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Organizational Profile
Profile of the Director
Learning for Impact > About Us > Profile > Selected Publications
Salinas Mulder, S. & Amariles, F. (2016). Cultural Competence and Power Dynamics In Evaluation: Reflections From A Gender Perspective. (Cultural competence and power dynamics in the evaluation: Reflections from a gender perspective). In: Evaluation Connections, Special Issue, September 2016. European Evaluation Society, EES.
Salinas Mulder, S. & Amariles, F. (2015) New paradigms to evaluate and redesign fairer and more egalitarian realities in our diversity. VIPPAL Blog / CIPPEC.
http://www.vippal.cippec.org/nuevos-paradigmas-para-evaluar-y-redisenar-realidades-mas-justas-e-igualitarias-en-nuestra-diversidad/
Salinas-Mulder, S. & Amariles, F. (2014). Latin American Feminist Perspectives on Gender Power Issues in Evaluation. (Latin American feminist perspectives on questions of gender power in evaluation) (Chapter 9). In: S. Brisolara, D. Seigart, & S. SenGupta (Eds.) Feminist Evaluation and Research: Theory and Practice. (pp. 224-254). New York: Guilford Press.
Salinas-Mulder, S. & Amariles, F. (2012). Gender, Rights and Cultural Awareness in Development Evaluation. (Gender, Rights and Cultural Awareness in the Development Evaluation). Blog at: AEA365 A Tip-a-Day by and for Evaluators. May 23.
Salinas-Mulder, S. & Amariles, F. (2011). Challenging Gender Blindness in Conventional Evaluation. (Challenging gender blindness in conventional evaluation). Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the American Evaluation Association (AEA), Anaheim, CA, USA. November.
Amariles, F. (2007). Will the glass ceiling break? Strategies used to create an equitable and efficient work environment (Will the glass ceiling break? Strategies employed to create an equitable and efficient workplace). In: Heller, L., Ed. Women in organizations in Latin America and the Caribbean. Theoretical contributions and concrete experiences. pp. 93-116. Latin American & Caribbean Women in Management Network (WIM).
Amariles,F., Paz, O.P., Russell, N. y Johnson, N. (2006). The Impacts of Community Telecenters in Rural Colombia. (The impacts of community telecentres in rural Colombia). Journal of Community Informatics 2 (3). Special Issue: Telecentres. Available at:
http://ci-journal.net/index.php/ciej/issue/view/15
Amariles, F., Peralta, G. and Johnson, N. (2006). Linking diversity to organizational effectiveness: Lessons from a culture study at CIAT ". (Linking diversity with organizational effectiveness: lessons from a culture study at CIAT). ILAC Brief No. 12, Institutional Learning and Change initiative.
https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/70138/ILAC_Brief12_Cultural_Study.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Baena M., Mejía M., Pineda B., Hidalgo R., Hesse E., Goldberg E. and Amariles F. (2007). Delivering distance education on plant genetic resources. An evaluation of the collaborative association between CIAT, Bioversity International, UNC and REDCAPA on conducting a distance-education course on the ex situ conservation of plant genetic resources. (Distance education on plant genetic resources: An evaluation of the collaborative partnership between CIAT, Bioversity International, UNC and REDCAPA in conducting a distance education course on ex situ conservation of plant genetic resources). Bioversity International, Rome, Italy and CIAT, Cali, Colombia. iv + 87 pp. Available at:
http://www.bioversityinternational.org/e-library/publications/detail/delivering-distance-education-on-plant-genetic-resources/
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Home > News > Decisions Round-up > Decisions Round-up: 22 to 26 February 2016
Decisions Round-up: 22 to 26 February 2016
Understanding a request properly from the start is an essential part of good FOI. This week's round-up features a number of cases where simple mistakes at the start of the process led to real problems later on. Whether it's confirming whether you actually hold the information, searching for the right information, or even considering the public interest in revealing whether you have it, investing time up-front in understanding the request can help avoid trouble later on…
Make sure you hold information before claiming it's exempt…
Authorities can only apply exemptions to information they actually hold. The first step in responding to any request is to find out what is held: everything else should flow from that (Decision 036/2016).
And when making sure you hold it, be thorough!
A vital part of responding is making sure you find all the information covered by the request. Thorough searches are an essential part of getting FOI right. Something has gone wrong if you find more information during our investigation, and we see this happen far too often - most recently in Decision 040/2016.
If an authority has said it holds information, it can't then refuse to confirm or deny whether it holds it…
The "neither confirm nor deny" provision in section 18 of the FOI Act must be claimed from the start if it's to make any sense. An authority can't confirm that it holds information (or that it doesn't), and then try to "put the genie back in the bottle" by later claiming it wouldn't be in the public interest to say whether it holds the information or not. Even if the authority was wrong in its initial response, acknowledging this will say too much about the information to make a "neither confirm nor deny" response tenable (Decision 036/2016).
If you're claiming legal privilege, make sure the information is still confidential
Information can only be subject to legal professional privilege if it's still confidential. If it's already been shared with a third party, chances are it will have lost that quality. In Decision 038/2016, we found that part of the information had previously been shared with the requester, so was no longer confidential.
Take care when interpreting requests
If a request has a very specific focus, it won't necessarily help the requester if you interpret it too widely. In Decision 037/2016, the requester was clearly concerned about a very specific issue, and it wasn't helpful, in this case, for the authority to direct him to more general information about the wider issue instead.
Decision 036/2016 Marc Ellison and West Lothian Council
The Council was asked for information about measures to detect the potential radicalisation of students. The Council initially informed Mr Ellison that it held the information, but it was exempt from disclosure. During our investigation, the Council informed Mr Ellison that it didn't hold any information covered by his request. We accepted that the Council did not hold the information, but found that it should have told Mr Ellison this.
Decision 037/2016 Allan Nugent and Glasgow City Council
Mr Nugent asked the Council for information about its taxi tariff formula and, in particular, about how it was affected by the element "fair treatment of the public". The Council initially told him it did not hold any information covered by the request, but on review it directed him to information published on its website. We found that this was not an appropriate response - it was clear that the information Mr Nugent was seeking was not the information published by the Council.
Decision 038/2016 Alan Stewart and Argyll and Bute Council
The Council was asked for information relating to legal advice it had obtained. The Council disclosed some information, but withheld legal advice under section 36(1) of the FOI Act. We found that some of the information had lost its confidential status, and that that information should be disclosed.
Decision 039/2016 Tommy Kane and the Scottish Ministers
Mr Kane asked for information about fracking. The Ministers disclosed some information, but withheld the remainder under the "internal communications" exception in the EIRs (regulation 10(4)(e)). We agreed that the information could be withheld for this reason.
Decision 040/2016 Organisation S and the Scottish Ministers
The Ministers were asked for information about the Climate Challenge Fund and Sustaining Dunbar. The Ministers disclosed some information, but withheld the remainder. They disclosed more information during our investigation, which we found should have been disclosed earlier. Although we accepted that the Ministers were entitled to withhold some of the remaining information, we also found that they had withheld internal correspondence which should be disclosed.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Sonic Drive-In Feeds Chiefs and Redskins Fans Some Crow via Twitter
By Shawn Paul Wood
It's no secret that I loathe politically correctiveness. People get too offended about too many things these days. In the words of a villainous philosopher, "Why so serious?" However, when it comes to the NFL, well … I'll let you be the judge of this ballyhoo.
Full Disclosure: Sonic Drive-In is sheer greatness and I would adore to do PR for this company. (Call me?) However, to paraphrase a marketing slogan, "This is not how you Sonic." Just look at the sign outside a Missouri Sonic, soak it in and more after the jump…
From Eater, the fandom in this Belton, Missouri drive-in got a bit too risque on behalf of the Kansas City Chiefs. It's bad enough everyone in the world hates the mascots of certain football teams, except the Redskins, but when you get two NFL teams with similar homages to Native Americans (one slightly more highly offensive than the other), trouble ensues.
A Sonic consumer named Delores Schilling tweeted a picture of the hoorah marquee and all hell broke loose. In fact, the VP of Public Relations Patrick Lenow did the right thing and apologized immediately:
The remarks posted on this message board were wrong, offensive and unacceptable…In a misguided effort to support his football team an independent franchise owner allowed passion to override good judgment. The owner has reinforced with his employees the boundaries of what is acceptable and unacceptable. On behalf of the franchise owner and our entire brand we apologize for the offensive remarks.
The story includes a deluge of tete-a-tete tweeting, but it started with this:
@DelSchilling No we do not. It is wrong and hurtful. Owner very angry it happened. Employees coached. We apologize for brand and owner.
— Sonic Drive-In (@sonicdrive_in) December 9, 2013
Jocularity and smart-assery followed, but Sonic owned it, deleted it and moved on from it. After a heinous flub, that is how you should Sonic in this profession.
http://adweek.it/2kLInns


