memorable. You can easily avail yourself with mental calmness and relaxation through the soothing and peaceful environment of these natural vacation spots.
There are a large number of exotic and spectacular natural vacation spots that are located in different parts of the world. So, if you are also looking out for a perfect holiday destination where you can easily spend some peaceful and great moments with your family members, then you must read thi8s article once. Here in this article, I am going to discuss about some of the necessary facts related to the grand Cottesloe Beach of Australia.
The grand Cottesloe Beach side is located in the Perth City of Western Australia. This grand beachside is located at halfway between the Port of Fremantle and the Perth Central Business District. This grand suburb of Western Australia is very much famous among the tourists for its exotic beaches and spectacular natural beauty. Today, the Cottesloe Beachside of Western Australia is one of the most visited attractions of the Perth City.
This grand beach side is bounded by the Indian Ocean from The Western side, Servetus Street from the Eastern side, North Street from the Northern side and the famous Vlamingh Memorial from the Southern side. The major part of this grand beach side is used for the residential purpose. There is also a shopping area which is located along the Stirling Highway which is very near to the beach side.
In the earlier times, the coast of this grand beach contained a concrete structure named as Ocean Pylon. More than 172000 US dollars were invested in the construction of this structure. This Ocean Pylon was destroyed by the heavy storms in May, 2009. Since that time, this structure is serving as a platform for the divers.
This grand beach offers many adventures and recreations for its visitors like beach cricket, surfing, swimming, windsurfing, fishing, beach volleyball, diving and many other water adventures. You can easily hire the beach accessories that are available in the nearby shops at a reasonable price.
Well, these are some of the essential information about the Cottesloe Beach of Western Australia. Make sure that you do not miss this exotic natural vacation spot during your holidays.
primordial castles or man made monuments. You can easily enjoy the calmness and peaceful atmosphere of natural vacation spots during your holidays.
Well if you are also searching out for a perfect natural holiday destination through which you can easily make your holidays memorable throughout your life, then you must read this article once. Here in this article, I am going to discuss about the grand Coogee Beach and some of the essential facts related to this exotic natural vacation spot.
The grand and majestic Coogee Beach is located in the South Western part of Sydney which is located in the state of New South Wales of Australia. This grand beach of New South Wales is located at a distance of about 8 kilometers from the Sydney Central Business District. This grand beach is also a part of the government area of the City of Randwick. The grand Coogee Beach is also a part of the Eastern suburbs area of New South Wales.
The grand and exotic Coogee Beach is located along the great Tasman Sea and the Coogee Bay which are sited on the Eastern shores of the suburb region. Clovelly Road, Rainbow Street and the Carrington Road lies along the boundaries of the Coogee Beach. There are a number of extra ordinary and majestic attractions which are well enhanced on the beach side. This grand beach of New South Wales is one of the major tourist spot of Australia.
The Coogee Beach comprises of a various swimming baths and a Coogee Aquarium which were opened for the common public on 23rd December, 1887. This grand beach is very much popular for swimming. Tourists from all across the world love to enjoy the pleasure of recreational activities on the shores of this beach. There is also a Coogee Surf Life Saving Club which was founded in the year 1907. Beside surfing and swimming, this grand beach of New South Wales offers many recreational and adventurous sports for its visitors like beach volleyball, skiing, fishing and windsurfing.
The grand Coogee Beach of New South Wales is really one of the best natural vacation spot for the tourists from all across the world. Make sure that you do not miss an exciting visit to this splendid holiday destination.
job. If you are also looking out for an exotic and majestic holiday destination for yourself, then this article of mine can really prove out to be a great help to you. In this article, I am going to discuss about some of the necessary facts related to the grand Maroubra Beach.
Maroubra Beach is located at the South Eastern section of Sydney in New South Wales of Australia. This grand beach is located at a distance of 10 kilometers from the Sydney Central Business District of the city of Randwick. The literal meaning of Marboura is place of Thunder.
The grand Maroubra Beach of New South Wales extends to a length of 1 kilometer on the great Maroubra Bay. There is also a Mahon Pool which is located at the Northern Section of the grand Maroubra Beach. This pool is located near the Mistral Point. A skating park is also sited at the end of the Marboura Beach. You can easily take pleasure of skating and other recreational sports in this great skating park.
The grand Maroubra Beach is well enhanced with two surf clubs which are the major attractions for the visitors of this beach. Maroubra Surf Life Saving Club and South Maroubra Surf Life Saving Club are the two surf clubs. Visitors can easily enjoy various recreational adventures on this exotic beachside. The Maroubra Beach also comprises of the safe swimming area which is concerned with flags of different colors. Swimmers are advised to enjoy swimming within the safe area. This ensures the safety of the visitors of this beach.
There is also a reserve known as the Arthur Byrne Reserve which is located along the wave front of the Maroubra Beach. This reserve comprises of a small park for the children. This park is well enhanced with tables for Picnickers and Barbeque facilities. The Blue Pavilion Building is well enhanced with various facilities for the public. The best time to visit this exotic beach is the summer season when the water capacity is really very high.
The grand Maroubra Beach of New South Wales is really a majestic natural vacation spot. You can easily make your holidays memorable by visiting this grand beach.
holidays with their family members in the midst of natural splendor so that they can easily avail themselves with calmness and mental relaxation. Well if you are also looking out for a beautiful and majestic natural vacation spot where you can easily enjoy with your family members, then this article is surely meant for you.
The grand Bondi Beach is a popular sea side beach which is located in Sydney of Australia. Most of the tourists from all across the world love to enjoy their vacations on this exotic beach every year. This majestic natural vacation spot is really a major attraction for the tourists of Sydney. Below mentioned are some of the essential facts related to the grand Bondi Beach.
The Bondi Beach is located at a distance of 7 kilometers from the Sydney Central Business District which is sited in the Local Government Area in the Eastern suburbs. The literal meaning of Bondi is water breaking over rocks. The beach extends to a length of about 1 kilometer and attracts a large number of tourists through out the year. Today, the grand Bondi Beach is one of the most beautiful beaches of the world.
The Southern section of this grand beach is comprised with a rip current known as the Blackpackers Express. This enables the tourists to enjoy the exotic splendor of this beach rather than walking the long distance through this beach. You can easily enjoy the surfboard riding at the Southern end of this beach because the Southern part is mainly reserved for this purpose.
The safe swimming areas of this grand beach are well enhanced with red and yellow flags. Visitors of this beach are mainly advised to swim within the safe areas. An underwater shark net is also shared during the summer season in order to ensure the safety of the visitors. This grand Bondi Beach has also been declared as a National Heritage Site of Australia in the year 2008.
The grand Bondi Beach offers many sports and recreation activities to its tourists. Beach Marathon, Beach Volleyball, Surfing and many more recreation activities are carried out in this beach.
Well these are some of the mind blowing facts related to the grand Bondi Beach of Sydney. Make sure that you do not miss this exotic natural vacation spot during your next holidays.
is the Great Barrier Reef and the other is the Daintree River. It is amongst the list of best tourist attractions in Australia.
The town of Port Douglas was founded in the year 1877. Initially there were no modes of transport to be found here but with the advent of time it has now become a fully developed township. Though it is a small town but holds great importance among the people of Port Douglas. The local residents of the town now enjoy the company of lots of visitors.
