The paper analyses the diminishment of the importance and significance of the medieval tower houses in Trogir caused by social, political, and economic changes as well as by the urban development and the changes in the city defence system. The findings suggest that the decline of the towers had already begun during the 13th century. Eventually it resulted in the preservation of only a few, who have, however, been subjected to subsequent remodelling.
 The image of any medieval city implies high defence walls and towers rising above.1 The southern prospect of modern Trogir still shows the medieval city wall with the battlement and two square towers in front of them. However, the old city maps and vedute2 (fig. 1, fig. 2), as well as historic texts3 testify to the existence of three other towers that were attached to the city walls. This evidence led to research into the processes that made those tall structures disappear, on the basis of the field studies of medieval residential architecture and the research of the archival sources.
 Trogir is a city on the eastern Adriatic coast. It was founded in approximately 220 BCE and is situated on a small island between the land and the island of Čiovo.7 The antique settlement as well as the medieval city (civitas) occupied the eastern part of today's island. The archaeological excavations identified parts of the fortifications that were built in the age of Antiquity and again in Late Antiquity.8 Their spatial relation to the medieval defence walls shows that the city area was enlarged gradually (fig. 3), up to the beginning of the 13th century, when the medieval burgus started to develop to the west of the city,9 on the lands gained through earthworks.
 In the southwestern, southern and eastern parts of medieval Trogir these large complexes occupied entire blocks of irregular, often trapezoidal shapes. They were built in the areas of older walls that had been demolished in favour of the medieval enlargement of the city walls. Thus these towers defended not only the private property of their owners but they were also part of the common system of fortification. In the central part of the city, the ancient regular street grid that surrounded the rectangular blocks was disrupted: The streets consequently narrowed and were often closed, sometimes turning into the private courts and sometimes completely disappearing under new buildings that joined the blocks. Some of these new buildings were, in fact, towers, protecting the complexes that were created by joint adjacent buildings and private courts made up of former streets.
 The structure of most of these complexes, with enclosed private courts or deep passages (i.e. open private spaces) within the blocks, can still be discerned in the contemporary urban tissue (fig. 3, the areas by the towers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, and 11). Archival data recording the members of the same family as the owners of the neighbouring buildings are yet another proof of their existence. However, due to the incompleteness of the archival information as well as due to the rebuilding of the old houses and building of new ones in these private courts, passages and surrounding private streets, it is hard to determine their original perimeters. One of the complexes completely lost its court (fig. 3, area by the tower 4), but the court was repeatedly mentioned in the documents. We learn about two other complexes only through written records (fig. 3, areas by the towers 7 and 8), and concerning the Bishop's palace (fig. 3, area by the tower 6) two plans are preserved. Although some other similar structures can be discerned in the urban area, there is no physical or written evidence of the existence of towers in those blocks.
 The urban government, i.e. the City Council, took charge of the public space thus stopping the process of further private spreading and of joining the blocks: Any kind of building on public (i.e. non-private) streets and squares was prohibited by the communal Statute.18 Among the changes that are relevant for this research was also the institution of a public notary, providing us with the data necessary for an understanding of the further processes. The notarial records reveal that in the 13th century most towers belonged to the members of distinguished patrician families. By the end of the 15th century many of them had changed their owners and become property of other patrician families, wealthy commoners or a Benedictine monastery.19 However, it is not possible to completely reconstruct all the changes in ownership of the towers during the period in question. What is more, it is not always clear how some of them became someone's property, but the extant data allow this discussion and lead to some hypotheses about the processes that caused the change in the attitude towards medieval towers. It should be said that there is no written evidence of the towers from the time when they were erected and when they were highly significant. Even the oldest among the related documents belong to the period when their decline already started.
 An example of the process of division and of change in the attitude towards an inherited complex with a tower can be observed through the acts of the members of the Ursus patrician family. At the end of the 13th century Bartholomew Ursus and his sister Gapa owned pro indiviso the complex by the eastern city walls (fig. 3, no. 8). Gapa married George, from the patrician family Hvalimir, and had an only son Martinci. After their death, Bartholomew argued with Martinci's widow, Mira, about the property of the Ursus'.24 According to the judicial act of 1329, Bartholomew got a part of the complex consisting of two floors above the storage space that he had already sold, while Mira kept the tower where she had been living – as she testified – with her family for more than forty years. Bartholomew Ursus was, as a matter of fact, never interested in keeping the complex in its entirety, nor did he wish to use the tower, as he had let his sister and her family live in it. The assessment of the entire Ursus property in the city and in the district, which was divided in the trial, implies no symbolic value of the tower: turris was just a term that described a type of real estate.
 In the case of Bartholomew and Gapa, the complex was divided between the two heirs. The dynamics of the division of the complexes differ by case, i.e. from one patrician family to another. In these partitions, the number of newly made units depended on the number of heirs in every generation, but also on the quantity of the inherited real estate that could comprise houses in other parts of the city. The general tendency among the members of patrician families was to keep the inherited houses and leave them to the next generation. However, these new units could be sold separately or become a dowry, which both resulted in the ownership of members of some other family.
 However, the tower that was a part of this grand house – and is still preserved – was never mentioned in the late 14th- and 15th-century documents. Its significance, meanwhile, diminished. Even the elder Blaise, eager to show off the pride that he felt for his real estate, used the modern term domus magna. This term was rather frequently recorded during the 15th century. It was always related to a compound of several houses and a court, or at least a part of a court. As a matter of fact, these grand houses were segments of the former complexes. Even when the grand houses included a tower, as is the case with the Andreis', the term turris was never applied to them. The change in terminology only followed the change in the attitude towards towers.
 The members of the Cega patrician lineage possessed numerous houses in the city, including two complexes with towers: one west of the main square and the other attached to the southern city walls (fig. 3, nos. 4, 10). In the second half of the 14th century two brothers, Peter and Cega,36 were in possession of the two southern thirds of the block at the main square. We assume that they had split the complex that was an entity in the previous generation. Cega's son Andreas had five sons, and in 1449 they divided the inherited property.37 Three of them received houses in other parts of the city, and Peter and Bive split up the central part of the block: Peter got a house, the court and the kitchen westward, and Bive got a house and the tower eastward. The tower is described in the document as a domus alta, which means that by the mid-15th century it was perceived as just any other house in the block.
 Thus the former complex, which had already been split in the 14th century, got divided again in the mid-15th century (fig. 5). Furthermore, the southern part of the block, owned by Peter in the 14th century, and later by his son Matthew, was inherited by the only descendant, his daughter Pelegrina. At the beginning of the 15th century, by marriage, it became the property of another patrician family, the Cippicos.38 The new owners remodelled these houses and mounted reliefs of the Cippicos' coat of arms. Such was the extent of remodelling that in historiography these houses are known as the Cippico Palace. The quality of the architectural decoration arose great interest among art historians.39 It proves that although the towers lost their symbolic value, the very need for using real estate in the city for the sake of demonstrating power has never vanished.
 During the second half of the 14th century, the Council made considerable efforts to improve the defence system in the southern part of the city as well as to build the walls around the suburb.40 Although the suburb walls were completed as late as 1419, it was already obvious that they would be extended much more to the south (in order to enclose the Dominican church) than the existing city walls. Therefore, instead of reinforcing the old ones, the new line of the southern city walls was determined. Its eastern and central parts were built just in front of the old ones, between three private towers that retained their role in the city defence system (fig. 3, fig. 7). However, the western part was erected several metres further to the south, leaving the Andreis tower within the city (fig. 3, no. 2, fig. 6).41 At the time when it was built it defended the southwestern angle of the city, but after the suburb had developed to the west of it, the tower became useless in that regard. As it was said earlier, it almost completely disintegrated during later remodelling.
 One of the private towers that remained attached to the new city wall (fig. 3, no. 4, fig. 7, fig. 8)42 belonged to Stephen Cega, who was the bishop of the nearby diocese of Hvar and Brač.43 He also possessed an adjacent house encompassing the kitchen and the court. All these were parts of the already divided Cega complex. In the riot of 1357 Stephen's tower was damaged,44 and he was obliged to repair it. In the late 1370s, when the fleet of Genoa was stationed in the Trogir port, just before the war between Venice and Genoa broke out, the repairs of the tower were not yet made. In 1378, the Council decided to allocate three hundred ducats for dismantling and rebuilding the tower.45 However, in 1380, as the City Council was unsatisfied with the progress, it signed a new contract with the owner: Stephen renounced all his rights and consigned the tower to the commune whose intention was to undertake the rest of the works.46 While this decision clearly reveals the intention to destroy the tower and to build it ex novo, the examination of its structure raises certain doubts. The newly built section of the city wall leans on a side façade of the tower closing two Romanesque windows on the first floor. There would have been no logical explanation for their placement had the tower been erected anew. Thus it seems that the City Council, facing the expenses of building the new portion of the southern city walls as well as the walls enclosing the suburb, opted for the repair of the Cega tower.