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Know Your News
Inform Muncie Newsletter
Meet the students and faculty
Meet our Audience Advisory Board
Rose Park aids in food desert
April 18, 2021 May 1, 2021 informmuncie
By Haley Wade
Rose Park is the Ross Community Center's newest outdoor project and it is designed to be a space of "tranquility and education" while also providing room to grow – literally.
Jacqueline Hanoman, executive director, says vegetation beds will not only serve a purpose of beauty, but also a more vital role —a food source.
The Ross Community Center has played a major part in the neighborhood by serving as a safe space for the community while also supporting families through its food marketplace, which opens at 4 p.m. every Friday. Rose Park will add to that.
Rachel Foster, one of the gardening specialists, is one of the key forces behind this park. Her knowledge of plants has helped with the educational and beauty aspects of the park. There will be four new beds, including native species, pollinator beds, and vegetables.
"There's so much potential in that space —not only to evolve physically, but to be a tool and a resource, and I look forward to every aspect of making that a reality," Foster said.
Most of these vegetables will be used as produce for the weekly food market but will also serve as a community garden for the neighborhood. People who were miles away from a produce store now have one right out their front door.
According to the U.S. Census, about 31% of Muncie lives in poverty, which impacts accessibility to food throughout neighborhoods. The nearest grocery store from the Thomas/Avondale neighborhood is two miles away, and this distance fluctuates throughout the neighborhood.
The garden also will be used as an educational space for children. An after-school program for ages ranging from kindergarten to fifth grade will include hands-on learning with the vegetation beds.
"I really want to use the garden as a catalyst for their interest in education and to teach them how important it is to care for the environment," Foster said. "Really, the possibilities with this space are endless."
This lettuce bed is one among the numerous plant and flower beds at Rose Park. It features different varieties of lettuce, such as kale and romaine.
Vegetable seedlings are waiting to sprout and then be transferred to several of the plant beds in Rose Park.
Rachel Foster, one of the gardening specialists at Ross, uncovers seeds she's taking care of. She explained these will be vegetables and other plants, like sunflowers, in the park.
This native species bed will feature plants native to Indiana and help attract pollinators.
The park will feature several garden structures, such as these pergolas and then trellises later on. These structures add to the tranquility of the space and provide shade.
Sources: Ross Community Center, U.S. Census Bureau
Images: Haley Wade
Featured Image: Haley Wade
JohnTom's Barbecue lands national distributer
Pastor Andre Mitchell leads church and community
Study: Coming out at work risky business
Muncie's Black Chamber 60 members and growing
A discussion about being LGBTQ+ in the workplace
https://digitalresearch.bsu.edu/VbcNewsDesertsSeminar/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Queer-Chocolatier-Edit-1.mp3
Inform Muncie report: Ken Hudson, executive director of Whitely Community Council
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LfPqaRYzhao


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Q: How to get current console foreground/background colors in C#? How can I get current console colors (foreground/background)?
I have a method to output single line with changed foreground:
    public void ColorLine(string line, System.ConsoleColor foreground)
    {
        // maybe save original foreground color here

        // then change it
        System.Console.ForegroundColor = foreground;

            // write line
            System.Console.WriteLine(line);

        // set original color
        System.Console.ForegroundColor = // original foreground color;
    }

A: // save original foreground color here
ConsoleColor currentForeground = Console.ForegroundColor;

// set original color
Console.ForegroundColor = currentForeground

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


3D printing and design company UNYQ has announced the launch of its 3D-printed prosthetic leg socket.
It is one of several additional products to be added to its prosthetic wear line by the end of 2021.
The socket contains sensors that records the individuals' activity, including number of steps and calories burnt. It has been ISO 10328 tested, ensuring the highest standard of quality. Clinicians benefit from improved patient satisfaction, access to data and the ability to easily replicate the product. This can save time both for the clinician and the end user. Many amputees have more than one prosthetic leg, so replication of the socket at the press of a button saves multiple visits.


