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Spinning – metoda sportowego i amatorskiego połowu ryb przy użyciu wędki, kołowrotka i sztucznej przynęty polegająca na naprzemiennym zarzucaniu jej i ściąganiu za pomocą wędziska i kołowrotka. Wędkarz może wykonywać także wabiące ruchy wędziskiem tak, aby ruch przynęty jak najbardziej przypominał ruch chorej, przestraszonej rybki. Metoda spinningowa służy przede wszystkim do połowu ryb drapieżnych (sandaczy, szczupaków, okoni, sumów itd.). Niektórzy wędkarze wyspecjalizowali się też w łowieniu na spinning ryb, które zazwyczaj odżywiają się pokarmem roślinnym i bezkręgowcami (białorybu) np. wzdręg, kleni, jazi.

Spinningiem nazywana jest też wędka używana przy rzutowej metodzie łowienia ryb drapieżnych.

Sprzęt spinningowy
Podstawowym elementem sprzętu jest wędka. Wędka spinningowa najczęściej składa się ze stosunkowo krótkiego wędziska (od około 1,5 do około 3,3 metra). Do niego przymocowany jest kołowrotek, zazwyczaj o stałej szpuli. Na kołowrotek zaś nawinięta jest żyłka o grubości zależnej od gatunku ryb, jakie ma się zamiar łowić, rodzaju przynęty, sposobu łowienia, wody. Wielu zwolenników ma też tzw. plecionka. Posiada ona zalety, które są nieosiągalne dla zwykłej żyłki wędkarskiej. Jest ona sztywniejsza i mniej rozciągliwa od zwykłej żyłki, przez co lepiej przekazuje wędkarzowi informacje o stanie przynęty. Ma także mniejszą średnicę w porównaniu ze zwykłymi nylonowymi żyłkami, przez co jest mniej widoczna dla ryb i ma mniejszy wpływ na pracę przynęty ale ma też minusy takie jak mniejsza amortyzacja brań szybsze zamarzanie przelotek w minusowych temperaturach i dużo wyższą cene. Jako wabiki najczęściej używa się przynęt sztucznych w postaci gum – twisterów, ripperów, blach (błystek) – wahadłówki, obrotówki oraz woblerów: swimmbaitów, twichbaitów, gliderów i innych jerków, popperów, a także tradycyjnych woblerów ze sterem, zarówno w wersjach tonących (sinking), pływających (floating), jak i neutralnych (suspending). Łowienie na przynęty naturalne w postaci martwych rybek, żab, uzbrojonych we wszelkiego rodzaju systemiki (systemy zbrojenia w haczyki lub kotwiczki, najczęściej druciane) wychodzi z mody i na wielu wodach jest zakazane (w przypadku żab łowienie na nie zabronione jest całkowicie, ponieważ wszystkie płazy są pod ochroną w Polsce). Część spinningistów do końcowego odcinka żyłki przywiązuje przypon stalowy, tytanowy bądź wolframowy. W Polsce jest to uzasadnione przy łowieniu szczupaków lub w wodach obfitujących w te ryby, natomiast używanie go przy połowie innych gatunków mija się z celem i tylko niepotrzebnie pogarsza pracę przynęty. Jedyną rybą bowiem w polskich wodach, która jest w stanie przegryźć żyłkę, jest szczupak. Sandacz, węgorz czy nawet sum mogą tylko ją przetrzeć. Innym rodzajem przyponu jest przypon strzałowy, czyli kilkumetrowy odcinek grubszej żyłki, którego zadaniem jest niedopuszczenie do zerwania żyłki podczas wyrzutu cięższej przynęty, kiedy powstają siły zdolne przerwać cieńsze linki lub przypon z fluorocarbonu głównie do zabezpieczenie żyłki przed przetarciem o np.kamieniste dno poza tym jest też niemal niewidzialny w wodzie.

Elementy pomocnicze zestawu spinningowego
Oprócz wędziska, kołowrotka z zapasem żyłki lub plecionki, przynęty i ewentualnie jej dociążenia potrzebne są jeszcze drobne akcesoria, które na tyle ulepszają cały zestaw do spinningu, że zaliczane są przez wielu wędkarzy do niezbędnych. Krętlik, zwany czasem karabińczykiem, zapobiega częściowo skręcaniu żyłki, a także jest dobrym łącznikiem na przykład między żyłką i przyponem. Nie wszystkie krętliki są jednakowo sprawne. Za najlepsze uważa się krętliki toczne z wbudowanym miniaturowym łożyskiem kulkowym, mające bardzo małe opory przy obracaniu się. Umocowana na końcu żyłki agrafka (zwykle w połączeniu z krętlikiem) umożliwia szybką, wygodną wymianę przynęty. Agrafka, podobnie jak karabińczyk, musi mieć dobre własności antykorozyjne i odpowiednią wytrzymałość przy jak najmniejszych rozmiarach. Najpewniejsze są agrafki wykonane z samego drutu. Dla lepszej pracy przynęt, szczególnie woblerów i cykad, ważne jest, aby drut agrafki zagięty był łagodnym łukiem. Innymi pomocniczymi elementami zestawu spinningowego są kółeczka łącznikowe. Ich zadaniem jest przede wszystkim łączenie uzbrojenia (kotwic, haków) z przynętą. Należy natomiast unikać bezpośredniego wiązania do nich żyłek lub nawet przyponów z plecionki lub wolframowych, gdyż ostre krawędzie zakończeń drutu mogą być przyczyną uszkodzenia żyłki lub przyponu w miejscu zamocowania. Kółeczka łącznikowe, podobnie jak inne drobne akcesoria, powinny być odporne na korozję. Ich wielkość dobiera się do wielkości przynęty i przewidywanych obciążeń.

Wyposażenie dodatkowe
Wyposażenie dodatkowe jest indywidualną sprawą każdego spinningisty i nie wpływa bezpośrednio na wynik połowów. Ważnym elementem ubioru są wodery (buty biodrowe), czyli gumowe, sięgają ce do pachwin buty. Są nie tylko potrzebne do forsowania dopływów rzek i wchodzenia do wody w trudnym łowisku, ale także zabezpieczają przed zmoczeniem i zniszczeniem spodni w czasie marszu po zarośniętym dzikim brzegu. Podobną funkcję spełniają spodniobuty, lecz dzięki nim możemy wejść głębiej. Przydatnym elementem ubioru jest wielokieszeniowa kamizelka wędkarska. Zwykle jest wyposażona w akcesoria, takie jak: krętliki, agrafki, kieszenie do przechowywania i transportu przynęt. Okulary polaryzacyjne (polaroidy) ułatwiają ważną przy spinningowaniu obserwację łowiska, szczególnie w słoneczne dni. Podbierak z długą rękojeścią ułatwia lądowanie ryb na łodzi. Pomocna przy wyciąganiu z wody dużych ryb jest osęka. Budzi ona jednak często zastrzeżenia etyczne. Ładownica (skórzane pudełko zawieszone na pasie) może zastąpić kamizelkę.

Sposób połowu
Sposób połowu ryb metodą spinningową jest w dużej mierze zależny od rodzaju przynęty, typu łowiska, gatunku poławianych ryb, prędkości nurtu, głębokości łowienia itd. Ujednolicając, polega to na naprzemiennym zarzucaniu i przyciąganiu przynęty do siebie za pomocą kołowrotka. Spinningowanie może być tylko wtedy efektywne, gdy zarzuca się szybko, celnie i pewnie. Niezwykle ważna jest odpowiednia prezentacja przynęty. Podczas jej pobytu w wodzie wędkarz wykonuje różne wabiące ruchy wędziskiem. Do takich zalicza się m.in. pukanie w blank palcem, podrygiwanie szczytówka, nierównomierne skręcanie żyłki kołowrotkiem, zakłócanie zwijania żyłki i wiele innych. Ma to na celu zakłócenie pracy przynęty, aby jej ruch był mniej rytmiczny i bardziej przypominał chorą bądź osłabiona rybkę. Popularną metodą jest także dżigowanie. Wymaga to użycia specjalnego rodzaju przynęt – przynęt gumowych bądź "kogutów" z główką jigową. Polega ona na opuszczaniu przynęty na napiętej żyłce (obecnie częściej plecionce) i stukanie nią o dno, po czym następuje poderwanie jej w górę (tzw. łowienie z opadu). Po opuszczeniu na dno może nastąpić przerwa, nawet kilkuminutowa. Poderwanie może być różne – jednym, długim pociągnięciem bądź skokami. Odmianą tej metody jest łowienie kogutem, gdzie wędkarz ma na celu jak najsilniejsze uderzenie o dno przynętą. W taki sposób łowi się np. sandacze i okonie, jest to jednak skuteczne dla wszystkich rodzajów drapieżników występujących w polskich wodach. Wędzisko do tej metody spinningowania powinno się charakteryzować czułą szczytówką i giętkością w fazie holu.

