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Book Reviews
Fiery Red Hair
Author: Ralph E. Jarrells
Charles Town, South Carolina. The Year of our Lord 1755.
It was rare for a woman, any woman, much less a silver-haired, 56-year-old woman, to own and manage a large plantation.
But then, Anne Cormac was a rare woman.
In addition to her other business and philanthropic enterprises, Anne Cormac owned and operated the highly successful Goose Creek Plantation—400 acres of prime farmland which produced fine, long-strand cotton, a substantial indigo crop, rice, fodder for the animals and vegetables for her household. Miss Anne, as she was known, was a fixture of Charles Town society. She was the money behind the local banks and factors who managed the trade through the Charles Town port. And she was the driving force in the development of Charles Town's Cormac Theater, renowned for rivaling the finest theaters in England and staging the best Shakespearean productions in the New World.
While Anne Cormac began and ended her life with that particular name, it was the name she used in the in-between time for which she was, and is, most widely known. For in her impetuous youth, Anne Cormac was known as:
Anne Bonny, the world's first female pirate.
This is her story. In her own words.
Reviewer: Beverly Laude
I have always wondered about the so-called first female pirate, Anne Bonny Cormac. This was an interesting book, and I enjoyed reading it. Anne was a true lady, raised on a plantation in South Carolina. In her later years, she became a fixture of society and the driving force behind the establishment of a theater in Charles Town that rivaled the finest in England.
However, Anne had a fiery temper to match her red hair, and in her younger days, she became obsessed with the life of piracy. She eventually fell in love with a pirate named James Bonny, and so started the pirate phase of her life. The tales of her life as a pirate were entertaining, educational, and often unbelievable. The book is full of references to robbery, murder, prostitution, same-sex relationships, and sword fights. Still, none of this is told in a really graphic manner. The author has a couple of interludes, where he explains the history of piracy and the culture of the times. I also appreciated the glossary at the end with the "pirate vocabulary."
Anne spent time in prison due to her participation in pirate activities. In her own words, "If you play with the devil, you have to pay the devil." "Women were considered chattel or property." The parts of the book that focused on Anne's pirate days, with their vivid descriptions of life aboard ship and subsequent battles, were the best parts of the book.
I did have a few issues with the book. The author chose to use the device of the main character telling her story to her granddaughter, Annie. At first, this seemed to work pretty well, but I think I would have preferred just a straight telling of the story instead of these storytellings. The descriptions of the set-up to these storytelling sessions became repetitive, in my honest opinion. They really didn't add much to the book. The book became as much a tale of life on a Southern plantation in the late 1700s as it was a story about Anne's pirate days. The writing style of the book made it seem like it was written for a younger audience, but because of the subject matter, that didn't really fit.
Whether or not this book is factual, it is still an entertaining book. It is well-written and fast-paced, and it is obvious that the author did a lot of research into the story. If you are at all interested in pirates or piracy, I would say that this is a good starting point to get an idea of the life of a pirate. I know that I will probably read more books about the era since this book has piqued my interest.
Reviewer: Kandace Perry
Fiery Red Hair...Emerald Green Eyes and A Vicious Irish Temper by Ralph Jarrells is a captivating and intriguing novel for anyone who enjoys daring adventure and bold romantic interludes.
Fiery Red Hair is the portrayal of the life of Anne Bonny, (the world's first female pirate). Jarrells weaves her heartache and betrayal, her disastrous misfortunes and hard earned triumphs seamlessly through the pages. Bonny loved and lost time and time again but eventually found her way home, discovered her inner strength and her true purpose in life.
Life is about choices, Bonny made some disastrous ones but she learned from them and eventually found stability, security and her place in society.... if only she had discovered God's unconditional love, forgiveness and peace than her life would have been truly transformed.
Dual-Time
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NY LEAD Calls for Campaign Finance Reform to Restore Fairness in Elections
Press Releases / Press Releases
For Immediate Release, February 14, 2012
Contact: Morgan Hook, 301-801-6949, Mhook@skdknick.com
***MEDIA ADVISORY***
MEDIA AVAILABILITY IN LCA LOB PRESS CONFERENCE ROOM
WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 15, 12:30 P.M.
Bi-Partisan Group of Business & Civic Leaders to Advocate for Real Election Reform
NY Lead Calls for Small Donor Campaign Finance System for New York State
ALBANY – A bipartisan group of New York business, civic, and philanthropic leaders have joined to advocate for comprehensive reform to the way elections are funded in the Empire State in order to restore fairness and integrity to New York's political process. New York Leadership for Accountable Government (NY LEAD) is endorsing Governor Andrew Cuomo's call for campaign finance reform, as outlined in his January State of the State address, and is calling for a system of public financing for New York State elections as the centerpiece of that overhaul.
Members of the new advocacy group will hold a press conference in Albany on Wednesday, February 15 to announce the launch and name members. They will outline the areas of the law that they will seek to reform.
What: Press Conference to announce the launch of NY LEAD
Who: Sean Eldridge, President, Hudson River Ventures; Scott Murphy, businessman and former Congressman from NY 20; Jane Sherburne, Senior Executive Vice President and General Counsel, Bank of New York Mellon; Charlie Kolb, President of the Committee for Economic Development, and a former official in both the Reagan and Bush administrations; Frederick A.O. Schwarz, Jr., Chief Counsel, Brennan Center for Justice and Former Chair of the New York City Campaign Finance Board
When: Wednesday, February 15, 12:30 p.m.
Where: LCA LOB Press Conference Room, Albany, NY
Governor Cuomo, Business Leaders Call for Public Matching System for New York Elections
NY LEAD Applauds Speaker Silver For Introducing a Public Financing Bill
Michael J. Petro Explains Why Business Community Supports Reform
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Greater social capital has been shown to be associated with improved mental health, general wellbeing and reduced risk of premature mortality, cancer mortality and cardiovascular mortality. However, most of these studies found a positive relationship between social capital and health are limited to descriptive studies. This project is performing a theoretical approach to the role of social capital in producing health outcome based on Becker's household production function.
We are testing whether social capital has a positive impact on health both directly through a more effective production of health and indirectly through utilizing the health care system better, using several measurements of social capital from 'social support' module in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2008 for a sample of those 60 years old and above. NHANES is a unique data set in terms of collecting both subjective self-rated health status and several objective health outcome measurement through medical and laboratory examination.
Finding from 2SLS with instrumental variable was a bit surprising – various social capital measures do not show significant results in different experiments. The only exception is that more resources of emotional support can promote better overall health status.
Copyright© 2018 Bosu Seo, et al.
Bosu Seo (2018) Social Capital and Health Outcomes of Elderly People. Journal of Aging Research And Healthcare - 2(3):1-16.
"Why treat people's illness without changing what makes them sick in the first place?" World Health Organization poses this question, suggesting that without modifying the social determinants of health, health care and medicine may be useless 1. Social determinants of health examines why, in countries all over the world, there is a social gradient when it comes to health status and outcomes. Individuals higher up in the social hierarchy consistently have better health outcomes than those lower down.
Social capital was explored as a social determinant of health in the public health domain and has become a popular topic in the past decade particularly with the publication of Putnam's Bowling Alone (2000). Robert Putnam defined social capital as social networks and the associated norms of reciprocity, which is inhering both in the individual and the collective 2, 3. Ichiro Kawachi attempted to normalized definitions and methodologies of measurement of social capital in the health field 4, 5. In Kawachi's definition, social capital can be examined as a group or community-level characteristic, called "social cohesion", or as an individual characteristic using network theory. He also separated bonding and bridging social capital. Bonding social capital refers to the social connectedness within a group whose members are alike in some ways (i.e. race or ethnicity, class, language) and bridging social capital is social connectedness that crosses groups or other boundaries of social attribute 6.
A growing body of literature has analyzed the concept of social capital and its impact on health outcomes and has attracted the attention of both the academic and the policy communities. For example, greater social capital has been shown to be associated with better levels of general health and (subjective) well-being, lower cardiovascular and cancer mortality, and lower suicide rates 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13.