I've been doing this new thing where I allow myself to get my hopes up. I talked about it recently on Storyline and you should read that post first in order to fully understand this one. The problem with allowing myself to get my hopes up means I'm allowing myself to get disappointed. The problem with getting disappointed is that I feel disappointed, and the problem with feeling disappointed is that it doesn't feel good.
Think about it, the last time you felt genuine disappointment. You had hoped something would happen and it didn't. For me, now that I'm allowing this disappointment thing into my life, I've noticed that I'll feel it in my whole body. I walk around a little slower, I actually "hang my head." I reach for a cup in the cabinet at a glacial pace, fill it up with water, slink back to my couch, slip slowly. It doesn't even taste good.
As I said in the Storyline post, Dr. Brene Brown talks about how living with disappointment is easier than feeling disappointment. I get this now. Because when I lived in it, I did not have the high of hope to come off of. There was less distance to fall. Now, I feel it when I hit the ground. But as hard as it hurts, I know that what I'm gaining is future joy. Because we can not selectively feel emotions, says Brown. When we numb disappointment, we numb joy. But when we feel disappointment, we feel joy.
So that leaves us with the question of what to do when we are feeling the disappointment as we sit on the couch with the cold glass of water that took us 8 minutes to fill up. This is what I'm figuring out now and I think the answer is to press in. Don't shove the emotion away and pretend it's not there. Allow yourself to feel it. Kind of like grieving. Maybe exactly like grieving.
The pain of disappointment is real and deep no matter how petty the circumstance may seem. I once ran up to my room crying when I was in high school because I had just discovered I had been wait-listed at a college I didn't even want to go to in the first place. It's just a real reaction and pressing in allows us to feel it, and somewhere deep down you know you've felt it before and it doesn't last forever. It's like a toddler. A two-year-old reacts dramatically when disappointed with tears and cries, but 30 minutes later he's bounced back and happy again. Maybe the kids have it right.
We forget how buoyant we are. We forget that we'll wake up, maybe tomorrow, and the joy will have crept back in.
After spending some time numbing myself towards certain situations and disappointments, this is an incredibly refreshing truth. I love that you incorporated Brene Brown's studies, her research has also allowed me to look at the world and myself in a much more real way. The idea of getting your hopes up instead of expecting disappointment has definitely changed the way I look at a lot of things. Thank you.
Oh wow! What a twist on the typical perspective we have on the negative events in our lives. We always try so hard to tip-toe through life that we forget that it's when we are at our darkest we need God the most. Disappointments grow us and refine us. Thank you so much for opening up this new perspective!!
Wow, I needed to read this. I've been so hurt by my husband and family in the past few years that I've cut off almost all emotions toward them. And now that my husband is pressing into God, I'm still having a hard time trusting him and following him. I've hardened my heart so much and realize now that I need to open up to being vulnerable again.
I can't begin to tell you how challenging your writing around hope has been to me. I have had a very complicated relationship with hope because of precisely these feelings you are describing and the fear of having hope disappointed. It is extremely encouraging to know that I am not the only one to feel or think in this way and that this is not a solitary journey but that there are other brave individuals out there trying to find a way to experience their emotions and not just survive them.


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These ultra-high performance corner pads were originally developed for use by leading computer and electronics manufacturers. This revolutionary technology is now available for you to retrofit onto any device that you have. They fit both 3.5" (PC) and 2.5" (Laptop) hard drives as well as LCD and LED display screens. Each of these shock and vibration absorbing pads are made of industry leading Sorbothane urethane rubber which is trusted by NASA, the US Military and NASCAR.
These pads will not harden or crack over time. Unlike most neoprene and rubber pads they will remain effective for years. Each pad is made of grey Sorbothane and can support up to 1.5 lbs. It is recommended to use a set of 8 pads to isolate one harddrive or display.
Dimensions: 0.53" (L) x 0.37" (W) x 0.37" (H) - Wall thickness 0.10"


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Sotheby's Impressionist & Modern Art Day Sale brings $38.8 million in New York
A rare octagonal table by Diego Giacometti sets new artist record at $3.8 million. Photo: Sotheby's.
NEW YORK, NY.- "Today's sale was led by the phenomenal results for a selection of bronze sculptures by Diego Giacometti, which together sold for $6.8 million." said Scott Niichel Co-Head, of Impressionist & Modern Art Day Sale in New York. "The group was led by a rare octagonal table, which set a new world auction record for the artist when it sold for $3.8 million. This result also ranks among the highest prices ever achieved in our Impressionist & Modern Art Day Sales."
Julian Dawes Co-Head of Impressionist & Modern Art Day Sale in New York, commented: "Our results reaffirm market strength across the great breadth of material represented in our sales: from an iconic bronze cast of a dancer by Edgar Degas, to an early large-scale Impressionist canvas by Francis Picabia, to a 1955 painting by Pablo Picasso. We are pleased to see continued demand for top-quality works that are fresh to the market, and strong participation today by American private collectors in particular."
TODAY'S TOP LOTS
• Diego Giacometti, Table Aux Personnages. Estimate $300/400,000. Sold for $3,837,500
*NEW RECORD FOR THE ARTIST AT AUCTION*
9 works by the artist were sold in the Day Sale, achieving a combined total of $6.8 million
• Francis Picabia, Port De Mer Dans Le Midi, Effet De Soleil. Estimate $800/1.2million. Sold for $1,932,500
*NEW AUCTION RECORD FOR AN IMPRESSIONIST WORK BY PICABIA*
• Chaim Soutine, Paysage Aux Toits Rouges. Estimate $600/800,000. Sold for $1,812,500
• Pablo Picasso, Téte, Estimate $800/1.2 million. Sold for $1,392,500
• Henri Le Sidaner, La Table De Pierre Au Crépuscule, Estimate $600/800,000. Sold for $1,332,500
• Émile Othon Friesz, Arbres, Automne. Estimate $700/1 million Sold for $1,092,500
• Émile Othon Friesz's Fauve landscape Arbres, Automne from 1906 was last sold in 2005 for $654,400.
• Henry Moore, Family Group. Estimate $500/700,000. Sold for $852,500
Following last week's success of Henry Moore's Family Group from the collection of David Bowie, we saw numerous bidders compete for this iconic sculpture formerly in the collection of Richard Rogers, an American composer of more than 900 songs and 43 Broadway musicals.
Experts war over whether 'lost' Vincent Van Gogh notebook is real
Sotheby's to offer rediscovered Frida Kahlo painting
MoMA acquires László Moholy-Nagy's "EM 1 (Telephone Picture)"
The Currier Museum of Art acquires mysterious double-sided painting
The Morgan receives unique collection of WWII drawings and sketches by Philip Pearlstein
Phillips sets new world record for highest result achieved for any wristwatch at auction
Ultra-rich bid for all that glitters at Swiss auctions
Very rare WWII Enigma Machines lead Bonhams Science and Technology Sale in New York
Exhibition presents entire portfolio of 15 black and white photographs created by Lewis Baltz in 1977
First look inside the new V&A Gilbert Galleries
Marlborough Gallery opens an exhibition of new works by Ai Jing
Rome in shock as another historic landmark vandalised
Silver Swan automaton to visit Science Museum, London
fotofever paris 2016, the fair encouraging collecting, succeeds in its 5th edition
Creative art installations and performances converge in the UAE capital as Abu Dhabi Art 2016 opens
Major new work by Glenn Brown acquired for the Laing Art Gallery, Newcastle
Exhibition of Soviet Photomontage 1920s-1930s opens at Nailya Alexander Gallery
Cooper Hewitt releases new E-Book, Widows Unveiled
Bilbao Fine Arts Museum opens "The Culture of Wine. Masters of Printmaking from the Vivanco Collection"
East meets West in Bhupen Khakhar's 'Man in Pub'
Fabergé, Toussaint, Whiting, and Important snuff boxes highlight Heritage Auctions' sale
IWC "Le Petit Prince" pilot's watch realises CHF 48,750