Istnieje wiele metod spinningowania, dobrych dla specyficznego rodzaju przynęt, typu łowiska, gatunku ryb itd. Do technik spinningowych zaliczane jest często także nie tylko typowe łowienie zestawem spinningowym z kołowrotkiem o szpuli stałej, ale również łowienie wędką muchową na streamer prowadzony krótkimi skokami albo dryfujący wachlarzem na napiętej lince.

Odmiany spinningu
Ze względu na ciężar przynęty wyodrębnia się cztery odmiany spinningu. Idą za tym wszelako różnice w sprzęcie i technice, a także w zakresie stosowania.
 Spinning ciężki (ang. heavy): przynęta o masie zwykle 30 do 70 g (powyżej tego jest to już tzw. łowienie pilkerowe, morskie), wędzisko 2,4 do 3 m o akcji średniej lub miękkiej, kołowrotek solidnej konstrukcji, na szpuli gruba, wytrzymała żyłka lub plecionka. Ta odmiana jest stosowana głównie (ale nie tylko) przy łowieniu z brzegu, w dużych, obfitujących w zaczepy rzekach, zarówno krainy ryb łososiowatych (troć, głowacica), jak i nizinnych (duże szczupaki, sumy); wyjątkowo z łodzi w wodach stojących z licznymi zaczepami, jak zbiorniki zaporowe, gdzie można liczyć na drapieżniki szczególnie okazałe.
 Średni (ang. medium, medium heavy): przynęta 10–30 g, wędzisko 2,1 do 2,7 m (z łodzi można nawet 1,8), o akcji sztywnej lub średniej (mimo wszystko często także progresywna lub nawet paraboliczna), kołowrotek średniej wielkości (rozmiary 2000 do 3000), żyłka lub plecionka o wytrzymałości do 8 kg (dokładna grubość w zależności od poławianych ryb i konkretnej metody).
 Lekki (ang. light, medium light): przynęta 3 do 10 g, wędzisko krótkie (1,8–2,5 m), o akcji szybkiej szczytowej lub średniej, kołowrotek mały o dużym przełożeniu (co najmniej 1:5), żyłka o średnicy 0,18–0,20 mm, plecionka 0,10–0,12 mm. Zestaw nadaje się na małe i średnie rzeczki, cieki krainy ryb łososiowatych (pstrąg, lipień, kleń), różnej wielkości rzeki nizinne (okoń, kleń, boleń, jaź, świnka) oraz wody stojące (z brzegu okoń, z łodzi także sandacz).
 Ultralekki (ang. ultralight): przynęta 0,5 do 3 g, wędzisko 1,6–2,3 m, o akcji parabolicznej (często szybkiej parabolicznej, ang. fast parabolic), choć Francuzi, specjalizujący się w tej odmianie, zalecają akcję szczytową. Kołowrotek mały i lekki (rozmiary: 1000 i 1500), o szpuli możliwie szerokiej i przełożeniu takim, by za jednym obrotem korbki zwijać około 70 cm żyłki; ona sama grubości raczej nie większej niż 0,16 mm. Zestaw taki wymaga szczególnej techniki łowienia. Odpowiednie możliwości sprzętowe, zwłaszcza zaś wędziska o tak niskim ciężarze wyrzutowym, pojawiły się latach 90. XX wieku. Początkowo spinning ultralekki uważano za sposób przede wszystkim na pstrągi w wypłyconych latem rzeczkach. Stanowi coś pośredniego, graniczącego ze sztuczną muszką, zwłaszcza z jej wersją streamerową. Okazał się jednak znacznie szerzej użyteczny. Stosuje się go zarówno w małych strużkach, jak i większych rzekach, a nawet jeziorach, na pstrągi, okonie, klenie i jazie – po okazałe wzdręgi (nazwa zwyczajowa: krasnopióry).

Łowiska
Łowiskiem nadającym się do metody spinningowej jest niemal każda rzeka, jezioro, staw czy torfianka. Jedynym ograniczeniem jest wielkość rzeki i stopień zarośnięcia. Nie dotyczy to oczywiście rzek dużych, ale małych, pstrągowych strumyków. Prawie zawsze są to łowiska trudne technicznie, z dużą ilością drzew i krzewów, a także zwalonych do wody karczy, gałęzi, pni drzew. Na jeziora, nawet tych o brzegu zarośniętym lub z szerokim pasem trzcin, można wypłynąć łódką, podpływając niemal nad samo łowisko, co czyni je praktycznie nieograniczonym łowiskiem dla spinningistów. Łowienie z łodzi daje też możliwość szybkiego przemieszczania się i podążania za ławicą ryb.

Przypisy

Bibliografia
 Tadeusz Andrzejczyk: Wędkarstwo jeziorowe. PWRiL, Warszawa 1984, Wydanie V, s. 148–167. .

Linki zewnętrzne
 wędkarskiswiat.pl

Wędkarstwo


This is the most popular walking and cycling trail in Spartanburg County, and one of the finest rails-to-trail projects to be found anywhere. Completed and opened in 2004, the Mary Black Rail Trail is a 2-mile long trail just south of downtown. Bikes are available for rent from the B-Cycle station at the trailhead at Henry and Union streets. Adjacent to the state-of-the-art YMCA that opened in 2012, the Rail Trail also passes by the City's first dog park, the appropriately named Rail Tail, whose entrance sits just across from Duncan Park on Union Street.
City bicycle police patrol the Rail Trail regularly, and on most days, dozens of people can be found strolling, jogging, biking, and skating on the trail from just before sunrise to well after dark. Watch out for announcements of special events on the trail throughout the year!
Joining Friends of the Mary Black Rail Trail is the best way to support one of our community's most valuable active living assets and contribute to a rising quality of life in Spartanburg. Contributions to Friends of the Mary Black Rail Trail helps to fund specific projects, such as additional safety signage, water fountains, maps and historical/educational kiosks, and much more!


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Tips for Online Safety
Ask your kids to think about who they want to see pictures/info online.
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Know the sites your kids visit and their online activities
Ask where they're going, what they're doing and who they're doing it with.
Stick with your real friends
Connecting with friends online can be a lot of fun—but when you don't know someone in the real world, you can't be sure who they are.
Consider if what you post is appropriate
Posting a picture only takes a second but the consequences could last a lifetime with social media.
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Opening an email or a file from someone you don't know could expose your device to spyware or a virus that could get your personal info.
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People who create, forward, or even save sexually explicit photos, videos, or messages are putting their friendships and reputations at risk. Worse yet, they could be breaking the law.
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Laramie County School District 1 does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, gender, religion, national origin, disability or age in admission or access to, or treatment, or employment in, its educational programs or activities. For more details, please follow the "non-discrimination" link in the district resources block on the main web page. Inquiries concerning adults, may be referred to the LCSD1 Assistant Superintendent of Human Resources located in the LCSD1 Administration Building at 2810 House Ave., Cheyenne, WY 82001, or phone 307-771-2160. Inquiries concerning students and any Section 504 concerns may be referred to the LCSD1 Assistant Director of Special Services located in the LCSD1 Administration Building at 2810 House Ave., Cheyenne, WY 82001, or phone 307-771-2174. We continually strive towards compliance with LCSD1 Non-Discrimination Policies, Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), Americans with Disabilities Act, World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), as well as Section 508 policy regarding web accessibility. LCSD1 is committed to providing accessibility to all users, and we will continue to make improvements to our website to ensure that it meets the requirements of these laws and standards. If assistance is needed in accessing material on any of the LCSD1 websites, please contact our Service Desk at 307-771-2242. The State of Wyoming provides Hathaway Merit and Needs-based Scholarships to Wyoming students attending the University of Wyoming and Wyoming Community Colleges. Every student who meets the merit requirements can earn a Hathaway Merit Scholarship. Contact your school counselor for more information.

