text:
Behavioral and brain pattern differences between acting and observing in an auditory task
Irene S Karanasiou1,
Charalabos Papageorgiou2,
Eleni I Tsianaka1,
George K Matsopoulos1,
Errikos M Ventouras3 &
Nikolaos K Uzunoglu1
Behavioral and Brain Functions volume 5, Article number: 5 (2009) Cite this article
Recent research has shown that errors seem to influence the patterns of brain activity. Additionally current notions support the idea that similar brain mechanisms are activated during acting and observing. The aim of the present study was to examine the patterns of brain activity of actors and observers elicited upon receiving feedback information of the actor's response.
The task used in the present research was an auditory identification task that included both acting and observing settings, ensuring concurrent ERP measurements of both participants. The performance of the participants was investigated in conditions of varying complexity. ERP data were analyzed with regards to the conditions of acting and observing in conjunction to correct and erroneous responses.
The obtained results showed that the complexity induced by cue dissimilarity between trials was a demodulating factor leading to poorer performance. The electrophysiological results suggest that feedback information results in different intensities of the ERP patterns of observers and actors depending on whether the actor had made an error or not. The LORETA source localization method yielded significantly larger electrical activity in the supplementary motor area (Brodmann area 6), the posterior cingulate gyrus (Brodmann area 31/23) and the parietal lobe (Precuneus/Brodmann area 7/5).
These findings suggest that feedback information has a different effect on the intensities of the ERP patterns of actors and observers depending on whether the actor committed an error. Certain neural systems, including medial frontal area, posterior cingulate gyrus and precuneus may mediate these modulating effects. Further research is needed to elucidate in more detail the neuroanatomical and neuropsychological substrates of these systems.
The ability to monitor ongoing performance is critical to behavioral adaptation in changing environmental settings. Especially, the monitoring of performance errors serves to optimize future response behavior.
The neural basis of error processing has attracted great interest, because its elucidation promises a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying adaptive and non-adaptive behavior. The strongest evidence for the existence of the neural system that implements error processing has come from the detection of the error-related negativity (ERN), a component of the event-related potentials (ERPs) generated within the medial-frontal cortex that is sensitive to error in performance [1, 2].
This class of ERP components comprises a growing list of potentials, including the ERN/Ne elicited by error responses in reaction time tasks [1, 3], the N2-like potentials elicited by error feedback stimuli [4–6], the variety of N2-like potentials elicited in situations of response conflict or response inhibition [7–9]. Importantly, according to the conflict hypothesis [10, 11], which states that the Ne does not reflect the mismatch, but rather the conflict between response representations, knowledge about the correct response is not necessary and the error related potential is not specific for errors, but depends only on the amount of conflict.
In this context it should be noted that based on the Mirror Neuron System MNS hypothesis [12], which suggests that acting and observing are associated with similar neural mechanisms, the feedback ERN has been studied in two participant conditions [13–16]. These studies focused on the way this type of ERN reflects the evaluation of outcomes induced by others [14, 16] even those of a simulated Brain Computer Interface BCI [15]. The feedback-related negativity-like effects were obtained in both single and two-participant condition, suggesting that similar neural mechanisms are involved in evaluating the outcomes of one's own and the other's actions.
Up to date the exact mechanisms underlying the error system continue to be a subject of ongoing debate, since their patterns and specificity still remain poorly understood. In this sense it is interesting to study potential differences in the pattern of activity elicited by observed errors than from self-made errors in conditions where the roles of acting and observing are alternating.
Considering the aforementioned viewpoint as well as findings of recent experimental studies that there is an ongoing debate about the characterization of brain activity correlated with errors, a simple task design was used to compare the electrophysiological effects related to observed and self-made errors during performance monitoring in two-participant conditions of varying complexity. The electrophysiological recordings were simultaneously performed for both subjects as they alternatively exchanged roles between acting and observing. With synchronous two-subject recordings, comparisons of the elicited ERP conventional parameters (amplitudes, latencies), could be made both between actors and observers as well as between errors and non-errors. Our research hypothesis was to study the ERP patterns of observers and actors in a two-participant experiment elicited upon receiving feedback information of the actor's response.
The task used in the present research was an auditory identification task comprising one single-actor and two two-actor conditions. In the latter the participants performed the task in an alternating fashion, exchanging roles between acting and observing in each trial. The aim for the actor is to correctly map a horizontal slider position onto an active tone-frequency range and in each trial he/she selects a slider position that matches a tone that is initially presented to him/her. Both participants receive feedback information corresponding to the slider position selection. The frequency range in which the auditory cues/stimuli are presented varies in the experimental conditions in order to explore the participants' competency. In one of the two-actor conditions, auditory stimuli from the same frequency range are presented to both participants while in the other condition each participant is presented with tones from his\her individual frequency range that is different from that of the partner. The hypothesis is that cue frequency dissimilarity may hinder the pitch identification process by increasing the complexity of the task. In the case where the actors received different tones from the observers, this would impact performance and how accuracy is judged. The subsequent neural responses to feedback are investigated in all conditions and in both actors and observers.
The recordings of the scalp ERPs both for the actor and the observer were simultaneous. We investigated the error related component of the ERPs related to feedback information from the actor response recorded during acting and observing both with the conventional constituents (amplitudes and latencies) as well as with the LORETA source localization method which differentiates between structural and energetic processes related to information processing as revealed by the associated ERP waveform [17–19].
Fourteen healthy individuals (eight men and six women), with mean age of 26.6 ± 2.9 years and high level education (education years 17.7± 2.3), all with normal hearing as measured by pure-tone audiograms (thresholds <15 dB HL), participated in the experiment. The male and female subgroups were homogeneous with regards to age and educational level. All the participants were right-handed and had no history of any hearing problem. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects.
Stimuli and procedures
In the present research an auditory identification task has been used in one single-actor and two two-actor conditions. In the two-actor or "Joint" conditions the participants performed the task in an alternating fashion, meaning that when one subject performed the task (actor) the other observed (observer) whereas in the Single condition performed the task alone. From one trial to the next, the roles of actor and observer were switched between the two dyad members.
The frequency range in which the auditory cues were presented varied in the experimental conditions. In one of the joint conditions, auditory stimuli from the same frequency range were presented to both participants (Joint-1) while in the other condition each participant was presented with tones from different frequency ranges (Joint-2). All participants were examined in all three conditions (single, Joint-1, Joint-2) in varying order. The dyads in the Joint-1 and Joint-2 condition were the same.
The actor and observer sat opposite but were screened from each other. They both had computer screens in front of them. At each trial they both heard the stimulus tone with duration of 1 sec presented through the headphones. The stimulus tone was randomly selected for each trial within the fixed frequency range. The actor's task was to position a slider presented on the computer screen with a gamepad such that the slider position would match the frequency of the stimulus tone. The mapping of the frequency range was fixed within a block of trials; however, at the start of the trial blocks, the participants did not know the scaling of the frequency range within which the slider position should be mapped. After the positioning of the slider by the actor, the frequency corresponding to the actor's selected slider position (Feedback tone) was presented to both the actor and the observer.
The single condition consisted of 40 trials. The joint conditions consisted of 80 trials for both subjects. The trials in the joint conditions were accomplished alternately by the two participants, 40 trials for each participant. The stimuli were presented from four frequency ranges with a bandwidth 400-Hz namely Range 1: 200–600 Hz, Range 2: 620–1020 Hz, Range 3: 1040–1440 Hz, Range 4: 1460–1860 Hz.
Before the experiment, the subjects were submitted to an acoustic pre-test in order to examine their hearing ability in the four frequency ranges that were used in the experiment. During this test two tones from each range were presented to the participants. Then, the participants had to identify which of these tones was higher than the other. The frequencies of the two tones selected from each range for the acoustic test were determined as the 25% and the 75% of each range of 400 Hz bandwidth. The subjects heard the tones with their headphones and responded orally to the experimenter. All participants were capable to discriminate between the tones presented in the pre-test.
EEG recordings and experimental setup
The experimental setup included a Faraday room, which screened any electromagnetic interference that could affect the measurements. The EEG was recorded continuously using a 32-channel electrode cap (Biosemi, Active-two System) according to the International 10–20 EEG system [20]. The electrodes used were Fp1, Fp2, Pz, Fz, O1, O2, P3, P4, P7, P8, C3, C4, T7, T8, F3, F4, F7, F8, Cz, Oz, CP5, CP6, CP1, CP2, FC1, FC2, FC5, FC6, AF3, AF4, PO3 and PO4.
The bioelectrical brain activity was simultaneously recorded from both participants using two different recording systems, daisy chained in a master-slave relationship. Galvanic isolation of both participants was ensured by using optical receiver for trigger inputs, while in parallel, interference pickup was also eliminated. The electrode cables were also bundled to eliminate potential magnetic interference. The vertical electro-oculogram (EOG) was recorded bipolarly from electrodes placed above and below the eyes and the horizontal EOG was monitored from electrodes at the outer canthi of the eyes. The data were filtered off-line, high-pass at 0.05 Hz and low-pass at 35 Hz. All signals were digitized with a sampling rate of 256 Hz. All scalp signals were referenced online to both mastoids, but were later offline re-referenced to the average of all scalp electrodes. Trials were averaged to ERPs separately for each condition and each subject, relative to a 100 ms pre-stimulus (Feedback tone) baseline.
To eliminate EOG artifact, trials with EEG voltages exceeding 80 μV were rejected from the average. Artifact rejection and averaging were performed offline. Due to artifact contaminated epochs the measurements of one participant dyad were excluded. Consequently, the data were analyzed for 6 dyads.
Categorization of correct and erroneous responses
The ability of each participant to differentiate tones and his/her auditory frequency perception resolution can be described in terms of an Equivalent Rectangular Bandwidth (ERB) as a function of a centre frequency, which better represents auditory frequency selectivity according to psychoacoustics. In the present context the concept of ERB can be conceived as the acceptable bandwidth around the stimulus frequency within which the response frequency can be considered as a correct response value. According to psychoacoustics theory [21–24], the Equivalent Rectangular Bandwidth (in Hz) can be approximated according to the following formula: B e = 6.23 10-6 f 2 + 9.339 10-2 f + 28.52. The discrimination between the actor's erroneous and non-erroneous responses was performed with the use of the above formula.
LORETA source localization method
The low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) differentiates between structural and energetic processes related to information processing as revealed by the associated EEG/ERP waveform [17, 18]. The structural level, revealed by the location of the local maxima of the current source density distribution, describes the time dependent network of activated brain areas. The magnitude of the source strength, a measure of the energetic component, describes the allocation of processing resources [19]. The utilized LORETA version was registered to the Talairach brain atlas [25]. The solution space consisted of 2394 voxels with a spatial resolution of 7 mm. Average LORETA images were constructed across all subjects in all 4 cases (both for actors and observers depending on whether the actor committed an error or not). The voxel-by-voxel pairwise t-test differences were carried out for the observers depending whether the actor made an error or not. The structure-Probability Maps atlas [26] was used to identify which brain regions were involved in the ERP waveforms as well as in differences between the compared groups. Brodmann area(s) and brain regions close to the observed locations identified by the Talairach coordinates are reported [25].
The primary behavioral outcome variable was the Absolute Frequency Error (AFE), defined as the absolute difference between the stimulus and response frequency. A univariate general linear model (GLM) was used with the absolute frequency error as the dependent variable and Trial (n = 40), Condition (Single, Joint-1, Joint-2), Frequency Range (n = 4) and Order (n = 3) as fixed factors.
