text:
Examining the existing knowledge base for enablers of family recovery in mental health: a protocol for a scoping review of national and international literature
Kerry Cuskelly1,
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7420-9339Michael John Norton1,
Gina Delaney2
1Health Service Executive, Dublin, Ireland
2Mental Health Ireland, Kilkenny, Ireland
Correspondence to Michael John Norton; nortonmichael92{at}gmail.com
Introduction Recovery-oriented services in mental health are becoming an accepted approach across much of the globe. While the development of recovery-oriented approaches has focused mainly on people accessing mental health services, families of those accessing services also need to be included under the discussions of mental health recovery within mental health service provision. It is important that service providers understand what support families require in order to facilitate their recovery journeys. To that end, this review will seek to ascertain what evidence exists on the enablers of family recovery from national and international literature.
Method and analysis This proposed scoping review aims to investigate the family recovery enablers within a mental health context. A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis compliant scoping review is proposed, based on Arksey and O'Malley's framework. Search terms are stated and a variety of databases (CINAHL, JSTOR, Ovid SP, PsycINFO, PubMed, RCNi, Science Direct, Web of Science and Wiley Online Library) and repositories (Google, Google Scholar and ResearchGate) will be consulted to examine papers based on a predetermined inclusion/exclusion criteria. The search range is from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2022.
Ethics and dissemination As this paper presents a protocol for a scoping review of the literature into family enablers in mental health, no ethical approval is required. The preprint protocol was added to OSF Registries on 29 October 2021 where it is freely available. The registry will be updated once this paper has been published. The resulting scoping review will be distributed through peer-reviewed publication in a high impact journal.
As this proposed review adopts a scoping methodology, no assessment of the study quality will occur.
The scoping review will be comprehensive as it is inclusive of both the peer-reviewed and grey literature on the subject matter.
This scoping review will be conducted by three individuals, which increases the academic quality and rigour of such a review.
Patient and public involvement was used in the preparation of this protocol, which will strengthen the intended impact of the text.
Recovery-oriented services in mental health are becoming an accepted ideological approach across much of the globe.1–3 There has been growing international research into the concept of recovery4 with specific areas of recovery such as peer support,5 6 examination of the quantitative evidence for the efficacy of recovery,7 recovery principles8 and service-user led services9 10 all benefitting from targeted research and the development of a growing evidence-base. Recovery in this text is defined as '… a deeply personal, unique process of changing one's attitudes values, feelings, goals, skills and/or roles. It is a way of living a satisfying hopeful and contributing life even within the limitations caused by illness. Recovery involves the development of new meaning and purpose in one's life as one grows beyond the catastrophic effects of mental illness' (pg. 21).11
While the development of recovery-oriented approaches in mental health have focused mainly on people accessing formal mental health services, families of those accessing service also need to be included under the discussions of recovery in mental health services.12 13 Families have their own particular needs in terms of recovery.14 For the purposes of this paper, the definition of family used will come from the Health Service Executive guidance document on family recovery.15 Here the family refers to 'relatives, friends and other supporters of all ages who care about and are supporting people who use mental health services during their recovery journey' (pg. 16).15 This definition includes family members of all ages including children. Such needs of the family member are covered through that of family recovery. According to Mental Health Ireland, family recovery is about empowering ourselves and others to have opportunities to achieve our hopes and ambitions.16 This is achieved through a process of accepting what has happened, embracing who we are now and moving forward on the journey together.16 National policy in Ireland acknowledges the need to offer support to families in their own right.17–19 Internationally there is an acknowledgement of this assertion also.20 For instance, according to Waller et al,21 families have three main needs when it comes to recovery: (1) an acknowledgement from services as to the important role families play in an individual's own recovery journey, (2) acknowledgement of the familial relationship between them and the individual service user and finally 3) the recognition and appreciation of the fact that the family too undergoes a recovery journey.
It is important that service providers understand what support families require in order to support their recovery journeys.22 In order to provide appropriate services to families and supporters who have loved ones attending mental health services, service providers first need to acknowledge the importance of offering services to families.23 Service providers then need to invest in the development of family-friendly services through a recovery lens.24
Hearing directly from families about what they conceptualise as important in supporting their recovery journeys is an integral part of the development of our understanding of family recovery in mental health.25 In Ireland, the development of the National Office of Mental Health Engagement and Recovery has formalised the importance of incorporating service users and family members' voices in both the development and delivery of mental health services.26
Rationale for study protocol
This protocol and subsequent scoping review are being created as part of a planned review of 'A National Framework for Recovery in Mental Health'27 and the current implementation of the new national mental health policy in Ireland, 'Sharing the Vision'18 as they pertain to family recovery. While families are acknowledged as partners in mental healthcare within both of these documents, the notion of families requiring their own support in their own recovery journeys and as a whole unit recovering together, are less developed. As such, this proposed review is timely in order to identify what is known about enablers of family recovery while also providing recommendations for continuous research into this developing area. We define an enabler for family recovery in this paper as someone or something that acts as a catalyst which allows the family member to engage in their own recovery. As such, an enabler assists families overcome identified barriers on their own road to recovery.12
There is recent, limited research evidence pertaining to family enablers in mental health settings.12 This proffers the culmination of best available evidence on the specific question of identifying '…key enablers of family recovery interventions'.12 It is the contention of the reviewers that in order to more deeply understand the breadth and depth of the concept of family recovery enablers, and as such, to be able to translate this knowledge into policy practice, a scoping review is warranted. A scoping review was chosen as the preferred methodology for this research due to the fact that its purpose is to map the broad body of literature available on a given topic.28 A systematic review, in contrast, is seeking to collate evidence to heighten understanding on a very specific question. This can have the effect of limiting the diversity of literature and evidence that can be ascertained on a topic. For the purposes of this research, the reviewers are seeking to ensure as much diversity and depth in the literature as possible as the intention is to practically use the research findings to influence national mental health policy in public health services in Ireland.
Aims and objectives of the proposed scoping review
This paper aims to present a protocol for a scoping review into family recovery enablers within mental health service provision. To achieve this, the following objectives have been set:
To scope the available evidence into family recovery enablers within a mental health service context,
To identify and define the family recovery enablers and examine their usage within mental health service provision,
To describe the benefits and challenges of using these enablers for family member's individual recovery, and
To identify gaps in evidence that may support future study and focus on family recovery enablers within mental health service provision.
A scoping review will be conducted to identify the breadth of literature available into family recovery enablers. The review will be compliant with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) standard reporting guidelines which are specifically adapted for use within scoping reviews.29 Additionally, the review will use Arksey and O'Malley's30 framework for conducting scoping reviews. This framework encapsulates five phases including: (1) identifying the research question, (2) identifying relevant studies, (3) study selection, (4) charting the data and (5) collating, summarising and reporting of the results.30 This protocol was registered with OSF Registries on 29 October 2021 and is freely available from their website.
Stage 1: identifying the research question
The purpose of a scoping review is to examine the breadth of literature available for a given concept/phenomena. As such, the research question that is developed by the reviewers should also be broad in nature.29 This supports the reviewers to scope the breadth of literature available without going into analytical depth, like that observed in systematic reviews. As such, the following research question will be explored: To examine the existing knowledge base for enablers of family recovery within existing national and international literature.
Stage 2: identifying relevant studies
The following search will be undertaken to explore the peer-reviewed literature into family recovery enablers. The search will be undertaken using the following databases: CINAHL, JSTOR, Ovid SP, PsycINFO, PubMed, RCNi, Science Direct, Web of Science and Wiley Online Library. Repositories like Google, Google Scholar and ResearchGate will also be examined for suitable papers for inclusion within the proposed scoping review. Additionally, a reference search will also be conducted. This reference search will also support stage four of the applied framework.
Stage 3: study selection
Throughout all databases and repositories examined, the search will consist of the following search terms:
'family' OR 'supporter' OR 'spouse' OR 'partner' OR 'significant other' OR 'caregiver' OR 'relative' OR 'sibling' OR 'parent'
'adult'
'mental' OR 'psychiatric' OR 'mental illness' OR 'psychiatric disorder' OR 'mental ill health'
'facilitate' OR 'help' OR 'aid' OR 'guide' OR 'coach' OR 'support'
'recovery' OR 'wellbeing' OR 'self-care' OR 'burden' OR 'quality of life'.
As per the inclusion/exclusion criteria, a time limit of papers published in the past 10 years will be applied to the search for the proposed scoping review. Any paper published after 31 December 2022 will not be included in this scoping review. Similarly, any document older than 1 January 2012 will also not be included in the proposed scoping review. For round one screening (title of papers), breaking down the question into its minute parts, as demonstrated in study selection will suffice. However, as the search develops, further criterion will be necessary to support the reviewer in only including studies relating to the research question. Such criteria is demonstrated through the below inclusion/exclusion criteria (table 1).
Inclusion/exclusion criteria
As part of the reporting process, the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist will be used29 (see online supplemental appendix A). To further support transparency and the reproducibility of this proposed review, a flow diagram (figure 1) will be used to visually demonstrate the study selection process.
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis 2020 flow diagram for updated systematic reviews which included searches of databases and registers only. *Consider, if feasible to do so, reporting the number of records identified from each database or register searched (rather than the total number across all databases/registers). **If automation tools were used, indicate how many records were excluded by a human and how many were excluded by automation tools.33