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CHANGES IN LEVELS OF CARTILAGE OLIGOMERIC PROTEINASE AND URINARY C-TERMINAL TELOPEPTIDE OF TYPE II COLLAGEN IN SUBJECTS WITH KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS AFTER DEXTROSE PROLOTHERAPY: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL
Yose Waluyo, MD1, Budu, MD2, Agussalim Bukhari, MD, PhD3, Endy Adnan, MD, PhD4, Ratna Darjanti Haryadi, MD, PhD5, Irfan Idris, MD, PhD6, Firdaus Hamid, MD, PhD7, Andry Usman, MD, PhD8, Muhammad Phetrus Johan, MD, PhD8, Andi Alfian Zainuddin, MD, PhD9
From the 1Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 2Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 3Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 4Rheumatology Divison, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 5Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, 6Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 7Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 8Department of Orthopedic, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia, and 9Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
Objective: To assess the effects of dextrose prolotherapy in patients with knee osteoarthritis on the levels of serum cartilage oligomeric proteinase and urinary C-terminal telopeptide of type II collagen, and on the Western Ontario McMaster Universities Index and numerical rating scale score for pain.
Methods: A randomized controlled trial, in which participants were randomly allocated into 2 groups, receiving injections of either hyaluronic acid or dextrose prolotherapy. The hyaluronic acid group received 5 injections, 1 each on weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, and the dextrose prolotherapy group received 3 injections, 1 each on weeks 1, 5 and 9. Serum cartilage oligomeric proteinase, urinary C-terminal telopeptide of type II collagen, Western Ontario McMaster Universities Index score, and numerical rating scale score for pain were measured at baseline and 3 weeks after the last injection. Comparative analysis was conducted using Wilcoxon test within groups and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test between groups.
Results: A total of 47 participants (21 allocated to hyaluronic acid, 26 allocated to dextrose prolotherapy) completed the protocol. Both interventions resulted in significant improvements in numerical rating scale scores for pain, total Western Ontario McMaster Universities Index scores, and its subscales score. However, the dextrose prolotherapy outperformed hyaluronic acid in numerical rating scale score for pain and level of urinary C-terminal telopeptide of type II collagen, with score changes differences of 0.93 (p = 0.042) and 0.34 (p = 0.048), respectively. No significant changes in level of serum cartilage oligomeric proteinase were found in either group.
Conclusion: Dextrose prolotherapy is an alternative injection therapy for knee osteoarthritis, which was found to be associated with a significant reduction in urinary C-terminal telopeptide of type II collagen compared with hyaluronic acid injection. Neither injection method resulted in reduced serum cartilage oligomeric proteinase.
Key words: knee osteoarthritis; prolotherapy; hyaluronic acid; COMP; uCTX-II; functional outcome.
Correspondence address: Yose Waluyo, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia. E-mail: yose.waluyo@med.unhas.ac.id
Knee osteoarthritis is a common musculoskeletal disorder, which is one of the most frequent causes of disability in elderly people. To improve patients' quality of life, prolotherapy has been developed as a non-operative treatment option for osteoarthritis. This study compared the effectiveness of dextrose prolotherapy with that of standard therapy using hyaluronic acid injections. Both interventions were effective in terms of Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) score improvement and numerical rating scale score changes. Cartilage repair was assessed by measuring levels of specific biomarkers of cartilage breakdown: urinary C-terminal telopeptide of type II collagen (uCTX-II) and serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (sCOMP). Dextrose prolotherapy was more effective than hyaluronic acid in reducing these biomarkers and decreasing patients' pain. Dextrose prolotherapy is therefore recommended for use in patients with knee osteoarthritis, since it gives better results, is cost beneficial, and is suitable for use in low-resource settings. Dextrose prolotherapy may help to repair cartilage in knee OA, as it reduces the uCTX-II level.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a highly prevalent musculoskeletal disorder, which is one of the most common causes of disability in elderly people (1–3). Several studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of hyaluronic acid (HA) injections, and recent guidelines have recommended their use in knee OA (4, 5). Xin has shown that intra-articular injection of HA (Adant®, Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan. Manufactured by microbial fermentation and Artz®, Dispo: Seikagaku Corporation, Tokyo, Japan. Manufactured by the extraction of cockscomb), can significantly reduce both the visual analogue scale (VAS) score for pain and the Lequesne index (6). In contrast to these findings, however, a meta-analysis concluded that treatment of knee OA with HA injection did not result in a significantly different outcome from intra-articular placebo, despite the higher costs compared with other common non-operative intra-articular modalities (7).
Regenerative therapy is an alternative approach that has been considered for OA, due to its potential to aid tissue regeneration, improve clinical manifestations, and repair damaged tissue structure, which is the underlying pathological condition in OA (8). An example of a currently developing regenerative approach is prolotherapy, an injection-based modality for treating chronic musculoskeletal pain through the use of substances such as dextrose, phenol-glycerine-glucose (P2G), or sodium morrhuate (9). Previous reports have demonstrated the effectivity of prolotherapy in significantly reducing the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) score relative to saline injections and at-home exercise over 18 weeks after injection (10–12). In line with these findings, other reports have shown the promising effects of prolotherapy for tissue regeneration through radiological and arthroscopy-based assessments of cartilage repair (13).
Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) and urinary C-terminal telopeptide of type II collagen (uCTX-II) are specific biomarkers used to evaluate cartilage breakdown in OA. Increased levels of these biomarkers can indicate the severity and prognosis of OA (14). Meanwhile, decrease in levels of both biomarkers has been assumed which indicates the improvement in cartilage (15). COMP and uCTX-II are recommended as promising specific biomarkers in OA cases based on Burden of disease, Investigative, prognostic, efficacy of intervention, and diagnostic (BIPED) criteria, as stated in a systematic review (16).
Although previous reports have demonstrated promising potential of HA-based therapy and dextrose prolotherapy (DPT) in improving functional outcome in knee OA, none have compared the efficacy of those modalities in cartilage repair by assessing specific biomarkers, such as serum COMP (sCOMP) and uCTX-II. Hence, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of intra-articular HA and DPT on cartilage repair in knee OA, by measuring the changes in sCOMP and uCTX-II biomarkers.
The study is a double-blinded randomized controlled trial comparing the effects of DPT vs HA on levels of sCOMP and uCTX-II. Ethics approval was obtained from the Hasanuddin University Ethical Commission (protocol number UH19100814). The study was retrospectively registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (registration number NCT04557943). Primary data collection was conducted from September 2019 to April 2020 in the outpatient unit of the Cerebellum Clinic, Makassar, Indonesia.
Participant eligibility was screened by a trained research assistant, under the supervision of the principal investigator, based on pre-determined criteria. Inclusion criteria were: patients aged > 40 years; and diagnosis of knee OA based on the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 2012 criteria and radiological examination. Exclusion criteria were: previous intra-articular injection within 3 months; previous use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) one week before intervention; or contraindications to prolotherapy, such as abscess, cellulitis, or septic arthritis.
Recruitment and consent
After confirming the eligibility of the participants, the principal investigator provided a detailed explanation of the study objectives, procedures, the potential effects of the procedure and answered all candidates' questions regarding the study. Following the explanation, only participants who consented proceeded to baseline data collection.
Demographic data, such as age, sex, and body mass index (BMI), were collected. History of illness, previous treatments, baseline numerical rating scale (NRS) for pain and WOMAC scores were also collected. Participants reported their pain intensity score verbally, ranging from 0 "no pain" to 10 "the worst pain imaginable" on the NRS. The WOMAC score was obtained by a trained research assistant: participants were verbally asked about the severity of their osteoarthritis, using the pain, stiffness, and function subscales. The WOMAC composite score was determined, constructed as the total of the 3 subscale scores, range 0 (no limitation) to 96 (worst disability). The severity of KOA was determined by a radiologist using the Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grading criteria.
Baseline sCOMP and uCTX-II levels were evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) procedure. To assess sCOMP level, 5 ml venous blood was collected and centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 20 min. The harvested serum was used for COMP measurement using the Human COMP ELISA kit (Bioassay Technology Laboratory, Shanghai, China, catalogue number E1486Hu). To measure uCTX-II level, random urine was collected and centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 20 min, then the harvested supernatant was used for uCTX-II measurement with the Human CTX-II ELISA kit (Bioassay Technology Laboratory, Shanghai, China, catalogue number E3701Hu). All biomarker assessments were performed at the Hasanuddin University Medical Research Center (HUMRC) Laboratory, Makassar, Indonesia.
Simple randomization was used to allocate patients to the 2 groups. A sealed envelope containing the randomized sequence was given to the investigator and care provider, and participants were recruited consecutively. Participants were blinded to the therapy by receiving individual treatment in different rooms and on different occasions. On the day of assessment, the physician and laboratory technicians were blinded to group allocation.
All data collections were performed by trained research assistants who were blinded to the patients' allocation status via face-to-face interviews. External personnel were employed to perform data entry, so that the statistician could analyse data without referring to the allocation information, thus ensuring blinding. The envelope was opened at the end of data analysis.
The interventions were performed by the principal investigator (a trained physician). The HA group was given a 2 ml Adant® intra-articular injection (~10 mg) on weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. The DPT group was given a 5 ml 25% intra-articular dextrose injection and 30–40 ml 15% peri-articular dextrose injection in several sites, such as the medial collateral ligament, pes anserine, tibial tubercle, coronary ligament, patellar edge, lateral collateral ligament, and tibiofibular ligament. DPT injections were administered on weeks 1, 5 and 9. Participants were advised to take only acetaminophen (500 mg every 8 h, as needed) if the pain flared up and to avoid NSAIDs in the first 72 h after injection. Participants were contacted every day for one week after the injection to assess side-effects.
sCOMP and uCTX-II measurement. The primary outcomes of this study were changes in sCOMP and uCTX-II as specific biomarkers of cartilage degradation. Both the sCOMP and uCTX-II levels were obtained at baseline and 3 weeks after the final injection, using the ELISA methods described above.
NRS and WOMAC scores. The secondary outcomes of this study were changes in pain scale, assessed by the NRS score, and functional outcome, assessed by the WOMAC score. NRS score was obtained at baseline and 3 weeks after the final injection.
Sample size calculation. Based on a previous study using WOMAC score as the outcome variable after DPT intervention (12), the sample size was calculated using σ2 = 0.09 and (μ1–μ2) value = 0.05 (12), Z1-α/2 value = 1.96 with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) and Z1–β value = 1.282 with 90% power. The possibility of participants dropping out was anticipated, hence the minimum total sample for this study was 18 in each group.
Analysis. Per-protocol analyses were performed for the data of participants who completed all the study protocols. The pre- and post-intervention NRS scores, WOMAC and its subscale score, sCOMP level, and uCTX-II level were analysed in both groups using the Shapiro–Wilk test to interpret data distribution. Subsequently, comparison of pre- and post-intervention NRS scores, WOMAC score, sCOMP level, and uCTX-II level in both groups were analysed using the Wilcoxon test. At baseline, there were differences between the DPT and HA groups in terms of NRS score, pain WOMAC score, functional WOMAC score, and total WOMAC score. Therefore, one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to compare between 2 groups, using the baseline value of NRS, pain WOMAC, functional WOMAC, and total WOMAC as covariates. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version 22.0 (IBM Corp. Released 2013. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0. Armonk, New York: IBM Corp) was used for all analyses.
As shown in the flow chart (Fig. 1), 85 participants were enrolled in the first screening. Of these, 3 participants were excluded as they did not meet the inclusion criteria, and 6 were excluded after refusing the injection. A final total of 76 participants were included in the study, of whom 44 were allocated to the DPT group and 32 to the HA group (some participants in HA group did not receive the intervention because they declined the intervention after randomization). Among the participants receiving DPT, 35 received 3 injections, and only 30 completed the follow-up. In the HA group, 25 participants received 5 injections, and only 21 completed the follow-up. Hence, at the end of the study, the number of participants included for analysis were 26 from the DPT group and 21 from the HA group. The trial recruitment stopped once the minimum sample size for the study was fulfilled.
Fig. 1. Participants' flow chart. VAS: visual analogue scale; HA: hyaluronic acid.
Due to the high level of drop-out of participants, baseline data for per-protocol subjects and excluded subjects were compared in order to determine potential biases. There were no significant differences between per-protocol subjects and subjects excluded in both groups.
The 47 participants included for analysis were mostly female (74.5%) and obese (53%), with an mean age of 62.4 years (standard deviation (SD) 8.7) (Table I). Before intervention, the mean NRS score of the DPT group was 4.85 (SD 1.71), and that of the HA group 3.48 (SD 1.53). The mean WOMAC total score and its subscales (pain, stiffness, and function) for the DPT group were 36.08 (SD 10.06), 7.15 (SD 3.09), 3.08 (SD 2.24), and 25.85 (SD 7.88), respectively; and for HA group 24.81 (SD 17.25), 4.90 (SD 2.93), 2.52 (SD 1.83), and 17.38 (SD 15.99), respectively. Baseline uCTX-II and COMP levels in the DPT and HA groups were 1.19 ng/ml (SD 0.41 vs 1.01 ng/ml (SD 0.39) and 1,240.5 pg/ml (SD 2,161.1) vs 1,917.1 pg/ml (SD 2,821.5), respectively. A complete profile of the participants and the baseline measurement of studied parameters are shown in Table I.
Table I. Characteristics of participants and baseline measurement of parameters
A complete course of DPT injections was given to 26 of the 47 participants (pre- and post-intervention scores are shown in Table II). Participants showed significant improvement in NRS score, WOMAC total score, and all subscale scores of WOMAC. Assessment of biomarkers revealed a significant reduction in uCTX-II level (0.25 ng/ml; p = 0.032), and a slight reduction in sCOMP level (p = 0.137). Meanwhile, the 21 participants who were given HA injections showed a significant decrease in NRS score (1.61; p = 0.002). The total and subscale scores of WOMAC also decreased significantly (Table II). Both uCTX-II and sCOMP levels increased, but showed no significant changes, with score changes of 0.05 ng/ml (p-value = 0.404) and 810.7 pg/ml (p-value = 0.274), respectively.
Changes in NRS score, WOMAC score, uCTX-II level, and sCOMP level for both groups were compared by adjusting the data. A significant difference was demonstrated in the NRS score and uCTX-II level between the DPT group and the HA group, with score changes of 0.93 ng/ml (p = 0.042) and 0.34 ng/ml (p = 0.048), respectively (Table II).
All participants experienced expected mild-to-moderate post-injection pain within 2–3 days. Only one participant, from the prolotherapy group, took paracetamol due to a painful knee post-injection. There were no other side-effects or adverse events.
Table II. Baseline and score changes in numerical rating scale for pain, Western Ontario McMaster Universities Index (WOMAC) score, and specific biomarker in both groups