The life in this village is full of excitement as it has numerous bars and clubs. All the visitors who come here surely experience the exciting and the dazzling nightlife of the town. You can get to see some live music along with a few gambling spots also. Gambling is the most famous sorts which are preferred by most of the tourist. Apart from the amazing nightlife there are many golf courses that can be enjoyed with the family. Some of the fun activities include scuba diving, camping and snorkeling.
The Sunday markets are very popular among the people as it is opened only on Sundays and you will get everything from apparels to jewelry to ethnic items and art forms. Though the market is a bit expensive but you will come across only quality products. You can also get famous things that the Port Douglas is known for. So for the people who love shopping can experience the best time of their life.
You can find the finest and the best budgeted accommodation facilities in this town. The hotels and the resorts provide spacious room and cozy atmosphere. Even the dining options are immense so you can enjoy a lot of food varieties. Many water activities are too enjoyed near the beach sides. It is really wonderful to sit by the sea side and feel the soothing environment.
The peak seasons of visiting Port Douglas is in the months of May and September. Even the winters also see lots of visitors and tourist from all over the world. Therefore if you are still waiting then just book your tickets now and make a visit to this attraction which is definitely worth seeing.
can explore something new and natural. So if you are also searching out for such a perfect vacation spot where you can gain some knowledge about the unrevealed facts of nature, then you must read this article once. This article contains some essential facts related to the Pinnacles of Western Australia.
The Pinnacles are cited in the Nambung National Park which is located near the town of Cervantes of the Western Australia. The Pinnacles are the beautifully shaped limestone formations which are contained in this park. It is believed that these limestone structures were not known to the people till the early 1960's. Later on when these structures were added to the Nambung National Park, these formations became one of the famous attractions for the tourists from all across the world as well as the local residents.
This area receives about 250000 tourists from different regions of the world every year. Today, these limestone formations are one of the major tourist attractions of the world. The Pinnacles has become one of the most photographed landmarks of the Nambung National Park. These exotic and spectacular limestone formations have been featured in many Hollywood Movies and music numbers.
It is believed that the raw material for these limestone formations aroused from the sea shells of the rich marine life. These sea shells broke away into lime rich sand which later blew away and formed the high mobile structures. These high and crispy structures were later known as the Pinnacles.
Most of the cerographists believe that these limestone structures were formed due to lime leaching of the Aeolian sand and by the cementing of the lower levels of the lime sand through rain. Many mechanisms related to the formation of the Pinnacles were put forward by many renowned cerographists.
The best season for the tourists to visit the Pinnacles is the spring season from August to October. During this season, the days are long and mild enough which is best suited for most of the visitors. The best suited time to gaze these structures is the early morning or the evening time because the play light reflects the true colors of these formations. The casted shadow of the Pinnacles delivers a spectacular contrast that clearly highlights its features.
Above mentioned are some of the best related facts of the Pinnacles. I am sure that these limestone structures will provoke you to visit here again and again.
of exploring newest things is the vacations. Generally people love to search and investigate for new things during their seasonal holidays. If you also love to gain some knowledge about the primordial facts during your vacations, then this article is really meant for you. This article contains some necessary information about the Devils Marbles of Australia.
The Devils Marbles Conservation Reserve is opened and accessible for the tourists as well as the local residents throughout the year. This reserve includes a number of pathways which are well furnished with information boards as well as a basic camping arena for the visitors. The best time to visit this reserve is between May and October when the native rangers offer several live programs for its visitors.
So these are some of the well known facts about the Devils Marbles. Make sure that you visit these reserves during your vacations and explore a new miracle.
pearly white sandy beaches can easily blow any mind away. The innate spectacles of this amazing place make it stand ahead from the other sunny sandy beaches. Believe me, this place is a real heaven on earth for the true natural lovers.
Coffs Harbour is really an enchanting coastal city positioned on the northern coast of New South Wales and it is located around 540 km away from the north part of Sydney. This place is nearby Newcastle at north and Brisbane at south. Thousands of people come to visit this astonishing and visually striking holiday spot across the world. The vacation season allows tourists coming from the distant corners of the world to escape from their busy lives and enjoy a peaceful break in this heavenly costal area.
It is an innate rural area with abundance of natural beauty and rich cultural heritage. The city holds the merit of offering the most livable climate with scenic landscapes and mountain backdrops. The place comprises of numerous unspoiled sandy beaches with striking sceneries. The place is regarded for incredible tourist attractions and great hospitality. This is also known as the banana land because of the massive banana farming.
The wide array of holiday enchantments encompasses various national parks such as Marine National Park, some vibrant shopping malls apart from the natural attractions. This place is primarily known for the flourishing banana industry and the most popular magnetism of the place is the Big Banana. It is the World's Largest Banana and the most popular export from this superb region. You can feel the aquatic beauty with the underwater diving spot located on a small yet natural reef. The Coffs Harbour Jetty, timber wharf is historically eminent attraction.
You can easily get in to this tremendous city by taking any of the flights by Virgin Blue, QantasLink and Brindabella Airlines departing from Coffs Harbour to Brisbane, Newcastle and Sydney. You can get in to the city buy roadways and trains. However the people of this place are all set to welcome you with their open arms and cordial hearths.
Well, going to this place will be a priceless as well as timeless experience for you. So come here and have a gala time!
combination of manmade as well as natural grandeur. If you want to taste the natural flavor of the small town which is clubbed with matchless beauty and spectacular enchantments, Broken Hill is the virtual heaven for you. This is exactly a small mining town well preferred amongst the Australian visitors.
Broken Hill is positioned around 508 kilometers away from the North-East of Adelaide. It shares its borders with the South Wales and New South Wales. The place was discovered by Charles Rasp, a Boundary Rider in 1883. The place is the biggest deposit of the silver metal across the world. The place has a global reputation for its artists with a total of over 30 galleries. The world famous Saint Patricka's Race Day meeting is proudly hosted by this place. It attracts people from the distant corners of the world.
This place boasts of a huge range of hotels, motels, guest houses, cottages, caravan parks, units and backpackers which are all set to cater you even with in your tight budgets also. You can enjoy the well arranged tours from the local tour companies which offer luxurious tours along with skilled guides and wheel drives. This amazing wonderland is small yet is a center of attraction for the people hailing from different countries.
Some of the amazing sights of this place entail a personalized mine tour, the local museums, School of the Air, nature walks, Royal Flying Doctor Service, the Sculpture Symposium, striking national parks and heritage drives, etc. The Broken Hill is bounded by the faraway towns of White Cliffs, Silverton, Tibooburra along with Menindee. Broken Hill is regarded worldwide as the Silver City that produces a great deal of silver, Zinc and lead.
Being a mining town this place has a lot to offer you which will really take you along to the mining world. You can personally visit some of the mines and mine museums which are consecrated with a sense of art love. Believe me; visiting to this place will give you an unforgettable experience of the hardships that the miners face each and everyday to make us happy. You can feel the real pulse of the local life and their liveliness. If you are an art lover, this is undoubtedly a matchless experience for you. So do not miss to visit this story telling place.


