisions and orders entered by the boards. ((In addition, final decisions and orders are available from CD Law, 1000 2nd Ave., Ste. # 1610, Seattle, WA 98104 and Law BBS, Washington St. Bar Association, 2001 Sixth Ave., Ste. 500, Seattle, WA 98121-2599.)) The growth management hearings board website is www.gmaboards.wa.gov. Each board posts its decisions within its individual portion of the website and maintains a digest of its decisions.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 36.70A.270(7). 97-04-008, § 242-02-834, filed 1/24/97, effective 3/1/97.]
Description of organization and public meetings.
(1) Each board is an independent agency of the state of Washington, composed of three members appointed by the governor. Each board elects an administrative chairperson from its members at least annually.
(2) The administrative chairpersons constitute the administrative committee of the joint boards. The administrative committee elects an administrative chairperson from its members at least annually.
(3) Regular meetings of each board will be held at its principal office or other designated location at the following times:
(a) Eastern Washington board - on the first Wednesday of each month at 10:00 a.m.
(b) Western Washington board - on the second Wednesday of each month at 11:00 a.m.
(c) Central Puget Sound board - on the ((second Thursday)) first Monday of each month at 10:00 a.m.
(4) The joint boards shall meet at least annually at a time and location to be announced.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 36.70A.270(7). 98-01-144, § 242-04-030, filed 12/19/97, effective 1/20/98. Statutory Authority: RCW 36.70A.270(6). 92-21-034, § 242-04-030, filed 10/15/92, effective 10/15/92.]
Communications with each board or the joint boards.
(1) All communications with a board, including but not limited to the submission of materials pertaining to its operations and/or administration or enforcement of chapter 42.17 RCW and these rules, requests for copies of each board's decisions and other matters, shall be addressed to the appropriate board's office as follows:
(a)Eastern Washington Growth
Management Hearings Board
Suite 818 Larson Building
6 South 2nd Street
Yakima, Washington 98901
(b)Western Washington Growth
905 24th Way S.W. Suite B-2
Olympia, Washington 98504-0953
(c)Central Puget Sound Growth
Financial Center
1215 Fourth Avenue, Suite 322
Seattle, Washington 98161-1001
(2) All communications with the joint boards shall be addressed in care of the ((Eastern Washington board)) Central Puget Sound board during the 1999-2001 biennium; the Western board during the 2001-2003 biennium; and the Eastern board during the 2003-2005 biennium.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 36.70A.270(7). 98-01-144, § 242-04-050, filed 12/19/97, effective 1/20/98; 97-04-008, § 242-04-050, filed 1/24/97, effective 3/1/97. Statutory Authority: RCW 36.70A.270(6). 94-23-112, § 242-04-050, filed 11/22/94, effective 12/23/94; 94-07-033, § 242-04-050, filed 3/9/94, effective 4/9/94; 92-21-034, § 242-04-050, filed 10/15/92, effective 10/15/92.]


JawsFest: The Tribute, a four-day festival of events held this past weekend, featured many events focuses on the making of "Jaws" and honored those involved who have died, such as author Peter Benchley and actors Roy Scheider and Robert Shaw.
One of many events, the screening of "Jaws" at Ocean Park on Sunday, Aug. 11 (rescheduled from Saturday because of inclement weather), drew between 1,500 and 1,800 people according, to organizer Susan Sigel Goldsmith. The number was fewer than expected because of the re-scheduling. The film was shown in its new Blu Ray format, three days before the Blu Ray version hit the market.
And primal notions of civilizations fear.
To become the final history our young believe.
Into this wilderness of purpose and creation?
To honor this world, its life and radiant energy?
How can we expect salvation from the sea?
Under man's primitive, unconscious fear.
Everything the seas offer without resistance.
And turns it to debris.
Necessary and predatory, radiant Angels of the Sea.


text:
Guohua bezeichnet:

 Guohua (Wangcang) (国华镇), Großgemeinde im Kreis Wangcang in der chinesischen Provinz Sichuan
 Guohua (Fuxin) (国华乡), Gemeinde im Autonomen Kreis Fuxin in der chinesischen Provinz Liaoning

