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Down's Syndrome Association
A Registered Charity No. 1061474
DSA Helpline: +44 (0)333 12_12 300
Monday to Friday 10:00am – 4:00pm
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For People with Down's Syndrome
Home / About / Stories / Paul
About Down's Syndrome : Paul
My name is Paul and I am 45.
I live in my own flat. I have lived here for 7 years. I feel proud to live here. It took a long time for me to move into my own flat. I was so happy when I moved in. It was a dream come true.
I find it hard sometimes to do things for myself instead of staff doing it for me. I have personal assistants. They help me do jobs in my house and take me to places I want to go. I am in charge of my personal assistants. I decide who helps me. I like being in charge and doing what I choose.
I do not speak a lot, but I can do things for myself. My staff help me, but don't do it for me. I have pictures on the wall to remind me what I am doing.
I like seeing family, snooker, pool, 10 pin bowling, music, cinema, and car boot sales.
About Down's Syndrome
DSA Helpline
Pre-natal FAQs
Targeted Nutritional Therapy
Engagement with The NHS
What We Spend Your Money On
"We Decide" – Awareness Week 2020
It's My Life
Fit it Right, See it Bright
Visual Acuity – Thing BIG, Think BOLD
Tell it Right® Start it Right
Tell It Right® information pack
Health Alert!
World Down Syndrome Day
Parliamentary Work
The Disabled Children's Partnership – "The Secret Life of Us"
What is Down's syndrome: resources for schools
Down's syndrome with Complex Needs, including Autism Spectrum Condition
Parent/Carer Advice Days
Ageing and Dementia
Individual Assessments
Let's Talk about Relationships and Sex training resource
Let's Talk about Relationships and Sex training resource FAQs
Adult Sibling Survey
Decision Study
EU-AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project (LEAP)
Exploring differences in cognitive functions in people with Down's syndrome
Exploring the experience of children and young people who have a sibling with intellectual disabilities
Feeding and Autoimmunity in Down's Syndrome Evaluation
Improving Continence for Children and Young People with Neurodisability (ICoN)
Investigating eye shape and its effect on focusing in people with Down's syndrome
Measuring mainstream teachers' attitudes towards the inclusion of students with Down's Syndrome?
Measuring the effect of bifocal spectacles on the ability of children with Down's syndrome to focus at near, and to scan complex pictures
Neurodegeneration in Aging Down's syndrome (NiAD) – A Longitudinal Study of Cognition and Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease
Paediatric Facial Analysis For Spectacle Wear
Project on Language in Individuals with Down's Syndrome/Prosiect ar Iaith Unigolion â Syndrom Down
Respiratory Tract Infections in Children with Down's Syndrome
Sleeping Well Thinking Well; do changes in sleep affect executive functioning in children with intellectual disability?
The impact of poor motor ability on daily living skills and independence in Down's syndrome and Williams syndrome
The Impact of Positive Reappraisal Coping on the Wellbeing of Caregivers of those with Down's syndrome
The Stay Calm Project – The development and evaluation of the Emotional Outburst Questionnaire
Transition to adult social care from residential schools for young people with intellectual/developmental disabilities
What works to support school placements for children and young people with Down's syndrome?
Defeating Dementia
Completed Research by Condition
An investigation of factors which influence the health and wellbeing of parent carers
Early language intervention for infants with Down's syndrome
Exploring the types and causes of non-compliant behaviour in children aged 5-11
How parents & primary carers experience the adjustment to the dual diagnosis of Down Syndrome & Autism Spectrum Disorders
Parental intention to support the use of computerized cognitive training for children with genetically defined neurodevelopmental disorders
Parental perspectives of foot-care and footwear in children and young people with learning disabilities
Sleep and early cognitive development in children
Sleep Problems in Adults with Down's Syndrome
Speech Sound Development in Children with Down's Syndrome and Typically Developing Children
The social construction of quality diabetes care appointments in primary care by adults with mild-to-moderate learning disabilities, their supporters and healthcare professionals
Reducing Health Inequalities
History of Down's Syndrome
Having a Voice
What I want people to know about me
Joseph and Jason (film)
Natty and Ella (film)
Angharad and Flora (film)
Laurie, Austin, Gwenan & Mari (film)
Jess and Natalie (film)
Chris and Rob (film)
Emma and Parker (film)
Jenny, Prem & Hiten (film)
Tessy (film)
Beth (film)
Amy (film)
Barnaby (film)
Haydon
Ffion
Luke (film)
Becky (film)
Lorni (film)
Stephanie (film)
The Shifting Perspectives Podcast
DSA Journal
From baking a cake to running a marathon, we have events for everyone to take part in!
Find out how our Information Team can help you and how to get in touch with support groups in your local area.
We offer training to support individuals at every stage of their lives.
Join the DSA
You will find a lot of information on these pages. If you need further advice, please don't hesitate to contact us on 0333 1212 300 or email us on info@downs-syndrome.org.uk
New Research Study: Older Carers
On Wednesday 20 November, Julian Hallett, DSA Services Development Manager, was delighted to be involved in an event launching the findings of an important research study which looked at the expe…
Sara Pickard at the Women of the Year Awards
What a day DSA member and campaigner, Sara Pickard, had at the 'Women of the Year Lunch and Awards' in London! <span style="color: #0…
Let's Talk About Relationships and Sex
The Information and Training Team have spent much of the last year developing a new eight week training course package for adults with Down's syndrome cove…
"This project explores the lives and relationships of siblings in which one or more has such a genetic condition. We learn how the siblings' lives are different and yet deeply intertwined." ... See MoreSee Less
Powerful exhibition explores lives of siblings affected by a genetic condition
This months topic for our #Down2Earth meeting was housing & where we live. We had lots of discussions - lots of peo… t.co/i0Fi8ocwj1
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All the latest DSA related news
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Download our archived DSA Journals and more
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Copyright © Down's Syndrome Association 2020


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HomeAnime
December 30, 2021 10:53 am EST
Rakesh Pillai
Witch On The Holy Night: Demon Slayer Studio Returns With New Anime Movie, Drops Teaser!
Get ready for some Ufotable magic through Witch On The Holy Night
Ufotable, the studio behind cult hit Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba has announced a brand new movie called Witch On The Holy Night (Mahōtsukai no Yoru). The series began as a visual novel back in 2012, and was available for Windows PCs and was a great success. It tells the story of a town where a young mage and a witch lived, and various circumstances causes them to put their abilities to the test.
Witch On The Holy Night is set in the 1980s, towards the end of the Shōwa era. We are taken to an old mansion located in Misaki town, which is rumored to house a witch. The rumors were indeed true, and a witch named Alice Kuonji lived there. Alice begins to tutor a young girl named Aoko Aozaki, who moved in to the mansion. Unbeknownst to the townfolk, both Alice and Aoko have been secretly eradicating mysterious intruders who pose a threat to the town. However, things change when a young man named Soujuurou Shizuki, who is a stranger to the town, also comes to live with them. His presence starts affecting the lives of the two magi.
The series was introduced as a game, even though it is linear and the player will not have to make choices. They can read the story as they move forward, with brief animations in between.
The teaser
The teaser does not share the plot, even though many already know the story. It briefly showed the characters, and the producers' names. We are yet to know Witch On The Holy Night's release date and voice actors for the characters. Since the teaser is out, the safest estimation for the movie's release date will be late 2022.
Also read: ODD TAXI ANIME ANNOUNCES SEQUEL MOVIE, WILL STREAM EXCLUSIVELY ON CRUNCHYROLL

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The archipelagos of Andaman and Nicobar island paradise for lovers of the sea with its sandy beaches and turquoise waters. This is an extremely preserved place and still little tourism, flora is dense and serene wildlife. Kingdom of the great forests, flowers, butterflies and completely blank dives in waters with intact corals.


dc.identifier.citation Mazlan, A. and Zin, R. and Zakaria, R. and Majid, M. and Hainin, R. and Yazid, Y. and Ismail, M. et al. 2014. Elements of green highway assessment: Social and safety. Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences and Engineering). 70 (7): pp. 21-26.
© 2014 Penerbit UTM Press. All rights reserved. A green highway is fundamental for the infrastructure to be environmentally responsible and sustainable in all aspects. The need for promoting sustainability and green highway construction requires an assessment system. The Green Highway Assessment provides a management and technical approach for highway life-cycle from construction to its maintenance processes. It should also cover the relationship between environment and social responsibility with highway development. Nevertheless, safety and social element of highway development are often not addressed in majority of green highway assessments. The aim of this study is to identify and choose which social and safety elements are to be included in green highway criteria and therefore utilised in Malaysian Green Highway Index and its assessment. Data was obtained through comprehensive literature reviews, expert interviews and distribution of questionnaires. Respondents included experts and stakeholders from highway development field. The Average Index Value analysis was also utilised for the result of the questionnaire. The study resulted in 7 main criteria and 12 sub-criteria that were accepted to be used for green highway index assessment. The full list of main criteria and sub-criteria will be explained further in the text.