Song lyrics by Big Audio Dynamite. Check-out these awesome song lyrics by the artist, learn every word of your favourite song and sing it like Big Audio Dynamite. Get one of the 7 lyrics and watch the video by artist Big Audio Dynamite.


text:
Setonian Online
The Student Voice of the Hill
L&E
Men's basketball: Bringing the world to SHU and SHU to the world.
As Seton Hill University's (SHU) Men's Basketball embarks on its third season, they are stronger than ever.
Head Coach Tony Morocco is proud of his team and their hard work. He accredits much of the team's success to the cooperation of the administration here at SHU, and also from �many people virtually from all over the world.�
By Caroline Jones,
As men's basketball continues to grow, so does the school's diversity and recognition. With athletes from countries such as Macedonia, Serbia, Puerto Rico and Croatia and also from within the United States from New Jersey, California, Texas, Maine, Virginia, Maryland and Connecticut, the team's diversity draws attention to SHU.
According to Morocco, �With the kids we�ve had and have now, we�re like bringing the world together, feeding off each other's strong points culturally, intellectually and athletically.�
The season has started off with a 3-1 record. The team's overall record for the past two years is a respectable 40-16 which Morocco and the team are very proud of.
As the team is, in what Morocco calls the �toughest NAIA league in the country,� they have set up their schedule to play tough teams–including last year's national champion, a Final Four team and a few NCAA Division II schools. He and assistant coaches Joe Gearde, Mike Katic, Bernie Matthews and Jack Loya believe that playing such tough teams will help the team with all aspects of their game.
Senior guard, Brandon Chaison from Houston, Texas, said, �I expect us to go to the national tournament as long as we come together as a team and play better defense.�
As SHU continues to grow in numbers and diversity, the men's basketball team is a strong part of these changes.
�A lot of people in the athletic community, not just Western Pennsylvania, have begun to recognize us as a university because of our basketball program,� said Morocco.
Although the basketball team's roster shows the most diversity gaining recognition, Morocco said, �I believe the rest of the athletics have allowed even more people to understand who we are, where we are and why they should be part of Seton Hill in the future.�
To view all articles by this writer Click here.
December 6, 2005 in Athletics. Tags: CJones
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Halloween movies bring excitement to the month of October
Greta Van Fleet's Rock 'n' Roll Blues Sound Needs to be in Your Library

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Databinding in OnActivityResult First, I want to tell you that I'm a beginner in coding in Kotlin and this is my first App. Shortly, a part of my App consist in a bluetooth interface and I've decided to use the functionality of databinding instead of the FindViewById.
I want to change the text of the ID status_bluetooth in Fragment_bluetooth when the user click the switch but my app crashes when I try to binding my Views inside OnActivityResult and I don't know why (in the other cases it works). Thanks in advance.
Here the code:
1).kt
import android.app.Activity
import android.bluetooth.BluetoothAdapter
import android.content.Intent
import android.os.Bundle
import android.view.LayoutInflater
import android.view.View
import android.view.ViewGroup
import android.widget.Toast
import androidx.databinding.DataBindingUtil
import androidx.fragment.app.Fragment
import com.example.drinkbf.databinding.FragmentBluetoothBinding

class ConnectivityBluetooth : Fragment() {

    data class Statusbluetooth(
        var status: String = ""
    )

    lateinit var bAdapter: BluetoothAdapter
    private lateinit var STATUS: Statusbluetooth
    private val REQUEST_CODE_ENABLE_BT: Int = 1

    override fun onCreateView(
        inflater: LayoutInflater, container: ViewGroup?, savedInstanceState: Bundle?
    ): View {
        // Inflate the layout for this fragment
        val binding = DataBindingUtil.inflate<FragmentBluetoothBinding>(
            inflater, R.layout.fragment_bluetooth, container, false
        )

        bAdapter = BluetoothAdapter.getDefaultAdapter()

        if (bAdapter.isEnabled) {
            STATUS = Statusbluetooth("Bluetooth is available")
            binding.BluetoothImage.setImageResource(R.drawable.ic_bluetooth_on)
        } else {
            STATUS = Statusbluetooth("Bluetooth isn't available")
            binding.BluetoothImage.setImageResource(R.drawable.ic_bluetooth_off)
        }
        binding.bluetoothSwitch.setOnClickListener {
            if (bAdapter.isEnabled) {
                bAdapter.disable()
                STATUS = Statusbluetooth("Bluetooth isn't available")
                binding.BluetoothImage.setImageResource(R.drawable.ic_bluetooth_off)
                Toast.makeText(requireActivity(), "Bluetooth is disabled", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT)
                    .show()
            } else {
                val intent = Intent(Intent(BluetoothAdapter.ACTION_REQUEST_ENABLE))
                startActivityForResult(intent, REQUEST_CODE_ENABLE_BT)
            }
        }

        binding.statusB = STATUS
        return binding.root
    }
    override fun onActivityResult(requestCode: Int, resultCode: Int, data: Intent?){
        super.onActivityResult(requestCode, resultCode, data)
        if (requestCode == REQUEST_CODE_ENABLE_BT) {
            if (resultCode == Activity.RESULT_OK) {
            }
//I don't know how can i binding here, for example : STATUS = Statusbluetooth("Bluetooth is available")
// binding.BluetoothImage.setImageResource(R.drawable.ic_bluetooth_on)
        }
//binding.statusB = STATUS
    }

}

*XML file (Fragment_bluetooth)

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<layout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools">

    <data>

        <variable
            name="statusB"
            type="com.example.drinkbf.ConnectivityBluetooth.Statusbluetooth" />

    </data>

    <ScrollView
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="match_parent">

        <androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout
            android:id="@+id/linearLayout"
            android:layout_width="match_parent"
            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
            tools:layout_editor_absoluteY="81dp">

            <TextView
                android:id="@+id/status_bluetooth"
                android:layout_width="0dp"
                android:layout_height="wrap_content"
                android:layout_marginBottom="16dp"
                android:gravity="center"
                android:text="@={statusB.status}"
                app:layout_constraintBottom_toTopOf="@+id/BluetoothImage"
                app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
                app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
                app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent" />

            <ImageView
                android:id="@+id/BluetoothImage"
                android:layout_width="100dp"
                android:layout_height="100dp"
                android:layout_marginTop="8dp"
                android:layout_marginBottom="100dp"
                android:contentDescription="@string/icona_bluetooth_OFF"
                android:padding="5dp"
                app:layout_constraintBottom_toTopOf="@+id/bluetooth_switch"
                app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
                app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.498"
                app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
                app:layout_constraintTop_toBottomOf="@+id/discoverable_switch" />

