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Collaborative Science Chairs
Centre for Brain Development and Repair
Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease
Centre for Chemical Biology and Therapeutics
Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis
Regulation of Cell Fate
Technologies for the Advancement of Science
Research Fellowship
Training@inStem
Working@inStem
Director Message (2014-2015)
As an institution, inStem is entering a new phase as it completes its sixth year, a steady state with its six themes and a clinical translational unit. The sudden burst of birth and growth have had their trials and tribulations as would any new institution, and inStem appears to be wearing its growing pains rather well. The movement towards becoming a full-fledged and autonomous unit of the DBT is a slow and steady process, requiring a firm grip on a number of parameters, including the vagaries of the El Nino as it alters the course of the monsoon over the Bay of Bengal. However, there is comfort in the knowledge that there is now a clear path for moving inStem into an institutional mode very soon. The debt to the campus and its excellent facilities can only be paid in the generation of excellent science.
Last year we asked a question: Does the culture of 'collaborative inquiry' allow inStem to tackle major, complex, scientific problems that are difficult to pursue in single investigator laboratories? There are several measures of success that have been suggested. One is the tangible output that we generate, another is the collaborative culture that must evolve, and the third is the ability to attract people who wish to work in such an environment.
While scientific output has achieved a steady stream, it is also becoming very clear that the function of individual themes have a spectrum of operational features with each one displaying unique characteristics. For instance, the Centre for Chemical Biology and Therapeutics (CCBT) is gearing up very well with the establishment of an extraordinarly high quality programme in uncovering new molecules targeting phospho-peptide protein interactions, in a close knit team effort that will reach out to its environs after creating scientific assets for the community. The Centre for Brain Development and Repair (CBDR), has established a platform programme (Centre for Synaptic Neuropathies) for studying the neurophysiological aspects of stem cells taken from patients carrying autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Again, in a very exciting beginning, this group has carried out electrophysiological characterizations of specific perturbations in neurons generated from ASD patient-derived iPSCs. The Cardiovascular Biology and Disease (CCBD) theme is in an exciting phase of expanding its original mandate with the recruitment of structural biologist Minhaj Sirajuddin and Dhandhapany Perundurai, a human geneticist interested in studying perturbations in signalling pathways in paediatric cardiomyopathies. Another development for this team is the engagement of Sivaramakrishnan (University of Minnesota) as a named collaborator, reflecting the true capacity of a theme to build an interdisciplinary programme focussing on all the scales involved in cardiomyopathy. The nascent Regulation of Cell Fate (RCF) programme celebrates its formation with an award of a Centre of Excellence grant (from the DBT). The award is a recognition of how a set of investigators can come together to jointly address an important question in basic biology. The Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis (CITH) theme has consolidated its efforts with Colin Jamora's view of homeostasis coinciding with Srikala Raghavan's exciting discovery of the mechanisms of sterile inflammation in a mouse model of aberrations in skin development and epigenetics by engaging with Shravanti Rampalli- Deshpande within the theme. The Technologies for Advancement of Science (TAS) theme continues its exploration of new tools and technologies with exciting applications of an addressable chemical scaffold as a drug delivery device, making its way into clinical trials in large mammals. Along with the Structural Biology group at NCBS, Rams is steering the development of one of India's first Cryo-EM installations and we hope this will be realized in the next year.
S MAYOR
Director, inStem
The clinical translational unit run at the Christian Medical College (CMC) led by Alok Srivastava, the Centre for Stem Cell Research (CSCR) is another endeavour where clinical translation is being honed into three main areas of focus. Two are founded on core interests in gene therapy for hemophilia (based on the recognition of underutilized AAV vectors in collaboration with Amit Nathwani at UCL, London, UK and Arun Srivastava at UFL, Gainesville, USA) and thalassemia (based on lenti viral vectors in collaboration with Trent Spencer at Emory University, USA).The third is on a musculoskeletal regeneration programme led by Vrisha Madhuri. The outcome of this latter focus is currently undergoing clinical trials in articular and physeal cartilage replacement, along with bone and muscle regeneration. The major challenge at CSCR for its programmes is to ensure clear translational goals for each activity and team. The procedures that will help achieve this are in the process of being developed with a lot of help from Mahendra Rao, the Chair of the Scientific Advisory Board of CSCR.
The engagement of Azim Surani, Jawaharlal Nehru Fellow and member of our Scientific Advisory Board in activities at inStem has been extremly productive due to his extraordinary capacity to mentor our junior and not-so-junior colleagues. We are grateful for the fellowship as well as Azim's perseverance. We welcome the involvement of Mahendra Rao, a long-time associate of our campus who is also a member of inStem's scientific advisory board. He is our latest Collaborative Science Chair, and is putting in place a major programme in stem cell derivation and utilization in a joint programme with the National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience (NIMHANS), NCBS and inStem. In this programme, we are engaging with clinicians to obtain iPSC lines from a pilot-scale set of patient cohorts from five different clinics who have been carefully chosen by NIMHANS clinicians and colleagues from NCBS (including Sanjeev Jain, adjunct professor at NCBS and inStem and Raghu Padinjat). Mahendra Rao will be associated with the CBDR theme at inStem.
I cannot adequately emphasize the excellent catalytic support from the Shanta Wadhwani Foundation for the CBDR and CCBD themes, and our heartfelt thanks to Romesh Wadhwani and Ajay Kela for the faith they have reposed in our endeavours. This type of funding has allowed us to take risks and recruit new people and initiate new activities. Our efforts to attract enlightened private funding over the next year, will be redoubled.
Of course our major challenges lie ahead at inStem in the ever present concern of developing a unique institutional culture as a thematically driven collaborative environment. This is vital for taking on scientific questions that a single laboratory will find difficult to take on. This is the identity that we hope inStem will grow up to embody, distinguishing itself from all other institutes for basic biology. We continue to leverage the advantages of the collective might of the three institutes of the Bangalore Biocluster (NCBS, inStem and CCAMP) to come together, and chart a bright new future.
Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine,
GKVK - Post
Bangalore 560065, India.
Email: info at instem dot res dot in
Copyright © InStem, 2019