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Canopy Sands Development Breaks Ground on $16B Coastal Entertainment Hub for Bay of Lights New Township
Bay of Lights Ground Breaking Ceremony was attended by Provincial Governor, H.E. Kuoch Chamroeun, members of Prince Group as well as representatives from other key stakeholders on 20 December 2022.
Canopy Sands Development led a groundbreaking ceremony at the site of its $16 billion, 934-ha Bay of Lights New Township project in Ream City, Sihanoukville.
The groundbreaking ceremony marks a new renaissance for Sihanoukville, as the developer is building Cambodia's first-ever coastal entertainment hub featuring a beach club, 60 keys cabin lodging along the coastline, a go-kart track, reverse bungee jump, and paintball.
The event which was hosted by developers Canopy Sands was attended by Provincial Governor, H.E. Kuoch Chamroeun, members of Prince Group as well as representatives from other key stakeholders, as well as the media.
Bay of Lights New Township
The long-term plan is to turn the area into a 934-hectare green coastal city with capacity for up to 160,000 residents, and a total investment of $16 billion. From start to finish the whole project is expected to be completed in full by 2028.
Managing Director of Canopy Sands Development Mr. Ian Tan commented that they expect construction for Startup Phase of 50-ha, a key catalyst for the 934-ha BAY OF LIGHTS township to complete in 2030, starting with the commencement of this entertainment hub featuring a beach club, 60 keys cabin lodging along the coastline, a go-kart track, reverse bungee jump, and paintball, to complete by the first half of 2023.
"Sihanoukville being Cambodia's only coastal region, will play a key role in continuing Cambodia's fast growth over the next decade. Being a relatively untapped market across the ASEAN region, one of the biggest markets in the world, we are confident that BAY OF LIGHTS will accelerate this trajectory further," he said.
Bay of Light is located in Ream City, Sihanoukville.
The project, which aside from Canopy Sands has Prince Real Estate Group as the company's secondary development partner would also provide a huge economic boost to the region, as well as job opportunities.
Mr. Edward Lee, Chief Executive Officer of Prince Real Estate Group added: "With this 934-ha project taking off so rapidly, we envisage providing job opportunities, training young Cambodian professionals, and in turn injecting enormous momentum, to the urban development and the national economy of Cambodia, specifically the province of Sihanoukville."
Bay of Lights' strategic location
Key to the success of the city though according to the organizers was its strategic location, which aside from the beauty of the coastline and the surrounding mountains is only 5 minute drive from Sihanoukville International Airport and just 20 minutes from downtown Sihanoukville.
In addition, the flagship $2 billion Phnom Penh to Sihanoukville expressway has enhanced the reliability, safety, and mobility of the Cambodian road network and has allowed the movement of a large number of vehicles.
Read more: What are the market trends for Cambodian real estate in 2022?
The 934 hectare green coastal city with capacity for up to 160,000 residents, and a total investment of $16 billion.
The expressway has linked the two economic poles of the country and is improving the logistical efficiency of Cambodia and reducing the time and costs involved in the transportation of goods.
It has also significantly reduced the travel time between Phnom Penh and Sihanoukville from the previous five-plus hours on the existing National Road 4 by 50% to approximately 2 and half hours.
Bay of Lights Coastal Entertainment Hub
Slated as "Cambodia's first-ever coastal entertainment hub" and due to open in the "early part" of 2023, the hub will include a Beach Club, 60 coastline cabin lodges, go-karting, paintball, and even a reverse bungee jump – the first of its kind in coastal Cambodia.
International standard beach club that comes with a pool bar, DJ booth, cabanas, al-fresco dining, and lawn that will be operated by one of Indochina's renowned entertainment operator, Sailing Club, featuring exclusive beach parties and regional DJs all year long.
At a 32 meters thrilling height, the reverse bungee jump facility will be the first coastal bungee in Cambodia, targeted to be operational in the second quarter of 2023. International racing track standards that will host go-karting championship, the karting track of 1.3 km with 21 laps is expected to be operational third quarter of 2023.
Nestled along the coastline of Ream, the 60 keys lavish yet affordable cabins lodging will bring the beach communities alive, with an unmissable nightlife scene, targeted to be operational in the second quarter of 2023.
Provincial Governor, H.E. Kuoch Chamroeun.
The paintball park will feature modern warfare games, suitable for team building and friendly matches. There was also good news for sports fans with the announcement that the Cambodian Sailing Club would also be moving to the Bay of Lights.
Answering a question directly from Cambodia Investment Review Managing Director Ian Tan stated: "The sailing club will be moving here permanently, which will make it much more accessible to the general public. We are also hopeful that it will be ready for and be part of the South East Asian Games."
A member of Prince Holding Group
Canopy Sands Development is also elated about its strategic collaboration with Prince Real Estate Group as the company's secondary development partner, leveraging the seasoned developer's experience in delivering commercial developments.
Canopy Sands Development aims to accelerate the economic development in Cambodia by initiating and driving forward economically sustainable projects that aim to fulfill important public needs and make meaningful contributions to local communities in Sihanoukville.
According to the developers, it works closely with local businesses and core sector supply chains, we adopt a unique, holistic approach to real estate in Cambodia that delivers sustainable economic returns.
Mr. Edward Lee, Chief Executive Officer of Prince Real Estate Group.
The developer is a member of Prince Holding Group which includes Prince Real Estate Group which has already run several successful projects in the downtown area, including the Prince Times Hotel, as well as the Prince Mall, which opened its doors earlier this year.
Read more: Prince Real Estate Group bags five awards at the 7th PropertyGuru Cambodia Property Awards 2022
Prince Real Estate Group (Prince Real Estate) emerged as the Best Developer and Best Mixed-Use Developer at the 7th PropertyGuru Cambodia Property Awards 2022, as the prestigious developer clinched two top awards of the year at the gala event held on August 26 in Sofitel Hotel, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
Repurposing buildings can ease oversupply issues in Cambodia's real estate market:...
Removing the Threat of Landmines in Cambodia Brings in Millions in...


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Services are only reaching a quarter of the 1.2 million children orphaned by HIV in Uganda. SUNRISE OVC provides direct community support.
From drug diva to drug advisor: Cambodia's peer educators
Peer educators are vital for changing attitudes among injecting drug users. But the work can be difficult, dangerous and demanding.
Keeping mothers alive in Africa
Communicating about HIV and mother-to-child transmission has led to more women choosing to deliver their baby at a health care facility.


text:
<menu xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto">
    <item android:id="@+id/action_open_credits"
        android:icon="@drawable/ic_bar_info"
        android:title="@string/action_open_credits"
        app:showAsAction="ifRoom"/>
</menu>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
tag farnborough airport becomes first carbon neutral bizav airport
Europe's leading Business Aviation airport, TAG Farnborough Airport has been awarded carbon neutral status, the first Business Aviation airport in the world to achieve this under Airport Carbon Accreditation run by Airports Council International Europe (ACI EUROPE). To achieve carbon neutral status, an airport must have mapped its carbon emissions, reduced CO2 emissions under its direct control, engaged with others on the airport site to reduce their emissions and invested in responsible and credible programmes to offset residual carbon emissions.
Over the past decade, TAG Farnborough Airport has reduced carbon emissions over which it has direct control by 42 per cent or 2,183 tonnes (2008 carbon emissions: 5,242 tonnes) and over the past 5 years alone has invested over £1 million into energy efficiency projects.
"As a world-class facility, TAG Farnborough Airport is committed to responsible and sustainable development through comprehensive management of our environmental impact. Whilst carbon neutrality is without a doubt an important milestone in our carbon reduction efforts, our work in this field by no means ends here and we will continue to identify new and innovative ways to improve our sustainable credentials," said Miles Thomas, Environment Manager TAG Farnborough Airport.
Olivier Jankovec, Director General, ACI EUROPE, said, "We firmly believe that every aspect of aviation needs to try to address its carbon footprint and business aviation is no exception. As the first carbon neutral business aviation airport in the world, the team at TAG Farnborough Airport are pioneers in this regard, having engaged in ever-greater efforts in sustainability over the past years, allowing them to rise through the levels of the Airport Carbon Accreditation programme, to reach their ultimate goal today. I congratulate them on setting what we hope will become a trend among other business aviation airports that become inspired by their example."
Attaining carbon neutral status is the culmination of over a decade's work by TAG Farnborough Airport's environmental team, headed by Miles Thomas. A host of projects with a focus on energy efficiency, staff accountability and awareness training, driven by the airport's ISO14001 certification, have been key contributory factors in achieving carbon neutrality.
Projects have included upgrading to LED lighting across the airport site which at the airport tower alone saved 15 per cent (13,902 kwh) of total electricity consumption in the first two months. This year TAG Farnborough Airport committed to REGO (Renewable Energy Guarantees of Origin) energy supply which will see the airport's annual footprint reduced by a further 2,000 tonnes and help to support the renewable energy sector.
Sustainable travel across the TAG Farnborough Airport site has also helped to minimise liquid fuel use and a network of 20 electric vehicle (EV) chargers has enabled the use of electric vehicles from small ground handling trucks to a Tesla Model S. A bicycle fleet is also available for staff to enable footprint free travel between buildings.
TAG Farnborough Airport has offset residual emissions (over which the airport has direct control) through a credible and certified offsetting project. In conjunction with Carbon Footprint Ltd, 2017 carbon emissions were off-set through school tree planting projects in the local area paired with a conservation project in the Amazon rainforest (Florestal Santa Maria Project) which protects trees in one of the most biodiverse places in the world. TAG Farnborough Airport worked with twelve local schools and charity organisations, planting 3,500 trees with assistance from staff and children.
Looking to the future, projects with the aim of further reducing carbon emissions will include the total re-fit of the airfield ground lighting system, replacing the old tungsten fittings with LED lighting.
DELTA AIR LINES SELECTS FLIGHTSAFETY TO PROVIDE TRAINING
AIR SERVICE BASEL RECEIVES CERTIFICATION FROM MEXICAN AVIATION AUTHORITY


text:
Q: Callback message for php form I just want to know how i can send a "callback" message for "success" or "error".
I really don't know much about jquery/ajax, but, i tried to do this:
I have a basic form with some informations and i sent the informations for a "test.php" with POST method.
My send  (not input) have this id: "#send". And here is my JS in the index.html
$(document).ready(function() {