 Although the Cega Tower became the property of the commune in 1380, in the early 15th century it was again in private hands. As much as it would seem that the communal possession of a tower would offer advantages to the organization of the city's defence, our reconsideration proves the opposite. Firstly, the City Council had to cope with the organisation of the defence system including the private towers already during the 13th century. A document of 1267 records the distribution of balliste among the owners of the towers and houses along the city walls.47 The very passage through those houses and towers, as well as through all the complexes along the city wall, had to be accessible during the attacks. Thus owning just the tower – that was accessible only through some other house and the court which remained in Stephen Cega's property – did not, in fact, make much difference. The second reason was the cost of maintenance: the very problem that the Council had been facing since the early 14th century, as shown by the evidence concerning the complex with a tower next to the eastern part of the city fortification (fig. 3, no. 7). Situated between the city walls and the communal palace, north of the Benedictine abbey of Saint John the Baptist, the complex must have been built, like others, by the members of some prominent family before the beginning of the 13th century (fig. 3, no. 7).
 In the eighth decade of the 13th century the commune possessed a house at the main square and decided to purchase the adjacent buildings.48 After an agreement had been signed with the local church representatives, the nearby church of Saint Stephen was pulled down and the building of a communal palace began.49 Shortly afterwards, the complex with the tower situated to the east of the palace became the property of the commune. There is no written evidence which would explain how exactly this transaction was carried through. At the time it certainly seemed like a good decision, but, as a matter of fact, it turned out to be a burden. In 1315, when the city was threatened from the hinterland, the monastery of the Friars minor, built in the immediate vicinity of the city, had to be abandoned, and the friars were sheltered on the island, within the city walls.50 The Council offered them the complex with a tower as a permanent residence, but they politely refused saying that they had no interest in a palace with many houses, because a modest residence would meet all their needs, and above all they had no interest in the tower, the purpose of which was to serve for the protection of the whole community, describing the building as old and deserted.51 Therefore, an entire complex with no inhabitants who would care about its maintenance was a serious problem.
 In 1420, after a short siege and a strong attack, Trogir was conquered by the Venetian fleet.56 During the attack, many buildings, including the communal palace and the cathedral, were damaged. The new regime had to protect the city against threats from the outside – but even more from within, since many of its opponents still lived in Trogir. The Venetians built the citadel for the captain and soldiers in the southwestern part of the island, ordered the demolition of the wall between the city and the suburb to have full control of Trogir,57 and remodelled the communal palace both to present the glory of the Serenissima as well as to secure the building against riots and even to arrange an escape route for the count.58 The Venetians also decided to support the repair of the abbey's and the bishop's towers.59 However, they refused to cover the repair costs of the private towers and ordered that their upper parts, rising above the city walls, be demolished.60 The nature of the defence system thus changed, relying only on the fortifications that were controlled by public institutions (fig. 9).
 Venetian rule brought about changes in society and accelerated the process of the rise of commoner families. The effective power of the patricians and the City Council was at the same time gradually waning: any important Council's decision had to be approved in Venice.61 It was not only the patricians, but also the commoners who sent their commissioners to Venice, negotiating for their benefits.62 The most prominent among the commoners gathered in the respectable Fraternity of the Holy Spirit.63 Its members were craftsmen of various professions and merchants. As their wealth increased, they became the owners of numerous houses in the city.64 Some of these houses were, in fact, parts of the former complexes with towers.
 In the second decade of the 15th century Matica, the daughter of Michael, was in possession of the former Stephen Cega tower, court and adjacent house (fig. 3, no. 4, fig. 7, fig. 8).65 Matica was definitely not a member of any patrician lineage of Trogir, but probably came from some prominent commoner's family. She was married twice, but never lived in these buildings. Both husbands managed the estate on her behalf. From 1417 to 1450, the buildings were continuously hired out. Having lost his interest in the tower after the damage of 1420,66 the first tenant, Mark, a dyer,67 bought some neighbouring houses.68 New lease agreements included an obligation to repair the tower in exchange for a lower rent.69 In 1450, Matica and her husband, who were, meanwhile, facing financial problems, mortgaged the property in the form of a purchase agreement and the "buyer" continued to rent it.70 None of the tenants and neither the "buyer" was a member of some patrician family. The purchase agreement was cancelled three years later. In 1455, having used the same formula, the owners signed a new contract with the abbess of the nearby Benedictine nunnery of Saint Nicolas:71 They mortgaged the tower separately, but at a higher price. They never redeemed it and it has remained a property of the Benedictine nuns until the present day.
 The patricians' loss of interest in towers and adjacent buildings during the first half of the 15th century can be discerned in the archival data related to another complex in the southern part of the city (fig. 3, no. 3, fig. 10), recorded at the beginning of the 13th century as belonging to Drusimir Vitturi's family.72 His great-grandchildren died without descendants,73 but the members of another branch of the lineage remained in possession of the major part of the building structures.74 They never lived there nor did they care for routine maintenance. In the fourth decade of the 15th century, the owners started selling or renting the buildings out. Andreas Rosani, a communal interpreter already in possession of several houses in the city, bought one of the houses of the former complex.75 He not only repaired it, but also embellished it with a three-bay window made in the most prominent masonry workshop in Trogir.76 The wealthy commoners, like Rosani, had commenced to purchase houses in the city and also to embellish their façade with new architectural decoration displaying their families' coats of arms just as patricians did.
 Therefore, the social structure of the owners and the residents of the buildings and private towers along the southern city walls changed significantly. Furthermore, the defensive function of the towers, already diminished in the first half of the 15th century, became obsolete in the second half of the century due to the development of artillery weapons. Military threats caused by the rise of the Ottoman Empire additionally prompted the modernization of the fortifications; the first efforts in that regard were made in the eighth decade of the 15th century. We believe that future archaeological research will prove that the new round tower, which was erected by the eastern city walls, was built on the site of the yet unidentified tower of the Ursus family (fig. 3, no. 8) that had been mentioned in the archival sources.80 The Venetians must have ordered that the tower be vacated for another house in the city (as it had been done during the building of the citadel)81 and dismantled to erect a modern cylindrical one. None of the further improvements of the city fortification included any of the old private towers neither the municipal or the bishop's. The northern fortifications became essential, and they resisted the expected military attacks from the hinterland. Another modern cylindrical tower was also built in the northwestern angle of the island and the northern city walls were reinforced by an escarpment.82 Further improvements were subsequently made,83 and since the Ottoman threat lasted for centuries, the modernization of the fortifications resulted in the building of bastions during the 17th century.84 They were also designed to protect the city form the north. The old towers attached to the southern and southeastern city walls – despite their being obsolete – remained the only protection of these parts of the city. Therefore, they are marked on every old city map (for example fig. 2).
 The permanent state of war during the 16th and the 17th centuries led to extreme poverty, which was, on the other hand, the main reason for the conservation of the medieval urban tissue as well as the houses. An analysis of the architectural decoration of the towers preserved in the urban area offers additional information for the study of their decline.
 One tower was erected on the cardo minor thus turning a part of it into a private court of a building complex (fig. 3, no. 11).85 The members of the Vitturi lineage were probably in possession of the complex for centuries. In the mid-15th century its northern part was recorded as Blaise Vitturi's domus magna, and his brother's property spread to the south of it.86 It, most likely, included the tower, although there is no record of it in the preserved source material. However, in the early 18th century the Paitoni family came into possession of the tower and the surrounding buildings.87 Having recently moved to the city, they undertook considerable remodelling. The structure of the tower walls indicates that they were rebuilt, and the facades got plain rectangular window frames, typical of the 17th and the following centuries. On the top floor of the tower, i.e. the 6th, emerged a modest loggia with large rectangular openings.
 A tall house in the southwestern part of the city has similar simple rectangular windows.88 It features prominently over a passage that leads further into the block and ends at the main entrance of a complex of houses with a court that also used to belong to the members of the Vitturi patrician lineage (fig. 3, no. 3). Originally, this complex could have had two towers, just like that of the Andreis family.
 There was also a loggia, similar to that of the Paitoni tower, on the top of the preserved Andreis tower (fig. 3, no. 1), but other levels were remodelled as well (fig. 11).89 Since the early 14th century, the main tendencies in remodelling bigger and more opulent houses had been the introduction of a porch in the court and the desire to arrange an intimate but still airy and luminous space.90 Thus the Andreis family also decided to create a porch, converting the ground floor façade of their tower. In the 16th century, while redecorating some other houses, they installed a Renaissance window on the second floor of its northwestern façade, and again, in the 18th century, a balcony with a balustrade on the first floor. Due to remodelling the tower's former defensive function was no longer discernible.
 The tower that was built on the decumanus minor joined two antique blocks (fig. 3, no. 10). In the mid-15th century it was inherited by Bive Cega. He replaced some old windows with a modern three-bay one.91 It must have been installed on the first floor and much later, probably in the 18th century, moved to the top (fig. 12).


