Major shifts in both the content that was tested and the performance expectations had a dramatic effect on students who took the American College Test (ACT) and the Proficiency Assessments for Wyoming Students (PAWS) during the 2013-14 school year.
Schools around the state are still interpreting data from the ACT, which was released in August, and the PAWS, which followed in late September. One conclusion that has already been drawn statewide, however, is that students didn't fare as well in terms of hitting the new standards for proficiency.
At the high school level in Wyoming, students are required to take the ACT for federal and state accountability. In 2014, over, 6,000 Wyoming students took the test. Statewide, the average composite score rose to 20.1 in 2014, up from 19.8 in 2003.
While that 20.1 figure falls short of the national composite average of 21.1, state education officials note that it represents the score of every Wyoming students, whereas in most states, only those students who plan to attend college take the test.
Statewide, 39 percent of students were found to be proficient or advanced in math, 34 percent were proficient or advanced in reading and 32 percent were proficient or advanced in science, according to data from the Department of Education.
A higher percentage of Greybull High School students hit the proficiency targets in math and science, with 45 percent making it in math and 36 percent in science. Only in reading did the GHS student fall short of their peers statewide, coming in at 28 percent proficient. In recent years, prior to this year's changes, GHS students have typically fallen within 70 to 80 percent proficiency in the three content areas.
Last year's ACT-taking juniors finished with a 20.2 composite in math, up from 19.4 the year before and 19.1 the year before that. Within the past five years, the 20.2 composite posted in 2014 ranks second.
GHS students posted an average score of 20.0, down from 20.4 the previous year. It was the second lowest reading composite posted by GHS in the last five years, Flock said.
In the past, a student was proficient if he or she hit a 16 in reading, a 17 in math and a 20 in science. This year the proficiency targets changed. "Whereas before it was apples to apples, now it's apples to oranges," said Flock, noting that the test is now scored on a three-digit system, rather than the two. "It's even hard to determine how they figure their numbers," he said.
Flock said GHS has made gains in the area of math since his arrival two years ago and that now the focus will shift to reading. It has already begun with a shift in the types of English classes being offered at the school. More of an emphasis if being placed on teaching reading and writing in the classroom, in addition to offering a college level English class in the classroom.
Flocked concluded that "if we were using the old system, comparing how last year's juniors did on the test, they actually scored higher," he said. "We had multiple kids scoring over 30 and a large number in the 20s.
The PAWS results released in late September show that Greybull elementary and middle school students scored in a range from a high of 78 percent proficiency, that coming in seventh grade writing, to a low of 38 percent, in sixth grade math.
In all but four of the 12 assessments (fifth grade reading and writing and sixth grade math and reading) a greater percentage of Greybull students achieved proficiency than the percentage that did so statewide.
At the third grade level, 58 percent of Greybull students were proficient or advanced in math while 63 percent reached proficiency in reading.
Proficiency numbers for the four graders came in at 57 percent in math, 75 percent in reading, and 61 percent in science.
In the fifth grade, 58 percent were proficient in math, 58 percent were proficient in reading, and 50 percent were proficient in writing.
As a first-year principal, Brett Suiter wasn't at Greybull Elementary School last year, but says he saw signs of improvement in the data. The focus moving forward will be on math and reading curriculums, he said.
The proficiency report offers a mixed bag of results for the middle school.
Sixth graders were measured at 38 percent proficient in math and 49 percent in reading.
At the seventh grade level, 49 percent were proficient in math, 73 percent were proficient in reading and 78 percent were proficient in writing.
Proficiency scores for the eighth graders were 65 percent in math, 72 percent in reading and 70 percent in science.
Principal Scott McBride said the seventh and eighth graders did very well in comparison with their peers in other districts in the state. The seventh graders ranked third (out of 48 districts) in reading; the eighth graders ranked fifth in reading.
In math, the seventh graders ranked 18th, the eighth graders eighth.
In science, eighth graders ranked second in the state.
"We have some work to do" in the sixth grade, McBride said. In reading, sixth graders ranked 38th, and in math, they ranked 41st.
McBride said that because this year's test differs so much from last year's, it's going to take longer to break down the results. The process has begun and will likely continue throughout the school year. The goal is to develop general areas of strengths and weaknesses.
"Our goal is to teach kids in a way that will help them achieve at every assessment they are required to take in life," said McBride. "The essential skills we will continue to focus on are reading, writing, and mathematics. All kids will receive a well-rounded education, but we will place additional emphasis on the basics.


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Home HR & Skills News Apprenticeships work for women event celebrates female apprentices
Apprenticeships work for women event celebrates female apprentices
An Apprenticeships Work for Women event held today (8 March) highlighted and celebrated the positive impact of female apprentices in workplaces across the UK
The event, taking place on the penultimate day of National Apprenticeship Week 2018, saw high profile names in business, politics and society address an audience of teachers, apprentices and female business leaders at the National Gallery, London.
The event included speeches and presentations from inspirational leaders – including Anne Milton, Minister of State for Apprenticeships and Skills, Sue Husband, Director of the National Apprenticeship Service, Ann Francke, Chief Executive of the Chartered Management Institute and Charlotte Hughes from GlaxoSmithKline and National Apprenticeship Awards 2017 Higher and Degree Apprentice of the Year award winner.
Apprenticeships and Skills Minister Anne Milton said:
"International Women's Day is a brilliant time to talk about why more women are choosing an apprenticeship and in subjects that used to be seen as "for men".
"I want lots more women seeing apprenticeships in science, technology, engineering and maths as a real and achievable choice. Our Year of Engineering campaign is highlighting the amazing opportunities these fascinating subjects can give, so my message is sign up today!"
'Apprenticeships Work' has been the theme of the 11th National Apprenticeship Week. During the week employers and apprentices from across England have come together to celebrate the success of apprenticeships whilst encouraging even more people to choose apprenticeships as a pathway to a great career.
Sue Husband, director, National Apprenticeship Service added:
"National Apprenticeship Week 2018 is a week-long celebration of apprenticeships and the impact they have on individuals, employers, local communities and the wider economy. It is great that today's event coincides with International Women's Day and allows us the opportunity to celebrate how apprenticeships can lead to brilliant career opportunities for women.
"The audience here today is made up of strong, successful women who were or are apprentices, who recruit apprentices, or who support the apprenticeship movement and want to see more women succeed through an apprenticeship.
"I am delighted to address and welcome this audience and special thanks go to teachers from the Apprenticeship Champions Network who are at this event in recognition of the work they do to encourage young women into well great apprenticeships."
Charlotte Hughes, an associate scientist for drug manufacturer GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), has worked and studied as an apprentice since September 2015. She won the National Apprenticeship Awards Higher and Degree Apprentice of the Year award for 2017. Charlotte said:
"Entering a full-time job with a degree and work experience combined has been great for my career. I have had opportunity to learn from scientists, progress through my apprenticeship and speak at a big STEM-based careers event to more than 100 people, promoting the benefits of science careers and apprenticeships.
"Being invited to speak at this amazing event today has shown me how successful my journey has been so far. There are so many great opportunities for women in all sectors, and particularly for me, in science. I am proud of my apprenticeship and how it has worked for me. I hope others will be inspired by my story."
The apprenticeships work for women event closed with calls for the audience to continue to press the case for more to be done on gender inequality in the workplace.
International Women's Day: More emphasis needed on careers in surveying
International Women's Day: BSRIA asks are we doing enough to inspire female engineers
'Spotlight on…women in construction' campaign launched

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


So I've been suffering a little today with what I think is dehydration from yesterday. It's grim and I hate it. I've drunk a Jug and a half worth of water today and had many naps. That being said, I've also cleaned the flat, done all the washing and ironing. All the exciting parts of being an adult wrapped up into one.
I had a busy day yesterday. Firstly, Luke and I went to Milton Keynes to go dress shopping. I have attached a picture below.
After shopping we went to my Grandmother's 70th. I won't be putting any family pictures on here (as its a little bit too personal), but the room was beautifully decorated, so I will share those pictures instead.
Thats all for my life update for the moment.