            $("#send").click(function(e) {
                e.preventDefault();
                $(".message").load('teste.php');
            });

});

And, in my PHP (test.php) have this:
<?php

$name = $_POST['name'];

if($name == "Test")
{
    echo "Success!";
}
else{
    echo "Error :(";
}

?>

When i click in the button, the message is always:
Notice: Undefined index: name in /Applications/XAMPP/xamppfiles/htdocs/sites/port/public/test.php on line 3
Error :(
Help :'(

A: The problem is you have not passed name data to your PHP Use My Javascript Code.
Problem in understanding please reply
$(document).ready(function() {
    $(document).on('click','#send',function(e)
    {
        var params={};
        params.name="Your Name ";
        $.post('test.php',params,function(response)
        {
            e.preventDefault();
            alert(response); //Alert Response
            $(".message").html(response); //Load Response in message class div span or anywhere
        });
    });
});

A: This is your new JS:
$(document).ready(function()
{
    $("#send").click(function(e) {
        e.preventDefault();
        var form_data = $("#my_form").serialize();
        $.post('teste.php', form_data, function(data){
            $(".message").empty().append(data);
        });
    });
});

This is your new HTML:
<form id="my_form">
<input type="text" name="name" value="" />
<input type="button" id="send" value="Send" />
</form>

A: This is somewhat more complicated by you can use it more generally in your project. just add a new callback function for each of the forms that you want to use.
<form method="POST" action="test.php" id="nameForm">
    <input name="name">
    <input type="submit">
</form>

<script>
    // wrap everything in an anonymous function
    // as not to pollute the global namespace
    (function($){
        // document ready
        $(function(){
            $('#nameForm').on('submit', {callback: nameFormCallback },submitForm);
        });

        // specific code to your form
        var nameFormCallback = function(data) {
            alert(data);
        };

        // general form submit function
        var submitForm = function(event) {
            event.preventDefault();
            event.stopPropagation();

            var data = $(event.target).serialize();

            // you could validate your form here

            // post the form data to your form action
            $.ajax({
                 url : event.target.action,
                 type: 'POST',
                 data: data,
                 success: function(data){
                     event.data.callback(data);
                }
            });
        };
    }(jQuery));
</script>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Watchesperfect.com is a collection of the best watches and accessories from Amazon. It covers up pretty much everything you need to know about watches and accessories. Our ambition is to make your task easier by providing the right choice according to your budget and your use.


text:
By Jay Roberts, Massachusetts Contributor
STEVE GRIMMETT'S GRIM REAPER
Dissonance Productions - 2019
https://grimreaperofficial.co.uk
You remember what it was like when you were a kid and once you grasped what Christmas meant, it took forever for that day to actually arrive? That's what it felt like waiting to get my hands on a copy of At The Gates. The original release date was eventually pushed back to December 6th. And even then, it took another three weeks before I was finally able to track down a copy through my friend's record shop.
But my persistence paid off and I finally got to listen to the album that I'd been waiting for like the proverbial kid at Christmas time. I won't say I'm shocked, but I was a bit surprised to find out just how good At The Gates turned out to be.
As covered by a brief note on the back of the album's booklet, it has been a bit of a challenge for Steve Grimmett and the band since the 2016 release of Walking In The Shadows, not the least of which was Grimmett losing a leg. But those challenges have fueled the band to produce an album that hits almost every right note.
Regarding Steve Grimmett's vocal performance on this album, what can I say? I've long been a fan of how he sings, there's just something about the way his vocals sound that appeals to me since I discovered the original GRIM REAPER's Rock You To Hell album. While nothing has changed to affect my enjoyment of his singing, I did notice what seemed to be a deeper sound to his vocals on At The Gates. I don't know if that's the result of changes that have come to his voice or if the deeper sound was brought on by the album's production but whatever the reason, he just sounds even better.
And that is clear from the start. The album opens with the title track and the guitar riffs combined with those vocals give the song an immediate extra dose of heaviness. Guitarist Ian Nash has a number of great moments (especially when he unleashes one great sounding solo after another) on the album. He produced the disc with drummer Mark Pullin and I think that really helped make this a real BAND album as opposed to just spotlighting Grimmett's vocals with the music serving as an afterthought in the background. This isn't a surprise of course, because as with Walking In The Shadows, the music flows from one song into another with nary a letdown or for that matter, much of a pause.
If you are looking for a slow song, you are going to be a bit disappointed here. The album pretty much rocks throughout the 11-track running order. In fact, the slowest song is probably the closing "Shadow In The Dark" which opens with a brief a capella vocal. But that quickly gives way to the song kicking into full gear and rocking to its conclusion.
But before you get to that, you have songs like "What Lies Beneath", "Line Them Up" and "A Knock At The Door" that just blaze fast and hard to get the blood (and I'm sure when in concert, the fists) pumping.
Now, I won't say this is a perfect album. While the song "Venom" is overall pretty good, the repetitive use of the "venom" chorus got monotonous. And if you are like me and like to read along with the lyrics on that first spin of a new album, the difference in what was sung on "Only When I Sleep" and what the lyrics were in the booklet will be a nagging annoyance. I realize that last part is probably just my own little nitpick but hey, it's my review!
That aside, I can't help but feel energized by songs like "The Hand That Rocks The Cradle" or "Under The Hammer". Both songs feature a kick-ass musical soundtrack and killer lyrics with a in your face chorus. The tempo of "Breakneck Speed" matches the song's title, a relentlessly driven number that drags the listener along with the song.
Of course, I like songs that feature that anthemic feeling in both music and lyrics so the very hard-hitting "Rush" really did the trick for me. It's funny that the song worked so well for me considering the opening verse features lyrics that take a very dark sounding turn. But I love the phrasing and sentiment behind the verse that followed it:
"We were born of the same blood
Forged from the same fire
We were forged from the fire"
Maybe it is just my own self, but I think that kind of sums up the brotherhood of metal and metal fans. Whatever the reason for the song resonating with me so singularly and strongly, it's a great track and the one I'd likely showcase if I was to introduce a new listener to the band through this album.
And that's what I like, the album makes me want to play it for others. I want people to hear this disc because it does a great job representing what makes me love metal music so much. For me, there's no need to come up with a clever turn of phrase to cap off this article. Simply put, At The Gates is a fantastically entertaining heavy metal album that spotlights a singer I quite enjoy with a band that fires on all cylinders. What can be better to say about a band than that?