In this paper, we will explore social capital from the perspective of an individual resource and social connectedness, which refers to the relationships people have with others a. People enjoy constructive relationships with others in their families, communities, churches, and workplaces. Families support and nurture those in need of care. Social connectedness is integral to wellbeing. People are defined by their social roles, whether as partners, parents, children, friends, caregivers, teammates, staff or employers, or a pile of other roles. Relationships give people support, happiness, contentment and a sense they belong and have a role to play in society 14. They also mean people have support networks in place that they can call on for help during times of illness or poor health.
Most of the recent studies found a positive relationship between social capital and health in general, but they are limited to descriptive studies. The focus in this paper is on a theoretical approach to the role of social capital in producing health based on Becker's household production function. This study is testing whether social capital has a positive impact on health status both directly through a more effective production of health and indirectly through utilizing the health care system better, using several measurements of social capital from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2008 for a sample of those 60 years old and above b.
A main reason to consider social capital in light of social networks/ connectedness of elderly people is that networks might enhance positive outcomes for seniors. Previous research reflects strong themes about the importance of family members and friends in the lives of older adults. Social ties have been linked to beneficial health and social outcomes, to the maintenance of independence in later life, and to responsive care for seniors with chronic long-term health problems 15, 16, 17. It is also timely to examine the relationship between social capital and better heath in elderly people with the advent of the baby-boom generation's aging and retirement. However, there has been little research on the impact of social connectedness in older adults, except Keating et al. 18.
In the literature, studies utilize subjective self-rated health status to explore the relationship between social capital and health. However, NHANES 2007-2008 allows us to use several objective measures, including medical and laboratory examination results as well as self-rated health status. These objective measures will allow us to conduct a more rigorous study about the impact of social capital on health outcomes.
The proximate determinants of an individual's health usually are decisions made by the individual or by the household in which people live- given assets, prices, and community endowments. Therefore, a natural starting point is the determination of individual health at the household level. Similar to Behrman and Deolalikar (1988), this project is based on the standard household model with constrained maximization of a joint utility function 19, 20. It is assumed that the household behaves as if it maximizes a utility function, which is a function of the goods and services consumed, health status of household members, and leisure c.
is the number of individuals in the household.
is the social capital of i th individual .
where H*i is the individual's actual health, x is a vector of explanatory variables, S is a vector of social capital, β' is the vector of coefficients, and is the error term. Explanatory variables include socio-demographic variables and genetic endowment variables (X), and social capital (S). Detailed variable lists are found in the appendix.
The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), has collected nationally representative health and nutrition surveys since the early 1960's. In each survey a nationally representative sample of the US civilian non-institutionalized population was selected using a complex, stratified, multistage probability cluster sampling design. Primary sampling units (PSU) are generally single counties, although small counties are combined to meet a minimum population size. Clusters of households are selected, the households are screened for demographic characteristics, a sample of households is selected, and one or more persons per household are selected d.
Survey workers collected demographic data and information on general health, use of health services, and housing characteristics in an interview in the home. Nearly three-quarters of the participants also received a four-hour medical examination at a mobile Medical Exam Center (MEC). The MECs, including 12 physicians and other persons involved with the examinations, moved from city to city, preserving consistency in the medical exam. In addition to the MEC examinations, a small number of survey participants receive an abbreviated health examination in their homes because they are not able to come to the MEC. The survey included many tools to induce those selected for the study to participate, especially those selected for the medical exam portion of the survey.
For NHANES 2007-2008, 10,149 persons were interviewed and 9,762 were examined in the MEC. Data were collected between January 2007 and December 2008. The data and corresponding documents for the survey interview and examination components are available from the CDC website.
NHANES household, interview, and examination data files were merged using the unique sequence number given to each participant. Samples were weighted using the procedure recommended in the NHANES documentation. In this study, a sample of those 60 years old and above will be analyzed. The total sample size is 1,684 and 815 of them are males and 869 are females. Table 1 shows the definition of variables used in this study.
We use several health outcome measures as dependent variables. The first measure is peoples' self-rated health status. Measures of self-rated health are based on individual and robust predictors that have gained in popularity to forecast individual health outcomes, even in persons without prior health problems. Previous research has shown that self-rated health status has predicted such important patient outcomes as mortality and health system utilization 21, 22, 23.
In the NHANES data, people were asked: "How is your health in general? Would you say it is excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor?" We converted the original 5-point scale to a dichotomous variable, with the value 1 representing excellent, very good, or good health, and the value 0 representing fair and poor health. A probit model is used for the empirical analysis.
Second, the current health status section (variable name prefix HSQ) of the NHANES questionnaire provides personal interview data on recent illness for the past 30 days, blood donations, and AIDS testing. We chose select recent illness measures, which indicated the number of days that a person's health condition was not good during the past 30 days. It was collected based on physical and mental health separately.
Third, data based on nine biomarkers were used to create an overall summary index of biological risk, to reflect the cumulative effect of physiological problems across multiple systems. We used three subscales based on subsets of biomarkers reflecting inflammatory, metabolic and cardiovascular parameters. The inflammation subscale included C-reactive protein (mg/dL) and albumin (g/dL). The metabolic subscale included glycated hemoglobin (%), total cholesterol (mg/dL), HDL cholesterol (mg/dL), and Body mass index (kg/m2). The cardiovascular subscale included systolic blood pressure (mm Hg), diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg), and heart rate (bt/min). For each of the variables, a dichotomous indicator was created, reflecting those with "high risk" values (assigned a score of "1") and "lower risk" values (assigned a score of "0"). Values assigning high and low risk were based on clinically accepted "high risk" criteria. The summary, multi-system score was created by summing the subscale scores.
A key independent variable is the social capital measure. NHANES 2007-2008 includes 'social support' module. Table 3 shows the questionnaire lists for the 'social support' module collected in the NHANES 2007-2008 e. Measures of social capital are number of emotional support sources, emotional/financial support from any source, and number of close friends f, g.
The descriptive statistics of all variables are presented in Table 4. The columns of Table 4 break out a sample of those 60 years old and above into three groups: total group, males only, and females only. The total sample size is 1,684 and 815 of them are males and 869 are females.
Self-rated health status shows similar patterns between males and females. About 70% of study participants evaluate themselves as either in excellent, very good, or good health (70.8% for males and 69.3 % for females).
However, other health outcome measurements have a different distribution between males and females. Males usually show better health outcome than females. Males have 5.26 days of physical health that was not good during the past 30 days and 2.44 days of mental health that was not good during the past 30 days, while females have 6.61 days for poor physical health and 4.38 days for poor mental health. Males have less days of inactive days due to physical/mental health during the past 30 days (2.25 for males and 2.80 for females). Less than 5% of men had stomach or intestinal illness during the past 30 days, but almost twice as many women experienced it (7.6%). Regarding flu, pneumonia, or ear infection, in contrast to 4.1% of women, only 3.2% of males experienced these ailments during the past 30 days.