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Q: loop through the list to get Maximum sum for a given range in python I am a novice in python. I have a code where I loop through a list to capture maximum sum of numbers for given range k. It is working fine but I want it to make it shorter/optimal. 'k' may vary
numb = [100,33,22,200,333,1000,22]
m=0
k=2
sum1=0
temp=[]
for j in range(len(numb)-(k-1)):
   for i in range(m,k):
     temp.append(numb[i])
   if sum1 < sum(temp):
     sum1 = sum(temp)
   temp=[]
   m+=1
   k+=1
print(sum1)

Ans: 1533 when k = 3
Ans: 1333 when k = 2

A: You can start by adding up the first k numbers. That is your starting sum and your current max. Then run a sliding window along the list, adding the next number and removing the one that goes out of the window.
def sum_k(x, k):
    m = s = sum(x[:k])
    for i, a in enumerate(x[k:]):
        b = x[i]  # number to remove
        s += a - b
        m = max(m, s)
    return m

numb = [100, 33, 22, 200, 333, 1000, 22]
print(sum_k(numb, 2), sum_k(numb, 3))

This runs in linear time, which is optimal since you need to at least look at every element in your input.
The index, i, in the loop runs from zero to n-k-1, so although we enumerate over x[k:] the indices we pick are from x[0:], so when we pick b we are picking the number that goes out of the window. Meanwhile, a is the new number that comes in.

A: This is the simplified code you want which takes O(n) of time complexity. This approach is based on Sliding Window Algorithm.
maxSum is the function which takes 2 arguments (array of numbers and k) and returns maximum for any value of k.
def maxSum(arr, k):
    # Edge case
    if len(arr) <= k:
        return sum(arr)

    sums = sum(arr[:k]) # sum the first 3 val in arr.
    start = 0 # tell us the first element index whose value is in sums variable
    maximum = sums
    for val in arr[k:]:
        sums = (sums - arr[start]) + val
        # here we first subtracted the start value and then added current value.
        # Eg. From [1,2,3,4] sums have 1+2+3, but now sums have ( 1+2+3(previous) - 1(start) ) + 4(current)
        # Now check for maximum.
        if sums > maximum:
            maximum = sums
        # now increase start by 1 to make pointer to value '2' and so on.
        start += 1

    # return maximum
    return maximum

arr = [100,33,22,200,333,1000,22]
k = 2
print("For k=2: ", maxSum(arr, k))
k = 3
print("For k=3: ", maxSum(arr, k))

Output:
For k=2:  1333
For k=3:  1533

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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COUNTDOWN TO THE ETHEREUM MERGE
By Coin Metrics|2022-08-29T07:47:29-04:00August 28, 2022|Product Announcements|
Coin Metrics is pleased to share some important updates regarding Ethereum's upcoming protocol consensus change, commonly referred to as the Merge. The Merge is widely considered to be one of the most highly-anticipated events in crypto history, and will introduce several major changes to the underlying infrastructure of the Ethereum blockchain.
Over the next several weeks, we will be sharing a series of announcements that will outline our approach to supporting this protocol upgrade. These announcements will include educational materials, product feature enhancements, and API specifications related to the blockchain's transition to Proof of Stake.
The timeline for the Merge is potentially subject to change, but the most important protocol updates are currently expected to occur on September 6th and September 15th.
What is the Merge? Over the last two years, the Ethereum network has been working towards a major upgrade to shift away from the existing Proof of Work (PoW) consensus mechanism towards Proof of Stake (PoS). With this change, transaction validation will transition from a more energy-intensive "mining" process to a collateral-based validation process known as "staking."
As a first step in this transition, in December 2020 the Ethereum developer team introduced the Beacon Chain, a parallel Proof of Stake blockchain now referred to as Ethereum's "Consensus Layer." As the name implies, this layer will ultimately be used to reach consensus in the validation of new blocks and transactions. After the Merge, the network's core application layer (known as the "Execution Layer") will cease using Proof of Work consensus and switch to Proof of Stake consensus, orchestrated by the Beacon Chain.
The good news is that this change will have minimal impact on day-to-day users of the network. Generally speaking, there will be no major changes to how most Ethereum-based applications function— blocks, transactions, and transfers will continue to work the same way they have since the protocol's inception.
Are there any risks? The Merge has been simulated on multiple Ethereum testnets, most recently on the Goerli testnet in August. During the majority of these testnet transitions, disruptions to network uptime and functionality were relatively limited. From the perspective of the Ethereum core development team, these test runs have been successful enough to push forward with the planned Merge timeline.
That being said, there are likely still many "unknown unknowns" that could lead to unexpected network disruptions through the course of the mainnet transition to Proof of Stake. The Ethereum ecosystem is comprised of highly complex, interdependent software applications. While the majority of stakeholders have spent many months diligently preparing for this event, unforeseen circumstances could still arise.
As a result, Coin Metrics is taking great care to monitor and respond to any unexpected issues with mission-critical services dependent on our Ethereum market data pipelines and node infrastructure. Listed below are a few key focus areas for our team.
The Coin Metrics Research team has been working on several research reports to inform our community on all angles of the Merge, covering everything from technical basics, to market impacts, to the new economics of the Consensus Layer. On Tuesday, we plan to release the first research report in this series, breaking down the most important moving parts of The Merge and its implications for the future of Ethereum.
Coin Metrics has been supporting on-chain Ethereum data since the network's genesis, and will be continuing coverage of the existing Execution Layer, in addition to extending our coverage to the new Consensus Layer. We will be introducing this coverage under a new network data symbol where we will be releasing new metrics around staking and activity on the Consensus Layer. Our new metrics will give valuable insight into staking supply and validators along with interactions between the Execution and Consensus Layers.
In coming weeks, we will share more details on which Proof of Work metrics in our Farum and Network Data products will no longer be calculated. Additionally, we will be updating the definitions of metrics so insights into legacy miner activity can still be analyzed on Ethereum. As always, our team is committed to growing our coverage of this expanding ecosystem, providing our clients and community members the best possible view into this on-chain data.
Coin Metrics goes through a careful process when evaluating whether to support a new blockchain network. Alternative networks may emerge during Ethereum's shift to Proof of Stake, and our team will be carefully monitoring network activity to determine whether any forks have enough viability to warrant coverage in our Network Data and ATLAS product offerings.
Coin Metrics harmonizes all market data we collect from exchanges by converting exchange-reported symbols to a set of Coin Metrics harmonized asset tickers. Coin Metrics strives to follow the most widely adopted market convention in assigning our tickers.
With such a dramatic change to the network, there is a high likelihood that certain entities may attempt to "hard fork" the Ethereum blockchain, creating a separate network with a shared transaction history. Several exchanges have already announced their intention to support a potential Proof of Work version of Ethereum, if one persists even after the main chain's transition to Proof of Stake.
As the Ethereum hard fork approaches, Coin Metrics will closely monitor the announcements of all exchanges and other major market participants regarding which tickers they will use for an ETH Proof of Stake asset and ETH Proof of Work asset. When a market convention emerges, Coin Metrics will make the appropriate ticker harmonization changes so that all data for a particular asset will be served under one ticker, regardless of the ticker conventions of specific exchanges.
The introduction of the Consensus Layer will have new impacts to the market with speculation around possible ETH Proof of Work forks. In the event that an ETH Proof of Work asset exists and a market convention is established, Coin Metrics plans to rapidly support a reference rate and other market metrics for this new asset. Our reference rates and pricing mechanisms will monitor any important markets that may emerge.
Coin Metrics has been calculating Ethereum-based indexes through Coin Metrics Bletchley Indexes (CMBI) since 2020. In all instances, we strive to abide by strict governance protocols through our methodologies. With the Ethereum Merge quickly approaching, CMBI is monitoring market and network data to determine when a market convention is reached. If a contentious hard fork occurs, CMBI will follow our Fork Legitimacy Policy to decide whether a viable fork has occurred, and whether our total return indexes should be credited.
How can you stay updated? In the coming weeks, Coin Metrics will be closely monitoring the events surrounding the Merge and will be publishing several rounds of client communication to ensure you know what to expect. This will include in-depth research and preemptive notices on changes to existing metrics, as well as more detail on the new Consensus Layer metrics. In addition to Email and Slack, you can keep updated through the following channels:
Coin Metrics Announcements