Knee OA is a common musculoskeletal disorder in old age. Participants in this study were mostly elderly, obese and female. These characteristics of the participants are known as the risk factors of knee OA based on previous study (17). Prolotherapy is a non-operative treatment, which has been developed to improve quality of life in patients with osteoarthritis. Prolotherapy is an injection-based treatment that is commonly used in chronic musculoskeletal pain conditions. Although it has been identified as regenerative therapy (18), it differs from other regenerative injection therapies, such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and stem cell injection, by the absence of a biologic agent. The current study compared the effectiveness of injection therapies with DPT and HA, by assessing specific biomarkers as the primary outcome in addition to several functional outcomes. Although both groups showed significant improvement in NRS and WOMAC scores, only the DPT group showed a significant decrease in uCTX-II level. In contrast, previous studies showed either an increase (19) or decrease (20) in uCTX-II level following HA intervention.
The uCTX-II level is one of several cartilage degradation biomarkers, wherein increased levels of uCTX-II correlate with radiological severity and cartilage thinning on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination (14, 21, 22). And while the chondrogenic effects of prolotherapy remain unclear, several in vitro studies have shown that human cells produce various growth factors after exposure to hypertonic dextrose (23). Hypertonic dextrose solutions act by dehydrating cells at the injection site, leading to local tissue trauma, which, in turn, attracts granulocytes and macrophages and promotes healing. Other studies stipulate that the injected proliferant imitates the natural healing process of the body through initiation of a local inflammatory cascade, which triggers the release of growth factors and collagen deposition (24, 25). In addition, a low-level chondrogenic effect of dextrose has been demonstrated by Topol et al. (13), through observation using arthroscopy. It is therefore assumed that this chondrogenic effect of dextrose on cartilage may be reflected by a decreased level of uCTX-II.
In this study, no significant change was observed in sCOMP level in either interventional group. To our knowledge, no previous studies have observed the effect of these 2 interventions on sCOMP levels. In OA, COMP correlates with non-collagenous protein in cartilage (14) and is a promising biomarker of cartilage damage, which can be used for early detection and assessment of disease progression (26, 27). However, COMP elevation is not specific to knee OA; some studies have shown that sCOMP level can increase in joint trauma or excessive physical activity (28, 29). In addition, increased sCOMP level is also found in malignancies of the breast, prostate, and colon (30, 31). Since the current study did not exclude patients who had disease history or comorbidities, these may have affected sCOMP levels in this study.
Both interventions showed favourable changes in the secondary outcome of WOMAC total score and NRS score. However, the NRS score changes were more remarkable using DPT intervention. The favourable changes in pain score and functional outcome in HA and DPT shown in this study are in line with the results of previous studies (11, 12, 32–35). As described previously, DPT outperformed HA in improvement of pain score. However, the mechanism of pain reduction of these agents is not fully understood. Previous studies have indicated that HA may reduce pain through anti-inflammatory mechanisms by binding to the cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) receptors. This leads to inhibition of IL-1β expression by inducing mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase (MKP)-1, eventually decreasing the production of catabolic enzymes (MMP 1, 2, 3, 9, and 13) that has been known to induce inflammation in the synovium (36, 37). Meanwhile, the pain reduction mechanism in prolotherapy is assumed to occur by its capacity to promote growth-factor mediated tissue healing (38, 39), provide desirable nutrients necessary for regeneration (38), exert a potential direct effect on peripheral nerves (39), and strengthen the ligament and tendons, which have been considered as the source of pain in KOA (35, 41). Those mechanisms may be associated with cartilage and peri-articular structure repair, which eventually leads to reduction in pain and improved joint function. Although there was no significant change in WOMAC scores between groups, the mean improvement on WOMAC score in the DPT group was 16.92 points (SD 13.85) , which exceeded the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) on the WOMAC for knee OA, which is 12 points (12). Meanwhile, the mean WOMAC score change in the HA group was 8.95 points (SD 9.79), which is not close to a significant clinical change. This fact might indicate that the current study is underpowered; larger studies are therefore needed to evaluate the effect more comprehensible.
Although this study is the first to report the alteration in cartilage biomarkers after DPT and HA intervention in knee OA, some limitations should be noted. The study is substantially limited by the level of dropout, which introduces considerable bias regarding the magnitude of positive outcomes. It is also substantially limited by the between-group difference, although these were corrected by covariate analysis. Previous disease or comorbidities of participants may have confounded the biomarker levels in this study. The small sample size and homogenous ethnicity of the participants also restrict the generalizability of this study; hence, future studies should examine a larger, more comprehensible, and more representative subject population.
DPT is a promising alternative injection therapy for KOA, which resulted in more favourable changes in uCTX-II level relative to HA injection therapy. Both injection therapies demonstrated good functional outcome and pain reduction.
The authors thank the Dean and Vice Deans of the Faculty of Medicine Hasanuddin University, the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, and the Cerebellum Clinic for their support. Great appreciation is also given to Gita Vita Soraya, Ahmad Yasin, Sari Rajwani Artika, and Insani Nanda Wahyuni for their assistance while conducting this study.
Ethics approval. The study was approved by the Faculty of Medicine Hasanuddin University Ethics Committee on 12 November 2019 (protocol number UH19100814). The trial (NCT04557943) was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov on 22 September 2020.
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Deep and Downstream Mooring Deployment (aka how to avoid a tangled mess)
by Akua McCleod
One of the big research tasks during the first expedition was deploying our deep mooring – a nearly 80-foot-long cable outfitted with over 10 different instruments. This one was longer and had more instruments than the rest of the moorings, and it was the only we one we deployed from aboard the Amber Anne. This made the timing of everything both exciting and challenging.
Prepping the mooring involved a lot of steps – while attaching all of our instruments, the long cable was coiled in figure eights across the deck (the total mooring cable length is over 150m, nearly 500ft long!). We had to keep the line from getting tangled up and keep a log of instrument locations so that we would know which instruments were measuring at what depths.
This mooring suspends a series of RBR fast temperature profilers at 10-meter increments – which will help us learn a lot about mixing in the water column at different depths. We also attached two CTDs and an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) to gather data about temperature, pressure, salinity, and currents in the water. The top of the mooring has a oval float, shown here with Jonathan inspecting it. But that oval isn't providing most of the floatation.
Most of the floatation is in a giant float - 3 ft in diameter. ALL OF THIS Is totally underwater, otherwise icebergs would destroy it. So how do we get it back? There is a mechanism at the bottom that has a hook that will release from the anchor when it hears a specific pattern of sound - a code. It is risky. If the release fails, we can't get the mooring and all the data back very easily (we can try to drag the bottom of the fjord for it and try to hook it from the boat).
In the photo below, Jonathan is showing off one of our small moorings, which will go right up next to the glacier. In the upper left of the photo is the giant ball that is for this deep mooring and the yellow instrument at the right is the mechanism designed to release from the anchor.
The final deloyment looked like this (watch for the top float to disappear off behind the boat near the end of the video!)
I think deploying this mooring was one of my favorite parts of this trip – the whole team was involved, and everyone had to coordinate to get all the different parts of the mooring into water at the right time and place, and it was thrilling. Communication between the bridge and the deck was key because the Amber Anne had to be travelling at the right speed as we dropped in each part of the mooring. June and Johnathan worked on getting big instruments off the deck with the crane, while other members of the team radioed the bridge, kept track of when instruments were put in the water, and fed cable over the side of the boat. The best part was watching each of the instruments disappear into the water once the anchor was released.
An Oceanographer on the Rocks??
By Anna Simpson
I got to be a glaciologist for a day which means that I helped Jason carry cameras, batteries, and tripods up to the top of the high rocks above glacier terminus. We were taken to shore in a small skiff and dropped off at the base of this steep, rocky stream bed - this seemed like the best way to hike to the elevation and rocks we were trying to get to. There was no trail, but not a lot of vegetation, so it was relatively easy in terms of navigation to get to the top. We got to a saddle between the rocky cliffs at which point we left the heavy gear and scrambled around to find a good location to set up the cameras. After a bit of walking around, we found the spot - on top of large, flat rock, 220m above sea level.
Why? Our goal was to set up two cameras positioned to take pictures of the terminus and fjord during daylight hours every 30 seconds. Time lapse photography is useful to track the movement of icebergs in the fjord, calving events, and capture movement of the terminus. It also helps us keep track of wind and rain events and anything else that might affect our data. In this project in particular, tracking the movement of icebergs can tell us something about the surface circulation patterns in the fjord.
Once we set the tripods up in a good position, we had to gather a lot of rocks (big and small) to stack around the base to keep it very still during the duration of the deployment. We also attached a GPS to the tripod and let it communicate with satellites for an hour to get a very accurate position. It's important to have a very accurate position of the camera, so quantifiable data can be collected from the pixels in the pictures.
A particularly fun aspect of hiking up so high above the fjord was watching the ship move around (it appears so tiny amongst the high rock walls of the fjord!) and our robotic kayak pulling and successfully deploying the first mooring which was really cool to see from way up above! The following day Akua and Jason hiked up to a lower elevation closer to the terminus to set up 2 more cameras in the same way.
A few photos from Akua's adventure with Jason the next day.
Traveling Up the Leconte Fjord
by Akua McLeod
Apparently, John Muir once wrote something like you should go to Alaska when you're young because no other place will ever live up to the beauty of Alaska's landscape. But I am so glad that I had the chance to see this place – it is dramatic, and stunning, and made me feel very small in a way that only being surrounded by nature can.
The three-hour trip up the fjord to LeConte glacier was absolutely beautiful. When I woke up we were already on the way and I walked outside to expanses of green water, and baby ice bergs, and tree covered mountains disappearing into the clouds. I think I could have spent the whole trip at the stern of the boat – watching the trees transition to steep faces of granite and looking at the seal families that hang out on floating chunks of ice. I ran out without gloves at first, and it was chilly, but my stiff fingers were definitely worth the view. Here are some of my favorite photos:
Seeing the glacier for the first time was pretty magical too and watching my first calving event was so different from anything else I've experienced. The LeConte Glacier is a bright blue against the rest of the landscape, and its full of arches, crags and caves made of ice.
Throughout the day, especially when it's warm out, slices of ice crack and come tumbling from the face of the glacier – making sounds echoing sounds and sending rippling waves and crumbled ice throughout the fjord.
The short story? I don't think I could ever get tired of this place.
Erin Pilots the Drone!!?!
by Erin Pettit
I have never really been interested in remote controlled cars and such - wasn't my thing as a kid. And I kind of took on the challenge of flying the drone because everyone else had a more important job during the first deployment. Turns out it is fun, and I'm not too bad a pilot!
Here are a few of my drone videos.
The best one showing the mooring deployment (sped up to 2x speed)
If you want to see the whole video in real time, watch here.
Landing was always a challenge. I'm still working on that - a moving boat is a tough target!
Loading the Cargo Container... and ROAD TRIP!
by Erin
After instruments are prepped, raft designed and built, and supplies purchased, we had to load all the equipment, tools, and supplies, including the two ROSE boats, into a 20' cargo container to be shipped to Alaska. We had to keep track of what was packed in each box, and which boxes were ready to load, and figure out ways to secure odd bits, such as the giant mooring float in the photo below.
Becca and Jonathan are prepping a large black bin of mooring supplies before it will be forklifted into the container. Notice the giant ball is now in the upper right of the container, ROSE is underneath it, boxes of instruments in the middle, more small mooring balls stuffed in various places. It all has to fit... tetrus with odd shapes!
Jonathan loves driving the forklift. Here he is carrying lead weights that might look small, but each weigh a couple hundred pounds - not something any of us could lift! Watch your toes...
In the end Jonathan and I had to drive the container to Seattle. A bumpy 5 hour drive, when ended at the Alaska Marine Lines dock where a giant forklift picked the container up off our truck and took it away - to a barge to be sent off to Petersburg, Alaska.
Tags Cargo, ROSE
Pre-field Preparations at Oregon State University!
By Akua
So, what the does the prep work for a glacier expedition look like? For the past few weeks, the lab witnessed an extreme bustle of activity. The breakroom whiteboard captured the long list of activities needed to make our upcoming trip go smoothly – cataloging everything from equipment to purchase and instruments to clean, to flight information and housing logistics.
I quickly learned the significance of this work. Once in the LeConte fjord, our whole team will be focused on the data collection process, so having all the equipment calibrated and organized beforehand will help make our work more focused and efficient. Seemingly small tasks done ahead of time – measuring out cable lengths and chunks of chain, calibrating compasses, programming the instruments used to collect data – can make a big difference during the actual trip, when the team will only have three days to deploy instruments and gather data.
At the top of the list this week was final testing of the Robotic Oceanographic Surface Explorers (ROSE) and building the raft that will be used to deposit our instruments at the base of the LeConte Glacier ice cliffs. During the expedition, ROSE will navigate to the terminus of the glacier with the raft in tow, carrying the instruments, floats, and anchors that will be deployed to analyze subglacial melt. These devices are the crux of the expedition, because they allow us to conduct acoustic analysis in regions too dangerous for the team to explore in person. ROSE is ultimately what will help us get close enough to the edge of the glacier to listen to ice melt at its base.
We also needed to calibrate and program the different instruments we'll use to collect data during the trip. For this expedition, we will be using both CTD SeaBirds and Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCPs). The SeaBirds are standard oceanographic instruments that will be used to measure the conductivity, temperature, and pressure of water in the LeConte Bay. To gather data about the velocity of water flow within water columns at the glacier's base, we'll use ADCPs. Ultimately, both instruments are important and weaving the two types of data together will allow us to develop a more comprehensive understanding of how ocean water and subglacial melt interact at the ice-ocean boundary.
Finally, after everything was calibrated and built, it was time to pack all our gear into the container that will meet us in Petersburg, Alaska! It was a busy, busy week and it left me with a much greater appreciation for all the ground work that must be done to make the expedition possible.
Here are a few more photos and videos of the instrument preparations.
Tags ROSE, Calibration, Instruments
National Geographic Partnership
Sound of Ice is funded by National Geographic Society.
While National Science Foundation has been funding core research in this fjord for the last several years. This particular expedition includes a special, slightly risky, super exciting component that is funded by the National Geographic Society. We are combining Erin's work in acoustics and Jonathan's ability to make measurements with an unmanned boat to push the boundaries of science by using Jonathan's boat ROSE to actualy deploy a mooring that has hydrophone sensors on it to "listen" to the glacier, right up at the base of the ice cliffs - closer than anyone has before. In a tribute to National Geographic's support of this project, we thought it fitting to design our mooring deployment "raft" as the classic NGS rectangle. We will add photos showing ROSE in action here soon!
Tags ROSE