Females are generally older than males by one year, have lower household annual income, and fewer females completed education surpassing high school (33.7% for females and 39.3% for males). One interesting finding from the socio-demographic variables is marital status. Only 37.2% of females are married while 72.4% of males are married and this is mainly due to the fact that the sample is adults 60 years old and above: women live longer than men and some females stay widowed once they lose their spouse. Also, a lower rate of second marriage for females may explain the gap.
The race/ethnicity variable is derived by combining responses to questions on race and Hispanic origin. Sixty two percent of total group are Non-Hispanic White, 16.6% Non-Hispanic Black, 15.5% Mexican American, 3.3% Other Hispanic, and 2.5% of them are other race, including multi-race. This distribution still applies when the total sample is divided into males only and females only.
Regarding social capital related factors, both males and females express similar responses. First, 91.5% of males and 93.5% of females have someone to help with emotional support in the last 12 months. Common resources of emotional support are spouse, children, and friends. More women needed more emotional support than males (16.0% for females and 10.7% of males) and around 60% of both males and females needed either a lot or some more emotional support (60.9% for males and 61.6% for females). Women also received more financial support in the past year than men (75.7% for males and 82.4% for females). Males have more close friends than females (8.32 for males and 7.64 for females).
Social capital measurements should be treated as endogenous variables in the analysis, since a person's health is likely to affect their social interaction. An estimation approach that does not explicitly address the simultaneous process will bias the estimated relationship between health outcome and the explanatory variables.
The standard econometric procedure for handling endogeneity is some type of instrumental variables (IV) estimator, which is often employed in cross-sectional studies. Mostly two-stage least squares (TSLS) is employed, assuming an appropriate instrument is available. Instrumental variables should be theoretically correlated with the endogenous explanatory variables but not correlated with the error terms.
One potential instrumental variable available in NHANES is the number of years the person has lived at their current address i. The longer the person has lived at their current address, the more likely they build social capital. However, this variable reflects past choices by the individual at certain point of time, so it is not correlated with the error term.
We have obtained MLE estimates of the coefficients for the probit regressions with instrumental variables predicting overall health status, physical health and mental health during the past 30 days separately j. The last two dependent variables can imply recent illness. 2SLS was utilized to obtain the estimate of the coefficients predicting index of biological risk factors. Regression results of the health demand equation are presented in Table 5-1 to Table 5-4.
• *** Denotes significance at the 1% level 1.
• Dependent variable is overall health (=1 if oveall health status is excellent, very good, or good; = 0 if overall health status is fair or poor). Independent variables are age, gender, race (ref=non-hispanic white), country of born (ref= us born), education (ref=less than high school), marital status, household income, family disease history, and a social capital measure. Probit model with instrumental variable (years of residence at the current address) was utilized for an analysis. a. It was dropped due to collinearity in SAS.
*** Denotes significance at the 1% level 1.
• Dependent variable is physical health (=0 if numbers of physical health was nood good during the past 30 days is zero; else = 1). Independent variables are age, gender, race (ref=non-hispanic white), country of born (ref= us born), education (ref=less than high school), marital status, household income, family disease history, and a social capital measure. Probit model with instrumental variable (years of residence at the current address) was utilized for an analysis.
• Dependent variable is physical health (=0 if numbers of mental health was not good during the past 30 days is zero; else = 1). Independent variables are age, gender, race (ref=non-hispanic white), country of born (ref= us born), education (ref=less than high school), marital status, household income, family disease history, and a social capital measure. Probit model with instrumental variable (years of residence at the current address) was utilized for an analysis.
• Dependent variable is biological risks (=summation of inflammation, metabolic, and cardiovascular risk factors). Independent variables are age, gender, race (ref= non-hispanic white), country of born (ref= us born), education (ref=less than high school), marital status, household income, family disease history, and a social capital measure. 2SLS model (; instrumental variable=years of residence at the current address) was utilized for an analysis.
In general, blacks and Mexican Americans are in poorer health than whites. A similar pattern holds for people who were born in Mexico compared with U.S. born. Each table includes 5 separate regressions with one of five social capital measures: numbers of emotional support sources, emotional support from any source, financial support from any source, either emotional or financial support from any source, and number of close friends. Surprisingly, the social capital measures do not show significant results except in one case. The only exception is that more resources of emotional support can promote better overall health status, as shown in equation 1 in Table 5-1.
Social capital, at least in terms of the variables that are available to measure in the NHANES 2007-2008, do not affect health outcomes of elderly people, at least the ones analyzed in this study. This unexpected finding does not necessarily imply social capital has little impact on health of elderly people. Rather, it opens further questions of refining the models and statistical analysis, including exploring other omitted variables. Maybe our instrumental variable was not suitable for the analyses. Or we may have to accept that the basic hypothesis regarding the effect of social capital on health may simply be rejected in this particular case.
In terms of future research on this topic, we plan to use factor analysis to extract common factors in defining social capital. Factor analysis is a method of data reduction. It does this by seeking underlying unobservable (latent) variables that are reflected in the observed variables (manifest variables). In this study, we used a summary index of biological risk factor using nine indicators. We will utilize other indexing methods and define separate inflammation risk, metabolic risk, and cardiovascular risk with other measures k.
3.Putnam R D. (1993) Making Democracy. Civic Tradition in Modern Italy.
4.Kawachi I, Subramanian S, Kim D. (2008) . Chapter 1:Social capital and health. In: Social capital and health. Kawachi I and Subramanian S, editors, 1st ed.New York:Springer .
5.Kawachi I, Kim D, Coutts A, Subramanian S V. (2004) Commentary: reconciling the three accounts of social capital. , International Journal of Epidemiology 33(4), 682-690.
6.Kawachi I, Berkman L. (2000) Social cohesion, social capital and health. , In:L Berkman and I Kawachi (Eds.), Social epidemiology, Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress 1-25.
7.Baum F. (1999) Social capital: is it good for your health? Issues for a public health agenda. , Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 53, 195-196.
8.Cox E. (1997) Building Social Capital. Health Promotion Matters. VicHealth issue 4.
9.Kawachi I, Kennedy B P. (1997) Health and social cohesion: why care about income inequality?. , British Medical Journal 314, 1037-1040.
10.Mohnen S M, Groenewegen P P, Volker B, Flap H. (2011) Neighborhood social capital and individual health. , Social Science and Medicine 72(5), 660-667.
11.Murayama H, Fujiwara Y, Kawachi I. (2012) Social capital and health: A review of prospective multilevel studies. , Journal of Epidemiology 22(3), 179-87.
12.Poortinga W. (2006) Social capital: An individual or collective resource for health". , Social Science and Medicine 62(2), 292-302.
13.Veenstra G. (2000) Social capital, SES and health: an individual-level analysis. , Social Science and Medicine 50, 619-629.
14.Spellerberg A. (2001) Framework for the Measurement of Social Capital in New Zealand, Research and Analytical Report2001,No.14 Statistics New Zealand:Wellington.
15.Bowling A, Farquhar M, Browne P. (1991) Life satisfaction and associations with social network and support variables in three samples of elderly people. , International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 6(8), 549-566.
17.Martire L M, Schulz R, Mittelmark M B, Newsom J T. (1999) Stability and change in older adults' social contact and social support: The cardiovascular health study. , Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences,54B(5): 302-311.
19.Becker G. (1965) A Theory of the Allocation of Time. , The Economic Journal 75, 493-517.
20.Behrman J, Deolalikar A. (1999) Health and Nutrition. in Handbook of Development Economics, ed Hollis Chenery and TN Srinivasan(New York:North Holland) 631-711.
21.M Hornbrook, Bennett M. (1991) Health Plan Case Mix in Employed Populations: Ambulatory Morbidity and Prescribed Drug Models,In:M Hornbrook(Ed.),Advances. in Health Economics and Health Services Research. Risk-Based Contributions to private Health Insurance,Greenwich,CT:JAI Press. : Vol.12 197-232.
22.Curtis L, Phelps C, McDermot M, Rubin H. (2002) The Value of patient-reported Health Status in predicting short-term outcomes after Coronary Artery Bypass graft Surgery. , Medical Care 40(11), 1090-1100.
23.Idler E, Benyamini Y. (1997) Self-rated Health and Mortality: A Review of Twenty-seven Community Studies. , Journal of Health and Social Behavior 38(1), 21-37.