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Rievaulx Abbey
We have changed the opening arrangements of our sites to play our part in stopping the spread of COVID-19. Rievaulx Abbey is currently closed and any tickets pre-booked for the closed period will be cancelled and refunds automatically made as needed, so there is no need to contact us. We are keeping a selection of sites open for local people to use for exercise during the lockdown period. These are a mixture of free-to-enter and paid sites, and all have plenty of outdoor space for safe social distancing. Visits to paid sites must be booked in advance. We hope to be able to reopen all our sites in the near future, and we are taking bookings for February half-term and beyond. Thank you for your understanding, patience and support during this difficult time.
Find out which sites are open and what to expect
What to expect on your visit
Rievaulx, Nr Helmsley, North Yorkshire, YO62 5LB
Escape to this tranquil valley of the North York Moors and discover the impressive ruins of one of England's most powerful Cistercian monasteries.
Our new visitor experience shines a light on Rievaulx Abbey's fascinating past and the lives of the monks who called Rievaulx Abbey their home. Explore our elegant museum displaying previously unseen artefacts which tell the story of the rise and dramatic fall of the first Cistercian abbey in the North of England.
Wander the extensive ruins of the abbey to discover more about the building and how it looked at various stages of its development. Pick up an audio tour to learn more.
Take in the stunning views from our new visitor centre while enjoying a tasty treat in our new tearoom and appreciate why St Aelred's 'everywhere peace, everywhere serenity' description of Rievaulx Abbey could quite easily have been written today.
Why not park in the nearby chocolate-box town of Helmsley and take a scenic walk from Helmsley Castle to Rievaulx Abbey. Download the walking map here.
Explore the abbey ruins
Stop by the museum
Rievaulx Abbey Cafe
Take the Audio Tour
Lace up your boots
Rievaulx Re-Viewed: Annunciation
Guidebook: Rievaulx Abbey
1131-2First Abbey
Walter Espec, lord of Helmsley, builds temporary timber structures for the first monks sent from Clairvaux in France.
Find out more about the history of Rievaulx Abbey
1135-6Stone Structures
William, the first abbot, begins work on the first stone buildings.
1147-67Aelred and Expansion
Aelred becomes the third abbot. He rebuilds and expands William's monastery for the growing community, adding a monumental new church.
Read a description of Rievaulx Abbey
1167-88Cloister Remodelling
Abbot Silvanus rebuilds the south range of the cloister and remodels Abbot William's west range.
1220sThe Church Extended
The east end of the church is remodelled in spectacular style, probably to house Aelred's shrine.
Find out why Rievaulx Abbey is significant
Late 14th CenturyPractical Renovations
Rievaulx's buildings are again remodelled to suit changing patterns of religious life.
1538-9Suppress and Demolition
Rievaulx Abbey is suppressed under Henry VIII and sold to Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland. The abbey is dismantled.
1545-1640sIronworks
Rutland develops a substantial ironworks at Rievaulx that continues for about a century.
Mid-18th CenturyRomantic Ruin
Under the Duncombe family, Rievaulx becomes a landscape monument that appeals to artists and writers.
1880s-1890sAntiquarian Interest
The Yorkshire Archaeological and Topographical Association visits with expert guides to look into the history of the site.
1917State Guardianship
The Office of Works take the ruins at Rievaulx into guardianship.
1917-1920sConservation
With the presbytery in danger of collapse, immediate repairs begin, despite wartime shortages of labour and materials.
Learn more about Rievaulx Abbey
Helmsley Castle
2.34 miles from Rievaulx Abbey
Byland Abbey
4.1 miles from Rievaulx Abbey
Mount Grace Priory, House and Gardens
11.52 miles from Rievaulx Abbey
Marmion Tower
Clifford's Tower, York
Wharram Percy Deserted Medieval Village
Gallery for Rievaulx Abbey


Founded in 1972, Alpha Graphics has been a staple in Baltimore for over 45 years. We have become Baltimore's most respected custom print, design and graphics shop.
Alpha is proud to be certified woman-owned through WBENC, Maryland Department of Transportation as well as Baltimore City and WOSB (Woman Owned Small Business) through the Federal Government. We have been validated as both a Woman-Owned & Minority-Owned business through a formal documentation process that includes site visits.
Christine Walsh has been President and Owner of Alpha Graphics for 12 years. She is honored to lead a team that encompasses all areas of production, both digital and large format, and provides a unified culture through leadership, coordination, company vision, business planning and overall accountability.


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Maryam Aurangzeb challenges Imran Khan to go to court – Hum News
ISLAMABAD: Federal Information Minister Maryam Aurangzeb has challenged Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) Chairman Imran Khan to go to court.
Federal Information Minister Maryam Aurangzeb while talking to the media said that PTI Chairman Imran Khan has done enough, foreign funding, corruption and money laundering will have to be answered. Imran Khan bought the watch for Rs 2 crore and sold it for Rs 28 crore through handlers.
He said that the money came to Pakistan as money launderer and was not declared. Pakistan, Dubai, Mars or Moon wherever you sue, receipts will have to be given.
Also read: Enough is enough, Imran Khan
Maryam Aurangzeb said that Imran Khan should not announce but tell the date of going to court and issue the receipt of selling the watch along with the date of Imran Khan going to court. What is the fault of Shahzeb Khanzada, Jeev and Mir Ibrahim in this?
He said that Imran Khan should tell who brought the watch money to Pakistan and how? And Imran Khan's handlers Farah Khan and Shahzad Akbar have been caught. Accusations on others and baseless accusations if caught red-handed.
The Federal Minister of Information said that the political opponents should be put to death on the charges? And if you prove it on yourself, you will be considered baseless. Imran Khan did not respond to any notice of the Tosha Khana case and did not join any investigation.
Tosha Khana case: Receipts and history are there, Imran Khan
Pakistan Air Force is trying to develop advanced technologies at the national level, Air Chief