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Elegran
Closings Have Begun at One Manhattan Square
Written By Sean Keeley | March 12, 2019 | Published in Urban Design, Real Estate Market Trends
The massive, sheer tower that's been slowly rising over the Lower East Side is ready to welcome residents and take its place as the newest member of the Manhattan skyline. Three years following the launch of sales, closings are underway and Extell's One Manhattan Square will begin moving residents in later this month.
The 56-story residential skyscraper, which towers over every other building in the immediate neighborhood, includes 815 total apartments as well as an impressive array of amenities across its 72 floors.
These closings mark the culmination of a project that has been years in the making. The initial plans in 2014 were met with pushback from locals who feared that the closing of a Pathmark on the site and arrival of luxury NYC apartments would lead to rising prices in the neighborhood. Some of these concerns were assuaged when a 13-story affordable housing component was added to the project.
Residents are able to choose from one-, two-, and three-bedroom homes at One Manhattan Square ranging from a little under 700 to just over 2,400 square feet of living space. Meyer Davis, who designed Oscar de la Renta's flagship retail boutiques, also designed the residences here, creating luxury interiors that balance style with function while taking advantage of some the Manhattan views. Extell offers two finishing packages for the residences while each kitchen comes with custom cabinetry, Miele appliances, and a stainless steel mosaic backsplash.
Prices for one-bedroom units start at $1,216,000 while available three-bedroom homes start at $3,527,000 and rise to $6,605,000.
It's not known exactly how many of the apartments have already been purchased but, as Curbed NY pointed out, quite a few units are listed as under contract on StreetEasy. Extell helped that process along last year when they waived common charges for buyers both here and at their other properties in the midst of a real estate slowdown across the city.
The amenities collection at One Manhattan Square has proven to be a major draw for prospective buyers. Split into four categories, it's a collection that ensures residents pretty practically never have to leave the building in order to exercise, unwind, or even get their work done.
The Sports Club includes a basketball court, two-lane bowling alley, squash court, golf simulator, and a state-of-the-art fitness center with weight room, cardio room, fitness studios, and various classes. Entertainment amenities include a demonstration kitchen, bar and lounge, theater and performance space, wine room, cigar room, billiards room, kid's playroom, and video game arcade. Spa and water amenities include a 75-foot saltwater swimming pool, kiddie pool, cold plunge pool, tranquility garden, treatment rooms, and locker rooms. Building services that are available include a 24-hour doorman and concierge, refrigerated storage, dry cleaning, a business center, bike storage, pet spa, laundry, and alternations room. There's also a grand lobby and motor court downstairs.
The timing of these closings is very good for Extell and One Manhattan Square. There is plenty of competition coming to the neighborhood, but the majority of these new buildings are still in the early stages of development. A collection of skyscrapers going up within a few blocks are expected to bring over 2,000 apartments and condos to the area. However, by the time they're ready, One Manhattan Square will have had plenty of time to make its case to new and old residents looking for luxury living on the Lower East Side.
Interested in seeing if One Manhattan Square is exactly what you're looking for as you look an NYC apartment or condo of your own? Contact an Elegran agent today to set up an appointment and get all the information you need to make an informed decision.
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Roll Over Crash Injures Two People on Dr. MLK Blvd In Ft. Myers
Home » Blog » Roll Over Crash Injures Two People on Dr. MLK Blvd In Ft. Myers
A roll over crash has led to two people being critically injured.
A roll over crash has led to two people being critically injured. The crash is being investigated by the authorities.
The roll over crash happened on Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard near Ortiz Avenue. The crash involved a tractor trailer truck and a Sport Utility Vehicle. The collision caused the SUV to roll over before coming to a final halt causing injuries to the occupants. Both the driver and the passenger of the SUV were taken to the hospital for medical attention. Motorists who were traveling on that road had stopped to help before emergency crews arrived at the scene. The driver of the tractor trailer was not hurt and stayed at the scene of the accident to cooperate with the authorities.
According to the authorities, a thorough investigation is still on going to determine the cause of the accident.
Details of the parties involved in the roll over are yet to be released to the press.
Related: Fort Myers Accident News: SUV Struck School Minivan In Hanson Street Accident, Eight Injured
Marc Anidjar, from the Law Firm of Anidjar and Levine, comments on this crash: "Scene investigations are critical to determining fault. Initially after an accident our office typically will hire an investigator goes to the scene. They can help collect evidence that will help with liability such as photograph skid marks to determine if excessive speed by one of the parties contributed to the severity of the accident. They can also canvass the area to see if any local security cameras that may have caught the accident within the angle of view of the security system. Finally always request that the vehicle be preserved – newer model vehicles had a data recording device that will tell speed and other telemetric information such as steering input and brake force at the time of accident."
Related: Fort Myers News: Family Car Stuck In The Woods Following An Accident On Bruce Herd Lane
Related: Fort Myers Crash News: Accident On Palm Beach Boulevard Results In Serious Injuries
Do I Have a Case if There Was No Damage in a Car Accident?
What Are the Motorcycle Helmet Laws in Jacksonville, Florida?
Should I Give a Recorded Statement About My Car Accident if Requested by Claims Adjuster?
What is a Compulsory Medical Exam?
Will My Insurance Company Automatically Pay an Uninsured Motorist Claim?
Car Accidents, General,
What Can I Do if My Insurance Company Denies My Car Accident Claim?
Will My Car Accident Case Go to Court?
Personal Injury,
I Was a Passenger in a Bus Accident, Can I File a Personal Injury Claim?
Find yourself a Friendly Lawyer Now!
Wellington Personal Injury Lawyer
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The varna tag has no usage guidance.
What are the varnas of Vashishta and Arundhati?
Arundhati. is the wife of the sage Vashistha, one of the seven sages (Saptarshi). To which varna does Vashishta belong to? To which varna does Arundhati belong to?
What is the meaning of the term "Svadharma"?
What does the term "Svadharma" mean? What do the scriptures say about the term? Is Varna exclusive of "Svadharma"?
I have heard from my friend that Kshatriya man can marry Vaishya woman. Is it true? What do our scriptures say on this?
Is hiding one's caste a punishable offense?
Is untouchability discussed in the Vedas?
Has Siva spoken in favor of the varnashrama system?
What has Siva said about the caste or varna system?
How do I prove casteism is not an inherent part of Hinduism?
Is there any explicit writing by Swami Vivekananda on his psychological theory of Varna?
Swami Vivekananda has written about his ideas of caste in his Complete Works. I am posting one example for the convenience of the reader.
How does Swami Vivekananda's psychological theory of Varna interpret Gita verses 4.13, 18.41-47?
What are the duties of a Kshatriya-Bandhu?
What is the connection between vāstu śāstra and the varṇa system?


Anda Order, Consolidated Appeal, D.C. Circuit, Faxes, FCC Actions, Retroactive Relief.
On November 8, 2016, a three judge panel (Judges Brett M. Kavanaugh, Cornelia T.L. Pillard, and A. Raymond Randolph) of the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit heard oral argument in Bais Yaakov of Spring Valley v. FCC, No. 14-1234. The argument (which lasted ninety minutes) was divided into two portions: argument regarding whether the FCC had authority to require the inclusion of opt-out notices on solicited faxes, and argument regarding whether the FCC was authorized to grant retroactive waivers of that requirement. Our prior posts on the appeal can be found here, here, and here. The audio recording of the argument is available here.
With regard to the FCC's authority to regulate solicited faxes, the class action defendants argued that Congress drew a "stark" distinction between solicited and unsolicited faxes and that the FCC's requirement of an opt-out notice on solicited faxes "obliterated" that distinction, that nothing in the TCPA authorized the FCC to require opt-out notices on solicited faxes, and that requiring an opt-out notice on solicited faxes posed serious First Amendment concerns. The FCC and the class action plaintiffs argued in response that the FCC's imposition of regulations on solicited faxes was a natural and necessary part of the regulation of unsolicited faxes, and that there was nothing in the TCPA prohibiting the FCC from regulating solicited faxes.
With regard to the FCC's authority to waive its regulation requiring opt-out notices on solicited faxes, the class action plaintiffs argued that the FCC did not have the right to use its waiver authority to extinguish a statutory right of action; that the regulation itself was clear despite any shortcomings in the FCC orders regarding the regulation; that prudent counsel should have advised clients to comply with the most restrictive reading of the rule; that the FCC did not require any showing of actual confusion to grant waivers, but rather had granted them based on a "vapor" or "ether" of confusion; and that the standard the full FCC created for granting waivers permitted granting waivers to petitioners who admitted that they were simply unaware of the regulations, and that denials of petitions based on ignorance of the law was based on a standard that "the Bureau seems to have created later on" and that "there is nothing in the [Anda] Order that says ignorance of the TCPA, you don't get a waiver." The FCC argued in response that the order was flatly contradictory and therefore set a presumption of confusion; that the waiver process was "a mess of the agency's own making" and the FCC decided the best way to clean up that mess was to grant retroactive waivers; and that the violation complained of for which waivers were granted was the agency's own rule, not an express statutory requirement. The FCC also expressed frustration that parties had not sooner pointed out to the FCC the discrepancy in the order via a petition for a declaratory ruling.
The panel was active from the start (Judge Pillard asked the first question less than a minute into the argument), and the arguments played out more through questions, answers, comments, and prompting from the bench rather than through prepared remarks from counsel.
Based on comments and lines of questioning, Judge Pillard appeared to be quite skeptical of the class action defendants' arguments regarding the ability of the FCC to regulate solicited faxes, focusing instead on the policy goals driving the FCC's approach—obtaining consent and facilitating its revocation, and stopping "the problem" of unwanted faxes. She also challenged the arguments made by the FCC regarding the waiver process: she asserted that the regulation itself was not confusing and that granting waivers without any showing of actual confusion (and in some cases based on ignorance of the regulation altogether) appeared to be setting a very low bar, and suggested that when the FCC was balancing the interests in granting a waiver to defendants, it failed to properly consider the costs plaintiffs had incurred over years in seeking to enforce a regulation that the FCC then waived.
Judge Kavanaugh also seemed troubled by the retroactive nature of the waiver process and the boundaries of the FCC's authority: he described the waiver as a "step beyond" (but not necessarily an impermissible step beyond) the usual prospective waiver process, questioned whether the FCC could have changed its rules retroactively based simply on a change in its view of the wisdom of policy (i.e., asking how important "confusion" was to a finding of good cause), and characterized allowing the FCC to waive its regulations as "huge authority" for an agency to have because it was an "on/off switch" to retroactively extinguish private causes of action.
Judges Kavanaugh and Randolph also questioned what impact their ruling would have outside of the D.C. Circuit since district court judges elsewhere would not be bound by their ruling, in their view.


