text:
Impacts of Biodiversity Loss on Ocean Ecosystem Services
Boris Worm1,*,
Edward B. Barbier2,
Nicola Beaumont3,
J. Emmett Duffy4,
Carl Folke5,6,
Benjamin S. Halpern7,
Jeremy B. C. Jackson8,9,
Heike K. Lotze1,
Fiorenza Micheli10,
Stephen R. Palumbi10,
Enric Sala8,
Kimberley A. Selkoe7,
John J. Stachowicz11,
Reg Watson12
1 Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4J1.
2 Department of Economics and Finance, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
3 Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK.
4 Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences, Gloucester Point, VA 23062–1346, USA.
5 Department of Systems Ecology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106 91 Sweden.
6 Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, SE-104 05, Stockholm, Sweden.
7 National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA.
8 Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093–0202, USA.
9 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 2072, Balboa, Republic of Panama.
10 Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA.
11 Section of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
12 Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4.
↵* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: bworm{at}dal.ca
Science 03 Nov 2006:
Vol. 314, Issue 5800, pp. 787-790
Edward B. Barbier
Nicola Beaumont
J. Emmett Duffy
Carl Folke
Benjamin S. Halpern
Jeremy B. C. Jackson
Heike K. Lotze
Fiorenza Micheli
Stephen R. Palumbi
Enric Sala
Kimberley A. Selkoe
John J. Stachowicz
Reg Watson
Human-dominated marine ecosystems are experiencing accelerating loss of populations and species, with largely unknown consequences. We analyzed local experiments, long-term regional time series, and global fisheries data to test how biodiversity loss affects marine ecosystem services across temporal and spatial scales. Overall, rates of resource collapse increased and recovery potential, stability, and water quality decreased exponentially with declining diversity. Restoration of biodiversity, in contrast, increased productivity fourfold and decreased variability by 21%, on average. We conclude that marine biodiversity loss is increasingly impairing the ocean's capacity to provide food, maintain water quality, and recover from perturbations. Yet available data suggest that at this point, these trends are still reversible.
What is the role of biodiversity in maintaining the ecosystem services on which a growing human population depends? Recent surveys of the terrestrial literature suggest that local species richness may enhance ecosystem productivity and stability (1–3). However, the importance of biodiversity changes at the landscape level is less clear, and the lessons from local experiments and theory do not seem to easily extend to long-term, large-scale management decisions (3). These issues are particularly enigmatic for the world's oceans, which are geographically large and taxonomically complex, making the scaling up from local to global scales potentially more difficult (4). Marine ecosystems provide a wide variety of goods and services, including vital food resources for millions of people (5, 6). A large and increasing proportion of our population lives close to the coast; thus the loss of services such as flood control and waste detoxification can have disastrous consequences (7, 8). Changes in marine biodiversity are directly caused by exploitation, pollution, and habitat destruction, or indirectly through climate change and related perturbations of ocean biogeochemistry (9–13). Although marine extinctions are only slowly uncovered at the global scale (9), regional ecosystems such as estuaries (10), coral reefs (11), and coastal (12) and oceanic fish communities (13) are rapidly losing populations, species, or entire functional groups. Although it is clear that particular species provide critical services to society (6), the role of biodiversity per se remains untested at the ecosystem level (14). We analyzed the effects of changes in marine biodiversity on fundamental ecosystem services by combining available data from sources ranging from small-scale experiments to global fisheries.
Experiments. We first used meta-analysis of published data to examine the effects of variation in marine diversity (genetic or species richness) on primary and secondary productivity, resource use, nutrient cycling, and ecosystem stability in 32 controlled experiments. Such effects have been contentiously debated, particularly in the marine realm, where high diversity and connectivity may blur any deterministic effect of local biodiversity on ecosystem functioning (1). Yet when the available experimental data are combined (15), they reveal a strikingly general picture (Fig. 1). Increased diversity of both primary producers (Fig. 1A) and consumers (Fig. 1B) enhanced all examined ecosystem processes. Observed effect sizes corresponded to a 78 to 80% enhancement of primary and secondary production in diverse mixtures relative to monocultures and a 20 to 36% enhancement of resource use efficiency (Fig. 1, A and B).
Marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in controlled experiments. Shown are response ratios [ln(high/low diversity) ±95% confidence interval (CI)] of ecosystem processes to experimental manipulations of species diversity of (A) primary producers (plants and algae), and (B) consumers (herbivores and predators). Increased diversity significantly enhanced all examined ecosystem functions (0.05 > P > 0.0001). The number of studies is given in parentheses. (C) Genetic diversity increased the recovery of seagrass ecosystems after overgrazing (solid circles) and climatic extremes (open circles). (D) Diet diversity enhanced reproductive capacity in zooplankton over both the average- and best-performing monocultures.
Experiments that manipulated species diversity (Fig. 1B) or genetic diversity (Fig. 1C) both found that diversity enhanced ecosystem stability, here defined as the ability to withstand recurrent perturbations. This effect was linked to either increased resistance to disturbance (16) or enhanced recovery afterward (17). A number of experiments on diet mixing further demonstrated the importance of diverse food sources for secondary production and the channeling of that energy to higher levels in the food web (Fig. 1D). Different diet items were required to optimize different life-history processes (growth, survival, and fecundity), leading to maximum total production in the mixed diet. In summary, experimental results indicate robust positive linkages between biodiversity, productivity, and stability across trophic levels in marine ecosystems. Identified mechanisms from the original studies include complementary resource use, positive interactions, and increased selection of highly performing species at high diversity.
Coastal ecosystems. To test whether experimental results scale up in both space and time, we compiled long-term trends in regional biodiversity and services from a detailed database of 12 coastal and estuarine ecosystems (10) and other sources (15). We examined trends in 30 to 80 (average, 48) economically and ecologically important species per ecosystem. Records over the past millennium revealed a rapid decline of native species diversity since the onset of industrialization (Fig. 2A). As predicted by experiments, systems with higher regional species richness appeared more stable, showing lower rates of collapse and extinction of commercially important fish and invertebrate taxa over time (Fig. 2B, linear regression, P < 0.01). Overall, historical trends led to the present depletion (here defined as >50% decline over baseline abundance), collapse (>90% decline), or extinction (100% decline) of 91, 38, or 7% of species, on average (Fig. 2C). Only 14% recovered from collapse (Fig. 2C); these species were mostly protected birds and mammals.
Regional loss of species diversity and ecosystem services in coastal oceans. (A) Trends of collapse (circles, >90% decline) and extinction (triangles, 100% decline) of species over the past 1000 years. Means and standard errors are shown (n = 12 regions in Europe, North America, and Australia). (B) Percentage of collapsed (circles) and extinct (triangles) fisheries in relation to regional fish species richness. Significant linear regression lines are depicted (P < 0.01). (C to E) Relative losses or gains in (C) biodiversity, (D) ecosystem services, and (E) risks that are associated with the loss of services. The number of studies is given in parentheses; error bars indicate standard errors.
These regional biodiversity losses impaired at least three critical ecosystem services (Fig. 2D): number of viable (noncollapsed) fisheries (–33%); provision of nursery habitats such as oyster reefs, seagrass beds, and wetlands (–69%); and filtering and detoxification services provided by suspension feeders, submerged vegetation, and wetlands (–63%). Loss of filtering services probably contributed to declining water quality (18) and the increasing occurrence of harmful algal blooms, fish kills, shellfish and beach closures, and oxygen depletion (Fig. 2E). Increasing coastal flooding events (Fig. 2E) are linked to sea level rise but were probably accelerated by historical losses of floodplains and erosion control provided by coastal wetlands, reefs, and submerged vegetation (7). An increased number of species invasions over time (Fig. 2E) also coincided with the loss of native biodiversity; again, this is consistent with experimental results (19). Invasions did not compensate for the loss of native biodiversity and services, because they comprised other species groups, mostly microbial, plankton, and small invertebrate taxa (10). Although causal relationships are difficult to infer, these data suggest that substantial loss of biodiversity (Fig. 2, A and C) is closely associated with regional loss of ecosystem services (Fig. 2D) and increasing risks for coastal inhabitants (Fig. 2E). Experimentally derived predictions that more species-rich systems should be more stable in delivering services (Fig. 1) are also supported at the regional scale (Fig. 2B).
Large marine ecosystems. At the largest scales, we analyzed relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem services using the global catch database from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and other sources (15, 20). We extracted all data on fish and invertebrate catches from 1950 to 2003 within all 64 large marine ecosystems (LMEs) worldwide. LMEs are large (>150,000 km2) ocean regions reaching from estuaries and coastal areas to the seaward boundaries of continental shelves and the outer margins of the major current systems (21). They are characterized by distinct bathymetry, hydrography, productivity, and food webs. Collectively, these areas produced 83% of global fisheries yields over the past 50 years. Fish diversity data for each LME were derived independently from a comprehensive fish taxonomic database (22).
Globally, the rate of fisheries collapses, defined here as catches dropping below 10% of the recorded maximum (23), has been accelerating over time, with 29% of currently fished species considered collapsed in 2003 (Fig. 3A, diamonds). This accelerating trend is best described by a power relation (y = 0.0168x1.8992, r = 0.96, P < 0.0001), which predicts the percentage of currently collapsed taxa as a function of years elapsed since 1950. Cumulative collapses (including recovered species) amounted to 65% of recorded taxa (Fig. 3A, triangles; regression fit: y = 0.0227x2.0035, r = 0.96, P < 0.0001). The data further revealed that despite large increases in global fishing effort, cumulative yields across all species and LMEs had declined by 13% (or 10.6 million metric tons) since passing a maximum in 1994.
Global loss of species from LMEs. (A) Trajectories of collapsed fish and invertebrate taxa over the past 50 years (diamonds, collapses by year; triangles, cumulative collapses). Data are shown for all (black), species-poor (<500 species, blue), and species-rich (>500 species, red) LMEs. Regression lines are best-fit power models corrected for temporal autocorrelation. (B) Map of all 64 LMEs, color-coded according to their total fish species richness. (C) Proportion of collapsed fish and invertebrate taxa, (D) average productivity of noncollapsed taxa (in percent of maximum catch), and (E) average recovery of catches (in percent of maximum catch) 15 years after a collapse in relation to LME total fish species richness. (F) Number of fished taxa as a function of total species richness. (G) Coefficient of variation in total catch and (H) total catch per year as a function of the number of fished taxa per LME.
Consistent with the results from estuaries and coastal seas (Fig. 2B), we observed that these collapses of LME fisheries occurred at a higher rate in species-poor ecosystems, as compared with species-rich ones (Fig. 3A). Fish diversity varied widely across LMEs, ranging from ∼20 to 4000 species (Fig. 3B), and influenced fishery-related services in several ways. First, the proportion of collapsed fisheries decayed exponentially with increasing species richness (Fig. 3C). Furthermore, the average catches of non-collapsed fisheries were higher in species-rich systems (Fig. 3D). Diversity also seemed to increase robustness to overexploitation. Rates of recovery, here defined as any post-collapse increase above the 10% threshold, were positively correlated with fish diversity (Fig. 3E). This positive relationship between diversity and recovery became stronger with time after a collapse (5 years, r = 0.10; 10 years, r = 0.39; 15 years, r = 0.48). Higher taxonomic units (genus and family) produced very similar relationships as species richness in Fig. 3; typically, relationships became stronger with increased taxonomic aggregation. This may suggest that taxonomically related species play complementary functional roles in supporting fisheries productivity and recovery.
A mechanism that may explain enhanced recovery at high diversity is that fishers can switch more readily among target species, potentially providing overfished taxa with a chance to recover. Indeed, the number of fished taxa was a log-linear function of species richness (Fig. 3F). Fished taxa richness was negatively related to the variation in catch from year to year (Fig. 3G) and positively correlated with the total production of catch per year (Fig. 3H). This increased stability and productivity are likely due to the portfolio effect (24, 25), whereby a more diverse array of species provides a larger number of ecological functions and economic opportunities, leading to a more stable trajectory and better performance over time. This portfolio effect has independently been confirmed by economic studies of multispecies harvesting relationships in marine ecosystems (26, 27). Linear (or log-linear) relationships indicate steady increases in services up to the highest levels of biodiversity. This means that proportional species losses are predicted to have similar effects at low and high levels of native biodiversity.
Marine reserves and fishery closures. A pressing question for management is whether the loss of services can be reversed, once it has occurred. To address this question, we analyzed available data from 44 fully protected marine reserves and four large-scale fisheries closures (15). Reserves and closures have been used to reverse the decline of marine biodiversity on local and regional scales (28, 29). As such, they can be viewed as replicated large-scale experiments. We used meta-analytic techniques (15) to test for consistent trends in biodiversity and services across all studies (Fig. 4).
Recovery of diversity and ecosystem services in marine protected areas and fisheries closures. Shown are the response ratios (inside versus outside the reserve or before and after protection ±95% CI) of (A) species diversity and (B to D) ecosystem services that correspond to fisheries productivity, ecosystem stability, and tourism revenue, respectively. Positive values identify increases in the reserve relative to the control; error bars not intersecting zero indicate statistical significance (P < 0.05). Solid circles represent unweighted averages; open circles are weighted by sample size (see supporting online methods for details). The number of studies is shown in parentheses. CPUE, catch per unit of effort.
We found that reserves and fisheries closures showed increased species diversity of target and nontarget species, averaging a 23% increase in species richness (Fig. 4A). These increases in biodiversity were associated with large increases in fisheries productivity, as seen in the fourfold average increase in catch per unit of effort in fished areas around the reserves (Fig. 4B). The difference in total catches was less pronounced (Fig. 4B), probably because of restrictions on fishing effort around many reserves. Resistance and recovery after natural disturbances from storms and thermal stress tended to increase in reserves, though not significantly in most cases (Fig. 4C). Community variability, as measured by the coefficient of variation in aggregate fish biomass, was reduced by 21% on average (Fig. 4C). Finally, tourism revenue measured as the relative increase in dive trips within 138 Caribbean protected areas strongly increased after they were established (Fig. 4D). For several variables, statistical significance depended on how studies were weighted (Fig. 4, solid versus open circles). This is probably the result of large variation in sample sizes among studies (15). Despite the inherent variability, these results suggest that at this point it is still possible to recover lost biodiversity, at least on local to regional scales; and that such recovery is generally accompanied by increased productivity and decreased variability, which translates into extractive (fish catches around reserves) and nonextractive (tourism within reserves) revenue.
Conclusions. Positive relationships between diversity and ecosystem functions and services were found using experimental (Fig. 1) and correlative approaches along trajectories of diversity loss (Figs. 2 and 3) and recovery (Fig. 4). Our data highlight the societal consequences of an ongoing erosion of diversity that appears to be accelerating on a global scale (Fig. 3A). This trend is of serious concern because it projects the global collapse of all taxa currently fished by the mid–21st century (based on the extrapolation of regression in Fig. 3A to 100% in the year 2048). Our findings further suggest that the elimination of locally adapted populations and species not only impairs the ability of marine ecosystems to feed a growing human population but also sabotages their stability and recovery potential in a rapidly changing marine environment.
We recognize limitations in each of our data sources, particularly the inherent problem of inferring causality from correlation in the larger-scale studies. The strength of these results rests on the consistent agreement of theory, experiments, and observations across widely different scales and ecosystems. Our analysis may provide a wider context for the interpretation of local biodiversity experiments that produced diverging and controversial outcomes (1, 3, 24). It suggests that very general patterns emerge on progressively larger scales. High-diversity systems consistently provided more services with less variability, which has economic and policy implications. First, there is no dichotomy between biodiversity conservation and long-term economic development; they must be viewed as interdependent societal goals. Second, there was no evidence for redundancy at high levels of diversity; the improvement of services was continuous on a log-linear scale (Fig. 3). Third, the buffering impact of species diversity on the resistance and recovery of ecosystem services generates insurance value that must be incorporated into future economic valuations and management decisions. By restoring marine biodiversity through sustainable fisheries management, pollution control, maintenance of essential habitats, and the creation of marine reserves, we can invest in the productivity and reliability of the goods and services that the ocean provides to humanity. Our analyses suggest that business as usual would foreshadow serious threats to global food security, coastal water quality, and ecosystem stability, affecting current and future generations.
Supporting Online Material
www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/314/5800/787/DC1
Methods and Data Sources
Tables S1 to S5
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This work was conducted as part of the Linking Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Working Group, supported by the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis funded by NSF, the University of California, and the Santa Barbara campus. The project was stimulated by N. Loder after discussion at the conference Marine Biodiversity: The Known, Unknown, and Unknowable, funded by the Sloan Foundation. The authors thank D. Pauly and the Sea Around Us Project (http://seaaroundus.org), supported by the the Pew Charitable Trusts, for access to global catch data; W. Blanchard and M. Sandow for technical support; E. Green for dive trip data; and N. Baron, P. Kareiva, R. A. Myers, U. Sommer, and D. Tittensor for helpful comments.
You are going to email the following Impacts of Biodiversity Loss on Ocean Ecosystem Services
By Boris Worm, Edward B. Barbier, Nicola Beaumont, J. Emmett Duffy, Carl Folke, Benjamin S. Halpern, Jeremy B. C. Jackson, Heike K. Lotze, Fiorenza Micheli, Stephen R. Palumbi, Enric Sala, Kimberley A. Selkoe, John J. Stachowicz, Reg Watson
Science 03 Nov 2006 : 787-790
An extensive meta-analysis of data from 32 studies shows that loss of marine biodiversity is increasingly impairing the health of the oceans, yet these trends may still be reversible.