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Series 1 - Hanford
Series 2 - Oak Ridge
Series 3 - Cambridge
Series 4 - Los Alamos
Series 5 - Alberta
Finding Aids to Oral Histories in the Smithsonian Institution Archives
Record Unit 9531
The Manhattan Project Videohistory Collection, 1987-1990
The Manhattan Project Videohistory Collection
29 videotapes (Reference copies). 75 digital .wmv files and .rm files (Reference copies).
Stanley Goldberg, National Museum of American History, conducted videotaped interviews with men and women from all phases of the Project, often at their wartime work places. Topics include how they became involved in the Project, what their jobs entailed, and how they reacted to the ultimate use of their work.
Collection Division 1 (Sessions 1-3) contains interviews with administrators and employees from the Hanford Engineering Works in the state of Washington. Frederic W. Albaugh, Richard F. Foster, Oswald H. Greager, Franklin T. Matthias, Lawrence Denton, Wilson A. Cease, Ralph K. Wahlen, Wakefield A. Wright, Vivian Russell Chapman, William P. McCue and Leonard F. Perkins, Sr., discuss operation of the nuclear reactors, chemical separation plants, and cooling systems; living conditions; and administration of the facility. Visual documentation includes group interaction and a reactor face, controls, and equipment at the Hanford facility.
Collection Division 2 (Sessions 4-8) contains interviews with line workers, engineers, and physicists at the Clinton Engineering Works in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Dale F. Babcock, Edward C. Creutz, Alvin M. Weinberg, Eugene P. Wigner, Lyle B. Borst, Colleen Black, Connie Bolling, Jane W. Larson, Audrey B. Livingston, George M. Banic, Jr., Clarence E. Larson, Robert S. Livingston, John M. Googin, Chris P. Keim, Paul R. Vanstrum, James A. Parsons, and Paul Huber discuss development of fission theory and its application in reactor construction, living conditions, and technologies used in uranium isotope separation at the Y-12 and K-25 Plants. Visual documentation includes group interaction, the interiors of the plants, and period photographs of Oak Ridge.
Collection Division 3 (Sessions 9-12) contains interviews with physicists and their spouses who worked at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory in New Mexico. Kenneth T. Bainbridge, Donald Hornig, Philip Morrison, Robert Wilson, Robert Serber, Anthony French, David Frisch, Lilli Hornig, Rose Frisch, Alice Kimball Smith, Jane S. Wilson, Bernard T. Feld, and Cyril Smith discuss formation and organization of the laboratory, the Trinity atomic bomb test, and social life and community culture. Sessions were taped in a studio in Boston, Massachusetts; visual documentation includes group interaction and photographs.
Collection Division 4 (Sessions 13-16) contains interviews with physicists and administrators at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory and the Trinity test site at Alamogordo, New Mexico. Kenneth T. Bainbridge, Robert Wilson, Frederick Reines, Hans Bethe, J. Carson Mark, Robert Christy, Robert Bacher, Norris E. Bradbury, and David Hawkins cover subjects of Collection Division 3 from different perspectives. Visual documentation includes group interaction and sites at Alamogordo and contemporary Los Alamos.
Collection Division 5 (Sessions 17-18) contains interviews with members of the team that worked on Project Alberta, the delivery and detonation of the atomic bombs on Japan. Norman F. Ramsey, Jr., Harold M. Agnew, Frederick L. Ashworth, and Charles W. Sweeney discuss design of the bombs, flight training, preparation of Tinian Island air base, and Hiroshima and Nagasaki missions. Visual documentation includes group interaction, production models of the FAT MAN and LITTLE BOY bombs, and the Enola Gay B-29 restoration project at the National Air and Space Museum's Paul E. Garber Facility in Suitland, Maryland.
The United States government began underwriting investigations of the feasibility of atomic weapons in October 1941. Within a year, promising research at several universities, particularly at the Metallurgical Laboratory of the University of Chicago, showed that it was possible to produce atomic bombs based on the chain-reacting fission of uranium 235 isotope or of plutonium. This led to the reorganization of the Manhattan District, or "Project," of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to make these bombs a reality. Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves directed and coordinated the Project from 1942 to 1945, spending 2.3 billion dollars on nuclear reactors and chemical separation plants at Hanford, Washington, and Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and on the weapon research and design laboratory at Los Alamos, New Mexico. The first plutonium bomb was successfully detonated at Alamogordo, New Mexico, on July 16, 1945. The B-29 bomber Enola Gay exploded the first uranium bomb, "Little Boy," over Hiroshima, Japan, on August 6, 1945; the B-29 Bock's Car exploded the second plutonium bomb, "Fat Man," over Nagasaki, Japan, two days later.
The Smithsonian Videohistory Program, funded by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation from 1986 until 1992, used video in historical research. Additional collections have been added since the grant project ended. Videohistory uses the video camera as a historical research tool to record moving visual information. Video works best in historical research when recording people at work in environments, explaining artifacts, demonstrating process, or in group discussion. The experimental program recorded projects that reflected the Institution's concern with the conduct of contemporary science and technology.
Smithsonian historians participated in the program to document visual aspects of their on-going historical research. Projects covered topics in the physical and biological sciences as well as in technological design and manufacture. To capture site, process, and interaction most effectively, projects were taped in offices, factories, quarries, laboratories, observatories, and museums. Resulting footage was duplicated, transcribed, and deposited in the Smithsonian Institution Archives for scholarship, education, and exhibition. The collection is open to qualified researchers.
Stanley Goldberg, consulting historian for the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History (NMAH), recorded eighteen video sessions with fifty-five participants involved in the engineering, physics, and culmination of the Manhattan Project. Goldberg examined the research and technologies necessary to realize the uranium and plutonium bombs. He supplemented interviews with visual documentation of the industrial plants that refined and separated the isotopes, and of the machinery that delivered and dropped the bombs. Interviewees explained the other steps of designing, building, testing and detonating an atomic bomb. Discussions with participants also elicited a social history of the Project as recalled by various men and women responsible for different duties in different locales. Between January 1987 and June 1990 the sessions were recorded on-site or in-studio in Hanford, Washington; Boston, Massachusetts; Oak Ridge and Louisville, Tennessee; Alamogordo and Los Alamos, New Mexico; Washington, D.C.; and Suitland, Maryland. The sessions are divided into five series: Hanford, Oak Ridge, Cambridge, Los Alamos, and Alberta.
This collection consists of eighteen interview sessions, separated into five series, totaling approximately 47:00 hours of recordings, and 1188 pages of transcript. There are three generations of tape for each session: originals, dubbing masters, and reference copies. In total, this collection is comprised of 85 original videotapes (10 U-Matic videotapes, 24 1-inch reels, and 51 Beta videotapes), 54 dubbing master videotapes (54 U-Matic videotapes), and 29 reference copy videotapes (29 VHS videotapes). The collection has been remastered digitally, with motion jpeg 2000 and mpeg digital files for preservation, and Windows Media Video and Real Media Video digital files for reference.
Please note that sessions 14 and 15 in Series Four are comprised of dual sets of tape from two cameras positioned at different angles.
Goldberg, Stanley interviewer
Albaugh, Frederic W., 1913-1999
Bainbridge, Kenneth T. (Kenneth Tompkins), 1904-1996
Hornig, Donald F., 1920-2013
Morrison, Philip
Wilson, Robert R., 1914-2000
Serber, R. (Robert)
French, A. P. (Anthony Philip), 1920-
Frisch, David H., 1918-1991
Hornig, Lilli S.
Frisch, Rose E. (Rose Epstein)
Smith, Alice Kimball
Wilson, Jane S.
Smith, Cyril Stanley, 1903-1992
Reines, Frederick, 1918-1998
Bethe, Hans A. (Hans Albrecht), 1906-2005
Mark, Carson
Christy, Robert F., 1916-2012
Foster, Richard F.
Greager, Oswald H.
Matthias, Franklin T.
Denton, Lawrence
Bacher, Robert F. (Robert Fox), 1905-2004
Bradbury, Norris, 1909-1997
Hawkins, David, 1913-2002
Ramsey, Norman, 1915-2011
Agnew, Harold M.
Ashworth, Frederick L., 1912-2005
Sweeney, Charles W.
Cease, Wilson A.
Wahlen, Ralph K.
Wright, Wakefield A., 1915-2007
Chapman, Vivian Russell
McCue, William P.
Perkins, Leonard F., Sr.
Babcock, Dale F.
Creutz, Edward C., 1913-2009
Weinberg, Alvin Martin, 1915-2006
Wigner, Eugene Paul, 1902-1995
Borst, Lyle B., 1912-
Black, Colleen, 1925-2015
Bolling, Connie
Larson, Jane W.
Livingston, Audrey B.
Banic, George M., Jr.
Larson, Clarence E. (Clarence Edward), 1909-
Livingston, Robert S.
Googin, John M., 1922-1994
Keim, Chris P.
Vanstrum, Paul R., 1920-2010
Parsons, James A.
Huber, Paul
Enola Gay (Bomber)
Clinton Engineer Works (Oak Ridge, Tenn.)
Tinian Island Airbase
Manhattan Project (U.S.)
Project Alberta
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
National Air and Space Museum (U.S.)
National Air and Space Museum (U.S.). Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restoration, and Storage Facility
Fat Man (Bomb)
Little Boy (Bomb)
Hanford Engineer Works
Women -- History
Trinity Test Site (N.M.)
Hiroshima-shi (Japan) -- History -- Bombardment, 1945
Nagasaki (Japan)
Nagasaki-shi (Japan) -- History -- Bombardment, 1945
Videotapes
Smithsonian Institution Archives, Record Unit 9531, The Manhattan Project Videohistory Collection
Interviewees in this series contributed in various roles to the refinement of plutonium 239 isotope at the Hanford Engineer Works in the state of Washington. In January of 1943, General Groves chose the site for construction of three full-scale plutonium piles for the mass production of plutonium 239--an isotope for the chain reaction in an atomic bomb--as well as water-treatment plants for cooling the reactors. The E. I. Du Pont de Nemours Company also built four remote-controlled "canyons" for the chemical separation of plutonium from uranium 238. Sessions were shot at the Columbia Cable Television studio and on-site at the Hanford Reservation.
Participants for Session One assisted in operations at the "B" site nuclear reactor as operators or support personnel. Lawrence Denton began work at the Hanford construction camp in September 1942 as a receiving and shipping clerk. Wilson A. Cease came to Hanford as a Du Pont employee in March 1944, and worked as a security patrolman in the area where uranium slugs were canned and sealed. Jess R. Brinkerhoff and Ralph K. Wahlen were both employed by the Remington Arms plant in Salt Lake City, Utah, and transferred to Hanford. Brinkerhoff arrived in November 1943, and worked in the fire department before becoming a power operator in a water treatment plant. Wahlen was employed in the fuel piece canning area. R. M. Buslach arrived in Hanford after the war and worked in plant maintenance for the General Electric Company.
Session Two participants worked for the Du Pont Company as chemical engineers at Hanford. Wakefield A. Wright and Vivian Russell Chapman were first transferred from Alabama Ordnance Works by Du Pont to the Manhattan Project facilities at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, for training before arriving in Hanford in 1944. William P. McCue was employed at the Oklahoma Ordnance Works before training at the Argonne National Laboratory in Chicago, Illinois, and relocating to Hanford. The responsibilities of these three men at Hanford included training the crews and supervising the operators in the nuclear reactors and chemical separation plants.
Session Three brought together a group of Hanford administrators. Oswald H. Greager had been a chemist for Du Pont after receiving his Ph.D. in that field from the University of Michigan in 1929. He came to Hanford in October 1944, from the Separations Development Division at the Clinton Engineer Works in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Greager, on military duty at Hanford, served as Technical Officer and supervised the work of the contractor in the chemical separation area. Richard F. Foster joined the project in September 1943, on a contract with the Office of Scientific Research and Development at the University of Washington College of Fisheries. He studied the effects of radiation on the Columbia River and eventually became concerned with evaluating radiological doses received by people from all environs at Hanford. Leonard F. Perkins, Sr., came to Hanford in the spring of 1944 as an employee of the United States General Accounting Office to audit the contract of the Du Pont Company. In 1946, he transferred to the Atomic Energy Commission and returned to Hanford in 1951 to direct government-contracted construction there until 1973. During World War II Frederic W. Albaugh worked in the Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago as a group leader in the plutonium chemistry section. He arrived in Hanford to head its plutonium chemistry section in 1947 and continued to work there in various administrative capacities until 1971. Colonel Franklin T. Matthias, who had worked under General Groves in construction contracting for the Pentagon, was largely responsible for the site selection of Hanford. Groves appointed Matthias in February of 1943 to be commanding officer of the Hanford facilities.
The discussions detailed the nature of the workload at Hanford, the living conditions, and the administration of the Project. The sessions were shot on three-quarter-inch U-matic tape and provided visual documentation of the "B" site nuclear reactor, tools used for the charge/discharge process, and period photographs of the interiors of the chemical separation "canyons."
Session 1: 13 January 1987