text:
topLevelContentPage
Climate Challenge Fund
Climate change engagement
Menu keyboard_arrow_down
Why apply?
Applying for CCF funding
Run your CCF project
CCF in action
Climate change resources
Carbon Literacy Guide
CCF Gathering and Awards
Here you will find course references from the Carbon Literacy for Communities course.
Course References
Slides from Day One
Slides from Day Two
Scotland 2030 a view of Scotland in 2030 that shows how the changes we're making together can help create a cleaner, greener, healthier and fairer country for all.
Greener Scotland website is the Scottish Government's one-stop website for Scottish households on greener living.
Course Activities and Games
Climate Conversations - a guide to running a 70-minute conversation in your community around climate change.
Myths Snap - a fun game to match common climate myths to robust responses
Greenhouse Gas Sources - match the human activity to the greenhouse gas it produces
Human History Timeline - an activity to illustrate why climate change is a concern for humans
Communicating Climate Change Scenarios - a role playing activity to practice countering common climate myths
How Long is a Piece of String -an activity to help visualise our carbon footprint
Low Carbon Behaviours
Shifting Normal is designed to help community-led organisations tackling climate change maximise their success by taking account of how change happens when planning, carrying out and reviewing their activities.
Low Carbon Scotland: A Behaviours Framework, from the Scottish Government, details plans to drive and support the move to low carbon living in the lead-up to the first key climate change target in 2020. It highlights the 10 Key Behaviours where individuals can really make a difference at the present time. These are put into groups which correspond with the themes of the CCF.
The Segmentation Model brings together a wide range of information to help us understand more about the attitudes and behaviours of people across Scotland in relation to low carbon behaviours. This could be useful when first deciding which low carbon behaviours to encourage in your community.
Climate Outreach - Europe's leading climate communication organisation that aims to help people understand climate change in their own voice. The website has loads of useful resources including specific advice on communicating with young people, faith groups and the political centre-right as well as resources on communicating about climate impacts and migration as a result of climate change.
Climate Visuals is a library of images for climate change communication that has been compiled based upon research conducted with thousands of people in the UK, Germany and the US.
Carbon Conversations is a series of six meetings that gives participants the opportunity to explore the practical and emotional challenges that will be faced in moving to a low carbon society. Community groups often use this as an in-depth engagement tool and a verison is also available for workplaces. The bibliography from the workbook is a comprehensive reading list for learning more about climate change, its impacts and solutions.
Common Cause looks specifically at our deepest held attitudes and beliefs - values - and how these influence and are influenced by our behaviours and the world around us. Using these insights it considers how communications and the ways in which an issue is framed impacts on its effectivenes. The Common Cause Handbook gives a good introduction to the basic principles and gives some examples of how these can be used in campaigns.
Sell the Sizzle: the new climate message by Futerra thinks about you 'sell' climate change to people, 'the science is unequivocal therefore climate change is now a salesman's problem.'
MINDSPACE is a framework for different ways of 'nudging' people to adopt different behaviours. It was developed by the UK Government's 'Behavioural Insights Team', which was nick-named the 'nudge unit'. When designing a project, or campaign, it can be useful to see MINDSPACE as a set of levers you can pull to try to influence people. If your project is stuck, this could be a way to examine what you're doing and see if there are any obvious opportunities you're missing.
Social Marketing means applying the insights and techniques of traditional marketing to 'selling' pro-social or environmental changes in attitudes and behaviours. It involves market research and understanding your audience, and tailoring communications to suit different segments. The segmentation tool above is based on this approach. Two useful resources in this area are:
Consumer Power: Communicating Behaviour Change from IPPR gives 10 principles for communicating low carbon behaviours.
How To Go Beyond Social Marketing from COIN looks at common pitfalls and things to consider.
The SCARF Model starts from the position that people act to maximise social rewards and minimise social threats in the same way we do for physical rewards and threats. SCARF stands for five key areas of social life that we have a threat/reward response to - status, certainty, autonomy, relatedness, fairness. For people to respond positively to suggestions we make about making changes in their lives we must be aware of maximising benefit in these areas of social life, and minimising threat.
Get Climate Challenge Fund news delivered straight to your inbox
Your personal information and right to privacy is important to us. It is not our practice to sell, rent or otherwise to disclose your personal information to others. Read our Privacy Notice
Keep Scotland Beautiful, Glendevon House, The Castle Business Park, Stirling, FK9 4TZ Tel: 01786 471333 Fax: 01786 464611 Email: info@keepscotlandbeautiful.org
"National Award for Environmental Excellence", "Cup Movement", "Upstream Battle" and "Canal College" are registered trademarks of Keep Scotland Beautiful.
This website is copyright © Keep Scotland Beautiful: All Rights Reserved. Keep Scotland Beautiful is a Scottish Charitable Incorporated Organisation (SCIO): Number SC030332.


SK Telecom (NYSE: SKM) today announced that its newly developed element of 5G network technology was adopted as a Korean national standard by the Telecommunications Technology Association (TTA). The name of the element is fronthaul, or nicknamed as the capillary of the 5G networks.
※ In 5G networks, a base station is separated into a central unit and a distributed unit containing antennas. Main digital controllers are nested in a central unit for processing, whereas a distributed unit is located at cell sites. This separation makes it easier to manage the quality of service and the level of maintenance as the central units are gathered in a single location. Fronthaul is the wired connection between the central units and the distributed ones.
Compared with LTE networks, 5G network requires a higher base station density with a higher capacity for data processing. These requirements emphasize the significant role of fronthaul in transmitting the radio signals received from cell sites to the central units.
What makes the newly developed specifications of fronthaul notable is its openness. In case of LTE fronthaul, major vendors have used their own specifications since there was no official standard. Such a variety has served as a barrier to entry for small- and mid-sized vendors and start-ups to the market.
With its 5G fronthaul specifications set as a national standard, the leading mobile operator's approach to open standard is likely to add momentum to their effort to join the 5G ecosystem in Korea.
SK Telecom has promised to closely work with local small- and mid-sized vendors to develop network equipment which meet its fronthaul specifications set as the TTA standard. Also, it will seek out opportunities for further collaboration with stakeholders, both locally and internationally, to accelerate the adoption of the specifications as a 3GPP standard.


CBS may have received the most Daytime Emmy nominations overall this year, but ABC Daytime's General Hospital is 2015's most-nominated daytime program.
GH is nominated in 28 categories for the 42nd Annual Daytime Emmys. The Young and the Restless received 25 nods. Y&R's sister soap, The Bold and the Beautiful, has 19 nominations this year. NBC's Days of Our Lives is up for 16.
PBS kids program Sesame Street is the most-nominated non-soap program this year. Elmo and Co. took home 13 nominations.
The 42nd Annual Daytime Emmy Awards air April 26 at 8 pm EST on Pop.


By land delivery of the exported and imported goods is one of the main activity areas of SolidWay. We provide international and local delivery across the whole continent, consolidation and delivery of a groupage cargo from Finland to Russia.
Our specialists plan a route of each driver in details in order to optimize it. Their control of the delivery at each stage enables us to always meet the deadlines.


This nine drawer dresser provides awesome bedroom storage in its spacious drawers. Free up space elsewhere with this dresser as it is perfect for storing clothing, extra bedding and more in the drawers. This piece sits on sturdy bracket feet and had decorative bail pull hardware on each drawer front. Pair this dresser with mirror to add even more function and style to your master bedroom.
The Sheffield 9 Drawer Dresser with Serpentine Front by Crown Mark at Miskelly Furniture in the Jackson, Pearl, Madison, Ridgeland, Flowood Mississippi area. Product availability may vary. Contact us for the most current availability on this product.
Drawer Suspension Full extension drawer glides.
This collection brings you traditional bedroom furniture with beautiful details and plenty of storage options. Use a chest of drawer or dresser to hold folded clothing, bedding and more in your bedroom. Pair a mirror and a dresser together to create a piece that is functional and stylish. The panel beds feature an upholstered headboard as well as dramatic nailhead trim. Bracket feet full of carved details are used on pieces throughout the collection as well as leaf like carved details. Transform your master bedroom suite with this traditional style bedroom collection.
The Sheffield collection is a great option if you are looking for Traditional furniture in the Jackson, Pearl, Madison, Ridgeland, Flowood Mississippi area.
Browse other items in the Sheffield collection from Miskelly Furniture in the Jackson, Pearl, Madison, Ridgeland, Flowood Mississippi area.


text:
package net.ontrack.core.support;

import lombok.AccessLevel;
import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Data;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;

import java.util.regex.Matcher;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;

@Data
@AllArgsConstructor(access = AccessLevel.PUBLIC)
public class Version implements Comparable<Version> {

    public static final Pattern REGEX = Pattern.compile("(\\d+)\\.(\\d+)(\\.(\\d+))?");

    public static Version of(String value) {
        if (StringUtils.isBlank(value)) {
            throw new VersionBlankException();
        } else {
            Matcher matcher = REGEX.matcher(value);
            if (matcher.matches()) {
                int major = Integer.parseInt(matcher.group(1), 10);
                int minor = Integer.parseInt(matcher.group(2), 10);
                int patch = 0;
                String patchValue = matcher.group(4);
                if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(patchValue)) {
                    patch = Integer.parseInt(patchValue, 10);
                }
                return new Version(major, minor, patch);
            } else {
                throw new VersionFormatException(value);
            }
        }
    }

    private final int major;
    private final int minor;
    private final int patch;

    public Version(int major) {
        this(major, 0, 0);
    }

    public Version(int major, int minor) {
        this(major, minor, 0);
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        if (patch == 0) {
            return String.format("%d.%d", major, minor);
        } else {
            return String.format("%d.%d.%d", major, minor, patch);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public int compareTo(Version o) {
        if (this.major == o.major) {
            if (this.minor == o.minor) {
                return this.patch - o.patch;
            } else {
                return this.minor - o.minor;
            }
        } else {
            return this.major - o.major;
        }
    }
}