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Wow-a big day for Silicon Valley. A new Trader Joe's just opened in the shopping plaza up the way from us. Say hello to ease of consumption. Thanks to this revolutionary advance, I will now be able to buy toothpaste (Target), cat toys (PetSmart), cheap bits of foam for craft projects (Michaels) and yogurt (Trader Joe's) all without moving my car from one massive parking lot. Of course, one is still expected to drive from store to store.
Apparently, this sort of shopping is not available internationally, as my brother in New Zealand expresses an attitude of mystification at the notion of so many big box stores all in one place. All I can say to that is, "At least there are no currently disclosed plans to pave over the park across the street from this shopping center and put in an Ikea."
Of course, we made sure to have all of the necessary accessories when we set up our first trip to the new Trader Joe's. Our reusable grocery bags stay in the back of the car for just such occasions, and Elise and I both wore flip flops. If anyone out there is still concerned as to whether or not we're assimilating here in CA, that ought to put your mind at ease. Lines were long, but we passed the time by chatting with one of our neighbors about the neighborhood foster cat that was outside making an unholy ruckus early this morning.
The thing that is immediately apparent about this new Trader Joe's is its sleek design. Between the wider aisles and the airplane decor (it is, after all, about five feet from the end of the SJC runway) it far outclasses the skanky Safeway we've been frequenting. Not only that, but the way this shopping plaza now so seamlessly integrates our various shopping experiences, I think it really will revolutionize our lifestyle. From what I saw today, there is no question of it living up to the hype.
Best of all, I got out of there for just over $42, whereas the other much ballyhooed unveiling that happened today would have cost me $600 to bring home. I long ago drank the Apple kool-aid and love my MacBook passionately, but at this point in my life the grocery store is clearly the bigger story.
I can't tell you how glad I am to see you settling in...welcome to the world of flip-flops! CA and FL are, I think, the centres of the flip-flop universe -- I live in them, and am not sure what I'd do with actual closed-toe shoes.
I'm frankly jealous about the Trader Joe's. I've heard they are fab stores.
Look at the good side of the "big-box" farms -- they're all congregated in the same place, so less driving (even if you drive in the parking lot), and all clustered so they can't muck up the rest of the area. Can't think of a better place for a commercial zone than at the end of a runway where no one wants to live, anyway.


Born and raised in a florist family, I have been around flowers my whole life. That being said, it came as no surprise that when a commercial art career came to an end in 1990, I scooped up the opportunity to change directions. It was then that I decided to follow my inherited floral passions. I began at the bottom and worked my way up in a fast paced, very busy Long Island shop owned by a wonderful, hard working Greek family. I watched, experimented and learned from some of the best on the East coast.
Eventually I began to do the actual booking of the wedding flowers and realized that what I love about wedding work the most is working with couples, listening to their dreams and wishes and helping to turn those wishes into a reality.
I believe in fair and honest pricing and bringing you the best possible value while maintaining the integrity of your vision. I pride myself on being available and bringing to the process the best possible customer service and reliability.
I look forward to working with you to create a most beautiful Hudson Valley wedding!


Being a plumber is a lot more than just fixing leaky pipes. It is a profession that requires a range of skills and can include a number of daily activities. Plumbing work involves anything related to water systems in a building. This can be water supplies, pipes, domestic appliances or amenities using water in any way. As such, the plumbing profession is in some way recession-proof, as their services will always be in demand.
Plumbers work namely in sanitation systems such as sinks, showers and toilets, but this is by no means a limitation. Household appliances such as washing machines, dishwashers, boilers and radiators all need a plumber to install them and repair when necessary. It is not just domestic calls that plumbers work on, their skills are also required by commercial properties and contractors when constructing new buildings.
This profession offers a lot of variety and is highly skilled. Plumbers will often find themselves working with different clients every day, and travelling around to different places. Most plumbers will work freelance after they are fully trained and have a decent client base. However, big water companies and household stores may employ plumbers to fit appliances and service their products.
Being a plumber is suited to someone who has good communication skills, enjoys variety in their working day and prefers practical work. There is constant demand for plumbers, so with the right qualifications and skills, there could be plenty of employment prospects available.