Retrieval of papers for this proposed scoping review is expected to commence on 1 January 2023. The final included studies will be narrowed down using the documented search strategy by 15 February 2023.
Stage 4: charting the data
In following the aim of this proposed scoping review and to support its presentation, relevant information from each study will be extracted and presented in a suitable format. The information will be captured electronically using stated headings. This process is planned to take up the second half of February and the first few days of March (15 February 2023 to 10 March 2023) to complete and will extract the following information:
Year of publication.
Country where study was conducted or the affiliation of the first author.
Format of Paper—dissertation, study, review, policy or report.
Aim of study.
Study design—qualitative, quantitative or mixed method.
Methodological orientation—if known.
Theoretical framework used—if known.
Sample and sample size.
Family enabler examined.
Definition of family enabler—if given.
How the family enabler is practiced within services.
Benefits of family enabler.
Challenges to family enabler.
Strengths of study from the author(s of included papers.
Limitations of study from the author(s) of included papers
Recommendations for future research/practice from the author(s) of included papers.
To further support its presentation, a visual graph will be created using connectedpapers.com. This process will involve the identification of lead papers which will be identified through included papers reference lists and bibliographies.
Stage 5: collating, summarising and reporting the results
To support the reporting of results, Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis will be used.31 Due to the scoping nature of this review, no in-depth data analysis will be undertaken.30 Instead, the review narrative will result from the thematic analysis of the literature without examining issues of study rigour and quality. The results presented here will relate back to the research question developed during stage 1 of Arksey and O'Malley's framework. Gaps within the literature will also be captured and documented. The results of this scoping review are expected to be written up and submitted in April 2023.
As this paper describes a protocol for a scoping review, ethical approval was not required. Information relating to the review will be stored with OSF Registries where it will be freely available. The results of this proposed scoping review will be distributed through a peer-reviewed publication.
This scoping review protocol and the subsequent review itself has used public and patient involvement at all stages of the design and/or write up of both papers. The results will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed publication.
This proposed scoping review aims to explore the breadth of national and international literature relating to enablers of family recovery. The review will answer the following research question: what evidence exists on the enablers of family recovery in existing national and international literature? The review is being conducted to support the reviewers in identifying gaps within the literature that can be addressed in a larger project examining family recovery in mental health. As with any review, there are several limitations to carrying out the proposed scoping review. First, as scoping reviews explore the breadth of a given topic, not its depth, the reviewers cannot comment on the quality of any study included in the review. In addition, based on a previous systematic review carried out by two of the reviewers,12 it is acknowledged that there is a limited evidence-base generated on the topic of family recovery in an overall context. This may limit the breadth of literature included in the proposed scoping review. However, this may also be a strength of the proposed scoping review in that it may assist with pointing towards the need for further research on the topic of family recovery in mental health globally. Additionally, although this proposed scoping review aims to be as inclusive as possible, It is impossible to gather every piece of literature that should be gathered as part of the screening process.32 As such, this could be a potential limitation as to limit this as much as possible requires experienced reviewers with the support of a librarian to adequately search both the peer reviewed and grey literature base into the subject matter. Finally, in the inclusion/exclusion criteria, this protocol suggests that the reviewers will only include articles from the past 10 years. This may be problematic as this may limit the quantity of papers gathered. This could cause particular concern since the recovery concept was only conceptualised in the 1990s by William Anthony.11 28 As such, papers discussing family recovery that are over 10 years old at the time of the search will be excluded. This could lead to the exclusion of seminal articles in the field, thereby limiting the intended impact of the proposed scoping review itself.
The reviewers would like to thank their affiliations for allowing them the platform to influence the evidence base into family recovery within a mental health context.
Le Boutillier C,
Leamy M,
Bird VJ, et al
. What does recovery mean in practice? A qualitative analysis of international recovery-oriented practice guidance. Psychiatr Serv 2011;62:1470–6.doi:10.1176/appi.ps.001312011pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22193795
National mental health policy framework and strategic plan, 2013–2020. Available: https://health-e.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/National-Mental-Health-Policy-Framework-and-Strategic-Plan-2013-2020.pdf [Accessed 29 October 2021].
New pathways, new hope: national mental health policy of India. Available: http://mohfw.gov.in/WriteReadData/l892s/34711242651412939786.pdf [Accessed 29 October 2021].
Cleary A,
Dowling M
. Knowledge and attitudes of mental health professionals in Ireland to the concept of recovery in mental health: a questionnaire survey. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2009;16:539–45.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2009.01411.xpmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19594676
Repper J,
Carter T
. A review of the literature on peer support in mental health services. J Ment Health 2011;20:392–411.doi:10.3109/09638237.2011.583947pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21770786
Shalaby RAH,
Agyapong VIO
. Peer support in mental health: literature review. JMIR Ment Health 2020;7:e15572.doi:10.2196/15572pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32357127
Slade M,
Longden E
. Empirical evidence about recovery and mental health. BMC Psychiatry 2015;15:285.doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0678-4pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26573691
Torrey WC,
Rapp CA,
Van Tosh L, et al
. Recovery principles and evidence-based practice: essential ingredients of service improvement. Community Ment Health J 2005;41:91–100.doi:10.1007/s10597-005-2608-2pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15932056
The effectiveness of service User-Run or service User-Led mental health services for people with mental illness: a systematic literature reviewhttps://thehub.swa.govt.nz/assets/Uploads/The-effectiveness-of-service-user-run-or-service-user-les-mental-health-services-for-people-with-mental-illness.pdf [Accessed 29 October 2021].
Greenfield TK,
Stoneking BC,
Humphreys K, et al
. A randomized trial of a mental health consumer-managed alternative to civil commitment for acute psychiatric crisis. Am J Community Psychol 2008;42:135–44.doi:10.1007/s10464-008-9180-1pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18626766
Anthony WA
. Recovery from mental illness: the guiding vision of the mental health service system in the 1990s. Psychosoc Rehabil J 1993;16:11–23.doi:10.1037/h0095655
Norton MJ,
Cuskelly K
. Family recovery interventions with families of mental health service users: a systematic review of the literature. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021;18:7858.doi:10.3390/ijerph18157858pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34360150
Wyder M,
Barratt J,
Jonas R
. Relational recovery for mental health carers and family: relationships, complexity and possibilities. The British Journal of Social Work 2021:bcab149.doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcab149
Family recovery guidance document. Available: https://www.hse.ie/eng/services/list/4/mental-health-services/advancingrecoveryireland/national-framework-for-recovery-in-mental-health/family-recovery-guidance-document-2018-to-2020.pdf [Accessed 29 October 2021].
Family recovery guidance document 2018-2020. Available: https://www.hse.ie/eng/services/list/4/mental-health-services/advancingrecoveryireland/national-framework-for-recovery-in-mental-health/family-recovery-guidance-document-2018-to-2020.pdf [Accessed 15 October 2022].
Family recovery. Available: https://www.mentalhealthireland.ie/wearefamily/ [Accessed 15 October 2022].
A vision for change. Available: https://www.hse.ie/eng/services/publications/mentalhealth/mental-health-a-vision-for-change.pdf [Accessed 29 October 2021].
National carers strategy: recognised, supported, Empowered. Available: https://assets.gov.ie/10945/d62cf66f0a8f442bb594bbe0b48ef6ad.pdf [Accessed 29 October 2021].
Sharing the vision: a mental health policy for everyone. Available: https://www.gov.ie/en/publication/2e46f-sharing-the-vision-a-mental-health-policy-for-everyone/ [Accessed 7 July 2022].
Martin RM,
Ridley SC,
Gillieatt SJ
. Family inclusion in mental health services: reality or rhetoric? Int J Soc Psychiatry 2017;63:480–7.doi:10.1177/0020764017716695pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28653545
Waller S,
Reupert A,
Ward B, et al
. Family-focused recovery: perspectives from individuals with a mental illness. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2019;28:247–55.doi:10.1111/inm.12528pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30142231
Ward B,
McCormick F, et al
. Family-focused practice within a recovery framework: practitioners' qualitative perspectives. BMC Health Serv Res 2017;17:234.doi:10.1186/s12913-017-2146-ypmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28340614
Children of parents with a mental illness: perspectives on need. Available: www.auseinet.com/journal/vol4iss2/maybery.pdf [Accessed 29 October 2021].
Foster K,
Maybery D,
Reupert A, et al
. Family-focused practice in mental health care: an integrative review. Child & Youth Services 2015.
Courey L,
Hyndman D,
Sheasgreen C, et al
. What we know - and want to know - about Family Connections: a review from the perspective of lived experience. Curr Opin Psychol 2021;37:44–8.doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.07.029pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32829003
Mental health engagement and recovery. Available: https://www.hse.ie/eng/services/list/4/mental-health-services/mental-health-engagement-and-recovery/
National framework for recovery in mental health. Available: https://www.hse.ie/eng/services/list/4/mental-health-services/mental-health-engagement-and-recovery/national-framework-for-recovery-in-mental-health/ [Accessed 7 July 2022].
Norton MJ
. Coproduction and mental health service provision: a protocol for a scoping review. BMJ Open 2022;12:e058428.doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058428pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35589357
Arksey H,
O'Malley L
. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol 2005;8:19–32.doi:10.1080/1364557032000119616
Braun V,
Clarke V
. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol 2006;3:77–101.doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Pham MT,
Rajić A,
Greig JD, et al
. A scoping review of scoping reviews: advancing the approach and enhancing the consistency. Res Synth Methods 2014;5:371–85.doi:10.1002/jrsm.1123pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26052958
Page MJ,
McKenzie JE,
Bossuyt PM, et al
. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 2021;372.doi:10.1136/bmj.n71
Twitter @cuskellk, @MichaelJohnNor1
Contributors The authors (KC, MJN and GD) conceptualised and designed the scoping review. KC and GD were responsible for the write up of the introduction and discussion of this paper. MJN was responsible for the write up of the methodology of the paper. All reviewers were responsible for writing the abstract and reviewing the entire paper prior to submission.