            <Switch
                android:id="@+id/bluetooth_switch"
                android:layout_width="300dp"
                android:layout_height="wrap_content"
                android:layout_marginBottom="20dp"
                android:contentDescription="@string/attiva_disattivaSWITCH"
                android:gravity="start"
                android:text="@string/on_off_switch"
                android:textAlignment="gravity"
                app:layout_constraintBottom_toTopOf="@+id/discoverable_switch"
                app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
                app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.504"
                app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
                app:layout_constraintTop_toBottomOf="@+id/BluetoothImage"
                tools:ignore="UseSwitchCompatOrMaterialXml" />

            <Switch
                android:id="@+id/discoverable_switch"
                android:layout_width="300dp"
                android:layout_height="wrap_content"
                android:layout_marginBottom="20dp"
                android:contentDescription="@string/discoverable"
                android:gravity="start"
                android:text="@string/discoverable"
                android:textAlignment="gravity"
                app:layout_constraintBottom_toTopOf="@+id/textView2"
                app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
                app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
                app:layout_constraintTop_toBottomOf="@+id/bluetooth_switch"
                tools:ignore="UseSwitchCompatOrMaterialXml" />

            <TextView
                android:id="@+id/textView2"
                android:layout_width="0dp"
                android:layout_height="wrap_content"
                android:layout_marginStart="8dp"
                android:text="@string/paired_devices_text"
                app:layout_constraintBottom_toTopOf="@+id/paired_devices"
                app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
                app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.0"
                app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
                app:layout_constraintTop_toBottomOf="@+id/discoverable_switch" />

            <TextView
                android:id="@+id/paired_devices"
                android:layout_width="0dp"
                android:layout_height="wrap_content"
                app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
                app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
                app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="1.0"
                app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
                app:layout_constraintTop_toBottomOf="@+id/textView2" />
        </androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>
    </ScrollView>
</layout>

Errors that appear in androidruntime:
E/AndroidRuntime: FATAL EXCEPTION: main
    Process: com.example.drinkbf, PID: 12743
    java.lang.RuntimeException: Failure delivering result ResultInfo{who=null, request=65537, result=-1, data=null} to activity {com.example.drinkbf/com.example.drinkbf.MainActivity}: kotlin.UninitializedPropertyAccessException: lateinit property binding has not been initialized
        at android.app.ActivityThread.deliverResults(ActivityThread.java:5041)
        at android.app.ActivityThread.handleSendResult(ActivityThread.java:5084)
        at android.app.ActivityThread.-wrap20(Unknown Source:0)
        at android.app.ActivityThread$H.handleMessage(ActivityThread.java:2053)
        at android.os.Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:108)
        at android.os.Looper.loop(Looper.java:166)
        at android.app.ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:7529)
        at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Native Method)
        at com.android.internal.os.Zygote$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(Zygote.java:245)
        at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:921)
     Caused by: kotlin.UninitializedPropertyAccessException: lateinit property binding has not been initialized
        at com.example.drinkbf.ConnectivityBluetooth.onActivityResult(ConnectivityBluetooth.kt:66)
        at androidx.fragment.app.FragmentActivity.onActivityResult(FragmentActivity.java:170)
        at android.app.Activity.dispatchActivityResult(Activity.java:7701)
        at android.app.ActivityThread.deliverResults(ActivityThread.java:5037)
        at android.app.ActivityThread.handleSendResult(ActivityThread.java:5084)
        at android.app.ActivityThread.-wrap20(Unknown Source:0)
        at android.app.ActivityThread$H.handleMessage(ActivityThread.java:2053)
        at android.os.Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:108)
        at android.os.Looper.loop(Looper.java:166)
        at android.app.ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:7529)
        at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Native Method)
        at com.android.internal.os.Zygote$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(Zygote.java:245)
        at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:921)

A: Make binding a global variable, initialize it in onCreateView, that way you can use binding variable through out the class.
That is:
private lateinit var binding:FragmentBluetoothBinding // global variable

    override fun onCreateView(
        inflater: LayoutInflater, container: ViewGroup?, savedInstanceState: Bundle?
    ): View {
        // Initialize it here
         binding =
        DataBindingUtil.inflate<FragmentBluetoothBinding>(
            inflater, R.layout.fragment_bluetooth, container, false
           )