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Posted: 23rd May 2006 alright.... heres my problem... im in love with this girl... who ive known for 2 years. since the moment i saw her, i could swear everything blacked out, except for her... and christ, when i saw her smile, a smirk had to appear on my face. She is the most wonderful person ive known. I am walking her home on the last day of school, which is on friday, 3 days from today. I call her my everything, my (her name), and my goddess. She is really flattered by such names, i just dont know what i should do. She wants me to sing for her, I Miss you - Incubus. and i wrote her a poem. She has also been telling me she has a suprise which she has to give with no one around... I really care for her, shes been my friend for 2 years people... 2 years... and if the fact that i love her disrupts our friendship, ill be taking the biggest risk of my life, she is my everything, without her, i am simply nothing. She calls me her everything and her superman. She just means so much to me, i dont know if i can risk it all... and if i can only be her best friend (bestestest buddyyyyy in her words) i guess... well i guess its okay... she knows me inside out, she knows every flaw in me. When i walk her, what do i do? Do i try and hold her hand, do i give her a kiss for goodbye? Note: this would be my first kiss, so honestly i wouldnt know how to do it, but you have to start out somewhere . Please, though... i need your help... i dont know what to do, im completely blank of ideas... please help me..
"I don't know what you are talking about"
"Cardinal!!! Poke her... with the SOFT CUSIONS!!!!"
"Its not working my lord!"
"Have you got all of the stuffing on one end?!"
Posted: 2nd Jul 2006 feel free to open up and share your opinions and problems. By now, this thread isnt for me, its for the people who need help understading this complicated subject. Just as the other HoPers helped me, i am sure they will gladly help you, as will I. s and 's to all who have helped me, and great luck for anyone under the same tent as I.
I am now in a similar situation and am having to head my own advice.
Posted: 3rd Jul 2006 I can't help but feel just a little bit disturbed by some of the stuff here: we've got a young man declaring himself worthless if it wasn't for the feelings of an adolescent girl. Is that something to be encouraged?
RR, there's a problem with sticking someone up on a pedestal, and that's that they come crashing down at some point. The dopamine rush you get when you first fall for someone is great, but it does wear off after 3-8 months, then you see the person for what they truely are, with all the flaws and fallibilities of an ordinary human, and only after you've lived with that for a while can you see the relationship for its true worth.
Though it's lovely to hear you describe this girl as a goddess and an angel, she's not, she's the same as anyone else, though it's hard to see through the rose tinted now.
I don't want to rain on your parade or anything, and I really hope it works for you in the long run, but you've got to find something in yourself to celebrate, not just this.
Posted: 3rd Jul 2006 alright... stab me once... stab me again... and stab me for the third time, then twist the blade in a circle whilst sprinkling salt and lemon on the wound. As much as that hurt me and as much as i think youre wrong on certain aspects... I cant bare to disagree... Yes, it is wrong that i view myself being worthless without her, but this is just my feelings. Majority of the people ive met really dont enjoy me, to feel loved like this, to love someone like this... It really is magical... No one has loved me. To know that someone cares about you enough to help you up when youre down and have that shoulder to cry on when you feel weak is a wonderful feeling. I say that im worthless without her because shes my better half, shes the person that completes me. Of course, not many think so... But yes, im pretty sorry for saying that... ill think before i talk next time. My apologies everyone... And thank you Eera, i bet when half of the people saw that, they just moved on not saying anything. It means alot that you had the guts to stand up to it, mate. Thank you and sorry.
Posted: 3rd Jul 2006 But what I didn't say was that when the rush dies off, you can be left with a deep friendship and respect, which is what long-term relationships are made of.
I read something a while back that said "there are times when you will look at your partner with not love, but apathy, boredom or even hatred, but what does not change is your sense of commitment to them."
Your feeling will change, but it can lead to better things, the important thing to acknowledge is that, while the headrush has gone, your relationship hasn't. It's one of the reasons why so many relationships break up within the first year; people misinterpret that rush as as what comprises being "in love" and move on when it's gone.
If you can both stick with it, you've got a future, but it's going to take a while before you can decide that objectively.
You've impressed a fair number of people here. You are far from worthless.
Hey Rave, been a while since we had an update, you kids still doing well?
I think they'll be ok Eera, They're a regular Catherine and Heathcliff, she is his soul.
and rave, if you haven't already, i'd highly recommend reading wuthering heights by emily bronte.
Posted: 20th Jul 2006 Were doing fascinating. We watched Superman Returns. She snuggles into me and hand her hand around me she was so cute and cuddly. I held her hand as she slept with her head rested on my shoulder. The movie ended, i kissed her forehead and said rise and shine she snuggled real tight as if she was stretching for about ten seconds. She is so beautiful... Words cannot describe the path she has paved to my heart, only the way she looks into my eyes can. I adore the way she cuddles with me.. I love the way we kiss, each second i come to love her even more. She has shown me what true love is, i am willing to dedicate my whole life to loving her. We are doing wonderful FoxInDocs. I thought people forgot about this thread, i was too lovestruck to *bump* it. She truly is a gorgeous and fascinating girl... i adore everything about her, the good, and the bad... Her hands are so soft and warm, she loves to hold me from what she says. "you take me away to heaven with each touch" she has told me. I can stare into her beautiful and adorable eyes, all my life. I love her, i adore her, i cherish her, i admire her. She is my everything, she is my angel.
teeheehee, what sweethearts! you're so cute. I just bumped the thread cuz i love reading your beautiful words about your angel, makes me feel all fuzzy and warm, it's better than chocolate.
Posted: 20th Jul 2006 THAN CHOCOLATE?!? whoah... i must be a pretty good writer... im not really in a sweet mood though, my princess went off to sleep at around ten, ive been thinking of her beautiful eyes and her soft flowing hair... Its two in the morning... I can never sleep, i hate being away from her. She was the only person ive given my heart to... and in return, i was given more love then i ever thought possible... I cant stop thinking about her... No matter what the day brings me, her sweet and adorable smile can make my day perfect... I miss the way she'd hold my hands and pull me toward her... I must hang on for many days and nights till i can hold my sweet angel in my arms once more... so she can take me to a castle in the sky where everything is happy..
and on that note i'm off to work. Try to get some sleep sweetness, or your eyes will look all black and baggy for your princess, and we don't want that now, do we?
Posted: 20th Jul 2006 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAawwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww!!!!!!!!!
Unfortunatly I can't remember who said it.
Posted: 21st Jul 2006 Thank you steaks. I will remember that quote and keep it in mind with every action. How are you man? hows your situation going? i really hope its going good. Much love, steaks.
Posted: 21st Jul 2006 The meaning behind the quote was explained by the same person as 'we like people for their perfections, the bits that are right with them, but we love them for their faults, their imperfections.' Thus it is their imperfections that make them perfect to us.
Things are going well here. Somethings going a little slower than I would like, but everything in it's own time. On the woman front everything is progressing nicely.
Posted: 21st Jul 2006 Be patient young grasshoppa! i had to wait two years for her to know my feelings. Yet i can understand that building a relationship at an older age wont take as much time as it does when youre younger. You seem to be much more mature and open when youre older. Anyways, im glad things are going good for you, and i hope they do better! Much love steaks!
Thanks for the vote of confidence dude.
It's a good job I am really patient with almsot everything, means I don't get too hung up on stuff, instead I let it wash by me.
Posted: 22nd Jul 2006 Im pretty patient too, thanks to those little Lego crap toys i played as a kid. The instructions are impossible to follow. Youre better off buying it and throwing it in the trash... they will end up there anyway.. Damn Legos.. I will forever hold a grudge on them..
Posted: 22nd Jul 2006 I loved building lego toys. The instructions became easier the more things you built with them. I still have a large dragster somewhere, needs a bit of rebuilding though.
Posted: 22nd Jul 2006 Nah. I jsut think it is because you have a poetic mind, where as I have a a technical logic mind.
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Q: Does IE6 skip over errors in javascript? I have got a javascript function, in side it there is this if statement
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it works fine in IE6 but not in firefox. it seems that firefox can not get past the arguement of If.
say for example the validate() function is none existant in my source, would IE go into the if statement? because that's what i'm starting to think since validate() isnt defined in the source at all.

A: Try this, will work assuming "action" is name of some form element:
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Good practice is to not name form elements with reserved words like action or submit, but if you do so, use the elements collection like the above example.

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Home » News » Sports » Alleged corruption: FIFA expected to take over running of CAF
Alleged corruption: FIFA expected to take over running of CAF
On June 20, 2019 10:54 amIn Sportsby adekunle
Cairo – A drastic and dramatic overhaul of African football is expected to be announced on Thursday, the eve of the kickoff of the African Cup of Nations, in the wake of corruption scandals consuming the Confederation of African Football (CAF).
Ahmad Ahmad, New CAF Prresident
The CAF executive committee took a stunning decision on Wednesday to cede control of the running of the organisation and have FIFA general secretary, Fatma Samoura parachuted in as "FIFA High Commissioner for Africa", according to sources.
No announcement has been made by African football's governing body but CAF president, Ahmad Ahmad is scheduled to hold a press conference in Cairo on Thursday at 0900 GMT.
Ahmad, who is the subject of an ethics investigation by FIFA after allegations of corruption and sexual misconduct, proposed the idea in a document shared with colleagues on the executive committee, the sources said.
Go for AFCON trophy, Nigerian envoy charges Eagles(Opens in a new browser tab)
Samoura is to lead a FIFA team that will conduct "a root-and-branch review of governance of the confederation, oversee operational management of the organisation, and recommend where needed a series of reform efforts," the document read.
"This will be done in order to put CAF itself on a modern and sound footing, improve its image and reputation and thus ensure that CAF is better equipped to face future challenges and to grasp future opportunities."
FIFA are to also undertake a forensic audit of the monies they have been giving CAF.
The idea of sending Samoura to Africa is said to have been put together by FIFA president Gianni Infantino and CAF vice president Amaju Pinnick in the wake of Ahmad's brief detention by French police last week for questioning on corruption allegations.
Ahmad, who is seeking to hold onto some semblance of power or even walk away from his post without sanction, had been forced to accept the deal and then propose it to his own colleagues, CAF sources told Reuters on Thursday.
With FIFA seeking to improve football's image, the Ahmad controversy has come as major embarrassment to Infantino, who has been claiming a new-look, clean and corruption-free FIFA.
Ahmad, by virtue of his position as leader of African football, is automatically a FIFA vice president.
African football has been rocked not only by the firing of CAF general secretary Amr Fahmy for whistle blowing, but also a walk off in the Champions League final and the alleged assault on a referee by another of CAF's vice presidents.
The Cup of Nations kicks off in Cairo on Friday when hosts Egypt take on Zimbabwe, (Reuters/NAN)
Femi Kuti, others to perform at opening ceremony of 2019 AFCON
Support Next Level agenda, Group tells PDP