Thank you for posting this and thank you to Kevin Johnson for initiating this post. I was afraid that Mitch's passing would go unnoticed by our community. Mitch was a great friend to the Alliance. He never missed a show and was always very supportive of our work. We will miss him dearly. I know the pain of losing a parent and my heart, thoughts, and prayers go out to his sons David and James.
I worked with Mitch many years ago at the old Florida Rep in West Palm Beach; I believe it was AMADEUS.
The last time I saw him, he was talking about how proud he was of his sons.
I first worked with Mitch back in 1975, and subsequently did several productions together. Mitchell was a very fine actor. His Hamlet won rave reviews. Rest in peace Mitch.
I was very sorry to hear of his passing. Mitchell was an old theatre friend and colleague, a true professional, who could always make me laugh.


When multiple hands work on a single project from different directions, the patchwork of designs may reveal the lack of coordination; yet, the beauty of the diversity in pattern, color, dimension and creativity may make up for such lack of uniformity. Thus, lack of uniformity need not mean that the end-result lacks beauty; and, indeed, lack of conformity can in and of itself be a form of delicate attraction.
But human beings possess an innate desire for a sense of logical comprehension, and while overlapping patterns may possess a beauty of diversity, anarchical presentation of exploding colors and patterns must ultimately be brought together into some semblance of coordination.
There is, of course, a distinction to be made between art and mathematics; between artistic endeavors, which may bend the rules of uniformity, as opposed to a cohesive and comprehensible presentation in the form of a persuasive argument. In law, an overlapping patchwork of arguments may unintentionally hit the mark; but you would not want to rely upon such an imprecise approach.
In preparing, formulating and filing for Federal Disability Retirement benefits from the U.S. Office of Personnel Management, the approach of culling together a patchwork of arguments — borrowing a report from one's OWCP doctor; arguing that because one received a percentage rating from the Department of Veterans Affairs, the relevance upon an OPM disability retirement application should be of X consequence; extrapolating language from an SSDI decision — while all of these are of some consequence, each must ultimately be garnered into a coherent whole.
It may well be that one's Federal Disability Retirement application began as a patchwork of information; in the end, however, it should be the hand of a single artist who reworks the pattern into a cohesive whole.
If one fails to file for Federal Disability Retirement benefits from the U.S. Office of Personnel Management (i.e., the Statute of Limitations for all Federal and Postal employees in filing a Federal Disability Retirement application, whether under FERS or CSRS, is 1-year from the time of separation from Federal Service) within the time prescribed, then one cannot make any legal arguments or supplement one's case — precisely because the Federal or Postal (former) employee has failed to meet the minimum statutory deadline.
However, once filed, the case can be supplemented and "added to"; additional evidentiary documentation may be submitted; but amendment to the Federal Disability Retirement application will be severely limited, because you cannot withdraw the application in order to change it — if the withdrawal is effectuated after the 1-year Statute of Limitations passes. This is because the Federal or Postal Disability Retirement applicant is restricted by the rules governing SF 3112A, where one cannot "add to" the list of diagnosed medical conditions once it is received by OPM (although there are ways to characterize such identified conditions to somewhat circumvent the restrictions).
Sometimes, because of the medical condition itself, or for unforeseen circumstances which are beyond the physical, emotional or cognitive control of the potential applicant for Federal Disability Retirement, such procrastination is simply a fact which must be dealt with. Whether the day before the 1-year cut-off, or 10 months before, once filed, at least the Federal or Postal employee will have the opportunity to make legal arguments, and for the most part, the ability to supplement his or her case.
It is only if it is NOT filed on a timely basis, that such additional activity will then be precluded. Thus, the obvious rule: File before the deadline.


Be sure to visit and stay with us when we have one of our awesome Mud Bogs at Kanawha Valley Arena Resort. It is always a Mud Slingin, Tire Burnin, Diesel Smoking action packed show.
Admission is $12 per person racing.
All different classes available. Bring your own truck!
Food and Beverages are available in our Arena Concession Stand.
Bring you own lawn chair.
Hotel lodging and Campground available on site.
Public handicap accessible Restrooms available on site.
Carriage House Saloon available on site.