At the Hanford Reservation "B" site nuclear reactor face and in the reactor control room, featured Brinkerhoff, Buslach, Cease, Denton, and Wahlen on the operation of the first large-scale reactor, c. 1942-1945, including: discussion and demonstration of procedures for making the reactor operational; canning of uranium slugs and the charge/discharge process of the reactor; cooling system operations and general reactor maintenance; methods for controlling the reactor's power levels and operating the various safety systems. Visual documentation included: period photographs of Hanford Reservation under construction; "B" reactor face; reactor control room and instrument boards; specialized tools developed for canning uranium slugs.
Transcript, pp. 1-61, of videotape recording, 2 hours.
Video Recording of Interview: Total Recording Time: 2 hours
Original Masters: 6 U-matic videotapes
Preservation Masters: 6 Motion jpeg 2000 and 6 mpeg digital files
Dubbing Masters: 6 U-matic videotapes
Reference Copies: 1 VHS videotape, 6 Windows Media Video and 6 Real Media digital files
At the Columbia Cable Television station studio, Kennewick, Washington, featured Chapman, McCue, and Wright on their roles in producing plutonium at Hanford, c. 1942-1945, including: how they came to Hanford; conditions and operating procedures in the chemical separation "canyons"; charge/discharge procedures for the reactor; development of specialized equipment; accidents and problems involving radioactive material; living conditions during and after construction. visual documentation included: period photographs of Hanford reactors and canyons under construction.
At the Columbia Cable Television station studio, featured Albaugh, Foster, Greagher, Matthias, and Perkins on administration at Hanford, c. 1942-1945, including: selection of site; staffing and conditions during the construction period; Manhattan District accounting and purchasing procedures; measures to abate or control potential radioactive hazards; efforts to ascertain impact of Hanford operations on the Columbia River and local fisheries.
Interviewees in this collection contributed in various roles to the refinement of uranium 235 isotope at the Clinton Engineer Works in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Built concurrently with the Hanford Reservation, the Clinton complex was designed for continued research and the refinement of the fissionable isotope uranium 235 from uranium 238. The sessions were shot at a studio of Kennedy Maxwell Productions, and on-site at the Y-12 Electromagnetic Separation Plant and the K-25 Gaseous Diffusion Plant.
Participants for Session Four were instrumental in designing and running the nuclear reactors at Oak Ridge and Hanford. Dale F. Babcock received his Ph.D. in physical chemistry at the age of twenty-three from the University of Illinois in 1929. Du Pont employed his services as a research chemist until 1942, when he became a technical specialist on the explosive potential of plutonium. Before the war, Lyle B. Borst stayed at the University of Chicago as a Research Associate after his doctoral studies in physics. In 1943 he was appointed chief physicist of the Clinton Laboratories near Oak Ridge, where he remained until 1946. Edward C. Creutz received his Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin in 1939, taught physics at Princeton University, and joined the Manhattan Project as a group leader between 1942 and 1946. After he received his M.A. from Columbia University in 1939 Albert Wattenberg was a spectroscopist for Schenley Products, Incorporated. He spent a year with the Office of Scientific Research and Development at Columbia University before moving to the Metallurgical Laboratory in Chicago as a group leader under Enrico Fermi in January 1942.
Alvin M. Weinberg, born in 1915, earned his three degrees in physics at University of Chicago by 1939. He stayed there during the war at the Metallurgical Laboratory and moved to Oak Ridge in 1945. Eugene P. Wigner was born in Hungary in 1902. He earned his doctorate in physics at the Technical University of Berlin in 1925 and came to the United States at the behest of Princeton five years later. Together with Leo Szilard he played a key role in sparking President Franklin D. Roosevelt's interest in atomic power, and during the war he designed the Hanford reactors. Wigner won the Nobel Prize for physics in 1963.
The four participants of Session Five helped operate the isotope separation machinery designed by the physicists and engineers. Colleen Black was nineteen years old when she arrived in July 1944 and was assigned to find pipe leaks at the K-25 Plant. The other three worked in the Y-12 Plant. Connie Bolling was teaching at Coburn High School, Virginia, in 1943 when he gave six weeks' notice to join a government project that, in his understanding, was to end the war. He trained cubicle and vacuum pump operators and remained after 1945 in the effort to maximize calutron output. Jane W. Larson arrived in September 1943 as a historian, before switching to technical editor, reporting on the effort to maintain vacuum consistency. She also worked part-time for the Oak Ridge Journal. Audrey B. Livingston, born in 1926, started in 1944 as a cubicle operator.
Participants for Session Six helped design, build and operate the calutrons in the Y-12 Plant. George M. Banic, Jr., worked on high voltage power supplies for the General Electric Company in Schenectady, New York, and came to Oak Ridge in March 1944, to help with the stable isotope program. He stayed after the war to continue isolating isotopes at the pilot plant until it closed in 1975. Clarence E. Larson and Robert S. Livingston received their Ph.D.s from the University of California at Berkeley and continued their research at the Radiation Laboratory there until 1943. Larson took charge of the technical staff at the Y-12 plant at Oak Ridge through 1950 when he became director of the Oak Ridge National Laboratories. Livingston oversaw Stone and Webster Engineering Corporation's design of the Y-12 Plant and continued working at Oak Ridge until his retirement in 1981. John M. Googin sought out a position in nuclear chemistry while finishing his B.S. at Bates College in Maine. He started work at Oak Ridge as a process chemist in the summer of 1944, assisting in the recycling of uranium waste. Chris P. Keim received his Ph.D. in chemistry from the University of Nebraska in 1940. In 1944 he left his fellowship at the Mellon Institute to become a research physicist for the stable isotope program at the pilot plant. Keim continued working at Oak Ridge until his retirement in 1971.
Session Seven participants helped design and operate the K-25 Plant for the gaseous diffusion of uranium 235. Paul R. Vanstrum and James A. Parsons majored in chemical engineering at Columbia University where they participated in the manufacture of part of the diffusion barrier. Vanstrum began working for Union Carbide Corporation, the K-25 operating contractor, after graduation and transferred to Oak Ridge in August 1944. He stayed at the K-25 Plant until it closed in 1964. Parsons continued to work on the manufacture of diffusion barriers in New York until September 1944, when he went to Oak Ridge as a foreman. Paul Huber also had a degree in chemical engineering and began work at Oak Ridge in 1944.
Goldberg focused discussions on the theory and practice of reactor construction; nature of the workload; living conditions; and security measures at Oak Ridge. The sessions were shot on one-inch tape and provided visual documentation of the Y-12 and K-25 plants, and calutron components, as well as period photographs of Oak Ridge.
Session 4: 3 March 1987
At the Kennedy Maxwell Productions studio, Louisville, Tennessee, featured Babcock, Borst, Creutz, Wattenberg, Weinberg, and Wigner on the conversion of fission theory to the construction of nuclear reactors, c. 1939-1944, including: pre-war fission research; Albert Einstein's letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt; the Chicago pile or reactor (CP-1); problems with canning uranium slugs for reactors at Oak Ridge and Hanford; conflicts between university-based physicists and engineers employed by DuPont; xenon poisoning of early reactors; impact of security measures on research; acquisition of raw materials; motivation of physicists by German progress in fission research. Visual documentation included: painting of first successful testing of Chicago pile; period photographs of X-10 reactor at Oak Ridge.
Transcript, pp. 1-138, of videotape recording, 4 hours.
Original Masters: 4 1" reels
Reference Copies: 2 VHS videotapes, 4 Windows Media Video and 4 Real Media digital files
At the Kennedy Maxwell Productions studio featured Black, Bolling, Larson, and Livingston on the plant operators' lives and work at Oak Ridge, c. 1943-1949, including: living conditions during and after construction; layout of Oak Ridge and Clinton Engineer Works; job training at Y-12 and K-25 Plants; racial segregation; knowledge of goal of the Manhattan Project; security measures; reactions to news of Hiroshima bombing. Visual documentation included: period photographs of Oak Ridge and Clinton Engineer Works.
Reference Copies: 1 VHS videotape, 2 Windows Media Video and 2Real Media digital files
At the Kennedy Maxwell Productions studio, featured Banic, Larson, Googin, Keim, and Livingston on the development of calutrons for uranium separation, c. 1943-1945, including: early designs at the University of California at Berkeley; improvement of calutron equipment; obtaining and returning silver from the U.S. Treasury Department; training of operators; the magnet short-circuit crisis; chemistry of recycling uranium waste; security measures and their effect on research; shipping uranium 235 to Los Alamos; safety precautions; reactions to Hiroshima bombing and the Smyth Report. Visual documentation included: schematic drawings and period photographs of the Y-12 Plant; models of calutron components.
In the Diffusion Cell and Control Area of the K-25 Gaseous Diffusion Plant, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, featured Huber, Parsons, and Vanstrum on the design and operation of the first gaseous diffusion plant, the K-25, c. 1943-1945, including: principles of the diffusion process; manufacture of pumps, diffusers, and seals; design and construction of K-25 building; working conditions; training of operators; operation of K-25 from control room; operation of a diffusion cell; safety precautions. Visual documentation included: schematic drawing of diffusion process; period photographs of K-25 equipment and controls.
On location at the K-25 Gaseous Diffusion Plant (Control Floor and Pipe Gallery) and the Y-12 Electromagnetic Separation Plant (Cubicle Area and Beta Unit Production Area), Oak Ridge, Tennessee, consisted of approximately thirty minutes of visual documentation of interiors, including: half-mile length of one wing of the K-25 Plant; explanation by Goldberg of construction of K-25; K-25 pipe gallery and catwalk; exterior and interior views of Y-12 calutron units; exterior and interior views of Y-12 control boards during operation. Note: There is no time code for the VHS tape of this session.
Transcript, pp. 1, of videotape recording, 1 hour.
Video Recording of Interview: Total Recording Time: 1 hour
Original Masters: 1 1" reel
Dubbing Masters: 1 U-matic videotape
Interviewees in this collection worked on the physics of atomic bomb design at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory in New Mexico. The sessions were taped at the studios of Audvid Film and Tape Production, in Boston, Massachusetts.
Four physicists who played important roles in the "Trinity" atomic bomb test at Alamogordo, New Mexico, were reunited for Session Nine. Kenneth Bainbridge, a physicist at Harvard University, designed and built the Harvard cyclotron which was used at Los Alamos. In 1940 he joined the radar research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and soon after went to Cambridge University in England to work on radar and uranium experiments. He was recruited for the Manhattan Project and moved to Los Alamos in the summer of 1943. In March 1944, he took charge of the Trinity test and administered it from site selection to detonation. Donald F. Hornig, also a physicist at Harvard before he joined the Los Alamos staff, designed the high-voltage capacitors that fired the Fat Man's multiple detonators. Philip Morrison received his Ph.D. in theoretical physics from the University of California at Berkeley in 1940, and worked on the Project at the Metallurgical Laboratory of the University of Chicago before arriving at Los Alamos in 1944 to serve as Physicist and Group Leader. Robert Wilson had recently completed his Ph.D. at the University of California at Berkeley and taught at Princeton University before he arrived in Los Alamos in April 1943. He headed various subgroups engaged in cyclotron research for the Trinity test.
Session Ten participants worked at Los Alamos with different levels of responsibility. Robert Wilson and Robert Serber were Division Leaders. Serber received his Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin in 1934, and worked with J. Robert Oppenheimer as a Research Associate at the University of Chicago's "Met Lab" before arriving at Los Alamos. Serber's introductory lectures on the physics and chemistry of the Project in April 1943 became the Los Alamos Primer.
Anthony French received his A.B. in physics from Cambridge University. Before coming to Los Alamos in 1944, he worked at Cambridge's Cavendish Laboratory. David H. Frisch was still a graduate student when he arrived at Los Alamos as a Junior Physicist in 1943. He received his Ph.D. from MIT in 1947.
Four women from Los Alamos convened to discuss their professional and domestic lives in Session Eleven. Lilli S. Hornig received her M.A. in chemistry from Harvard in 1943 and her Ph.D. in 1950. From 1944 to 1946 she served as Staff Scientist in the plutonium chemistry division at Los Alamos, and as Section Leader for high explosives development. Rose E. Frisch received her Ph.D. in physiological genetics from the University of Wisconsin in 1943. At Los Alamos, she monitored the effects of radiation in the medical laboratory. Alice Kimball Smith received her Ph.D. in history from Yale University and taught social studies at Los Alamos High School. After the war she served as historian for the Association of Los Alamos Scientists. Her book, A Peril and a Hope: The Scientists' Movement in America 1945-1947, was published in 1965. Jane S. Wilson also taught at the Los Alamos High School.
Physicists who worked on the implosion program gathered for Session Twelve. Bernard T. Feld worked at the Met Lab at the University of Chicago before coming to Los Alamos in 1944. He received his Ph.D. in physics from Columbia University in 1945. Cyril Smith received his D.Sc. in metallurgy from MIT in 1926. He served as associate division leader in metallurgy at Los Alamos from 1943 to 1946. Robert Serber and Philip Morrison appeared again in this interview.