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You are at:Home»Current in Zionsville»Birds Be Free foundation will continue after founder retires to Florida
Birds Be Free foundation will continue after founder retires to Florida
By Current Publishing on	 April 29, 2017 Current in Zionsville, Zionsville Business Local
By Mark Ambrogi
Cindy Crowe is moving to Florida, but her foundation will continue in Indiana.
Crowe created the Birds Be Free foundation three years ago to work with women in recovery from substance abuse or those who have suffered from domestic violence.
Crowe owned As the Crowe Flies, a Zionsville hair salon, spa and boutique, 58 N. Main St., for 21 years before selling it to Rio Sharrow in January. Crowe retired March 1, and a retirement party was held April 28 for the salon's customers at the Royal Run clubhouse in Zionsville.
Sharrow, a 2009 Zionsville Community High School graduate, will continue to support the foundation by selling product lines that will be rebranded No Label and will give 10 percent of sales to the foundation.
"The idea is not labeling addicts or people with a past," Sharrow said.
She will still be taking donations for the foundation and helping with placement into halfway houses.
Like Crowe, Sharrow said she has a passion for helping women in recovery.
Crowe said she has a heart for women who were incarcerated because of a family member who was incarcerated.
"I grew up with an alcoholic mother, so I wanted to give back to women who were using to understand the impact they were having on children," Crowe said.
While visiting a family member, she learned how many inmates don't get visitors or letters. So she started a pen pal program with the Boone County Jail.
"I usually write seven to 12 letters a week to different women in jail," Crowe said.
Crowe has given more than 20 makeovers to women after their release from jail.
Sharrow had worked in another salon in Zionsville before buying it.
Crowe is in the process of selling her house and moving to Punta Gorda, Fla., where her husband took a job.
"When I move to Florida I'm going to be continuing to work with women in recovery," Crowe said.
Crowe said she is starting to write a book called "How I Found My Beautiful."
For more, visit birdsbefree.org.
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The wait is finally over, and with such grand fanfare: Tesla's Q1 deliveries fell short of already extremely pessimistic estimates, with total deliveries coming in at just 63,000 vehicles and Model 3 deliveries coming in at a paltry 50,900.
The original consensus, before being revised lower several times, was around 80,000 total vehicles for the quarter. Tesla's release came out at about 8:10pm EST or, said otherwise, about 10 minutes after extended hours trading ended. It was not coincidental as Elon Musk is all too aware of the power of rapid repricings in the illiquid afterhours market.
In keeping with the comedic theme of the release, the company also said it had "sufficient" cash on hand.
Does this sound credible? It's @ElonMusk on the $TSLA Q4 2018 earnings call, which took place on January 31, 2019. Most securities lawyers probably won't think so.
The forecast for Tesla's Q1 was widely expected to be ugly, with headlines like "Get ready for a big drop in Tesla sales" even permeating mainstream news media, like CNN Business. Nearly every estimate had called for a roughly 40% sequential drop in total deliveries from Q4. These numbers turned out to not be negative enough.
CNBC's Phil Lebeau said on Wednesday morning that the street was expecting 55,100 Model 3 deliveries for the quarter, before he quickly changed the subject and directed the viewer's attention to the recently announced April 19 Autonomous Vehicle meeting that was "conveniently" announced right around Q1 delivery numbers. We're sure Lebeau will stay true to form and make excuses for Musk and Tesla missing these awful estimates, just as he has been doing in his recent reporting of Musk's screwups.
Regardless the Model 3 number, missing consensus estimates of 55,100 by nearly 10%, also fell well short of the 63,000 Model 3s that the company produced last quarter. They also fell short of analysts' estimates of 58,900, according to IBES data from Refinitiv. Deliveries of all models fell 31 percent from the fourth quarter to 63,000 vehicles, including 12,100 Model S sedans and Model X SUVs, according to Bloomberg.
Bloomberg had estimated 80,000 Models 3s produced for the quarter. CleanTechnica had hilariously estimated a "lower bound of 95,000 and an upper bound of 105,000 for total production this quarter".
Finally, Tesla reaffirmed one of its several prior guidances on the record of 360,000 to 400,000 vehicle deliveries in 2019.


Cozy Cape nestled on private lot on dead end street offers lovely views from the covered front porch! Main level features living room with open flow to eating space kitchen, bedroom, full bath and den. The upper level offers 2 spacious bedrooms and second full bath. Additional amenities include garage, hot water heat and terrific location just minutes to Metro North and Interstates 8 and 84 allowing easy commute to lower New Haven, Fairfield, Westchester and Hartford counties!


The IT meltdown for TSB in 2018, cost the bank £105.4m loss compared to the £162.7m profit made in 2017. The attempt to move their IT system resulted in costs of £330.2m in income.
Bank further said, dealing with customer compensation and fraud also had an impact, however TSB is to recover £153 from Sabis, their IT provider.
Richard Meddings, executive chairman of TSB said, "Last year was TSB's most challenging year.


Financial professional with over 10 years of experience in the finance and accounting, including pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and manufacturing industries. Proven track record of delivering top performance.
Developed underwriting models for the senior management team to ensure the accuracy of the mortgage loan Finance process. Worked with the head office to develop a new reporting system to track and monitor the retail credit.
Developed and implemented a new real estate portfolio that was used by the Finance team to provide a full range of financial and operational support.
Developed and executed a new business development program for the mortgage portfolio Manager. Created a comprehensive financial model to evaluate the potential risk of the client.
Successfully managed the due diligence process for a $1.5 million acquisition of a new private equity firm. The company was awarded the highest rating in the region.
Negotiated and managed a $1.7 million dollar class of a new private equity fund. Developed and implemented a comprehensive investment plan for the firm.
Led the development of a new product portfolio for the firm. Worked with the CEO and CFO to develop a strategic plan for the company.
Developed and implemented a new accounting system, including financial reporting, asset management, and construction draws. Created and maintained all documentation for legal and regulatory requirements.
Developed a Finance and accounting system that improved the efficiency of the real estate portfolio by creating a more efficient and effective budgeting process.
Created and managed a multi-million dollar project for a large scale company with a focus on the operations of a multi-million dollar contracts.
Developed a new business model for the company to increase the company's profitability. The result was a significant reduction in the number of deals in the first year.
Developed and implemented a new accounting system, including the creation of a new chart of accounts, and the implementation of a new financial reporting system.


This week most of the consumer tech world is focused on the IFA conference in Berlin, which is where many big-name tech brands are gathering to unveil their newest phones, tablets, and smartwatches as we head into the holiday season.
LG has taken this opportunity to show off its newly announced G Watch R, which features a round watch face just like Motorola's Moto 360.
When LG announced the watch last week, the company sent around rendered images that provide an idea of what the G Watch R would look like. Now that the watch has been on display at IFA, we're seeing a bunch of new photos pop up on Twitter that show the real thing.
Here's a closer look at what to expect from the G Watch R.
LG's new watch will have a touchscreen that makes a complete circle, unlike the Moto 360, as shown in this photo tweeted by The Verge.
The G Watch R runs on Android Wear, Google's new mobile operating system for wearable devices. It's meant to provide information at a glance just like Google Now, as shown in the image tweeted by TGF Tech News.
It seems like the G Watch R will be pretty thick and clunky, based on the picture Android Chief tweeted.
Here's how it could look on your wrist, as Engadget shows.
The G Watch R will launch on Oct. 14, according to a new report from The Wall Street Journal, but it's unclear which markets will get it first. While LG hasn't disclosed a price yet, the company told the Journal it will be more expensive than the $230 standard G Watch.


We recently launched our first newsletter! This spring edition showcases a look into cbec history, our recent Southport and Flyway Farms projects, upcoming conferences, and recent additions to our team….
Congratulations to the following staff for their anniversaries with cbec: Chris Hammersmark (10 years); Doug Shields (7 years); Toby Stegman (3 years); Alex Valle (2 years).
Welcome new hire Nick Southall! Nick is joining the cbec team in February as a Senior Ecohydrologist. Please check out his bio for more info.
Welcome new hire Michael Founds! Michael is joining the cbec team in February as an Ecohydrologist. Please check out his bio for more info.
Not all levee breaches are cause for concern! Here is a time-lapse of just over an hour of grading activities to complete an intentional breach at Yolo Flyway Farms….
Welcome new hire Abe Aufdermauer! Abe is joining the cbec team in January as an Ecohydrology Technician. Please check out his bio for more info.


text:
package com.advancedspark.serving.prediction.python

import scala.util.Failure
import scala.util.Success
import scala.util.Try
import scala.util.parsing.json.JSON

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.hystrix.EnableHystrix
import org.springframework.http.HttpHeaders
import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus
import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestBody
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController

import com.soundcloud.prometheus.hystrix.HystrixPrometheusMetricsPublisher

import io.prometheus.client.hotspot.StandardExports
import io.prometheus.client.spring.boot.EnablePrometheusEndpoint
import io.prometheus.client.spring.boot.EnableSpringBootMetricsCollector

@SpringBootApplication
@RestController
@EnableHystrix
@EnablePrometheusEndpoint
@EnableSpringBootMetricsCollector
class PredictionService {
  HystrixPrometheusMetricsPublisher.register("prediction_python")
  new StandardExports().register()

  val responseHeaders = new HttpHeaders();

  @RequestMapping(path=Array("/update-python/{namespace}/{name}/{version}"),
                  method=Array(RequestMethod.POST),
                  produces=Array("application/json; charset=UTF-8"))
  def updateSource(@PathVariable("namespace") namespace: String,
                   @PathVariable("name") name: String,
                   @PathVariable("version") version: String,
                   @RequestBody source: String):
      ResponseEntity[String] = {
    Try {
      System.out.println(s"Updating source for ${namespace}/${name}/${version}:\n${source}")