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text:
The Reason Why America Isn't Ready to Protect Itself from Russian Hypersonic Missiles
September 18, 2019 Topic: Security Region: Europe Blog Brand: The Buzz Tags: HypersonicsHypersonic MissilesHypersonic DefenseMissile DefenseAmericaRussi
Not spending in the right areas?
by Bishop Garrison Preston Lann
Key point: America is spending on hypersonic weapons but not enough on hypersonic defense.
Russia is developing hypersonic nuclear weapons, and Putin claims he offered to sell one to President Donald Trump. While the conversation between the two leaders was presented light-heartedly, the very real threat from Russian and Chinese hypersonic weapons systems continues to grow as both make significant advances in the development of hypersonic weapons that can escape and evade the Department of Defense's (DoD) Ballistic Missile Defense System. To counter this emerging hypersonic threat, the DoD's 2019 budget has allocated more than $2 billion for hypersonic weapons development. However, the DoD's hypersonic weapons program currently suffers from large disparities in research and budget between its offensive and defensive capabilities development. While offensive capabilities are important, a strong defensive capability remains important to the protection of interests and assets.
The majority of DoD's funding for hypersonic weapons development currently goes toward precision strike or offensive weapons, as opposed to missile defense programs. Next year's DoD budget for overall hypersonic investments is approximately $2.6 billion, with defensive developments making up only about six percent ($157.4 million) of that investment budget. Moreover, the budgetary figure for defensive developments will drop by almost a quarter in the coming years, from $157.4 million next year to $122 million by 2024.
According to Michael E. White, Assistant Director of Hypersonics at DoD, "If you look at the portfolio and the time phasing on the portfolio, we are stepping out first on the offensive side as we study and assess the path forward to get a robust defensive strategy." A major factor influencing the DoD's course of action is that offensive systems are technically easier and cheaper to develop. General John Hyten, commander of U.S. Strategic Command, warned the Senate Armed Services Committee earlier this year, "We [U.S.] don't have any defense that could deny the employment of such a weapon [hypersonic missiles] against us." Both White and Hyten reiterate the importance of increased research and development in defensive capabilities. Offensive development may be less costly, but it does not reduce the need for a strong defense, which the U.S. currently lacks.
The realities of adversary advances in offensive hypersonic weapons systems, combined with the fact that hypersonic offensive capabilities are generally easier and cheaper to develop than defensive capabilities, has naturally directed the DoD's budget towards offensive capabilities. But the potential long-term peril of this course of action was further demonstrated on August 2 of this year, when the U.S. withdrew from the 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty. The INF Treaty banned U.S. and Russian forces from placing land-based missiles in Europe with a range between 310 and 3,400 miles to reduce the ability to launch short notice nuclear strikes. Many fear withdrawing from the INF treaty may not only signal the beginning of a new arms race between the U.S. and Russia but also potentially with China. Furthermore, this could potentially lead the U.S. to withdraw from or allow to lapse the New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START), which is set to expire in 2021.
The demise of well-established nuclear arms treaties by major world powers not only has destabilizing geopolitical effects but could serve as a catalyst for greater focus and reliance on offensive hypersonic missiles as the newest forms of nuclear delivery vehicles. Withdrawing from such treaties could also provide opponents with first-strike or preemptive strike capabilities on nuclear delivery system sites. Additionally, this scenario could see the defensive role of hypersonic missiles serving as a deterrent by intercepting offensive nuclear delivery systems.
This rapidly developing geopolitical reality serves to highlight the risk posed by the U.S.'s lack of viable hypersonic weapon defense systems. The reality that hypersonic missile defense takes more time and money to develop should inherently necessitate that the DoD allocate greater parity between offensive and defensive capabilities with regard to developmental focus and budget. However, this highlights two pitfalls that the U.S. must take caution in avoiding. First, the DoD should remain clear of a cost-imposition strategy – where x dollars are spent on a weapon in the hope of inducing an adversary into spending x dollars on a weapon to counter it. Thomas Karako, a top missile defense expert at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, notes that Chinese hypersonics, in particular, have "all the markings of a cost imposition strategy."
Second, the government – Congressional oversight working with the DoD and the White House – must ensure that the money and resources spent are done so wisely with timely and effective results. The DoD, unfortunately, has a long track record of spending billions of dollars on missile defense systems that do not deliver as advertised. Such was the case, among others, with the Clinton and Bush administration-era ICBM-interceptor ground-based midcourse defense missile (GMD) defense system, and U.S. Navy's ship-based short-to-intermediate range ballistic missile interceptor – the Standard Missile 3 (SM-3). The DoD's tests showed the majority of SM-3s failed to destroy their targets and the GMD only regularly succeeded in highly orchestrated scenarios – both of which had serious and exploitable flaws. This led analysts in the journal Arms Control Today to conclude that shortcomings such as these should be a "strong warning" to policymakers who believe that U.S. missile defense systems will "actually discourage future adversaries from pursuing ballistic missile programs."
Greater parity in development of both offensive and defensive capabilities will help ensure the U.S. not only maintains or exceeds the pace of offensive capabilities with adversaries but also allows the U.S. to develop defensive capabilities that keep pace with adversarial advances in offensive hypersonic missile capabilities. Consequently, this could provide a synergistic effect that may yield the U.S. a leading advantage in a more capable, flexible, and robust hypersonic missile offense and defense system – without having to sacrifice one for the other.
Bishop Garrison is the president and co-founder of the Joseph Rainey Center for Public Policy. He previously served in multiple national security positions in President Obama's administration and as the deputy foreign policy adviser on the presidential campaign of Secretary Hillary Clinton.
Preston Lann is a research assistant for the Joseph Rainey Center for Public Policy.
This article by Bishop Garrison and Preston Lann originally appeared at Real Clear Defense. This article first appeared in 2019.
Image: USNI