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Canada, Australia, the U.K. and the U.S. will collaborate on telecom supplier diversity
The countries issued six initiatives they say will help them achieve their goals
By Nida Zafar @nida_zafar
Dec 9, 202212:09 PM EST
Canada, Australia, the U.K. and the U.S. are working together to ensure telecommunications networks stay strong through supplier diversity.
In a joint statement, the countries say this includes diversifying their supply chains and influencing how future telecommunications technologies, such as 6G, develop.
The countries will focus on six initiatives:
Information sharing will see the divestiture of policy approaches.
A cooperative approach to telecommunications research and development could include partnerships and creating "world-class open networks."
Strong security will see the countries prioritizing secure components through an entire system's life cycle.
Supporting and encouraging transparency will enhance overall security through open practices. "Transparent standards development is crucial to allow independent review to identify and resolve potential issues, ensuring that standards are built upon best practices," the joint statement says.
Avoiding fragmentation.
Working with international partners to implement best practices and address policy challenges.
"We intend to seek ongoing support from other like-minded countries to truly realize the benefits of a diverse telecommunications supply chain on a global scale," the statement notes.
Source: Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Built from teak by Stephen and Son in 1934, this yacht – even in an era noted for the creation of fine boats was considered a special beauty.
With her head-turning looks, Eileen II is the perfect picture of a 1930s large sailing yacht. Almost entirely original in structure, rig and interior, she epitomises a golden era in yachting history. Owned by the same family for 25 years she has been maintained meticulously and is in use daily as a charter boat from her base in the heart of Oslo. She is one of the happiest little ships we have sailed on as can be confirmed by the host of celebrities - from Royalty to Rockers - who have written in her many guest books over the years.
Eileen II is available for sale and immediately ready to give her new owner many years of delight and pleasure. Call David Gray today to discuss how you could be her new owner.
She was launched as ALBYN in 1934 towards the end of the Golden Age of classic yachts. Scotland and especially the Clyde were international leaders in the design and building of these graceful craft and there is no finer pedigree than that of Alfred Mylne, pupil of the illustrious G. L. Watson, and the shipyard of Stephens of Linthouse on the Clyde. Officially described as an auxiliary engined gaff rigged ketch, she is 92 foot overall and 82 foot on deck, originally fitted with an eight litre Gleniffer paraffin engine.
She was built for the Glasgow tobacco magnate Robert French, a leading yachtsman of his day. The Lloyds register of 1936 shows him not only as a member of the Royal Clyde Yacht Club but also as Commodore of both the Royal Cruising Club and the Royal Corinthian Yacht Club of Cowes. He raced her successfully both on the Clyde and at Cowes and she was on the Solent when war broke out in 1939, sailing for Dunkirk for the evacuation in 1940 (though not officially a "Dunkirk little ship").
In 1947 she was purchased by the wife of the Italian Publisher Sr Feltrinelli and renamed GIALESE - her own name while retaining Southampton as her Port of Registry, although she was sailed to the Mediterranean and Porto Santo Stefano became her home port in Italy.
The Feltrinelli family kept her until the death of Sra Feltrinelli in 1983 and she was subsequently put up for sale at Sotheby's in London.
An industrialist with interests in a well known Italian shipyard purchased her and the yacht underwent a major refit over some eighteen months. She was launched again in the summer of 1986, perfectly restored to her original condition, and renamed GALASHIEL in honour of the Scottish region of her building in 1934, with Montrose as her Port of Registry.
At the Classic Yacht rally Imperia (Italy) in 1987, GALASHIEL received the award for the best interpreter of tradition thanks to her largely original interior and deck details.
EILEEN II is a 92 ft gaff ketch with counter stern and spoon bow with a short bowsprit. She is built with teak hull planking on steel frames and beams. The 2 ¼ in teak planking is fastened to the frames with bronze bolts. The planks are butted on steel straps. Planks are fastened in the rabbet with bronze screws. The deck is teak laid planking screwed from beneath through the steel beams. There are many strengthening plates especially around the mast, hatches, under covering board etc.