The time window within which ERP analysis was performed was from -200 msec to +500 msec around the Feedback tone, which included 180 time points. In order to take into account neurophysiological processes that took place between Stimulus and Feedback tone that could affect the elicited ERP waveforms, the analysis was also performed by selecting a100 ms baseline before the Stimulus tone yielding the same results. The mean amplitude values for every subject at each time point were subjected to three-way ANOVA. The first factor was whether the subject was the actor or the observer. The second factor was whether the actor had committed an error or not, while the third factor was the condition (Joint-1, Joint-2). Factor or interaction effects were considered significant only if they occurred over a time window of at least 20 msec. When significant factor or interaction effects were found, post hoc analyses with Bonferroni corrections were carried out. Statistical significance was set at 0.05.
The LORETA mappings were performed at the time window 144–171 msec where significant differences were observed resulting from the ANOVA procedures.
Behavioral data
The ANOVA procedure with AFE as the dependent variable and Condition, Trial, Frequency Range and Order as the independent factors revealed that only Condition (F = 23.6, p < 0.01) and Trial (F = 3.1, p < 0.01) had a significant effect. However the significance of the Trial effect is only partial. Indeed, as post-hoc contrasts confirm, only the first trial (and partly the second one) had a significantly larger AFE than the other trials. Accordingly the significance of the Trial effect, after having excluded the data of the first two trials, disappeared. Consequently, the factor responsible for most of the variability of AFE remained the Condition (F = 28.5, p < 0.01). The average AFE absolute frequency error (Hz) for the three conditions as a function of trial number is depicted in Figure 1, which clearly depicts that the subjects' performance is significantly worse in the Joint-2 condition throughout the forty trials, with the exception of the first one, while the Joint-1 condition was practically the same as the Single condition. It is interesting to note that the overall mean AFE values in the Joint-2 condition do not differ from the mean AFE values of the first trial of the Single and Joint-1 conditions.
Absolute frequency error. Average absolute frequency error (Hz) for the three conditions as a function of trial number.
Event related potentials data
The ANOVA procedures with the amplitudes at each lead and each time point with Condition, Response Category (Erroneous, Correct) and Subject Status (Actor, Observer) revealed that condition did not have any significant effect, either by itself or through its interactions with the other two factors. Therefore subsequent analyses of the amplitudes were performed disregarding the condition. Consequently, it should be noted that in the final ERP analysis the data from both Joint conditions were used, resulting in the employment of 80 trials per acting and observing states. The final ANOVA revealed that for two electrodes, CP1 and F4, there was a time window 144–171 msec, where a continuous Response Category × Subject Status interaction was found to be significant.
The nature of these interaction effects can be understood by examining Figure 2, where the mean amplitude values at the CP1 and F4 electrodes around the Feedback tone for the actors and the observers depending on whether the actor had committed an error are shown. The top part of the Figure 2 clearly depicts an unambiguous negative peak at the CP1 electrode around the time point of 167 msec both for the actors and the observers, at both correct and erroneous answers of the actor. However the height of this peak differs significantly depending on whether the subject was the actor or the observer in conjunction with whether the actor had committed an error. Post-hoc pairwise comparisons revealed that at the time window 144–171 msec the observers' amplitudes at the CP1 electrode were significantly greater when their co-actor had committed an error (continuous red line) than when their co-actor had not made an error (continuous black line). At the same time window when the actors had committed an error the observers had significantly greater amplitudes (continuous red line) than the actors (dotted red line). Conversely no differences were observed between the mean amplitudes of the actors and the observers when the actors had answered correctly, or of the actors for their correct and non-correct responses.
Mean amplitude values at CP1 and F4 electrodes around the Feedback tone. Mean amplitude values at the CP1 (top) and F4 (bottom) electrode around the Feedback tone for the actors and the observers depending on whether the actor had committed an error.
The bottom part of the Figure 2 depicts the same amplitude values at the F4 electrode. The first negative peak is observed at an earlier latency value of 152 msec. Nonetheless, as the figure clearly shows, the amplitudes follow the same patterns of differences, regarding the Response × Status interaction effect, with those described for the CP1 electrode, although in this case the contrasts are not so sharp.
It is interesting to note that the LORETA solution of the activation patterns in the time window of 144–171 msec after the onset of the Feedback tone for the actors and the observers depending on whether the actor had committed an error produced similar results for all four cases. In all cases the voxel of maximum activation is at Brodmann area 31, Cingulate Gyrus, Limbic Lobe. The most notable brain areas with high intensity of the density function are shown in Table 1. This finding corroborates the above sited results for the scalp electrodes, showing that activation for the four different states is practically the same and it differs only in intensity. This validation assumes a more general character, since the LORETA inverse solution takes into consideration the amplitude values of all the scalp electrodes.
Table 1 Brain areas of maximal activation
Moreover the voxel-wise LORETA comparisons proved that maximal differences between different states are located at the voxels of maximum activation. This is exemplified in Figure 3. The first two LORETA diagrams show the observers' activation maps at their co-actors' errors and correct answers. Clearly, the activation maps are similar but different in intensity. Specifically at the voxel of maximum activation (Brodmann area 31 Cingulate Gyrus, Limbic Lobe), the intensity of the density function for the observer's response at his co-actor's error was 3.65 × 10-3, while for the observer's response at his co-actors correct answer the intensity was 2.25 × 10-3. The intensities for the actor (not shown in the figure) at his own error and at his correct answer were 2.65 × 10-3 and 2.55 × 10-3 respectively, i.e. they lay intermediately between the observer's values, as was found for the electrodes. The bottom figure shows the result of the voxel, pairwise LORETA comparisons between the two states for the observers: when the actors were correct and when the actors were wrong. More intense blue color denotes larger differences between the two states. A comparison of this figure with the activation maps leads to the conclusion that the difference map practically coincide with the activation maps. Specifically the voxel of maximal differences is again at Brodmann area 31 Cingulate Gyrus, Limbic Lobe, at which the significance of the differences is <0.01.
LORETA maps of the activation patterns and differences. LORETA solution of the activation patterns in the time window of 144–171 msec after the onset of the Feedback tone for the observers at their co-actor's errors and correct answers and voxel-wise comparison between the two states.
In conclusion the activation patterns of the actors and the observers at the actor's errors and correct answers are temporally and spatially congruent, varying only in the intensity of the density function and maximal differences in the intensity between states are observed at the areas of maximum activation.
The present study was performed to examine brain activity in a two-participant condition task following actor-response related feedback correlated with errors. The behavioral results showed that the participants had significantly poorer performance in conditions with increased complexity. Comparisons of the ERP measurements revealed that the subjects during the observing condition had a significantly greater negative deflection located at the medial frontal area and superior parietal regions when their co-actors committed an error than when they had correct responses. The LORETA source localization method yielded significantly larger electrical activity in the supplementary motor area (Brodmann area 6), the posterior cingulate gyrus (Brodmann area 31/23) and the parietal lobe (Precuneus/Brodmann area 7/5). Nevertheless, the condition factor did not have any significant effect on the ERP patterns of actors and observers.
Regarding the behavioural data, results showed that participants' performance was strongly influenced by cue dissimilarity yielding significantly poorer scores in the more complex Joint-2 condition. The Joint-1 condition yielded similar results with the Single condition. In the first trial, in all conditions, the actor is faced with the unknown. The participant has no measure of inference with regards to the minimum and maximum and hence to the range of his/her scale, so the first positioning of the slider is in essence arbitrary.
From the second trial onwards the actor works comparatively with the previous trial. The mapping of the tone frequency range is better achieved in the case when sound identification is assisted by sound discrimination, resulting from the comparison of the present with the previous tone. Such is the case of the Joint-1 and Single conditions, where the participants are provided stimuli from the same frequency range. As a result their task performance was significantly better than in the Joint-2 condition, where the participants were provided stimuli from different frequency ranges. Each participant, by observing the actions of his/her partner, who performs in a different frequency range than him/her, seems to demodulate his/her perception of the scale of his/her own frequency range, and results in being disoriented when trying to place the slider correctly as actor in the subsequent trial. By receiving distracting information from the previous cue not belonging to the mapped frequency range resulted in poor performance, which is practically the same as his/her first trial. In the Single and Joint-1 conditions the participants' answers are fine-tuned as the trials in a block evolved but each actor seemed to start right from the beginning during the Joint-2 condition throughout the trial blocks
The participants of each dyad were simultaneously recorded and the relevant ERP analysis was performed using both its conventional constituents (amplitude, latency) and the LORETA patterns. Regarding the analysis of amplitude data at the Feedback tone comparisons of measurements of conventional constituents of the relevant event related potential, revealed that at the time window 144–171 msec the observers' amplitudes at the F4 and CP1 electrodes were significantly greater when their co-actor had committed an error than when their co-actor had not made an erroneous response. These findings could be better understood if we take into account the postulates of the Attribution theory [27, 28] which claims that when someone observes another person he/she is inclined to regard the other more responsible for the negative results than the positive ones or tends to assume that the other is more responsible for the lack of effort than inferiority or tends to consider the other more responsible for the negative outcomes than his/her own self.
The neural sources with the LORETA method yielded significant electrical activity in the supplementary motor area (Brodmann area 6), the posterior cingulate gyrus (Brodmann area 31/23) and the parietal lobe (Precuneus/Brodmann area 7/5).
A large number of electrophysiological and neuroimaging studies have shown that the fronto-parietal mirror neuron system is engaged during the observation of actions of others and of our environment [29–33]. The obtained results with regard the ERP patterns of the observer at the F4 lead and its source localization at the supplementary motor area (Brodmann area 6) are in accordance with previous studies, suggesting that ERPs related to error of the medial frontal area and its associated activation of the Brodmann area 6 is a part of an evaluative function signifying 'worse than expected events' [29, 30, 34].
Interestingly, Gehring and Willoughby [35], with the view to add to the knowledge whether all medial frontal negativities are created equal, observed that the feedback-related medial frontal negativities are somewhat more right lateralized and anterior in the scalp distribution than is the classic ERN. Topographic analysis can show the disparity between two ERP components: a difference in scalp topographies implies that the underlying configuration of neural generators must be different [36, 37]. It is quite plausible they share some activity but that there is also some distinct activity contributing to one or both components. Although these results indicate that the ERN and the feedback-related negativities are not identical, it is still an open question whether the conflict-detection of the ERN must also accommodate findings from studies of the feedback negativities. Some or all of the generators of the ERN may be active when the feedback-related medial frontal negativity is recorded, and vice versa [35].
The finding, concerning the ERP located at the superior parietal lobe and the associated activation of regions consisting of the posterior cingulate gyrus (Brodmann area 31/23) and the parietal lobe (Precuneus/Brodmann area 7/5), seems to be in congruence with studies [29, 38] proposing a distributed error processing system in the human brain including the medial prefrontal area, the anterior cingulated cortex, and the posterior cingulated/precuneus (Brodmann area 31//29). However, an alternative explanation concerning this finding- which does not exclude the above mentioned but possibly complements it- provides the hypothesis that holds that human error processing is hierarchically organized [39]. According to this approach, it seems likely that the error related negative deflection located at the superior parietal area in the present study may reflect the low-level error information [39].
Within this framework electrophysiological studies based on No/Go events [40] have suggested that activity of the parietal cortex reflects stored potential motor response to external inputs, while activity in the prefrontal cortex reflects the intended response. Furthermore, the precuneus is also transiently activated when external feedback shifts from correct to incorrect during tasks, where subjects are required to alter stimulus-response judgments [41]. Moreover, lesions in the parietal cortex are known to induce apraxia, an inability to manipulate common objects [42, 43].