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text:
Home » Celebrities » Cori Gauff Has Our Attention
Cori Gauff Has Our Attention
WIMBLEDON, England — Cori Gauff, the 15-year-old sensation, made one of the most memorable Wimbledon debuts in recent memory by beating Venus Williams on Monday. She plays her second-round match Wednesday afternoon.
Before then, here is a primer on Gauff's young career:
Nickname: Coco. Not to be confused with CoCo, the nickname of American player Colleen Vandeweghe. Gauff's first name is pronounced the same as her father's, Corey. "He likes to say every time they call me 'Cori,' they're cheering for him," Cori said on Monday, with filial exasperation.
Hometown: Gauff was born in Delray Beach, Fla., on March 13, 2004. She grew up in Atlanta before moving back to Delray Beach to focus on tennis.
Family: Her father, Corey, is her primary coach and was a basketball player at Georgia State. Her mother, Candi, was a hurdler and heptathlete at Florida State. All members of Gauff's immediate family have the initials C.D.G., including her younger brothers, Cody and Cameron.
Pedigree: Gauff began playing tennis at age 7, inspired by Serena Williams. Her first big splash at the I.T.F. junior level was reaching the girls' final of the 2017 United States Open at 13. She won the girls' final of the French Open the next year at 14, and finished her junior career at the end of last year by winning the prestigious Orange Bowl tournament.
Hoop dreams: Her father originally wanted her and her siblings to play basketball, as he had in college. She didn't like it and couldn't shoot, she said, but was able to play good defense.
High-Profile Connections: Gauff is represented by Team8, the agency co-founded by Roger Federer. Since she was 10, she has trained part of the year in southern France at the Mouratoglou Academy, which is run by Patrick Mouratoglou, Serena Williams's coach.
Favorite Meme: Like many her age, Gauff speaks fluent meme. Her current favorite is "And I — Oop!", an interjection of surprise created by Jasmine Masters, an alumna of "RuPaul's Drag Race." Gauff said many of her friends sent her the phrase after her shocking win at Wimbledon. (In a show of the generational gap, perhaps, tournament stenographers at her news conference Monday spelled it "Anna Oop.")
Musical heroes: Gauff looks up to Rihanna and Beyoncé, but her favorite singer is Jaden Smith. She said she had his song "Icon" stuck in her head during her first-round qualifying match, and also listened to it, along with tracks by Kendrick Lamar and Miss Mulatto, before playing Venus Williams.
How she got here: Currently ranked 313th, Gauff was given a wild card into the Wimbledon qualifying tournament. In her first match, she beat the highest-ranked player in the event, No. 94 Aliona Bolsova, who had reached the fourth round of the French Open. Gauff then won her next two matches in straight sets to become the youngest women to qualify for Wimbledon in the Open era. Her first-round match against Venus Williams was her debut in the main draw of a Grand Slam event.
Her next opponent: In the second round Wednesday, Gauff will face an accomplished grass court player: Magdalena Rybarikova, who reached the Wimbledon semifinals in 2017. Rybarikova, a 30-year-old Slovak, is ranked 139th, but was in the top 20 at this time last year. In a sign of the intrigue around Gauff, the match will be on No. 2 Court, the tournament's third largest.
35 Pieces Of Clothing That Are As Loud As You Are
What Color Are These Crocs?