text:
"""
Created on Wed May  4 10:36:04 2016

@author: shuang
"""

import struct
import binascii
import ctypes
import time
import socketLink

debug=True
# basic parameters: m1=[10,120],m2=[50,120],m3=[0,175],m4=[0,175],m5=[0,175].m6=[30,90]
MAX_LEN=6
RESET_INS=[90,130,160,140,80,60]
LAST_INS=[90,130,160,140,80,60]

class PackIns(object):
    """
    Function:transfer 6 degrees to 32bites instruction data packet.
    One Instruction have 4*6=24 bytes
    every 4 bytes have 32 bites: 0x002_(select:0~5) _ _ _ _(shift degree)

    """
    def __init__(self,ins,maxlen):
        self.ins=ins
        self.maxlen=maxlen
        self.intData=[self.degreeToInt(90)]*maxlen
        self.insToIntData()
        self.dataPacket=['0000']*maxlen

    def degreeToInt(self,degree=90):
        d=65536*(0.1*degree/180+0.025)
        return int(d)

    def updateIns(self,ins):
        self.ins=ins
        return True

    def updateIntData(self, slt, step=36,ifAdd=True):
        try:
            if 0<=slt<6:
                if ifAdd:
                    self.intData[slt]+=step
                else:
                    self.intData[slt]-=step
            else:
                raise ValueError('slt should be integer from 0 to 5')
        except ValueError as e:
            print e
            return False
        return True

    def updateIntData_zero(self,intD=[0,0,0,0,0,0]):
        try:
            if len(intD)==MAX_LEN:
                self.intData=intD
            else:
                raise ValueError('length of input list should be 6')
        except ValueError as e:
            print e
            return False
        return True

    def insToIntData(self):
        for i in range(self.maxlen):
            self.intData[i]=self.degreeToInt(self.ins[i])
        return True

    def pack(self):
        s=struct.Struct('!2H')
        prebuffer=ctypes.create_string_buffer(s.size)
        print 'Before :',binascii.hexlify(prebuffer)
        for i in range(self.maxlen):
            contrlBite=int('0020',16)+i
            value=(contrlBite,self.intData[i])
            s.pack_into(prebuffer,0,*value)
            print 'After pack:',binascii.hexlify(prebuffer)
            self.dataPacket[i]=prebuffer[0]+prebuffer[1]+prebuffer[2]+prebuffer[3]
        return True

    def getIns(self):
        """
        return ins, not a new object.
        """
        return self.ins

    def getIntData(self):
        return self.intData

    def getDataPacket(self):
        Sdata=''
        for j in self.dataPacket:
            Sdata=Sdata+j
        return Sdata

class Instructions(object):
    """
    Function:(degree1 to degree6) control AI
    """
    def __init__(self,addr='127.0.0.1',port=8001):
        self.addr=addr
        self.port=port
        self.link=socketLink.SocketLink(self.addr,self.port)
        self.resetIns=RESET_INS
        self.lastIns=LAST_INS

    def getLastIns(self):
        """
        return a new list equal to LastIns.
        """
        value=[0,0,0,0,0,0]
        for i in range(6):
            value[i]=self.lastIns[i]
        return value

    def updateRstIns(self,ins):
        self.resetIns=ins
        return True

    def connectAI(self):
        self.link.connect()

    def send(self,ins=[90,130,160,140,80,90],step=36):
        packet=PackIns(self.lastIns,MAX_LEN)
        for i in range(len(ins)):
            ifAdd=True if ins[i]>self.lastIns[i] else False
            while True:
                if ifAdd and packet.getIntData()[i]<packet.degreeToInt(ins[i]):
                    packet.updateIntData(i,step,ifAdd)
                    ifExit=False
                elif ifAdd==False and packet.getIntData()[i]>packet.degreeToInt(ins[i]):
                    packet.updateIntData(i,step,ifAdd)
                    ifExit=False
                else:
                    self.lastIns[i]=ins[i]
                    packet.updateIns(self.lastIns)
                    packet.insToIntData()
                    ifExit=True
                packet.pack()
                Sdata=packet.getDataPacket()
                self.link.sendInstru(Sdata)
                if ifExit:
                    break
                time.sleep(0.1)
        print 'last:',self.lastIns
        print 'reset:',self.resetIns
        return True

    def reset(self):
        self.send(self.resetIns)
        return True

#    def halt(self): #no use
#        packet=PackIns(self.lastIns,6)
#        packet.updateIntData_zero()
#        packet.pack()
#        Sdata=packet.getDataPacket()
#        self.link.sendInstru(Sdata)
#        return True

    def close(self):
        self.reset()
#        self.halt()
        self.link.close()
        print 'close socket'
        return True

def test():
    if debug:
        ins=Instructions('192.168.2.3',1024)
        #ins=Instructions()
        ins.connectAI()
        ins.send([90,90,170,170,80,90])
        ins.close()
        print 'test ok'

def test2():
    if debug:
        #ins=Instructions()
        ins=Instructions('192.168.2.3',1024)
        ins.connectAI()
        degree=ins.getLastIns()
        ins.send(degree)
        while True:
            print degree
            slt=input('select machine(1-6):')
            data=input('control degree(0-175):')
            try:
                if type(slt)==int and 0<slt<7 and 0<data<175:
                    degree[slt-1]=int(data)
                    ins.send(degree)
                else:
                    raise ValueError('slt should be integer from 1-6,and data should be integer from 0-175')
            except ValueError as e:
                print e
                break
        ins.close()
        print 'test ok'

if __name__=='__main__':
    #test()
    test2()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Update Sencha Architect project from Sencha Touch 2.2 to 2.3 How can I update Sencha Architect project from Sencha Touch 2.2 to 2.3?
 I have Architect 3.0 installed.

A: The current beta build doesn't offer this yet.

A: You should be able to do this now by right clicking the library in the inspector and choosing from the context menu.  I think there is also an option in the top menu as well.  hint: the library is toward of the bottom in the resources section.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
One to forget
Vegas squandered a three-goal lead to fall in New Jersey, 5-4, in overtime.
By Dalton Mack@dalton_mack Dec 15, 2018, 12:12am EST
Share All sharing options for: One to forget
Photo by Al Bello/Getty Images
NEWARK, N.J. — "They smelled blood."
William Karlsson was frustrated, yet matter-of-fact, in describing one of his team's most devastating collapses, one that saw the Vegas Golden Knights give up four unanswered goals en route to a 5-4 overtime defeat.
"After we scored the third one, we kind of stopped playing," said Karlsson, whose two goals moved him into a team lead with 13. "We let them play today, and it's not how we should have been."
Head coach Gerard Gallant was not pleased by his team's effort. Said Gallant: "We played a real good first 10 minutes of the game. That was it."
He's not wrong. Following the game's first 10 minutes, the Golden Knights were outshot 37-15, and outscored 5-1.
"When we got up 3-0, the boys thought it was over," Gallant said. "It sure looked like that; we just stopped skating."
Whether it was low energy, one too many power plays allowed, or a strong New Jersey Devils effort, the Golden Knights simply did not play well enough in front of their netminder.
Marc-Andre Fleury was thwarted in his quest to tie Hall of Famer Tony Esposito (423 W) for ninth-place on the all-time wins leaderboard after allowing five goals on 42 shots.
"When you let a team have so many Grade-A chances and you hang your goalie out to dry like that, it's not gonna happen," said second-year winger Alex Tuch, whose first period wraparound goal seemed to energize the Knights in the early going.
Tuch was one of the game's stronger performers, and his new-look line with Oscar Lindberg and Paul Stastny, had the best shot share (45% at 5v5) on the team. Still, one line does not win a game on its own, and even they had some of their own struggles, allowing a pair of high-danger chances.
"Our game is transition, and turnovers don't happen by one guy forechecking—it happens with all five guys forechecking, and we didn't do that consistently," Tuch said. "We sat back and let them dictate the pace of play."
Sitting back appeared the prevailing theme in this contest, and it is now two games in a row in which the Golden Knights have not seemed to skate awfully hard, opting to play an uncharacteristically low-tempo game.
The Golden Knights will look to claim five of a possible six points on their Big Apple swing, when they take on the New York Rangers on Sunday morning (9:30am PT).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This wood carving course will be taught by Roy James Martin, who has been carving wood for over 30 years. He is a professional wood carver, working on commissions and projects including traditional furniture, modern sculptures, and everything in between. He has also worked on restoration projects, logo carving, and carving lettering.
This weekend course is a great introduction to wood carving, whether you enjoy woodworking as a hobby or are a professional maker looking to add to your knowledge and skills.


Our Abpromise guarantee covers the use of ab49061 in the following tested applications.
WB Use a concentration of 1.25 µg/ml. Detects a band of approximately 78 kDa (predicted molecular weight: 86 kDa).Can be blocked with Human SATB1 peptide (ab111669). Good results were obtained when blocked with 5% non-fat dry milk in 0.05% PBS-T.
Crucial silencing factor contributing to the initiation of X inactivation mediated by Xist RNA that occurs during embryogenesis and in lymphoma (By similarity). Binds to DNA at special AT-rich sequences, the consensus SATB1-binding sequence (CSBS), at nuclear matrix- or scaffold-associated regions. Thought to recognize the sugar-phosphate structure of double-stranded DNA. Transcriptional repressor controlling nuclear and viral gene expression in a phosphorylated and acetylated status-dependent manner, by binding to matrix attachment regions (MARs) of DNA and inducing a local chromatin-loop remodeling. Acts as a docking site for several chromatin remodeling enzymes (e.g. PML at the MHC-I locus) and also by recruiting corepressors (HDACs) or coactivators (HATs) directly to promoters and enhancers. Modulates genes that are essential in the maturation of the immune T-cell CD8SP from thymocytes. Required for the switching of fetal globin species, and beta- and gamma-globin genes regulation during erythroid differentiation. Plays a role in chromatin organization and nuclear architecture during apoptosis. Interacts with the unique region (UR) of cytomegalovirus (CMV). Alu-like motifs and SATB1-binding sites provide a unique chromatin context which seems preferentially targeted by the HIV-1 integration machinery. Moreover, HIV-1 Tat may overcome SATB1-mediated repression of IL2 and IL2RA (interleukin) in T-cells by binding to the same domain than HDAC1. Delineates specific epigenetic modifications at target gene loci, directly upregulating metastasis-associated genes while downregulating tumor-suppressor genes. Reprograms chromatin organization and the transcription profiles of breast tumors to promote growth and metastasis.
Sumoylated. Sumoylation promotes cleavage by caspases.
Phosphorylated by PKC. Acetylated by PCAF. Phosphorylated form interacts with HDAC1, but unphosphorylated form interacts with PCAF. DNA binding properties are activated by phosphorylation and inactivated by acetylation. In opposition, gene expression is down-regulated by phosphorylation but up-regulated by acetylation.
Cleaved at Asp-254 by caspase-3 and caspase-6 during T-cell apoptosis in thymus and during B-cell stimulation. The cleaved forms can not dimerize and lose transcription regulation function because of impaired DNA and chromatin association.
Nucleus matrix. Nucleus > PML body. Organized into a cage-like network anchoring loops of heterochromatin and tethering specialized DNA sequences. When sumoylated, localized in promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies.
Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence - Anti-SATB1 antibody (ab49061)Image courtesy of an anonymous Abreview.
ab49061 staining SATB1 in HEK 293T cells by Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence.
Cells were fixed with formaldehyde, permeabilized using 0.1 % Triton X-100 for 5 minutes, blocked with 2% BSA for 1 hour at 25°C and then incubated with ab49061 at a 1/100 dilution for 3 hours at 25°C. The secondary used was an Oregon Green 488 conjugated goat anti-rabbit polyclonal used at a 1/200 dilution.
Estrogen Related Receptor gamma was immunoprecipitated using 0.5mg Jurkat whole cell extract, 5µg of Rabbit polyclonal to Estrogen Related Receptor gamma and 50µl of protein G magnetic beads (+). No antibody was added to the control (-).
The antibody was incubated under agitation with Protein G beads for 10min, lysate diluted in RIPA buffer was added to each sample and incubated for a further 10min under agitation.
Proteins were eluted by addition of 40µl SDS loading buffer and incubated for 10min at 70oC; 10µl of each sample was separated on a SDS PAGE gel, transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane, blocked with 5% BSA and probed with ab49061.
Publishing research using ab49061? Please let us know so that we can cite the reference in this datasheet.
Could you please let me know if the lysate was from activated Jurkat cells? Or could I ask you to provide us with some lysate to test the Ab?
And we could also provide you with the immunizing peptide to block the antibody and assess the multiple bands observed. Typical turnaround time for synthesizing and delivering the peptide is 3-4 weeks.
I hope this helps. Please let me know how you would like to proceed.
which band to consider as SATB1 as all differ from the suggested 78kDA.
WB. I have used Thymus extract previously and compared it to ESCs.
I am sorry to hear you have had difficulty obtaining satisfactory results from this antibody.
I would encourage you trying this lysate as positive control if available. However, if you still experience problems using this antibody in WB, please do not hesitate to contact us back.
We will happily offer technical support and in the event that a product is not functioning in the applications cited on the product data sheet (and the problem has been reported within 6 months of purchase), and if it appears that the antibody is at fault, a replacement/credit note/refund will be offered.
I hope this was helpful. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you need any more advice or information.
My colleague and I order anti-SATB1antibody from your company. We are confused about the dilution of it(ab49061) on IHC-P. Please reply as soon as possible!Thank you!
Thank you for contacting us. We added IHC -P to the datasheet based on a reference that used the antibody for this application: Agrelo Ret al. SATB1 defines the developmental context for gene silencing by Xist in lymphoma and embryonic cells. Dev Cell 16:507-16 (2009). (PubMed: 19386260) Unfortunately, the paper does not include the protocol or dilution. I recommend testing the antibody at a dilution of 1/100 (10 ug/ml). This is assuming you use a standard secondary antibody directly conjugated to HRP or AP for detection. If you use a detection reagent that amplifies signal, for instance a polymer or avidin/biotin complex (ABC), then you may find that you can obtain a good signal at a lower dilution, for example 1/500, with less background staining. I hope this is helpful. If you are having difficulty obtaining a good specific stain for SATB1, please reply and include some details of your samples and protocol in your reply.