Finally, this finding seems to be consistent with studies showing activation of posterior cingulate and parietal areas during action observation [29, 44]. These results support the notion that these brain areas form a network associated with spatial attention and motor intention [44–46].
In our hypothesis we expected that if the actors received different tones from the observers, this would impact the way accuracy is judged. The results show that indeed the participants showed significantly poorer performance in conditions with increased complexity. We also investigated the subsequent neural responses to feedback in all conditions for both actors and observers. The results revealed that the condition factor did not have any significant effect on the ERP amplitudes of actors and observers even when it was separately studied in single factor ANOVAs, not taking into consideration the error and non-error trials. This finding, indicates that the error and non-error elicited ERPs are independent of the condition and may be due to the fact that psychophysiological indices such as ERPs recorded in the current study, represent aspects of the 'endophenotype', while behavioral performance expresses the 'phenotype' part of the behavior. It is suggested that 'the endophenotype provides the manifestation of a disorder via anomalies not observable by diagnostic interviews or traditional psychological measures' [47].
Certain limitations of this investigation warrant consideration. Firstly, sample sizes were relatively small and the main findings need to be replicated in independent samples and it is to be determined, whether there is an association in a task-specific manner or across tasks.
Secondly, the age spectrum of the participants is referred to young adults; hence future studies controlling age, trait and state parameters in conjunction with more experiments that combine the time resolution of event-related potentials with the spatial resolution of brain imaging techniques may lead to clearer definitions of the brain functions in relation to the current findings.
The obtained results showed that in an auditory identification task that included both acting and observing settings, cue dissimilarity between trials was a demodulating factor leading to poorer performance. Even though this increased complexity considerably impaired behavioral performance, it did not have any significant effect on the ERP patterns of actors and observers.
Additionally, the electrophysiological results suggest that feedback information results in different ERP patterns of observers and actors depending on whether the actor had made an error or not. Certain neural systems, including medial frontal area, posterior cingulate gyrus and precuneus may mediate these modulating effects. Further research is needed to elucidate in more detail the neuroanatomical and neuropsychological substrates of these systems. The finding of consistent activity in specific brain regions during the processing and evaluation of one's own and others' actions may have significant implications in clinical research.
Gehring WJ, Goss B, Coles MGH, Meyer DE, Donchin E: A neural system for error detection and compensation. Psychol Sci. 1993, 4: 385-390. 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1993.tb00586.x.
Falkenstein M, Hohnsbein J, Hoormann J: Event-related potential correlates of errors in reaction tasks. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1995, 44: 287-296.
Falkenstein M, Hohnsbein J, Hoormann J, Clanke L: Effects of cross-modal divided attention on late ERP components II. Error processing in choice reaction time. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1991, 78: 447-455. 10.1016/0013-4694(91)90062-9.
Miltner WHR, Braun CH, Coles MGH: Event-related brain potentials following incorrect feedback in a time estimation task: evidence for a "Generic" neural system for error detection. J Cogn Neurosci. 1997, 9: 788-798. 10.1162/jocn.1997.9.6.788.
Holroyd CB, Coles MG: The neural basis of human error processing: reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity. Psychol Rev. 2002, 109: 679-709. 10.1037/0033-295X.109.4.679.
Ruchsow M, Grothe J, Spitzer M, Keifer M: Human anterior cingulate cortex is activated by negative feedback: evidence from event-related potentials in a guessing task. Neurosci Lett. 2002, 325 (3): 203-206. 10.1016/S0304-3940(02)00288-4.
Gehring WJ, Gratton G, Coles MGH, Donchin E: Probability effects on stimulus evaluation and response processes. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 1992, 18 (1): 198-216. 10.1037/0096-1523.18.1.198.
Kopp B, Mattler U, Goertz R, Rist F: N2, P3 and the lateralized readiness potential in a nogo task involving selective response priming. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1996, 99 (1): 19-27. 10.1016/0921-884X(96)95617-9.
Falkenstein M, Hoormann J, Hohnsbein J: ERP components in go/nogo tasks and their relation to inhibition. Acta Psychol. 1999, 101 (2–3): 267-291. 10.1016/S0001-6918(99)00008-6.
Carter C, Braver T, Barch D, Botvinick M, Noll , Cohen J: Anterior cingulate cortex, error detection, and the online monitoring of performance. Science. 1998, 280: 747-9. 10.1126/science.280.5364.747.
Van Veen V, Carter C: The timing of action-monitoring processes in the anterior cingulate cortex. J Cogn Neurosci. 2002, 14: 593-602. 10.1162/08989290260045837.
Rizzolatti G, Fogassi L, Gallese V: Neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the understanding and imitation of action. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2001, 2: 661-670. 10.1038/35090060.
Bates AlT, Patel TP, Liddle PF: External behavior monitoring mirrors internal behavior monitoring. J Psychophysiol. 2005, 19 (4): 281-288. 10.1027/0269-8803.19.4.281.
Yu R, Zhou X: Brain responses to outcomes of one's own and other's performance in a gambling task. Neuroreport. 2006, 17 (16): 1747-1751. 10.1097/01.wnr.0000239960.98813.50.
Ferrez PW, Millán JR: Error-related EEG potentials generated during simulated brain-computer interaction. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2008, 55 (3): 923-10.1109/TBME.2007.908083.
Itagaki S, Katayama J: Self-relevant criteria determine the evaluation of outcomes induced by others. Neuroreport. 2008, 19 (3): 383-387.
Pascual-Marqui RD, Michel CM, Lehmann D: Low resolution electromagnetic tomography: a new method for localizing electrical activity in the brain. Int J Psychophysiol. 1994, 18: 49-65. 10.1016/0167-8760(84)90014-X.
Michel CM, Thut G, Morand S, Khateb A, Pegna AJ, Grave de Peralta R, Gonzalez S, Seeck M, Landis T: Electric source imaging of human brain functions. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2001, 36: 108-118. 10.1016/S0165-0173(01)00086-8.
Anderer P, Saletu B, Semlitsch HV, Pascual-Marqui RD: Structural and energetic processes related to P300: LORETA findings in depression and effects of antidepressant drugs. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2002, 24: 85-91.
Jasper H: The ten-twenty electrode system of the international federation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1958, 10: 371-375.
Patterson RD: Auditory filter shapes derived with noise stimuli. J Acoust Soc Am. 1976, 59: 640-654. 10.1121/1.380914.
Moore BCJ, Glasberg BR: Suggested formulae for calculating auditory-filter bandwidths and excitation patterns. J Acoust Soc Am. 1983, 74: 750-753. 10.1121/1.389861.
Glasberg BR, Moore BCJ: Derivation of auditory filter shapes from notched-noise data. Hear Res. 1990, 47: 103-138. 10.1016/0378-5955(90)90170-T.
Patterson R, Robinson K, Holdsworth J, Mc Keown D, Zhang C, Allerhand M: Complex sounds and auditory images. Proceedings of the 9 h International Symposium on Hearing, Auditory Physiology and Perception: 1991; Carcans, France. Edited by: Cazals Y, Demany L, Horner K. 1992, Pergamon, Oxford, 429-446.
Talairach P, Tournoux J: A Stereotactic Coplanar Atlas of the Human Brain. 1988, Stuttgart: Thieme
Lancaster JL, Woldorff MG, Parsons LM, Liotti M, Freitas CS, Rainey L, Kochunov PV, Nickerson D, Mikiten SA, Fox PT: Automated Talairach Atlas labels for functional brain mapping. Hum Brain Mapp. 2000, 10: 120-131. 10.1002/1097-0193(200007)10:3<120::AID-HBM30>3.0.CO;2-8.
Rusbult CE, Van Lange PA: Interdependence, interaction, and relationships. Annu Rev Psychol. 2003, 54: 351-75. 10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145059.
Johnson DW, Johnson RT: New developments in social interdependence theory. Genet Soc Gen Psychol Monogr. 2005, 131 (4): 285-358. 10.3200/MONO.131.4.285-358.
Herrmann MJ, Roemmler J, Ehlis A-C, Heidrich A, Fallgatter AJ: Source localization of the error-related-negativity and positivity. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 2004, 20: 294-299. 10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.02.013.
Cunnington R, Windischberger C, Robinson S, Moser E: The selection of intended actions and the observation of the others' actions: a time-resolved fMRI study. Neuroimage. 2006, 29: 1294-1302. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.09.028.
Molnar-Szakacs I, Kaplan J, Greefield P, Iacobini M: Observing complex action sequences: the role of the fronto-parietal mirror neuron system. Neuroimage. 2006, 33: 923-935. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.07.035.
Taylor S, Stern E, Gehring W: Neural systems for error monitoring: recent findings and theoretical perspectives. Neuroscientist. 2007, 13: 160-172. 10.1177/1073858406298184.
Zaehle T, Jordan K, Wuestenberg T, Baudewig J, Dechent P, Mast FW: The neural basis of the egocentric and allocentric spatial frame of reference. Brain Res. 2007, 1137: 92-103. 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.12.044.
Holroyd CB, Larsen JT, Cohen JD: Context dependence of the event-related brain potential associated with reward and punishment. Psychophysiology. 2004, 41: 245-253. 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2004.00152.x.
Gehring WJ, Willoughby AR: Are all medial frontal negativities created equal? toward a richer empirical basis for theories of action monitoring. Errors, Conflicts, and the Brain. Current Opinions on Performance Monitoring. Edited by: Ullsperger M, Falkenstein M. 2004, Leipzig, Germany: Max Planck Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14-20.
McCarthy G, Wood CC: Scalp distributions of event-related potentials: An ambiguity associated with analysis of variance models. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1985, 62: 203-208. 10.1016/0168-5597(85)90015-2.
Ruchkin DS, Johnson JR, Friedman D: Scaling is necessary when making comparisons between shapes of event related potential topographies: a reply to Haig et al. Psychophysiology. 1999, 36: 832-834. 10.1017/S0048577299981106.
Menon V, Adleman NE, White CD, Glover GH, Reis AL: Error-related brain activation during a Go/No Go response inhibition task. Hum Brain Mapp. 2001, 12: 131-143. 10.1002/1097-0193(200103)12:3<131::AID-HBM1010>3.0.CO;2-C.
Krigolson OE, Holroyd CB: Hierarchical error processing: different errors, different systems. Brain Res. 2007, 1155: 70-80. 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.04.024.
Kalaska JF, Crammond DJ: Deciding not to go: neuronal correlates of response selection in a go/nogo task in primate premotor and parietal cortex. Cereb Cortex. 1995, 5 (5): 410-428. 10.1093/cercor/5.5.410.
Nagahama Y, Okada T, Katsumi Y, Hayashi T, Yamauchi H, Sawamoto N, Toma K, Nakamura K, Hanakawa T, Konishi J, Fukuyama H, Shibasaki H: Transient neural activity in the medial superior frontal gyrus and precuneus time locked with attention shift between object features. Neuroimage. 1999, 10 (2): 193-199. 10.1006/nimg.1999.0451.
Freund HJ: The parietal lobe as a sensorimotor interface: a perspective from clinical and neuroimaging data. Neuroimage. 2001, 14: 142-146. 10.1006/nimg.2001.0863.
Leiguarda RC: Apraxias and the lateralization of motor functions in the human parietal lobe. Adv Neurol. 2003, 93: 235-248.
Decety J, Grezes J: Neural mechanisms subserving the perception of human actions. Trends Cogn Sci. 1999, 3 (5): 172-178. 10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01312-1.
Andersen RA, Buneo CA: Intentional maps in posterior parietal cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2002, 25: 189-220. 10.1146/annurev.neuro.25.112701.142922.
Shannon BJ, Buckner RL: Functional-anatomic correlates of memory retrieval that suggest nontraditional processing roles for multiple distinct regions within posterior parietal cortex. J Neurosci. 2004, 24 (45): 10084-10092. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2625-04.2004.
Klein DN, Anderson RL: The behavioral high-risk paradigm in the mood disorders. The behavioral high-risk paradigm in psychopathology. Edited by: Miller GA. 1995, New York: Springer Verlag, 199-221.
This work has been funded by the project PENED 2003(03ED/134). The project is co-financed 80% of public expenditure through EC – European Social Fund, 20% of public expenditure through Ministry of Development – General Secretariat of Research and Technology and through private sector, under measure 8.3 of operational programme "COMPETITIVENESS" in the 3rd Community Support Programme. The present study was also partly supported by the EU Project "Joint Action Science and Technology" (IST-FP6-003747). We thank Miltiades Kyprianou for his generous contribution in analysing the results. We also thank those who kindly volunteered to participate in the study.
Institute of Communications and Computer Systems, National Technical University of Athens, 9, Iroon Polytechneiou str., 157 73 Zografou Campus, Athens, Greece
Irene S Karanasiou
, Eleni I Tsianaka
, George K Matsopoulos
& Nikolaos K Uzunoglu
School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
Charalabos Papageorgiou
Technological Education Institution of Athens, Greece
Errikos M Ventouras
Search for Irene S Karanasiou in:
Search for Charalabos Papageorgiou in:
Search for Eleni I Tsianaka in:
Search for George K Matsopoulos in:
Search for Errikos M Ventouras in:
Search for Nikolaos K Uzunoglu in:
Correspondence to Irene S Karanasiou.
ISK and EIT performed the acquisition and analysis of the EEG data. CP, ISK and EIT participated to the interpretation of the results and composed the manuscript. GKM and EMV participated to the interpretation of the results. NKU conceived the core of the study design. NKU, GKM and EMV also revised the manuscript critically. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Karanasiou, I.S., Papageorgiou, C., Tsianaka, E.I. et al. Behavioral and brain pattern differences between acting and observing in an auditory task. Behav Brain Funct 5, 5 (2009) doi:10.1186/1744-9081-5-5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-9081-5-5
Supplementary Motor Area
Absolute Frequency Error
Mirror Neuron System
Posterior Cingulate Gyrus