Goldberg encouraged discussion of the culture and the workload at Los Alamos, and the attitudes towards that work and its consequences.
Session 9: 1 December 1987
At the Audvid Film and Tape Productions studio, Boston, Massachusetts, featured Bainbridge, Hornig, Morrison, and Wilson on preparations for and execution of the Trinity test at Alamogordo, c. 1944-1945, including: working groups at Los Alamos; instrumentation devised for the Trinity test, the hundred-ton test, the "Jumbo" blast containment canister, and the spontaneous fission of plutonium; Los Alamos reorganization and formation of the G division during the summer of 1944; measurements of the effects of the bombing of Hiroshima. Visual documentation included: copies of Manhattan Project documents; Los Alamos personnel graph; photographs from Bainbridge's Trinity test report.
Session 10: 1 December 1987
At the Audvid Film and Tape Productions studio, featured French, Frisch, Serber, and Wilson on the organization of Los Alamos and the scientific activities there, c. 1943-1945, including: rationale for forming the Laboratory and considerations for site selection; whether to make Los Alamos a military or civilian camp; background to the Serber lectures of April 1943; performance of Oppenheimer as administrator and colleague; living conditions; changing perceptions of the nature of making an atomic bomb; the spontaneous fission of plutonium and its effect on the organization of the laboratory; the British contingent, and comparisons between the Los Alamos and Cavendish Laboratories; controversies over the use of the bomb; objections to pursuing research for the hydrogen bomb; formation of the Association of Los Alamos Scientists. There is no extra visual documentation in this session.
At the Audvid Film and Tape Productions studios, featured Hornig, Frisch, Smith, and Wilson on the roles of women in both the domestic and scientific life of Los Alamos, c. 1943-1946, including: homemaking facilities and child care arrangements; social and recreational activities in the area; school and library systems; Hornig's role as a scientist in the implosion program and high explosives development; Frisch on radiation research at the medical laboratory; agreement on constraints on women's participation in scientific activities; perceptions of the Trinity test and post-Trinity conflicts between the scientific community and the military. Visual documentation included: period photographs of Los Alamos.
At the Audvid Film and Tape Productions studios, featured Feld, Smith, Serber, and Morrison on the design and fabrication of a viable implosion system for the plutonium bomb, c. 1944-1945, including: metallurgical experiments to determine characteristics of plutonium; technologies for creating plutonium hemispheres; strategies to prevent plutonium oxidation; design and use of the initiator; preparations at Tinian Island for Nagasaki bombing; division of responsibilities for various bomb components; early surveys at Hiroshima to determine effects of the bomb. Visual documentation included: copies of Manhattan Project documents; gold foil ring for the initiator in the Trinity device; uranium 238 sample.
Interviewees in this collection also contributed to the atomic bomb design and testing program in New Mexico. J. Robert Oppenheimer, the physicist from the University of California at Berkeley charged with supervising this part of the Manhattan Project, picked the Los Alamos location because of its isolation and its beauty. The sessions were shot at the Trinity test site and in a Los Alamos conference room.
The participants in Session Thirteen worked on the Trinity test at different levels of responsibility. Kenneth T. Bainbridge administered the test from site selection to the write-up of the official report. He came to Los Alamos in the summer of 1943, having previously worked on radar at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and in England; he had also designed and built Harvard University's first cyclotron. Robert Wilson was not yet thirty when he arrived at Los Alamos in April 1943, where he headed various subgroups using cyclotron research. Wilson had come directly from a Ph.D. at Berkeley and a teaching and cyclotron research post at Princeton. During the Trinity test he helped install the bomb and measured implosion and fission behavior during the explosion.
Session Fourteen participants worked at various levels on the theoretical underpinnings of an atomic weapon. Hans Bethe, head of the Theoretical Division at Los Alamos, left Germany in 1933 for Cornell University before applying his research to the war effort in 1940. He gave up his work on explosives and radar in July 1942 when he became convinced of the feasibility of an atomic bomb. Bethe returned to Cornell after the war and won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1967. Frederick Reines made his reputation as a doctoral student at New York University when he developed a new equation in applied mathematics. Reines joined the Theoretical staff in late 1943 and remained at Los Alamos as a Group Leader until 1959. Canadian J. Carson Mark came to Los Alamos via research at the Metallurgical Laboratory in Chicago and a doctorate under Oppenheimer at Berkeley. Fellow Canadian Robert Christy arrived by way of George Placzek's Montreal study group and summer seminars in applied mathematics at Brown University in 1941 and 1942.
In addition to Bainbridge, Session Fifteen included experimentalists Robert Bacher and Norris E. Bradbury, and administrator David Hawkins. Bacher led fission studies at Cornell and worked at MIT's Radiation Laboratory before heading the Experimental and Gadget Divisions at Los Alamos. His opposition to militarized working conditions manifested itself further in his post-war efforts for civilian control of nuclear research. Bradbury put his Berkeley Ph.D. to work at the U.S. Navy's Dahlgren Proving Ground for four years before his assignment to the Ordnance Division at Los Alamos. He replaced Oppenheimer as director of the Los Alamos Laboratory in September 1945. Hawkins grew up in New Mexico and went to Berkeley to earn his Ph.D. in philosophy. He returned as administrative assistant to Oppenheimer in the summer of 1943, becoming the primary liaison between the scientists and the military administration of the Project.
Goldberg elicited comparisons of the work experience from the theoretical and experimental physicists as well as discussions of social life at Los Alamos. The series was shot on half-inch Betacam tape and provides visual documentation of the Trinity test site, Los Alamos in 1989, and period photographs of Los Alamos and preparations for the Trinity test.
Session 13: 15 August 1989
At the Trinity test site, Alamogordo, New Mexico, featured Bainbridge and Wilson. Their commentary on the preparations for and detonation of the Trinity bomb, c. 1944-1945, was sparked almost solely by the surviving structures at the site and included: post-blast sample collection test site selection; Jumbo blast containment canister; Julian Mack's camera system; quality of life at and uses of base camp; U.S. Air Force overflights and bombing practices; effect of the blast on base camp. Visual documentation included: Ground Zero; Jumbo; West 800 camera bunker; Base Camp; McDonald Ranch house; West 10,000 observation bunker.
Transcript, pp. 1-60, of videotape recording, 2 hours, 20 minutes.
Video Recording of Interview: Total Recording Time: 2 hours, 20 minutes
Original Masters: 7 Beta videotapes
At Fuller Lodge, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, featured Bethe, Christy, Reines, and Mark on the theoretical physicist's view of the Laboratory's operation, c. 1943-1945, including: reasons for participation; division of labor between and relationship of theoretical and experimental physicists; insulation from other Project researchers; uranium hydride program; theoretical and experimental emphasis on physical power of atomic blast; implosion research; reactions to the Trinity test; post-blast measurements of yield. Note: Session 14 was taped on two separate recorders, which resulted in two distinct set of images on tapes. The audio, however, is the same. Only one tape is necessary to view the interview.
Original Masters: Camera A: 6 Beta videotapes
Camera B: 6 Beta videotapes
Preservation Masters: 12 Motion jpeg 2000 and 12 mpeg digital files
Dubbing Masters: Camera A: 2 U-matic videotapes
Camera B: 2 U-matic videotapes
Reference Copies: Camera A: 1 VHS videotape
Camera B: 1 VHS videotape, 12 Windows Media Video and 12 Real Media digital files
At Fuller Lodge, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, featured Bacher, Bainbridge, Bradbury, and Hawkins on the experimental physicist's experience at the Laboratory, c. 1943-1945, including: methods of recruitment and reasons for participation; debate on civilian or military nature of Lab; differences between internal and external exchanges of information; organization of Laboratory; gun experiments; relationship of Groves and Oppenheimer; weekend recreation; understanding Klaus Fuchs; predicting the Soviet bomb; post-blast depression and efforts to regulate nuclear power.
Transcript, pp. 1-62, of videotape recording, 2 hours, 20 minutes. [Note: Session 15 was taped on two separate recorders, which resulted in two distinct set of images on tapes. The audio, however, is the same. Only one tape is necessary to view the interview.]
Reference Copies: Camera A: 2 VHS videotapes
Camera B: 2 VHS videotapes, 14 Windows Media Video and 14 Real Media digital files
Consisted of visual documentation of the landscape of Los Alamos in 1945 and 1988, including: nine still photographs of the preparations for Trinity; views of Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory and environs.
Transcript, pp. 1-3, of videotape recording, 1 hour.
Four participants from "Project Alberta" convened for Sessions Seventeen and Eighteen. This phase of the Manhattan Project dealt with the conversion of the Trinity test device into the practical weapons systems that were used twice on Japan. The interviewees were among those who designed the bombs to fit the B-29, wired them with redundant electronics, rehearsed the mission, established a base on Tinian Island, and released the bombs over Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The sessions were shot at the National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C., and at the National Air and Space Museum's Paul E. Garber Facility in Suitland, Maryland.
Norman F. Ramsey, Jr., received his Ph.D. in physics from Columbia University in 1940. During World War II, Ramsey consulted with various government groups concerned with military technology. In 1943 he moved from the offices of the Secretary of War to Los Alamos, where he became a group leader for bomb delivery. After the war, he returned to Columbia and won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1989. Harold M. Agnew received his A.B. in chemistry from the University of Denver in 1942. His advisor referred him to Enrico Fermi, under whom his responsibility was for some of the measurements of the atomic explosions over Japan. After the war Agnew earned his Ph.D. in particle physics at the University of Chicago before returning to Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. He directed the Laboratory there from 1970 to 1979.
Frederick L. Ashworth graduated from the United States Naval Academy and completed the Naval Postgraduate School course in ordnance engineering shortly before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. After service in the Pacific Theater of Operations, he worked for William S. Parsons and Norman F. Ramsey on the detonation components of the atomic bombs. Ashworth acted as weaponeer on the Nagasaki mission and as General Groves' representative on Tinian Island. His book, The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, was published in 1947. Charles W. Sweeney was born in 1920 and grew up in eastern Massachusetts. He enlisted as an air cadet in April 1941, and rose to commander of a bomber squadron in the European Theater of Operations. With nearly three thousand hours of accident-free flight time to recommend him, Sweeney joined Colonel Paul Tibbetts' 509th Composite Group of B-29's in September 1944. He piloted an observation plane at the Hiroshima bombing and dropped the "Fat Man" over Nagasaki from Bock's Car. After he completed his enlistment, he returned to Massachusetts to begin a wholesale leather business and served in the Air National Guard until 1976.
Goldberg used the Enola Gay site to draw from the participants details of their involvement with the technologies of Project Alberta. Other questions stimulated recollections of experiences on Tinian Island and on the two missions to Japan. The sessions were shot with half-inch Betacam tape and provide visual documentation of the Little Boy and Fat Man bomb models and the B-29 Enola Gay.
Session 17: 5 June 1990
At the National Museum of American History, Washington, D.C., featured Agnew, Ashworth, Ramsey, and Sweeney on their assignments in Project Alberta, c. 1944-1945, including: designing the Fat Man plutonium bomb, contents and aerodynamics; definition of weaponeer's role and mechanics of bomb; William S. Parsons' contributions to Manhattan Project; reasons for interviewees' participation in Manhattan Project; flight training for the 509th Composite Group; preparation of Tinian Island as flight base ("Project Silverplate"); life on Tinian with conventional B-29 bomber crews; comparison of Hiroshima and Nagasaki missions; photography of atomic explosions; disposal of facilities at Tinian after Nagasaki explosion; reaction to use of the bombs. Visual documentation included: the Fat Man bomb casing on display at the Museum.
Transcript, pp. 1-109, of videotape recording, 3 hours, 20 minutes.
Video Recording of Interview: Total Recording Time: 3 hours, 20 minutes hours
Original Masters: 10 Beta videotapes
Reference Copies: 2 VHS videotapes, 10 Windows Media Video and 10 Real Media digital files
At the Enola Gay restoration project, the National Air and Space Museum's Paul E. Garber Facility, Suitland, Maryland, featured Agnew, Ashworth, Ramsey, and Sweeney on the specific technologies required for Project Alberta, c. 1944-1945, including: designing the Little Boy uranium bomb, contents and aerodynamics; development of bomb release mechanism; Bernard O'Keefe's claim to last-minute rewiring of Little Boy; flight qualities of B-29; pilot-bombardier communication the Nagasaki mission; operation of Norden bombsight; comparison of the two bombs' electronic characteristics; mechanics of monitoring devices at Hiroshima. Visual documentation included: the Little Boy bomb casing on display next to the Enola Gay; the bomb bay, cockpit, and weaponeer's cabin of the Enola Gay.