Marshmallows are fun to eat, and they make great art supplies for creative fun.
Kid's love marshmallows, and can you really blame them? It's one of the few foods that is just as much fun to play with as it is to eat. Everybody loves the classic marshmallow treats, but they are good for so much more than just s'mores and crispy rice treats. So next time your kiddo complains of being bored, break out a bag of marshmallows -- or two, or three -- and be ready to become the coolest mom on the block because this time, playing with your food is okay!
What can you make with a bag of marshmallows and a box of spaghetti? While it may sound like the perfect dinner to your little one, those two ingredients are all you need for an afternoon of fun. Uncooked spaghetti creates an excellent framework to build marshmallow towers, bridges and other fun structures. Challenge your kiddo to see how tall he can stack the marshmallows, or how long of a bridge he can build. Have mini and full size marshmallows on hand to see what interesting creations your kiddo comes up with; you may end up creating an entire marshmallow village.
You know your kids are dying to throw marshmallows, and they are the perfect size to do it. Make a fun game out of it by having one person be the marshmallow flinger and one person be the catcher. Have the catcher stand a few feet away from the flinger holding open a clean lunch bag -- a grocery bag will also do if you need a bigger target. The flinger then loads a marshmallow onto a plastic spoon, pulls back and lets it rip. The catcher tries to catch the marshmallow in the paper bag. Stand closer or farther apart to change the difficulty of the game. If your younger tot can't quite get the hang of flinging it with the spoon, that's okay too, simply giving it a good old throw can be just as fun.
Bring out an array of edible art supplies for your budding artist such as cream frosting, gel frosting, jelly beans, big and mini marshmallows, pretzel sticks, shoe string licorice, gum drops and whatever other yummy treats you can think of. Also, have blunt candy sticks on hand to help hold things together. See what interesting-looking marshmallow sculptures you and your child can build. Try forming animals like polar bears, monkeys or giraffes. Create marshmallow monsters or invent marshmallow cars; see how many types of candy he can use in one creation. When it's all said and done, let your toddler or preschooler eat his favorite masterpiece for a fun snack.
Open a bag of mini marshmallows and get a piece of black paper to use as your tot's canvas. Dump a thin layer of glue on a paper plate and show your child how to dip one side of the marshmallow into the glue and stick it on the paper. Create fun "drawings" using nothing but marshmallows. Glue marshmallows on top of one another to make 3D art. Allow to dry thoroughly and then hang on the wall for a cool piece of art. If your artist is younger, make sure you are clear about which marshmallows are okay to snack on and which ones are not, so she doesn't accidentally snack on some glue.
Your little one will love helping you make these tasty marshmallow treats. Melt some chocolate, white chocolate or candy coating in the microwave until smooth. Dip the marshmallow into the coating and then immediately dip in sprinkles. Allow to cool, then enjoy. Eat the dippers plain or float them in a mug of hot cocoa. For added fun -- and ease of dipping -- poke a pretzel stick into the marshmallow to use as a dipping stick, or use a candy cane if they are in season. Supervise your little one closely as the chocolate will be hot. Put younger children in charge of adding sprinkles while you hold the chocolate-covered marshmallow to avoid boo-boos.
Georgoff, Victoria. "Activities for Kids With Marshmallows." Synonym, https://classroom.synonym.com/activities-kids-marshmallows-47212.html. 26 September 2017.