To be clear, in Soundfight! you can choose any 10-second clip of a song, just drag the slider box; it doesn't have to be the first ten. I'll add some text to make it super-obvious for the next version.
Got to play some of the other games if I have some time..
ups i'm a little bit late… i made a game about a man working in a slauterhouse making a repetitive job, thinking about his dreams.
you have to play mini games working in the same time.
I made it in 5 days. enjoy!
I'm definitely thinking of turning Robert Recurring into something a little heftier. I keep coming up with clever puzzles for it.
Just gotta polish off some other projects first.
Nice JAG, yeah you have to turn it in a little before the month ends sometimes. :) The ferrari and meat ending was pretty amusing, and I enjoyed the side-by-side gameplay experiment.


text:
Q: How to access data attributes from event object jsfiddle
var Hello = React.createClass({
  handleClick(event){
    console.log('target info', event.currentTarget);
    console.log('event info', event);
    var sortOrder = event.currentTarget.sortorder;

    console.log('sortOrder: ', sortOrder);
    alert(sortOrder);//Should say "asc"
  },
  render: function() {
    return
Click Here Please
;
  }
});

ReactDOM.render(
  <Hello name="World" />,
  document.getElementById('container')
);

Expected Output:  asc
Actual:      undefined

A: I updated your fiddle:
I was able to do it just by referencing with "getAttribute"
 event.target.getAttribute("data-sortorder");

this is with refs
https://jsfiddle.net/69z2wepo/46265/
 var sortOrder = this.refs.tester.getAttribute("data-sortorder");
 alert(sortOrder);//Should say "asc"
},
  render: function() {
    return
Click Here Please
;
  }
});

Do this:-

*

*change your element, by adding a "ref" attribute.
div style={{backgroundColor: "red", fontSize: '5em'}} data-sortorder="asc" ref="tester" onClick={this.handleClick}

*Then get that attribute like so: this.refs.tester.getAttribute("data-sortorder")
OR PER ORIGINAL REQUEST, w/o REFS:

*Or per "event specific" -- it worked properly referencing it like so:
event.target.getAttribute("data-sortorder");

NOTE: Now that we are 6yrs later, you can also use: (per niko9911 suggestion below)
event.target.dataset.sortorder

--> You could use getAttribute() with their full HTML name to read them, but the standard defines a simpler way: a DOMStringMap you can read out via a dataset property.
To get a data attribute through the dataset object, get the property by the part of the attribute name after data- (note that dashes are converted to camelCase).

A: All custom HTML atributes can be accessed through event itself:
event.target.attributes.MYATRIBUTE.value

A: Like @Niko9911 already mentioned in a comment, you can access all data attributes from the element.dataset property.