        return binding.root
     }

      override fun onActivityResult() {
         binding // It's valid here
    }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Public Transport in Mumbai: Challenges Faced by the Disabled Community
Ava Gilder
People with Disabilities (PwDs) are an extremely marginalised community in India. Although they have access to concessions and reservations for travel amongst other things, physica accessibility is still lacking. Scholarship concerning disability (and accessibility) in India is limited, and general awareness regarding PwDs and disabilities is lacking. Therefore, it is difficult to take the necessary steps that will provide PwDs with a better standard of living and quality of life. The objective of this study is to understand how people with cerebral palsy use public transport for their daily travels in Mumbai. It employs in-depth interviews and the interviewees are people with cerebral palsy or their care-givers. The study provides recommendations for provisions to improve social and physical accessibility for PwDs, which can lead to more inclusion.
Adjusting to life with a disability, especially if that disability has been a part of someone since birth, becomes exponentially harder in a world that does not accommodate different needs of individuals. The potential risks that a person with a disability faces each day can seem insurmountable. Even simple tasks, like wearing a shirt, can be challenging. In an ideal world, adaptability would be easy, because the external, physical environment would accommodate such needs.
This paper aims to understand how people with cerebral palsy use public transport for their daily travels in Mumbai. According to the 2011 census (Ministry of Home Affairs, 2011), people with disabilities account for 2.21% of the Indian population which amounts to 2.68 crore people. Of these, 31%, i.e. 0.81 crore people, live in urban areas- a large number, even considering India's total population of 121 crore. Ignoring the needs of this group of people is unethical on the part of the government, whose job it is to protect and provide for each citizen in the country. Instead, people with disabilities are ostracised in the society and are looked down as second-class citizens. Though certain steps have been taken to help PwDs have a better standard of living, accessibility is a large factor that prevents them from living productive lives. They should be able to travel and do basic things independently without depending on anyone else for support.
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a common neurodevelopmental condition that occurs at the prenatal, natal, and postnatal stages, due to injury to the developing brain (Indian Institute of Cerebral Palsy, 2020). Difficulties include movement and walking, learning disabilities, speech difficulties, epilepsy, joint problems and spinal deformities. It is a disability that has been highly stigmatised and consistently been ignored in India. There are 4 four different types of CP, each characterised by muscle tone- hypotonia, i.e. low muscle tone, causing a loss of strength and firmness, and hypertonia, i.e. high muscle tone, causing rigidity and spasmodic movement. The four types of CP are- spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed (Sankar & Mundkur, 2005).
Two guiding principles of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) are 'equality of opportunity' and 'accessibility'. Article 9 of the CRPD ('accessibility') states that "…States, Parties shall take appropriate measures to ensure to persons with disabilities access, on an equal basis with others, to the physical environment, to transportation." This includes the identification and elimination of obstacles that may hinder accessibility and also applies to transportation. Article 20 of the CRPD states that the government should "take effective measures to ensure personal mobility of the PwD, with the greatest possible independence." This includes providing adequate methods of personal mobility at an affordable cost and convenience, as well as training in personal mobility to the person and skills training to staff working with PwDs. Along with this, Article 28 states that PwDs "have the right to an adequate standard of living, and continuous improvement of living conditions and the government will take steps to ensure that no discrimination on the basis of disability is caused." Though these provisions do not explicitly mention travel, the phrase "adequate standard of living" can be understood to include the use of public transport that is widely available in the city of Mumbai.
For a typical Mumbaikar, using the public transport system is easy, fast, inexpensive, and convenient. The local train and bus systems are extensive. Some parts of the city also have auto-rickshaws for short commutes. In addition to these, the iconic 'kaali-peeli' (black and yellow) cabs are used by everyone. Private transport companies like OlaCabs and Uber, launched in 2010 and 2013 respectively, are also used for daily travel within the city. The local trains in Mumbai run for almost 24 hours every day, and are available at 2-3-minute intervals, and both first- and second-class compartments are available. There are also separate compartments for women, people suffering from terminal illnesses, and PwDs. The public bus system in Mumbai, managed by the Bombay Electric Supply and Transport Company (BEST), is one of the most well-connected bus systems in India. The tickets are cheap, and there are reserved seats for women and PwDs. Taxis are available throughout the city while auto-rickshaws are only available in the suburbs. Both taxis and auto-rickshaws charge the customer based on distance travelled and are more expensive than the bus and train. OlaCabs and Uber, although new in the market, are doing extremely well in Mumbai. Both firms have launched an auto-rickshaw service as well, and in the case of Uber, even motorbike rides in some parts of the country, like Jaipur and Delhi. These are the most expensive modes of travel in Mumbai, excepting using privately owned vehicles.
While initiatives like the CRPD, travel concessions, and seat reservations for PwDs are positive steps, there needs to be radical transformation in society's attitude towards PwDs. There are many accessibility issues when it comes to using wheelchairs, a personal mobility device used by most people with cerebral palsy, on public transport. The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, which replaced the Persons with Disabilities Act, 1995, was passed to fulfil India's obligation to UNCRPD. The act allows the government two years to ensure that PwDs get 'barrier-free access' to all physical infrastructures and transport systems ("The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act," 2016). However, it is still unclear whether these changes have been made, especially with regards to public transport in Mumbai. Though fare concessions are given to PwDs, this is not enough to assure physical accessibility. Most train stations in Mumbai lack ramps and elevators, and accessibility has been ignored even in the newly built metro stations, even though India has signed and ratified the UNCRPD in 2007 and has also updated the act, which caters to people with disabilities.
The Accessible India Campaign, launched in 2015 by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, is a three-part program for achieving universal accessibility for PwDs (Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, 2015). The second component of the campaign addresses accessibility of the transportation system. It addresses the need for accessible airports, train stations, and government-owned public transport carriers. The goal was to make all A1, A and B categories of railway stations to be completely accessible by July 2016, and to have 50% of stations in the country be fully accessible by March 2018. Additionally, by March 2018, 25% of government-owned public transport carriers were meant to be converted into fully accessible carriers (Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, 2015).
Scholarship on disability in India is limited. Studies relating to accessibility issues are based on experiences in western countries, where most PwDs have access to their own means of transportation, or at the least, better accessibility when it comes to public transport like subways and buses. Further, in India, as we have seen previously, the societal attitude towards people with disabilities is one of ignorance and fear. A 2005 study found that it would be easier to change societal attitudes rather than personal attitudes; and actual interaction with a PwD helps more than just giving the person information about the disability (Daruwalla & Darcy, 2005).
Another study by Yau et al. (2004) used a qualitative method of study to explore the tourism experiences of people with disabilities. They suggested that there were five stages of becoming 'travel active'. These stages are personal, re-connection, tourism analysis, physical journey, and experimentation and reflection. They argue that without family's financial, physical, and psychological support, it is difficult for the PwD to go on tours and vacation, despite personal acceptance of the disability. PwDs are expected to become passive and not live full, independent lives. However, this does not have to be true. If the physical and social environments accommodate different types and stages of abilities, PwDs can live fully and independently. This study is focused on PwDs in Chinese culture and argues that "A prevailing social attitude exists that those with disabilities are not worthy of having or wanting anything but the sheer basics of life. They are expected to be sad, feel like a burden on their families, and be inactive" (Yau et al., 2004, p. 7). Unfortunately, this is true even in Indian society, and we need to make the effort to be more inclusive in our everyday lives. The tourism analysis stage states that PwDs must do more research than their abled counterparts, to make sure that routes, hotels, restaurants, etc. are accessible; they may have to call ahead and check the validity of information, as what is published on the internet may not be true. Substantial pre-planning is necessary for a successful commute. In the physical journey stage, the authors say that PwDs must compromise, possibly in terms of uncomfortable hotel accommodation, physical and ecological barriers, inaccessible tour attractions, or forsaking certain activities. Of course, these compromises are not always by choice. Additionally, often, flight crews are not properly trained to handle personal mobility devices like wheelchairs, leading to damaged property, missing batteries, and even lost luggage.
R.W Smith delineates barriers that could "undermine the freedom" of tourists with disabilities. He categorizes them as intrinsic barriers, environmental barriers, and interactive barriers (Smith, 1987). The combined effect of all these barriers lessens the leisure and satisfaction derived from tourism for PwDs, thereby discouraging them from travelling again. Intrinsic barriers are caused by an individual's own cognitive, psychological, and physical functioning level. It also includes factors that are secondary to their medical diagnoses, like parental over-protection, lack of knowledge, and dependency. Environmental barriers are those which are external to the PwD. These are imposed on the tourist by physical or social forces and can include peoples' attitudes, the architecture of an area, transportation, ecology, and differing rules and regulations. Interactive barriers come from the interaction between the PwD and the existing environmental surroundings. The two major interactive barriers are language, and skill-challenge, i.e. lack of skill or ability. Malini Chib (2003) narrates in a humorous manner her experiences and impressions of each city she has been to. The stories are funny, but upon reading between the lines, they highlight issues of physical wheelchair access, and sometimes the difficulties of social barriers (Chib, 2003). In the essay on her experiences in London, for example, she highlights the difficulties of finding a flat to rent due to accommodation issues including movement of wheelchair. At the age of 28, she was finally allowed to use her wheelchair alone, and this could be done because the pavements were smooth and conducive to a powered wheelchair. She also uses the Stationlink, a bus that is specially engineered keeping in mind PwDs and their wheelchairs. She also makes an effort to do things like any other 28-year-old, like going to clubs and bars, regardless of the strange looks she gets. She also talks about using her Lightwriter, a speech-generating device made by Toby Churchill in 1969, as people are unable to understand her speaking voice. Additionally, she has written about her own life experiences of living with cerebral palsy (Chib, 2009). She is fortunate enough to have been born into an upper middle class family. Her family was incredibly proactive in helping her deal with disability, with her mother, Dr. Mithu Alur, even starting one of India's best special schools and NGO – ADAPT (Able Disabled All People Together). She was able to spend most of her formative years in London and receive good education. She highlights the problems they faced in 1970s India with regards to a severe lack of information and medical assistance. She explores her experiences further in her autobiographical book, One Little Finger (Chib, 2011). The book is a personal account of her life and her struggles with CP.