text:
Q: Importing libraries in Python I'm new to Python, so this question might be easy. But I tried to search on the internet and didn't reach an explanation.
I'm trying to imitate a simple script dealing with xml where it imports the following
from xml.etree import ElementTree
from xml.etree.ElementTree import Element
from xml.etree.ElementTree import SubElement

Question: Why all this?
Why can't I just say import xml.etree and others are just like ancestors. Or even only import xml. I've tried this but it's not working. Why?

A: You should be able to do:
from xml.etree.ElementTree import  *

However, this is bad form since you could have conflicting names from different package imports.  It's always best to specify the exact classes you want and alias them as needed--class name like Element one would assume could be very common and you could get collisions.
I'd recommend basically stick your original:
  from xml.etree import ElementTree
  from xml.etree.ElementTree import Element, SubElement

I think the confusion you're hitting is you have a mix of classes named after files that also have other classes in them.
The first will import the class ElementTree, from the file ElementTree, this is convention.  The second line will import the classes Element and SubElement which also happen to be inside the file ElementTree.
This will work too and is more succinct:
  from xml.etree.ElementTree import  ElementTree, SubElement, Element

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Macau, 30 August 2013 – FWD ("the Company"), the insurance businesses of Pacific Century Group, is pleased to announce that the relevant authorities in Macau have approved the Company's name change in Macau to FWD, in Chinese, 富衛. ING Life Insurance Company (Macau) Limited is now known as FWD Life Insurance Company (Macau) Limited. The Hong Kong and Thailand businesses of FWD, namely FWD Hong Kong and FWD Thailand, were also unveiled on August 14, 2013 and August 28, 2013 respectively.
In Chinese, 富衛 represents safety and wealth protection, which are essential for our customers.
To commemorate the launch of the new brand, a celebration luncheon was held in Macau Tower, which was attended by a representative of the Monetary Authority of Macao, along with FWD's business partners, wealth planners and staff. In addition, a decorated bus with FWD's logo toured the Macau streets, introducing the new FWD brand to the local public.
Photo 1:Management team and industry guests commemorate the launch of the new brand with a toasting ceremony.