You could use getAttribute() with their full HTML name to read them, but the standard defines a simpler way: a DOMStringMap you can read out via a dataset property. MDN

You can read the data, and you can also set the attribute to something new.

const element = document.querySelector('.something');
element.addEventListener('click', handeClick);

function handeClick(e) {
  // READ
  console.log(e.currentTarget.dataset.test);

  //WRITE
  e.currentTarget.dataset.test = 'bar';
  console.log(e.currentTarget.dataset.test);
}
Click me.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Few Effective Steps To Remove Virus Without Antivirus In Windows 7,8.1 You can manually remove virus by deleting virus files using command prompt. To run command prompt hold windows key and press 'R' or go to START > type "CMD" on search area > press ENTER.... View our list of the best free online virus scans and free antivirus client software downloads. Use our deep scan to root out and eliminate viruses on your PC. Use our deep scan to root out and eliminate viruses on your PC.
How To Clean An Infected PC Without An Antivirus. Aswani December 11, 2016. We all have come across some form of malware in our computers, so we heavily rely on some antiviruses to fix those issues. I wanted to write this article because it explains how viruses work and how you can stop them in general. Antiviruses are effective but your product of choice might change every few months or so how to clean down there for oral Sometimes, when you have an old computer which you do not access the internet frequently; you could skip the antivirus installation simply because antivirus use quite a lot of resources. As an alternative, you could do a weekly scan with an online virus scanner instead.
Sometimes, when you have an old computer which you do not access the internet frequently; you could skip the antivirus installation simply because antivirus use quite a lot of resources. As an alternative, you could do a weekly scan with an online virus scanner instead.
23 How to survive without Antivirus on Windows Computer. Today, nothing is valued more than safety. Frightened by the news about hackers and viruses, you cannot move the mouse without being entrenched by shields and constant security analysis.


Book the cheapest flight tickets for Paradip to Batala, at Goomo.com. Exciting offers and additional benefits are also available. Goomo.com is the one stop for all your flight tickets related needs. Know the lowest airfare for the Paradip to Batala flight, the flight status, and the upcoming flight schedules, at a moment's notice.
Since neither of these cities have primary airports, you can choose to opt for another airport close to the city. The closest airport to Paradip is Bhubaneswar while that close to Batala is Amritsar.


text:
Australia Finds Oily Water Patches Near Great Barrier Reef
By Alex Morales
(Bloomberg) — Patches of oily water detected near Australia's Great Barrier Reef, a Unesco-protected site, will be investigated further Saturday morning, local authorities said.
"We can confirm some patches of oily water have been sighted in the water south of Townsville," Maritime Safety Queensland said in an e-mailed statement Friday. "A water police vessel out of Townsville and Emergency Management Queensland helicopter investigated and reported a sheen on the water and small oily patches about 1 meter in diameter."
The sighting of oil near the reef is of environmental concern because the world heritage site is the largest ecosystem of its kind, hosting over 1,500 species of fish, 400 of coral and 4,000 mollusks. The current outlook for the reef is "poor, has worsened since 2009 and is expected to further deteriorate in the future," according to Unesco's website.
An Australian Maritime Safety Authority aircraft will make an early-morning inspection of the ocean, islands and coastline to investigate the oily patches, according to Friday's statement.
Shen Neng 1 aground on the Great Barrier Reef in 2010.
The reef was hit by an oil spill in 2010 when a Chinese coal carrier, the Shen Neng 1, became grounded on the Douglas Shoal. The accident destroyed 116,000 square meters (1.2 million square feet) of reef, leaked about 4 tons of oil and spread toxic paint.
Queensland also suffered a spill in 2009 after about 250 metric tons of fuel oil leaked from the MV Pacific Adventurer when its hull was ruptured in rough seas whipped up by a cyclone. The resulting slick contaminated about 60 kilometers of beach and mangroves, and parts of the Sunshine Coast, Moreton Island and Bribie Island were declared disaster zones.
Swire Shipping Ltd., operator of that ship, agreed in August 2009 to pay A$25 million for cleanup and damages associated with a spill.
–With assistance from Ramsey Al-Rikabi in Hong Kong and Michael Heath in Sydney.
©2015 Bloomberg News

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


David A. Howe Public Library, 155 N. Main St.
Cuba, NY Village Hall, 17 E. Main St.
The Village of Cuba is hosting a public information meeting on the Main Street grant that was received late last year. Interested parties should attend the meeting at the Cuba Village Hall.


text:
Q: How to identify moment something executed in Flame graph in DevTools? I'm using React 16 (Fiber engine) and need to see/identify specific moment in Main thread section to see what is happening after it.
Thus I come up with idea to put some code that will create some spike there and will enable me to see exact spot on the graph where something has started to happen.
How to identify moment something executed in Flame graph in DevTools?

A: You may call some named function with fancy name and find it with Ctrl/Cmd+F there.


text:
« Melting scoops: Shakopee News covered Loonan commerce department fine in early February | Main | The Bull Hockey Chronicles: Strib's helpful history of regulation rasslin' & goatroping »
MN House Coal Caucus votes to keep bill about air pollution away from environment committee
It's the sort of post-moronic (and moneyed) politics Bluestem has come to expect from Speaker Daudt's majority, foreshadowed by the leader's removal of "Energy" from the Environmental and Natural Resources committee to team it up with "Jobs."
In Tuesday's floor session, Minnesota House Environment and Natural Resources minority lead Rick Hansen ( DFL-South St. Paul) moved to have HF333 pulled from the House Ways and Means Committee and sent to the Environment Committee.
HF333, a bill that would require legislative approval of a state plan to comply with federal regulations regarding emissions from existing power plants, would be paid for by the state's environmental fund. Implementing the lanuage would be be part of work of the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA). The "federal regulations" about air emissions is part of the implementation of the federal Clean Air Act.
Hansen also noted that plans for regulating power plant emissions are part of addressing climate change, another concern tasked to the Environment Committee.
In short, this bill has everything to do with environmental policy and funding. Bill author, Becker Republican Jim Newberger, opposed Hansen's motion--prompting a remarkable line of questioning from Rep. Ryan Winkler (DFL-Golden Valley).
Newberger: . . .this is not a pollution control bill. Members please vote no on this motion.
Winkler: Representative Newberger, is air part of the environment?
Newberger: Thank you Representative Winkler. That's a complex question and one that you obviously know the answer to. Of course it is.
Winkler: Well, Representative Newberger, you said that the air is part of the environment and this is an air pollution bill, this is a bill about polluting the environment. I think that Representative McNamara's committee is based on some regulation or deregulation of pollution of the environment. I don't quite understand how anyone could stand up with a straight face, on the floor, and say that a bill that deals with air pollution, doesn't have to go to the Environment Committee since air is part of the environment.
And so members, I guess it kind of begs the question.
I understand that the coal industry favors the bill, and the coal industry doesn't think that burning coal has an effect on the environment, but I think most Minnesotans do, so the question recurs once again to the body: do you want to follow the demands of an industry who has money to be made by moving a bill away from the Environment Committee, or do you want to do what's right for the state and follow basic common sense about environmental impacts of burning coal?
And if you don't think that belongs in the Environment Committee, maybe I'd suggest you'd get rid of the Environment Committee . . .anyway.
After more discussion, the House voted 55 for and 73 against the motion. Perhaps what's most interesting about the vote is that four of the eight DFL sponsors of the bill voted for the Hansen amendment: Ben Lien (Moorhead), Paul Marquart (Dilworth), John Persell (Bemidji) and Mike Sundin (Esko) concurred that air pollution has something to do with the environment.
The other DFL sponsors of the bill--all Rangers--were joined by Gene Pelowski (DFL-Winona) in agreeing that air pollution is part of jobs and energy.
Xcel Energy's coal-burning 2222 MW Sherburne County (Sherco) Generating Station, located near Becker, is arguably Representative Newberger's most important constituent.
Here's the entire discussion of the motion and the vote (Winkler gets started about 15:15:
Photo: Coal piled up at the Sherco coal-fired power plant near Becker. Via Pioneer Press.
Fehr factor? House enviro chair trolls MPCA on Citizen Board; Hornstein, Hansen fight back
Rep. Paul Torkelson happy to hand decisions about clean water over to special interests
Regulatory capture and rage against Rep. Rick Hansen's war on special interests' comfort zones
Posted by Sally Jo Sorensen on Mar 11, 2015 at 12:59 AM in Energy , Environment, Minnesota legislature, Politics, Postmoronic Politics, Renewable energy, State Legislature | Permalink


El Morro National Monument, originally uploaded by ivoryblushroses.
One of the things I love about traveling is that there are always new places to see and experience. Making these little side trips makes a long trip so much more enjoyable for me and keeps the long drive interesting. On my way to Colorado yesterday, I took a side trip to see El Morro National Monument in western New Mexico.
On the map, El Morro is quite small and I really had no idea what was so special about it as I hadn't looked it up ahead of time. This band of rock sticks up and while lovely to see, didn't seem to warrant a National Monument as there are similar rock formations all around the southwest, many of which are far more spectacular! But on arriving, I discovered that another name for this spot is Inscription Rock.
I hiked the nice paved trail that curved along the base of these rock cliffs, watching the ravens overhead and listening to the birds in the pinon and junipers trees.
At the base of the cliffs there is a pool of still water. There is no spring here, but rather rain and snowmelt runs off the rocks above and into the pool. For hundreds of years, it has provided clear fresh water to travelers through the region.
The pool was such a peaceful spot. The water is so still that the rock walls above are reflected with pristine clarity so that they seem to extend below the water as deeply as they soar above it. This rare source of pure water in a desert region was what attracted all the people who left inscriptions on the rocks.
There are many petroglyphs including these bighorn sheep, still bearing the marks of the tools used to create them. Imagine carving the rock by hammering deer antlers as chisels!
All over the rocks are names and dates, some of the people have known historys, others do not.
Sometimes there are extra bits carved in the rock such as this curved rope-like design.
But far and away, the most elegant graffiti I have ever seen is the name of E. Penn. Long chiseled into the rock in 1857 or 1859. What is known about Mr. Long, is that he was part of a U.S. Army unit that tested the usefulness of camels in the American Southwest! The camels didn't last, but Mr. Long's insignia in the rock did!
The trail along the base of the cliffs was lovely! From the plantlife at the base of the cliffs to the lovely stone stairways on the steep bits. What a fascinating stop this was and what a wonderful look at the history of the region El Morro National Monument ended up being! So, if you ever cross New Mexico on I-40, allow time for a detour south between Grants and Gallup to see this amazing spot!
Cream & White Crazy Quilt ~ making progress!