      // Write the new java source to local disk
      val path = new java.io.File(s"store/${namespace}/${name}/${version}/")
      if (!path.isDirectory()) {
        path.mkdirs()
      }

      val file = new java.io.File(s"store/${namespace}/${name}/${version}/${name}.py")
      if (!file.exists()) {
        file.createNewFile()
      }

      val fos = new java.io.FileOutputStream(file)
      fos.write(source.getBytes())

      new ResponseEntity[String](source, responseHeaders, HttpStatus.OK)
    } match {
      case Failure(t: Throwable) => {
        val responseHeaders = new HttpHeaders();
        new ResponseEntity[String](s"""${t.getMessage}:\n${t.getStackTrace().mkString("\n")}""", responseHeaders,
          HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST)
      }
      case Success(response) => response
    }
  }

  @RequestMapping(path=Array("/evaluate-python/{namespace}/{name}/{version}"),
                  method=Array(RequestMethod.POST),
                  produces=Array("application/json; charset=UTF-8"))
  def evaluateSource(@PathVariable("namespace") namespace: String,
                     @PathVariable("name") name: String,
                     @PathVariable("version") version: String,
                     @RequestBody inputJson: String):
      ResponseEntity[String] = {
    Try {
      val inputs = JSON.parseFull(inputJson).get.asInstanceOf[Map[String,Any]]

      val filename = s"${name}.py"

      val result = new PythonSourceCodeEvaluationCommand(name, namespace, version, filename, inputJson, "fallback", 10000, 20, 10).execute()

      new ResponseEntity[String](s"${result}", responseHeaders,
           HttpStatus.OK)
    } match {
      case Failure(t: Throwable) => {
        new ResponseEntity[String](s"""${t.getMessage}:\n${t.getStackTrace().mkString("\n")}""", responseHeaders,
          HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST)
      }
      case Success(response) => response
    }
  }
}

object PredictionServiceMain {
  def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
    SpringApplication.run(classOf[PredictionService])
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Les éditions Rougerie sont une maison d'édition spécialisée dans l'édition de poésie contemporaine et de livres d'artistes. Elles sont basées à Mortemart près de Limoges. Elles ont édité la revue Poésie présente.

Historique
René Rougerie crée les éditions Rougerie en 1948 à Limoges en Haute-Vienne. Il édite alors les Cantilènes en gelée de Boris Vian puis d'autres auteurs, peu connus à l'époque : Victor Segalen, René Guy Cadou, Max Jacob, Pierre Reverdy, Joe Bousquet, Jean Follain, Saint-Pol-Roux, Roger Gilbert-Lecomte, Jean de Bosschère ou Roger Vitrac.

René Rougerie a transmis, en 1978, à son fils Olivier les commandes de l'atelier qui poursuit l'édition de poésie.

Auteurs édités
Liste non exhaustive

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Article connexe
 René Rougerie

Autres
 Le , dans la série « Métiers et caractères » des Nuits magnétiques, France Culture diffuse une émission consacrée aux éditions Rougerie, produite par Catherine Soullard.
Josiane Duranteau, « De la rue des Sapeurs à la retraite de Mortemart », Le Monde, .

Liens externes

Site des éditions Rougerie
Film documentaire Production Marge en Tête - Les éditions Rougerie  https://vimeo.com/62619354

Rougerie
Rougerie
Maison d'édition de poésie

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Members of the Tulalip Tribes played drums and sang songs at a meeting in a Marysville, Wash., gymnasium Sunday, where community members met to grieve students killed or wounded in a school shooting.
The shooter, identified by witnesses as a popular freshman named Jaylen Fryberg, was from a family that was active in the Tulalip Tribes of Washington, which is served by the Marysville school district, the Associated Press reported. Fryberg killed fellow student Zoe R. Galasso, at Marysville-Pilchuck High School on Friday and wounded four others before turning the gun on himself, authorities say. One of the wounded students, identified as Gia Soriano, has since died. The others—Nate Hatch, Andrew Fryberg, and Shaylee Chuckulnaskit— remain in critical or serious condition.
The victims were all sitting at a cafeteria table together after the shooter had sent them a text message inviting them to lunch, the Associated Press reported Monday.
Although Fryberg and all of the victims were Native American, most don't believe his background was a motive for the attack, according to a Seattle Times article, which said Fryberg "lived with a foot in each of two worlds."
The shooting, in a town about 30 miles north of Seattle, is not the first to affect a tribal community.
In 2005, a 16-year-old student killed five fellow students, a teacher, and a security guard at a 300-student high school on the Red Lake Indian Reservation in Minnesota in what was then the largest school shooting event since the 1999 attack on Columbine High School in Colorado.
Over the weekend, cable news commentators made much about how Fryberg didn't fit the school shooter stereotype of a disturbed, isolated, unpopular, white boy. School safety experts quickly warned that those stereotypes are often incorrect. It's more important for schools to focus on risk assessment, they said, because student attackers almost always discuss their plans in advance. Rather than focusing on one profile of school shooters, those concerned about school safety should find ways to support all students and provide ways for children to report peer behavior that concerns them, they said.
And, just like school shooters come from a variety of backgrounds, healing in the aftermath of these events takes a variety of forms, depending on the community, school leaders who've dealt with violence have said.
"NIEA is firm in our resolve to support parents, teachers, and educators who are steadfast in their service to our diverse students, tribes, and communities. In the spirit of our Ancestors, we are grateful for the many blessings being shared among the families and communities as we stand together to heal those affected. As such, know that NIEA remains steadfast to creating equal access to comprehensive educational opportunities for our Native students, especially after tragedies such as these."


Ronan's really answered his own question. As you can insert all kinds of stuff inside the loop, the looping command doesn't need an option to decorate each iteration of output. You can just provide your own decoration in exactly the way you want.
In fact, there is a second kind of answer, or so I guess. In providing -foreach- and -forvalues- StataCorp were providing fairly standard kinds of looping commands recognisable to programmers with backgrounds in many kinds of languages, and there was no need to make them too quirky or add all kinds of extra syntax as icing on the cake.


The Connecticut Wine Trail is one of the most exciting and fastest growing wine regions in the United States. A tremendous variety of wine styles and stunning scenery are to be enjoyed as you meander throughout our beautiful state. All 26 wineries and vineyards offer adventure in a variety of opportunities. Whether visiting for an exclusive tasting or looking to host a private events, adventure awaits you on the Connecticut Wine Trail.


This sample Excel VBA code from Bob Ryan, of Simply Learning Excel, formats the first pivot table on the active sheet.
For the data field(s) in the Values area, changes the setting to Sum, changes the number format, and if the field in the Values area is named "Amount" ot "Total Amount" it shortens the label in the PivotTable to "Sum Amt" or "Sum TtlAmt" respectively..
Watch the Format Pivot Table in Classic Style macro video to see the manual formatting time, compared to running the macro.
'          if the field in the Values area is named "Amount" ot "Total Amount"
'          in the PivotTable to "Sum Amt" or "Sum TtlAmt" respectively.
'     that are not currently in the PivotTable.
'     but only if the field is named "Amount" or "Total Amount"
Download the Format a pivot table in classic style sample file. The file is zipped, and in Excel xlsm format.