In this article, you will learn about when construct in Kotlin with the help of various examples.
The when construct in Kotlin can be thought of as a replacement for Java switch Statement. It evaluates a section of code among many alternatives.
else -> "$operator operator is invalid operator."
The program above takes an input string from the user (Recommended Reading: Get String Input from the User in Kotlin). Suppose, the user entered *. In this case, the expression a * b is evaluated, and the value is assigned to variable result.
If none of the branch conditions are satisfied (user entered anything except +, -, *, or /) , else branch is evaluated.
Here, when is not an expression (return value from when is not assigned to anything). In this case, the else branch is not mandatory.
n is a negative integer greater than 3.
Check if a value is of a particular type.


Describe how project culture is developed and enforced.
Describe how differences in culture between stakeholders can influence the project.
Describe the role of innovation on projects.
Project managers have a unique opportunity during the start-up of a project. They create a project culture, something organizational managers seldom have a chance to do. In most organizations, the corporate or organizational culture has developed over the life of the organization, and people associated with the organization understand what is valued, what has status, and what behaviors are expected. Edgar Schein defined culture as a pattern of basic assumptions formed by a group on how to perceive and address problems associated with both internal adaptation and external integration.1 Schein also described organizational culture as an abstract concept that constrains, stabilizes, and provides structure to the organization. At the same time, culture is being constantly enacted, created, and shaped by leadership behavior.
A project culture represents the shared norms, beliefs, values, and assumptions of the project team. Understanding the unique aspects of a project culture and developing an appropriate culture to match the complexity profile of the project are important project management abilities.
Official rules are the rules that are stated, and operational rules are the rules that are enforced. Project managers who align official and operational rules are more effective in developing a clear and strong project culture because the project rules are among the first aspects of the project culture to which team members are exposed when assigned to the project.
During an instructional design project that required individuals to collaborate remotely, an official rule had been established that individuals would backup their work in a location other than the shared folders they were using every week. It did not take long, however, for everyone involved to see that one member was actively backing up all work. Believing that was sufficient, the operational rule became simply leaving the backing up to a single individual. They assumed that official rules could be ignored if they were difficult to obey.
When this individual fell ill, however, no one picked up the slack and followed the official rule. When some files were corrupted, the team found that their most recent backups were weeks old, resulting in redoing a lot of work. The difference between the official rules and the operational rules of the project created a culture that made communication of the priorities more difficult.
In addition to official and operational rules, the project leadership communicates what is important by the use of symbols, storytelling, rituals, rewards or punishments, and taboos.
A project manager met with his team prior to the beginning of an instructional design project. The team was excited about the prestigious project and the potential for career advancement involved. With this increased competitive aspect came the danger of selfishness and backstabbing. The project leadership team told stories of previous projects where people were fired for breaking down the team efforts and often shared inspirational examples of how teamwork created unprecedented successes—an example of storytelling. Every project meeting started with teambuilding exercises—a ritual—and any display of hostility or separatism was forbidden—taboo—and was quickly and strongly cut off by the project leadership if it occurred.
Culture guides behavior and communicates what is important and is useful for establishing priorities. On projects that have a strong culture of trust, team members feel free to challenge anyone who breaks a confidence, even managers. The culture of integrity is stronger than the cultural aspects of the power of management.
Communication is perhaps the most visible manifestation of culture. Project managers encounter cultural differences in communication in language, context, and candor. Different languages are clearly the highest barrier to communication. When project stakeholders do not share the same language, communication slows down and is often filtered to share only information that is deemed critical. The barrier to communication can influence project execution where quick and accurate exchange of ideas and information is critical.
The interpretation of information reflects the extent that context and candor influence cultural expressions of ideas and understanding of information. In some cultures, an affirmative answer to a question does not always mean yes. The cultural influence can create confusion on a project where project stakeholders share more than one culture.
A project management consultant from the United States was asked to evaluate the effectiveness of a management team executing a project in Mumbai, India. The project team reported that the project was on schedule and within budget. After a project review meeting where each of the team leads reported that the design of the project was on schedule, the consultant began informal discussions with individuals. He began to discover that several critical aspects of the project were behind schedule and lacked a mitigating strategy. The information on the project flowed through a cultural expectation to provide positive information. The project was eventually cancelled by the U.S.-based corporation when the market and political risks increased.
Not all cultural differences are related to international projects. Corporate cultures and even regional differences can create cultural confusion on a project.
Be aware that cultural differences don't only occur if you have a multinational team. On a major project in South America that included project team leaders from seven different countries, the greatest cultural difference that affected the project communication was between two project leaders from the United States. Two team members—one from New Orleans and one from Brooklyn—had more difficulty communicating than team members from Lebanon and Australia.
The requirement of innovation on projects is influenced by the nature of the project. Some projects are chartered to develop a solution to a problem, and innovation is a central ingredient of project success. The lack of availability of education to the world at large prompted the open education movement, a highly innovative endeavor, which resulted in the textbook you are now reading. Innovation is also important to developing methods of lowering costs or shortening the schedule. Traditional project management thinking provides a trade-off between cost, quality, and schedule. A project sponsor can typically shorten the project schedule with an investment of more money or a lowering of quality. Finding innovative solutions can sometimes lower costs while also saving time and maintaining the quality.
A project manager brought together a team of professors, graduate students, and undergraduates to develop a mathematics textbook. One of the major goals of the team was to present the information in a compelling way. To encourage innovation the project manager was lenient with the dress code, noise levels, and even space (there were members of the team that liked to wander). This created a comfortable atmosphere where participants felt welcome to take risks and suggest a variety of ideas. This approach was not, however, in line with the expectations of the university in which they were housed. The project manager had to decide if he wanted to maintain the lenient atmosphere or ask the team to abide by the expectations of the university. Feeling that the innovation of the project would suffer by changing the dynamic the group had established, the project manager chose to rent office space off-campus.
Innovation is a creative process that requires both fun and focus. Stress is a biological reaction to perceived threats. Stress, at appropriate levels, can make the work environment interesting and even challenging. Many people working on projects enjoy a high-stress, exciting environment. When the stress level is too high, the biological reaction increases blood flow to the emotional parts of the brain and decreases the blood flow to the creative parts of the brain, making creative problem solving more difficult. Fun reduces the amount of stress on the project. Project managers recognize the benefits of balancing the stress level on the project with the need to create an atmosphere that enables creative thought.
When a project manager visited the team tasked with designing the website for a project, she found that most of the members were feeling a great deal of stress. As she probed to find the reason behind the stress, she found that in addition to designing, the team was increasingly facing the need to build the website as well. As few of them had the necessary skills, they were wasting time that could be spent designing trying to learn building skills. Once the project manager was able to identify the stress as well as its cause, she was able to provide the team with the support it needed to be successful.
Exploring opportunities to create savings takes an investment of time and energy, and on a time-sensitive project, the project manager must create the motivation and the opportunity for creative thinking.
Project culture is developed by communicating priority, status, and the alignment of official and operational rules. It is enforced through use of symbols, storytelling, rituals, rewards or punishments, and taboos.
Differences in culture between stakeholders can affect communications, negotiations, and decision making.
Innovation can be the main focus of the project, or it can be used to achieve improvement in goals that are usually mutually exclusive, such as lowering costs and shortening schedule.
 Edgar Schein, "Organizational Culture," American Psychologist 45 (1990): 109–19.