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Research Support Guides
Research Methods: Further Reading
What are research methods?
Finding qualitative research Toggle Dropdown
Searching specific databases
Finding quantitative research Toggle Dropdown
Search Library catalogue, NewCat+
Search NewCat+ for books and ebooks on research methods.
Use appropriate keyword searches to find either general books on research methods, books about research in a particular discipline, or books relating to specific research methodology.
For example, type the following searches into the NewCat+ search box:
"research methods" to find books on general research methods, covering a range of disciplines;
"research methods" health to find books focused on health research; or, research "social sciences" to find books focused on social sciences research;
"qualitative research" to find books about this research method, in various disciplines.
Sage Research Methods Online [electronic resource] - contains guides to research methods and their usage.
Below is a small selection of print and online titles from the University of Newcastle Library collection that may assist you.The Library regularly receives new titles so you may wish to search the Library catalogue.
Bryman, A. (2016). Social research methods (5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
De Chasnay, M. (Ed.). (2015). Nursing research using phenomenology: Qualitative designs and methods in nursing. New York: Springer. [eBook]
Gordon, L.E. (2016). Real research: Research methods sociology students can use. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
Holloway, I. (2016). Qualitative research in nursing and healthcare. (4th ed.). Newark, NJ : Wiley. [eBook]
Liamputtong, P. (Ed.). (2016). Research methods in health: Foundations for evidence-based practice. Thousand Oaks, CA; Sage.
Picardi, C.A. & , Maslick, K.D. (2014). Research methods: Designing and conducting research with a real-world focus. Thousand Oaks, CA; Sage.
Rees, C. (2016). Rapid research methods for nurses, midwives, and health professionals. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.
Sadaf, R. (2013). Multidisciplinary approaches to educational research: Case studies from Europe and the developing world. Hoboken : Taylor and Francis. [eBook]
Thomas, R.M. (2003). Blending qualitative & quantitative research methods in theses and dissertations. Thousand Oaks, CA; Corwin Press.
Walle, A.H. (2015). Qualitative research in business: A practical overview. Newcastle upon Tyne, England : Cambridge Scholars Publishing. [eBook]
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Last Updated: Sep 4, 2019 9:35 AM
URL: https://libguides.newcastle.edu.au/researchmethods