As mentioned before, her mother, Dr. Mithu Alur was an extremely illustrious woman. She is credited with bringing the disability rights movement to India at a time where there was little to no information and social awareness about disabilities. She also brought a method of care and rehabilitation for PwDs. Further, she initiated a model of education that integrated health and learning for children with disabilities (CwDs), which is now being used across 24 states in India, as well as a widely used model of teacher training. For her doctorate research, she studied the policy and the status of people with disabilities in India. Internalising change individually is something she stresses through this study (Alur, 2001). She argues that most national policies, even when created with India's diverse population in mind, tend to ignore PwDs. Education needs to be culture- and context-specific, and small steps can be taken toward inclusion and improvement, even though there is a lack of systemic change. Though she is very focused on education and policy, rather than public transportation, she is one of the few academics writing about disability issues in India, and her work is extremely valuable in understanding the challenges that PwDs face.
Davies et al. studied the use of PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) based software, with integrated GPS technology to help intellectually disabled people navigate the bus system in the United Kingdom. In the study, 73% of the participants reported that they were able to use it to navigate successfully on a new bus route (Davies et al., 2010). Currie and Stanley explore the use of poor public transport by marginalised communities in Australia. They also study the disabled community and outline the relationship between transport disadvantage and social exclusion (Currie et al., 2007).
Each participant PwD was administered the same questionnaire, which had been validated by two experts from the field. The study is qualitative and uses primary data (from personal interviews) to ascertain the use of public transport by PwDs. It also seeks to determine why people with cerebral palsy use, or as the case may be, do not use public transport in Mumbai. The study has a very descriptive research design, which makes use of primary data to understand the 'how' and 'why' of the situation. The study has used the method of in-depth, semi-structured interviews to understand the use of public transport by people with CP. The interviews were conducted with people between the ages of 6-60 and affected by cerebral palsy. In case of severe disability, the caregiver of the PwD provided the answers on their behalf.
The pilot study looked at five PwDs across the CP spectrum. However, it was found that gathering more primary data might be prudent for this study considering that the pilot study consisted of people from a lower socio-economic background. The total number of participants is nine. The research studied public transport, i.e. auto rickshaws, cabs, local trains, buses, and private cab companies like Ola and Uber. These were selected because these are the transport facilities most commonly used by people in Mumbai. Mumbai's local train system is one of the most convenient in the country and is used by 7.5 million people a day (Rao, 2017). Cerebral palsy was chosen to be the focus of the study due to previous experience of the researcher in working with children with CP at the aforementioned special school in Mumbai, Able Disabled All People Together (ADAPT). Additionally, cerebral palsy is a disability that, in its most severe cases, affects the motor capabilities of an individual, causing the person to need assistance with physical movements, and additional technology.
The questions have been structured according to the Kirkpatrick model of training evaluation (Kurt, 2018). The four levels in the Kirkpatrick model are reaction, learning, behavior, and results. As such, the questionnaire for the study has been divided into four sections pre-travel, during travel, post-travel, and general questions. Most of the questions were open-ended, i.e., open to further elaboration from participants. A similar method of semi-structured, in-depth interviews is used by Simon Darcy (2012).
The pre-travel questions include understanding how a PwD and their caregiver plan the daily trips, whether these are pre-booked or spontaneous, and how they ensure the safety of the PwD before the travel. For people with access to private transportation, this would not be much of a problem, but for those who are less financially able, public transport is something that they should be able to rely on for daily travel. The difficulties that can be anticipated are the cumbersome nature of the wheelchair and the lack of help from the ticket collectors in the train and the bus conductors. There is also a lack of awareness among the staff at the train station and on the bus. The 'during travel' questions seek to understand how PwDs deal with issues like lack of physical accessibility, large crowds if they are travelling during rush hour and the attitude of other commuters. The 'post-travel' questions focus on the necessary re-orientation for the PwDs to avoid any possible triggers for epileptic, anxiety, or panic attacks. The general questions are more conversational and try to understand issues like what PwDs do in case of a public transport strike, or whether they receive any concessions for travel either from the government or from their school.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
The scope of this study is to find out how people with cerebral palsy use public transport in the city of Mumbai. Most researchers focus on tourism-based travel, instead of daily travel. Additionally, not many researchers focus on one kind of disability as this paper does. However, every disability is different, making tourism-based papers too general. Each person with a disability might struggle with a different verbal, motor, or cerebral difficulty which makes it harder to find a common solution to benefit everyone. A limitation of this study is the small sample size. Due to a small sample size, as well as limited diversity within the sample, these interviews do not convey the extent to which people with cerebral palsy struggle to have physical mobility in Mumbai. Mumbai is a tier-one city and understanding the nature of problems in that city may help with understanding issues around people dealing with similar issues in other tier-one cities. These cities could make the necessary improvements that are needed to create a more accessible environment, leading to easier movement for PwDs. There is also a lack of previous research to refer to, especially in the Indian context. The hypothesis for this study is that it is almost impossible to use public transport in Mumbai as a person with severe cerebral palsy unless one is financially privileged enough to own a wheelchair or a car, or even to hire an auto rickshaw or a cab.
The results of the study have proven the hypothesis correct. The answers given by the participants have remained largely consistent, the differences lying mainly with age and socio-economic status. However, since the study has a small sample, these results may also be inconclusive. A total of nine participants took part in the study. Only two participants were able to directly respond, while the rest depended on their caregivers to provide answers, as they were either non-verbal or too young to understand what was happening. The ratio of women to men participants was 5:4. Out of the nine respondents, only four went to school. One participant is still in school, while the rest have either not yet joined or graduated. The three people who have graduated are working. One is a teacher, one is a hair salon manager, and one works as a consultant and auditor for businesses to make them more disabled-friendly. Only the teacher is both verbal and mobile, while the manager is non-mobile, and can speak with assistance, and the consultant is verbal, but not mobile. None of the participants are married.
Five out of nine participants are residents of Dharavi, which is Asia's biggest slum area. Most of the residents there are second generation residents; they had migrated from rural areas to urban Mumbai to make a better life for themselves, but have struggled to do so. These five participants do not have access to schools, or wheelchairs, which are necessary for non-mobile PwDs. They also spent less than INR 100 in a month on transport, whereas the others' monthly expenditure ranged between INR 1000, and INR 10,000. Out of these five, four of them needed wheelchairs for movement. These four participants did not have permanent access to a wheelchair, as opposed to two other participants who were privileged enough to own two wheelchairs, one for everyday use and another for backup.
Three out of nine participants had family cars that they were able to use instead of public transport. Only one participant was mobile enough to use trains and buses. However, this participant was the oldest participant, and said that they currently use only auto rickshaws and cabs for fear of being pushed, or falling down, which has happened earlier. Four participants from Dharavi said that they neither had any outside help, nor support from their extended families, while the last one had the help of many family members. The other four participants had help from their families, as well as outside help when needed. Outside help, in this context, means the people who are hired specially to help the PwD, or the drivers of the cars they take. None of the participants had been offered any reduction in school fees, any financial aid from the government, or any other kind of assistance like donations or disability certificates.
None of the participants used private cab companies like Ola or Uber unless in an emergency. Two participants in wheelchairs said that when they did try to avail the service, the drivers were not adequately trained on how to handle the wheelchair, and thus just stood by and waited for them to embark and disembark with the help of only one other person, which is an extremely difficult task for only one person to handle, especially when the PwD is a full-grown adult.
One participant was a 6-year-old daughter of a rickshawala, who said that his daughter could not go to school, or use any form of public transport, so he took her on auto-rickshaw rides so she could see new places in the city and also get some fresh air and spend time away from the small room the family of five shared. He said, "She is happy in the rickshaw, she likes to sit at the back, and she can understand what is happening."