>on the ag abstracts to find it).
to medline, so I wasn't able to that thorough of a search.
The following is from _The cannabinoid content of Cannabis sativa L.
cited in at least two growing books I know of.
catagories that the researchers differentiate.
collected simultaneously at different positions on the plant.
of the SP5 variety shows, it can be nearly uniform.
a greater % THC than a great deal of "ditchweed" out there!
adequate to get you high.
Sure, only the topmost leaves on some plants will be worth your while.
potent they are -- throwing away material with >= 3% THC is ludicrous!


I have am dual booting XP and Windows 7 and machine freezes after a few minutes in Windows 7 but no problem in XP. The motherboard in MSI 975x Platinum and Pendium D processor. The cpu and gpu temperature goes up to 50C sometimes. Any ideas?
hey there im paul. im new to this so be nice Ive been building pcs for 2 years now and this is a problem ive never encountered. i was on my pc last week and the file permissions on the second hard disk were messed up. I looked on the web for a solution and found it. It fixed the problem but after a reboot i found my operating system on my main hard disk was all messed up and i had to format. I reinstalled windows as normal but after the second reboot it came up with windows xp and that blue loading bar crap then the screen went black and after that it should come up with another screen saying "windows xp. please wait" but it didnt. it just hung on the black screen and the monitor light wasnt indicating standby. ive tried formatting with windows, writing zeros tio the disk with its own diagnostic tool but nothing works. Anyone have a clue what to do?
ok first of all my comp has a 1.6gb AMD but overtime it has made its way down to 1.2gb ... WTF?
My DVD-RW Litescribe will not work (Offical name is- LITE-ON DVDRW LG-20A1H).
It understands everything I tell it to (open, close, eject w/e). However... I put a blank disk in (tried cd+r/ cd-R & DVDs) and it tells me that there is 0 memory available and 0 used on the disk. now i know for a FACT that-they are empty. because I have used them on my laptop and am able to format them on there to be used. Ive even tried formating the disks via the laptop and try using them again on this (desktop) computer. Everything that should be-is plugged in & working. There are no problems identfied on it, however even my DVD writing programs all say that its either invalid-or that there is no disk.
I recently connected an 80 Gig harddrive to my computer. Its been set as slave off of my 200 gb hard drive so i know it worked fine before hand. Now, The real/main drive is connected via another type of cord-rather than the one that is used to connect the dvd & 80gb hard drive.
*Motherboard*=====^(connects to hard drive)-----^(Connects to dvd writer).
Just take sometime to read what these guys are saying (Yahoo.com, codefix and forbes.com), maybe it will make some sense to you as it did to me.
"From Oct. 24, 2005 to Nov. 30, 2005, Forbes.com will collect thousands of letters that our readers have written to themselves. And we'll deliver them up to 20 years later.
Preserving a physical time capsule is simple: just shove it in the dirt and forget about it. But the process gets a lot more complicated when you're trying to store something digitally.
Alright, I think I am having some problems with my video card, and I need some opinions or suggestions on what I possibly can do.
I got home from my trip out of town today and came to find out that my monitor blacked out, nothing would show up, I hooked up two other monitors and the same result had happened so I know it was not a monitor problem cuz they all worked on my other PC's. Alright, so then I thought to myself it may be a video card problem, I took it out and put in my older card that I had before I purchased the one I have in it now and the screen showed up, I was very disappointed in that result. I had just bought this card recently and I don't want to admit that the card is faulty.
Other notes I want to add is that I noticed earlier that my monitor was turning pinkish and then back to normal sometimes. Also I checked if the card was secured in the slot and to no avail. So, is my card done for?
"So, is my card done for?"
I hope that someone here will be able to help me out. So I an Msi GT780DXR-446us laptop and once in awhile Ive been getting random bsods and Ive been trying to figure out why. Every time i would think i found and solved the issues a few weeks later i would get another bsod. Well just recently Ive gotten quite a few within a period of days so Ive decided to finally upload my files in hope that someone else can help me with my annoying issue. And i believe i used the seven forums tool properly if not please tell me and i will re upload the dump files.
dual 750gb hard drives not in raid.
I have booked my Aspire VS 771 in for same repair for a second time which is a Loose connection to screen - (Screen goes black when lid is touched from right hand side, laptop has to be restarted). However the man on the telephone said they now have to wipe the HDD for any repair for data protection?? Have I misunderstood. I thought the idea is to protect data not destroy it? Being a novice it will take me ages to reinstate everything.
it's always better to send a laptop with OS at factory default and without personal data when serviced, for privacy reasons.
I have added the two files the log collector program gave me, though I'm not sure if these are what is wanted--I thought the reports would be more extensive. I will try to explain the problem briefly with the details that seem important and unique.
Frequent crashes in the last two weeks, sometimes with Blue Screen, sometimes only a black screen. When Win 10 displays Blue Screen, Internal_Power_Error may be shown. Who Crashed reports also amdxata.sys, the Stor Filter Driver as being involved, and usually ntoskrnl.exe.
Interesting is that few or no crashes have occurred during heavy usage--or any usage at all. They have been after user walked away and out of the room. But one at least before any power features like blanking the screen or requesting sleep came into play. No gaming is involved. But many Chrome user Tabs are generally open. Once or twice a blue screen has appeared, in one case on only one (the main) of two active monitors--other monitor retained image of the desktop, more often it is just two black screens, with the computer still running, never has a crash restarted the machine. In each case, the fans start to gear up after the crash, and the CPU gets very hot. Machine needs to be killed or reset. After restart, CPU cools down and fans slow down.
Friend's computer started up with a Critical Warning image and telling him to download this antispyware thing in order to remove it. Some files that I found connected with this are: FNTCACHE, critical_warning.html, AVR09, winhelper.dll, and 41. I tried running DDS but to no success. Same with Rootkit Repealer. I managed to install and run Hitman Pro 3.5 and Malwares Bytes Antimalware, but both were stopped after a few seconds within scanning. Afterwards, they didn't work at all. Couldn't install Superantispyware or CCleaner. Spybot Search and Destroy was changed to read only and Ad-Aware wouldn't work. Any suggestions? Is there any program out there that manages to get rid of this?
Can anyone confirm by how many degrees the room temperature would increase in an office if there were to be an increased number of PC's and Monitors?
I am assuming that this will be dependant on the size of the office, the temperature of the computers and the number of staff in the office.
Does an equation exist to work out the increase in temperature?
I would like a good, free desktop app. that can monitor my CPU's temperature. Is this one any good?
Can anybody recommend a good one to me. Thanks.
I have a new compaq 715 US that is running very very hot. I have read that xp controls the fan and trys to save power.
1) Is there a location that I can change the temperature settings for when the fan comes on?
2) The processor speed is also controlled by xp (Power Now) for AMD Athlon 1.2 ghz. Is there a way that I can set the processor speed lower to reduce heat? I noticed that when I run on the battery it runs at a slower processor speed and much cooler.
3) Is there a way that I can tell the processor temperature?
I am user Windows 10 AU 64 bit. Recantly I saw that my laptop has high temperature. My all drivers are up to date. I don't have any infection. Non so many programs and realy I don't know what's wrong.
Laptops (and desktops too) will often develop cooling issues in normal use, due to dust and fibres (commonly referred to as "lint") blocking the fins of the heat exchange device, and thus reducing the ability to cool the CPU & GPU effectively.
The usual advice is to use a can of compressed air to blow the airways clear of the debris that is blocking the flow of air.
A more effective longterm solution is to disassemble the laptop to access the cooling system, and using a small paintbrush, gently remove all dust and fibres, clean the cooling fans, and apply fresh thermal paste to processor and cooling system heat contact surfaces before reassembly.
Youtube often has videos of laptop disassembly for this purpose, or there may be downloadable service manuals for your model which will detail how to open the case to perform the operation.
strResult = strResult & " " & objItem.Value & " "
Similar scripts can be generated in the WMI Code Generator that I use for it. Before Windows 10, it worked fine. In Windows 10/x64 the query does not give any results.
Is there a solution to this problem? Thx in advance.
I am having strange problems with my desktop & laptop with W10 10240 installed.
I have a Toshiba Portege ultrabook with i5 2520m cpu, which usually ran at high temperatures under W8.1 consuming up to 55W. Now the temperature won't go above 80 degrees Celsius, which is also the point when the fan starts kicking in... Which means I now have a very quiet and eco-friendly (max 35W) laptop, which I don't like! Is there a way of disabling the CPU temp throttling? I have disabled Turboboost and changed from dynamic frequency to always high in BIOS with no luck.
A similar problem is with my desktop with FX8320, which now achieves 6.500rpm @ 70?C with 50% cpu load!
And yes, I know, shorter lifespan, ecology and similar bs, but I just don't care about that, since it costs me too much of my time swearing over the slow performance... I would just like it to achieve 100?C again with full power!
Check your BIOS for an option of CPU temperature monitoring and disable it. Also check advanced power options in Windows for processor power management, make sure max is is to 100%.
So I was uninstalling some bloatware from my computer, and decided to also do a disc cleanup. After I ran said cleanup, I restarted my computer so that all the uninstalled products would run there course, and the cleanup would take full effect.
Doing this, I ended up having multiple freezes at the "Configuring Windows Updates" I had to keep turning off the computer, and trying all sorts of stuff. In safe mode, it kept trying to configure there as well, and it eventually went through to the "Cleaning up do not turn off menu" it hung, so I restarted into safe mode again, and I finally booted to safe mode.
Thinking everything was probably good, I tried restarting again normally, and now am continuing to get a frozen computer at the "Windows is starting" logo. I have tried system restore and start up repair and keep getting a variety of errors.
If anyone could help I would greatly appreciate it. I plan on soon copy and pasting all my files to another computer and then moving them all back if I have to do a fresh install of Windows 7. Would like to avoid that however.
About 3 weeks ago, everything was working fine. Then all of a sudden IE 11 started to freeze and would not function properly. I reset IE 11, thinking that might clear the problem but it did not. I had not installed any new hardware or software, but ran virus scans using Bitdefender Total Security 2015 as well as Malware Bytes Anti-Malware. I would appreciate help on getting my IE 11 and Windows 7 to function without issues. Thanks.
I am using Windows Mail under Vista x64. Each time I bring up my e-mail, my CPU temperature jumps 10 deg C - e.g., from 37C to 47C.
What causes such a large temperature spike and what can I do to reduce or eliminate that big temperature spike?
Follow Clean Boot Procedure if it appears that other software is, also responsibile.
If it is Windows Mail, make a system restore point. And try using another Mail Client.
If you do not like it or the problem is not solved you can go back with the System Restore Point that you made.
It can also be that your readings are not correct, try to download and use speedfan to record temp.
The only cause that I can think of is that with WM your fan speed does not work or does not attain the proper speed.
How do i monitor my CPU Temperature using windows 7 built-in programs. It's been restarting i guess my PC is overheating.
Question: What are some good CPU temperature monitors for Windows 8?
I had to get rid of realtemp because of BSOD issues. What are some good monitors that will track the temperature and give me warnings when it goes over? I keep my computer under load quite often and really need one.
Answer:What are some good CPU temperature monitors for Windows 8?
Hello:- I am new here and want to ask about the temperature monitoring application for computer hardware. I have installed Windows Vista on one of my PC. I was searching about temp programs find few of them. I am not sure which one should i install on my PC. What would you suggest me to go with.
I run windows 7, and I have Intel Core i7 2600K processor. At normal use, temperature on CPU is around 40-50 celsius. The problem is when I leave my pc idle, and come back later; say hour or two, Speccy shows temperatures over 80, 90. Sometimes pc has even rebooted itself to avoid damage done to processor. It makes me think that there is some hidden process(malware, etc) that uses so much resources, when idle that it causes temps go high. What would be the best way to determine this? Which programs launch, activate itself during idle?