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Results by Title
34 books about Lobbying
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American Business and Political Power: Public Opinion, Elections, and Democracy
Mark A. Smith
University of Chicago Press, 2000
Library of Congress JK467.S59 2000 | Dewey Decimal 322.30973
Most people believe that large corporations wield enormous political power when they lobby for policies as a cohesive bloc. With this controversial book, Mark A. Smith sets conventional wisdom on its head. In a systematic analysis of postwar lawmaking, Smith reveals that business loses in legislative battles unless it has public backing. This surprising conclusion holds because the types of issues that lead businesses to band together—such as tax rates, air pollution, and product liability—also receive the most media attention. The ensuing debates give citizens the information they need to hold their representatives accountable and make elections a choice between contrasting policy programs.
Rather than succumbing to corporate America, Smith argues, representatives paradoxically become more responsive to their constituents when facing a united corporate front. Corporations gain the most influence over legislation when they work with organizations such as think tanks to shape Americans' beliefs about what government should and should not do.
The Art of Lobbying the EU: More Machiavelli in Brussels (revised edition)
M. P. C. M. van Schendelen
Amsterdam University Press, 2013
Library of Congress JN36.S345 2013
Every day in Brussels, countless governmental and civil society interest groups seek to influence the policies of the European Union (EU). Many groups, once they have established themselves in the EU capital, apply the insights of Public Affairs (PA) management, the modern art of lobbying. Many PA practitioners in the EU as well as academics specialised in EU and PA studies developed fresh insights on 'how to influence the EU better'. This manual brings together the most up-to-date collection of PA expertise available to anyone desiring to enhance the success of their efforts to influence the EU. This new edition of the best-selling title is filled with new details, cases, findings and practices. This fully revised and updated fourth edition of the 2002 bestseller offers compelling new insights into the most advanced practices of influencing the decision-making in the European Union's corridors of power. The author's uniquely privileged position as advisor to a wide range of lobby groups from several different countries throws much-needed light on best practice and success in public affairs management.
The Best-Kept Secret: Women Corporate Lobbyists, Policy, and Power in the United States
Benoit, Denise
Rutgers University Press, 2007
Library of Congress HD6095.B46 2007 | Dewey Decimal 328.73078082
Finalist for the 2008 Association for Humanist Sociology Book of the Year Award
From lobbyists such as Jack Abramoff, to corporate executives, like Enron's Kenneth Lay and Jeffrey Skilling, recent scandals dealing with politics and government have focused only on men at the top. But do these high-profile men accurately represent the gendered make up of corporate-government in the United States?
In this first in-depth look at the changing face of corporate lobbying, Denise Benoit shows how women who have historically worked mostly in policy areas relating to "women's issues" such as welfare, family, and health have become increasingly influential as corporate lobbyists, specializing in what used to be considered "masculine" policy, such as taxes and defense. Benoit finds that this new crop of female lobbyists mobilize both masculinity and femininity in ways that create and maintain trusting, open, and strong relations with those in government, and at the same time help corporations to save and earn billions of dollars.
While the media focuses on the dubious behaviors of men at the top of business and government, this book shows that female corporate lobbyists are indeed one of the best kept secrets in Washington.
Brussels Versus the Beltway: Advocacy in the United States and the European Union
Christine Mahoney
Georgetown University Press, 2008
Library of Congress JK1118.M285 2008 | Dewey Decimal 324.40973
This book presents the first large-scale study of lobbying strategies and outcomes in the United States and the European Union, two of the most powerful political systems in the world. Every day, tens of thousands of lobbyists in Washington and Brussels are working to protect and promote their interests in the policymaking process. Policies emanating from these two spheres have global impacts—they set global standards, they influence global markets, and they determine global politics. Armed with extensive new data, Christine Mahoney challenges the conventional stereotypes that attribute any differences between the two systems to cultural ones—the American, a partisan and combative approach, and the European, a consensus-based one.
Mahoney draws from 149 interviews involving 47 issues to detail how institutional structures, the nature of specific issues, and characteristics of the interest groups combine to determine decisions about how to approach a political fight, what arguments to use, and how to frame an issue. She looks at how lobbyists choose lobbying tactics, public relations strategies, and networking and coalition activities. Her analysis demonstrates that advocacy can be better understood when we study the lobbying of interest groups in their institutional and issue context. This book offers new insights into how the process of lobbying works on both sides of the Atlantic.
The Business of Lobbying in China
Harvard University Press, 2005
Library of Congress HD3616.C63K46 2005 | Dewey Decimal 322.30951
In this timely work, Scott Kennedy documents the rising influence of business, both Chinese and foreign, on national public policy in China.
China's shift to a market economy has made businesses more sensitive to their bottom line and has seen the passage of thousands of laws and regulations that directly affect firms' success. Companies have become involved in a tug of war with the government and with each other to gain national policy advantages, often setting the agenda, providing alternative options, and pressing for a favored outcome.
Kennedy's comparison of lobbying in the steel, consumer electronics, and software industries shows that although companies operate in a common political system, economic circumstances shape the nature and outcome of lobbying. Factors such as private or state ownership, size, industry concentration, and technological sophistication all affect industry activism.
Based on over 300 in-depth interviews with company executives, business association representatives, and government officials, this study identifies a wide range of national economic policies influenced by lobbying, including taxes, technical standards, and intellectual property rights. These findings have significant implications for how we think about Chinese politics and economics, as well as government-business relations in general.
Steven Schier
University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000
Library of Congress JK1764.S36 2000 | Dewey Decimal 324097309049
Steven Schier examines the shift in U.S. politics to activation—the political variant of niche marketing. This method encourages only a strategically selected few to get involved, resulting in a decline of majority rule in American politics.
Citizen Lobbyists: Local Efforts to Influence Public Policy
Temple University Press, 2006
Library of Congress JK2498.A33 2007 | Dewey Decimal 324.40973
Citizen Lobbyists explores how U.S. citizens participate in local government. Although many commentators have lamented the apathy of the American citizenry, Brian Adams focuses on what makes ordinary Americans become involved in and attempt to influence public policy issues that concern them. It connects theory and empirical data in a new and revealing way, providing both a thorough review of the relevant scholarly discussions and a detailed case study of citizen engagement in the politics of Santa Ana, a mid-sized Southern California city. After interviewing more than fifty residents, Adams found that they can be best described as "lobbyists" who identify issues of personal importance and then lobby their local government bodies. Through his research, he discovered that public meetings and social networks emerged as essential elements in citizens' efforts to influence local policy. By testing theory against reality, this work fills a void in our understanding of the actual participatory practices of "civically engaged" citizens.
Competitive Interests: Competition and Compromise in American Interest Group Politics
Thomas T. Holyoke
Library of Congress JK1118.H56 2011 | Dewey Decimal 324.40973
Competitive Interests does more than simply challenge the long-held belief that a small set of interests control large domains of the public policy making landscape. It shows how the explosion in the sheer number of new groups, and the broad range of ideological demands they advocate, have created a form of group politics emphasizing compromise as much as conflict. Thomas T. Holyoke offers a model of strategic lobbying that shows why some group lobbyists feel compelled to fight stronger, wealthier groups even when they know they will lose.
Holyoke interviewed 83 lobbyists who have been advocates on several contentious issues, including Arctic oil drilling, environmental conservation, regulating genetically modified foods, money laundering, and bankruptcy reform. He offers answers about what kinds of policies are more likely to lead to intense competition and what kinds of interest groups have an advantage in protracted conflicts. He also discusses the negative consequences of group competition, such as legislative gridlock, and discusses what lawmakers can do to steer interest groups toward compromise. The book concludes with an exploration of greater group competition, conflict, and compromise and what consequences this could have for policymaking in a representation-based political system.
Democracy and Lobbying in the European Union
Karolina Karr
Campus Verlag, 2007
Can interest groups and lobbyists—arguably undemocratic institutions—operate in democratic systems without hindering the people's interests? Karolina Karr's Democracy and Lobbying in the European Union explores the role and potential impact of interest groups on democracy, both in theory and practice, in the context of a changing continent. This timely volume explores how the power of interest groups has developed due to the growing distance between elected representatives and the European people and forecasts what this development might mean for the vitality of government.
The Ethical Lobbyist: Reforming Washington's Influence Industry
Library of Congress JK1118.H562 2015 | Dewey Decimal 172
Lobbyists in Washington aren't a new phenomenon. Since the early days of the republic, citizens and groups alike have hired professionals to press their interests with lawmakers. However, recent examples of misconduct—like that seen in the Abramoff scandal—highlight the unique ethical challenges this industry faces in the twenty-first century.