The World Health Organization (WHO) aims to reduce tuberculosis (TB) deaths by 95% by 2035; tracking progress requires accurate measurement of TB mortality. International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes do not differentiate between HIV-associated TB and HIV more generally. Verbal autopsy (VA) is used to estimate cause of death (CoD) patterns but has mostly been validated against a suboptimal gold standard for HIV and TB. This study, conducted among HIV-positive adults, aimed to estimate the accuracy of VA in ascertaining TB and HIV CoD when compared to a reference standard derived from a variety of clinical sources including, in some, minimally-invasive autopsy (MIA).
Decedents were enrolled into a trial of empirical TB treatment or a cohort exploring diagnostic algorithms for TB in South Africa. The WHO 2012 instrument was used; VA CoD were assigned using physician-certified VA (PCVA), InterVA-4, and SmartVA-Analyze. Reference CoD were assigned using MIA, research, and health facility data, as available. 259 VAs were completed: 147 (57%) decedents were female; median age was 39 (interquartile range [IQR] 33–47) years and CD4 count 51 (IQR 22–102) cells/μL. Compared to reference CoD that included MIA (n = 34), VA underestimated mortality due to HIV/AIDS (94% reference, 74% PCVA, 47% InterVA-4, and 41% SmartVA-Analyze; chance-corrected concordance [CCC] 0.71, 0.42, and 0.31, respectively) and HIV-associated TB (41% reference, 32% PCVA; CCC 0.23). For individual decedents, all VA methods agreed poorly with reference CoD that did not include MIA (n = 259; overall CCC 0.14, 0.06, and 0.15 for PCVA, InterVA-4, and SmartVA-Analyze); agreement was better at population level (cause-specific mortality fraction accuracy 0.78, 0.61, and 0.57, for the three methods, respectively).
Current VA methods underestimate mortality due to HIV-associated TB. ICD and VA methods need modifications that allow for more specific evaluation of HIV-related deaths and direct estimation of mortality due to HIV-associated TB.
Copyright: © 2017 Karat et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: Data are available from the LSHTM repository at: http://datacompass.lshtm.ac.uk/377.
Funding: This study was funded by a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1083118; http://www.gatesfoundation.org/). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Data on causes of death (CoD) are essential in guiding public health strategy and research agendas. In South Africa in 2014, HIV prevalence was 18.9% among individuals aged 15–49 years  and there were an estimated 72,000 deaths due to HIV-associated tuberculosis (TB) . However, methods to measure CoD, particularly HIV-associated TB, do not provide sufficiently accurate estimates . Autopsy studies have typically investigated small numbers of deaths and mostly included individuals dying in hospitals [4–6]; death certification has consistently been shown to correspond poorly with retrospective clinical and autopsy diagnoses [7–9]; and verbal autopsy (VA), used to estimate CoD at a population level in many areas with poor civil registration systems, differentiates poorly between deaths due to HIV-associated TB and other HIV-associated causes [10–12]. These difficulties are compounded by the way deaths due to HIV-associated TB are coded by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), which counts them as 'HIV-related' . The World Health Organization (WHO) presents TB mortality data separately for HIV-negative and HIV-positive individuals. However, due to the coding issues described above, all estimates of mortality due to HIV-associated TB are generated indirectly through mathematical modelling that uses country-level data on TB incidence and case-fatality ratios [14,15]; WHO itself states the 'urgent need' for direct measurement of HIV-associated TB mortality . An aim of the WHO 'End TB' strategy is to reduce TB deaths by 95% by 2035 .
Verbal autopsy is a structured interview with the family or carer of a deceased individual, carried out by a lay-interviewer. A standardised VA instrument has been available from WHO since 2007  and is now used globally at health and socio-demographic surveillance system (HDSS) sites. In areas with poor civil registration systems, VA data are used to generate estimates of national and regional mortality  which may then be used to influence health policy. The last 10 years have seen the development of several automated methods (computer-coded VA [CCVA]) which, it is hoped, will eventually replace the expensive and time-consuming physician-certified VA (PCVA) [19,20]. Numerous studies have attempted to validate VA, but the vast majority compare VA CoD to clinical CoD derived from physician review of hospital or clinic records, a gold standard of variable quality and consistency [21–24]. There have been few attempts to compare VA CoD to CoD derived from research-quality data or from pathological autopsy, which remains the highest standard for assigning CoD.
More accurate estimates of HIV-associated mortality are particularly needed in areas of high HIV prevalence, where civil registration systems are often weak . This study, nested within two large studies of HIV-positive adults in South Africa ('TB Fast Track'  and 'XPHACTOR'), aimed to compare VA CoD to reference-standard CoD derived from clinical, research, and minimally-invasive autopsy (MIA) data.
HIV-positive adults (aged ≥18 years) were recruited to one of two studies of TB/HIV conducted in South Africa. The first, 'TB Fast Track', was a pragmatic trial of empirical TB treatment in ambulant HIV-positive adults enrolled in primary care with CD4 count ≤150 cells/μL. Participants were eligible if not on antiretroviral therapy (ART) or TB treatment at the point of enrolment and were followed up for a minimum of six months ; MIA and VAs were conducted for as many decedents as possible. The second, 'XPHACTOR', was an interventional cohort study investigating the use of Xpert® MTB/RIF in a systematic sample of HIV-positive adults attending out-patient clinics for HIV care; participants were followed up for at least three months and VAs were conducted for as many decedents as possible, beginning about half-way through the study's follow-up.
All VA interviews were conducted by trained lay researchers at the home of the family/carers, or at another location of their choosing, one to twelve months after the death of the study participant, as recommended by WHO. Written informed consent for VA was obtained from respondents; all interviews were conducted using the WHO 2012 VA instrument, with additional questions around treatment for TB and HIV, health beliefs, and health service use added by the study team.
Data used to inform reference-standard CoD were separated into three categories: those collected from routine clinic and/or hospital records by a trained lay researcher, research nurse, or physician using standardised paper forms, labelled operational; those collected by members of a clinical research team due to involvement in a parent study, including results of investigations retrieved from the national health laboratory service (NHLS) database, labelled research; and those collected through MIA, carried out on TB Fast Track decedents as soon as possible after death, labelled autopsy (S1 Fig). Detailed MIA methods and a description of the consent process have previously been described . The procedure involved core biopsies of liver, spleen, and lungs; aspiration of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, and urine; sampling of naso- and oro-pharyngeal secretions; and broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) by insertion of a nasogastric tube into the trachea directed toward the lungs through a cricothyroid incision. Laboratory testing of post-mortem specimens included liquid culture for mycobacteria; Xpert® MTB/RIF; microscopy and aerobic culture; molecular testing for a range of bacteria and viruses; and histological examination.
VA data included in the WHO 2012 VA instrument (i.e., excluding data from study-specific added questions around ART use, treatment for TB, health beliefs, or health service use) were interpreted using both physician-certified verbal autopsy (PCVA) and computer-coded verbal autopsy (CCVA) methods. Using a PCVA method based on WHO recommendations, similar to that used at the Medical Research Council/Wits-Agincourt HDSS site, South Africa , two physicians, blinded to all other clinical information, independently reviewed all available VA data, including the free narratives, and separately assigned CoD using ICD-10 and study-defined codes (detailed below). Assigned CoD were compared and, where there were discrepancies in either immediate, underlying, or study-defined CoD, the cases were discussed by the two physicians, aiming for consensus. If a consensus could not be reached, the data were provided to a third physician who reviewed them independently. If the CoD assigned by physician 3 matched that assigned by physicians 1 or 2, it was considered the final CoD; if no consensus was reached after review by three physicians, the individual was assigned an 'indeterminate' CoD.
VA data were also processed by two CCVA methods. The first, InterVA-4 (www.interva.net), uses Bayesian probabilities to assign each decedent up to three CoD, each with an associated 'likelihood' expressed as a percentage probability; cause-specific mortality fractions (CSMFs) can be generated that combine all individual causes and likelihoods [27,28]. The model allows for user modification of two baseline variables: prevalence of malaria and HIV, each of which can be set to 'very low', 'low', or 'high'. The second method, SmartVA-Analyze (http://www.healthdata.org/verbal-autopsy/tools), uses the Tariff 2.0 system to assign each decedent one of 34 CoD [29,30]. SmartVA-Analyze also allows for the inclusion of data from the narrative section of the VA instrument and from healthcare records examined during the interview. Data were mapped from the WHO 2012 instrument to the 2014 framework for InterVA-4 and to the Population Health Metrics Research Consortium (PHMRC) full instrument for SmartVA-Analyze; free narrative and healthcare data were not provided to either software. Both CCVA methods assign CoD to lists of grouped ICD-10 codes [31,32]; these were further grouped into seven major categories for analysis (S1 Table).
In order to meaningfully compare results with other VA validation studies, at least two sets of reference CoD were assigned to each participant. Operational data were used to generate level one (L1) CoD, comparable to the gold standard used in the majority of VA validation studies (S1 Fig). Both operational and research data were used to generate level two (L2) CoD for all decedents, representing a higher gold standard than would normally be available for comparison to VA. Finally, operational, research, and autopsy data were used to generate level three (L3) CoD for decedents for whom these data were available. All parties involved in the assignment of reference CoD were blinded to VA data, parent study arm, and any narratives around death obtained from family members as part of the research process, which were considered too similar to VA. L1 and L2 CoD were assigned using the same method as PCVA but involved different physicians; cases were processed in batches of 40–50. For each batch, all decedents were required to have finalised L1 CoD before the physicians were exposed to any higher level data.
L3 CoD were assigned in a different manner. Once all decedents with autopsy data had been assigned L1 and L2 CoD, a panel was convened to assign L3 CoD. The panel was made up of two infectious disease physicians, a microbiologist, and a pathologist, all of whom had extensive knowledge of local epidemiology; it was blinded to VA data, TB Fast Track study arm, and narratives from family members. The panel reviewed all available clinical data and attempted to reach consensus on CoD. In cases where full consensus could not be reached, consensus among three panel members was considered sufficient; if opinion was evenly split, the decedent was assigned an 'indeterminate' CoD.
To differentiate HIV-associated TB from other HIV-associated causes, six broad study-defined CoD categories were constructed: TB in an HIV-positive individual; an HIV/AIDS-related cause, excluding TB; a cause unrelated to HIV in an HIV-positive individual; TB in an HIV-negative individual; a cause other than TB in an HIV-negative individual; and an indeterminate cause. As part of both PCVA and reference CoD processes, reviewers assigned each decedent ICD-10 and study-defined CoD, along with a probability of 'definite', 'probable', or 'possible'. For reference CoD only, probabilities were based on pre-defined criteria (S2 Table). CCVA outputs were not reclassified into study-defined categories as they do not allow HIV-associated TB to be distinguished from other HIV/AIDS-related CoD.