Or is it that some program chances the pc fanspeed/etc settings in power saving mode?
Question: How do I add the temperature in the bottom tray on my Windows 8 with Accuweather?
Answer:How do I add the temperature in the bottom tray on my Windows 8 with Accuweather?
Are you referring to the system tray in the taskbar? As far as I'm aware there's no way for Modern apps to access that. I could be wrong though, but I've personally never seen any app doing that.
Question: CPU Temperature: How To View CPU Temperature?
I've been using an app called "HWMonitor" to measure the temperature of my PC's internal components and it works great, but I want to use another app to do the same thing just so I can compare the numbers that both apps give.
What's the most popular app for measuring the temperature of PC components?
Answer:CPU Temperature: How To View CPU Temperature?
Huge choice of what to show in tray, incl. temp.
Question: Core temperature or CPU temperature?
When testing, I use both HWM Pro, AMD Overdrive and LCD Poster to watch out for the temps.
In both HWM Pro and LCD poster there is the CPU temperature showing.
Is that the max CPU temp or max CPU core temp???
So which one shall I look out for?
Answer:Core temperature or CPU temperature?
''personally'' i watch the (CPU temp), the individual core temps fluctuate far too much for a constant temp reading.
Question: Is there a windows phone app for monitoring internal components temperature?
Is there a windows phone app for monitoring internal components temperature for example CPU, GPU, Battery.
Answer:Is there a windows phone app for monitoring internal components temperature?
and even a date calculation.
Question: MS Windows should implement working CPU temperature monitoring in WMI service.
There are numerous performance counters on Windows system. But one of the most important and critical performance counters of all is not currently implemented, yet: Temperature of CPU, system, graphic card and HDD.
CPU/core(s), motherboard, enclosure, graphics card, power voltage, fan speed, etc. Even modern CPU itself ( like intel Core series and AMD Athlon's) has internal Digital Thermal Sensor (DTS) register right on the chip.
that MS Windows currently provides such a insignificant service like portable device API for external sensor (like temperature sensor and GPS).
RivaTuner (for GPU hardware monitoring) etc.
Microsoft Windows Search Indexer process its eating 10-15% of CPU and I think this is the reason why HDD temperature its always over 122?F (50?C).
3. After various restarts some how Microsoft Windows Search Indexer it's not showing in Task Manager, so half of the problem it's gone, but the HDD Temperature it's still above 122?F (50?C) with nothing running.
why not try disable indexing for now and see if this calm your system or not ?
Question: Windows 10 Freezing and now even freezing on boot up.
So I've recently bought a gaming package which had pre picked pc products to be built for me, as I do not know much about computers. This came with windows 8.1 pre installed.
After having the pc for about a week it asked me if i wanted to upgrade to windows 10 for free, which i proceeded to do with no issues and it ran fine.
However, I went to shut my pc down and it only gave me the option to shut down and update, which was fine by me. It updated and the next two days my pc froze while i was on it, forcing me to turn it off via the power. But after it did that it would just turn on normally.
Answer:Windows 10 Freezing and now even freezing on boot up.
Ok try going to your command prompt (Admin) and type this command in and see what it reports to you.
Also Welcome to Windows 10 Forum!!
I am using dual core System with windows vista, generally it is used for games in home by my little brother. How do i monitor hardware temperature inside windows vista, i noticed the fans produces more noise then before and it restarts once in day.
make sure your ventilation ducts are clean from dirt, Vista put lot more strain on every component of your laptop, so the temperature increase should be normal. Xp is lot less demanding on computer compoents, however it does sound like your heat ventilation fan and fins are clogged with dusts. So open up the laptop to clean away any dusts that maybe there.
I don't understand your question. What type of hardware monitor are you speaking about?
In systems I am familiar with there are temperatures sensors in the hardware that are read by software.
Help, PLEASE! A website told me i needed to update java, so i did... apparently this adware DESKTOP TEMPERATURE MONITOR by System Alerts LLC came along for the ride! (sorry, frustrated! as i'm sure everyone else has been also!) next thing i know browser changed, adds popup, redirected to their webpages in the middle of work and all work lost. finally figured out where and who this came from, but cannot uninstall in programs and features. gives me a list of programs and etc(?) that has to be closed first, unable, told to do manually, still unable but then microsoft flashes message that critical error occured and has to shut down. i've run scans of everything i can think of and nothing. tried fixes, support, and so lost i dont remember what im trying to do at times.
my goals: 1) remove this adware 2) turn windows defender on 3) try to reinstall adaptors: microsoft Tun miniport adaptor, and microsoft 6to4 adaptor #2. without crashing my computer completely!
The OP has now solve the problem.
I have been trying to back up my data onto DVDs and I have tried using Nero9 and Roxio 10 and in each case the DVD burns fine, but each time I try to read it in Windows Explorer, although it lists all the data that is burned on the disk, it freezes and will not open any file type, or folder on the burned data dvd.. help!?!??!!
If there is a "Firmware" update for that dvd drive, I would update the firmware .
If it is a custom built PC, Make and model of DVD drive.
I am running windows 7 on a refurbished hp envy 17, which I purchased about 4 months ago. The computer usually works really well; however recently I noticed that if I open a windows explorer window from within another program (ie - selecting download location of a file) the computer invariably slows down for about 15 seconds and then freezes. I don't have this problem when I open windows explorer by itself from the start menu or if I browse files from my desktop (via my computer).
I was wondering if anyone could offer me some guidance on how to figure out what is causing this.
I don't think it's a problem with windows. What browser are you using? Do you use any Download Managers?
- Windows 7 64bit Home Premium edition (Up to date).
- Norton 360 (Up to date).
Hi there, I wonder if someone could please help with a problem I am having with Windows 7.
Everything was stable and running well until only recently.
I have recently experienced repeated intrusion attempts, most of which seemed to have been successfully prevented by Norton, and I have also been receiving multiple zipped-up trojans each day via email (but these are always detected and quarantined with Norton). I called Norton tech support, and they assured me that Norton should be protecting me fine, that they could see no problems, and that the Norton software would let me know if there were. However, ever since these attacks begun, I have experienced the following problems with Windows 7.
- After start-up, sometimes only the task bar icons are active, and sometimes only the desktop icons are active. However, every now and then they both work at the same time, or are both frozen. This problem also reoccurs regularly while trying to use the PC; icons freezing, taskbar freezing, links freezing.
- Desktop icons have moved location and have become randomised. They can no longer be dropped, dragged or moved, and are permanently fixed. I tried changing this in the options, but the problem remains.
I never take what a customer support operative says as gospel and especially not with tech issues, unless that are at least tier 3 or above support as they are generally the techs that deal with the nitty gritty of issues and are not reading from a script.
I would suggest as you do not wish to clean install Windows again and I agree with that stance for your reasons, and for that reason I would suggest running the below quoted text and posting in our Malware forum the logs as I would hazard a guess that you still have malware remaining on your PC that Norton cannot remove.
In general Anti-virus and malware apps are good but they cannot remove all of malware as many these days are like actual human viruses and morph per PC.
You will find our malware experts are seriously good and if they find anything they will give you clear instructions on how to remove, if you are deemed malware free then please post back in this thread and if you still have issues we can then address them, but its worth making sure you are malware free first.
I'm not sure about how to fix this, but my advice would be not to use re-writeable discs anyway, especially as backups, I've found them problematic in the past.
I suggest using DVDR's (+ or - doesn't matter), ok they are only writeable once but they are more stable and they're a lot cheaper anyway (I buy 100 for ?15), and also you might consider an external HD for backing up.
Additional information - 65Watt Lenovo Power Supply. Laptop when not connected to external monitor (using just laptop screen) does not exhibit same problem.
Work through these steps for Overcoming Windows 7 Installation Failures - Windows 7 Help Forums.
The settings may need adjusting in BIOS setup. What are the exact settings and available choices for UEFI, CSM, Legacy BIOS or related?
Question: Freezing Problem of Windows 10 After Update from Windows 7SP1.
First day after installation it was working fine but it has become so laggy i can't even watch movie.
Question: BSOD, Windows freezing, Windows resumes without prompting it too etc.
I am having some problems with the PC that was recently put together(November 2010). I have attached the all the DMP files so you can better understanding of the problems.
? It resets on its own and you get that menu saying Windows did not shut down properly when it resets asking you to please choose from the following options, Windows in safe mode, normal load etc.
? Sometimes if it goes into sleep mode it gets stuck there and will actually need to be forced to turned off either by holding in the power button, switching the power switch off on the back of the case or turning off the power via the wall and when it has been turned on again it doesn?t start Windows normally but instead goes into resume mode and anything that you were working on before it went into sleep mode, will still be there but Windows doesn?t run as smoothly until you reset it via the Windows menu.
Answer:BSOD, Windows freezing, Windows resumes without prompting it too etc.
Nvidia 9800 gts video card.. the works..
When I first got this sytem it ran great.. until the hard drive magically died about 8 months later.. so I installed 2 new 500 gig hard drives, instaleld windows and all the drivers.. and for some reason.. when ever I go to use INternet explorer.. it takes frever to load, and like freezes .. wont let mem click on anything.. so i wait.. and wait.. finally it lets me click on something and it tries loading like 10 things at once.. then freezes.. stalls again.. page scross and sticks...until the nex30 seond to min wait load and freeze..
Any help would be greatly appreciated... I looked for the avg ( issue I seen posted ) i dont have it on here.. also couldnt find anything about zone alarms either.. so Im up a creek in a sinking blow up raft.
Have you tried scanning with Malwarebytes Anti-Malware or Spybot Search & Destroy?
Hello - I could do with some advice, I think.
Recently I've had problems where my laptop has frozen during normal operation - nothing fancy, just surfing etc. It sometimes doesn't shut down properly either.
I have been using the radialpoint safecare software that Virgin Media supply in the UK as part of their broadband package. For a few months now the anti spy and anti virus s/w have failed to load, so I have relied on MSE. As I say, some problems have started to appear.
MSE told me that on 15/11/2010 i had a trojandownloader which was removed.
Some pals advised I would be better trying Malwarebytes or Avast. I tried the former and on scanning it stuck while looking at wklnhst.dat (something to do wth MS Works I think). I had to power off and on. It did a chkdsk which came up with a number of actions that looked like it was trying to fix something (sorry). I rand MBAM again and it got further then froze while looking at msvcr80.dll.
OK, then I tried avast, which seemed to get about 38% through then froze.
SOmeone suggested rkill would kill any trojan processes that might be causing a problem - t did knock off a couple of things (one by sun and another by ms). Malwarebytes again - crashed as before.
Welcome any advice at all.
Can you try running MBAM in Safe Mode?
You can get to safe mode via hitting F8 just after the BIOS Post screen/Dell Splash Logo.
Question: Need help to fix video screen random freezing + sometimes audio freezing as well.
Question: Computer Freezing; Slowing Down. But mostly freezing. I have my HiJackThis! Log File.
Answer:Computer Freezing; Slowing Down. But mostly freezing. I have my HiJackThis! Log File.
Question: Computer Freezing Repeatedly and Doing StartUp Repair but then freezing etc.
Answer:Computer Freezing Repeatedly and Doing StartUp Repair but then freezing etc.
I am currently trying to fix my friends laptop but nothing seems to work, the problem is that you cannot get past the 'Starting Windows' screen as is freezes every time you boot, according to him this started to occur after an update. I have tried almost every recovery option and nothing seems to work and he doesn't have any restore points. I managed to get windows to boot once after doing a CHKDSK through cmd in advanced recovery options but the following day the error started occurring again and you no longer get to login.