Though major scandals happen less frequently than popularly believed, the more pervasive ethics problem is that members of the profession often cut deals that go against their clients' interests. They sacrifice the interests of those they represent in order to curry favor with lawmakers. In The Ethical Lobbyist, Thomas T. Holyoke exposes how current industry regulations fall short of ensuring principled behaviors and may actually incentivize unethical behavior.
Holyoke presents the provocative argument that, in addition to welcoming stronger regulations, lobbyists need to borrow a page from the legal profession and adopt ironclad guarantees of principled representation.
The Ethical Lobbyist puts forth a set of principles and a workable program for implementing reform. The result is a road map to reform that will transform "ethical lobbyist" from an oxymoron to an expectation—and change the industry and our government for the better.
The Ethics of Lobbying: Organized Interests, Political Power, and the Common Good
Woodstock Theological Center
Library of Congress JK1118.E85 2002 | Dewey Decimal 172.1
Woodstock launched this project on lobbying in 1998 for three reasons. First, lobbying has grown exponentially during the past twenty years to exercise enormous influence on American politics. It has almost become a new profession in that time, and therefore deserves a new review and evaluation.
Second, lobbying has simultaneously fallen under suspicion and engendered critical resentment in some quarters. Its critics would say it supports "special" (i.e. narrow and well-funded) interests and is oblivious to the general well-being of our democratic life and process.
Third, reputable lobbyists have called, therefore, for a clarification of standards and principles for use within their own ranks and as an explanation to the general public of the goals, objectives, and methods of lobbying to forestall misunderstanding and misjudgment. This clarification would provide the lobbying profession with a normative statement parallel to the codes of conduct and ethical practice of the American Medical Association and the American Bar Association.
Gaining Access: Congress and the Farm Lobby, 1919-1981
John Mark Hansen
Library of Congress HD1765.H36 1991 | Dewey Decimal 328.73078
Through a comprehensive analysis of American agricultural politics in the past half-century, Gaining Access shows when, how, and why interest groups gain and lose influence in the policy deliberations of the United States Congress. By consulting with policy advocates, John Mark Hansen argues, lawmakers offset their uncertainty about the policy stands that will bolster or impede their prospects for reelection. The advocates provide legislators with electoral intelligence in Washington and supportive propaganda at home, earning serious consideration of their policy views in return. From among a multitude of such informants, representatives must choose those they will most closely consult.
With evidence from congressional hearings, personal interviews, oral histories, farm and trade journals, and newspapers, Hansen traces the evolution of farm lobby access in Congress. He chronicles the rise and fall of the American Farm Bureau, the surge and decline of party politics, the incoporation of the commodity lobbies, the exclusion of the consumer lobbies, and the accommodation of urban interests in food stamps.
Brilliantly combining insights from rational choice theory with historical data, Gaining Access is an essential guide for anyone interested in the dynamics of interest group influence.
The Governors' Lobbyists: Federal-State Relations Offices and Governors Associations in Washington
Jennifer M. Jensen
University of Michigan Press, 2016
Library of Congress JK2498.J46 2016 | Dewey Decimal 324.40973
Today, approximately half of all American states have lobbying offices in Washington, DC, where governors are also represented by their own national, partisan, and regional associations. Jennifer M. Jensen's The Governors' Lobbyists draws on quantitative data, archival research, and more than 100 in-depth interviews to detail the political development of this constellation of advocacy organizations since the early 20th century and investigate the current role of the governors' lobbyists in the U.S. federal system.
First, Jensen analyzes the critical ways in which state offices and governors' associations promote their interests and, thus, complement other political safeguards of federalism. Next, she considers why, given their apparent power, governors engage lobbyists to serve as advocates and why governors have created both individual state offices and several associations for this advocacy work. Finally, using interest group theory to analyze both material and political costs and benefits, Jensen addresses the question of interest group variation: why, given the fairly clear material benefit a state draws from having a lobbying office in Washington, doesn't every state have one?
This assessment of lobbying efforts by state governments and governors reveals much about role and relative power of states within the U.S. federal system.
The Great Reversal: How America Gave Up on Free Markets
Thomas Philippon
Library of Congress HB95.P53 2019 | Dewey Decimal 330.973
A Financial Times Book of the Year
A ProMarket Book of the Year
"Superbly argued and important…Donald Trump is in so many ways a product of the defective capitalism described in The Great Reversal. What the U.S. needs, instead, is another Teddy Roosevelt and his energetic trust-busting. Is that still imaginable? All believers in the virtues of competitive capitalism must hope so."
—Martin Wolf, Financial Times
"In one industry after another…a few companies have grown so large that they have the power to keep prices high and wages low. It's great for those corporations—and bad for almost everyone else."
—David Leonhardt, New York Times
"Argues that the United States has much to gain by reforming how domestic markets work but also much to regain—a vitality that has been lost since the Reagan years…His analysis points to one way of making America great again: restoring our free-market competitiveness."
—Arthur Herman, Wall Street Journal
Why are cell-phone plans so much more expensive in the United States than in Europe? It seems a simple question, but the search for an answer took one of the world's leading economists on an unexpected journey through some of the most hotly debated issues in his field. He reached a surprising conclusion: American markets, once a model for the world, are giving up on healthy competition.
In the age of Silicon Valley start-ups and millennial millionaires, he hardly expected this. But the data from his cutting-edge research proved undeniable. In this compelling tale of economic detective work, we follow Thomas Philippon as he works out the facts and consequences of industry concentration, shows how lobbying and campaign contributions have defanged antitrust regulators, and considers what all this means. Philippon argues that many key problems of the American economy are due not to the flaws of capitalism or globalization but to the concentration of corporate power. By lobbying against competition, the biggest firms drive profits higher while depressing wages and limiting opportunities for investment, innovation, and growth. For the sake of ordinary Americans, he concludes, government needs to get back to what it once did best: keeping the playing field level for competition. It's time to make American markets great—and free—again.
Groups, Interests, and U.S. Public Policy
William P. Browne
Library of Congress JK1118.B76 1998 | Dewey Decimal 324.40973
Synthesizing theory, personal research, and prior studies on interest groups and other lobbies, William P. Browne offers a new, insightful overview of organized political interests and explains how and why they affect public policy.
Drawing on his extensive experience researching interest groups, Browne assesses the impact that special interests have long had in shaping policy. He explains how they fit into the policymaking process and into society, how they exercise their influence, and how they adapt to changing circumstances.
Browne describes the diversity of existing interests-associations, businesses, foundations, churches, and others-and explores the multidimensional tasks of lobbying, from disseminating information through making financial contributions to cultivating the media. He shows how organized interests target not just the public and policymakers but even other interest groups, and how they create policy niches as a survival strategy. He also looks at winnable issues, contrasts them with more difficult ones, and explains what makes the difference.
Groups, Interests, and U.S. Public Policy is a serious study written in a lighthearted tone. It offers political scientists a new theory of how and why interest groups influence public policy while it enlightens students and general readers about how policy is actually shaped in America.
The House and Senate in the 1790s: Petitioning, Lobbying, and Institutional Development
Kenneth R. Bowling
Ohio University Press, 2002
Library of Congress JK1041.H68 2002 | Dewey Decimal 328.7309033
Amid the turbulent swirl of foreign intrigue, external and internal threats to the young nation's existence, and the domestic partisan wrangling of the 1790s, the United States Congress solidified its role as the national legislature. The ten essays in The House and Senate in the 1790s demonstrate the mechanisms by which this bicameral legislature developed its institutional identity. The first essay sets the scene for the institutional development of Congress by examining its constitutional origins and the efforts of the Founders to empower the new national legislature. The five following essays focus on two related mechanisms—petitioning and lobbying—by which citizens and private interests communicated with national lawmakers.
Although scholars tend to see lobbying as a later nineteenth-century development, the papers presented here clearly demonstrate the existence of lobbyists and lobbying in the 1790s. The final four papers examine other aspects of the institutional development of the House and the Senate, including the evolution of political parties and congressional leadership.
The essays in this collection, the third volume in the series Perspectives on the History of Congress, 1789-1801, originated in a series of conferences held by the United States Capitol Historical Society from 1994 to 2001.
How to Lobby Alaska State Government
Clive S. Thomas
University of Alaska Press, 2019
Library of Congress JK9574.5.T47 2019 | Dewey Decimal 324.409798
Lobbying is about getting the right message to the right people in the right form at the right time. Even the most persuasive arguments or most influential groups will come up short if they aren't combined with personal connections and an understanding of human nature. How to Lobby Alaska State Government is a guide to the essentials of organizing and implementing a lobbying campaign in Alaska that recognizes how you lobby is as important as who you lobby.
This book starts by helping new lobbyists to think politically, by explaining the structure and operation of state government, the psychology and needs of public officials, and where the power lies in Juneau—who's got political clout. How to Lobby then moves into the nitty-gritty of a lobbying campaign. It covers the basics of group influence, campaign planning and management, the pros and cons of various group tactics, tips on face-to-face meetings, and the challenges of lobbying day-to-day. In addition to extensive guidance on what to do, this book also emphasizes the things to avoid that will undermine or eliminate a lobbyist's chances of success. Pragmatic and portable, this book will be valuable to new and professional lobbyists both, and anyone looking for fresh perspectives on this important business.