Along with the National Association of Child Care Resource & Referral Agencies (NACCRRA) and Voices for America's Children, the Every Child Matters Education Fund released a report this week showing that the majority of states in this country continue to make deep budget cuts in key areas that support children's development, health and safety. State Budget Cuts: America's Kids Pay the Price, lists state-by-state cuts to programs affecting children, including public health, early education, child care, K-12, and programs for children with special needs.
Based on a survey of Child Care Resource and Referral agencies (CCR&Rs), the report shows that FY 2011 budget cuts drastically affected children and family services within their states. The budget deal to increase the debt ceiling last August required additional cuts in the federal budget. Federal programs for the fiscal year that began October 1 are operating under a Continuing Resolution through November 18. The Budget Super Committee's recommendations for the decade are due November 23.
We recommend that Congress make children's interests a priority and support future economic growth by eradicating tax loopholes and providing additional aid to states for children's health care and education. Additionally, Congress should adopt an Invest-in-Kids Agenda that fully funds Head Start, child abuse prevention and treatment, guarantees health insurance for every child and provides access to affordable child care for working families.
To read the complete report, please visit http://www.naccrra.org/publications/naccrra-publications/.


Iowa's Top Mini Schnoodle Breeder Has Puppies for Sale Now!
This Spring could be different! A schnoodle puppy will make the whole Summer fun. New places and faces await you.
Let Iowa's top Schnoodle breeders Brian and Karen Sterrenberg help you find your next schnoodle puppy. Just a short travel from Illinois, Wisconsin and Minnesota.