Another interviewee was a single mother working two jobs to provide for her four children, the oldest of whom went to school. She moved to Mumbai with her husband, who then left her to fend for herself and their children. They lived in a room with only one small cot and a sink. To get to their room, one had to climb up an extremely unsafe metal ladder through a small opening. Her child almost never went outside the house unless there was a medical emergency, as the mother could not afford it, nor did she have the time. The child was looked after by his older brother who is only 14 years old, as he stopped his schooling after the ninth grade to help his mother. The mother works as a domestic help in a house close by, and said she still does not earn enough for schooling for all her children, let alone one with cerebral palsy. She said her son does not even have a birth certificate, so she cannot enroll him in a school. In addition to this, she also did not know that there were schools for children with disabilities. She was also unaware of any concessions that could be made in terms of travel. When going for medical visits at Haji Ali, she said she took him by train with a lot of difficulty. Since he has stiff limbs due to the disability, he needs a lot of help with movement, which makes it extremely difficult for her to take him anywhere.
Another mother who was speaking for her child broke down during the interview, as she did not know how to help her son beyond a certain point, and the family did not have enough money to eat well, let alone for schooling and medication for their child. She is a stay-at-home mother, taking care of her three children along with her husband. While she does the daily housework, her attention is also on her son, as he cannot walk and thus his movement is severely restricted.
Another interviewee said that she was told not to bring her five-year-old child back to the school he was enrolled in because they did not have the resources to teach "someone like him." He also fell sick frequently, due to low immunity and borderline malnourishment. In addition to taking care of her son with cerebral palsy, she also takes care of another child, as well as an ailing senior citizen.
Eide et al. (2011) outline the fact that people living in poverty live in far worse hygienic conditions than those living with clean water and a good sewage system. They also say that cultural beliefs and attitudes play an important part in the lives of young children. They argue that, to overcome poverty, people with disabilities need opportunity, empowerment, and security. However, when the government does not even provide adequate transport for people with disabilities to travel in their daily lives, perhaps to the hospital, it is difficult for them to believe that society cares about their health and well-being. It is possible for people with less severe cerebral palsy to be a contributing part of society, as seen by three participants in this study. Further, they suggest that education is necessary to overcome poverty. For PwDs, access to education can be difficult, primarily because of social stigma. The segregation of mainstream schools and special schools should be cancelled, and inclusive methods of learning must be introduced.
When it comes to daily travel and public transport, it should be the responsibility of the government to make our roads and public transport accessible. Wheelchairs are a basic necessity for non-mobile people with cerebral palsy, and with them, so are wheelchair ramps. In India, the cost for a basic wheelchair ranges anywhere from INR 4,999 to INR 10,000.
Disability, rather than being a static concept, is a spectrum. There are four broad categories of disability- neurological, speech and hearing, physical, and psychiatric disabilities. Often, people with disabilities have a combination of these four categories. It is important to take into account accessibility for all four categories, even though this paper focuses only on one type of disability. We must also remember that not all disabilities are permanent. For example, even pregnancy could be considered a physical disability for the period of nine months. A heavily pregnant woman will not be able to climb up and down stairs in a crowded station, nor will she be able to climb up onto the train in less than ten seconds. It is society's responsibility to make transportation in daily life easier for people with disabilities.
Though there are special compartments in the local trains for people with disabilities, the train barely stops at the platform for more than 30 seconds, which is not enough time for someone on a wheelchair to get on. In fact, reaching the platforms in the first place is also a difficult task. Local train stations in Mumbai fail accessibility tests, as there are no ramps or elevators to get from the ticket booth to the platform; there are only stairs. Elevators, if available are placed out of the way, in a corner far from the platform. In addition, there is a big gap between the train and the platform, and it is impossible for a wheelchair user to get on and off the trains without help.
Travelling on buses is also not easy for PwDs. The bus conductors are not trained to help, and the step to climb into the bus is placed too high for the person in a wheelchair to access. Even if they are not in a wheelchair, they might still have issues with their muscles, and climbing on and off such a height could be very dangerous. There are also no places reserved for people with disabilities. There is also no space for wheelchairs at the front of the bus like some western countries have.
Ola and Uber cabs are not equipped with the correct materials to handle a wheelchair and are often only used as a last resort. The drivers are not trained either and often lack the sensitivity to help a person with disabilities. Not everyone has access to a personal vehicle, and as large corporations, Ola and Uber should take the initiative to install hydraulic lifts in at least some of their vehicles. According to a 2018 article by the Economic Times, Ola and Uber have 35,000 to 40,000 cars in the city of Mumbai (Shrivastava, 2018). These lifts can be expensive, but in the long run it could prove beneficial to the companies.
This paper does not look at the Metro and Monorail in Mumbai since they have only one line each and provide limited services. In an audit conducted in 2014, three auditors on wheelchairs found that it was passable, but more work needed to be done in terms of the infrastructure and services offered. For example, there was no return ticket system; instead each time one wanted to ride the monorail, a new ticket had to be bought (Pinto, 2014).
Steps Taken by Other Metropolitan Cities in India
In January 2019, the Delhi government announced acquisition of new, wheelchair-friendly buses with three doors instead of two (Goswami, 2019). Currently, only 3,750 out of Delhi's total 5,443 buses are accessible to PwDs, and only accommodates limited categories of disabilities. The new buses will have hydraulic lifts, as well as additional space to park the wheelchair. The bus will also have GPS trackers, CCTV cameras, and panic buttons. Hopefully, the bus stops will also be updated to accommodate PwDs, and the buses will stop near to the designated stops. It is yet to be seen whether the bus conductors and drivers will receive appropriate training on how to handle the hydraulic lifts as well as wheelchairs (Goswami, 2019).
In June 2019, the government of Goa announced that it would be launching wheelchair-accessible school buses for the students of Sanjay Centre for Special Education in Porvorim. This is an excellent step forward for providing an equal platform for school students in Goa, and with the help of the state government should also be implemented in Mumbai (ANI, 2019).
Taxi service EzyMov, is a taxi company for people in wheelchairs. However, it is not a solution for everyone, as they can be expensive. The advantages of this company, however, is that it functions almost exactly as an Ola or an Uber, except the booking has to be done a day in advance. They have vans that are fitted with hydraulic lifts, as well as completely trained and sensitised drivers to help the wheelchair-bound passenger. The cost of their services depend on the duration and the transport required, and prices range from a base fare of INR 300 to INR 500 for 5 kilometres for 13 hours, with added cost for distance travelled. They also offer rental packages based on the duration and the length traveled (EzyMov, Personal Interview, May 2020)
Further, it can be noted that there is a city in Spain that has imposed a complete ban on private cars. The citizens of Pontevedra get around entirely on foot, and everything is within walking distance. Mayor Miguel Lores made the entire city car-free in 1999, and made everything accessible, for the city's most vulnerable population, i.e., the elderly, people with disabilities, and children. Lores pointed out the importance of reclaiming public spaces that were overtaken by private vehicles (Burgen, 2018). It is understandable that such a practice might not be effective in a city as congested as Mumbai, but it is a leap forward for accessibility and for environmental sustainability.
Able-bodied people have the privilege of not having to think twice about something as mundane as daily travel. As we can see from this study, the struggles for people with cerebral palsy are immense, and while steps are being taken to relieve the stress, it is not enough. It is difficult for able-bodied people to understand the troubles and travails of people with cerebral palsy. The researcher hopes that this paper has been able to contribute to disability studies in India and that this might be a topic that more people will find not only interesting but necessary to study to make Mumbai a truly inclusive and accessible city.
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The goal should be creating a heart-shaped or kiwi-shaped face while maintaining the original balance of the facial features, but not creating an inverted triangle. If you focus on creating a sharp chin, it could lead to an elongated face where the forehead and cheekbones look more pronounced than desired (Image 5).
Image 5. Heart or Kiwi shape.
Along with the frontal face, the profile of the face also needs the right amount of concavity and convexity. This does not mean you need to focus too much on angles or numbers. The goal should be to crate the ideal 4S lines; forehead to nose, nose to lips, lips to mentum and the ogee curve that forms in a smile over the frontal cheekbone (Image 6).
Image 6. Facial 4S lines for ideal facial profile.
To achieve this, use fillers with different consistencies as suitable for each facial area to create different densities in soft tissues. For example, firm filler injected into the subSMAS (superficial musculoaponeurotic system) layer increases the density below SMAS and when the tissue expansion occurs, the SMAS is pushed upward. In response to this tension, homeostatic function of surrounding connective tissue leads to skin stretching and lifting effect.
I call this technique "SMAS Tightening Technique." Injecting relatively firm filler into the subSMAS space leads to SMAS tightening from projection and this tightening effect pulls on the surrounding tissues.
I have paired treatment site and adjacent areas that experience SMAS tightening and lifting effect as following; anteromedial cheek injection – nasolabial fold tightening, nasolabial fold injection – upper lip lifting, buccal cheek injection – lower lip lifting, prejowl injection – mentum lifting, and lateral cheek injection – jawline lifting (Image 7).
Image 7. Mechanism of the SMAS-tightening technique.
These effects are possible because anatomically, SMAS lie over the facial bone in different depths and the skin is attached to the SMAS and is influenced by the change of the SMAS layer. Moreover, as I have discussed in the previous cadaver study using gelatin, facial soft tissues are divided into superficial and deep fibroadipose connective tissue layers. These two connective tissues take on different behavior and shape based on how they are influenced by the SMAS. Injecting fillers with different viscosity and elasticity in varying amounts in these two layers can bring desired volumization with smiling and lifting effects (Image 8).
Image 8. Injection of 2gels with different properties.