In Washington but Not of It: The Prophetic Politics of Religious Lobbyists
Daniel Hofrenning
Library of Congress BL2525.H65 1995 | Dewey Decimal 324.40882
THE INDIRECT EFFECT OF DIRECT LEGISLATION: HOW INSTITUTIONS SHAPE INTEREST GROUP SYSTEMS
FREDERICK J BOEHMKE
The Ohio State University Press, 2005
Library of Congress JF494.B64 2005 | Dewey Decimal 328.273
Frederick J. Boehmke's book makes explicit the many consequences—intended and unintended—of having direct legislation possible in a state. Many studies of the initiative process argue that it is a flawed process that rewards wealthy interests. While evidence to support this conclusion is often drawn from a number of high-profile, high-expenditure initiative campaigns, ballot campaigns are merely one consequence of the initiative process. The ability to propose legislation directly to the people fundamentally changes the process through which citizens are represented by organized interest groups, benefiting typically underrepresented interests.
To demonstrate this, the author models the incentives that the initiative process creates for interests to organize and for how they communicate their preferences to policy makers. Interests that represent a broader range of the public are found to gain the most from the option to propose initiatives, implying that the set of organized interests in initiative states should reflect this advantage. Ironically, an effect of direct legislation is to potentially increase the effectiveness of special interest lobbying in state legislatures—in a sense, the opposite of the direct control that gives direct legislation its theoretical appeal. Yet, the clear effect is one of empowering voices that traditionally had very little effect in the legislative process. If greater representation is the goal of direct legislation, it is a clear success, even though that success does not really come in the act of ballot initiatives itself.
It's Legal but It Ain't Right: Harmful Social Consequences of Legal Industries
Nikos Passas and Neva Goodwin
Library of Congress HF5387.I87 2004 | Dewey Decimal 174.4
Many U.S. corporations and the goods they produce negatively impact our society without breaking any laws. We are all too familiar with the tobacco industry's effect on public health and health care costs for smokers and nonsmokers, as well as the role of profit in the pharmaceutical industry's research priorities. It's Legal but It Ain't Right tackles these issues, plus the ethical ambiguities of legalized gambling, the firearms trade, the fast food industry, the pesticide industry, private security companies, and more. Aiming to identify industries and goods that undermine our societal values and to hold them accountable for their actions, this collection makes a valuable contribution to the ongoing discussion of ethics in our time.
This accessible exploration of corporate legitimacy and crime will be important reading for advocates, journalists, students, and anyone interested in the dichotomy between law and legitimacy.
Nikos Passas is Professor in the College of Criminal Justice at Northeastern University.
Neva Goodwin is Co-director of the Global Development and Environment Institute at Tufts University.
Lobbying and Policy Change: Who Wins, Who Loses, and Why
Frank R. Baumgartner, Jeffrey M. Berry, Marie Hojnacki, David C. Kimball, and Beth L. Leech
Library of Congress JK1118.L577 2009 | Dewey Decimal 320.60973
During the 2008 election season, politicians from both sides of the aisle promised to rid government of lobbyists' undue influence. For the authors of Lobbying and Policy Change, the most extensive study ever done on the topic, these promises ring hollow—not because politicians fail to keep them but because lobbies are far less influential than political rhetoric suggests.
Based on a comprehensive examination of ninety-eight issues, this volume demonstrates that sixty percent of recent lobbying campaigns failed to change policy despite millions of dollars spent trying. Why? The authors find that resources explain less than five percent of the difference between successful and unsuccessful efforts. Moreover, they show, these attempts must overcome an entrenched Washington system with a tremendous bias in favor of the status quo.
Though elected officials and existing policies carry more weight, lobbies have an impact too, and when advocates for a given issue finally succeed, policy tends to change significantly. The authors argue, however, that the lobbying community so strongly reflects elite interests that it will not fundamentally alter the balance of power unless its makeup shifts dramatically in favor of average Americans' concerns.
Lobbying the Autocrat: The Dynamics of Policy Advocacy in Non-Democracies
Max Grömping and Jessica C. Teets, Editors
Although authoritarian countries often repress independent citizen activity, lobbying by civil society organizations is actually a widespread phenomenon. Using case studies such as China, Russia, Belarus, Cambodia, Malaysia, Montenegro, Turkey, and Zimbabwe, Lobbying the Autocrat shows that citizen advocacy organizations carve out niches in the authoritarian policy process, even influencing policy outcomes. The cases cover a range of autocratic regime types (one-party, multi-party, personalist) on different continents, and encompass different systems of government to explore citizen advocacy ranging from issues such as social welfare, women's rights, election reform, environmental protection, and land rights. They show how civil society has developed adaptive capacities to the changing levels of political repression and built resilience through 'tactful contention' strategies. Thus, within the bounds set by the authoritarian regimes, adaptive lobbying may still bring about localized responsiveness and representation.
However, the challenging conditions of authoritarian advocacy systems identified throughout this volume present challenges for both advocates and autocrats alike. The former are pushed by an environment of constant threat and uncertainty into a precarious dance with the dictator: just the right amount of acquiescence and assertiveness, private persuasion and public pressure, and the flexibility to change quickly to suit different situations. An adaptive lobbyist survives and may even thrive in such conditions, while others often face dire consequences. For the autocrat on the other hand, the more they stifle the associational sphere in an effort to prevent mass mobilization, the less they will reap the informational benefits associated with it. This volume synthesizes the findings of the comparative cases to build a framework for understanding how civil society effectively lobbies inside authoritarian countries.
Lobbying Together: Interest Group Coalitions in Legislative Politics
Kevin W. Hula
Today organized interests fight most of their major battles within coalitions. Whether joining forces to address tobacco legislation or proposed air safety regulations, Washington lobbyists with seemingly little in common are combining their clout to get results.
Kevin Hula here examines why coalition strategies have emerged as a dominant lobbying technique, when lobbyists use them, and how these strategies affect their activities. His is the first book to focus on the formation and use of coalitions by lobbyists, examining the broader scope of interest group coalitions and explaining their roles as institutions of collective leadership, bargaining, and strategy for member organizations.
Combining collective action theory with data gleaned from 130 interviews with lobbyists and interest group leaders in the fields of transportation, education, and civil rights, Hula explores how the use of coalitions differs at various stages of the policy process and with different activities. In the course of his study, he also shows how the communications revolution is changing interest group tactics.
The single most detailed work available on this subject, Lobbying Together offers scholars and students alike a fresh and accessible look at this increasingly important factor in the policy process.
Machiavelli in Brussels: The Art of Lobbying the EU
Rinus van Schendelen
Library of Congress JN36.S345 2002 | Dewey Decimal 324.4094
Countless interest groups representing governments and civil societies try to lobby the European Union effectively in pursuit of the desired legislation, subsidies and more. This book describes the everyday practice of lobbying in Brussels, drawing on extensive research and the author's personal experience.
The objective of these interest groups is to influence the EU decision-making, of which they see themselves as a stakeholder. To the existing representative bodies such as the Parliament and the Council, they add their practice of lobbying for a desired outcome by making their interests present or represented at the EU level. In a roundabout way, they contribute to the EU integration and also to its democracy, so long as the following conditions are fulfilled.
Media, Culture, and the Environment
Anderson, Alison
Library of Congress GE145.A53 1997 | Dewey Decimal 363.7
Are you getting the real news on environmental issues? Or are the reports you are hearing slanted to meet the special interests of the reporters? The government? A lobbying group? How are our views on the Torrey Canyon oil spill, the demise of Brazilian rain forests, or the Chernobyl disaster shaped by individuals or organizations that know how to use the media to best deliver their message?
Media, Culture and the Environment provides an accessible introduction to key issues and debates surrounding the media politics of risk assessment and the environment. Anderson looks at nature as contested terrain and reveals how news sources use it to compete for our emotions and attention. She shows how framings of risk in relation to the environment are influenced by social, political, and cultural factors, but she also rejects extreme versions of social constructionism.
The book moves beyond traditional disciplinary boundaries by synthesizing recent debates in cultural theory and media studies with key developments in human geography. It offers an in-depth analysis of pressure politics and environmental lobbying groups, while examining the production, transmission and negotiation language of news discourse. The examples, drawn from both Europe and North America, include the tremendous headline controversies over oil spills and killing of baby seals. Difficult issues, clearly surveyed and incisively presented, make this book essential reading for anyone interested in how and why journalists handle environmental news in the ways they do.
Mobilizing Interest Groups in America: Patrons, Professions, and Social Movements
Jack L. Walker
Library of Congress JK1118.W35 1991 | Dewey Decimal 324.40973
A major study of interest groups in America
Money for Nothing: Politicians, Rent Extraction, and Political Extortion
Fred S. McChesney
Library of Congress HV6301.M33 1997 | Dewey Decimal 364.1323