Global mobile VPN market is expected to reach $1560.7 million by 2023, growing organizational need for secure remote accessibility to critical applications and surge in cyber threats are the key factors driving the growth of the market, according to P&S Market Research.
On basis of end user, the mobile VPN market is categorized into telecommunications, government, healthcare, utilities, financial, oil and gas, mining, military, and others, where "others" include retail, transportation, media, hospitality, and manufacturing. Of these, telecommunications held the largest revenue share in the market in 2017, with a contribution of more than 25%. It is also projected to continue generating the highest revenue in the market through 2023. The growing use of mobile and wireless devices has also generated the demand for mobile VPN in sectors such as healthcare, utilities, and banking.
On the basis of distribution channel, the mobile VPN market is classified into partners and distributors, value-added resellers (VARs), direct sales, and online. Of these, partners and distributors contributed more than 40% revenue share to the mobile VPN market in 2017. As they provide better on-premise services, they are expected to continue leading the market, as the most preferred source of mobile VPN products, in the coming years as ell.
Data security in organizations can be achieved with the help of mobile VPN. The network establishes an internet protocol security (IPSec) VPN tunnel from the mobile device to an IPSec gateway over the internet using a wireless connection, such as a global system for mobile communication (GSM) or wireless LAN (WLAN). The wireless VPN tunnel allows employees to securely access their enterprise applications, such as e-mails. Thus, the growing rate of cyberattacks is leading to increased demand for the network in organizations, which, in turn, is driving its market growth, globally.
The demand for mobile VPN from the healthcare sector has increased in recent years, as field workers, physicians, and medical staff are required to be given access to confidential medical records and other healthcare applications. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) compliance provides data security and privacy provisions for safeguarding medical information. Thus, the efforts of the healthcare sector to become HIPAA complaint is expected to drive the growth of the mobile VPN market, globally. Besides, home health care and telemedicine are encouraging increased used of wireless devices. Thus, the increased demand for mobile device security is creating lucrative growth opportunities for the players operating in the market.
Vendors in the mobile VPN market are aggressively investing and working toward building cost-effective mobile security solutions. Some of the key players operating in the market are Netmotion Software, Inc., Radio IP Software Inc., Smith Micro Software Inc., Cisco Systems Inc., IBM Corporation, Columbitech, Techstep Technology, Check Point Software Technologies Limited, Anthasoft S.A. De C.V., and TheGreenBow.