text:
California Hollow is a valley in the Black Mountains in Beaver and Iron County, Utah. Its mouth lies at an elevation of . It heads at , at an elevation of 6,940 feet, in Beaver County.

History
California Hollow lay along part of the original route of what was known during the California Gold Rush as the Southern Route of the California Trail, (later the Mormon Road), which passed over the Black Mountains between Greenville, Utah and Muley Point, on the way to California. In 1855 the Mormon Road was realigned eastward from this old route over the Black Mountains to one from a crossing at Beaver, Utah to Muley Point through more wagon friendly terrain in Nevershine Hollow and over Beaver Ridge into the canyon of Fremont Wash that rejoined the original road above Muley Point.

References

Valleys of Beaver County, Utah
Valleys of Iron County, Utah
Valleys of Utah
Old Spanish Trail (trade route)
Mormon Road

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: USB microphone audio quality gets choppy after some time I use a Fifine USB Mic on a 2018 Macbook Pro with MacOS Monterey 12.6.1, in clamshell mode with 2 monitors connected through a Caldigit TS3 dock. After some time, coworkers on Zoom will tell me my audio is choppy and sounds like it is repeating. This seems to not be an issue with the mic, but something within MacOS because if I switch to the mic built into my webcam, it has the same problem.
If I open Quicktime and do an audio recording, the time and file size increase rapidly for some reason when using any USB mic source. See the below screen capture of this behavior. You will notice after only recording a few seconds, the length is 11m50s and the file size is 68MB.

If I open the computer up and do the same audio recording test using the built-in mic, there is no issue with the audio quality, time or file size.
Here is how the mic appears in Audio MIDI Setup:

This issue is irritating and I only know it's happening when someone else tells me since I can't hear it on my end. The only solution I have found is to restart the computer and it will work for some time until it happens again. Here is what I have tried that does not work but my Quicktime audio test always has issues:

*

*Unplug mic, plug back in

*Unplug mic from Caldigit TS3 Dock, plug into Macbook Pro with USB-C adapter or vice-versa

*Use computer off dock with just USB mic plugged in

*Restart the coreaudiod service: sudo pkill coreaudiod
Hoping anyone can shed light on what causes this problem or any other fixes. Thanks!


text:
Clarens ist der Name folgender Orte:

 Clarens (Südafrika), in der Gemeinde Dihlabeng, Distrikt Thabo Mofutsanyane, Provinz Freistaat
 Clarens (Hautes-Pyrénées), Frankreich
 Clarens VD, Vorort von Montreux am Genfersee, Schweiz

Siehe auch:
 Clarens-Chailly-Blonay-Bahn (Compagnie du chemin de fer Clarens–Chailly–Blonay, ehemalige Schweizer Meterspurbahn)
 Baye de Clarens (Wildbach im Bezirk Riviera-Pays-d'Enhaut, Kanton Waadt, Schweiz)
 Clarensac (Gemeinde im Département Gard, Region Languedoc-Roussillon-Midi-Pyrénées, Frankreich)
 Clarentza (Glarentza, mittelalterliche griechische Stadt)
 Clarenz (Josef Clarenz, 1897–1972)
 Clarence (Begriffsklärung)


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With 5 clinical centers worldwide and a database of more than 5,000 active volunteers, IDEA Clinic's experts (dermatologists, ophtalmologists, pediatricians, gynaecologists) advise you on your tolerance studies. IDEA Clinic also has a clinical efficacy department at the cutting edge of technology: fringe projection, picture booths, image analysis. Adapting our techniques and our know-how to changing technology and to your products' claims is our priority.