Surveys reveal that a majority of Americans believe government is run for special interests, not public interest. The increased presence and power of lobbyists in Washington and the excesses of PAC and campaign contributions, in-kind benefits, and other favors would seem to indicate a government of weak public servants corrupted by big private-interest groups.
But as Fred McChesney shows, this perspective affords only a partial understanding of why private interests are paying, and what they are paying for. Consider, for example, Citicorp, the nation's largest banking company, whose registered lobbyists spend most of their time blocking legislation that could hurt any one of the company's credit-card, loan, or financial-service operations. What this scenario suggests, the author argues, is that payments to politicians are often made not for political favors, but to avoid political disfavor, that is, as part of a system of political extortion or "rent extraction."
The basic notion of rent extraction is simple: because the state can legally take wealth from its citizens, politicians can extort from private parties payments not to expropriate private wealth. In that sense, rent (that is, wealth) extraction is "money for nothing"--money paid in exchange for politicians' inaction. After constructing this model of wealth extraction, McChesney tests it with many examples, including several involving routine proposals of tax legislation, followed by withdrawal for a price. He also shows how the model applies more generally to regulation. Finally, he examines how binding contracts are written between private interests and politicians not to extract wealth.
This book, standing squarely at the intersection of law, political science, and economics, vividly illustrates the patterns of legal extortion underlying the current fabric of interest-group politics.
The New Politics of Indian Gaming: The Rise of Reservation Interest Groups
Kenneth N. Hansen
University of Nevada Press, 2015
Library of Congress E98.G18N48 2011 | Dewey Decimal 795.08997073
The advent of gaming on Indian reservations has created a new kind of tribal politics over the past three decades. Now armed with often substantial financial resources, Indigenous peoples have adjusted their political strategies from a focus on the judicial system and the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) to one that directly lobbies state and federal governments and non-Indigenous voters. These tactics allow tribes to play an influential role in shaping state and national policies that affect their particular interests. Using case studies of major Indian gaming states, the contributing authors analyze the interplay of tribal governance, state politics, and federalism, and illustrate the emergence of reservation governments as political power brokers.
Organizational State: Social Choice: In National Policy Domains
Edward O. Laumann
University of Wisconsin Press, 1987
Library of Congress JK1118.L38 1987 | Dewey Decimal 324.40973
The Federal Government in the United States is a government "of the people, by the people, and for the people." Presidents are elected by popular vote in the nation (filtered through the electoral college), Senators are elected by popular vote in their states, and Representatives are elected by popular vote in their Congressional districts. Cabinet members and agency heads are appointed by the elected president, as are members of the Supreme Court.
But this says nothing about politics. Professor Lauman and Knoke have asked, in this book, how policies were made, in the period 1977-1980, in the areas of energy and health. The question is a very different one from the question of how the positions of president and Congress are filled.
The People's Lobby: Organizational Innovation and the Rise of Interest Group Politics in the United States, 1890-1925
Elisabeth S. Clemens
Library of Congress JK1118.C49 1997 | Dewey Decimal 324.4097309034
In this pathbreaking work, Elisabeth S. Clemens recovers the social origins of interest group politics in the United States. Between 1890 and 1925, a system centered on elections and party organizations was partially transformed by increasingly prominent legislative and administrative policy-making as well as the insistent participation of non-partisan organizations.
Clemens sheds new light on how farmers, workers, and women invented strategies to circumvent the parties. Voters learned to monitor legislative processes, to hold their representatives accountable at the polls, and to institutionalize their ongoing participation in shaping policy. Closely analyzing the organizational politics in three states—California, Washington, and Wisconsin—she demonstrates how the political opportunity structure of federalism allowed regional innovations to exert leverage on national political institutions.
An authoritative statement on the changes in American politics during the Progressive Era, this book will interest political scientists, sociologists, and American historians.
The Political Influence of Business in the European Union
Andreas Dür, David Marshall, and Patrick Bernhagen
Library of Congress HD2844.5.D87 2019 | Dewey Decimal 322.3094
Many citizens, politicians, and political activists voice concern about the political influence of business in the European Union. But do business interests really pull the strings in Brussels? Contrary to expectations, this book shows that business interests are no more influential than other interests in shaping contemporary EU policies. Andreas Dür, David Marshall, and Patrick Bernhagen present an original argument that stresses the role of public actors in facilitating or impeding interest groups' lobbying success. Novel data on a large number of legislative proposals on the EU's agenda and three case studies present strong support for this argument. The Political Influence of Business in the European Union offers new insights into how lobbying success depends on the demand and supply of information, as well as new ideas on how to measure lobbying success. The book advances a fresh perspective on the question of business power and shows why business interests often lose in the policy struggle.
Roots of Reform: Farmers, Workers, and the American State, 1877-1917
Elizabeth Sanders
Library of Congress JK1118.S36 1999 | Dewey Decimal 322.430973
Roots of Reform offers a sweeping revision of our understanding of the rise of the regulatory state in the late nineteenth century. Sanders argues that politically mobilized farmers were the driving force behind most of the legislation that increased national control over private economic power. She demonstrates that farmers from the South, Midwest, and West reached out to the urban laborers who shared their class position and their principal antagonist—northeastern monopolistic industrial and financial capital—despite weak electoral support from organized labor.
Based on new evidence from legislative records and other sources, Sanders shows that this tenuous alliance of "producers versus plutocrats" shaped early regulatory legislation, remained powerful through the populist and progressive eras, and developed a characteristic method of democratic state expansion with continued relevance for subsequent reform movements.
Roots of Reform is essential reading for anyone interested in this crucial period of American political development.
Under Fire: The Nra and the Battle for Gun Control
Osha Gray Davidson
University of Iowa Press, 1998
Library of Congress HV7436.D38 1998 | Dewey Decimal 363.3306073
Originally published in 1993, Under Fire was widely hailed as the first objective examination of the NRA and its efforts to defeat gun control legislation. Now in this expanded edition, Osha Gray Davidson shows how the NRA's extremism has cost the organization both political power and popular support. He offers a well-reasoned and workable approach to gun control, one that will find many supporters even among the NRA membership.
Vaults, Mirrors, and Masks: Rediscovering U.S. Counterintelligence
Jennifer E. Sims and Burton Gerber, Editors
Library of Congress JK468.I6V38 2009 | Dewey Decimal 327.1273
Decision makers matching wits with an adversary want intelligence—good, relevant information to help them win. Intelligence can gain these advantages through directed research and analysis, agile collection, and the timely use of guile and theft. Counterintelligence is the art and practice of defeating these endeavors. Its purpose is the same as that of positive intelligence—to gain advantage—but it does so by exploiting, disrupting, denying, or manipulating the intelligence activities of others. The tools of counterintelligence include security systems, deception, and disguise: vaults, mirrors, and masks.
In one indispensable volume, top practitioners and scholars in the field explain the importance of counterintelligence today and explore the causes of—and practical solutions for—U.S. counterintelligence weaknesses. These experts stress the importance of developing a sound strategic vision in order to improve U.S. counterintelligence and emphasize the challenges posed by technological change, confused purposes, political culture, and bureaucratic rigidity. Vaults, Mirrors, and Masks skillfully reveals that robust counterintelligence is vital to ensuring America's security.
Published in cooperation with the Center for Peace and Security Studies and the George T. Kalaris Memorial Fund, Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University.
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Recently published by academic presses
American Business and Political Power
Public Opinion, Elections, and Democracy
The Art of Lobbying the EU
More Machiavelli in Brussels (revised edition)
The Best-Kept Secret
Women Corporate Lobbyists, Policy, and Power in the United States
Brussels Versus the Beltway
Advocacy in the United States and the European Union
Citizen Lobbyists
Local Efforts to Influence Public Policy
Competitive Interests
Competition and Compromise in American Interest Group Politics
The Ethical Lobbyist
Reforming Washington's Influence Industry
The Ethics of Lobbying
Organized Interests, Political Power, and the Common Good
Gaining Access
Congress and the Farm Lobby, 1919-1981
The Governors' Lobbyists
Federal-State Relations Offices and Governors Associations in Washington
The Great Reversal
How America Gave Up on Free Markets
The House and Senate in the 1790s
Petitioning, Lobbying, and Institutional Development
In Washington but Not of It
The Prophetic Politics of Religious Lobbyists
THE INDIRECT EFFECT OF DIRECT LEGISLATION
HOW INSTITUTIONS SHAPE INTEREST GROUP SYSTEMS
It's Legal but It Ain't Right
Harmful Social Consequences of Legal Industries
Lobbying and Policy Change
Who Wins, Who Loses, and Why
Lobbying the Autocrat
The Dynamics of Policy Advocacy in Non-Democracies
Lobbying Together
Interest Group Coalitions in Legislative Politics
Machiavelli in Brussels
Mobilizing Interest Groups in America
Patrons, Professions, and Social Movements
Politicians, Rent Extraction, and Political Extortion
The New Politics of Indian Gaming
The Rise of Reservation Interest Groups
Organizational State
Social Choice: In National Policy Domains
The People's Lobby
Organizational Innovation and the Rise of Interest Group Politics in the United States, 1890-1925
Roots of Reform
Farmers, Workers, and the American State, 1877-1917
The Nra and the Battle for Gun Control
Vaults, Mirrors, and Masks
Rediscovering U.S. Counterintelligence