To enter please complete the form below. Your entry will then be saved in your basket. To checkout, use the checkout button or you can add further runners to your basket and checkout later.
Payment can be made using bank cards or though your Paypal account. If you would like to pay by card please click the option to "checkout as a guest," when the checkout sends you to Paypal.
You must be a member of a running club to enter under the attached option.
The Summer Wesham 10k 2018. Wednesday 22nd May 2019 7.15pm. A Summer 10k run on the same course as the Wesham 10k.
The race is run under UKA rules and is open to all 15 years and over on Race Day.
Numbers must be collected from the race HQ on race day.
Entries can not be refunded or deferred. This is a very simple, low cost event.
We expect to be fully booked well in advance of race day. Runners are advised to enter early.


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A Public Participation Forum for the FDA Center for Tobacco Products and its Federal Advisory Committee (TPSAC)
← E-cigarettes' dangers uncertain
FDA details barriers for submitting SE, MRTP and New Tobacco Product applications, falsely claims agency's goal is to reduce morbidity and mortality →
The new EU directive: quit smoking or die
From: Spiked
New rules from Brussels effectively banning low-risk alternatives to cigarettes, like e-cigs, will cost lives.
In December 2012, the EU's executive, the European Commission, announced its proposals to revise the Tobacco Products Directive (TPD), originally passed in 2001, to take account of 'significant scientific, market and international developments' that have taken place since. But far from improving Europeans' health, the proposals as they stand could well lead to many thousands, perhaps millions, of unnecessary early deaths.
In a press release announcing the revision, the EU's commissioner in charge of health and consumer policy, Tonio Borg, declared: 'With 70 per cent of smokers starting before the age of 18, the ambition of today's proposal is to make tobacco products and smoking less attractive and thus discourage tobacco initiation among young people.' So, for example, the revised directive would provide for some pretty run-of-the-mill tobacco-control measures like bigger health warnings, something likely to be ineffective in persuading smokers to quit – and quite possibly attractive to young people looking for a way to 'rebel'.
There would also be bans on the use of 'characterising flavours' with tobacco products. That would mean an end to menthol cigarettes, on the untested presumption that flavoured products make it easier for young people to get into smoking. In reality, flavoured cigarettes are not wildly popular. Even accounting for menthol, by far the most popular of these flavours, they make up just five per cent of the cigarette market.
However, such flavourings are much more widely used in smokeless tobacco products like snus (moist tobacco placed under the lip, often in small, teabag-like pouches). Snus is widely used in Sweden and, while it is not entirely risk-free, it is a much safer way of getting a nicotine hit than cigarettes. The result is that the rates of lung cancer in Sweden are by far the lowest in Europe, thanks to the low smoking rate – just 12 per cent compared to 21 per cent in the UK. Yet the ban on flavourings – used in around two thirds of snus products – would make snus less appealing, with the consequence that there would be less incentive to choose snus over cigarettes. In the rest of the EU, this is a fairly academic issue; snus is already banned everywhere except Sweden. With its potential to hit the snus market, the flavourings ban is seen in Sweden as a backdoor attempt to get rid of snus there, too.
But things get even worse when it comes to the new kids on the nicotine block: e-cigarettes. These do not contain tobacco at all. Instead, nicotine is dissolved in a liquid, usually an alcohol-like solvent called propylene glycol, which is generally regarded as safe and is widely used in small quantities in food and is also used for 'smoke' machines in theatres. When the user draws on the e-cigarette, a small amount of this liquid is heated into a vapour and breathed in. Instead of the smoke from a regular cigarette – which contains small quantities of many different carcinogenic substances – puffing on an e-cigarette provides no more than a dose of nicotine and some harmless vapour. That's also good news in other ways, since there is no residue of ash and no 'secondhand' smoke to worry about, either.
There is every reason to believe that e-cigarettes are much safer than tobacco cigarettes. Even nicotine itself is not carcinogenic. For that reason, e-cigarettes have become very popular in the past couple of years. The Electronic Cigarette Consumer Association of the United Kingdom (ECCA-UK) claims over 700,000 people in the UK own e-cigarettes and the numbers are rising fast. Yet rather than promote this wondrous invention, which could improve the health of millions of people while allowing them to enjoy nicotine, the EU seems determined to ban e-cigs.
A point-by-point demolition of the revised directive is provided by Clive Bates, a former director of the UK anti-smoking group Action on Smoking and Health (ASH). Bates is certainly not pro-smoking, but his approach to the subject is to assume that millions of people like to smoke, despite numerous attempts to dissuade them, and therefore it is better to reduce the harm of their habit as much as possible.
As it stands, the EU is considering regulating e-cigarettes either as medicinal products – treating them like nicotine gum and patches – or as tobacco products. But as Bates points out, neither category makes much sense. E-cigarettes are not promoted as a means to wean oneself off nicotine – though some people clearly use them that way – but rather as an alternative to smoking, to 'meet the demand for nicotine as a recreational drug that is not especially harmful itself', in Bates' words. Therefore, the usual long-winded process of assessing them as medical products should not apply. Nor are they tobacco products, since they contain no tobacco, even if the nicotine comes from tobacco plants. As Bates argues: 'We would not classify an energy drink as a coffee product if it contained pure caffeine extracted from coffee. E-cigarettes are best considered as "nicotine products" for the purpose of regulation.'
Bates argues that e-cigarettes should be regulated, but only in the sense that any other consumer product is regulated. 'There may be scope to set specific standards, for example for e-liquids, and member states could develop proper enforcement regimes. But developing regulation within the broad framework of consumer-protection legislation should be the focus of efforts in Europe.'
The real purpose of these regulatory shenanigans is effectively to ban or severely restrict e-cigarettes. While some anti-tobacco campaigners have taken a similar stance to Bates, others have concocted all sorts of justifications and junk science to demand a precautionary approach. In reality, this is an entirely moralistic attitude, a puritanical approach that condemns any kind of mood-altering substance – particularly a habit-forming one like nicotine. For example, one dubious claim is that e-cigarettes will be a 'gateway' to using tobacco. There is no evidence to support such a claim. In fact, all the evidence points the other way – existing smokers using e-cigarettes to get away from tobacco cigarettes. To block people from accessing this escape route is rather like padlocking fire doors on the off-chance that someone tries to break in.
Throw in the tobacco-control lobby's visceral hatred for Big Tobacco – which is already dipping its toes into the e-cigs market – and you have a potent driving force for irrational legislation that does far more harm than good.
E-cigarettes provide almost all the experience of traditional cigarette smoking with, in all probability, one per cent or less of the harm. If e-cigs are banned, a substantial proportion of the population will simply carry on puffing away on the traditional fag, with all the well-established harms that come with regular smoking.
If health really were its overriding concern, the Commission could have put harm reduction at the heart of the revised directive. The snus ban outside Sweden could have been abolished. If the e-cigs market were allowed to develop, it seems quite possible that traditional cigarettes could become increasingly unfashionable. After all, even smokers aren't too keen on smelly clothes and stray fag butts. Instead of grasping a fantastic opportunity to improve people's health, the EU's approach – as illustrated in its prohibitionist approach to snus – is simple, blunt and deadly: quit or die.
Having failed to persuade people to quit their bad habits, the moral crusaders in the tobacco-control lobby have instead decided to appeal for a committee-room stitch-up in Brussels, far from the meddling influence of voters. The fight over the Tobacco Products Directive is a profound illustration both of the authoritarian impulses of many campaigners and medics, and the anti-democratic nature of the EU itself.
Rob Lyons is deputy editor of spiked. His book, Panic on a Plate: How Society Developed an Eating Disorder, is published by Societas. (Buy this book from Amazon (UK).) Read his blog here.
Governance and DQA Compliance Forum
Member Statements Forum
Studies and Concepts Under Review
CRE on FDA Tobacco Center
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Counterfeit Cigarettes: An Enforcement Forum


