text:
#ifndef BOOST_COMPUTE_ITERATOR_FUNCTION_INPUT_ITERATOR_HPP
#define BOOST_COMPUTE_ITERATOR_FUNCTION_INPUT_ITERATOR_HPP

#include <cstddef>
#include <iterator>

#include <boost/config.hpp>
#include <boost/iterator/iterator_facade.hpp>

#include <boost/compute/detail/meta_kernel.hpp>
#include <boost/compute/type_traits/is_device_iterator.hpp>
#include <boost/compute/type_traits/result_of.hpp>

namespace boost {
namespace compute {

// forward declaration for function_input_iterator<Function>
template<class Function> class function_input_iterator;

namespace detail {

// helper class which defines the iterator_facade super-class
// type for function_input_iterator<Function>
template<class Function>
class function_input_iterator_base
{
public:
    typedef ::boost::iterator_facade<
        ::boost::compute::function_input_iterator<Function>,
        typename ::boost::compute::result_of<Function()>::type,
        ::std::random_access_iterator_tag,
        typename ::boost::compute::result_of<Function()>::type
    > type;
};

template<class Function>
struct function_input_iterator_expr
{
    typedef typename ::boost::compute::result_of<Function()>::type result_type;

    function_input_iterator_expr(const Function &function)
        : m_function(function)
    {
    }

    Function m_function;
};

template<class Function>
inline meta_kernel& operator<<(meta_kernel &kernel,
                               const function_input_iterator_expr<Function> &expr)
{
    return kernel << expr.m_function();
}

} // end detail namespace

/// \class function_input_iterator
/// \brief Iterator which returns the result of a function when dereferenced
///
/// For example:
///
/// \snippet test/test_function_input_iterator.cpp generate_42
///
/// \see make_function_input_iterator()
template<class Function>
class function_input_iterator :
    public detail::function_input_iterator_base<Function>::type
{
public:
    typedef typename detail::function_input_iterator_base<Function>::type super_type;
    typedef typename super_type::reference reference;
    typedef typename super_type::difference_type difference_type;
    typedef Function function;

    function_input_iterator(const Function &function, size_t index = 0)
        : m_function(function),
          m_index(index)
    {
    }

    function_input_iterator(const function_input_iterator<Function> &other)
        : m_function(other.m_function),
          m_index(other.m_index)
    {
    }

    function_input_iterator<Function>&
    operator=(const function_input_iterator<Function> &other)
    {
        if(this != &other){
            m_function = other.m_function;
            m_index = other.m_index;
        }

        return *this;
    }

    ~function_input_iterator()
    {
    }

    size_t get_index() const
    {
        return m_index;
    }

    template<class Expr>
    detail::function_input_iterator_expr<Function>
    operator[](const Expr &expr) const
    {
        (void) expr;

        return detail::function_input_iterator_expr<Function>(m_function);
    }

private:
    friend class ::boost::iterator_core_access;

    reference dereference() const
    {
        return reference();
    }

    bool equal(const function_input_iterator<Function> &other) const
    {
        return m_function == other.m_function && m_index == other.m_index;
    }

    void increment()
    {
        m_index++;
    }

    void decrement()
    {
        m_index--;
    }

    void advance(difference_type n)
    {
        m_index = static_cast<size_t>(static_cast<difference_type>(m_index) + n);
    }

    difference_type
    distance_to(const function_input_iterator<Function> &other) const
    {
        return static_cast<difference_type>(other.m_index - m_index);
    }

private:
    Function m_function;
    size_t m_index;
};

/// Returns a function_input_iterator with \p function.
///
/// \param function function to execute when dereferenced
/// \param index index of the iterator
///
/// \return a \c function_input_iterator with \p function
template<class Function>
inline function_input_iterator<Function>
make_function_input_iterator(const Function &function, size_t index = 0)
{
    return function_input_iterator<Function>(function, index);
}

/// \internal_ (is_device_iterator specialization for function_input_iterator)
template<class Function>
struct is_device_iterator<function_input_iterator<Function> > : boost::true_type {};