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La San Diego (en ) est un fleuve côtier du comté de San Diego, en Californie.

Il prend sa source dans les  et se jette dans la Mission Bay.

Cours d'eau en Californie

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Tuesday, November 18 2014 / Published in Sidelines Spotlight
Sidelines 2014 Hot Horseman: Claude-Alix Bertrand
Hot, Haitian & On Fire
By Doris Degner-Foster
No one watching the match at the San Francisco International Polo Club for the Audi Challenge Trophy last August would have suspected that the Haiti team captain, Claude-Alix Bertrand, was "shaking like a tree" at the thought of getting on a horse just a few short years ago.
Claude-Alix Bertrand
Photo by Sidney Erthal
With a fast moving, adrenalin-fueled game like polo, injuries are not uncommon. An extremely fit, confident athlete, Claude-Alix said, "The scars on our bodies heal much faster than the scars in our memory. I've broken my nose, my fingers, pelvis and my wrists, but the biggest injury was when I broke my right leg. That leg now has seven pins and a couple screws in it. It happened in the middle of the first match of the season. I was waiting for a play and the horse got spooked by something, we don't know what. I got bucked over a fence and landed in the bleachers."
Claude-Alix was in a transition period then. He owned and ran a chain of restaurants and a catering company in the San Francisco bay area call Standing Room Only, and he was in the process of selling the restaurants. He was ready to fully embrace the sport of polo, which he had continued to play during his spare time. "It was time to shift the energy, prioritize my life differently," he said. "I had played polo and competed most of my life, but I was ready to take it to a bigger level. The businesses left limited time for riding and I wanted to make a career around polo."
Claude-Alix during a recent trip to Haiti.
An accomplished architect, Claude-Alix had focused his high energy into obtaining top real estate locations where he would completely gut, design, re-build and launch fashionable spots, one after the other. He enjoyed designing the restaurants more than running them. "As soon as we launched one, I would secretly start looking for another spot," Claude-Alix confided. He felt burnt out after keeping up that incredibly fast pace for over a decade, and he wondered if his distraction with selling the restaurant business might have had something to do with the horrible fall.
Long Road to Recovery
He was rushed to the hospital and within two hours after the fall, Claude-Alix was in surgery. A week later, he was doing rehabilitative exercises in the pool. Working with a personal trainer, he had hoped to be back in the saddle by the end of the polo season, but it just wasn't physically possible. "So I went to Brazil and spent eight months restoring physically and emotionally, and got involved with the Brazilian Equestrian Foundation out of Sao Palo," Claude-Alix said. "While I was there, I rode some very mild ponies and learned more about horses, about how to care for them, understand their temperament and how to be in spiritual alignment with them."
When Claude-Alix returned to the U.S., he was happy to sign again with the U.S. Polo Association, and went back to train in the same arena where he had been injured. He remembered, "I was shaking like a tree and paralyzed with fear to get on the horse. It was a war within my head, a real nightmare to regain my confidence." The lack of improvement and enormous frustration brought about by numerous trials with different coaches was discouraging.
Determined not to give up, Claude-Alix searched for someone who would understand him and his situation. "Eric Wright of Wrightway Polo spoke in a language I understood. With many great coaches, their style, personality or something about them can make you nervous or anxious and their instruction goes in one ear and out the other — it doesn't register," Claude-Alix said. "Eric communicated well with me and would realize when I was getting too tense. He would make me get off the horse and he would get on to demonstrate to me what I'd just done. [He would say] over and over, 'Here is what you're doing and here is what I need you to do, got it? One more try!'" Under Eric's coaching, Claude-Alix went from being a very fearful player back to his confident self, putting aside the mental handicap.
"Eric understood my love for polo and ambition as a player. He is the best coach I've had," Claude-Alix said. "I think he's the only one who could have gotten me ready to compete again.
Ambassador to Haiti
Claude-Alix — captain of the Haiti Polo team.
Photo by Reed Davis Photograph.
Last summer, Claude-Alix was approached by Stephanie Balmir-Villedrouin, the Minister of Tourism of Haiti, about gaining exposure for Haiti. "Since I'm originally from Haiti, she wanted to find a way for us to work together to promote Haiti and its rebirth in tourism," Claude-Alix said. "I love Haiti, I'm passionate about the country, its people and their resilience. Since I'm the only polo player that has ever come from that hope-filled country, I took the opportunity to dedicate myself to bringing a positive light through my passion and love for polo."
Claude-Alix received an official invitation from Haitian President Michel Martelly and the Minister of Tourism to travel
to Haiti. During the five-day official visit in September 2014,
he received the nomination of Ambassador of Goodwill by the President at an official ceremony at the Presidential Palace. That appointment includes helping to promote Haiti's image, tourism and sports.
In a press conference in her official capacity as Minister
of Tourism, Stephanie Balmir-Villedrouin announced the construction of the first full-service polo resort, school and
spa in Cotes De Fer, Haiti. Claude-Alix will be involved in the development and launch of this five-star resort featuring designer brand shops, sailing, Formula One car racing and other activities that will be available for guests. Some of those same designer brands are sponsoring him and the Haitian Polo Team in 2015.
Photo by Reed Davis Photography
Reed Davis photography
"The current government in Haiti is the most progressive and stable I've seen in my lifetime. I really believe in their optimism and in the work they are doing. There's still a lot to be done and I'm excited to be a part of the change. I trust the Minister of Tourism with the work that she's done this far, and the Government's support has been unparalleled," he said with enthusiasm. "While we have great ideas, without sponsors, the right names and the right brand to support us, we couldn't go anywhere."
Claude-Alix is no stranger to marketing, branding and launches. Recently he formed another great relationship with The Audi Sportscar Experience, which is the only place in North America for members of the public to enhance their driving skills and discover the capabilities of Audi Performance models and Formula cars under the expert supervision of top professional drivers.
This season, Claude-Alix's competitive personality helped him decide that it was time to take his polo career to the next
level, to focus on international polo competition. In addition to Audi Sportscar Experience, which is the presenting sponsor, Duty Free America has been working closely with Claude-Alix to promote the team in an international campaign. The Haiti polo team will be promoting their products including luxury scents. Other sponsors include Ermenegildo Zegna, an Italian luxury fashion house specializing in men's clothing and Digicel, the largest mobile telecommunications operator in the Caribbean.
Claude-Alix said, "Now I'm playing in different tournaments nationwide and worldwide including Jamaica, Argentina and China." Team Haiti, with Claude-Alix as captain, won the China Open Polo Tournament at Nine Dragons Hill Polo Club in Shanghai last spring. He was very impressed with the facility and said, "I came back really inspired to hopefully open the same doors for Haiti."
Although he lives in California, Claude-Alix is originally from Haiti and has been appointed as the Ambassador of Goodwill for Haiti.
Jonathan Haswell, President of Audi Sportscar Experience, in partnership with Polo SF and Claude-Alix, launched the first international polo tournament last spring held in San Francisco in over 20 years — the San Francisco International Polo Classic. There was world-wide participation including teams from Argentina, China, Panama, the U.S. and Haiti. Polo SF coordinated player transportation and provided horses for each of the teams. Claude-Alix formed the Haiti polo team, choosing the players and working closely with Polo SF.
"The Audi Sportscar Experience didn't just support the sport but made this a really exciting time for our fans and guests who came to support us," Claude-Alix said. "The week started with
a race at the Audi Sportscar Experience school where guests could buy a ticket to be a part of the car racing. There were other events and cocktail parties all week long to help promote the event, which was sold out."
Team Haiti captain Claude-Alix and teammates Akin Sotomi, Francisco Pizarro and Peter Laughlin won against the U.S. team in the final, winning the Championship. The Audi Challenge trophy of the San Francisco International Polo Classic brought Haiti into history with its first polo championship.
The Haiti Polo Team has continued their winning streak, bringing home the win in the South American International Polo Championships in Cordoba, Argentina, at the Pompeya Polo Club in October 2014. Following the win Claude-Alix said, "We are humbled to have taken the championship, Haiti this win is for you! The Haiti Polo team dedicated the trophy to all Haitian athletes with the light within who dream someday to win. We are proof you too can do this."
Watching Claude-Alix today, spectators would think the very idea of Claude-Alix "shaking like a tree" to get on a horse to be totally ridiculous.
About the Author: Doris Degner-Foster rides with Harvard Fox Hounds when she is not interviewing interesting individuals in the horse sport. She is working on a middle-grade mystery series and a murder mystery novel where a horse strangely appears in different people's lives to help them through a crisis. Look for her blog, Notes From the Field, on the Sidelines website.
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The Harlequin
The Harlequin by the author Laurell K. Hamilton
We have The Harlequin available now to read in the superior epub and mobi formats! Simply click any of the direct download buttons below for instant access.
If you prefer to read online this book by Laurell K. Hamilton, then press the ebook reader icon instead.
Fantasy , Horror , Romance , Vampires
Book 15.0 in the Anita Blake, Vampire Hunter series
Readers haven't seen anything yet-new in the "fabulously imagined series" (Publishers Weekly) from the #1 New York Times bestselling author.
Anita Blake is about to face the challenge of her life. Into her world-a world already overflowing with power-have come creatures so feared that powerful, centuries-old vampires refuse to mention their names. It is forbidden to speak of The Harlequin unless you've been contacted. And to be contacted by The Harlequin is to be under sentence of death.
Long-time rivals for Anita's affections, Jean-Claude, Master Vampire of the City, and Richard, alpha-werewolf, will need to become allies. Shapeshifters Nathaniel and Micah will have to step up their support. And then there's Edward. In this situation, Anita knows that she needs to call the one man who has always been there for her...
At the start of bestseller Hamilton's solid 15th adventure to star vampire hunter Anita Blake, Malcolm, the priggish head of the Church of the Eternal Life (the vampire church), is so desperate for help in dealing with the Harlequin, a troop of vampire enforcers and spies so feared vampires are forbidden to speak its name, he turns to those he considers sinful and corrupt—Anita and her sweetie, Jean-Claude, St. Louis's Master of the City. The Harlequin may have targeted Anita and the powerful triumvirate she has forged with Jean-Claude and Richard Zeeman (aka Ulfric of the werewolves). According to the rules, the Harlequin must make contact through delivery of a mask—white to indicate they are watching, red for pain, black for death. Anita receives a white mask, but the members of the Harlequin aren't playing by the rules. Shorter and more tightly structured than the previous entry in the series, Danse Macabre (2006), Hamilton's latest should prove more satisfying to longtime fans with its straightforward supernatural politics and steamy (but not extreme) sex.
"Hamilton just keeps getting better and better. -- St. Louis Post-Dispatch
Her books outsell any other current vampire fiction -- Publishers Weekly


Maryrose Lyons discusses tactics used in writing for online audiences and how to tailor your writing style to capture the best attention possible.
in 2007, I mentored a couple of QUT final year journalism student.
One nominated me as Mentor of the Year.
In November of 1998 I took part in, and completed an intensive "Negotiation Skills" course.
In 1996, I took part in and completed a defensive driving coursde for 4WD.
The course was arranged after several accidents involving ABC staff unused to the power of the 4WD, nor used to driving on roads that leave a bit to be desired.


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Q: How to use regex expression to check phone number with validation provider and v-slot I am trying to add the code for phone field validation in vue.js
I am trying to check the user phone number with my regex expression and also field will not be empty.

    <validation-provider v-slot="{ errors }" rules="{ required:true, regex: /^\(?\d{3}\)?[-\s]?\d{3}[-\s]?\d{4}$/ }">
        Phone Number
        <input name="Phone Number" v-model="data.bill.billphone" class="form-control" id="billphone" type="tel" maxlength = "255">
        {{ errors[0] }}
    </validation-provider>

But this is not working, this shows the error on the browser.
Uncaught (in promise) Error: No such validator '{ required, helpers.regex( /^(?d{3})?[-s]?d{3}[-s]?d{4}$/ ) }' exists.

A: Using VeeValidator you can declare rules in two ways, as a string list with items seperated by a pipe character:
<validation-rule rules="required|telephone">
</validation-rule>

But it's also possible to provide an object:
<validation-rule v-bind:rules="{ required: true, regex: /.+/ }">
</validation-rule>

In your case you forgot to add v-bind or : to rules, now VeeValidator interprets your rules as a string and complains that it cannot find the rule { require: true, ... }. So the solution would be to add v-bind: or : to rules, like in the previous example.
More info can be found here:

*

*https://logaretm.github.io/vee-validate/guide/basics.html#adding-rules

*https://logaretm.github.io/vee-validate/guide/rules.html#rules

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Q: Methods for a very low gain audio amplifier? I have an audio signal of these characteristics coming out of an instrumentation amplifier:-
Frequency: white
DC offset: 2.5V
Amplitude: 3Vp-p
I also have some 1/4W 8 Ohm and 64 Ohm speakers pilfered from old transistor radios.  I would like to be able to hear the audio component of my signal.  I can just about hear it if I plug the 64 Ohm speaker directly into the in amp output, but of course that's not the proper way.  The speaker is to be mounted permanently to act as a verification device that all the circuitry is working.  It is not a temporary thing.  I also need to maintain the signal levels for further processing down stream so I can't suck all the voltage level out of the in amp.
I've considered a single transistor voltage follower, a simple discrete component class A amplifier and the venerable LM386 audio amp.  I also have a 13.8V power rail.  Is there a simplest option to hear my noise?

A: A low-count buffer amp might consist of a class AB emitter follower:

simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab
Q2, a NPN general-purpose transistor will run a bit warmer than the lower PNP transistor. Something that can dissipate a bit more heat like TIP29 or MJE180 might be more robust.
C1 will be an electrolytic capacitor of greater than 6v rating, with positive end facing the two transistor emitters.
Note that this buffer depends on your instrumentation amplifier to provide +3v bias - "input" must be connected directly to op-amp output.

A: I'm not familiar with the concrete circuit design issues, but I note that your use case (driving a small speaker from a similar-level signal) is very much like a headphone amplifier. You could look at DIY headphone amp designs for inspiration, and possibly use something even simpler because you aren't looking for audio fidelity — though the once popular "CMoy" design is just a single op amp plus supporting components.