When it has to do with working as a cashier, it is going to get a little stressful. For starters, being a cashier can help you get an inside look at economics. She's among the hardest jobs I have needed to perform however, in the end, I have to realize I can not please everyone. As a significant Y cashier you must value and believe in the significant Y rules and goals. Turning to a customer support rep may be the initial step towards management in a huge organization.
Among the absolute most important skills you may grow is being CONTENTwith a certain amount of distress. To be a cashier, it's also advisable to have sharp math skills. You ought to be comfortable with assorted people and provide them a high amount of consumer services. You will also learn more about your people skills along with the way you are able to improve them. Fantastic people skills and plenty of patience will help you receive through the task without a single hitch.
The greeting to the customer is needed although it's simply an easy sentence. If you're left to pick a place yourself, pick an area from where you're able to clearly see all the interview participants, and from where they are able to also visit you. My favorite place to begin hunting is online.
Only the same as if you are giving a presentation, many individuals often respect their palms as barriers during a job interview as opposed to a helpful method of communicating. It's possible to find information online about approaches to apply for jobs. The order of significance may vary based on the person, but the list is almost always the specific same. You will acquire an employee discount and will be the very first to find the most recent movies! In addition, it may improve the earnings at the same instant.
People can not afford to purchase the merchandise on their existing salary on account of the growth in costs, so they wish to urge for more money. In almost any occasions, although the customers isn't happy, it's crucial for you to smile. In order to be a cashier, a person needs to be polite and helpful with customers. Such as when you are trying to enable a client with something other customers generally do not understand that you are helping another person. Japanese customer service is, undoubtedly, the very best on Earth. Which proves that Japanese customer service is in fact among the very best on earth.
By shutting the company, the owner doesn't have to be worried about taking out additional loans to keep the organization afloat. In a better reality, big companies will need to accommodate a great deal greater than they do now as a means to entice those who'll love every sort of job the firm provides. Make certain that you contact or visit your state agency that does permit testing to learn precisely what you will want to do so as to qualify for the test and be certified as a realtor. The duty of cashier will be to handle payments, process sales at the register, and maintain a large quantity of customer service throughout the transaction. Very few men and women understand that jobs associated with gas stations accommodate many different facets besides gasoline station attendants and supervisors. Focus on what you could do which is going to be good regardless of what the future brings. Your lifetime is significantly happier when you could be ready to strike up a conversation with anyone, particularly even your nearby cashier.
My job enables me to communicate with the consumers about how their day is going and about what jobs they are beginning to work on today. Should you locate a job to get a massive business, they may even give you formal training which you may use on your next job. The job itself may be a great deal of fun. Locating a job in a call center is easier than you'd think. It is never too early to begin in your career. There are tons of people looking for new careers because of their latest job loss.
Every employer has a limitation regarding how much cash they'll utilize to cover employees' wage. The workers are so kind to one another during the entire day. Due to how the 1 employee was set off, nobody is left to complete his job. Thus, the employee who stays will be made to undertake new jobs and do twice the sum of work. Due to the growth in salary, one particular worker will be laid off in order to maintain a position to cover another worker's wage. When their salaries are increased again, the cost of goods increases again because of the simple fact that the workers are making more cash. Aside from the simple actuality that raising the minimum wage will cause a growth in the unemployment rate, it will likewise lead to higher prices.


This week Purple Pawn joined the RPG Bloggers Network, a great website for finding links to interesting posts on a range of RPG topics—now with an extra bit of news thrown in. If you're interested in more detailed reviews, gaming tips, resource ideas, or other roleplaying goodness, I highly suggest you check the network out. I didn't count, but it looks like there's about 50 member blogs so far. And for anyone who's arrived here through a link there, welcome! We do our best to keep you posted with interesting news about RPGs and all other types of tabletop games.
Welcome to the Network! I can't believe how fast we are growing. And I am also amazed of the quality of the blogs in our network and the interesting and inspiring discussions we are having all over the network!
So, welcome again and I hope we'll read a lot from you in the future!
Welcome aboard Purple Pawn! I think it's great that we now have a dedicated news blog on the network.
Allow me to formally welcome you to the network from the "powers behind thw network" (i.e. above and beyond Dave's adding you to the Network).
I will most certainly use your 'services' more often by sending you 'scoops' I get as I do not do news.


It's time for a short patch again. The main reason that we are releasing this (smaller) patch is just simply because we didn't want to let you guys wait for too long for another update. This patch contains a lot of fixes, improvements, new content and next to all that the new mission / contract feature. We are aiming to find the right balance between making the game more beginner friendly while at the same time we keep bringing enough new content for current players. Besides everything it still is our main priority to fix crashes, optimize the game even more and fix other major and minor issues that are happening. This is also why we aim to release another smaller patch very soon that contains a lot of fixes and improvements.
Fixed some spelling mistypes / other errors in some of the newly added tips in the loading screen.
Fixed Various visual and functional bugs related to the chat system. We would like to remind you all again that the chat system is still in development and we are still fixing stuff related to this new system.
Added a "Loading In" status in the friend server for when they are loading game data.
Fixed the vehicle camera in FPS only servers.
Fixed a bug related to the clan contesting system.
Reviving in-game in Beginner Servers is now free.
The Tuk Tuk is now spawning in all game-modes.
Fixed the physics of the Tuk Tuk. When hitting this car now it is no longer invincible and plays hit sounds when hitting.
Fixed the physics of the Humvee. When hitting this car now it is no longer invincible and plays hit sounds when hitting.
Fixed the physics of the Sherrif Dragster. When hitting this car now it is no longer invincible and plays hit sounds when hitting.
Fixed the physics of the Police Dragster. When hitting this car now it is no longer invincible and plays hit sounds when hitting.
Added a new item called a "Trophy". This is literally a winners trophy and will be used as a special reward for events, seasonal leaderboards and tournaments. You can't do anything with this item expect drop it in a server or trade it. Our goal is to create a special trophy for each event we do, for example with Christmas 2018 we have a "Christmas Seasonal Leader board" planned and all the winners will then receive the "Christmas 2018 Trophy". This item will then become very valuable since it's only ever rewarded once.
Added a new item / barricade as a new vehicle countermeasure idea. This barricade is kind of just a test and aimed for people to use / place down to block vehicles from riding them over. We are not sure yet when / how / if this item will be released so stay tuned for further updates.
Added a new media riot shield: Riot Shield Afyne.
Updated the item name of the "Light Heavy Armor" to "Heavy Armor (Body)". Since this was just the body part of the heavy armor. For more information why this name got changed can be found under the Survival section of these patch notes.
Updated the damage and damage range of the grenade. Increased damage from 120 to 140 and increased damage radius from 15 meters to 20 meters.
Increased the flash bang explosion radius.
Increased the explosive arrow explosion radius.
Added some new skins and items for the Gamescom 2018 event where the New Z staff team will be attending. We have added some character clothes, a riot shield and some skins.
Fixed the K. Style NVG Fallen Angel model. Improved the overall quality of the model and fixed some smoothing issues. Model should look much better now.
Fixed the Light Sword Curved Rainbow skin. The model is now way more optimized and the actual "fade" is more beautiful in one fade instead of a repeating pattern.
Updated the skin name of the AW Magnum Gold to AW Magnum Pyrite. All of the old "gold" skins have been renamed due to the newer gold set that came out recently.
Updated the skin name of the Desert Eagle Gold to Desert Eagle Pyrite. All of the old "gold" skins have been renamed due to the newer gold set that came out recently.
Updated the skin name of the Custom Guerilla Gold to Custom Guerilla Pyrite. All of the old "gold" skins have been renamed due to the newer gold set that came out recently.
Updated the skin name of the M107 Gold to M107 Pyrite. All of the old "gold" skins have been renamed due to the newer gold set that came out recently.
Updated the Heavy Armor Black Night skin. Overall looks better now and more like the Custom Guerilla Black Night.
Updated the store icon of the Light Sword Twin White. Also updated the recipe icon.
Updated the store icon of the OTS-SVU Fun Edition. Also updated the recipe icon.
The Stanag E-Mag is now released and spawning. Players can find this new item in-game. This magazine is very rare and can only be farmed from alien and normal super zombies.
The sniper flash hider is now released and available in Open World. This new attachment can be found at military areas.
The SMG flash hider is now released and available in Open World. This new attachment can be found at military areas.
The pistol flash hider is now released and available in Open World. This new attachment can be found at military areas.
The sniper silencer is now released and available in Open World. This new attachment can be found at military areas, super zombies and alien super zombies. This item is rare.
The shotgun silencer is now released and available in Open World. This new attachment can be found at military areas, super zombies and alien super zombies. This item is rare.
The Tuk Tuk is now spawning.
Added a new secret spot with a Alien Super Zombie. Good luck finding him!
Increased the loot at Barth Farm.
Increased the loot at the road block close to Crystal Lake.
Increased the loot at the road block close to Clearview.
Increased the loot at the farm close to Clearview.
Increased the loot at the road block close to Campos City.
Increased the loot at some newly placed buildings inside Campos City. Some buildings here were missing loot.
Fixed a major zombie navigation issue where zombie were walking through walls and other objects.
Lounge has been entirely reworked. Map looks overall better now in terms of quality and there is a lot of interesting new stuff. Players spend a lot of time in this map so it's important to keep this interesting. Added a lighthouse and some other scenery to make the map more interesting.
Replaced the palm trees with better / more happy looking ones.
Removed the "party" barn and replaced it with a super sick looking party villa. Are you ready to get this party started?
Added much more grass, rocks and trees to make the map look better and more realistic.
Painted the terrain with better looking textures to make the whole map look better and more realistic.
Updated the music in the "party villa" area. Music playing is just overall more improved.
The Heavy Armor (Body), Heavy Armor (Shoulders) and Heavy Armor (Legs) are now available in Survival. Also based on feedback from the Survival community we have decided to release the Heavy Armor very carefully: The actual Heavy Armor won't directly be available but it will be craft-able. This works simple: There is now 3 parts and each of them can ONLY be found from a certain thing / place; Alien Super zombie, Random airdrops & random military loot. You need these 3 parts + 5 cloth, 1 duct tape and 10 metal to craft 1 Heavy Armor. These 3 parts are very rare, and since you can only craft the Heavy Armor with these parts the Heavy Armor itself will be even more rare.
The Heavy Armor (Body) is now released and spawning. Players can find this new item in-game.
The Heavy Armor (Legs) is now released and spawning. Players can find this new item in-game.
The Heavy Armor (Shoulders) is now released and spawning. Players can find this new item in-game.
The sniper flash hider is now released and available in Survival. This new attachment can be found at military areas.
The SMG flash hider is now released and available in Survival. This new attachment can be found at military areas.
The pistol flash hider is now released and available in Survival. This new attachment can be found at military areas.
The sniper silencer is now released and available in Survival. This new attachment can be found at military areas, super zombies and alien super zombies. This item is rare.
The shotgun silencer is now released and available in Survival. This new attachment can be found at military areas, super zombies and alien super zombies. This item is rare.
Fixed an issue related to vehicles not spawning at all. Vehicles should spawn normally again now.
The sniper flash hider is now released and available in Battle Royale. This new attachment can be found at military areas.
The SMG flash hider is now released and available in Battle Royale. This new attachment can be found at military areas.
The pistol flash hider is now released and available in Battle Royale. This new attachment can be found at military areas.
The sniper silencer is now released and available in Battle Royale. This new attachment can be found at military areas.
The shotgun silencer is now released and available in Battle Royale. This new attachment can be found at military areas.
Estimated patch size: 150 mb.
Patch ETA: patch is rolling out any time from now.
Estimated downtime: around 1 hour max.
Servers are back online! Enjoy!
For some reason the (test) missions aren't enabled on Colorado V2 (OW). We are investigating this issue. Expect a short server restart soon.
Could you please check if zombies are still noclipping at the airport (Survival, Colorado V2)?
Players are also crashing with certain languages. We are fixing this issue as well. Stay tuned for a small hotfix / server restart soon. Sorry for the inconvenience.
I waited impatiently for this patch and disappointment. nothing about disable jumps for the sniper's rifles.
The jumping ability should be block for first slot for all weapons.
If you want to jump you can jump on other slots.
In this case, this game is completely devoid of realism.
The sniper's rifles have become the basic weapon and jumps - style of movement in this game.
Just go to Twitch tv and see parody of a good game. It is not Jumping Jack game !!!
Think about it, for your own sakes our beloved developers - if you want to have new players.
This is probably the best patch so far.
can wait to find some new equipment in-game!
Can't wait to get millions of missions and contracts out there soon!!!
I like this idea. It gives the new players as well as the veterans something to shoot for. One suggestion though, Instead of having only one tier, how about making each task in the missions multi-tier. Each successive tier would garner higher rewards for completing them.
I noticed that vehicles are easier to keep still upon exiting. This was very much needed. The control of the vehicles still needs work though. They still can flip flop out of control.
Another problem I encountered was, as I exited my ZK, I sank into the ground up to my waist. The only way I could move was to hop around. It wasn't permanent though, once I moved to another location, it cleared up.
The sniper silencer is a great addition. It works as it should by decreasing the dmg rating making a headshot a must. Good Job!!!
Keep up the good work!!! Have a Nice Day!!!
Good point about the mission. Keep in mind the current Colorado V2 (only) is literally just a beta test. We just want to make sure everything is working the way it should be. Like I already mentioned earlier: We plan on adding A LOT of missions. Since they are map based we are planning on doing some fun and unique stuff per map. Of course we will prioritize the maps that are played the most.
Thanks for the overall further feedback! Glad you like the update and once again thanks about the vehicles. We will keep working on this!
Where is the new secret spot?