Zenith Bank Nigeria upgraded their service for the benefit and enjoyment of their customers, thereby following suit in serving their customers what I call free Wi-Fi browsing connection. This development was recently launched by zenith Bank officials in other to see to the satisfaction in their service being rendered to all banking with them.
Well as you may know, this development is pointing to some expected needs of those banking with them. And this is to enable customers to have Internet access, to do various researches online, access online banking and mostly to download zenith Bank mobile app.
For those of us in Lagos, some might already know that GTBank offers free WiFi at their branch in University of Lagos, Anoka. For customers to easily use there mobile phone and laptops to do anything online via the free WiFi in the vicinity, so we won't say Zenith Bank is the first nor would it be the last.
READ ALSO: Latest on Diamond, Make An Instant Transfer To Other Banks Live On Diamond ATMs.
Another Bank that offers free WiFi is Access Bank at their Alausa, Lagos branch. And I might also say that this service is being run in other states other than Lagos, so I won't say Zenith Bank is the first neither would it be the last.
Zenith Bank also said that they have installed an advanced and wide-range free Wi-Fi hotspot serving the Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH) and its vicinity, to give their customers within the hospital's environment free Internet access via WiFi.
How Can I Enjoy Zenith Bank Free WiFi Connection?
For you to be able to enjoy this free WiFi service close to the vicinity, you would have to input your Zenith Bank Account Number as password. It just like way back in school, where you would have to input your Registration Number or Matric Number.
How Do I Know The Branch With Free WiFi?
It very simple like ABC, all you have to do is Download List of Zenith Bank Branches With Free WiFi service. You can Download the file HERE in PDF format and go through it at your leisure time.
Also let others know about this development by sharing the information with them.
Got anything to say, or any contribution, suggestion, we would gladly welcome that as you can use the comment box below to express such.


Critical aerospace components manufactured from titanium alloys and nickel superalloys tend to be over engineered due to the restrictive melt-wrought-machining route. Even powder processing routes utilising hot isostatic pressing for nickel superalloys have limitations due to the requirement of downstream thermomechanical processing.
Over recent years hydrid powder consolidation processes FAST-forge and FAST-DB have demonstrated that titanium and nickel superalloys powders can be consolidated and forged in two steps to produce near net shape demonstrator parts such as rocker arms and connecting rods. Higher strength (and higher cost) alloys can be graded into different subcomponent regions to provide cost effective subcomponent or site specific properties.
In this project, through EPSRC MAPP partners we aim to create a new processing route that will combine FAST-forge and AM technologies. [Step 1] Rapid laser AM methods will be used engineer intermediate lattice structures that will be [Step 2] embedded with a range of powder chemistries /morphologies in a shaped graphite mould and rapidly sintered using FAST into a shaped metal-metal composite billet. The aim of this step is to diffusion bond the metal AM lattice structure to the matrix through the solid state FAST process. The fully consolidated FAST metal-metal composite billet will then be [Step 3] hot closed-die forged to provide unique mechanical properties. The lattice metal-metal matrix will be engineered so that after the forging deformation will provide subcomponent specific properties. It is envisaged that this will provide a disruptive shift in the design and processing of critical components for a range of sectors.


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What Is Martial Law in Ukraine?
What are the implications of martial law in Ukraine?
How did Ukraine's president justify imposing martial law?
How will martial law affect Ukraine's upcoming elections?
What is Russia's role in Ukraine's martial law?
How has the international community reacted to Ukraine's martial law?
What are the historical precedents for martial law in Ukraine?
How might martial law in Ukraine end?
What are the long-term implications of martial law in Ukraine?
What other countries have imposed martial law in recent years?
Ukraine's parliament has approved a presidential decree imposing martial law in parts of the country for 30 days. Here's what you need to know about martial law and its implications.
Martial law is a temporary measure used by the Ukrainian government to increase security and stabilize the country in the wake of Russian aggression. It was first imposed in November 2018 following Russia's seizure of three Ukrainian navy ships and their crews in the Kerch Strait, and renewed for another 30 days in December 2018.
Under martial law, there are restrictions on travel, assembly and the media, and a curfew is in place. The Ukrainian military is also given additional powers, including the right to detain people suspected of terrorism or espionage. Martial law does not suspend Ukraine's Constitution or declare a state of emergency.
The Ukrainian government has said that martial law will help to boost security ahead of Ukraine's presidential elections, which are scheduled for March 2019. Russia has denounced martial law as a "political farce" and accused Ukraine of using it as a pretext to crack down on dissent.
On November 26, 2018, Ukraine's parliament voted to approve President Petro Poroshenko's request to implement martial law in 10 of the country's 27 regions for a period of 30 days. The regions affected are those that border Russia, Belarus, and Moldova—areas that would be most vulnerable to a Russian invasion.
Martial law is a measure taken by the government in order to control the population during times of emergency or war. Under martial law, the government may suspend certain civil liberties, such as the right to habeas corpus or freedom of assembly. Martial law can also allow the government to take over control of transportation and communication systems, as well as institutions such as hospitals.
In Ukraine, martial law will go into effect on November 28, 2018 and will last until December 26, 2018. During this time, Ukrainian citizens will not be allowed to leave the country without special permission from the government. In addition, all public gatherings of more than five people will be banned and a curfew may be imposed in some areas. Media outlets will also be subject to censorship and could be shut down if they are found to be spreading "disinformation" about the situation in Ukraine.
Critics of martial law argue that it gives too much power to the government and could be used to crack down on dissenters or opponents of the current regime. Others argue that martial law is necessary in order to protect Ukraine from a possible Russian invasion.
On November 26, Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko announced that he was imposition martial law in parts of the country for 30 days. The move came after Russia seized three Ukrainian navy ships and their crews near the Crimean peninsula.
Poroshenko justified the move by saying that Russia's actions were a "deliberate provocation" and that there was a "real threat" of a Russian invasion. He also said that martial law would help Ukraine prepare for any potential aggression from Russia.
Under Ukrainian law, martial law can be imposed in times of war or threat of war, as well as during natural disasters or other emergencies. It allows the government to temporarily suspension certain civil liberties, such as freedom of assembly and freedom of movement. It can also be used to censorship the media and internet, as well as to restrict foreign travel.
Martial law does not suspend Ukraine's Constitution or put the country under military rule. Instead, it gives Poroshenko additional powers to protect Ukraine's territorial integrity and take steps to ensure national security.
It is unclear how martial law will be enforced in Ukraine or what specific measures will be put in place. Poroshenko has said that he does not want to cancel upcoming elections or impose curfews, but it is possible that other measures could be taken if deemed necessary.
On November 26, 2018, Ukraine's parliament voted to impose martial law in ten of the country's provinces for a period of 30 days. The move came amid fears of an imminent invasion by Russia, following a series of clashes in the Kerch Strait between Ukrainian and Russian ships.
While the martial law decree does not explicitly cancel Ukraine's upcoming presidential and parliamentary elections, it raises questions about whether they will be able to proceed as planned. Under the decree, all campaigning must cease and all election-related activity must be put on hold while martial law is in effect.
It is not clear how long martial law will remain in place, but if it is still in effect when the elections are scheduled to take place (in late March/early April 2019), it is possible that they will be postponed or canceled entirely. This would be a blow to Ukraine's democracy, which has been steadily growing stronger since the country's independence in 1991.
Martial law could also have a significant impact on the country's economy. If Russian aggression escalates, it could lead to disruptions in trade and an increase in inflation. This would make it even harder for Ukraine's citizens to make ends meet and could lead to more social unrest.
There is no simple answer to the question of Russia's role in Ukraine's martial law. The situation is complex, and there are many different stakeholders involved.
Russia has a long history of involvement in Ukraine, dating back to the days when Ukraine was part of the Soviet Union. After the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, Ukraine became an independent country, but Russia still retained a great deal of influence over Ukrainian affairs. In recent years, this influence has grown even stronger, as Russia has sought to reestablish its dominance in the region.
The current conflict in Ukraine began in 2014, when Russia annexed the territory of Crimea. This event set off a chain reaction that led to the outbreak of civil war in Ukraine. Since then, Russia has been accused of supporting the rebel forces in eastern Ukraine, supplying them with weapons and other supplies. Additionally, there have been numerous reports of Russian soldiers fighting alongside the rebels.
While it is difficult to definitively say what Russia's role in Ukraine's martial law is, it is clear that Russia has significant influence over the situation.
Since the international community has not been entirely unified in its response to Ukraine's martial law, various reactions have been seen.
Some countries, such as the United States, have supported Ukraine's decision to implement martial law. The U.S. State Department said that it stands with Ukraine "in the face of Russian aggression" and that martial law will help Ukraine "better defend itself." The United States has also continued to provide military assistance to Ukraine during this time.
Other countries, such as Russia, have condemned Ukraine's martial law. Russia's Foreign Ministry said that the move was "dangerous and counterproductive" and accused Ukraine of using martial law as a pretext to carry out "repressive measures."
Still other countries, such as Germany, have called for calm and urged all sides to de-escalate the situation. German Foreign Minister Heiko Maas said that "it is now particularly important that all those involved act responsibly and do everything they can to de-escalate."
Martial law is a type of emergency authority that can be imposed in a territory or country in order to quell civil unrest, prevent or suppress terrorist activities, or to control an instability caused by foreign invasion or natural disaster. It is usually imposed temporarily, for a period of no more than 60 days.
Martial law in Ukraine has a particularly long and complex history, as the country has been invaded or occupied multiple times over the centuries. The most recent imposition of martial law was in 2014, after the outbreak of the Ukrainian crisis and the Crimean crisis. This followed a period of political unrest and pro-Russian protests in Ukraine's southern and eastern regions.
Some of the historical precedents for martial law in Ukraine include:
-The Košice Government proclamation of martial law in 1918, during the Ukrainian-Soviet War
-The 1939 Soviet invasion of Poland, which led to the imposition of martial law in Western Ukraine
-The 1968 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, which led to the imposition of martial law in parts of Ukraine
-The 2014 Ukrainian crisis, which led to the imposition of martial law in parts of Ukraine
The martial law that was imposed in Ukraine in late November 2018 is set to expire on December 26. However, there are a number of ways that it could end before that date.
One possibility is that the Ukrainian parliament could vote to lift martial law. This would require the support of two-thirds of parliamentarians, which may be difficult to obtain given the current divisions in Ukrainian politics.
Another possibility is that the Ukrainian government could declare that the security situation in the country has improved to the point where martial law is no longer necessary. This would be a political decision rather than a military one, and would likely be made with an eye to domestic public opinion and international pressure.
A third possibility is that Russia could pressure Ukraine to end martial law, either through direct negotiations or by threatening to escalate the conflict in eastern Ukraine. This option seems unlikely at present, but could become more plausible if the security situation in Ukraine deteriorates further.
Martial law is a state of emergency in which the military is given powers to take over the administration of a country. It is usually imposed in times of war or civil unrest. In Ukraine, martial law was imposed in late November 2018, following an incident in which Russian ships fired on and seized three Ukrainian naval vessels. The move was widely seen as an attempt by the Ukrainian government to increase its defences against Russia.
The martial law decree gave the Ukrainian military sweeping powers, including theright to restrict movement, freedom of assembly and freedom of speech. It also allowed them to seize property and search homes without a warrant. These powers were initially only supposed to be in place for 30 days, but they were extended until the end of December 2018.
There are concerns that martial law could be used to stifle dissent and restrict civil liberties. There have already been reports of activists being detained and censored under martial law. It remains to be seen how long martial law will remain in place, and what effect it will have on Ukraine's politics in the long run.
Since Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014, several other countries have imposed martial law in their own territories. In December of that year, Thailand martial law was declared in response to political unrest in the country. Martial law remained in effect until April 2015, when it was lifted by royal decree. In November 2015, Nigeria also imposed martial law in certain northeastern states in an effort to quell the Boko Haram insurgency. The country's president extended martial law twice, and it remained in effect until December 2017. Egypt has seen its fair share of martial law as well; it was first imposed following the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 and has been intermittently enforced ever since.
What Is Daltons Law?
What Is A Common Law Wife?
What Is Moral Law?
Swiss Chinese Law Association Spam