text:
Andrea Contarini (* 1300/1302 in Venedig; † 5. Juni 1382 ebenda) war nach der Zählung der staatlich gesteuerten Geschichtsschreibung der Republik Venedig ihr 60. Doge. Er regierte vom 27. Januar 1368, dem Zeitpunkt seines feierlichen Einzuges in Venedig, bis zu seinem Tod knapp vierzehn Jahre lang.

Contarini beendete, nachdem er als Richter Marino Falier mit verurteilt hatte, den Aufstand der Stadt Triest – das von 1382 bis 1918 österreichisch blieb – und der Einwohner von Candia (heute Iraklio) und schloss einen Frieden mit dem Herzogtum Österreich.

Aus einer Fehde mit Franz von Carrara, dem Herrn von Padua, hatte sich ein Krieg mit Genua entsponnen, gewöhnlich der Chioggia-Krieg genannt. Dieser nahm eine höchst ungünstige Wendung, bis Contarini selbst den Oberbefehl übernahm und 1380 Chioggia zur Kapitulation zwang. So kam mit Genua 1381 ein Frieden zustande. Dieser beendete eine sich über fast eineinhalb Jahrhunderte erstreckende Kette von vier Kriegen. Contarini war der erste Doge, dem von Staats wegen eine Leichenrede gehalten wurde.

Die heftigen Konflikte ereigneten sich vor dem Hintergrund einer schweren Versorgungs- und Finanzkrise, die durch die enormen Anspannungen zur Kriegsfinanzierung erst voll zur Entfaltung kam, und hinter der zugleich eine heftige Auseinandersetzung innerhalb des dominierenden städtischen Adels stand. Diese Konflikte konnten jedoch für einige Zeit gelöst werden.

Dabei schritt die zunehmende Entmachtung des Dogen, der schon lange kein Souverän mehr war, voran. Der Doge war eher, wie die meisten Adligen, inzwischen ein Amtsinhaber, mit dem Unterschied, dass er auf Lebenszeit gewählt wurde, und dass er in einer Reihe von zentralen Gremien mitentschied. Der Doge wurde zunehmend zur Verkörperung des Gemeinwesens.

Familie
Andrea Contarini war der zweite von acht Dogen aus der weitverzweigten Familie Contarini. Außer den Dogen ging eine große Anzahl von Prokuratoren aus der Familie hervor, aber auch Kardinäle, Patriarchen, Gelehrte und Flottenführer. Drei Frauen aus der Familie waren mit Dogen verheiratet: Elisabetta Contarini mit Francesco Dandolo, Contarina Contarini mit Nicolò Marcello und Cecilia Contarini mit Sebastiano Venier.

Andrea Contarinis Vater hieß Nicolò. Er gehörte zu dem Familienzweig der Contarini aus der Gemeinde San Paternian. Andreas Brüder hießen Tommaso, Marino, Almorò und Stefano. Letzterer tat sich als Galeerenkommandeur im Kampf gegen die Genuesen hervor.

Aus dem Testament, das Andrea Contarini auf seinem Sterbebett dem Notar und Großkanzler Rafaino de' Caresini diktierte, geht hervor, dass seine Frau Costanza Morosini zwei Jahre vor ihm gestorben war. Die Namen eines unehelichen Kindes namens Marino und von vier ehelichen Kindern sind überliefert, nämlich Paolo, Bertucci, Antonia (sie heiratete Tommaso Giustiniani) und Contarina (die Maffeo Gradenigo heiratete). Dem letzteren hatte der Doge bei Antritt seines Amtes die Verwaltung seines persönlichen Besitzes übertragen.

Aus dem Zensus des Jahres 1379 geht hervor, dass dieses Vermögen auf 14.000 Dukaten geschätzt wurde. Weitere 20.000 kamen ihm als Dogen zu, doch geriet er in finanzielle Schwierigkeiten durch den Krieg gegen Genua. So musste er im September die Freistellung von Abgaben erbitten.

Leben

Karriere

Legendenhafte Überlieferung, Prophezeiung
Über seine Jugend ist fast nichts bekannt, außer, dass er heimlich Frauenklöster besucht hat. In einer Art Vision erkannte er jedoch das Unrecht, in einem Traum sagte ihm Christus selbst angeblich die Dogenherrschaft voraus. Doch werde er ihm helfen, Venedig aus der schwersten Krise seit seiner Gründung zu führen. Eine ähnliche Legende schreibt diese Vorhersage einem Araber zu, dem Contarini in Syrien begegnet sei. Immerhin lässt sich daraus möglicherweise der Schluss ziehen, dass der spätere Doge sein Vermögen mit Handelsaktivitäten im östlichen Mittelmeer vergrößert hat.

Wie so oft in der venezianischen Geschichte dieser Zeit wird die Unsicherheit der Quellenlage noch dadurch verstärkt, dass sich die Vornamen in den großen Familien häuften, was zu Verwechslungen führen kann. So taucht in den Quellen ein anderer Andrea Contarini, auch er aus dem Nicolò-Zweig, aber aus Sant' Agostin auf, wohnhaft in Santi Apostoli.

Podestà von Pirano und Parenzo, Conte von Spalato, Berater des Dogen, Prokurator
Ohne diese politischen Ämter zeitlich genauer als in die Mitte des Jahrhunderts einordnen zu können, so war der spätere Doge wohl Podestà von Pirano und von Parenzo. Daneben taucht er in den Registern des Segretario alle voci auf, das jedoch nur die Zugehörigkeit zu bestimmten Ämtern notierte. Daraus geht hervor, dass er verschiedenen Ratsgremien, Ämtern und Regimenten angehörte, und dass ihm am 14. März 1350 der Titel eines Conte di Spalato zuerkannt wurde. Am 19. Januar 1351 wurde er Giudice dei Procuratori.

Ab dem 1. August 1351 war er Consigliere ducale, also Dogenberater. In dieser Stellung taucht er erneut von Ende 1358 bis in die ersten Monate des Folgejahres auf, dann wieder 1360. Am 3. Juni 1352 wurde er zum Procuratore di San Marco de citra gewählt. Er war damit vornehmlich für karitative Aufgaben zuständig, und für die Vollstreckung von Stiftungen und Testamenten, weniger für den Kirchenbau selbst.

Teilnahme am Prozess gegen Marino Falier (1355)
Eine wichtige Rolle erhielt Andrea Contarini während des Prozesses gegen den Dogen Marino Falier, der vom 15. bis zum 17. April 1355 stattfand. Der für Verschwörungen zuständige Rat der Zehn veranlasste die Gründung einer Zonta, einer zeitlich befristeten Kommission aus zwanzig ausgewählten Adligen. Unter diesen war, wenn auch ohne Stimmrecht, auch Contarini. Die Todesurteile dürften eine Ursache dafür gewesen sein, dass die Angehörigen dieser Zonta Waffen zu ihrer Verteidigung tragen durften, obwohl in Venedig das Tragen von Waffen verboten war. Andrea Contarini war einer von den beiden Savi, die über Art und Höhe der Kompensation für Vendrame "pellizer" zu entscheiden hatten, der zu denen gehörte, die die Verschwörer verraten hatten.

Diplomatische Aufgaben bei auswärtigen Potentaten (1356–1360)
Im Zusammenhang mit dem Krieg gegen Ungarn vor allem um Dalmatien ging er im August 1356, zusammen mit Michele Falier und dem Großkanzler Benintendi de' Ravegnani in das Lager vor den Mauern von Treviso. Der König von Ungarn belagerte diese Stadt, so dass der dortige Podestà, der zum Dogen gewählt worden war, nicht nach Venedig gelangen konnte. Doch weder akzeptierte der König die Vorschläge für einen Frieden, noch erlangte die Gesandtschaft den erhofften Geleitbrief für den frisch gewählten Dogen. Immerhin kam es zu einem kurzfristigen Waffenstillstand im November; dieselben Gesandten reisten an den Hof Ludwigs in Zagreb, wo sie nach dem 6. Januar ankamen. Zwar hielt Benintendi dort eine bedeutende Ansprache, von der lange angenommen wurde, sie stamme von Petrarca, doch erreichte auch diese Gesandtschaft nichts. Mit Beschluss vom 10. August 1357 unternahm man einen neuen Versuch, diesmal wieder in Treviso, doch die von Contarini geführte Gesandtschaft, zu der wieder der Großkanzler sowie Marco Giustinian gehörten, blieb ebenso erfolglos. Im Februar 1357 waren ungarische Emissäre nach Venedig gekommen, doch hatte Venedig die in seinen Augen maßlosen Forderungen des Königs abgelehnt.