} // end compute namespace
} // end boost namespace

#endif // BOOST_COMPUTE_ITERATOR_FUNCTION_INPUT_ITERATOR_HPP


text:
Floyd "Mickey" Mitchell Smith
January 12, 1947 - April 16, 2021
Floyd Mitchell "Mickey" Smith, age 74, passed away peacefully on Friday, April 16, 2021. Mickey was born in Monroe, NC, a son of the late Floyd Rufus Smith and Yvonne Deese Smith. He was a devoted Christian and an active member of Westminster ARP Church, where he sang in the choir and helped with the men's breakfast. Mr. Smith served in the United States Army as a military police officer during the Vietnam War. He worked and retired from Conbraco Industries after 40 years of service. Mickey spent his time with his beloved family as much as possible. He especially enjoyed time spent at Lake Wateree with his family boating and fishing. He also enjoyed any time he got with his grandchildren. Mickey enjoyed helping people in his community. He was a loving husband, father, grandfather, brother, uncle, and friend. Along with his parents, Mickey was predeceased by his nephew, James Michael Smith, Jr. Survivors include his wife of 49 years, Virginia Wienges Smith (Ginger) of Conway; two daughters, Becky Haigler (Mike) of Cameron and Shelley Skipper (Andy) of Galivants Ferry; and three grandchildren, Rebekah and Emily Haigler and Masen Skipper. He is also survived by his two brothers, Mike Smith (Debby) and Marty Smith (Linda), both of Pageland, SC, and four nieces and two nephews. Memorial services will be held at 11:00 AM Tuesday, April 20, 2021 at Goldfinch Funeral Home, Conway Chapel with Pastor Watson Gunderson officiating. A graveside committal with Military Honors will follow at Hillcrest Cemetery. The family will receive friends at the grave following the service. In lieu of flowers, memorial donations may be made to Westminster ARP Church, 1619 Park View Road, Conway, SC 29526 or Vietnam Vets of America, Chapter 925 Horry/Grand Strand, PO Box 16142, Surfside Beach, SC 29587.
Floyd Mitchell "Mickey" Smith, age 74, passed away peacefully on Friday, April 16, 2021. Mickey was born in Monroe, NC, a son of the late Floyd Rufus Smith and Yvonne Deese Smith. He was a devoted Christian and an active member... View Obituary & Service Information
The family of Floyd "Mickey" Mitchell Smith created this Life Tributes page to make it easy to share your memories.
Floyd Mitchell "Mickey" Smith, age 74, passed away peacefully...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Blue Cross Blue Shield AntiTrust Litigation | Did Blue Cross Blue Shield get Special treatment from lawmakers?
Gov. Robert Bentley signed two bills earlier this month that limit the ability of most insurance companies to dictate prices charged by eye doctors and dentists.
But the new laws won't apply to the state's largest insurance company – Blue Cross Blue Shield of Alabama – because both bills specifically excluded the non-profit company.
Michael O'Malley, executive director of the Alabama Association of Health Plans, said the exemption is a flagrant example of special treatment.
The association represents all the other health insurance companies in the state except Blue Cross Blue Shield of Alabama. Blue Cross Blue Shield has about 90 percent of the health insurance market in Alabama, which make the state the least competitive for health insurance, according to a study last year by the American Medical Association.
The two bills address similar issues, but one is geared toward dental practices and the other takes on optometry. The legislation keeps insurance companies from setting prices for services that aren't covered under their plans.