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junobeach
Wise Beyond the Years
Location: Victoria, BC Canada
Posted: October 3, 2018 11:16:58 am
Those Kaluta Shadow covers are amazing works of art.
Posted: October 4, 2018 3:23:55 am
No argument from me on that.
If I ever come across issue #4, it's going up on the wall too.
It's time for some Halloween fun in Longbox Junk!
Let's get the party started with the DC Universe Halloween Special 2008. . .
https://comicbookrealm.com/atom/blog/1659/longbox-junk-halloween-special-part-1
If I would have paid $5.99 + tax for this Halloween Special back in 2008, I would have definitely felt ripped off. Out of nine stories, only 3 were good. The rest felt like filler and artist showcases. And even the few good entries weren't particularly scary or spooky in any way. The only consistently good thing about this comic was the art, which was great on every entry.
If I had to describe this comic in one word, it would be: Disappointing.
I expect more from something packing a 6 dollar price tag.
13 more short Halloween stories in the DCU 2009 Halloween Special.
I'm posting these one shots separately because of the number of stories in each one. Over the month I'll also be posting the DC Universe Halloween Special from 2010, the DC Infinite Halloween Special, DC House of Horror and the Marvel Zombies Halloween Special. And a few other things too!
Last edited October 4, 2018 3:38:40 am
THIRTEEN Halloween stories in ONE comic!
Continuing the Longbox Junk Halloween fun with the DCU 2009 Halloween Special.
After my disappointment with the 2008 DCU Halloween Special, I was pleasantly surprised to find this one had some really good little stories in it. They aren't ALL good by any means. . .some of them were real wastes of perfectly good ink, paper, and time. But overall, I'd say that the 2009 Halloween Special is a much better read.
Is it worth the 6 bucks they were asking? no. With 4 good stories and 3 pretty good ones, that's STILL half the comic not stepping up to the plate. It's a decent piece of Longbox Junk if you can find it in a bargain bin, but definitely not for 6 dollars.
MORE DCU Halloween Special fun! This time with the 2010 issue. I saw an improvement between 2008 and 2009. Can DC keep it on an upward curve?
Step right up and get your Longbox Junk Halloween fun here, folks!
The DC Universe Halloween Special 2010, reviewed for the low price of FREE!
https://comicbookrealm.com/atom/blog/1661/longbox-junk-halloween-special-one-shots-part-3
I liked it a lot when I saw this Halloween Special only had 6 stories. I thought that maybe with less stories, there would be less filler. And then when it started off with two great little stories in a row, I was like " YEAH!". But then the rest of the comic slid downhill fast and it was like getting a apple in my candy bucket.
At least DC only charged $4.99 + tax for this one. It's still about three bucks more than what it's worth for 2 good stories and some decent art. Pretty disappointing. I don't even want to read the next one.
How about I give the DC Halloween superhero anthologies a break (I still have 2 more to go) and continue the spooky fun with the comic sequel that nobody ever asked for to the unwanted sequel of a classic horror movie?
IDW's The Fly: Outbreak 5 issue mini OR (as I like to call it) The Fly III.
Wait. You didn't know there was a Fly II? SURPRISE!
Be there or be square.
Posted: October 11, 2018 3:07:36 am
Getting off the Superhero Halloween Specials and on to some actual horror comics.
IDW's The Fly: Outbreak 5 issue mini. Check it out!
https://comicbookrealm.com/atom/blog/1663/longbox-junk-halloween-special-the-fly-outbreak
I REALLY wanted to like it, but I'm having some love/hate for this series.
On the one hand, it's an incredibly dark and thoughtful exploration of science gone wrong. The ideas here are great and they are presented in a very cinematic style both in storytelling and in artwork. I also really like the unusual direction of this series being a true sequel to a practically-forgotten movie from almost 30 years ago.
I can easily see this as being an actual movie in the theaters because of the presentation of it. It's creepy, it's tense, and there's just a pervading feeling of darkness and desperation hanging over this story that I would love to see translated to the silver screen.
On the other hand, once you hit the final two issues the story becomes a confusing mess that jumps around and refuses to follow anything already established in the previous three issues. It almost becomes a different story in a way. The ending is abrupt and provides no resolution to the story at hand before jumping right into the epilogue.
It still is cinematic, but not in a good way. It becomes like one of those movies such as. . .let's say, Batman Begins. It starts off great and ends up a mess of explosions and punching. That's what happened here. It starts OH so good, and ends up OH so bad.
Overall, like I said above, I'm half and half on recommending The Fly: Outbreak. I think it's definitely worth a read, but prepare to be extremely disappointed by the final two issues.
MORE Longbox Junk Halloween fun!
Last edited October 11, 2018 3:12:43 am
It's a Longbox Junk Halloween Horror Comic Par-TAY this month!
Image's Creature From The Depths one shot. Check it out. . .
https://comicbookrealm.com/atom/blog/1664/longbox-junk-halloween-creature-from-the-depths
Now THAT'S a sweet Halloween cover!
From the awesome cover to the extremely bleak ending, I enjoyed this one shot. It's a pretty simple story and has an ending that's a little too on the nose for me, but as far as a decent Lovecraft homage horror story with good (if a bit derivative) art goes, I can't ask for much more. Pick this one up if you can find it. It's a nice little piece of Longbox Junk.
Yep, MORE Halloween Longbox Junk fun!
How about a Longbox Junk Halloween Retro Review!
Step back in time with me to 1969 as I take a look at Tower of Shadows #1. . .the comic that ended the love affair between Marvel and Jim Steranko. Check it out!
https://comicbookrealm.com/atom/blog/1666/longbox-junk-halloween-retro-review-tower-of-shadows-1-1969
I sort of bought this comic by accident and never read it until now. . .and I have to say that I am glad I did. I learned about an interesting piece of comic book history AND I got to enjoy 3 good stories. . .two of which had some fantastic art.
For a Silver Age anthology title to get it right 3 for 3 without any reprints (Tower of Shadows has all original material) is an EXTREMELY strong effort in my book. The stories aren't perfect, but they aren't bad either. And like I said, two FANTASTIC artist showcase stories and one that's not bad at all makes for a one good looking comic.
Overall, I'd say that Marvel definitely hit it out of the park with Tower of Shadows and it's well worth a read. They say never to judge a book by the cover, meaning don't let a pretty cover fool you. But sometimes it goes the other way as well. . .under the utterly average cover of Tower of Shadows is one fine comic.
You guessed it, MORE Longbox Junk Halloween fun!
That's right. . .MORE Longbox Junk Halloween Comic fun!
Dynamite's Vampirella Halloween Special 2013. Check it out!
https://comicbookrealm.com/atom/blog/1668/longbox-junk-halloween-vampirella-halloween-special-2013
I gave this comic a fair chance, even though I'm not a Vampirella fan. It failed on almost every level. The story is ridiculous, the characters are weak, and the art swerves from "pretty good" to sketchy and unfinished.
The whole thing shows a lack of effort and in my opinion was an insult to my comic fandom. It's comics like this that keep this great art form firmly in the realm of the juvenile in the minds of many. Unless you are a rabid Vampirella fan, I'd suggest you steer clear of this one.
Even MORE Halloween fun!
Finally! Some horror in a DC Horror Anthology!
DC House of Horror. . .Elseworlds and DC Zombies. Check it out!
https://comicbookrealm.com/atom/blog/1669/longbox-junk-halloween-dc-house-of-horror
Overall, I have to say that I liked this DC Horror Anthology quite a bit more than the other three I reviewed earlier this month. With 4 stories out of 8 being good, 2 being pretty good, and 2 bad ones, the ratio of good to bad is a lot more what I'd expect out of a comic that DC had the guts to ask EIGHT DOLLARS for.
Value for cost aside, what I really liked about this issue was that there's actual HORROR in it. By taking this issue in an Elseworlds direction, the writers were free to run with some pretty brutal and dark stories. This comic is NOT for kids. There's some pretty twisted stuff in here. But if you're looking for some actual horror in a horror comic, this is a decent way to go.
It's not worth eight bucks, but it's worth a read if you can find it cheap.
This Halloween Party ain't over yet!