Unsicherer ist die Überlieferung durch Caroldo über eine Mission in Ragusa, das sich 1357 von Venedig abwandte. Am 18. Februar 1358 kam es zu einem Friedensvertrag mit dem König von Ungarn. Venedig verlor zwar Dalmatien, konnte sich aber Treviso sichern. Da diese Stadt auf Reichsgebiet lag, suchte man eine rechtliche Absicherung bei Kaiser Karl IV. Andrea Contarini reiste an dessen Hof, konnte jedoch nichts erreichen. Erneut 1360 reiste Contarini an den ungarischen Hof, wieder mit Benintendi und Pietro Trevisan, die bereits 1358 in diplomatischem Auftrag nach Padua gereist waren. Francesco da Carrara hatte dort den Frieden gebrochen.

Neben all diesen Verhandlungen wurden Contarini weitere Aufgaben aufgetragen. So saß er in einer Reihe von Ausschüssen und beratenden Gremien, die dier Große Rat, der Senat oder das Collegio regelmäßig einrichteten. So saß er in einer Kommission, die sich Anfang 1356 mit dem Problemfeld Treviso befassen sollte. Contarini war einige Monate zuvor als Provveditore dort gewesen. Auch war er ab dem 6. August 1357 als einer der drei Capi, der Häupter, eines aus 25 Männern bestehenden Kollegiums bestellt. Sie gelangten am 25. November zu Beschlüssen. Nach der Rückkehr aus Ungarn im Februar 1357 verhandelte er mit den besagten ungarischen Emissären, oder einer Kommission, die zwischen Mai und Juni 1358 die Gesandtschaftsreisen nach Padua und Wien vorbereiteten.

Aufstand auf Kreta, Verurteilung durch Senat und Avvogadori (1363)
1363 wurde Andrea Contarini als Gesandter und Provveditore nach Candia geschickt, der Hauptstadt der Insel Kreta, die im Gefolge des Vierten Kreuzzugs an Venedig gelangt und von dort besiedelt wurde. Der dortige Aufstand der venezianischen Siedler sollte, so der Auftrag vom 12. September 1363 an die insgesamt fünf Adligen beinhaltete in erster Linie eine Aufforderung, sich zu unterwerfen. Doch den Gesandten erschien es unmöglich, einen Frieden zu erreichen. Die fünf Männer entschieden, gegen den Auftrag der Signoria, die Insel zu verlassen und nach Venedig zurückzukehren. In einem Prozess vor dem Senat und vor den Avvogadori di Comun wurde Contarini zur Zahlung von 200 Dukaten verurteilt. Auch wurde er von jedem Amt mit Bezug auf Candia ohne Befristung ausgeschlossen.

Weitere Tätigkeiten in Sondergremien
Seiner diplomatischen Tätigkeit tat dieses Urteil keinen Abbruch. Wieder saß er in Kommission, wie der Zonta von 20 Männern, die der Senat im Januar 1365 berief. Contarini erhielt am 23. Februar 1365 den Auftrag, an den päpstlichen Hof nach Avignon zu reisen; erneut am 14. Februar 1366.

Ähnlich wie 1356 und 1361 wurde er 1365 zum dritten Mal als einer der fünf Correttori alla promissione ducale bestellt. Diese erweiterten bei jeder Dogenwahl dessen Amtseid, der immer neue Beschränkungen der Macht des Dogen beschnitt.

Wahl zum Dogen (1368)
Schon 1361, bei der Wahl Lorenzo Celsis, war der Name Andrea Contarin als möglicher Kandidat aufgetaucht. In der Zeit um den Tod des Dogen Marco Corner am 13. Januar 1368 hielt sich Contarini auf einem Landgut in Gambarare bei Mira auf. Dort erhielt er die Nachricht, er wäre am Abend des 20. Januar 1368 zum Dogen gewählt worden, eine Entscheidung, die am nächsten Tag öffentlich gemacht worden sei. Eine Zeit lang versuchte Contarini noch, sich dem Amt zu entziehen, wobei er sogar Verbannung und Vermögensverlust riskierte. Schließlich wurde er am 27. Januar über Chioggia feierlich nach Venedig geleitet und dort empfangen.

Dogenamt

Wie Enrico Dandolo, so war auch Andrea Contarini bei seiner Wahl bereits in hohem Alter. Wie jener im Vierten Kreuzzug, so führte Contarini Venedig im vierten Krieg gegen Genua. Diese Einordnung als 'heroischer Doge', die etwa noch Andrea Da Mosto niederschrieb, überschätzt allerdings die Möglichkeiten, die ein Doge zu diesem Zeitpunkt noch hatte, um politisch oder militärisch hervorzutreten. Andererseits reizte Contarini die vorhandenen Möglichkeiten in zu dieser Zeit bereits ungewöhnlicher Weise aus.

Kämpfe um Triest und Padua, Ungarn
Angesichts der Veränderungen der venezianischen Verfassung, die sich über Jahrhunderte dahin orientierte, aus dem Dogen eher den obersten Amtsträger und die physische Repräsentation Venedigs zu machen, als einen Souverän, ist es praktisch nicht möglich, aus den Quellen herauszulesen, welchen Anteil der jeweilige Doge an den Entscheidungen Venedigs hatte. Dies gilt für die Rebellion der Kommune von Triest (1368–1369) ebenso wie für die Kämpfe mit Padua (1372), die wieder Ungarn auf den Plan riefen, und die im Friedenseid vor dem Dogen in Begleitung Francesco Petrarcas durch Francesco Novello endeten. Auch für den Krieg mit dem Herzog von Österreich gilt dies. Dem Dogen wird allerdings zugeschrieben, dass er das Verdienst hatte, den Krieg zu beenden. Ansonsten entwerfen die Geschichtsschreiber das Bild eines Mannes, der sich bis ins hohe Alter jeder kriegerischen Herausforderung stellte.

Krieg gegen Genua (1378–1381)
Dabei war der Chioggia-Krieg der Jahre 1378 bis 1381 der heftigste der vier Kriege, die die beiden Seemächte austrugen. Andrea Contarini setzte am 22. April 1378 Vettor Pisani in der Markuskirche als Oberkommandierenden der Flotte ein. Als Chioggia in die Hände der Genuesen fiel, verkündigte er die Gegenmaßnahmen, und auch in den folgenden Monaten äußerte er sich offenbar sehr persönlich. Dies galt etwa für die Versammlung aller waffenfähigen Männer in der Kirche zum Klang der Glocken, die neuerliche Einsetzung Pisanis als Flottenführer, der, vom Volk zurückgerufen, nach der Niederlage vor Pola im Gefängnis gesessen hatte. Und schließlich führte der Doge selbst in der Nacht vom 21. auf den 22. Dezember auf der ersten von 34 Galeeren die Flotte aus der Lagune heraus in den letzten Kampf mit den Genuesen, die die Lagune belagerten. Als der Doge am 23. April 1380 seinen Rücktritt anbot, lehnten dies die Dogenräte mit der Begründung ab, nur er könne die Auflösung der Armee aufhalten.

Diesen Mut und die Haltung feierten die Venezianer nach der Rückeroberung Chioggias und dem triumphalen Einzug in Venedig am 1. Juli. Der Einzug auf dem Bucintoro, dem venezianischen Staatsschiff, wurde von Paolo Veronese in einem der Gemälde im Saal des Großen Rates dargestellt, wo sich das Gemälde bis heute befindet. Der wohl erschöpfte Doge starb kaum ein Jahr später am 5. Juni 1382.

Interne Konflikte, Versorgungs- und Handelspolitik, Finanzpolitik

Dass sich die Amtszeit des Dogen nicht nur auf politischem und militärischem Gebiet als besonders schwierig darstellte, sondern auch auf der wirtschaftlichen Ebene, erwiesen schon die ersten Jahre. Die Jahre 1368 bis 1370 stellten eine Zeit dar, in der es äußerst schwierig war, die Bevölkerung mit Lebensmitteln zu versorgen. Doch danach scheint sich die Wirtschaftslage insgesamt gebessert zu haben. Die Bereitschaft wuchs, ausländisches Kapital und ausländische Händler nicht nur als Konkurrenz, sondern als notwendig zu begreifen. Die Versorgungspolitik veärndete sich radikal. Ab 1374 versuchte die Rogadia nicht, die Getreidekammer wieder an kommunale Geldmittel zu binden (wie bis 1350), oder sie einem Kreditmarkt auszuliefern, der privilegierte venezianische Spekulanten anzog (wie bis 1374), sondern ihr im Rahmen einer Kredit- und Depositenwirtschaft größere Unabhängigkeit zu verschaffen. Das war nur möglich, weil spätestens mit dem Scheitern der letzten Machtkämpfe um die protektionistische Ausrichtung der venezianischen Wirtschaftspolitik (1372/73) wieder ausländisches Kapital zur Verfügung stand. Damit konnten einerseits Depositendienste angeboten werden, gegen Verzinsung, andererseits zeigte der Zusammenbruch der Zancani-Bank im Jahr 1375, dass der Kreditmarkt noch nicht flexibel genug war.

Die Jahre 1373 und 1374 waren von der mediterranen Hungerkrise überschattet, ausgelöst von extremen Regenfällen. Dies brachte die Kommune finanziell in Bedrängnis. Um an dieser Stelle eingreifen zu können, wurde die Camera imprestitorum, die für die Anleihen zuständige Behörde, ebenso wie die Camera frumenti, die Getreidekammer, verstärkt der Aufsicht der Officiales super rationibus Comunis unterstellt, die die Abrechnungen prüfte.

Aber die Anleihekammer wurde Mitte 1376, nachdem es zu kriegerischen Auseinandersetzungen mit den Habsburgern um einige Orte im Friaul gekommen war, abermals angewiesen, hohe Anleihen von jeweils 3 % des Vermögens aufzunehmen. Die außenpolitische Lage, die sich im Laufe der späten 70er Jahre zuspitzte und schließlich in den Chioggia-Krieg mündete, erzwang nach wenigen Jahren neue Rückgriffe auf das auf Dauer untragbare System ständiger Zwangsanleihen. 1380, auf dem Tiefpunkt des Vertrauens in die kommunale Zahlungsfähigkeit, reichte die Zahl der Kreditgeber nicht mehr aus. Das System der Finanzierung durch Kredite brach endgültig zusammen.