text:
Ann Cleeves: The Heron's Cry Competition
Por Bookshop.org UK
Order a copy of The Heron's Cry, out now in hardback for the chance to win an exclusive decanter created in the colours of the jacket by Bob Crooks Glass.
The winner will be notified by email after 30th September 2021. Full T&Cs below.
The Heron's Cry: Now a major ITV series starring Ben Aldridge...
Please read these terms and conditions carefully. By entering into this Ann Cleeves The Heron's Cry promotion ("Promotion"), you agree that you have read these terms and that you agree to them. Failure to comply with these terms and conditions may result in your disqualification from the Promotion.
1. This Promotion is run by Bookshop (Bookshoppe Limited, a limited company, registered in England and Wales under company number 12831176 and registered office at Pfk Littlejohn, 15 Westferry Circus, London E14 4HD) and Pan Macmillan a trading division of Macmillan Publishers International Limited a company registered in England with registered number 02063302 and registered office at Cromwell Place, Hampshire International Business Park, Lime Tree Way, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG24 8YJ ("Promoter").
2. To enter this Promotion you must be: (a) a resident of the United Kingdom; and (b) aged 18 years old or over at the time of entry.
3. This Promotion is not open to directors or employees (or members of their immediate families) of Promoter or any subsidiary of Promoter. Promoter reserves the right to verify the eligibility of entrants.
4. The Promotion is open for entries between 00.01am on 16/09/21 and 23.59pm on 30/09/2021.
5. Only one entry per person is permitted, no matter how many copies of the book you pre-order. No entrant may win more than one prize.
6. You can enter this Promotion in the following way: Upon ordering one or more copies of The Heron's Cry by Ann Cleeves, Hardback edition, (ISBN 9781509889686) from https://uk.bookshop.org/books/the-heron-s-cry/9781509889686 you will be automatically entered into the prize draw, but you may choose to opt out of the prize draw at point of purchase. Entries via agents or third parties are invalid. No other form of entry is permitted.
7. All correctly submitted and completed entries will be entered into a prize draw which will take place on 1st October 2021. The first entry drawn at random by computer process will be the winner.
8. The prize for the Promotion consists of the following: AN EXCLUSIVE WINE DECANTER BY BOB CROOKS GLASS, CREATED IN THE COLOURS OF THE HERON'S CRY BOOK JACKET.
9. The prize shall be awarded as follows: THE WINNER WILL BE NOTIFIED AFTER 30/09/2021 AND THE PRIZE (AS DETAILED ABOVE) WILL BE DELIVERED TO THE WINNER.
10. The winner of the Promotion shall be notified by email.
11. The winner will be required to confirm acceptance of the prize within 2 working days and may be required to complete and return an eligibility form stating their age and residency details, among other details. Promoter will endeavour to ensure that winner receives their prize within 30 days of the date they confirm acceptance of the prize. If the winner does not accept the prize within 5 days of being notified, they will forfeit their prize and Promoter reserves the right to choose another winner. Promoter's decision is final and Promoter reserves the right not to correspond on any matter.
12. The Promoter may request the consent of the winner to use their name, region of residence and likeness for reasonable post-event publicity. If such consent is granted the publicity may be in any form including on Promoter's website and social media pages and no fees will be paid to the winner.
13. Subject to clause 12, you can find out who has won a prize by sending a stamped addressed envelope, marked with the name of the competition to Bookshop at 15 Westferry Circus, Canary Wharf, London, E14 4HD 30 days after the closing date
14. Promoter reserves the right to cancel or amend these Terms and Conditions or change the Prize (to one of equal or greater value) as required by the circumstances. No cash equivalent to the Prize is available.
15. All personal data submitted by entrants is subject to and will be treated in a manner consistent with Bookshop's Privacy Policy accessible at https://uk.bookshop.org/pages/privacy_noticehttp://www.panmacmillan.com/panmac/privacy-policy. By participating in this Promotion, entrants hereby agree that Promoter may collect and use their personal information for the purpose of processing their entries and communicating with the winner.
16. Promoter may at its sole discretion disqualify any entrant found to be tampering or interfering with the entry process or operation of the website, or to be acting in any manner deemed to be disruptive of or prejudicial to the operation or administration of the Promotion.
17. These terms and conditions shall be governed by and construed in accordance with English law. Disputes arising in connection with this Agreement shall be subject to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts.


text:
Playing Man Claims Ex-Wife Is Responsible For Son's Suicide: 'She Doesn't Appear To Have Any Recognition Of What She's Done'
Man Claims Ex-Wife Is Responsible For Son's Suicide: 'She Doesn't Appear To Have Any Recognition Of What She's Done'
Pamela says that her ex-husband Pete dropped a bomb on her when he announced he wanted a divorce. Pamela claims that Pete, who is a former priest, left her, along with sons Joseph and Peter Jr., for a new life with a massage therapist Lori, whom he calls his "soul-mate."
TELL DR. PHIL YOUR STORY: Betrayed by a spouse or family member?
In a tragic turn of events, Peter Jr. took his own life in March 2016. Pamela and surviving son Joseph say they blame Pete for the 15-year-old's suicide because, they claim, he abandoned the family for Lori. But Pete denies their accusations.
WATCH: Woman Says Ex-Sister-In-Law Is 'Bitter' Says She Fears Nephew 'Could Become Violent'
In the video above, Pete claims it was Pamela who was responsible their younger son's death by, he says, contributing to his depression, alienating him from Pete and giving him access to a loaded shotgun. And, he claims, the Department of Social Services' report on Peter Jr.'s suicide backs him up.
WATCH:Dr. Phil Calls Out Guest for 'Destructive And Reckless' Remarks; 'I Pray To God That You Don't Mean Them'
Pete says, not only does Pamela not appear to have any remorse, "she doesn't appear to have any recognition of what she's done."
Pamela says she didn't give Peter Jr. the shotgun, she says he found it in the attic. No criminal action was taken.
WATCH:Son of Ex-Priest Says He Doesn't Want A Relationship With Dad Or His Dad's New Wife; 'They've Done Nothing For Me'
Could either of Peter Jr.'s parents have contributed to their son's depression? Tune in Tuesday as Dr. Phil unpacks the complicated issues surrounding this fractured family in the conclusion of a heated two-part Dr. Phil.
Find local listings here.
TELL DR. PHIL YOUR STORY: Is your family a stressed mess?
Woman Denies Ex-Husband's Claim That She Vowed To Make Their Teenage Sons Hate Him
Dos and Don'ts for Dealing with Suicide
Suicide Warning Signs
Children's Needs While Going through a Divorce
Emotions to Expect when Going Through Divorce