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Q: Iterate over all defined PGF keys Is there a way to iterate over all PGF keys that have been defined previously? My idea is to capture the value of all keys in order to do Proper nesting of tikzpicture environments: Reset all PGF values to their defaults.
EDIT: I imagine something along these lines:
\documentclass{article}
\beginrecordallpgfkeys
\usepackage{tikz}
\endrecordallpgfkeys

\begin{document}
  \restoreallrecordedpgfkeys
\end{document}

I wouldn't mind if recording and restoring would use a temporary file.

A: There is no such feature (and it would be way too expensive).
If you need it, you have to record all options "in scope" manually (and you would need to define clearly what "in scope" means).
One way to record options might be the key filtering ability of pgfkeys (which is quite advanced, however).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Pap Chanel Interview & Artist Spotlight: The 6 Paponalities
Introducing: Pap Chanel
The female rapper on the rise is taking the Atlanta music scene by storm. Check out our Pap Chanel Interview Coverage and Artist Spotlight Below.
When you think of the Atlanta hip hop scene, the first thing that may come to mind is the impact made by artists like Outkast, T.I., the Migos, and more.
The obvious problem here is that your list will commonly highlight the male artists who have dominated the airwaves while forgetting the droves of talented female artists who hale from the area as well.
It is no secret that Atlanta has remained a melting pot for rap music. However, in recent years more and more female artists have been making a name for themselves in the area and across the music industry.
One of these artists, in particular, is Jaida Chanel Roby from Milledgeville, Georgia, who is an American rapper, singer, and songwriter who goes by the name of Pap Chanel.
She is touted as one of the most promising female rappers from Atlanta at the moment and has already landed notable features with the likes of Future, Blac Youngsta, and Jim Jones.
Thanks to the team over at °1824 Creator, a subsidiary of Universal Music Group, we were lucky enough to participate in an interview with the artist to learn more about her background and the mindset behind her recent releases in this week's artist spotlight.
Who Is Pap Chanel?
Comparisons and Inspiration
Paponalities – 6 Alter Egos
Pap Chanel's Music Background
Notable Releases
Pap Chanel Interview: Final Thoughts
With a continuous stream of talented artists flooding the music scene in Atlanta, it's safe to say things are very competitive.
However, Pap (which stands for "Pretty and Paid") is proving that she has what it takes to make a name for herself in a very crowded and male-dominated industry.
So who exactly is "Pap Chanel"?
She's a country girl at heart, who is unapologetically herself and doesn't mind being the elephant in the room. She has a contagious personality that draws you in and this bleeds into the music she creates as well.
Being from a small town of fewer than 20,000 people hasn't held her back or intimidated her from pursuing a career in music. In fact, this is something she embraces.
Pap leans on her upbringing and life experiences to be a voice for the small-town girl who has big goals and aspirations.
Her larger than life personality is very akin to that of Nicki Minaj, and it is no surprise that Nicki is one of her biggest inspirations.
While you could draw comparisons between the two in terms of their rapping styles and the sheer confidence they exude, Pap still comes off as authentic and unique in her own way.
Pap is a fun and relatable new act but don't let the kindness fool you as she embodies a number of different personalities that also remind us that she isn't one to be taken lightly.
In fact, she even has a handy list of these personalities broken down for her fans as you'll see below.
Pap Chanel's approach to branding is a breath of fresh air and gives you a better understanding of what she is all about.
What she has termed as her "Paponalities" is an in depth look at the various personalities one can expect to experience from the artist.
So what are the 6 different Paponalities?
PAPIANA – The cocky, bold, confident, outgoing one who doesn't mind being the elephant in the room.
PAPRIKA – Spicy, the instigator, doesn't mind to get things wild, gambler, always stirring the pot.
TUPAP – The poet, story teller, the business lady, intellectual, doesn't mind to speak on topics that make others uncomfortable.
PAPI – The big boss, the rule maker, the legislator, the ace, birthing the new wave.
PAPATOUILLE – Always eating, the scientist, appetite never expires, the go getter, always cooking up something, the writer, narrator.
PAPILLION – The butterfly, healer, the rainbow that doesn't wear scares, most relatable, never afraid, monarch, strong (butterfly effect).
If you needed any confirmation that Pap draws inspiration from the likes of Nicki Minaj, you don't have to look much further than her list of Paponalities.
This coupled with the meaning of her name "Pretty and Paid" is a representation of female empowerment.
It's a message heard throughout her music and a growing movement that promotes self confidence and not taking no for an answer.
Pap Chanel's Music Background
She won't settle for anything less than the top, and her tracks show that she is a real go-getter working hard to turn heads and make an impact.
Initially, Pap started making music just as a hobby, something she thought was a lot of fun to do.
However, things took a more serious turn as she realized that she had a lot of potential and a talent for freestyling.
When she first started rapping she focused on remixing the music of her favorite artists and laying a verse over their tracks.
For instance, she once remixed a Tee Grizzly song, and her version went viral, which was when she realized she was really onto something with music.
Although Pap is a writer at heart, she loves the freedom of freestyling, which really enables her to make the most out of her ideas and creative vision overall.
Sonically, Pap takes you on an adventure and she has managed to create a distinctive sound based on a wide range of musical influences.
Not only can she rap, she can sing too but keeps this secret weapon in her back pocket.
Her most recent studio releases have been making waves, allowing the artist to discover a wider audience.
Songs like "Apple Jacks" and "Whoa There" feel like a perfect introduction to what Pap Chanel is trying to accomplish by blending the energy of modern rap and the unique melodies of the golden age of the genre.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zw8SceiEYFMhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dCwjSJZbFqc
She has also landed some high praises from the likes of Future who had her on the remix of "Gucci Bucket Hat" and Jim Jones who had her on his latest album for a song titled "How You Love Dat."
Jim also mentioned that Pap Chanel was a new artist he was very excited about in his recent interview with The Breakfast Club which is a testament to all of her hard work and resilience in getting to this point.
When asked if she had any advice for young and aspiring female artists trying to follow in her footsteps Pap replied "Just be yourself and you can never go wrong in life. Being yourself is easy and doesn't bring extra pressure"
Fans of artists such as Nicki Minaj, Bia, Megan Thee Stallion, or Cardi B should check out Pap Chanel, as her tracks might be right up their alley.
We're excited to see what's next for Pap Chanel and if you would like to find out more about her and her music, you can do so here.
Best Beginner DAW Software for Music Production – 5 Options
Neil Young Leaves Spotify – 4 Key Takeaways For Artists
Byadmin October 21, 2020 June 21, 2022
In Part 1 of our interview with JOWST, we learned about the artist and his experiences within the music industry. Part 1 touched on leveraging your opportunities to your advantage, not relying on previous success and scratched the surface of how platforms like Spotify work behind the scenes. If you haven't already, you can check…
Read More Grab The Moment: Artist Spotlight Interview With JOWST Pt. 2Continue
Majid Jordan Toronto Concert Recap: Wildest Dreams Tour 2021
Byadmin January 5, 2022 June 21, 2022
It's been a long hiatus on the album front for fans of Majid Jordan and to some, it may have felt like a lifetime. However the wait is finally over and Majid Jordan is back giving fans a healthy dose of incredible music and a chance to escape from the turbulence that Covid has tossed…
Read More Majid Jordan Toronto Concert Recap: Wildest Dreams Tour 2021Continue
I came across Baby C a couple of years ago while she was touring around Canada. Her energy on stage was very contagious and the music that followed made for a very memorable show. After learning more about her story and what has lead her to this point, you cant help but admire her perseverance….
Read More Perfect Life: Artist Spotlight With Baby CContinue
Downfall – Artist Spotlight With Xande
Byadmin October 8, 2021 June 21, 2022
Downfall by XANDE – Out Now! It has been nearly a year since we formally chatted with Setubal Portugal's very own XANDE and we were fortunate enough to sit down with him again for a very heartfelt and informative interview. We got a behind the scenes look at his latest single "Downfall" and discussed the…
Read More Downfall – Artist Spotlight With XandeContinue
We always love chatting with artists and learning about their experiences as they strive to break through the noise of the music industry. The road to your aspirations in music will always be riddled with challenges and some tough decisions. The wild thing about some of these decisions is that you may not even know…
Striving For Perfection: An Interview With Darren Majak
An Interview With Darren Majak Finding success as an independent musician is no easy task. However, one thing is for sure, the challenges you are facing are faced by the majority of your fellow musicians. The amazing thing about networking and collaboration is the ability to pick the brains of others and learn from their…
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Reno, Nevada's Abaris Training Resources is partnering with The Netherlands, KVE Composites Group to provide exclusive composite training for the European market. KVE will hold training classes in advanced composite repairs at their facility at the Maastricht Aachen Airport. The company will use Abaris Training's course curriculum in active classroom and workshop environments.
To better support European customers, Abaris and KVE have joined forces and together will provide the renowned Abaris Training curriculum in The Netherlands.
The collaboration will bring together an industry-experienced staff of instructors that can provide European companies with cutting-edge composite training for their engineers, technicians, and inspectors working with advanced composites.
"This collaboration is a great opportunity for both parties to create more growth and to bring the Abaris Training standard to a worldwide audience,'' said Abaris CEO, Michael Hoke.
The first European class, ''Fabrication and Damage Repair – Phase I,'' will be held during the week of June 12 to 16, 2017 at KVE's Maastricht facility. Future European classes will be made available and the schedule will be posted on both the Abaris and KVE websites soon.
KVE Composites specializes in design, manufacturing, and repair of advanced composite structures with branches in The Hague, Ypenburg, and Maastricht-Aachen Airport, The Netherlands. Out of their Maastricht facilities KVE has set up advanced composite training at the airport's Aviation Competence Center and has trained hundreds of students since 2014.