Your bathtub is resurfaced on-site and in one day. We use an HVLP spray system to apply an acrylic based coating right over your bathtub/tile. Our technicians do a full clean and preparation of the area before the coating is applied. They use an industrial exhaust fan to vent the area while spraying.


At WastePages, we strive to bring you the best service at the best price available. We have a wide selection of dumpster sizes in stock in Windsor, CO, with flexible & timley pickup and delivery. Give us a call today for all your dumpster rental and roll off needs.
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If you are inside mood to remove all the trash that has taken over your storage and surface buildings, you must call a corporation that can get you a dumpster to rent the following day.
If you have a substantial project you want to complete inside McLean, Vienna, or Tyson's Part in Arlington Region, VA you should have to rent a dumpster.
When you've got your home decluttered and organized, you need to keep a watchful eye out and about for your behaviors. Your messy mess decided not to occur immediately the first time, and this will slowly slide back in to your life if you aren't cautious! Throw away pre-approved offers when it comes inside. Keep your property tidy and organized. Ask yourself every so often if you absolutely need some of the things that have been getting dusty. With a little extreme caution, your home will always be clutter-free.
Avoid major stores as they can overcharge regarding products. Once you discover you need a plethora of an item, like raw wood or jewel, find a mass retailer to buy material by and conserve. They can provide you with better charges on product because it's in bulk, versus purchasing set portions in a major store, which will help your net profit. Remnants may also be a great way to cut costs. Most retailers will offer records at lower prices because they take up space plus they cannot begin using these pieces. With a bit of resourcefulness, remnants may offer a unique ingredient to your overall design, while saving your net profit.
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