Auf der Basis eines neuen Katasters erfasste man 1379 alle Anleihepflichtigen, von denen es nur gut 2000 gab. Deren Finanzkraft war längst überfordert. Nun griff man zu Abwertungen. Nachdem 1380 bereits der piccolo, die kleine Silbermünze für den alltäglichen Bedarf, drastisch abgewertet worden war (von 1:32 auf 1:43 im Verhältnis zum grosso), erreichte im Mai 1381 die Finanzkrise ihren Höhepunkt. Die Anleihescheine fielen auf 19 % ihres Ausgabekurses (die entsprechenden Quittungen waren, wie Bargeld, frei handelbar). Gleichzeitig stieg die Gesamtsumme der Anleihen zwischen 1377 und 1381 auf 107 % des Gesamtvermögens. Selbst unter der realistischen Annahme, dass das geschätzte Vermögen im Durchschnitt nur ein Viertel des tatsächlichen Gesamtwertes der Vermögen betrug, heißt dies, dass annähernd 30 % des Vermögens praktisch unverzinst und auf unabsehbare Zeit in der Staatskasse verschwanden. Die endgültig nicht mehr Zahlungsfähigen konnten statt Anleihen gegen Verzinsung zu erwerben, nun 40 % dieser Summe als Totalverlust überantworten. Konnten sie trotzdem nicht zahlen, so wurde  ihr mobiler und immobiler Besitz enteignet. Tatsächlich ging der Senat am 18. Mai 1381 davon aus, dass  mindestens ein Viertel des Vermögens der Stadt als verloren galt. In dieser Notlage wurden Salz- und Weizenpreis drastisch erhöht, doch "nihil de ipsa venditur", es wurde praktisch kein Weizen verkauft.

Grabmal
Contarini wurde im Kreuzgang der Kirche Santo Stefano begraben. Das Grabmonument aus Marmor befindet sich heute in der Nähe der dortigen Cappella Contarini.

Quellen
 Vittorio Lazzarini (Hrsg.): Daniele Chinazzo: Cronica dela guerra da Veniciani a Zenovesi, Venedig 1958, S. 69, 72, 86 (Chinazzo war Zeitzeuge, die Edition basiert auf einer 1439 entstandenen Kopie des Originals. Die Chronik wurde in Volgare verfasst, und zwar im Trevisaner Dialekt. Sie ist zugleich die detailreichste Chronik des Chioggia-Krieges.).

Literatur

 Francesca Cavazzana Romanelli: Contarini, Andrea, in: Dizionario biografico degli Italiani 28 (1983) 100–104.
 Samuele Romanin: Storia documentata di Venezia, Bd. 3, Pietro Naratovich, Venedig 1855, S. 236–310. (Digitalisat, S. 269, Chioggiakrieg)

Weblinks

 Münzen aus dem Dogat Andrea Contarinis, archive.org, 14. Mai 2014

Anmerkungen

Doge (Venedig)
Andrea
Herrscher (14. Jahrhundert)
Militärperson (Venedig)
Geboren im 14. Jahrhundert
Gestorben 1382
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Good news! Your cell phone (might) not give you cancer!
Good news, everyone! A study in Denmark has shown that whether you use a cell phone or not, you're equally as likely to develop cancer. Wait a minute, let's brighten that up so as not to depress our readership. A study in Denmark has shown that using a cell phone won't give you cancer!
The study, by the Danish Center for Cancer and Epidemiology, was conducted over the course of 18 years, using a group of 358,403 mobile phone users. It found 356 gliomas (a type of brain cancer) and 846 cancers of the central nervous system, which lands in the same incidence rate as those who didn't use mobile phones. Even in the group of super users (those with a mobile for 13+ years) the rate was no higher for cancer.
Despite this and other studies which have come to similar conclusions, the World Health Organization has categorized cell phones along with coffee in the category of items with which a link to cancer could neither be proved or disproved. So, we can rest a little easier knowing that it's looking less likely that cell phones will give us cancer, though it's still probably best to use a hands-free device when driving.
There's something wrong with your source link. There's an extra "space" and a "/" at the end of the url.
sorry about that. fixed. thanks!
Oh thank god, I was going to stop using my cell phone lol But seriously just about everything can give you cancer these days, However using your cell phone is not one of them.
So I don't get cancer if you put your cellphone on your front pants pocket. My balls are safe.
It won't, it will, it won't, it will, it won't, it will, it won't, it will, it won't, it will, it won't, it will, it won't, it will, it won't, it will, it won't, it will, it won't, it will, make up your mind people!
All the money that went into this 13+ years of research and this is what they came up with?! Having a cellphone for the past 13+ years and not developing a brain tumor; I could have came up with this conclusion for the research for free.
Actually it wont.. Dont you guys ever watch myth busters on the Discovery channel?? Sheeeesh! LOL!
Does this mean I can sleep with my phone now?
Oh it's weird! Don't you like girls?!
Friend's dad is a pretty respected neurosurgeon. Let's just say he tries to use the speakerphone as much as possible.
Damn near everything gives you cancer but as long as you're using phones that pass the FCC, you're pretty good.
I wanna ask, what doesn't give you cancer?


text:
Hrad Skryje (nebo též Hrádek) se nacházel ve východní části obce Skryje v okrese Brno-venkov.

V písemných pramenech se skryjské sídlo prokazatelně neobjevuje. Jediným známým šlechticem, který se psal po Skryjích, byl v roce 1358 Beneš, který tak mohl vlastnit tento hrádek. Po roce 1368 již byla vesnice součástí většího zboží, takže sídlo ve Skryjích asi brzo zaniklo. Je však možné, že existovalo až do poloviny 15. století, neboť k roku 1437 je knihách půhonných a nálezových zmiňován "hrádek", přičemž není zřejmé, zda se má jednat o samostatný objekt nebo hrad Košíkov.

Hrádek se nacházel na skalnaté ostrožně nad záhybem Bobrůvky. Od severního předpolí, kde stojí dodnes statek zvaný Na hrádku, možná nástupce staršího dvora, i od jižní opyše byl oddělen příkopem, z východní strany byl příkop vytvořen díky nasypání valu. Hradní jádro bez viditelných zbytků zdiva má tvar protáhlého oválu o rozměrem 38 × 15 m, ve 20. století na něm byla postavena kaple svatého Cyrila a Metoděje. Na protějším břehu Bobrůvky se nacházel hrad Rysov.

Reference

Externí odkazy
 Skryje na hrady.cz

Skryje (okres Brno-venkov)
Zaniklé hrady v okrese Brno-venkov
Hrady v Hornosvratecké vrchovině
Hrady založené ve 14. století


text:
Mysterious intact 500-year-old shipwreck found under Baltic Sea
By Richard Wood
12:46pm Jul 23, 2019
An intact and remarkably preserved shipwreck from the age of Columbus has been found at the bottom of the Baltic Sea.
The virtually pristine but unknown vessel dates back about 500 years and is "the best preserved shipwreck of its period to be discovered in recent times", said archaeologists from the UK's University of Southampton who were part of the expedition that discovered it.
Underwater robots detected the wreck at more than 120 metres deep about 200 kms southeast of Stockholm in Sweden, the Independent reported.
A photogrammetric model of the ship. (MMT). (Supplied)
Underwater footage showed nearly all of the ship was intact, with its masts standing tall and its two guns in their 'ready to fire' positions.
A small rowing boat used to ferry crew to and from the ship could also be seen on the main deck. Even parts of the rigging were still in their original place.
Earlier this year, the wreck was identified as having great archaeological significance by ocean survey specialists MMT after it was revealed by sonar in 2009.
"The ship is contemporary to the times of Christopher Columbus and Leonardo Da Vinci," said deep sea archaeological expert Dr. Rodrigo Pacheco-Ruiz.
'Ghost ship' with seven dead bodies washes ashore in Japan
Roman shipwreck 2000 years old discovered in Mediterranean
"It's almost like it sank yesterday – masts in place and hull intact," he said.
Maritime experts said the size of the vessel, the shape of its bow and design of the anchors are very similar to the design of two ships which were part of Columbus's expedition that discovered America in 1492.
A 16th-century painting of Columbus' ships Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria. (Supplied)
Dr Pacheco-Ruiz said the cold and salty waters of the Baltic Sea had helped preserve the ship so well.
Experts believe it was probably a small merchant vessel built in Sweden or Denmark in the early 1500s.
Damage to part of the ship's stern and the readiness of its guns suggest the 16-metre long vessel was sunk in a sea battle.
What happened to the crew is unknown. They could have been killed or captured by an attacking vessel or may have gone down with their ship.
Auto news: Old Datsun sells for $1.1 million, breaks auction records in Japan - caradvice.com.au


A mod aircraft called b55 bomber. Built with 105 of the finest parts, its root part is mk3Cockpit.Shuttle.
the b55 bomber is the new mother of all bomber. it has a huge bomb bay for complete destroying anything in your way and has the range to match it and it is equipt with 4 aim 120 amraam missiles and 3 Vulcan turrets covering the rear for long and short range defense. fly's best at 5500 meters above sea level.