text:
http://www.canada24news.com/sport/raptors-put-game-5-loss-behind-them-as-another-close-out-game-looms/392183-news
Raptors put Game 5 loss behind them as another close-out game looms
Live in the moment. It's been the Toronto Raptors' mantra all season. Never get too high after wins. Never too down after losses.
Two days after the Raptors were an agonizing basket away from capturing their first NBA championship, with the collective voice of seemingly the entire country cheering them on, they're not sweating the loss. If anyone senses a shift in momentum in Golden State's favour, it's all outside noise to them.
"Did [Game 5] hit me any harder? Not really. They all hit you hard," Raptors coach Nick Nurse said. "Listen, I'm like anybody that was there that understands the outcome of that one changes things a little bit. But I'll say this: I'm absolutely thrilled to be coaching in another Finals game. This is awesome, right?"
The Raptors, who lead the Finals series 3-2, have two more chances to bring the Larry O'Brien Trophy to Canada for the first time in history, and the first comes Thursday at Oracle Arena, Golden State's home floor.
WATCH | Warriors come back late to force Game 6:
After losing Kevin Durant in the second quarter, Golden State rallied late to beat Toronto 106-105. 2:39
Toronto is undefeated at Oracle, which will host its final NBA game on Thursday — the two-time defending champion Warriors are moving to Chase Center in San Francisco next season.
An unusual stat: the visiting team has won the last four games of the series with Toronto capturing Games 3 and 4 at Oracle last week.
"For some reason I think both teams are really good road teams and have been all season," Nurse said. "That's one thing. Two, two really tough-minded teams playing and you've got to be a little more tough-minded on the road."
'Deep thoughts' on momentum
The Raptors were on the defensive for part of Wednesday's media availabilities. Nurse has been criticized for taking a pair of timeouts with his team on a run late in Game 5, and then choosing not to take one before the game's final play — a three-point attempt by Kyle Lowry that Draymond Green got his fingertips on. It's been argued that both instances affected momentum.
Nurse was asked: Is there such a thing as momentum?
"Now that is a loaded question, I think, isn't it. Oh, my God," Nurse said. "Momentum is definitely real in everything in life, from the moment you get up to a basketball game moment. No doubt about it. Sometimes timeouts stop them; sometimes they don't. Sometimes not taking one stops it, and sometimes it doesn't. That's kind of the world we live in on the basketball court. . . Deep thoughts."
Nurse pointed out that the Raptors had a chance to win Game 5 after rallying from a 14-point deficit. Marc Gasol was clobbered late in the game, the NBA saying Tuesday that the referees missed the call.
WATCH | Refs miss foul against Gasol late in Game 5:
The NBA says Raptors player Marc Gasol should have gone to the free-throw line in the final minute of Game 5, but officials missed a call 0:19
"Kyle had a wide-open three with a minute to go. We ran some nice stuff and got exactly what we wanted," Nurse said. "I'm not sure that that timeout had anything to do with about 14 plays after that."
Lowry said his team's mood hasn't changed since Game 5. It's virtually the same it's been all post-season long.
"We stayed in the moment. We didn't finish the game out. We all sat back, we watched it and watched the film today," he said. "We understand that the moment is the moment, but we still are staying in it. We're not too up, we're not too down. We're just one game — hey, we lost it, now we got to move on to the next one."
Leonard looking at big picture
Leonard has been the Raptors' emotional maestro all season, constantly pulling his teammates back into the moment. While the Warriors wear their emotions on their sleeves, the Raptors have remained all-business. It's virtually impossible to tell from the serious faces on players walking back to the locker-room whether they've just won a game or lost.
"You come into the playoffs with the same mindset: I want to win today's game, I want to win today's game," Leonard said.
Leonard's dad Mark was shot and killed at the Compton, Calif., car wash he owned when Leonard was a junior in high school.
Losing his father, he said, made his realize life is more than just basketball.
"Like I always say, this is basketball, just go out there and have fun. These are going to be the best years of my life, playing this game," Leonard said. "Being 27, this young, you shouldn't be stressing in life about things that really don't matter.