Does he know why there are no Restore Points?
First up, you can go back to Windows 8 at any time if you wish. It just requires a clean install of Win8 as the 30-day rollback feature has expired.
Secondly, I have found Win10 poor at installing the correct drivers for motherboard and components. It only seems to get about 60% of drivers correct most of the time in my personal experience. They are good enough to have the system working but not good enough to ensure full functionality or stability across all programs.
Therefore, what have you done to confirm all the correct drivers and associated software have been installed?
When I try to upload a video into Windows Movie Maker 2.6, it freezes up and says it is not responding. Any ideas on how to solve this?
Hi, I am using an Acer Aspire 5517, running Windows 7 Home Premium (Service Pack 1). While using it, every few minutes the system will hang. It becomes completely unresponsive and the cursor turns into a waiting icon (spinning circle) for anywhere from 30 seconds to a couple minutes before it becomes responsive again. It doesn't seem to matter what programs are running, I've seen it happen after a reboot while just using Windows Explorer. Norton Antivirus scans are clean. I also ran Malware Bytes, which cleaned up a few items but the problems persist. I'm not sure if there is other malware on the computer or if something else is wrong with it, but it's very frustrating. Any help would be much appreciated!
Does the same thing happen in safe mode? If not, let's try a selective startup and see if it's something that's loading with the system causing the problem.
HI!Trying to log into MSN (not Messenger, regular web browsing & email) and I use Dial Up. It starts fine, dialing into the modem but it freezes my computer completely at "Authenticating". We had just downloaded McAfee (MSN worked before that) and now I can't sign in to my email.Anyone have any ideas?
Hi, I have been having a problem recently with windows XP. It seems to be freezing alot, and then asking if I want to send an error report after I have closed it down using windows task manager. It seems to happen the most if I have more than one IE window open or if I am trying to listen to music or download something while I am using another IE window. I read somewhere that maybe updating my drivers would help, but my computer knowledge is so limited I wouldn't even know how to do that, or if it would help. Any advice/help would be appreciated.
This could be happening for a number of different reasons.
Do you know the specs of your computer (Processor speed, RAM, hard drive size - and how much of it is full etc.)?
Have you recently (or ever) run a disk defrag?
When you get the error message, does it give any particulars (like an error number)?
I just got a Dell Inspiron 17R three days ago. In the past three days, the computer has frozen at least once each day. I have avast and ad-aware, along with zonealarm. And I've run Malaware. I've also corrected the registry errors with two different programs and have defragged the system. Still it reset today. So I don't think it's anything to do with registry errors or virus'. Does anyone have any ideas as to what it could be?
After I have my computer on for a few hours, and using IE7, the taskbar will freeze up as will internet explorer. I can still just about open up icons from the desktop but the start menu and other icons on the task bar are unusuable. I also can't shut it down except by ctrl+alt+del. And even sometimes this doesn't work so the only option is to press and hold the power button! What is wrong? I find this very frustrating as you can imagine!
Do you have antivirus and spyware tools installed? Which? Also have you scanned from safe mode?
can some one please help my pc keeps freezing every couple of hours and some times restarts it self, also it some times takes ages 2 start up . the windows 7 start up logo will just freeze 4 ages??????
hey everyone, i've been having a problem with my newly built computer freezing on me. it could happen at any time, but it usually happens when i'm playing a game in windowed mode and trying to multi-task by opening up firefox or MSN chat. it also happens occasionally when i'm just browsing youtube. when it freezes, the screen will always go black and/or it will have colored lines that look like | | | | | all over the screen. i checked my cpu and gpu temperature which both seem to be fine. while playing games, both stay under 50. i don't believe it's a virus because i had this issue about the 2nd day after building the computer, although it seems like it's been freezing more often now.edit----specs: ASUS m4a79xtd evo motherboard, amd phenom II x4 955 processor, ATI radeon hd 5700 series, corsair xms3 ddr3 4g, windows 7 64bitplease let me know if there is any other information anyone would like me to post. any help would be much appreciated.
This sounds like an issue with the graphics card or it's drivers. try updating and/or rolling back the drivers and if that fails you may need to replace the card.
Recently, my laptop decided to freeze and stop responding.
File explorer would not work and task manager would freeze upon clicking on it.
Restarting my computer also did not help as it either went back to that state right away or soon after.
I attached a picture of what my laptop looks like while this is going on.
How about Safe Mode? Can you see icons and get it working there?
Question: Windows 7 keeps freezing on me!
I recently installed Windows 7 and it's only been frustrating me ever since I did.
My first problem is that Windows will randomly freeze up and I end up having to hard reboot my system. Windows will also BSOD on me randomly. I've read a number of things online about how to fix it, but nothing seems to help.
Also, another problem, I'm not quite sure how to explain this one. I'm not too computer savvy so forgive me if it doesn't make sense. Windows seems to "lag" from time to time as well. I'll move the mouse and it will appear off somewhere else, just like how you lag in video games, where you would move and appear in other places because the computer can't process it. Also, during this "lag" if there is any audio playing it will "loop"? The sound will repeat until the "lag" spike goes away. This will happen about 3 to 6 times within a few seconds and then it will stop. Sorry if I made that confusing but that's the best way I know how to describe it.
If anyone can offer any suggestion on how to fix these two problems, I would greatly appreciate it.
Answer:Windows 7 keeps freezing on me!
Okay I just figured out how to zip the .dmp file.
I wonder if anyone has suggestions on what to do about my problem.
My system is a P4 2 ghz. 256 MB DDR and a 40 GB hard disk. It was running Windows ME before. I upgraded it to Windows XP Professional. Everything was working fine. I upgraded the internet from a modem to a dsl line. No problem still worked fine.
This system is connected to other computers within a small network and I am using microsofts internet connection sharing to give the other computers internet access.
I upgraded the system to sp2 and that's where my problems started. Everytime you surf the net, for no particular reason, for no particular time, it will hang the computer. You can't do anything, no mouse no keyboard no CTRL-ALT-DELETE, you have to press the reset button and boot up again. It also freezes all internet access with the other computers.
With the server system it has two LAN cards. One for the dsl and the other for the office network. The dsl lan card is a surecom 100 mbps and the office network card is a 3com 3c900b 10 mbps.
I do not know what causes the server to hang. Even if no one is using the server and we are using one of the other computers to surf the net, it will still hang the server.
I've tried everything from using spy hunter to using panda, trend micro and norton antivirus online scanning. I've tried testing the hardware, CPU memory etc. to no avail. It still hangs.
Open Task Manager. Click on more details and check the processes and services running.
First try to find which process takes more cpu usage/memory. If it comes from a 3rd party program I'd advise uninstalling it (Control Panel/Programs).
I see you have an ASUS motherboard, have you installed some of their software ? I had some trouble with them, namely AI suite which even when uninstalled keeps services running and had an history of slowing systems (this is years old but keeps showing up even on recent versions). Uninstalle very ASUS software and feel free to disable any ASUS services still showing up.
Question: Windows 7 keeps freezing.
Just freshly installed Win 7 Professional 64bit on a new hard disk. However as I am reinstalling all my programs back (I was previously using XP), I experienced a lot of freezing. Literally. I can't even press Ctrl + Alt + Del. I just end up pressing the reboot button on my CPU, this morning it happened FOUR TIMES, and I was just merely sending an email.
I'm running Core 2 Duo on an ASUS P5K SE/EPU, this motherboard doesn't have drivers for Win 7 I think. 4x 1GB RAM and Sapphire Radeon graphics card which also has no drivers for Win 7. But Windows seem to detect it pretty well, or it might be the cause of the crash, I don't know... honestly.
Attached are the event viewer logs. Please, please, please help this lady if you have any idea what's going on, thanks!
What I mean by a partial freeze is when the app or program becomes unresponsive, but the mouse moves, alt+Tab works and the start button works too. However, I cannot make selections (i.e. Inside apps or the desktop) or open new programs.
Initially the freeze would stop after a minute or two, but these 2 days the freeze had directly caused the computer to shut down.
My laptop specs are as follows: 2.4 GHz processor (AMD A4-4300M) and 6 GB RAM. I only got it last year, came pre-installed with Windows 8.
I had no problems with Windows 8, I was not running any program that required a lot of memory. All the microsoft updates have been installed, drivers updated and registry cleaned. No conflicting anti-virus programs.
Please tell me what I should do, thanks in advance!
I'm having the exact same problem with a Lenovo W520 Laptop. Task Manager will come up, but gives no information. No events except "unexpected shutdown" (caused when I have to reset by holding down the power button) show up in System Events. I've updated every driver, used Windows Update, downloaded updated Lenovo drivers, and it still does it twice per day. I had a list of programs that were running at the time, but after a week of this, none of them are common when the freeze happens.
My problem began a while back, about a year ago id say. I had Windows vista, it would freeze the odd time for afew mins, then go back to normal. As time went on it got worse, froze for longer, and eventually nothing would respond.
Nothing much I could do so I waited out until Windows 7, which I bought about 2 weeks after release. I installed it, no problems for a while, but eventually back to the same thing, but this time with some of BSOD thrown in there too.
The BSOD does not happen too often, it only happens when windows has been frozen for a long period of time(if i have not already pulled the plug).
I have noticed that it only freezes when connected to the Internet, be it via wifi, mobile broadband or Ethernet. I open any browser(Opera,Chrome,Fire fox or IE) and it will freeze in the first 2 mins worth of browsing. Or if I don't even open a browser, if I watch a movie instead, it will still freeze(while connected to Internet). Everything works fine if i boot in safe mode with networking.
I have checked for viruses and found nothing. I am unsure where to go from here. Any help is appreciated.
An Everest report is attached. Any more info required, just ask.
when playing any kind of game my system freezes after a few minutes and the only way i can get it to respond is by doing a hard reset.
So far this has happened on several games like fallout new vegas and on Civ 5 so it isn't just a game issue.
Any ideas anyone?? What info do you need to help me figure this out?
Could you fill in your system specs?
How old is your graphics card? Model?
When I start my computer, Windows seems to load ok, but whatever I click on seems to freeze my desktop, and I can't click on anything, or use ctr,Alt Delete to go into Taskmanager. Could someone please have a look at this hjt log to see if there's anything there. A couple of times I got a box with a red cross saying something like Logon has failed to create a security file, or something, before the screen goes black, and I have to switch off the pc, and re-boot into safe mode.
I've recently reinstalled windows XP cleared everything out so i could start again. My computer which is running Windows XP was frequently freezing the only solution was to reboot. I thought that reinstalling XP would sort the problem but after only fifteen minutes the same problem is present. No warning simply freezes. No mouse no keyboar nothing. I simnply have to reboot and loose what I've been working on. Before I thriow it in the tip can anyone help. I've attached the logfile from Hijack Tjhis if this can help sort things out. I'm slowly drifting into insanity and my dog is in real danger at this stage!!!!!
2. Go to START-RUN- type MSCONFIG , go to STARTUP ITEMS.
3. UNCHECK everything that is CHECKED in the box.
4. Restart the pc, see whether you still have the same problem.
Windows eight freezes when I go from desktop to the start up where the tiles are. I have to control alt delete and shut down and bring it back up to unfreeze. While I'm doing the shutdown a message comes up about a task is waiting to finish. I've tried to do scans and can't find a problem. Help. Please move if this is the wrong place for seeking help.