text:
Depression, Bipolar & Schizophrenia
Mental health - 16.08.2018
Psychiatric diagnosis currently relies on subjective clusters of symptoms rather than objective brain-based measures.1 One promising way to improve psychiatric treatment is by identifying biological markers of mental illness that could be detected in early stages of the disease process or even prior to the onset of clinically significant symptoms. Biomarkers are especially needed in psychotic disorders, given that a clear majority (80–90%) of patients with schizophrenia experience a preclinical or prodromal phase—or period of decreased functioning—preceding the onset of full psychotic symptoms.2 By gaining a better understanding of risk factors and biological markers associated with early-stage schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders, researchers could provide clinicians with novel opportunities to identify and treat patients before they develop serious mental illness.
Psychiatry and the "Pre"-Patient
Schizophrenia: The first signs
Although patients typically develop schizophrenia or experience a first-episode psychotic break in young adulthood, the first symptoms of disease may begin as early as in childhood or adolescence. Most patients experience early or prodromal symptoms of psychosis for months or years before full onset of schizophrenia, including decreased affect (poor mood), cognitive decline (such as reduced concentration), and a decline in functional abilities, often reflected by (worsening) social isolation or withdrawal.3-4 Attenuated positive symptoms of psychosis (typically auditory hallucinations or overvalued/odd ideas) emerge later in the prodromal phase. Many patients and family members notice these early symptoms of psychosis, yet fail to recognize them as potential markers of future disease onset. In fact, approximately 35% of help-seeking people presenting with prodromal symptoms will develop a psychotic disorder within 3 years.5 As noted in Figure 1, however, not everyone with prodromal symptoms of psychosis goes on to develop a psychotic disorder.
Click here to here Dr. Christoph Correll describe the psychosis prodrome
Clinical trajectories of people with prodromal symptoms of psychosis
Title Display
Show title, display as normal headline
Source. Figure adapted from Millan MJ, Andrieux A, Bartzokis G, et al. Altering the course of schizophrenia: progress and perspectives. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2016;15(7):485-515.
Patients who are recognized early in the disease course have access to a number of evidence-based treatment options.6 In the preclinical phase, patients and their family members may benefit from programs to improve mental health literacy, healthy lifestyle instruction, including avoidance of illicit drugs, as well as evidence based treatments for "comorbid" syndromal psychiatric disorders that are frequently present (e.g., depression, anxiety disorders, etc). For patients who have already shown attenuated (subthreshold) psychotic symptoms, treatment with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and, possibly, medications may represent the best approach. The challenge has been to identify patients who are at true risk of psychosis while preventing over-diagnosis (false positives). Fortunately, a better understanding of the mechanisms that underpin conversion to psychosis has begun to close the gap.
Screening: today and tomorrow
In order to identify patients with prodromal symptoms who are most likely to experience a psychotic break, researchers have developed a number of screening tools in recent years. These instruments include (among others) the PRIME Screen–Revised, Prodromal Questionnaire–Brief Version (PQ-B), Youth Psychosis At-Risk Questionnaire–Brief, and PROD-screen.7-10 These screening tools have yielded varying levels of sensitivity and specificity in identifying patients who would eventually go on to develop schizophrenia or experience a psychotic break. In other words, it is difficult to predict whether a high-risk patient will later become psychotic on the basis of clinical features alone. Therefore, future screening tools that incorporate predictive markers associated with the disease process—such as neuroimaging, genetic, and peripheral, blood-based biomarkers—could lead to earlier and more accurate diagnosis.11-12 This article explores each of these biomarkers in turn.
Listen to Dr. Correll discuss how the field has evolved over time in defining prodromal symptoms in an effort to identify those who will convert to psychosis and what challenges the field faces in the future
Genetic and epigenetic biomarkers
Genetic factors play a large role in the development of schizophrenia, with twin studies illustrating its heritability at 70–80%.13 As one would expect, genomics studies have identified a large number of genetic loci that carry an increased risk for schizophrenia. In the largest and most significant of these studies, a genome-wide association study involving more than 150,000 people, the Schizophrenia Working Group identified 108 loci linked with the diagnosis of schizophrenia.14 According to the authors, people in the top 10% of genetic risk are twenty times more likely to develop schizophrenia than those without these gene variations.
The discovery of specific genetic risk factors for schizophrenia may allow researchers and clinicians to better understand the complex molecular alterations that drive the development of disease. The most important of these genetic variants appears to lie in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) locus, a structure previously known for its central role in the immune system.15 The MHC locus contains the complement component 4 (C4) gene, which encodes the complement protein C4-A. When overexpressed, C4-A is thought to induce excessive pruning of synapses in the cerebral cortex during adolescence or early adulthood—the time when many people first experience prodromal symptoms of schizophrenia.15 Excessive elimination of synapses and thinning of the cortex may explain the cognitive deficits that are seen in high-risk patients months or years before the first psychotic episode. Therefore, one idea is that extensive synaptic pruning of cortical neurons and other markers of disrupted brain connectivity (already the focus of some neuroimaging studies16-17 could be used to predict the onset of psychosis. If so, clinicians may have an opportunity to intervene prior to the onset of serious illness.Genetic biomarkers, however, have several potential limitations. Most importantly, each of the more than 100 individual loci associated with schizophrenia carries only a very small risk of developing the disorder. The high-risk variants of the C4 gene discussed above, for example, increase a person's risk of developing schizophrenia from baseline levels of 1% to only 1.27%.15 In other words, more than 98% of people carrying the high-risk C4 variant will not develop schizophrenia.
Conversion to psychosis may be better explained by epigenetic factors, or the complex molecular interactions between genome and environment that influence gene expression. In a longitudinal study of DNA methylation in prodromal patients, conversion to psychosis was linked with specific methylation changes that were not seen in non-converters.18 Given that the role of gene–environment interactions in psychiatry is likely highly complex, future studies are needed to identify epigenetic changes relevant to treatment interventions.
Neuroimaging biomarkers
Neuroimaging studies of patients with prodromal symptoms of psychosis have shown a strong potential in identifying changes in the brain that occur during the transition to schizophrenia.19-20 Notably, the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study (NAPLS) has found that high-risk patients who develop full psychotic symptoms lose gray matter volume at steeper rates than those who recover or continue at the same risk level.21 Volume loss among high-risk patients who convert to psychosis is especially pronounced in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, which may explain some of the cognitive deficits seen early in the disease course. Other brain changes observed during the prodromal period include loss of volume in the temporal lobe, degeneration of cerebral white matter, increased functional activity during cognitive tasks (likely reflecting a limited "reserve" of cognitive resources), and elevated subcortical release of dopamine, the neurotransmitter most strongly implicated in schizophrenia.22
Neuroimaging differences between patients with prodromal symptoms who do and do not later develop psychosis
Researchers have found that prodromal patients who develop psychosis show (A) smaller medial temporal volume, (B) reduced white matter integrity in fronto-temporal fibers, (C) increased activation in medial temporal and prefrontal cortex and in the midbrain, and (D) increased dopamine synthesis in the striatum.
Source. David Nutt, Imperial College London.
Neuroimaging may also be useful in illuminating the molecular mechanisms underlying the onset of psychosis. One process implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia is neuroinflammation and activation of microglia.23 In the same longitudinal imaging study discussed above (NAPLS), gray matter loss in patients who developed a psychotic disorder was linked with elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, suggesting that biomarkers of inflammation may be predictive of disease progression. Likewise, a PET imaging study using a ligand that binds activated microglia found neuroinflammatory changes in patients at high risk for psychosis.24 Taken together, these studies suggest that multiple neuroimaging biomarkers could potentially be used to detect patients at highest risk of symptomatic progression.
These findings, however, describe average differences between groups, which do not allow clinicians to make inferences about individual patients. In an attempt to overcome this disadvantage, some researchers have turned to machine learning, a type of artificial intelligence that can be used to recognize patterns in neuroimaging data and use the output to predict clinical outcomes.22,25 In one such study, Koutsouleris and colleagues used a machine learning algorithm called support vector machines (SVMs) to recognize patterns of neuroanatomical changes in high-risk participants who did and did not subsequently develop psychosis.26 After learning or "training" on a sample data set, the algorithm successfully predicted which of the patients with prodromal symptoms would transition to full psychosis with a high level of accuracy (82%). Although these findings must be replicated in large-scale longitudinal studies, machine learning provides an important means to identify new imaging-based biomarkers for schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.
Despite recent advancements in neuroimaging technology, however, researchers have struggled to identify prognostic biomarkers that could be used clinically.27 One barrier to translational research has been the high degree of clinical heterogeneity within the prodromal population.27 Another limitation is that state-of-the-art neuroimaging techniques, such as those used to visualize inflammation, have been used in only a few studies to date.28 In order to overcome these challenges and advance the pace of innovation, some researchers have proposed launching a large-scale research collaboration—similar to the National Institutes of Health Precision Medicine Initiative—focused on discovering new imaging biomarkers across a range of psychiatric disorders.28 Data from large-scale studies of prodromal patients could substantially improve our ability to predict the onset of psychosis.
Peripheral biomarkers
Perhaps the best biomarkers to screen for mental illness would be detected through a simple blood test.29-30 In one study of people with prodromal symptoms of psychosis, researchers identified a panel of 26 serum proteins involved in various immune, inflammatory, and metabolic pathways capable of predicting disease progression.31 In a cohort consisting of 76 prodromal patients, blood samples predicted development of schizophrenia with a sensitivity of 89%. It has yet to be seen, however, whether these promising results can be generalized to clinical practice. Even so, blood-based bioassays may one day be a useful adjunct to clinicians in predicting true risk for conversion among prodromal patients.
When is Diagnosis Appropriate?
As in most forms of medicine, the golden question in preclinical and prodromal psychiatry is to decide when symptoms (or biomarkers) become a disorder. The terms "disorder" or "disease" have implicit meanings of ill-health, and a preclinical diagnosis may be stigmatizing to patients who are not currently experiencing symptoms that interfere with daily life. Even so, patients would likely benefit from efforts to detect and treat the early stages of neuropsychiatric diseases, including schizophrenia. Moreover, most people at clinical high-risk for psychosis have functional impairment due to the attenuated symptoms and/or co-occurring comorbidities. Further, importantly, some of the neurological damage associated with schizophrenia appears to be irreversible if not treated, resulting in a pattern of clinical deterioration and increasing disability.3 The longer psychotic patients go untreated, moreover, the worse their long-term prognosis. Clinical intervention during the prodromal phase of illness could permit the opportunity to modify the disease course, potentially reducing suffering to patients and families. Part 4 in this four-part series discusses the ethical questions raised by preclinical detection in psychiatry and neurology.
Modern medicine relies on biomarker testing to identify patients at-risk of developing a particular disease and to aid clinical decision-making. Although clinically significant biomarkers for psychiatric disorders have been lacking,32 recent technological advances have led to the discovery of brain changes in high-risk patients that could allow for earlier detection and diagnosis. Given that the development of schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders results from the complex interplay of genes and environmental factors, future screening tools that integrate a range of biological data may offer the best strategy to identify patients at-risk.11 Advanced screening and early, targeted preventive interventions have the potential to increase or retain functionality and quality of life for patients who suffer from at-risk stages for severe and debilitating psychiatric disorders and their families while reducing national healthcare expenditures. First, however, our approach to mental health needs a conceptual shift—one that places preventive health at the forefront.
We would like to thank Professor Christoph Correll for sharing his expertise around preclinical and prodromal psychiatry and for providing his feedback in the development of this article.
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Cuthbert BN, Insel TR. Toward the future of psychiatric diagnosis: the seven pillars of RDoC. BMC Med. 2013;11:126.
Yung AR, McGorry PD. The prodromal phase of first-episode psychosis: past and current conceptualizations. Schizophr Bull. 1996;22(2):353-370.
Lieberman JA, Perkins D, Belger A, Chakos M, Jarskog F, Boteva K, Gilmore J. The early stages of schizophrenia: speculations on pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and therapeutic approaches. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;50(11):884-97.
Howes OD, Murray RM. Schizophrenia: an integrated sociodevelopmental-cognitive model. Lancet. 2014;383(9929):1677-87.
Fusar-Poli P, Borgwardt S, Bechdolf A, et al. The Psychosis High-Risk State. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70(1):107-120.
McGorry PD, Hickie IB, Yung AR, Pantelis C, Jackson HJ. Clinical staging of psychiatric disorders: a heuristic framework for choosing earlier, safer and more effective interventions. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2006;40(8):616-622. doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01860.x
Heinimaa M, Salokangas RK, Ristkari T, et al. PROD-screen - a screen for prodromal symptoms of psychosis. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2003;12(2):92-104.
Miller TJ, McGlashan TH, Rosen JL, et al. Prodromal assessment with the structured interview for prodromal syndromes and the scale of prodromal symptoms: predictive validity, interrater reliability, and training to reliability. Schizophr Bull 2003;29(4):703-15.
Ord LM, Myles-Worsley M, Blailes F, Ngiralmau H. Screening for prodromal adolescents in an isolated high-risk population. Schizophr Res 2004;71(2-3):507-8.
Loewy RL, Pearson R, Vinogradov S, Bearden CE, Cannon TD. Psychosis risk screening with the Prodromal Questionnaire--brief version (PQ-B). Schizophr Res. 2011;129(1):42-6.
Riecher-Rössler A, Studerus E. Prediction of conversion to psychosis in individuals with an at-risk mental state: a brief update on recent developments. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2017;30(3):209–219.
Rodrigues-Amorim D, Rivera-Baltanás T, López M, Spuch C, Olivares JM, Agís-Balboa RC. Schizophrenia: A review of potential biomarkers. J Psychiatr Res. 2017;93:37-49.
Giusti-Rodríguez P, Sullivan PF. The genomics of schizophrenia: update and implications. J Clin Invest. 2013;123(11):4557-4563.
Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci. Nature. 2014;511(7510):421-427.
Sekar A, Bialas AR, de Rivera H, et al. Schizophrenia risk from complex variation of complement component 4. Nature. 2016;530(7589):177-183.
Anticevic A, Haut K, Murray JD, et al. Association of Thalamic Dysconnectivity and Conversion to Psychosis in Youth and Young Adults at Elevated Clinical Risk. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72(9):882-891.
Wang C, Ji F, Hong Z, et al. Disrupted salience network functional connectivity and white-matter microstructure in persons at risk for psychosis: findings from the LYRIKS study. Psychol Med. 2016;46(13):2771-2783.
Kebir O, Chaumette B, Rivollier F, et al. Methylomic changes during conversion to psychosis. Mol Psychiatry. 2017;22(4):512-518.
Fusar-Poli P, McGuire P, Borgwardt S. Mapping prodromal psychosis: a critical review of neuroimaging studies. Eur Psychiatry 2012;27(3):181-91.
Chung Y, Cannon TD. Brain imaging during the transition from psychosis prodrome to schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis 2015;203(5):336-41.
Cannon TD, Chung Y, He G, et al. Progressive reduction in cortical thickness as psychosis develops: a multisite longitudinal neuroimaging study of youth at elevated clinical risk. Biol Psychiatry. 2015;77(2):147-157.
McGuire P, Sato JR, Mechelli A, Jackowski A, Bressan RA, Zugman A. Can neuroimaging be used to predict the onset of psychosis? Lancet Psychiatry. 2015;2(12):1117-1122.
Leza JC, García-Bueno B, Bioque M, et al. Inflammation in schizophrenia: A question of balance. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2015;55:612-626.
Bloomfield PS, Selvaraj S, Veronese M, et al. Microglial Activity in People at Ultra High Risk of Psychosis and in Schizophrenia: An [(11)C]PBR28 PET Brain Imaging Study. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173(1):44-52.
Gifford G, Crossley N, Fusar-Poli P, et al. Using neuroimaging to help predict the onset of psychosis. NeuroImage. 2017;145:209-217.
Koutsouleris N, Meisenzahl EM, Davatzikos C, et al. Use of neuroanatomical pattern classification to identify subjects in at-risk mental states of psychosis and predict disease transition. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66(7):700-712.
Fusar-Poli P, Meyer-Lindenberg A. Forty years of structural imaging in psychosis: promises and truth. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2016;134(3):207-24.
Abi-Dargham A, Horga G. The search for imaging biomarkers in psychiatric disorders. Nat Med. 2016;22:1248-55.
Chan MK, Cooper JD, Bahn S. Commercialisation of Biomarker Tests for Mental Illnesses: Advances and Obstacles. Trends Biotechnol. 2015;33(12):712-723.
Lai C-Y, Scarr E, Udawela M, Everall I, Chen WJ, Dean B. Biomarkers in schizophrenia: A focus on blood based diagnostics and theranostics. World J Psychiatry. 2016;6(1):102-117.
Chan MK, Krebs M-O, Cox D, et al. Development of a blood-based molecular biomarker test for identification of schizophrenia before disease onset. Transl Psychiatry. 2015b;5(7):e601.
Prata D, Mechelli A, Kapur S. Clinically meaningful biomarkers for psychosis: a systematic and quantitative review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2014;45:134-141.
New images available in the Image Bank: The Brain - frontal view and The basal ganglia