"As long as your family is healthy, you're able to see the people that you love and you're able to walk, run, you're not injured . . . all those things go into account. Go out there, lay it all out on the floor, do the best job I could possibly do and try to win."
Leonard, who's averaging 30.9 points and 9.0 rebounds in these playoffs, should capture his second career Finals MVP award with a victory. With 710 career post-season points, he's 14 away from passing Allen Iverson for fourth on the all-time NBA list, 16 from overtaking Hakeem Olajuwon, 39 from passing LeBron James, and 50 from moving past Michael Jordan, whose 759 points in 1992 are the NBA record.
WATCH | Lowry calls Leonard best two-way player in NBA:
Raptors guard Kyle Lowry says Kawhi Leonard works extremely on his craft. 0:34
"He's the best two-way basketball player in the NBA," Lowry said of Leonard. "He just goes. I've seen some stuff from him this year that just you say 'Wow.' You appreciate the work that's put in. He works extremely hard at his game and works extremely hard on his body. And he loves this basketball thing. He loves it."
A Raptors victory would give them Canada's first title in one of North America's four major pro leagues — NBA, NHL, NFL, MLB — since the Toronto Blue Jays won back-to-back World Series in 1992 and '93.
Canadian singer/songwriter Sarah Ann McLachlan will perform "O Canada" on Thursday night.
A Raptors loss would send the series back to Toronto for Game 7 on Sunday.
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text:
noah cappe age
They became closer after the trip and their unrevealed affair gradually grew.
He is 42 years old and is a Capricorn. Acteur canadien – Noah Cappe est né à Toronto (capitale de l'Ontario et plus grande ville du Canada) le 27/12/1977 et a aujourd'hui 42 ans. In 2014, he appeared as Travis in Bitten alongside Laura Vandervoort.
Age: How old is Noah Cappe?
His early teens were trademarked with musical theatre performances. Âge Quel âge a Noah Cappe? In 2016, he became the host of the Canadian version of the popular reality series The Bachelorette. His wife's name is Keri West. What you don't know is that his real name is noah cappe. In a 2015 comedy film, How to Plan an Orgy in a Small Town, Cappe played the role of Otis. He was born in Toronto, Canada, unknown and he is 43 years old.
The Seventies saw many women's rights, gay rights, and environmental movements.
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Since 1997, he has been entertaining people either by hosting shows, or by appearing in movies.
The net worth of Noah Cappe as of 2019 is approximatley $1.5 million. In any case, the careful figure for his compensation and total assets is still under audit. Mena Suvari is probably one artist who every year, has the best covers in the specialized media. Moreover, he has blue eyes and brown hair. In 2014, he appeared as Travis in Bitten alongside Laura Vandervoort. Noah Cappe was conceived on December 27, 1977, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. However, they have not given birth to any child yet. He has been spending much of his life by working on television while he also often appears in movies. Noah Cappe is a Canadian actor and television host best known for his work on Good Witch, Carnival Eats and The Bachelorette Canada. It's hard to know Noah Cappe birth time, but we do know his mother gave birth to his on a Tuesday.
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More Of Renowned TV Hosts : Adam Richman Girlfriend, Partner, Married, Wife, Health, Weight Loss He was born on the 27th of December 1977 in Toronto, Canada. All Rights Reserved, Noah Cappe is a Capricorn and his 43rd birthday is in, The 42-year-old Canadian was born in the Generation X and the Year of the Serpent.
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Noah Cappe was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on Tuesday, December 27, 1977 (Generation X). Please check back soon for updates. Copyright © 2020 | WordPress Theme by MH Themes, Gretchen Whitmer Net Worth 2020, Salary, Husband, Family, Height, Children, Bio Wiki, Lucas Grabeel Bio, Movies, Girlfriend, High School Musical, Sister, Age, Instagram, Songs, Sabrina Simpson Bio, Family, Career, Net Worth, Brother, Age, Family Member, Natanael Cano Net Worth 2020, Wiki, Height, Girlfriend, Songs, Parents, Siblings, Bianca Finch Wiki, Bio, Age, Boyfriend, Height, Net Worth, Parents, Birthday, Dating. Find out about his net worth for 2019-2020.
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noah cappe age 2020