text:
is a city located in Chiba Prefecture, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 131,714 in 59,895 households and a population density of 3000 persons per km². The total area of the city is .

Geography
Abiko is located in the northwestern part of Chiba prefecture, about 30 kilometers from the prefectural capital of Chiba, and within 30 to 40 kilometers of central Tokyo. It is separated from Ibaraki Prefecture in the north by the Tone River. The city is located on the Shimosa Plateau, with an average elevation of about 20 meters above sea level. The city stretches about 14 kilometers east-to-west and about 4 to 6 kilometers north-to-south.

Neighboring municipalities
Chiba Prefecture
Inzai
Kashiwa
Ibaraki Prefecture
Toride
Tone

Climate
Abiko has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall.  The average annual temperature in Abiko is 14.7 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1345 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.3 °C, and lowest in January, at around 3.8 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Abiko has recently plateaued after a long period of growth.

History
The area around Abiko has been inhabited since Japanese Paleolithic times, and archaeologists have found stone tools dated from 30,000 years ago. During the Edo period, Abiko was a river port on the Tone River and a post station on the Mito Kaidō, a highway connecting Edo with Mito. After the Meiji Restoration, Abiko Town was created in Minamisoma District, Chiba Prefecture on April 1, 1889, along with the town of Fusa and village of Kohoku with the establishment of the modern municipalities system. Abiko was transferred to Higashikatsushika District in 1897. From the Taisho period to the early Showa period, Abiko was sometimes called "Kamakura in the north" as many prominent cultural figures such as Naoya Shiga, Saneatsu Mushanokoji, Soetsu Yanagi, and Bernard Leach had villas in the town, which became a center for the Shirakabaha literary coterie. On November 1, 1954, it annexed neighboring Tomise village from the same district. On April 29, 1955, Abiko annexed Fusa Town and Kohoku Village. Abiko achieved city status on July 1, 1970. In 2003, a proposal to merge Abiko with neighboring city of Kashiwa and the town of Shōnan was defeated by a public referendum.  Parts of the city were damaged by soil liquefaction due to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.

Government
Abiko has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 24 members. Abiko contributes two members to the Chiba Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is part of Chiba 8th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
Although agriculture still plays a significant role in the local economy, Abiko is largely a regional commercial center and from the 1970s developed into a commuter town for nearby Chiba and Tokyo. The commuting rate is 32.3% for central Tokyo and 12.4% for Kashiwa City (both according to the 2010 census).

Education

Universities
Chuo Gakuin University
Kawamura Gakuen Women's University

Primary and secondary education
Abiko has 13 public elementary schools and six public middle schools operated by the city government, and two public high schools operated by the Chiba Prefectural Board of Education. There are also two private high schools. The prefecture also operates one special education school for the handicapped.

Transportation

Railway
 JR East –   Jōban Line
  –
 JR East –   Narita Line
 -  -  -  -

Highway

Point of Interests
Akebonoyama Park
Abiko City Museum of Birds
Yamashina Institute for Ornithology

Notable people
Isao Aoki, professional golfer
Makoto Kaneko, professional baseball player
Hajime Meshiai, professional golfer
Seiji Ebihara, professional golfer
Muga Takewaki, actor
Asuka Tono, Takarazuka musician
Morinosuke Chiwaki,  founder of Japan Dental Association
Ryo Takeuchi, filmmaker

References

External links

 Official Website
 Yamashina Institute for Ornithology website

Cities in Chiba Prefecture

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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After realizing how much I liked OWB carry, I figured I'd give some other Comp-Tac holsters a try. Next out of the gate was the Belt Holster from the fine folks in Spring, TX. Based on what I read in the product description, this holster was designed for customers who wanted a traditional belt holster vs. the paddle holster that I reviewed earlier. Make the jump to see it in action . . .
The retention system and "gun touching" parts seem to be exactly the same on the Belt as on the Paddle. The only difference being the thick double loop of Kydex that your belt threads through. You can still run red dot optics, larger front/rear sights and whatever other gear you want. Renention can be adjusted using the two allen screws as well. You can see in the video that I could have adjusted it a touch looser.
Unlike the Paddle, the Belt is only available in a vertical cant configuration. My guess is that this holster is geared towards competition shooters as I found it to print just a bit too much for EDC. While your average Joe probably wouldn't notice, I'd rather not tempt fate.
MSRP: $68.00 as tested. Add $20 for a digital camo print.
Absolutely top notch work from the guys and gals at Comp-Tac. This holster is hell bent for stout and built to last just like all the other gear I've seen from them.
You can customize things form the factory (color, open/closed end, left/right side), but after that, no more adjustment is available to you.
Unfortunately, the vertical cant and tendency to fall away from my body with a nearly full sized gun meant that I never felt comfortable carrying concealed with this holster. I'm sure it's great for competition or as a "range day" holster, but for concealed carry I can't recommend it.
I found the belt holster to be extremely comfortable. Carrying a nearly full size gun, the weight would really put a workout on my belt as the whole thing tried to fall to the outside, but that never got physically uncomfortable. The fitment is tight enough on the belt loops to keep it in place, however if you need to slide it further forward or backward, you can accomplish that maneuver without too much fuss.
Question of the Day: What's on Your Lust List?
Great articles on the holsters. What's with the forward lean shooting stance? Never seen that before. You might want to try standing up and bringing the gun to eye level, or go into an isosceles stance…like the old FBI stance. Not criticizing, everyone has their own syle, just wondering what the advantage is to your particular stance…night quite standing…not quite isosceles.
Again, thanks for the holster reviews. I'm not far from Spring, might have to give one a try…especially the OWB.
Some trainers advocate working with the body's natural response to recognizing danger which often entails orienting toward the threat and lowering the center of gravity with a slight crouch.
I've had a couple of friends that grew up with revolvers, which shoot really well when you let the shot 'break' your wrist to absorb the recoil. Obviously this doesn't work well the semi-autos. By getting them to get low and forward, their grip completely changed as well. All without having to talk about their grip at all. A great conversation to have AFTER all the shooting is over and the friend has a solid group of hits out of his gun.
Ok, ok… this will stir up some "stuff" …(maybe)… how many "Chevy vs Ford" holster arguments are gonna go on?
I have a CPL. I carry (almost never–but Geeze it has a wonderful trigger) a Walter PPK (which is evidence of a death wish cuz that summabitch is less reliable than a Yugo…), a S&W Air wieght snubbie and a S&W 469. The grips on all extend above my pocket and can be snatched in an instant.
Question to ask: Are holster requirement different between Peaceful Citizens and militarized State thugs?
You should review the Silent Thunder OWD paddle holster by Garrett Industries. They make Kydex holsters that are lined with leather and are extremely adjustable. I've been carrying my Ruger SR9C in one for a year and love it! The owners and service have been fantastic. When I inquired as to whether or not they were going to make a magazine carrier with a paddle for easy on/off, they had their design team work on it and sent me a prototype to try out. They even made some design tweaks I recommended and sent me the improved version. Hopefully you'll be as pleased as I've been.
Okay, it works. But why does it have to look so fugly?
Nice replies in return of this matter with solid arguments and describing everything regarding that.