VA quantitative data were entered directly into an online database (Mobenzi Technologies, Durban, South Africa) through a cell phone interface; narrative data were captured on paper. Data collected for reference CoD assignment were entered into EpiData v3.1 (The EpiData Association, Odense, Denmark) and data from the parent studies into a SQL database (Bytes Technology Group, Johannesburg, South Africa). InterVA-4.03 was used, with malaria prevalence set to 'Low' and HIV/AIDS to 'High'; InterVA-4 CSMFs were generated by dividing the sum of the likelihoods of each cause category by the sum of likelihoods for all causes . SmartVA-Analyze v1.1.1 was used, with 'Malaria region', 'Health Care Experience', and 'Free text' options deselected; CSMFs, including deaths with 'Undetermined' cause, were calculated after outputs were grouped further (S1 Table). The Mortality Medical Data System (MMDS) 2011 software package  was used to generate a single 'underlying' CoD from ICD-10 codes assigned by PCVA and clinical panels; CSMFs were calculated using ACME/TRANSAX output. All analyses were conducted using Stata v14 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA).
Two forms of agreement were measured: between CoD assigned to individual decedents; and between the proportion of deaths assigned to each cause category across the study population. Cohen's kappa (Κ) was used to measure agreement between individual decedents and overall chance-corrected concordance (CCC) used for agreement between cause categories; 1 equated to perfect agreement and 0 to agreement no greater than chance. Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (ρC) and CSMF accuracy were calculated for population-level comparisons . In line with previous uses of ρC, a value of less than 0.90 was considered 'poor' agreement .
Separate approvals were obtained for the parent studies and the sub-study from the human research ethics committees of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and the University of the Witwatersrand. Beginning in August 2013, participants in TB Fast Track were asked to give written informed consent for MIA in the event of their death while undergoing follow-up as part of the parent study. If a participant who had given written consent died during follow-up, verbal agreement from the next of kin was obtained to proceed with MIA. For participants who were enrolled to TB Fast Track prior to August 2013 and died during follow-up, formal written consent to undertake MIA was sought from the next of kin. All VA respondents gave written informed consent for interview.
A total 3022 individuals were recruited to the TB Fast Track study between December 2012 and December 2014; 364 died after enrolment. XPHACTOR enrolled a total 3722 individuals between September 2012 and March 2014; 125 died after enrolment. Attempts were made to contact the families of all deceased individuals between August 2013 and October 2015: contact could not be made in 218/489 (44.6%) cases and respondents declined to participate in 12 (2.4%) cases; 212/364 (58.2%) TB Fast Track decedents and 47/125 (37.6%) XPHACTOR decedents had a VA completed; a total 259 VAs were conducted (S1 Fig).
Among the 259 decedents (Table 1), 147 (57%) were female; the median age was 39 (interquartile range [IQR] 33–47) years; the median CD4 count at enrolment into the parent study was 51 (IQR 22–102) cells/μL; 258 (99.6%) were black African; 248 (96%) were South African; and 203 (78%) were enrolled in a peri-urban area, as opposed to semi-rural. The median time from enrolment to death was 84 (IQR 39–184) days and from death to VA was 146 (IQR 82–290) days.
Table 1. Demographics for all decedents for whom a VA was conducted, stratified by parent study (n = 259).
Of the 212 TB Fast Track decedents, 196 (92%) had clinic files available; 122 (58%) had hospital files available; all had research data available; 207 (98%) had data from the NHLS database available; and 34 (26%) had MIA conducted, a median five (IQR 3–6) days after death. Of the 47 XPHACTOR decedents, all had clinic files available; none had hospital files available; all had research data available; and 33 (70%) had data from the NHLS database available (S1 Fig).
In assigning L1 CoD, physicians were in agreement on all three of immediate, underlying, and study-defined causes for 129/259 (49.8%) decedents; in assigning L2, they agreed 138/259 (53.3%) times. Physicians assigning VA CoD agreed on all three causes for 90/259 (34.7%) decedents. If agreement was measured based only on study-defined causes, it improved to 146/259 (56.4%), 162 (62.5%), and 141 (54.4%) times for L1, L2, and PCVA CoD, respectively. All disagreements were resolved through discussion; arbitrating physicians were not required.
Thirty-four decedents underwent MIA, detailed results of which have previously been reported : 18 (53%) were female; median age at death was 39 (IQR 33–44) years, and median CD4 count at enrolment to TB Fast Track was 34 (IQR 17–66) cells/μL. Using ICD-10 codes, 32/34 (94.1%) individuals were assigned an 'HIV/AIDS-related' reference CoD by the clinicopathological panel, compared to 25 (73.5%) assigned by PCVA, 47.1% assigned by InterVA-4, and 14 (41.2%) assigned by SmartVA-Analyze (Table 2). A 'pulmonary TB' CoD was assigned to 20.6% by InterVA-4 and to one (2.9%) decedent by SmartVA-Analyze; this was not assigned to any decedents by either PCVA or the clinical panel. All VA methods performed poorly when CoD assigned to individual decedents were compared to L3 (Figs 1 and 2): PCVA (K 0.13; CCC 0.22) performed better than the CCVA methods (K 0.05 and 0.03; overall CCC 0.01 and 0.16; for InterVA-4 and SmartVA-Analyze, respectively; Table 3). When compared at a population level, PCVA performed better (ρC 0.95; CSMF accuracy 0.79), but both CCVA methods were still sub-optimal (ρC 0.67 and 0.58; CSMF accuracy 0.49 and 0.43; for InterVA-4 and SmartVA-Analyze, respectively).
Table 2. Numbers and resultant CSMFs generated for grouped ICD-10 and study-defined CoD categories in those with autopsy data available, as assigned by the clinicopathological panel, PCVA, InterVA-4, and SmartVA-Analyze (n = 34).
Table 3. Summary of measures of performance of PCVA, InterVA-4, and SmartVA-Analyze in assigning CoD in ICD-10 or study-defined categories, compared to L3 (n = 34) and L2 (n = 259) reference standards.
Fig 1. Alluvial* diagram showing CoD† as assigned by the clinicopathological panel (left) and PCVA (right); n = 34 .
*Each horizontal band represents one decedent. †Combined 'immediate' and 'underlying' ICD-10 CoD. ‡Comparison based on study-defined codes. AIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndrome; CCC: chance-corrected concordance; CMV: cytomegalovirus; CNS: central nervous system; CoD: cause of death; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; K: Cohen's kappa; L3: level three (using operational, research, and autopsy data); NCD: non-communicable diseases; NTM: non-tuberculous mycobacteria; PCP: Pneumocystis pneumonia; PCVA: physician-certified verbal autopsy; TB: tuberculosis.
Fig 2. Alluvial* diagram showing CoD as assigned by clinicopathological panel† (centre), InterVA-4‡ (left) and SmartVA-Analyze (right); n = 34 .
*Each horizontal band represents one decedent. †Combined 'immediate' and 'underlying' ICD-10 CoD. ‡InterVA-4 CoD with highest associated likelihood. AIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndrome; CCC: chance-corrected concordance; CMV: cytomegalovirus; CNS: central nervous system; CoD: cause of death; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; K: Cohen's kappa; L3: level three (using operational, research, and autopsy data); NCD: non-communicable diseases; NTM: non-tuberculous mycobacteria; PCP: Pneumocystis pneumonia; PCVA: physician-certified verbal autopsy; TB: tuberculosis.
Using study-defined codes, the clinicopathological panel assigned 14/34 (41.2%) individuals a 'TB in an HIV-positive individual' CoD and 15 (44.1%) an 'HIV/AIDS-related, excluding TB' CoD (Table 2; S3 Table); PCVA assigned these CoD to 11 (32.4%) and 17 (50%) individuals, respectively. Agreement between PCVA and L3, at an individual level, was very poor (Κ 0.04; overall CCC 0.04; Table 3); agreement was better at a population level (ρC 0.91; CSMF accuracy 0.79).
Using ICD-10 codes, an HIV/AIDS reference CoD was assigned to 183/259 (70.7%) individuals, to 206 (79.5%) by PCVA, to 48.1% by InterVA-4, and to 75 (29%) by SmartVA-Analyze (Table 4). One (0.4%), 14.3%, and five (1.9%) individuals were assigned a 'pulmonary TB' CoD by PCVA, InterVA-4, and SmartVA-Analyze, respectively. All VA methods performed poorly when individual agreement was measured: K 0.06, 0.08, and 0.05; overall CCC 0.14, 0.06, and 0.15, for PCVA, InterVA-4, and SmartVA-Analyze, respectively (Table 3). PCVA performed best at population level (ρC 0.93; CSMF accuracy 0.78), InterVA-4 second-best (ρC 0.78; CSMF accuracy 0.61), and SmartVA-Analyze least well (ρC 0.52; CSMF accuracy 0.57). Using study-defined codes, physicians assigned 69/259 (26.6%) individuals a reference CoD of 'TB in an HIV-positive individual' and 103 (39.8%) individuals an 'HIV/AIDS-related, excluding TB' CoD (Table 4). PCVA agreement with L2 was poor at an individual level (K 0.03; overall CCC 0.08) but better at population level (ρC 0.70; CSMF accuracy 0.71).
Table 4. Numbers and resultant CSMFs generated for grouped ICD-10 and study-defined CoD categories, as assigned by L2 and L1 clinical panels, PCVA, InterVA-4, and SmartVA-Analyze (n = 259).
Compared to L3 and L2, PCVA was more sensitive, but less specific, than both CCVA methods in assigning ICD-10 HIV/AIDS-related CoD (sensitivity against L3 75.0%, 50.0%, and 40.6%; sensitivity against L2 80.9%, 55.7%, and 31.7%; and specificity against L2 23.7%, 64.5% and 77.6% for PCVA, InterVA-4, and SmartVA-Analyze, respectively; Table 5). Compared to L2, PCVA was only 44.9% sensitive and 58.9% specific for a study-defined CoD of 'TB in an HIV-positive individual', with CCC measured at 0.42; sensitivity and CCC were lower when compared to L3, at 35.7% and 0.23, respectively.
Table 5. Sensitivity, specificity, and chance-corrected concordance of PCVA, InterVA-4, and SmartVA-Analyze in the detection of specific CoD compared to L3 (n = 34) and L2 (n = 259) clinical reference standards.
This study, conducted among HIV-positive adults in a setting of high TB prevalence, compared CoD assigned by VA to a robust gold standard, including MIA, and found the proportion of deaths attributable to TB was underestimated by methods that did not include data from pathological autopsy. Overall HIV-associated mortality was also underestimated by all VA methods when compared to the L3 (autopsy) reference standard, with poor agreement at an individual level; all methods performed better at a population level.
A recent systematic review of autopsy studies in HIV-positive individuals found that 46% of TB diagnosed at autopsy had not been diagnosed ante-mortem and that almost 90% of HIV-positive individuals with evidence of TB at autopsy had disseminated disease . In our study, every individual with MIA data assigned a reference-standard CoD of HIV-associated TB had evidence of extrapulmonary and/or disseminated disease at post-mortem (S3 Table); 6/16 (38%) individuals with evidence of active TB at autopsy had not been started on TB treatment between enrolment and death. The under-diagnosis of TB in the absence of autopsy data suggests that the long-standing emphasis on respiratory symptoms and sputum-based investigation make it less likely for physicians to consider a TB diagnosis in patients who do not report a cough. This has important implications for the development of TB diagnostics, the design of guidelines, and in the training of clinicians operating in areas of high HIV prevalence. It may also mean that current CCVA algorithms used to generate VA CoD need recalibration to account for those with advanced HIV and extrapulmonary or disseminated TB, who may have few or no respiratory symptoms.
ICD-10 coding does not differentiate HIV-associated TB death from other HIV-associated causes, therefore deaths due to HIV-associated TB are effectively 'hidden' within HIV-related deaths a whole. TB is the leading cause of death in HIV-positive individuals and being unable to directly measure mortality attributable to it is an enormous disadvantage. As the global ART rollout continues and the HIV epidemic evolves, it is no longer sufficient to talk simply about deaths due to HIV; a more nuanced approach to disease and mortality measurement is needed [10,37] and central to this approach must be modifications to the ICD system to allow for differentiation of HIV-associated TB deaths from other HIV-related deaths. The current draft of ICD-11, due for release in 2018 [38,39], allows for the separation of HIV disease by clinical stage and for the inclusion of certain co-morbidities, such as TB and malaria. A separate three-character code denoting HIV-associated TB would be a welcome addition to these developments.