Of course, there's a continuing debate on whether women should be preachers, pastors, evangelists, etc. Is this just a role that's set aside for men? Or is it a role that is gender inclusive? I used to be a part of the camp that thought this kind of role should only be for men. After all, Paul said for women to keep quiet and not to have authority over a man! Also, the requirements for a deacon and elder are in the masculine, not the feminine! That's surely enough, right? Actually, it's not. While I'm not going to get into those arguments, I think it's clear that Jesus supports women preachers, teachers, evangelists, and the whole nine yards.
It's interesting that whenever Jesus rose from the dead, the first person to witness it was a woman. Mary Magdalene was the one to whom the news of Jesus' glorious rising from the dead was first entrusted. She ran to tell the rest. This is also pretty good evidence that the gospels weren't fabricated. You see, people generally saw women as inferior. Who in the Jewish first century would fabricate something that had a woman being the first one to experience an important event? Especially if the author wanted people to believe it was true! However, it is true and a woman was the first to witness it. This isn't by accident either. It was to challenge the misogynistic atmosphere in the Jewish culture during Jesus' time and shoot it to the ground. If a preacher's job is to announce the gospel, the news that Jesus has died, was buried, and then rose for our sins, isn't this is exactly what Mary Magdalene did? And she was the first person to do so! If that doesn't rest the case for you, here's a little more fun facts.
In Acts, the record of the early Church, there were women involved with all of the crazy things that were occurring. Acts 8:3 and 9:2 record both men and women being persecuted for being a part of "the Way". They were also baptized and considered full members of the kingdom of God. Acts 8:12 records, "But when they believed Philip, who was proclaiming the good news about the kingdom of God and the name of Jesus Christ, they were baptized, both men and women." Whatever the Church was experiencing, whether growth, persecution, etc., there were always women along every step of the way, spreading the gospel and sharing in the sufferings of Christ.
Phoebe, a woman mentioned in Romans 16:1-2, was considered a "deacon" or a minister at the church in Cenchreae. Paul spoke highly of her and she is actually the one who he commissioned to deliver the letter to Romans, arguably Paul's greatest letter. Usually, the person who delivered the letters would be the first ones to read the letters aloud to the church and then answer any questions that they may have concerning it. So, in reality, Phoebe was probably the first person to not only read Romans aloud, but the first one to expound on and preach that great letter from the apostle Paul. Women were definitely essential in the early Church as preachers of the gospel.
In fact, later on in that chapter of Romans, another woman is mentioned. Her name is Junia and Paul says in verse 7 that she and Andronicus were "prominent among the apostles". This doesn't simply mean that the apostles knew a lot about them, but that they themselves were apostles. So, Paul considers Junia, a woman, to be an apostle of the Lord, and a prominent one at that. For a woman to be a leader in a "Jewish sect", as some thought of it, was unheard of to a lot of the people around that time. However, following in Jesus' footsteps, the early Church did an incredible job of breaking down the misogyny that had infiltrated the culture of that day. Junia would have been preaching and teaching a lot if she was considered an apostle.
To me, that makes it clear that women definitely had the authority in the early Church to preach and teach the gospel. Even the things that seem to contradict this position has to be interpreted in light of these things. If it was the case in the early Church, why do we marginalize women today? Why do we withhold from them the office of preacher, pastor, evangelist, etc.? That's not something the Church did back then. And it certainly wasn't something that Jesus did. If we want to mirror Jesus, then I believe we should allow the full inclusion of women into the ministry of the Church.
I was in the worship service today at church, and we were singing a song. One of the lyrics says "As I lift my hands toward heaven…". And, of course, when those lyrics are sung, everyone's hands across the sanctuary pop up simultaneously.
The critic in me used to hate this. I thought "Lifting your hands needs to be something organic and real, not robotic and done because a lyric tells you to do it!" It was the same with any of that type of lyric, whether it was lifting your hands, clapping, jumping, or whatever.
So, I hated this so much that whenever we sang that song, when it came to that part of the song, I would make it a point not to raise my hand. When it got that part, if I was raising my hands, I would even bring them back down. I would think ahead to make sure that I wasn't lifting my hands when the lyric said so, in order to make the point that I wasn't allowing lyrics of a song to dictate when I lifted my hands.
However, I recently realized something. In my attempt to be freed from my actions being dictated by lyrics during worship, I only became further enslaved by it. I was so set on not raising my hands during a lyric that instructed me to do so that, rather, I allowed it to dictate when I didn't raise my hands. But, do you see the irony? I wasn't free from it. I was simply enslaved by it, but in a different way. In both cases, I was allowing the lyric to control my actions. The first case it was dictating when I did raise my hands, and in the latter, when I didn't.
My goal was to make my worship more organic, but in doing so, it just became even robotic. I wasn't free, but controlled in a different way.
I think the principle is a lot bigger than just raising your hands during a song. So many times, we rebel and act out against certain ideologies, systems, philosophies, and world views, because we may have been raised in them, perhaps. However, in our rebellion, are we truly freed from them? Or are we still simply allowing those things to control us and our actions?
Too many times, it's the latter. I think about New Atheists and how most of them were raised in religious households. Their disdain, hatred, and open mockery of religion isn't a sign that they have been freed from the chains of religion. Rather, it proves that religion still controls them. It dictates all of their actions, however, they are all centered around their hatred for religion, rather than their appreciation of it. Either way, religion is controlling them still.
I think about super critical Christians. They usually talk about what they hate about how they were raised, or what their parents did wrong, or how Christianity today is so off. And while there is great value in correcting what is wrong, how many Christians who are this critical are only this way because they are trying to be freed from the religious oppression that they experienced as a child? And they think that to do is to critique every aspect of their oppression. But, they only prove that they are still very much so enslaved by that oppression, and it manifests itself in their constant bickering.
True freedom from a certain system or ideology or philosophy or whatever comes not from raising your fist at it and railing against it. In that case, you're still giving it too much attention, worth, and value in your own framework. True freedom from it comes from its irrelevance. There's nothing more liberating than looking at something that once controlled you in the face and saying "I don't care". I believe it's only then that we'll be free from it.