text:
Tapestry of Faith
World of Wonder, Grades K-1
Session 9: Creativity in Nature
The Most Beautiful Bower in the World
Part of World of Wonder, Grades K-1
By Janeen K Grohsmeyer
In the land of Australia, where koalas climb high in eucalyptus trees and kangaroos bound across grassy plains on great big feet, a baby bird pecked his way out of his shell.
His mother called him Kejaro, and she brought him good fruit to eat. Every day, for dessert, she brought him bugs. His feathers were brown and green, just like his mother's. Both Kejaro and his mother had pale blue eyes.
Every day, Kejaro ate fruit and bugs, to help him grow bigger. Every day, he flapped his wings hard, to help him grow stronger.
And every night, his mother told him stories about his father. "He was handsome, with satiny blue feathers," she told him. "He was graceful, with a beautiful dance. He was charming, with a lovely voice. And he built the most beautiful bower in the world."
"What's a bower?" asked Kejaro, for all he knew of the world was their nest, high in a tree and surrounded by green leaves, and the slivers of blue far above them that his mother said was "sky."
"A bower is a special nest, built upon the ground," his mother told him. "With his feet, your father smoothed the ground to make a dancing floor. With his beak, he placed each twig, just so, to make an archway. He chewed leaves and berries to make paint then dipped a piece of bark into it and painted the archway's walls. He flew far and wide to find the prettiest flowers and feathers and shells to decorate the bower with, and all of them were of the most beautiful blue."
"Like the sky?" Kejaro asked.
"Like the sky," his mother agreed. "When I came to the bower, your father danced and sang for me, and then I joined him on the dancing floor. Someday, Kejaro, you will build a bower for your lady love."
Then his mother covered him with her wing, for it was time to sleep. Kejaro closed his eyes, wondering what kind of bower he would build when he was grown.
When Kejaro was three weeks old, he flew for the very first time. Soon, he could swoop and soar and zoom up and zoom down. He went high enough to see the sky, and it was huge, not just little slivers. It stretched from one end of the world to the other, and all of it was of the most beautiful blue.
A few days later, he and his mother left their nest. They flew until they found a flock of other birds. All of them had brown and green feathers and pale blue eyes.
Kejaro spent his days playing with his new friends. They flew high in the sky, zipping and zooming and swooping and soaring. They ate fruit from trees and bushes. Sometimes, for dessert, they would hunt bugs. At night, they slept on the branches of trees. Around them, koalas climbed high in the eucalyptus trees and kangaroos bounded across the grassy plains on great big feet.
When Kejaro was five years old, he noticed that he had some new feathers that were a dark, satiny blue. The other boys had some new dark feathers, too. All the girls were still green and brown. Kejaro decided he didn't want to spend his days zipping and zooming and swooping and soaring.
He wanted to build.
Kejaro flew into the forest, searching for just the right spot. He found it, surrounded by four tall trees, with a little rivulet of water not far away. With his feet, he smoothed the ground to make a dancing floor. With his beak, he placed each twig, just so, to make an archway. He chewed leaves and berries to make paint then used a piece of bark to paint the archway's walls. He flew far and wide to find the prettiest flowers and feathers and shells to decorate his bower with, and all of them were of the most beautiful blue.
Every day, he noticed that more of his own feathers were turning satiny blue. Every day, he practiced dancing and singing, making the sounds of other creatures he heard. Every day, he smoothed the dancing floor and rearranged the flowers and feathers and shells.
Some days he went hunting for more decorations. Kejaro found snail shells and bright leaves and beetle wings, but he liked blue parrot feathers the best. He took a few from another bird's bower a few flights away. The next day when he came back from a trip, every single one of his blue parrot feathers were gone. So Kejaro went searching again.
In the spring, a lovely green and brown bird with pale blue eyes came to his bower. He danced and sang his best for her, but then she flew away.
Kejaro was sad, but he promised himself, "I'll do it better next time." All that next year he built and rebuilt his bower, painting the archway, smoothing the dancing floor, finding and arranging his decorations of the most beautiful blue. Almost half of his own feathers were satiny blue now, and he practiced his singing and his dancing, too.
That spring, three birds came to his bower, and he sang and danced for each of them. Two of them left when he was finished, and one of them stayed for a little while, but none of them joined him on the dancing floor.
Once again, Kejaro was sad, but once again he promised himself: "I'll do it better next time." All that year he worked hard, trying to build the most beautiful bower in the world. When spring came again, all of his own feathers were dark satiny blue. He gleamed in the sunshine, and his eyes were as blue as the sky.
One morning, a lovely green and brown bird with pale blue eyes came to his bower. She watched as he danced and sang his best for her. Kejaro finished his song and waited, hoping she thought he was handsome and graceful and charming, hoping she would stay.
She hopped over to him and said, "My name is Camira."
"My name is Kejaro," he told her, wondering if she would be his lady love.
Camira fluttered her wings a little and said, "You have built the most beautiful bower in the world."
And Kejaro was happy, for that meant he had finally done it right this time.
Then he was happier still, for Camira joined him on the dancing floor, and the two of them danced together inside the most beautiful bower in the world.
PREVIOUS: Taking It Home
UP: Session 9: Creativity in Nature
NEXT: Leader Resource 1: Mural Image - Bowerbird
Janeen K Grohsmeyer
For more information contact religiouseducation@uua.org.
Tapestry Curricula and Resources Home
World of Wonder
A Program on the Seven Principles of Unitarian Universalism for Grades K-1
Download all of World of Wonder (Word) (PDF) to edit or print.
To help children engage with the story, print and copy the coloring sheet by Paul Gray (PDF) for them to use with crayons before, while, or after you tell "The Most Beautiful Bower in the World."
Coloring Sheet (PDF)
Session-at-a-Glance
Spiritual Preparation
Activity 1: Earth Ball Name Game
Activity 2: Story - The Most Beautiful Bower in the World
Activity 3: Creative Nests
Activity 4: Creativity in Nature Videos
Leader Reflection and Planning
Faith In Action: Multigenerational Recycled Art Workshop
Alternate Activity 1: Welcoming Web Game
Alternate Activity 2: Birding Expedition
Alternate Activity 3: Creative "Ish" Exploration
Taking It Home
Leader Resource 1: Mural Image - Bowerbird
Find out More About Session 9, Creativity in Nature


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text:
Melophorus castaneus  — вид мелких муравьёв рода Melophorus из подсемейства Formicinae. Эндемик Австралии. Видовое название происходит от латинского слова castaneus ('каштановый') из-за особенностей окраски.