text:
Home Story - News Escaped Dog Found Safe In Old, Empty Well In Eastport Monday Night
Escaped Dog Found Safe In Old, Empty Well In Eastport Monday Night
Kate Riga
When David Rose got back to his Eastport home late Monday night, he was tired and laden with bags to bring inside. When he toed open the door, his girlfriend Bryanna Stone's 1½-year-old yellow Labrador tore outside, the puppy intoxicated by a stray scent and determined to hunt it down. Bags tumbling out of his arms, Mr. Rose sprinted after the usually obedient dog, screaming her name: Baylyn.
A few frantic phone calls later, Mr. Rose, 27, the owner of Rose Marine Services in East Moriches and Swell Yogurt Cafe in Manorville, had assembled a search party including Ms. Stone, Mr. Rose's father, Roger, from down the road, and about eight friends. Together, the group fanned out and, equipped with flashlights, searched high and low down streets and through the woods in the neighborhood. Mr. Rose brought his other dog, a 3 ½-year-old chocolate Lab named Skip, to sniff out his canine friend.
"I was afraid that Baylyn had hurt herself and was stranded somewhere," Mr. Rose said on Tuesday. "We were all sprinting down each side street."
Finally, at about 3 a.m., the group was alerted to Baylyn's presence when Skip started sniffing and barking near an uninhabited house at 7 North Bay Avenue. They finally found the dog lying at the bottom of an empty old well.
Mr. Rose called the Southampton Town Police who soon arrived with a ladder. Mr. Rose's father climbed down into the hole and heaved Baylyn back up to the surface.
Though Baylyn was limping slightly, Mr. Rose said that she seemed mostly unharmed and that he was taking her to a veterinarian just to be sure.
"Those old wells need to be filled in," said Mr. Rose. "Imagine if people are just walking around, or a Realtor is trying to show the house."
Mr. Rose said that the house had been uninhabited for at least the last decade. According to Southampton Town records, the house has belonged to Robert Eckles Jr. and Tina M. Morgan since 2002.
"I'm just so glad we found her," said Mr. Rose.
Previous articleSouthampton Town Police Detective Sergeant Lisa Costa Settles Discrimination Lawsuit
Next articleLocal Educators Ask East Hampton Town To Reject Autism Specialists


The accepted R8 knows the affliction of accepting a high-achieving sibling. Audi's mid-engined range-topper is carefully accompanying to the Lamborghini Huracan, administration the under-body structure, V10 engines and gearboxes.
The Audit is chiefly able-bodied engineered and badly fast, carrying its achievement with barbarous efficiency. But it lacks abundant of the theatre of its added absorbing sibling, both in agreement of architecture but additionally the way it drives.
Indeed, adjoin the audacious talents of the articulation it competes in you'd accept to say it was the quiet, bashful one.
A bashful set of mid-life revisions, to access in Australia backward abutting year, don't transform the R8 into a amphitheater diva. But reacquaintance does serve as a advantageous admonition about how acceptable the fundamentals still are.
Design changes are bound to some nipping-and-tucking at the advanced and rear. The new R8 gets a added grille, added angular headlights and cocked winglet-style apertures at the edges of its advanced bumpers.
Look carefully and you'll additionally see a leash of assimilation slots at the abject of the bonnet, this is allegedly a accolade to the Audi Sport Quattro assemblage car and a affection we can apprehend so see overextension beyond the range; the new A1 auto appearance them as well.
The rear gets a bigger diffuser and new egg-shaped tailpipes in abode of the straight-edged exhausts of the accepted car.
Inside the berth is finer unchanged, afar from a brace of trim tweaks. That agency a pared-back architecture after a axial affectation screen, the R8's agenda instruments demography on aeronautics and added functions back required.
It feels absolutely complete but the aerial allotment of all-encompassing Audi genitalia banned the faculty of specialness, accustomed the R8's bulk tag.
Our analysis drive took abode alone on clue at the clandestine Ascari Race Resort in the south of Spain, area the R8 Achievement acquainted atrociously quick.
The artlessly aspirated V10 can't accommodate the effortless abhorrent boost of turbocharged rivals but compensates with far added beeline responses and a greater activity for exploring the aerial alcove of its aerial rev range.
It's not as shouty as the Huracan beneath adamantine use but there's still a acute ataxia to the R8's bankrupt agenda that encourages such vigour. The twin-clutch gearbox changes with lightning acceleration beneath chiral ascendancy in the car's advancing Race approach but still does a appropriate consequence of an automated back acclimated with beneath intensity.
Audi says the tweaked anatomy settings are advised to acuminate the alive acquaintance back pushed, with the cogent accouterments change actuality the accession of a part-carbon anti-roll bar at the front.
We collection analysis cars with and after the alternative alive steering, which changes the arbor arrangement according to speed. On Ascari's tighter turns this did a accomplished job at abbreviation the bulk of ascribe appropriate to get the advanced end branch appear an apex, but the charge to add added lock at college speeds acquainted counter-intuitive. The approved council requires added arm-twirling but feels added natural.
The revised R8 performs able-bodied on clue but the alive acquaintance still has a rather above feeling. It's able rather than frisky, the quattro all-wheel drive prioritising anchor and absorption over the adeptness to use the burke to access its cornering attitude.
Press absolutely adamantine and the rear arbor can be acquainted starting to move to advice the car about-face but it doesn't go added than that after absolutely de-energising the adherence control, article few owners are acceptable to appetite to do. There's little faculty of archness to the way the R8 demolishes a racetrack, it's all business.
One beef charcoal the brakes, which don't assume to accept been bigger over the accepted car. The R8 Achievement comes with carbon-ceramic discs as accepted and amentia levels are impressively high.
Audi claims that cleverer adherence ascendancy agency the new R8 can stop from 100km/h in up to 1.5 metres beneath allowance than the aftermost one — accepting gone from blow in the criterion dart in 3.1 abnormal — but the pedal is abundant too bendable and lacks the feel all-important to accurately attune their effect.
On lighter alley duties they will assuredly feel far bigger but they absolutely don't assume to adore activity on track.
We're activity to accept to delay the best allotment of a year for the revised R8 to accomplish it to Australia, with the official band actuality to apprehend it in the fourth division of 2019. Both Roadster and Coupe versions will abide to be offered, and we're told to apprehend appraisement to break broadly similar, acceptation a abundant abatement over the actual agnate Huracan. "Sensible" and "supercar" ability not be an accessible bond of words but the R8 makes them assignment together.