text:
Fossil Fuel Companies Keep Getting Sued Over Climate Impacts. Here's Where the Cases Stand
By Dana Drugmand
on Oct 7, 2020 @ 16:07 PDT
Series: Tracking the Lawsuits Fighting for Climate Accountability
Series: Climate Change Lawsuits
September saw a flurry of new lawsuits filed by cities and states against major fossil fuel companies over the climate crisis and the resulting impacts that are already being felt. After Hoboken, New Jersey sued Big Oil and its largest trade association, the American Petroleum Institute, on September 2, back-to-back lawsuits came the following week from Charleston, South Carolina and the state of Delaware. Connecticut then followed with a lawsuit singularly targeting ExxonMobil, which remains one of the largest oil companies in the world and appears determined to double down on its core fossil fuel business despite knowing decades ago about the climate consequences of using its products.
These climate lawsuits seek to hold companies like Exxon accountable for spending decades misleading the public on climate risks. Those dangers, projected long ago, have literally hit home in recent months with scorching heat, "record breaking" storms battering the Gulf Coast, and unprecedented and devastating wildfires burning millions of acres in the western U.S.
"Long before Trump entered office, oil and gas CEOs predicted this would be the result of their unfettered industry," Greenpeace USA Climate Campaign Director Janet Redman said in a late August press release responding to the landfall of Hurricane Laura. "Climate denial is not a victimless crime, and it's time for the fossil fuel industry to be held accountable."
The current wave of climate accountability lawsuits started three years ago with a handful of coastal California communities, and has since burgeoned to include nearly two dozen communities across the country so far that are taking the fossil fuel industry to court. Six attorneys general are currently suing Exxon for alleged climate deception, litigation that has started to garner comparisons to the state lawsuits targeting Big Tobacco firms for lying about the health risks of smoking.
Read more in the DeSmog series: Tracking the Lawsuits Fighting for Climate Accountability
The climate cases have not yet made it to trial, with the exception of a securities fraud lawsuit brought by the New York Attorney General against Exxon. A judge dismissed that case following a trial held last October, finding that Exxon did not deceive its investors over climate risks to its business. Since then, attorneys general have filed several new cases alleging that major oil companies such as Exxon misled consumers in violation of state consumer protection laws.
"These companies were not simply reckless in the pursuit of profits," District of Columbia Attorney General Karl Racine, who sued BP, Chevron, Exxon, and Shell in June, explained during a recent online briefing. "Their deceptive advertisements and misleading claims violated the D.C. Consumer Protection law."
One legal expert who is following these climate cases told DeSmog that these consumer protection cases may have an easier path towards trial in state courts. "These are straight-up state consumer rights laws," Pat Parenteau, an environmental law professor at Vermont Law School (and this writer's former law professor) said. "So those [cases] are going to go straight to trial I think."
Supreme Court Steps in to Examine Procedural Question
Many of the other climate lawsuits targeting fossil fuel companies have been tied up in a procedural battle over whether the cases belong in state or federal courts. The companies want them in federal courts, where they may be more likely to be dismissed. But four federal district judges and three federal appeals courts have decided the cases should be sent back to state courts. The companies are challenging these decisions and have even asked the Supreme Court to intervene in a case brought by Baltimore.
Last week on October 2, the Supreme Court granted the fossil fuel companies' request. The Court will not be weighing in directly on the federal versus state court issue, but rather will be considering a more technical question of federal civil procedure, specifically the extent of appeals courts' review of orders sending cases back to state courts, called remand orders.