Распространение
Австралия.

Описание
Мелкие муравьи, длина около 5 мм. Длина головы HL 0,95—1,88 мм; ширина головы HW 0,79—2,08 мм. От близких видов отличается округлым проподеумом. Основная окраска тела красновато-коричневая или чёрная. Клипеус выступающий впереди. Псаммофор часто с грубыми и хорошо разделенными аммохетами. Усики состоят из 12 члеников, нижнечелюстные щупики из 6, нижнегубные щупики из 4 члеников.
Вид был впервые был описан в 2017 году австралийскими мирмекологами Брайном Хетериком (Brian E. Heterick; Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, Перт, Австралия), Марком Касталанелли (Mark Castalanelli; Welshpool), Стивом Шаттаком (Steve O. Shattuck; CSIRO Entomology, Канберра). Включён в состав видовой группы M. aeneovirens.

Примечания

Литература
 Andersen A. N. (2000). Ants of Northern Australia: A Guide to the Monsoonal Fauna. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Vic. 106 pp.
 Shattuck S. O. (1999). Australian Ants: Their Biology and Identification. Monographs on Invertebrate Taxonomy Series 3. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, VIC., 256 pp.

Ссылки
 Melophorus — tolweb.org

Melophorus
Животные, описанные в 2017 году
Насекомые Австралии
Эндемики Австралии

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The wrong therapist can do far more harm than good for an adult with ADHD / ADD. Here are 10 archetypes — from the Disciplinarian to the Drug Pusher to the Blame Gamer — that aren't worth your time or money.
Finding a good therapist for attention deficit disorder (ADHD or ADD) is no easy feat. Depending on the time of your diagnosis, you may spend years searching for a doctor with the right combination of smarts, listening skills, and human emotion to match your individual needs. Here's a list of the bad ones you may have encountered — and how to avoid them!
Somewhere along the line, this therapist got the idea that what adults with ADHD need is a good rap on the knuckles and a serious time-out. You'll know you're in a session with a Disciplinarian when homework-like tasks are assigned to you between sessions. Then come the rewards — usually in the form of approving nods and upbeat words.
This therapist is usually new on the job, or has a practice that caters to calmer, more focused patients. She seems to find what you say confusing or unnerving. She spends most of your session asking you to clarify what you just said while she glances at her watch and scoots her chair closer and closer to the door. It's clear that this therapist doesn't have experience treating ADHD and is freaked out by the symptoms.
This psychiatrist thinks medications will solve all your problems — and won't listen to you if you think they don't. Despite your objections, the Drug Pusher has prescribed you a large dose of an antipsychotic that has turned your whole world into incomprehensible pudding. Once you're sedated, this psychiatrist just nods and hmmm-hmmms while making notes on his little pad.
The Researcher gives you the impression that you're a lab rat being nudged through a maze of leading questions that seem to have right or wrong answers. He is only interested in you as a test case for his pet theories and has little interest in your welfare. When you find yourself pushed into a corner you don't recognize and stamped with labels you don't agree with, jump out of the maze, scamper for the exit, and find a doctor who doesn't want to stick you in a box.
Therapists shouldn't find humor in your ADHD symptoms. If you start to suspect your psychiatrist is using your pain for new material ("I mean I've got some crazy patients, but what's going on with this guy…?"), get out quick.
Someone else is to blame for every messed-up thing going on in your life and you get to saunter out of each therapy session as the righteous victim. What's not to love? Watch out for this type: They're seductive. You can't find the strength inside yourself to discover ways to cope with, and understand, what's going on in your head, if it's always everybody else's fault.
This mental health professional has a packed schedule, and is most comfortable with the 15-minute visit. The uh-huhs and head nods are continuous and "that sounds good" follows whatever incomplete thought gushes out of your mouth. After each session you are hustled out the door with a rushed smile and a pat on the shoulder. Take the last pat, and walk away. You're not getting any real help here.
The Fuzzy Comforter has nothing but heart-felt compassion for you — no matter what. You could go into your session ripping the head off a squirrel with your teeth and screaming like a drunken pirate, and the only reactions you'd get would be sympathetic nods and gentle encouragement. And every visit ends with a hug. People with ADHD don't need sympathy; you need some help finding solutions and practical ways to cope.
If past ADHD treatments haven't helped, you might try a subconscious, deep-diving psychotherapy expedition with a Dream Dissector. You hope to find the source of your inability to focus lurking somewhere in the caverns of your sub-conscious dream life. But even when you manage to remember them, the fractured dreams of an ADHD-hypomanic-neurotic-insomniac, don't have enough focus to even begin to be analyzed.
Paintings, objects d'art and advanced degrees adorn every inch of his walls and the furniture is made of dark tufted leather with brass accents. He asks you about yourself and then takes notes, barely looking at you during the entire appointment. Shuffling into a weekly audience with a puffed-up poo-bah is no way to get help dealing with your problems.
This slideshow is right on the money. You ought to post it regularly.


A urostomy, or urinary diversion, is a surgically created opening that allows urine to flow out of the body through a stoma. Typically, a urostomy is created when the bladder is either not functioning or has to be removed. There are several different types of surgeries, but the most common are the conduit and colonic conduit.
Maintenance of a urostomy requires the use of an ostomy appliance. The Stomico Ostomy Pliers are designed to assist with both one and two-piece appliances. One component is known as the bag or pouch. The other is a skin barrier/wafer.
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The Stomico Punch Pliers System allows the purchase of the most economical (no pre-cut holes necessary) skin barriers/wafers.
Stomico Ostomy Pliers are available at our on-line store.


text:
Chiefs give WR Tyreek Hill's camp permission to seek trade after contract extension talks stall
Editor's note: The Chiefs agreed to trade Tyreek Hill to the Dolphins for five draft picks, including a first-rounder in the 2022 NFL Draft.
The dollars might end up being the divider between one of the NFL's most explosive passing duos.
Despite an offer that would make Tyreek Hill one of the NFL's highest-paid receivers, talks on a contract extension have stalled and the Chiefs have given Hill's agent permission to seek a trade, NFL Network's Ian Rapoport and Tom Pelissero reported Wednesday.
Multiple teams have already engaged the Chiefs in discussions regarding Hill, and the expectation is Hill would fetch a massive haul in a trade, per Pelissero. Among those teams: The New York Jets, Miami Dolphins and Green Bay Packers. Rapoport adds that Hill would receive a new contract extension wherever he lands.
Miami stands as the team displaying the most interest at this point, per Rapoport. The Dolphins have been remarkably aggressive during free agency, snagging former Cowboys receiver Ced Wilson on a three-year, $22.8 million deal, and scoring the best free agent in the entire class by signing tackle Terron Armstead to a five-year, $75 million contract this week.
Adding Hill would surpass even Armstead.
Hill is a six-time Pro Bowler and three-time first-team All-Pro receiver who has made quite an impact on the NFL since arriving via the fifth round of the 2016 NFL Draft. Kansas City has used his speed as a weapon in the passing game, deployed him as a devastating gadget player and watched Hill rack up gaudy numbers -- including four seasons of 1,100-plus receiving yards -- with all-world quarterback Patrick Mahomes.
Breaking them up isn't akin to the end of the Beatles, but the significance would resonate throughout the NFL -- and especially the loaded-up AFC West.
Hill's fit in Green Bay makes plenty of sense following the Packers' decision to trade Davante Adams to the Las Vegas Raiders. Aaron Rodgers needs a No. 1 receiver, and Hill would certainly take the top off defenses. He might also be a lonely target with the Packers, who have watched Equanimeous St. Brown leave for Chicago and have yet to retain Marquez Valdes-Scantling, who is on his way to -- surprise -- Kansas City for a Wednesday visit with the Chiefs, per Pelissero.
The Jets haven't been shy about making offseason splashes in the last year. New York signed Corey Davis to a three-year, $37.5 million deal in 2021 and have restocked their tight ends room with C.J. Uzomah and Tyler Conklin this month. Hill would make one half of an ideal pairing with Davis in the Big Apple, and would prevent a division rival (Miami) from scoring a playmaker who would add to a suddenly deep receiving corps.
Hill's impact on the game is easy to measure: Just scan a highlight reel at the collegiate or professional level to find a player throwing up the deuces as he crosses the goal line. Hill originated the celebration while racking up touchdowns with the Chiefs, who at their peak were nearly unstoppable thanks to Mahomes' rare arm and Hill's elite speed.
Moving from Kansas City would send shockwaves throughout the AFC West and well beyond it. We'll stay tuned to see if this is truly the end of Hill's time in Kansas City.