text:
In One Year, Town of 400 Was Shipped 2.2M Opioids
W.Va. numbers are 'outrageous,' say congressional investigators
By Arden Dier, Newser Staff
Posted Jan 30, 2018 9:45 AM CST
Updated Feb 4, 2018 4:30 PM CST
An arrangement of pills of the opioid oxycodone-acetaminophen are seen in New York. (AP Photo/Patrick Sison, File)
(Newser) – Williamson, W.Va., is home to 2,900 people. That's one reason congressional investigators are flabbergasted by documents showing two local pharmacies received 20.8 million prescription painkillers from out-of-state drug companies over a decade, reports the Charleston Gazette-Mail. Ohio-based wholesaler Miami-Luken says it supplied 6.4 million hydrocodone and oxycodone pills to one Williamson pharmacy from 2008 to 2015. It also says it shipped 5.7 million pills to two pharmacies in nearby Kermit, home to 400 people, between 2005 and 2011. In 2008 alone, Miami-Luken provided the equivalent of 14 pills a day for every Kermit resident, including children, while Illinois-based drug wholesaler HD Smith supplied 3,000 hydrocodone tablets a day to a pharmacy in a town with 1,800 people, records show.
"These numbers are outrageous, and we will get to the bottom of how this destruction was able to be unleashed," members of the House Energy and Commerce Committee say. They add that their inquiry into the role of drug distributors in the opioid crisis has already revealed "what seems to be a shocking lack of oversight." For example, 40% of oxycodone prescriptions filled in 2015 by an Oceana pharmacy supplied by Miami-Luken went to patients of a doctor whose clinic was located two hours away, the panel says. Miami-Luken and HD Smith have separately paid millions to settle lawsuits accusing the companies of flooding West Virginia with opioids. They have until Feb. 9 to respond to investigators' questions, including why shipments weren't deemed suspicious in a state with the highest drug overdose death rate in the country, per Fox News. (Read more opioids stories.)
Next on Newser: Kylie Jenner Has Baby Girl, Explains Low-Key Pregnancy
sammythbul
Feb 5, 2018 11:06 AM CST
this is ridiculous 400 people and 2.2m drugs shipped what bullshit its all about money...............
Feb 4, 2018 10:28 PM CST
You know, you can't fix STUPID. People who abuse or sell their medications are STUPID! 'Nuff said.
EdCoulterStableGenius
Feb 4, 2018 6:01 PM CST
It takes a lot of opium to scrub coal.


text:
Michael John Goode
Michael John Goode, 49, passed away Wednesday, July 21, 2021 at the Norton Audubon Hospital. Michael was born July 22, 1971 in Joliet, Illinois. He was a self-employed carpenter. He also enjoyed drawing, motorcycles, diesel mechanics and was also known to fix things that others could not. Preceded in death by his grandparents, Edward and Leona Goode, Arthur and Beatrice Dallner; step-father, Bill Young. Survivors include his wife, Chenelynn (Johnson) Goode parents, Barbara A. (Dallner) Young and John Bush Goode (Shirley); a sister, Julie Herrin (Jerry); two nieces, Amy and Amanda. two aunts, Elizabeth "Bette" Fillhart (Jon) and Judith "Judy" Greiman (Leroy) The family has chosen Cremation with services to be announced at a later date. The Owen Funeral Home 5317 Dixie Highway are handling Michael's arrangements.
Michael John Goode, 49, passed away Wednesday, July 21, 2021 at the Norton Audubon Hospital. Michael was born July 22, 1971 in Joliet, Illinois. He was a self-employed carpenter. He also enjoyed drawing, motorcycles, diesel mechanics and was... View Obituary & Service Information
The family of Michael John Goode created this Life Tributes page to make it easy to share your memories.
Michael John Goode, 49, passed away Wednesday, July 21, 2021...
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Main Crop potatoes are in the ground for longer than first and second earlies and mature tubers are larger. They are harvested in the autumn and can be stored for use over winter, lift the potato tubers once top growth has died off. Allow the skins to dry off and firm up before bagging them in Hessian Sacks for storage in a cool dark place.
Main Crop seed potatoes are very easy to grow, plant the tubers from March through to May and harvest the potatoes from September through to November.


Opening scene: Times are slow, and Watson is worried about SH's tendency to revert to drug use. Then a telegram arrives, signaling a new case.
Client: Mr. Cyril Overton, Trinity College, Cambridge, and skipper of the 'Varsity Ruggers, an enormous young man, who was more accustomed to using his muscles than his wits. He was sixteen stone (224 lbs) of solid bone and muscle, and his comely face was haggard with anxiety. Overton had been referred to Holmes by Inspector Stanley Hopkins. Hopkins said the case was more in Holmes' line than that of the regular police.
Crime or concern: Disappearance of Godfrey Staunton, star three-quarter for the Cambridge team. Overton believed he was a sportsman, down to his marrow, and wouldn't have stopped his training and let in his skipper if it were not for some cause that was too strong for him.
Villain: None. Staunton left the team of his own accord, to attend personal matters. He slipped out in the middle of the night.
Motive: Staunton was married secretly, to protect his inheritance from his uncle, Lord Mount-James, a queer little old man, one of the richest in England and an absolute miser, whom Staunton believed would have opposed the marriage. Staunton ran off to see his wife who was dying of consumption (TB). He was assisted, and the wife attended by, Dr. Leslie Armstong, a family friend and noted physician.
Logic used to solve: Holmes narrowed down his inquiry into the connection between Godfrey Staunton and the bearded man who summoned him from his hotel, and finding the third source from which each of them sought help against pressing danger, as indicated by an ink-blot on a telegraph form written by Staunton. Holmes tricked a telegraph agent into revealing the addressee. Then Holmes put anise-seed oil on Armstrong's carriage wheel and tracked it with Pompey, a drag-hound.
Policemen: Inspector Hopkins, of the Yard, who referred the client to Holmes.
Transport: H&W and the client stepped round together to the hotel to see the porter.
Food: When visiting , H&W had a cold supper which was ready upon the table at nine o'clock, at the little inn in Cambridge. When preparing to follow Dr. Armstrong a second time, H&W had best to carry their breakfast, for Armstrong made an early start.
Vices: After supper, Holmes lit his pipe.
"I was well aware that the fiend (drug-mania) was not dead but sleeping" – Watson, referring to Holmes' old habit.
Other interestings: The Scottish town of John o'Groats is the northeast-most point on mainland Great Britain. Land's End (the southwest-most point)-to-John o'Groats is a common term for a long journey, or more broadly, to mean simply "all-encompassing". It is the longest land journey it is possible to make in Great Britain (unless you go around in circles).
Lord Mount-James had dry skin. How dry was it? Read the story and find out.
When all was said and done: The young wife died, and the team lost their important game. Holmes made friends with Dr. Armstrong, and all agreed to keep the story quiet. This was most likely important to the potential heir of old Lord Mount-James' estate.