text:
Home / Easter Ross Communities / Parish of Alness 2nd Statistical Account
Alness History
Ardross History
Parish of Alness History
PARISH OF ALNESS*
(PRESBYTERY OF DINGWALL, SYNOD OF ROSS)
The Second Statistical Account (1840)
The New (or Second) Statistical Account of Scotland built on the previous work carried out by Sir John Sinclair for the First Statistical Accounts by including the knowledge of local doctors and schoolmasters. The Second Statistical Accounts were published between 1834 and 1845.
By the THE REV. ALEXANDER FLYTER, MINISTER.
* Drawn up by James Flyter, A.M., Alness.
I. TOPOGRAPHY AND NATURAL HISTORY
Alness appears to be the only name which has, at any period, been given to this parish. It is compounded of two Gaelic words, auld signifying a burn or small river, and neas, a point.
Extent, Boundaries, &c. –
The extreme length of this parish from north to south, though from the mountainous and uncultivated character of a great part of it has not been exactly ascertained, may be stated at 20 miles. The breadth from east to west varies very considerably at different points, and may be considered as giving an average of 5 miles throughout the entire length. The parish of Alness is bounded on the north by imaginary lines dividing it from that of Kincardine; and on the south by the shores of the Cromarty Frith. On the east, it is divided from the parish off Rosskeen by the river of Alness; and on the west, from that of Kiltearn by the river Auldgrande.
Topographical Appearances –
The general appearance of the parish is pleasing, as it is well wooded , and presents to the eye an agreeable variety of moor and cultivated land. The lands lying in the southern extremity, and on the shores of the Cromarty Frith, are in general flat, and, with very little exception, cultivated. Towards the north, however, the character of the country is entirely changed, and becomes mountainous and barren. The hills, though some of them are of considerable height, do not occur in any continuous chain or group, but, like the generality of those in this county, present a scattered and straggling appearance. There is nothing very remarkable in the structure or composition of any of them; but one, having an elevation of about 1OOO feet above the level of the sea, may be conjectured, both from its name (Fyrish) and from its proximity to the shores of the Frith, to have been employed at some remote period as a station for beacon lights.*
* faire is Gaelic word for beacon or watch.
Climate –
The climate may be described as dry and salubrious. There are no diseases which can be said to be peculiar to, or even prevalent in, the parish; but, on the contrary, the inhabitants generally, and those of one of the highland districts in particular, are characterised by their health and longevity. It is evident also that the climate has undergone a considerable change for the better since the year 1793, when the former Statistical Account was written, for, since that period, the important operation of drainage, together with other improvements in agriculture which have been introduced, and the immense extent of moorland which has been planted, must have greatly modified the general state of the atmosphere.
Hydrography –
The only body of salt water connected with the district is the Cromarty Frith, which forms the southern boundary of this parish. The entire length of the Frith does not exceed twenty miles, and at that part which is contiguous to Alness its average breadth may be stated at two miles. So great, however, is the quantity of fresh water continually flowing in to it from the rivers and occasional mountain torrents that the character of the water as regards its saltness is greatly modified. The water is generally considered to decrease in strength proportion to its distance inland, and at this point it may be regarded as having lost one-half of its saltness, and is therefore, by experiment, only sixty-fourth part denser than common fresh water. The parish is well supplied with fresh water, in all the forms in which is found collected. Many springs are to be met with it the different districts, all of them supplying excellent water, and generally of a low temperature. There are none, however, in which the water has any peculiar mineral character, except one or two bearing a small quantity of lime in solution. In the northern districts there are two fresh-water lochs, each of them about three miles in length, with an average breadth of one mile. Neither of them is destitute of the ordinary beauties of highland scenery; but the more remarkable is the easterly one, which is called Muire or Mary, taking its name from a Roman Catholic place of worship, built in a romantic glen at one extremity of the loch, and the ruin of which still exist. This collection of water is of no great extent; yet, from its position, and the immense height of the rocky precipices which rise on either side, it affords an excellent specimen of what may be termed the sublime in mountain scenery. Another feature in its character, and one which is worthy of notice, is its great depth, which might be inferred as well from the immense height of the rocks on either side, as from the fact that even in the most severe and protracted frosts, its water has never been known to freeze farther than a few yards from the side. There is no river which can properly be said to belong to this parish, for though both the Alness and Auldgrande take their rise within its bounds, they rather bound than intersect it. The former originates in Loch Muire, which has been already noticed, and after flowing for about fifteen miles in a winding direction, falls into the Cromarty Frith. Though larger, it is not, however, so interesting or so worthy of remark as the Auldgrande, which, from the singular character of part of its channel, forms one of the most striking natural curiosities in the north. Issuing from a small but beautifully situated loch at the foot of Ben Wyvis, it flows for severa1 miles, gradually increasing in size, in consequence of the number of torrents, which pour themselves into it from the neighbouring hills. When within three miles of the sea, its banks on either side suddenly heighten and contract, and the waters becoming invisible, from the depth of the gulf, and the quantity of under-wood growing on its sides, their presence is discovered only by the hollow roaring within, resembling at times the noise of continued thunder. The whole length of the chasm is about a mile and a-half, but, so near do the sides approach each other, that boys have been known to cross on branches of trees, growing from the sides and stretching across the centre. There is no convenient way of crossing the chasm, except at one part where a wooden bridge has been thrown across. But even here, from the great depth and narrowness of the opening, an observer, though obtaining a view directly downwards, can scarcely discern the water, as it boils and hisses below. A stone of ordinary density, dropped from the bridge, strikes the surface of the water in three seconds, giving a depth of about 140 feet, which may be regarded as the average depth of the chasm unoccupied by water. The depth beneath the water is not so easily ascertained, and most probably varies considerably at different points in the length. On examining the course of the Auldgrande, two very interesting subjects of inquiry are naturally suggested: 1st, What are the causes which have operated in the production of a phenomenon so unusual? and 2d, What are those traditions, which, though now fast dying away, the superstitions character of the Highlanders cannot have failed to connect with a place of such a description? These questions, however, will more properly find a place under the respective heads of Geology and Antiquities.
Geology and Mineralogy –
In the researches of the geologist, the parish of Alness presents a field of inquiry neither very interesting nor instructive. The best geological section that can perhaps be obtained of the district, is that given by the course of the Alness, and from an examination of the rocks denuded by this stream, together with those which appear occasionally on the sides of the hill, it may be inferred that the parish rests entirely on the old red sandstone formation, leaning to the north, of gneiss, and some of the other primitive rocks of the Wernerian nomenclature. The sandstone strata, as laid bare by the Alness river, exhibit great uniformity in texture, composition, and external appearance; but they have yielded no traces of organic remains, either animal or vegetable, to any observations as yet made upon them. In ascending the stream, the strata are found to dip to the south east by east, at an angle varying from 12° to 20° till the observer arrives at a certain point, about two miles from the Frith, when they change their direction, and dip at much the same angle to the opposite point of the compass. Immediately beneath the sandstone occurs a bed of conglomerate, which also belongs to the old red sandstone formation. It is chiefly composed of rounded pebbles of quartzite or quartz rock, and sometimes of pure quartz. These rounded masses vary in size, from a small fraction of an inch to a foot in diameter, and are held together by an arenaceous cement. Notice has been taken in a former part of this account of the extraordinary chasm through which the Auldgrande flows for some distance. It is not, strictly speaking, within the parish of Alness, but, as it forms part of the western boundary to the parish, it appears worthy of notice, especially as it is interesting in a geological point of view. The chasm, as has already been stated, is up-wards of 140 feet in depth, and about a mile and a quarter in length, occurring in a thick bed of conglomerate, apparently of the old red sandstone period. In order to account for its formation, one of two opinions must be adopted. The water must either by continual action have worn down the channel to the present depth, or the fissure must be referred entirely to a fault in the rock, the chasm occasioned by the fault having either remained unoccupied, or been filled up with loose material, which could offer no great resistance to running water. The former supposition is rendered more probable, if we suppose that when the water first began to flow, the rock was softer than it now is. Each of the pebbles which form the conglomerate would then, when once set in motion, lend its aid by abrasion deepening the channel. The conclusion that such a process gave rise to the chasm, is therefore probable at first sight; but on a closer examination, it is not found consistent with observation on many streams which flow over exactly the same species of rock. On the contrary, where a stream flows over this species of conglomerate, which is very frequently the case in this district, the water seldom or never finds its way further than a few feet into the rock. From the circumstance that the rock in which the fissure has been made is a conglomerate, and not a regularly stratified mass, we are deprived of the additional conformation to the supposition of a fault, which might be derived from stria and other appearances usually observed on the sides of shifted strata. But the single fact of its great depth, taken in connection with what is observed in similar streams sufficiently warrants us to conclude that the chasm has not been owing to any abrasive process in the course of the stream, but must be referred to a pre-existing fault.
Ores –
About five miles from the Frith, and on the property of Finlay Munro of Lealdie an iron-ore has been discovered, which, from all appearances, may be of considerable extent. Previous to the writing of the former Statistical Account a specimen was sent to the Carron Company at their own desire, which was found to yield 75lbs iron per cwt. The rock in which the vein occurs is a gneiss and it is worthy of remark, as confirmatory an observation already made in geology, that the metallic vein is injected into the primary rock, at a point not many yards distant from its junction with the aqueous or sedimentary strata.
Boulders –
The only remaining feature which is in the least degree striking in the geology of this parish, is the frequent occurrence throughout its surface of immense boulders or erratic blocks of stone. In the more cultivated parts, these obstructions to the plough have for the most part been removed, by blasting or otherwise; but in the moorland districts, and studding the sides of the hills, they are seen in great numbers, and of various shapes and sizes. These rounded masses belong entirely to the primary class of rocks, being composed either of granite or gneiss, and as they must have been transported from a great distance to occupy their present locality, it becomes a problem of considerable interest to discover where they occurred in situ.
Zoology –
The animals to be found in this parish are all of the same species as those commonly to be met with throughout the country, and it is therefore unnecessary to notice them particularly. In the lower parts of the parish, hares, rabbits and partridges are to be met with in great abundance, and in the more hilly and uncultivated districts are found moorfowl or grouse, blackcock and roe. Foxes were very numerous some years ago, but they seem now to be totally extirpated. Of the rarer birds existing in this country, the eagle, pheasant, and ptarmigan are occasionally to be seen in this parish. The fish commonly taken in the Frith are of those kinds which live indifferently in fresh or salt water; the water in the Frith having, as has already been stated, not above one-half the strength of undiluted salt water. In the rivers and lochs, but principally in the latter, are to be found several species of black trout, which, in consequence perhaps of their not being regularly taken, frequently attain to an immense size. The salmon and salmon trout taken in the Frith and rivers are of a very superior quality, and would be very numerous, were it not for the poaching and fishing during close season, which for many years has prevailed to a great extent. It may here be remarked that the salmon-fishing along the shore of the Frith is uncommonly late, no fish being taken, in general, till the month of June. The salmon are supposed, by those having charge of the fishing, to go up the rivers to spawn during the month of September, and not to return again till the beginning of February.
Parish of Alness continue reading


My friends have been winning a lot of money playing poker games online in recent days. They have even considered giving up their daytime jobs. Can you actually make a living playing poker games online? Nothing is extremely assured, but it seems that a lot of players are doing it, and it is very possible.