To our knowledge, only one other study, conducted in Kenya, has attempted to compare VA CoD to CoD derived from pathological autopsy. In this study both PCVA and InterVA-4, when compared to MIA, overestimated mortality due to TB in an area of high HIV prevalence . However, in addition to HIV-positive adults, this study included children and HIV-negative individuals and selected only individuals who reported respiratory symptoms. This may have led to the exclusion of those with extrapulmonary TB and no respiratory symptoms and may account for the relatively low prevalence of TB seen at pathological autopsy. Our findings suggest the opposite, that VA underestimates deaths due to TB, but we would nevertheless agree with the authors of the Kenyan study that, at present, VA is not a suitable tool for assigning individual CoD in areas of high HIV prevalence and would be cautious about its use in registering individual deaths [40–42].
A number of studies have attempted to use VA to estimate CSMFs in areas of high HIV prevalence using a variety of gold standards. Most studies grouped HIV-associated TB deaths with other HIV/AIDS deaths, as per ICD-10 [10,22,43–51], or did not clearly differentiate between 'TB' and 'HIV/AIDS' categories [52–56]. At least some of this inconsistency is due to the issues with ICD coding discussed above. For example, one of the largest studies, an analysis of 54,000 deaths from the International Network for the Demographic Evaluation of Populations and Their Health (INDEPTH) HDSS sites in Africa and Asia, compared InterVA-4 to a PCVA gold standard; ρC was 0.831 overall and increased to 0.974 when HIV/AIDS and pulmonary TB CoD were combined for deaths from sub-Saharan Africa . This high figure is misleading, however, as the two categories are intended to be mutually exclusive ; classifying HIV-associated TB deaths as 'pulmonary TB' will lead to the overall underestimation of HIV-associated deaths if current ICD rules are correctly applied. In our study, 35/41 (85.4%) individuals assigned a 'PTB' CoD by InterVA-4 were reported HIV-positive during the VA interview, but 32/35 (91%) did not have HIV/AIDS mentioned as a second or third CoD. Another important issue is that of extrapulmonary and disseminated disease: the WHO truncated CoD list classifies extrapulmonary and disseminated TB (ICD-10 codes A17–A19) under 'Other or unspecified infectious diseases' ; even if PTB and HIV/AIDS categories were combined for analysis purposes, the exclusion of these forms of TB would still result in the underestimation of TB-related deaths.
Only one previous study, conducted in 1998 across sites in Tanzania, Ethiopia, and Ghana, attempted to use VA to differentiate HIV-associated TB from other HIV-associated CoD, comparing CoD from PCVA and an early CCVA algorithm to CoD derived from hospital diagnoses . Similar to our findings, both VA analysis methods showed low sensitivity and high specificity for 'TB + AIDS' diagnoses (respectively, 8% and 99% for PCVA and 35% and 95% for the CCVA algorithm), with PCVA detecting only 11/35 (31%) cases of 'TB + AIDS'. More recently, in the construction of the PHMRC gold standard dataset, CoD were initially classified as 'AIDS'; 'AIDS with TB'; or 'Pulmonary TB', with criteria explicitly stated for each . The categories were consistent with ICD-10: inclusion in the 'Pulmonary TB' category required the individual to have tested HIV-negative. However, to be included in the 'AIDS with TB' category, an individual was required to have both a positive HIV test and a positive culture for M. tuberculosis, which likely led to the exclusion of individuals with disseminated TB and limited or no respiratory symptoms. To date, all comparisons of VA to the PHMRC dataset, including those conducted by the PHMRC team, have combined the 'AIDS' and 'AIDS with TB' categories, and have therefore not attempted to assess VA's ability to detect HIV-associated TB [19,20,30,60–64]. The PHMRC gold standard dataset nevertheless remains a valuable resource; we would suggest that any future validation exercises use the differentiated, 'AIDS with TB' and 'AIDS' categories, rather than the combined 'AIDS' category, for comparison to VA.
In the absence of robust, validated CRVS data, there are few alternatives to VA that are both feasible and cost-effective in generating estimates of cause-specific mortality in countries with high HIV and TB prevalence [65,66]. Although, in this study, VA methods performed poorly in assigning individual CoD, it should be noted that VA is primarily intended to generate population-level estimates , and that performance in this regard was better. However, when using study-defined codes, which were designed to allow for the differentiation of HIV-associated TB from other HIV-associated causes, the population-level accuracy of PCVA was still sub-optimal (ρC 0.70 and CSMF accuracy 0.71 compared to L2 standard [n = 259]; Table 3), confirming the difficulty of making this distinction.
The challenges of diagnosing HIV-associated TB disease are well documented [67,68] and, as found in the systematic review of autopsy studies , in the absence of new diagnostics it is likely that clinicians will continue to underdiagnose TB, which will have important implications for measuring progress towards the WHO targets described above . Improvements are needed to TB surveillance methods, which, at present, consist mostly of enumerating individuals already diagnosed and started on treatment [69–71]. MIA is a useful technique for estimating the prevalence of infectious diseases [72,73], is acceptable to a high proportion of families [26,74], and could be used periodically for surveillance at sentinel sites , allowing for more accurate evaluation of the impact of disease-focused interventions.
Population-level estimates of cause-specific mortality are extremely valuable and improving the accuracy of VA-generated estimates would be of benefit, regardless of whether or not VA is used to assign individual CoD. The continued development and sharing of gold standard datasets that include pathological autopsy data, better reflecting the high proportions of HIV-associated mortality seen in high-burden countries and including both hospital and community deaths in different populations, would allow for greater standardisation in future validation studies. The parallel development of a structured, standardised process for CoD assignment, similar to that described in the Coding Causes of Death in HIV (CoDe) project , but assigning CoD matched to ICD codes , would increase the value of this exercise.
This study had limitations: the median time from death to VA was slightly longer than the ideal three months that some recommend, but was well within the maximum 12 months recommended by WHO and was therefore considered unlikely to have had a substantial effect on VA-generated estimates [78,79]; physicians who reviewed clinical and VA data were aware that most decedents were likely HIV-positive and had been enrolled into TB-focused studies, which may have led to greater assignment of HIV- and TB-related CoD; missing operational and research data may have affected consistency of the reference standard; pathological autopsy data were available for a small number of decedents; and, although the reference CoD assigned represent our best estimates using the data available, the true CoD may still differ. Questions on ART and TB treatment, added to the VA instrument by the study team, may have led to changes in how events were reported in the free narrative section; the answers to the questions themselves, however, were not provided to reviewing physicians or to either software. InterVA-4 and SmartVA-Analyze are designed for use with the WHO 2014 and PHMRC VA instruments, respectively, therefore using the WHO 2012 instrument may have resulted in some missing variables; healthcare and narrative data were not provided to SmartVA-Analyze, which may have affected its assignment of CoD. Individuals included in this analysis are likely representative of those with advanced HIV disease in resource-scarce settings, but may not necessarily represent the patterns of mortality seen in the wider community. This may have affected measures of agreement that are dependent on the composition of the gold standard CSMF and may, in turn, limit the generalisability of our findings. This study's strengths include: having recent, reliable information regarding CD4 count, ART status, and investigation and treatment of TB; using the same physicians to assign PCVA CoD for all decedents; using robust methods to assign reference CoD; comparing VA-assigned CoD to a reference standard that included MIA findings; comparing between CoD using a range of metrics, allowing for evaluation of different potential applications of VA; and classifying HIV-associated TB separately from other HIV-associated CoD, something made difficult by ICD-10 and generally neglected by previous VA studies.
Current VA methods underestimate mortality due to HIV-associated TB. At present, VA does not assign individual CoD in areas of high HIV prevalence with sufficient accuracy and, in part due to the limitations of ICD-10, does not distinguish between deaths due to HIV-associated TB and advanced HIV disease. More accurate methods are needed that allow for direct estimation of deaths due to HIV-associated TB; unless TB mortality is more accurately measured, it will be extremely difficult to track progress towards the goals set by the post-2015 global strategy.
S1 Fig. Numbers of individuals enrolled to each of the parent studies, number of deaths, number of VAs conducted, data sources for clinical cause of death assignment, data availability by parent study, and which data contributed to different CoD levels.
S1 Table. Grouped ICD-10 CoD categories and corresponding WHO 2014 CoD codes.
S2 Table. Criteria used by clinical panels to assign study-defined CoD and associated certainty.
S3 Table. Causes of Death (CoD) for decedents with 'Autopsy' data: ICD-10 immediate and underlying CoD, as assigned by reviewers; grouped ICD-10 category; and study-specific categories as assigned by clinicopathological panel (L3), physician-certified VA, InterVA-4, and SmartVA-Analyze (n = 34).
This study would not have been possible without the generosity, understanding, and compassion of the individuals and families who gave their consent for autopsy. Our thanks also to staff at the mortuaries, clinics, hospitals, and laboratories, and to the TB Fast Track and XPHACTOR study teams.
The Lesedi Kamoso team: Bongani Nkaqa, Khethekile Ntsontso, Monde Phasha, Mphonyana Motsapi, Thabo Setimela, and Zanele Nthebe.
Physician reviewers Prof Lucille Blumberg and Drs Kim Roberg, Sarah Stacey, Michelle Venter, Emily Wong, Evan Shoul, and David Spencer.
Thanks also to Prof. Sebastian Lucas and Dr Stephen Morris-Jones for their guidance in developing the MIA procedure, Dr Nicholas Maire and Vinit Mishra for their assistance in mapping the VA instrument to SmartVA-Analyze, and to Sizzy Ngobeni for her assistance in training research staff in VA methods.
Conceptualization: ADG KK DC KM SC KLF ASK.
Data curation: KLF MT YH ASK.
Investigation: MT YH TO ASK.
Methodology: ADG KK DC NAM TO KM KLF ASK.
Project administration: VNC SC ADG ASK.
Resources: KM GJC TO KK DC.
Supervision: ADG KK DC SC.
Writing – original draft: ASK.
Writing – review & editing: ASK MT KLF SC VNC GJC YH SJ KM NAM TO KK DC ADG.
11. Murithi S, Sitienei J, Mitchell E, Kipruto H, Amukoye E, Muturi C, et al. TB mortality measurement: comparing verbal autopsy methods to necropsy in a setting of high HIV prevalence in Siaya County, Kenya. The 46th Union World Conference on Lung Health. 2015. Abstract SOA-625-06.
12. Karat AS, Tlali M, Charalambous S, McCarthy KM, Chihota VN, Churchyard GJ, et al. Needle autopsies highlight challenges in defining HIV+ TB deaths using verbal autopsy. 22nd Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. 2015. Abstract #825.
28. Byass P, Chandramohan D, Clark SJ, D'Ambruoso L, Fottrell E, Graham WJ, et al. Strengthening standardised interpretation of verbal autopsy data: the new InterVA-4 tool. Glob Health Action. 2012;5: 1–8.
55. Melaku YA, Sahle BW, Tesfay FH, Bezabih AM, Aregay A, Abera SF, et al. Causes of death among adults in northern Ethiopia: Evidence from verbal autopsy data in health and demographic surveillance system. PLoS One. 2014;9.
57. Byass P, Herbst K, Fottrell E, Ali MM, Odhiambo F, Amek N, et al. Comparing verbal autopsy cause of death findings as determined by physician coding and probabilistic modelling: a public health analysis of 54 000 deaths in Africa and Asia. J Glob Health. 2015;5: 10402.
58. Leitao J, Chandramohan D, Byass P, Jakob R, Bundhamcharoen K, Choprapawon C, et al. Revising the WHO verbal autopsy instrument to facilitate routine cause-of-death monitoring. Glob Health Action. 2013;6: 21518.