On Friday, the Supreme Court agreed to hear BP v. Baltimore, a very important climate liability case. But the issue before the justices is way more complicated than that. We broke it down: https://t.co/1fHZeSjt9H
— Ellen M. Gilmer (@ellengilmer) October 5, 2020
Should the Supreme Court side with the fossil fuel companies on this narrow procedural question, Baltimore's case and likely several other climate liability suits would go back to the appeals courts to then consider the companies' other arguments (or grounds for removal) for why the cases belong in federal courts. Three appeals courts that have reviewed remand orders in climate cases so far — the Fourth Circuit, the Ninth Circuit, and the Tenth Circuit — have all concluded they can only consider the companies' claim that they acted under the direction of "federal officers" in their fossil fuel extraction operations, and all three courts have rejected this argument.
Parenteau said he thinks the companies' additional arguments are weak and that the cases should eventually return to state courts. "The defendants can run but they can't hide," he said.
Other legal experts and supporters of climate litigation said the procedural wrangling is a delay tactic the fossil fuel companies are using to try to avoid facing potential accountability in court.
"Fossil fuel executives will do anything to avoid having to explain to a jury in state court how they knew and then lied about climate change. That is why they've fought to delay these cases and push them to federal court," Richard Wiles, executive director of the Center for Climate Integrity, an initiative advocating for climate accountability, said in a recent statement.
"This is unquestionably a delay tactic, and I believe the industry defendants will do everything they can to prevent these cases from getting to discovery, much less the merits of the plaintiffs' claims," Karen Sokol, a law professor at Loyola University, told DeSmog via email.
The Supreme Court's intervention in Baltimore's case, she said, could have the effect of deterring or at least delaying other communities from filing new climate lawsuits against oil companies. As for climate cases already filed, she said the Supreme Court's involvement at this early stage would further stall proceedings.
"In the near term the impact is a further delaying of their day in court," she said.
Status of Other Climate Cases
Besides the Baltimore case, there are over a dozen other climate accountability lawsuits against oil and gas companies currently pending in state and federal courts.
A set of cases filed by San Mateo County and five other California communities is on hold due to the fossil fuel companies' expected move to petition the Supreme Court like they are doing in the Baltimore case. The companies were also expected to petition the Supreme Court in lawsuits brought by Oakland and San Francisco, and this has put a case brought by Washington's King County (home to Seattle) further on hold. A lawsuit filed by a West Coast commercial fishermen's association has also been paused. Honolulu's lawsuit, filed in March this year, had been temporarily paused but is now proceeding to the battle over state versus federal court jurisdiction.
Cases brought by New York City and Rhode Island are awaiting rulings from the Second and First Circuit appeals courts, respectively. New York's lawsuit was initially dismissed in federal court and the City is appealing. Rhode Island's case had been cleared to advance in state court, which the fossil fuel companies are challenging. The case is currently on hold in state court pending Supreme Court rulings in unrelated litigation involving auto manufacturers.
Several Colorado communities suing ExxonMobil and Suncor are awaiting a decision from a Colorado state court on the companies' request to toss the case. A lawsuit brought by the Massachusetts attorney general against Exxon alleging the company deceived investors and consumers on climate risks is also currently in state court, with Exxon trying to get it dismissed.