text:
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Indiana Ethanol Facility Fined $9,600 for Clean Air Act Violations
- by Seth Slabaugh, November 11, 2014, The Star Press
[[{"type":"media","view_mode":"media_large","fid":"307","attributes":{"alt":"","class":"media-image","style":"width: 200px; height: 115px; margin: 3px 10px; float: left;","title":"Photo: randolph-county.org"}}]]Cardinal Ethanol has paid a $9,600 fine to settle a complaint that it violated its Clean Air Act operating permit.
The penalty is insignificant in light of the grassroots, investor-owned company's profitability — $26.4 million net income for the fiscal year ended Sept. 30, 2013.
President Jeff Painter said revenue and income data for fiscal year 2014 are not available because an independent audit has not been completed.
But according to Securities and Exchange Commission information, the company's net income for the third quarter of fiscal year 2014 totaled $29.4 million.
Until now, Cardinal Ethanol had been the only biofuels plant in East Central Indiana that had not paid a civil penalty for alleged air or water violations. Those violations usually occur during planned shutdowns for maintenance or start-ups.
"We paid the assessment in order to expedite this settlement," Painter said.
According to the Indiana Department of Environmental Management, the company did not take reasonable steps to restore an air pollution scrubber's operation to normal operation as soon as practical during planned shutdowns in 2011-13.
The complaint also accuses the company of failing to record visible emissions of bag house exhaust around Christmas time in 2012.
The plant produced 110 million gallons of ethanol; 314,321 tons of distillers grain used in cattle feed; and 26.5 million pounds of corn oil in fiscal year 2013.
Cardinal Ethanol needs about 39 million bushels of corn a year, or 107,000 bushels a day, to produce 110 million gallons of ethanol.
An ethanol plant is essentially a fermentation plant, Cardinal Ethanol says in its SEC reports. Ground corn and water are mixed with enzymes and yeast to produce a substance called "beer," which contains about 10 percent alcohol and 90 percent water. The beer is boiled to separate the water, resulting in ethyl alcohol.
While the fine was insignificant, the company says in its SEC reports that environmental regulations, which often require expensive pollution control equipment, can be expensive and reduce profitability.
"Carbon dioxide may be regulated in the future by the EPA as an air pollutant, causing us to obtain additional permits and install additional ... equipment," the company reported to investors.
Besides greenhouse gases, other air pollutants of concern emitted by ethanol plants include volatile organic compounds, acetaldehyde and particulate matter.
In 2010, IDEM issued Cardinal Ethanol an operating permit for air emissions that increased the plant's operating capacity and emission limits, including those for particulate matter. The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) appealed the issuance of that and other ethanol air permits, winning at the Indiana Court of Appeals level.
"IDEM has petitioned to transfer the matter to the Indiana Supreme Court and the parties are awaiting a decision on the petition," the company reported in August. " ... should NRDC's challenge of our permit ultimately be successful ... this would result in a decrease in our production of ethanol and distillers grains and could have a negative effect on our profitability."
However, Painter this week told The Star Press: "After the Indiana Supreme Court reversed a ruling in favor of NRDC on the same issue but involving different ethanol plants, NRDC voluntarily filed a motion to dismiss its administrative challenge to Cardinal's ... permit."
The POET Biorefining ethanol plant in the Madison County community of Alexandria has been fined more than $55,000 for alleged violations of its permit; the POET Biorefining plant in Portland has been fined $18,000; and the Central Indiana Ethanol Plant in Marion has been fined $22,500.
In addition, Central Indiana Ethanol now faces another fine for alleged violations including failure to operate a scrubber to control emissions of volatile organic compounds and hazardous air pollutants during a three-day shutdown this past May.
In 2008, soy bio-diesel producer E-Biofuels, Middletown, paid IDEM a penalty of $18,000 for discharges into sanitary sewers that interfered with operations of the town's wastewater treatment plant.
Last year, E-Biofuels was accused of buying low-grade fuel from elsewhere, shipping it to its Middletown plant, switching labels, marking up prices and selling the product as premium fuel to its customers. Federal officials says the company cheated investors and taxpayers out of more than $100 million.
The Louis Dreyfus soy bio-diesel plant in the Kosciusko County community of Claypool was fined $103,750 in 2009 over alleged start-up violations. The plant was fined another $7,750 last year.
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Concerns about the cozy ties between industry and health organizations are global.
Our dietitian colleagues in Spain (who, last year, created their own version of DFPI named "Dietetica Sin Patrocinadores," or "Dietetics Without Sponsors") have alerted us to a new report by Spanish non-profit VSF Global Food Justice.
Titled "Confide en Mí" ("Trust in Me") the report examines how food and beverage companies have embedded themselves into health organizations.


text:
La nitroaspirina o NCX-4016 è una molecola organica appartenente alla classe dei COX-inibitori a rilascio di monossido di azoto, composti ad azione antinfiammatoria affini ai FANS. La NCX-4016 non è l'unica nitroaspirina esistente e da un punto di vista strutturale non rappresenta la molecola "capostipite" della classe a cui appartiene, il nome di "nitroaspirina" attribuitogli deriva dal fatto che è stata la molecola oggetto di maggiore studio ed interesse della sottoclasse di appartenenza. Come tutte le nitroaspirine la NCX-4016 in vivo si decompone liberando monossido di azoto ad azione gastroprotettiva ed acido acetilsalicilico nella sua forma farmacologicamente attiva.

Note

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Antinfiammatori


In linguistics, elision or deletion is the omission of one or more sounds (such as a vowel, a consonant, or a whole syllable) in a word or phrase. Sometimes sounds are elided to make a word easier to pronounce. The word elision is frequently used in linguistic description of living languages, and deletion is often used in historical linguistics for a historical sound change.
In English as spoken by native speakers, elision comes naturally, and it is often described as "slurred" or "muted" sounds. Often, elision is deliberate. It is a common misconception that contractions automatically qualify as elided words, which comes from slack definitions: not all elided words are contractions and not all contractions are elided words (for example, 'going to' → 'gonna': an elision that is not a contraction; 'can not' → 'cannot': a contraction that is not an elision).
In French, elision is mandatory in certain contexts, as in the clause C'est la vie (elided from *Ce est la vie).
In Spanish, elision occurs less frequently but is common in certain dialects. It is never marked by an apostrophe in writing. Of particular interest is the word para, which becomes pa. Multiple words can be elided together, as in pa trabajar for para trabajar and pa delante or even pa lante for para adelante.
Elision is the omission of one or more sounds in a word or phrase. It is sometimes used to refer to the omission of information from a narrative.
Copy elision, a compiler optimization technique that eliminates unnecessary copying of objects.
In the analysis of 18th- and 19th-century Western music, an elision, overlap, or rather reinterpretation (Umdeutung), is the perception, after the fact, of a (metrically weak) cadential chord at the end of one phrase as the (metrically strong) initial chord of the next phrase. Two phrases may overlap, making the beginning and ending of both happen at the same moment in time, or both phrases and hypermeasures may overlap, making the last bar in the first hypermeasure and the first in the second. Charles Burkhart uses overlap and reinterpretation to distinguish between the overlap of phrases and of both phrase and measure-group, respectively.
Elise Johansen: What do we do now?


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In the meantime, click through the links below to learn more about Highgrove Dental Care and our commitment to you!
With over thirty years of experience, top Saint Paul, MN dentist Dr. O'Neill provides outstanding, reliable results in all aspects of general and cosmetic dentistry. From quality prevention to cosmetic full smile makeovers, he utilizes the latest developments and modern dentistry advances to make your outcome exceptional.
Dr. O'Neill seeks out and completes continuing education courses on the latest developments in technology and procedures, bringing those experiences back to his practice to benefit our patients' health and appearance.
We are committed to spending enough time with each of our patients to hear their concerns and goals for their smiles. That way, we can work toward providing you with the dentistry you want and treating you the way you deserve to be treated.
At Highgrove Dental Care, we offer full-service preventive and general dentistry in our Saint Paul, MN dental office.
On the preventive side, this includes professional teeth cleanings, regular dental exams, and periodic x-rays. These help stave off potential dental issues like cavities and periodontal disease.
Our comprehensive general dentistry includes fillings, root canals, and correcting issues that prevent you and your family from having healthy smiles. Tooth replacement options like modern dentures are also part of our general dentistry arsenal.
We realize that each patient has different needs when it comes to their oral health. We customize your treatment based on your goals and medical conditions so that you can experience optimum health and enjoy life to the fullest. We respect our patients' time and work with you to get the treatment you want when you need it.
For some patients, dental anxiety is very real. Millions of Americans experience some level of dental fear and avoid necessary treatment because it causes so much stress.
We offer sedation dentistry in Saint Paul, MN to help even the most anxious patients relax and receive the care they need to stay healthy and keep their smile comfortable. Oral sedation utilizes medication to help you relax. You will take the medication once you reach our office for your appointment. One of our compassionate and professional team members will stay with you throughout your procedure.
During your appointment, you will experience deep relaxation and your procedure will seem to go by quickly. Sedation is useful for patients with a strong gag reflex, who have difficulty getting numb, and who have extensive treatment to complete. It is also great for long appointments because time will seem to fly by and allow longer appointments to be more enjoyable.
Because of the sedative nature of the medication, you will need someone to drive you home from your appointment. You should avoid making big decisions, operating machinery, and working for the rest of the day. The next day, you will be able to resume your normal schedule.
At Highgrove Dental Care, we utilize the latest technologies to keep you comfortable and optimize outcomes.
Today's technologies not only make dentistry more relaxing, but they assist dentists in making the best diagnosis and creating just the right treatment plan for you!
We use leading-edge sterilization to keep patients even that much safer. This is the same reason we use digital x-rays, which keeps radiation exposure extremely low.
Our Saint Paul dental office also uses intraoral cameras. These small pen-like cameras can show you detailed images taken from inside your mouth. This helps you understand why a specific treatment plan has been ordered.
We utilize these technologies and more because if something is designed to deliver a better dental experience or optimize outcomes, we are anxious to bring it to Saint Paul!
Dental emergencies seem to occur at the worst time—during sleep, while at work, or even while traveling. If you experience a dental emergency and you are a patient in our Saint Paul dental office, the best approach is to give us a call right away. We will make every effort to get you in for an appointment quickly.
Letting dental pain go untreated can result in more serious conditions—and even tooth loss.
You may decide to take an over-the-counter anti-inflammatory medication, such as ibuprofen (Advil or Motrin), to manage pain until we can treat your condition. Though this will provide relief in the short term, your pain will often come back once it wears off and this doesn't solve the underlying problem, so don't put off your emergency dental appointment. We can help you feel like yourself again.
When you call, we will ask you for important information including when the pain started, anything that you can think of that may have caused the problem, and where the pain is located in your mouth. The information we gather will help us prepare for your arrival at Highgrove Dental Care so that we can make the most of your time while you are with us.
If you've suffered a trauma, however, we want you to go to the hospital and contact our team after you've been triaged.
We accept most dental insurances and take assignment of benefits to make your care more convenient and affordable. We are in-network providers with Delta Dental Premier and Cigna. For other insurance plans, we can certainly maximize your benefits, file your claims, and provide the necessary paperwork to your insurance carrier in order to receive benefits from your plan.
Your dental insurance is a contract between you and your insurance provider. We always focus on your health and help you make decisions based on your needs. Dental insurance is rarely a catchall when it comes to your health, but it can cover a portion of basic expenses.
With thousands of different plans available, it can be confusing to navigate! Our knowledgeable team is happy to assist you in estimating what your benefits, coverage, and out-of-pocket expenses will be.
We want you to get the care you need so we have also partnered with third-party lenders that offer interest-free payback plans for dental care. These include CareCredit and Lending Club.
Additionally, we offer an in-house financing plan and accept most major credit card, cash, and checks.
We offer these methods because we want you and your family to have great dental care in Saint Paul, MN that fits your budget.
We proudly serve St Paul, Highland, Eagan, Mendota Heights, and beyond.
We welcome your entire family to partner with us in promoting healthy, beautiful smiles for a lifetime.
Includes Cleaning, Comprehensive Exam, and X-Rays ending soon! Call Today!
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Will I need someone to drive me home after being sedated?


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