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Suresh Prabhu reviews progress of Sectoral Export Promotion Strategy
in PIB
by IASmind.com October 3, 2018, 3:53 pm 4k Views
Union Minister of Commerce & Industry and Civil Aviation, Suresh Prabhu,recently reviewed the sectoral export promotion plans prepared by Ministries and Departments of the Government of India. The Commerce Ministry is focusing on nine sectors- gems and jewellery, leather, textile and apparel, engineering, electronics, chemicals and petrochemicals, pharma, agri and allied and marine products – to boost exports.
This was the third inter-ministerial meeting on Sectoral Export Promotion Strategy. The meeting was attended by Commerce Secretary, DGForeign Trade(DGFT),Secretaries of Textiles and Chemicals and Petrochemicals, other senior officers from Ministries andDepartments of Electronics, MSME, Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Defence Production.
The Commerce Minister appreciated the inter-ministerial teamwork leading to formulation of the current sectoral export strategy. He urged the ministries to work on tapping the opportunities with countries in this region, particularly in South Asia, as there is huge potential to increase India's exports. He proposed that possible barter arrangements with specific countries may be explored. The Minister emphasised the need to create more jobs in India with a focus on labour-intensive manufacturing SEZs. He also suggested that the possibility of collaborative exports in partnership with other countries may be explored. Ministries should involve not just theExport PromotionCouncils but also thestrong regional trade associations to reach out to potential exporters. Suresh Prabhu asked the line ministries to adhere to India's WTO commitments while designing their export promotion policies.Hesuggested for holding a separate meeting on the services sector to examine the issues relating to remittances and other capital flows.The Commerce Minister emphasised that China and USA are emerging opportunities andindustries which are relocating from China on account of rising labour cost may be invited to invest in India after immediately revising regulatory procedures.
Commerce Secretary,Dr.AnupWadhawan, informed the participants that comprehensive efforts are being made for promoting exports of merchandise and services to improve and stabilise the current account. He stated that specific short and long term goals,and territory & commodity wise action points, have been identified by the Commerce Department for export promotion. He apprised that discussions are also on to provide priority sector status to export credit, to enhance the volume of credit and for enhancement of allocation for interest subvention scheme and for SEIS and MEIS.
DGFT presented the status report of exports and informed the participants that merchandise exports are up by 16.13% to USD 136.10 billion in April – August 2018-19. Key sectors showing growth in April-August 2018-19 YoY are petroleum products (52.42%), chemicals (35.41%), plastics and linoleum (36.66%) and electronic goods(28.28%). services exports are up by 28.74% to USD 85.74 billion. The overall exports have grown by 20.69% in April – August 2018-19 to 221.83 billion (Merchandise and Services combined).
DGFT informed that based on the inputs received from Export Promotion Councils, line ministries and other stakeholders, a comprehensive export strategy and action plan has been finalised. Commodity-wise and Territory-wise specific short-term and long-term goals have been put on a matrix, to enable regular monitoring of implementation of action plan at the highest level. Issues like removal of pre-import condition, retrospective amendment in CGST rules, allowing flexibility of product mix in case of pharma products as long as pollution load is same, have been taken up with the respective ministries.
The Secretaries and senior officialsfromvarious ministrieselaborated on the various initiatives taken by their departments to boost exports in their respective sectors.
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Britons told how to save energy as government aid bill could hit ��5bn a month
The cost to the government of shielding households from soaring energy bills is expected to double in the new year to up to £5bn a month, as ministers prepare to push the button on a public information campaign to reduce usage.
The rising costs come as the Treasury seeks to soften the blow of high bills, after the energy regulator, Ofgem, announced an increase to its price cap.
In response to the energy crisis, ministers are planning to launch a £25m advertising and social media campaign before Christmas to encourage people to save money and energy.
They have identified eight measures that could save households up to £420 a year, according to the Times. The campaign will advise eight changes to cut bills including reducing the temperature of boilers, which could save £80, turning off radiators in empty rooms, which could save £105, and switching off electrical devices rather than leaving them on standby, which could save £55.
Ofgem said on Thursday that its price cap would reach the equivalent of £4,279 a year for the average household from January. It said the cap, which is adjusted every quarter, will increase by an average £730 for the three months from the start of next year. However, the government's energy price guarantee (EPG) limits the typical annual bill in Great Britain to £2,500 in the same period.
Although the importance of the Ofgem price cap for households is reduced by the EPG, it still matters because the cost of the Treasury subsidy on bills is linked to the difference between the two.
The government provides energy suppliers with the difference between the unit rate under the EPG and what they would have charged their customers were it not in place, a rate set by the Ofgem cap.
The new cap will force the Treasury to pay 33p per unit of electricity and nearly 7p per unit of gas that households use. The energy consultancy Auxilione said this would push up the cost of running the EPG from £7.8bn in the last three months of 2022 to £15.1bn in the first three months of next year.
The energy supplier Ovo estimates the government will pay about 33p every time someone uses their oven for half an hour or an electric shower for six minutes.
The chancellor, Jeremy Hunt, said in last week's autumn statement that the EPG would be lifted to £3,000 for a typical household from April, which should reduce the amount the Treasury must pay in subsidy.
Average household bills were limited to £1,277 a year ago, under Ofgem's price cap. That had been due to rise to £3,549 from October.
However, the then prime minister, Liz Truss, intervened to introduce the EPG for two years. Hunt later truncated this to six months, then extended it by 12 months from April.
The consultancy Cornwall Insight has predicted the EPG will cost the government £42bn in its entirety, representing about £2.3bn a month. Investec estimates the policy will cost £24bn, or an average of £4bn a month, for the first six months.
Forecasts of the cost of the EPG are highly dependent on the wholesale price of gas, which has been volatile, particularly since Russia's invasion of Ukraine.
Ofgem has changed the frequency of changes to the cap from every six months to quarterly to respond more quickly to movements in energy markets. Cornwall Insight expects the cap to reduce to £3,921 from April and then to about £3,400 for the last six months of 2023.
The Treasury said last week that £1.8bn was paid out in October through the energy bills support scheme, reducing costs for more than 27m households. It said £136m worth of vouchers had been provided to traditional prepayment meter customers.
The government hopes to fund some of the cost of the scheme through windfall taxes on oil and gas and electricity generation companies. The mild start to winter, and an easing in the price of wholesale gas, will have helped reduce the cost of the policy to the taxpayer.
However, there are concerns that bills will remain high next year as countries struggle to replace supplies of Russian gas, which have been cut since the invasion of Ukraine.
The Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy said: "The energy price guarantee is protecting consumers from soaring energy costs, meaning people's bills will not rise in line with today's Ofgem energy price cap increase."
Truss had blocked a public information campaign, arguing it could be seen as "nannying" Britons. Michael Gove, the levelling up secretary, said on Thursday that the campaign would not be "nannying or patronising", and that it would point the public towards "authoritative sources of advice" on managing energy usage.
Energy bill aid to cost £5bn a month as ad campaign aims to cut usage
DVLA admits 168,000 drivers with health conditions waiting for licences


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