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Bonner SC is a German association football club based in Bonn. The club was formed in 1965 through the merger of Bonner FV and Tura Bonn. Its former women's football department won the German national championship in 1975.

History

Bonner FV was founded in 1901 and was known early on as the "Club of Academics" because many of its leaders and members were teachers and professors. The side achieved good results as a tier II team prior to World War II, playing in the tier one Gauliga Mittelrhein at times. In 1959, FV won the Verbandsliga Mittelrhein (III) championship and moved up to 2nd Oberliga West (Division Two West).

Tura was formed in 1925 through a merger of the clubs FC Normannia and FC Borussia and drew its membership from the working class. The combined side's lineage also included the club FC Regina Bonn founded in 1904. Like Bonner FV, Tura played as a tier II team and their greatest success was in winning the 1962 west German amateur championship and their subsequent appearance in the national amateur final, which they lost 0:1 to SC Tegel. Since its founding in 1965, Bonner SC has played as a tier III or IV side except for a handful of seasons spent in various level II leagues between 1966–67 and 1976–77.

Cuban connection
In 1999, the club drew a lot of attention when then owner Hans-Robert Viol signed the complete Cuba national football team for the remainder of the season with the approval of Cuban leader Fidel Castro, who ordered the players to remain amateurs and only be paid pocket money. They were the first 15 Cuban football players to have a spell abroad during the Castro regime and only four of them were expected to play in the Germans fourth tier side.

In 2000–01, they fell as low as Verbandsliga Mittelrhein (V). Despite the drought of success, Bonner SC were able to muster-up a phenomenal season in the NRW-Liga in the 2008–09 season and become champions leading to their promotion back to the Regionalliga for the 2009–10 Season.

The club had to declare insolvency in July 2010 and was therefore unable to enter the Regionalliga. The team, 7 million euros in debt, was also barred from entering the NRW-Liga as it could not provide the necessary guarantees to prove it would be able to survive financially. Having declared insolvency after the start of the new season, the side could only enter the league below, the Mittelrheinliga, under the condition of being automatically relegated at the end of season, which it declined and paused for a year. Bonner SC entered the tier seven Landesliga Mittelrhein 1 for the 2011–12 season.

From 2014 to 2016 Bonner SC played in the fifth tier of the league system, the Mittelrheinliga. In the 2015–16 season the club won the league and earned promotion to Regionalliga West.

Current squad

Staff

 Head coach: Thorsten Nehrbauer
 Co-Trainer: Gordon Addai
 Goalkeeper-Trainer: Waldemar Polec

Former players

  Jake Rennie - former Grenada international

Honors
The club's honours:

League
 NRW-Liga (V)
 Champions (1): 2008–09
 Mittelrheinliga (III/IV/V)
 Champions (8): 1958–59, 1961–62, 1967–68, 1971–72, 1975–76, 1984–85, 2000–01, 2015–16
 Landesliga Mittelrhein (V/VI)
 Champions (4): 1951–52, 1956–57, 1958–59, 2012–13

Cup
 Middle Rhine Cup (Tiers III-V)
 Winners (1): 2016–2017

References

External links
Official team site
The Abseits Guide to German Soccer

Football clubs in Germany
Football clubs in North Rhine-Westphalia
Association football clubs established in 1965
Sport in Bonn
1965 establishments in Germany
2. Bundesliga clubs