While traditional Czech food is heavy and meat-based, there are hundreds of options in Prague and restaurants are opening all the time. Farmers' markets can be found all over the city as a new foodie generation emerges, and prices are much cheaper than in NYC.
You can find out what we recommend on our interactive map of Staff Favorites!
Read reviews of students' favorite culinary haunts on the NYU Prague Now! blog, including aritlces about vegan and vegetarian options, favorite cafes, and what exactly Czech dumplings are.


text:
Zuckerberg lost $10 billion in one week by leaking user data
By Inessa S On Mar 25, 2018
Mark Zuckerberg, one week after the scandal with Cambridge Analytica has lost more than $ 10 billion – Facebook shares fell by 18 points since Monday.
Earlier, the British company Cambridge Analytica collected data of more than 50 million users . The head of the company, Alexander Nix, who had already been dismissed, admitted that the information received was used to interfere in elections in 200 countries, including the United States.
Meanwhile, social networking site Facebook apologized to users in a British newspaper. In a statement, Zuckerberg personally apologized for the leakage.
Source Vesti
Facebookzuckerberg
Inessa S 2368 posts 0 comments
Inessa S is an Editor, Journalist and Translator at FRN. She was educated in the field of Political Science and has previous marketing and communications strategy experience for enterprises and corporations. She runs a popular YouTube channel for translations of key Russian Foreign Policy figures and appears regularly on other alternative media channels. If you like her work, you can support her Patreon here.
Turkey's top model rejects peaceful Greek offer, threatens an "Ottoman slap"
Russian Ambassador to UK receives 'illiterate' replies on Skripal case
FLORES: Zuckerberg Declares Trump will not be Recognized President-Elect on Election…
Facebook Censors Defense of 'Unite For Freedom' Protest
Facebook's Dangerously Fake Fact Checking
Which Billionaires have Profited Most from the Covid-19 Scamdemic? Anarchy for the…


text:
WATCH: Forbes releases highest earning celebs for 2019
Turns Out This Social Habit Could Be Making Your Penis Shrink
I Made My Penis Longer In 4 Weeks. Here's How
7 Reasons Your Crotch Is So Damn Itchy
Why Nobody Can Agree on the Right Way to Measure a Penis
This Common Kitchen Item Is Making Your Penis Shrink
10 Penis Problems You Shouldn't Ignore
FYI: Masturbating Wrong Can Lead To Sexual Dysfunction
Would You Use A Snorkel To Go Down On Your Partner? Check Out The Bizarre Sex Trends of 2018
Do Men With Big Feet Have Big Penises?
This Sized Penis Gives The Most Orgasms, According To Science
Can Too Much Masturbating Cause Erectile Dysfunction?
6 Natural Viagra Alternatives To Help You Rise To The Occassion
Scientists Are Claiming That Plastic Is Shrinking Male Genitals
Meet The Man With an 18.9 Inch Penis, So Big He Can't Have Sex
Despite his limitations, his monster dong isn't going anywhere - by Bray Stoneham
There's big, really big, and then there's "what the hell did your mother feed you as a child!?" big.
Ladies and gentlemen, meet Roberto Esquivel Cabrera. The 54-year-old, hailing from Mexico, claims to have the world's largest penis, and despite health warnings (and the obvious fact he can't have sex) it ain't going anywhere.
Apparently, it's a pride thing: in Latin culture, larger penises are considered more macho, which is why Cabrera is more than happy to leave his python as be, reports The Daily Mail.
Related: 9 Things Some Guys Are Too Afraid to Ask for in Bed
Apart from the havoc that Cabrera's humongous penis has wreaked on his sex life, he has to keep it wrapped in bandages to prevent chafing, as well as sleeping chest down with his penis on a little pillow to sleep peacefully through the night.
We'll stop you there for a second because we know what you're thinking: 18.9 inches sounds like bullshit. You're half right… here's the strange catch
Cabrera's penis glands stretch only 7 inches, which means the remaining 12 inches is mostly foreskin and blood vessels, The Daily Mail reports.
The 54-year-old revealed to doctors that he has been wrapping bands with weights attached around his erect penis since his teenage years in order to stretch it out. Sounds a bit like cheating to us.
Despite being able to walk around in a crowd of millions and know you have the largest penis, having a dick that big is not all it's cocked up to be. All that extra foreskin has lead to multiple urinary tract infections (UTIs), and the Mexican government actually considers his dick to be a disability that prevents Cabrera from working.
Related: The Real Reason You're So Horny First Thing In The Morning
"I cannot wear a uniform like anybody in the companies and also I cannot get on my knees," he told Barcroft TV. "I cannot run fast and so the companies think badly of me."
But don't feel bad for Cabrera (if jealousy hasn't already consumed you), who's more than happy with his monster dong.
"I am happy with my penis," said Cabrera. "I don't feel sad because I know in the U.S. there is a lot of women. One of them will be the right size for me. I would like to be a porn star and I think I would make a lot of money over there."
We're not sure he'll have much luck finding a woman capable of handling his third leg, but we wish Mr. Cabrera all the best in his search.
FREE Uppercut Deluxe Grooming Kit - SAVE 37%
When you subscribe - Worth $112


text:
Q: How to set row level lock in Informix? How to set row level lock in Informix?

A: CREATE TABLE customer(customer_num serial, lname char(20)...)
   LOCK MODE ROW;

Read more here: Row and Key Locks

A: You can use:
ALTER TABLE customer LOCK MODE(ROW);

(PAGE is the default)
More here.
If you want to find the current lock mode of a table:
SELECT tablename, lockmode FROM systables

A: Onstat with a hyphen argument
onstat -
Onstat Documentation


text:
Brownback tax cut law produces winners and losers, KU tax law professor says
Jun 16, 2012 - 12:34pm
Scott Rothschild
Kansas University tax law professor Martin Dickinson spoke Saturday to Douglas County Democrats at the Lawrence Public Library about the impact of Gov. Sam Brownback's tax cuts.
KU professor Martin Dickinson's analysis of the state tax cuts signed into law by Gov. Sam Brownback.
Losers:
Employees: Tax rates lowered but employees will carry an increased share of the overall tax burden.
Children awaiting adoption: Adoption credit repealed.
Working parents: Credit for child care credit repealed.
Seniors: Deduction for long-term care insurance repealed.
Low-income persons: Food sales tax refund repealed.
Low-income renters: Property tax refund for renters repealed.
Owners of rental real estate: tax exempt.
Recipients of royalties from minerals, oil, gas, copyrights or patents: tax exempt.
Farmers: tax exempt.
Independent contractors: tax exempt.
Partners, S corporation shareholders, and limited liability company members: tax exempt.
Beneficiaries of trusts and estates: tax exempt.
Martin Dickinson, a Kansas University law professor and nationally recognized authority in tax law, said Saturday the tax cuts Gov. Sam Brownback signed into law will benefit the wealthy, produce revenue shortfalls and possibly prompt gaming of the tax system.
Asked if the tax cuts would lead to economic prosperity, as Brownback has promised, Dickinson said the tax cuts were pushed by supply-side economists.
"Personally, I'm not much of a believer," Dickinson told a crowd of about 100 people at the Douglas County Democratic Party meeting at the Lawrence Public Library, 707 Vt.
Brownback, a conservative Republican, made tax cuts the centerpiece of the 2012 legislative session.
The bill he signed will cut the individual income tax rates of 6.45 percent, 6.25 percent and 3.5 percent to just two rates at 4.9 percent and 3 percent.
It will also eliminate state income taxes for the owners of partnerships, S corporations and limited liability companies. In addition, it exempts from taxes income from farms, royalties on minerals, oil, gas copyrights and patent, and real estate rental income.
"The ramifications of this are really something," Dickinson said about the business tax changes.
For example, he said, in a partnership of physicians, the physicians won't pay state income taxes under the new law, but the nurses, lab techs and clerical workers will continue to pay income taxes.
Brownback has said the changes will stimulate the economy like an adrenaline shot to the heart. He said that the tax cuts will create 22,900 new jobs, give $2 billion more in disposable income to Kansans and increase population by 35,740, in addition to normal population growth.
The tax cuts, Brownback said, will "help make Kansas the best place in America to start and grow a small business." The Brownback administration has said the new law will leave $1.1 billion in the pockets of Kansans during a two-year stretch.
"My faith is in the people of Kansas, not the government's ability to tax and redistribute," Brownback said when he signed the law last month. "They know better how to spend their money, and I believe they will do incredible things with it."
But Dickinson pointed to estimates by the nonpartisan Kansas Legislative Research Department that show the effects of the tax cuts will short the state treasury by $4.5 billion in revenue over the next six years. The current state budget is about $6.6 billion annually.
And the Washington, D.C.-based Institute for Taxation and Economic Policy has stated that the bottom 20 percent of income earners will pay more taxes while the top 1 percent will see the greatest percentage tax cut.
Low-income Kansans will be hit by other aspects of Brownback's tax bill, which does away with the food sales tax refund and a property tax refund for renters. Kansas will join Alabama and Mississippi as the only states that charge sales tax on food and provide no food sales tax rebate for poor people, he said.
Dickinson said that in discussions he has had with two law firms, lawyers predict "the gaming here will be massive" because businesses will reorganize to avoid paying state taxes.
In addition, income earned by independent contractors will be tax exempt.
"There will be employers in Kansas who will have employees come to them and say, 'I want to be an independent contractor,'" Dickinson said.
A person in the audience asked what can be done about this law.
State Sen. Marci Francisco, D-Lawrence, said that even if opponents of the tax plan picked up legislative seats in the next election and were able to amend the law, "the more difficult thing is having a governor who will sign those changes."
Ed Quick, chairman of the Douglas County Democratic Party, said it may take having to elect a new governor in the next gubernatorial election in 2014.
"The more people in Kansas learn about this, there will be an uprising, perhaps," he said.
Consultants recommend renovating Docking state building next to Kansas Capitol
Kansas lawmaker abandons bid for state Senate seat at governor's urging
Advocates push for action on Kansas foster care crisis
Topeka — Natalie Zarate entered state custody when she was 11 years old, removed from a physically abusive mother ...
Lawrence attorney is one of three finalists for Kansas Supreme Court seat
Kansas governor appoints public defender Stacey Donovan as Douglas County judge
Fate of Kansas anti-abortion amendment may rest on when vote is set