text:
// Port of https://github.com/liufengyun/gestalt/blob/master/macros/src/main/scala/gestalt/macros/Optional.scala
// using staging macros (only quotes and splices)

import scala.quoted.*

final class Optional[+A >: Null](val value: A) extends AnyVal {
  def get: A = value
  def isEmpty = value == null

  inline def getOrElse[B >: A](alt: => B): B = ${ Optional.getOrElseImpl('this, 'alt) }

  inline def map[B >: Null](inline f: A => B): Optional[B] = ${ Optional.mapImpl('this, 'f) }

  override def toString = if (isEmpty) "<empty>" else s"$value"
}

object Optional {

  // FIXME fix issue #5097 and enable private
  /*private*/ def getOrElseImpl[T >: Null : Type](opt: Expr[Optional[T]], alt: Expr[T])(using Quotes): Expr[T] = '{
    if ($opt.isEmpty) $alt else $opt.value
  }

  // FIXME fix issue #5097 and enable private
  /*private*/ def mapImpl[A >: Null : Type, B >: Null : Type](opt: Expr[Optional[A]], f: Expr[A => B])(using Quotes): Expr[Optional[B]] = '{
    if ($opt.isEmpty) new Optional(null)
    else new Optional(${Expr.betaReduce('{$f($opt.value)})})
  }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Digital print on a 100% cotton shirt.
Also available in a womens singlet.


It has been a meteoric rise for Anupriya Patel, who took oath as minister in Narendra Modi's council of ministers, drawing a parallel with Smriti Irani when she was handpicked as cabinet minister by Prime Minister Narendra Modi after the historic win in 2014. BJP has bigger plans for the Mirzapur MP in their bid for the throne of Lucknow next year, which could conversely affect the fortunes of HRD minister, Smriti Irani, who was hoping for a crucial role in the Uttar Pradesh election campaign.
Anupriya's late father, Sonelal Patel, who worked with BSP founder, Kanshiram, left to form his own outfit in 1994 when Mayawati took over. After the untimely death of her father in 2009, Anupriya worked closely with her mother to strengthen her father's outfit, Apna Dal, which has pockets of influence in eastern UP, especially Pratapgarh, Allahabad, Varanasi, Robertsganj, and Mirzapur districts.
The 35-year-old graduated from Lady Shri Ram College and went on to do her MBA before contesting the 2012 assembly elections, winning the Rohaniya seat on Apna Dal ticket. Rohaniya is an assembly segment in Modi's Lok Sabha seat of Varanasi. Anupriya was instrumental in BJP-Apna Dal tie-up before the 2014 general election; her party won both the seats it contested from Mirzapur and Pratapgarh.
Anupriya's mother, Krishna, who is also party president, has been upset with her daughter cosying up to BJP. Krishna's loss in the 2014 Rohaniya bye-election also added to their differences before Anupriya was expelled from the party last year. Despite the setback, Anupriya commands loyalty from a sizeable section of Apna Dal and she is in advanced stage of talks for merging the outfit with BJP before the assembly elections.
She is young, articulate, and has OBC credentials that BJP is hoping to use extensively in their campaign for an election being billed as the semi-final before the 2019 general election. The addition of a known Kurmi face in Anupriya will help BJP counter Beni Prasad Verma, who has gone back to Samajwadi Party. She will also be crucial in neutralising ambitions of Bihar chief minister, Nitish Kumar, who has been making visits to eastern UP.
Anupriya's entry also puts a question mark on the role of HRD minister, Smriti Irani, in BJP's scheme of things. Unlike Anupriya, she is considered an outsider in UP politics with no caste or social base support. Her brush with electoral politics has so far been limited to Rahul Gandhi's constituency of Amethi. Anupriya's ascendance in UP's political arena seems to indicate that she is likely to take on the mantle that many believed was headed Smriti Irani's way.
mischievous article. where smriti and her stature and where anupriya. however bot are assets to bjp - no doubt about that.


Jan 06, 20160183;32;Find Bauxite Mining Latest News, Videos Pictures on Bauxite Mining and see latest updates, news, information from NDTV.COM. Explore more on Bauxite Mining.
Latest Update New Name Thank you for your continued dialogue and interest in the Felicitas and Fortuna Bauxite Mining Project developments. The sale of Bauxite Resources Limiteds interest in Bauxite Alumina Joint Ventures (BAJV) to Yankuang Resources Limited has recently been completed.
In 1995 at the time of publication the leading supplies of bauxite were Australia ( 47% ), Guyana ( 20% ), Jamaica ( 12% ). Suriname was the leading exporter in 1950, but now supplies less than 4%. may have an update for these figures.
Bauxite.world aluminium Visit bauxite.world aluminium We collected none of metadata history records for Bauxite.world aluminium. Bauxite World Aluminium has a poor description which rather negatively influences the efficiency of search engines index and hence worsens positions of the domain.
03.02.2016 New Name Yankuang Bauxite Resources Pty Ltd By BAJV Admin Uncategorized No Comments Thank you for your continued dialogue and interest in the Felicitas and Fortuna Bauxite Mining Project developments.
Bauxite is the chief raw material in the production of aluminum. The ore is first refined into alumina, which is then smelted to produce aluminum . Bauxite mining in Ghana.
Canadian mining firm First Bauxite Corporation (FBX) updated Guyanas president on a US$50 million bauxite project set to begin construction next year.
the existing access to the bauxite plateaux and commence drilling. Canyon is currently preparing for the start of drilling and exploration works. The next steps for the Company are Complete upgrades to access tracks to the bauxite plateaux following the recent wet season.
Closure loomed for Noranda Bauxite, a mining operation in St. Anns Parish capable of producing up to 5.2 million metric tons of bauxite ore per year.
We expect that in the new dispensation, with or without bauxite levies, the Government will ensure that those most affected by bauxite mining receive their due.
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Guniea Bel Air Bauxite Mine update Mining Technology reported that located approximately 15km from the Cap Verga peninsula, Guinea, the Bel Air bauxite mine is being developed by Alufer Mining.