One climate lawsuit brought by an environmental group called Conservation Law Foundation against Shell in Rhode Island recently overcame the company's bid to dismiss in state court, meaning it could be one of the first cases to make it to discovery and trial. That case seeks to hold Shell accountable for climate risks to its own oil storage facility located along the Providence River.
Breaking: Judge rejects Shell Oil's motion to dismiss CLF lawsuit.
This marks the FIRST time a private fossil fuel entity will have to answer for its knowledge of climate change and the relative dangers.https://t.co/lkl2XWD0Lj
— Conservation Law Foundation (@CLF) September 28, 2020
The half dozen cases filed most recently against major oil companies — including back-to-back suits filed in June by Minnesota and Washington, D.C., as well as cases brought last month by Hoboken, Charleston, Delaware, and Connecticut — are in early procedural battles, with the fossil fuel industry trying or expected to punt the cases to federal courts.
A Long Fight Ahead
The legal fight against fossil fuel firms over climate is a long road that will take years to play out. As Ann Carlson, an environmental law professor at UCLA School of Law, said during a July webinar, these cases are "going to be fought tooth and nail."
Just as fossil fuel companies staved off policy responses to rein in carbon emissions from their products, they are now fighting to avoid the revelation of internal documents — which could happen during the pre-trial process known as discovery — showing the extent of their alleged conspiracy to undermine climate science and distort the public narrative around the risks of burning coal, oil, and gas.
Internal industry documents that have already been made public outside of the courts have uncovered evidence that oil companies including ExxonMobil and their lobbying groups were aware of climate risks, chose to downplay them, and sowed uncertainty about climate science in public but not in private.
"If the cases get to discovery, there will undoubtedly be further revelations about the extent of the companies' knowledge about the climate harms that the use of their products was causing and their disinformation campaigns in response," Sokol said. "Although in its PR messaging the industry insists that these cases are without merit, the industry's litigation strategy has been to do everything it can to prevent these cases from ever being heard on the merits."
Main image: An ExxonMobil facility on the banks of the Mississippi River, October 26, 2016. Credit: Terekhova, CC BY–NC–ND 2.0
uk/Coverage of Tory MPs' Energy Bills Letter Ignores Ties to Climate Science Denial Group
ByAdam Barnett
Only 19 MPs and one peer signed the letter to the Sunday Telegraph, apparently contradicting Craig Mackinlay's claim that his "Net Zero Scrutiny Group" has over 50 members.
DeSmog's Top 10 Investigations for 2021
on Dec 28, 2021 @ 05:00 PST
Sketchy oil waste dumps in Argentina and Texas. Social media campaigns spreading misinformation. The history of white supremacy in the oil industry. Here's a look at the hard-hitting journalism that DeSmog published in 2021.


Regina Doherty T.D. was appointed Minister for Employment Affairs and Social Protection by An Taoiseach, Leo Varadkar, T.D. on 14th June 2017.
Previously, from 6th May 2016, Regina was Government Chief Whip and Minister of State at the Department of An Taoiseach.
Before first being elected to Dáil Éireann in 2011 for the Constituency of Meath East, Regina served as a Councillor on Meath County Council.
Regina, originally from Dublin, has lived in Meath for almost 20 years with her husband and their four children, all of whom are Meath born and bred. Regina began her career in the IT sector before entering public office in 2009.
During the last Dáil term (2011-2016), Regina sat on the Joint Oireachtas Committees for both Health & Children, and Finance & Public Expenditure, while also chairing several All Party Parliamentary Groups for special education, children and adults with intellectual disabilities and the cross party group on mental health reform.
Regina was re-elected to Dáil Éireann in February 2016 by the people of Meath East, prior to her appointment to the Department of An Taoiseach.
See the Minister's Brief here.


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