text:
Senior TN advocate S Prabhakaran elected as Vice Chairman of Bar Council of India
Published 22 April 2021 1 min read
A senior advocate from Tamil Nadu S Prabhakaran was elected unopposed as the Vice Chairman of Bar Council of India on Tuesday. The advocate was elected unopposed since no other members filed nominations till the deadline on Tuesday. Prabhakaran represented the Bar Council of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry at BCI. In an official declaration, Suresh Chandra Shrimali, the returning officer said, as there were no other nominations filed for the post, there is no need to proceed with the election procedure any further. S Prabakaran was elected unopposed for the post of vice-chairman Bar Council of India, he declared. Prabhakar will serve his tenure of one year, as per the BCI rules. He succeeded SA Deshmukh, who resigned his post. The senior lawyer Prabhakar has also served as President of Madras High Court Advocates Association three times and is also presently heading Tamil Nadu Advocate Association, said a report in ToI. In March 2016, the Madras High Court designated 12 lawyers including S Prabhakaran of the court with senior advocateship after three years. These 12 lawyers were selected following norms to designate the lawyers were implemented in 2013. The previous legislation permitted the lawyers to nominate themselves for the post and receive the support of two-third of judges to give them the status. However, as per the new norms only invited lawyers with at least Rs 7 lakh income tax returns for three previous financial years among others were eligible. The senior lawyer also ran into a controversy in 2018. The Advocate General Vijay Narayan wrote to the Bar Council of India accusing senior counsel S Prabakaran of attempting to thwart efforts to conduct free and fair elections to Bar Council of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry. He also suggested the BCI to decide on appointing a retired Madras HC judge in consultation with Chief Justice to oversee the process of selection, said a report from The Hindu.
Tamil Nadu curfew: Suburban trains in Chennai won't ply after 10 pm
Case of coronavirus variant first detected in India confirmed in Quebec
A look at past confrontations between Israel and Palestinian militants in Gaza


text:
The 2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests were a series of strikes and protests that took place across Iran from early 2018 until mid-2019 against the country's economic situation, as well as the Iranian government, as part of the wider Iranian Democracy Movement.

Timeline

2018

April
On 14 April 2018, Baneh shopkeepers started strikes which continued for twenty days.

May
In late May, Iranian truckers staged a major nationwide strike over low wages and poor working conditions. It lasted until mid June and was the first in series of strikes that continued until late 2018 (see below).

June

25 June:
On 25 June 2018, shops were shut and thousands gathered in the Bazaar area of Tehran to protest the economic situation. This was met with security forces firing tear gas at the protestors. Protests against the economic situation also occurred in Shahriar, Karaj, Qeshm, Bandar Abbas, and Mashhad. Some of the stores were closed enforcedly by unknown individuals.

26 June:
People in Tehran took to the streets for the third straight day on 26 June, with many shops in Tehran's Bazaar remaining closed. Videos from social media showed the crowd in downtown Tehran chanting "Death to the dictator" and "Death to Palestine". Security forces clamped down on the protesters once again, arresting a large number of people.

Strikes and protests were also seen in Kermanshah, Arak and Tabriz.

27 June:
Protests continued for a third day in Tehran, despite a heavy security presence, Reuters referred to the three days as "the biggest unrest since the start of the year". Iran's Supreme Leader, Ali Khamenei, addressed the protests for the first time and called on the judiciary to punish those who disrupted economic security. Many of the protests involved traders in the Grand Bazaar in Tehran, who complained that the devaluation of the Iranian rial had forced them to stop trading.

28 June:
On 28 June, sources told Radio Farda that merchants had closed down the Bazaar in the city of Arak. Tehran's prosecutor general stated that a large number of protesters had been arrested and would likely face trial. Jafar Dolatabadi also stated in an interview that the protesters grievances are not only economic, and that "people are grappling with political and social concerns".

September
On 11 September 2018, shopkeepers in Iranian Kurdistan initiated a one-day strike in response to the missile attack by the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps on the headquarters of the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran, and the execution of Ramin Panahi and two other Kurd activists. In response to the strikes, the security forces arrested five Kurdish activists.

On 22 September 2018, truckers across several Iranian cities restarted their strikes against the rising expenses of their jobs.
On 26 September, the strikes continued and were seen in Ahvaz, Qazvin, Shahreza, Borujerd, and Urmia. 40 to 70 truckers in Fars, Tehran, and Qazvin province were arrested on 27 September, as strikes continued into their fifth day. The Free Truckers Union announced that the strike had spread to 31 provinces across the country. The judiciary stated that those arrested could face the death penalty. On 29 September, on the eight day of the strikes, the number of truckers arrested reached 89.

October

On 1 October, the truckers strikes reached their 10th straight day and were seen in Bukan, Khosrowshah, Arak, Fooladshahr, Nishapur, Tiran, Takestan, Kermanshah, Sanandaj, Qazvin, Karaj, Bandar Abbas, Ardabil, Dezful, Yazd, and Najafabad. The number of arrested also reached 156. By the 13th straight day of the strike over 230 truckers were arrested. The strikes continued into 8 October, and reached their 17th consecutive day. Security forces responded by arresting a number of truckers, which increased the number of people arrested to 256. On the same day, Bazaaris in multiple cities across Iran closed their shops and went on strike in protest to the economic situation. Strikes were seen in Sanandaj, Bukan, Saqqez, Marivan, Baneh, Miandoab, Tehran, Isfahan, Mashhad, Tabriz, and Chabahar. The strikes continued into 9 October, although they were reduced in size from the previous day, and were seen in Tabriz, Shahriar, Shahreza, and Sanandaj.

On 13 October 2018, teachers across Iran started a two-day nationwide strike in protest to high expenses and inflation. Teachers in Tehran, Mashhad, Tabriz, Isfahan, Shiraz, Kermanshah, Ilam, Yasuj, Sanandaj, Simorgh, Hamedan, Amol, Zarrin Shahr, Gonabad, Eslamabad, Torbat-e Heydarieh, Marivan, Sarvabad, and Garmeh, went on strike. At least two teachers were arrested on the first day of the strike.

Teachers went on strike for a second day on 14 October.

November
On 1 November 2018, truckers in Tehran, Zanjan, Isfahan, Asaluyeh, Nahavand, and Shahrud went on strike for the fourth time this year in protest to the arrest of hundreds of truckers in October. Workers from several factories in Iran have been on constant strikes due to unpaid wages and inflation. On 2 November 2018, workers at the Haft Tappeh Cane Sugar Company's factory in Shush start their own strikes.

On 13 and 14 November, Iranian teachers in most provinces went on strike for the second time in 2018. Thirteen teachers were arrested during this strike.

On 15 November, the workers strikes escalated and protests spilled onto the streets of Shush. Some workers in Shush called for the factory to be operated by a workers council. The following day, the workers disrupted the Friday Prayer service of the city. They chanted "Hossein, Hossein is their cry, theft is their pride", "Death to oppressors, long live workers", and "Workers are willing to die, but will not accept oppression". Protests continued in the streets of Shush on 17 November, despite the presence of the security forces and riot police.

On the same day, hundreds of workers of the Foolad Company in Ahvaz protested in front of the Governor's office. Protestors in Ahvaz chanted "Let go of Kashoggi, think of us", and "Inflation, increasing prices, be responsible Rouhani". On 18 November, nineteen protestors were arrested in Shush. By 21 November, thirteen of the protesters in Shush were released from prison, the arrested protestors faced charges of "acting against the regime". On 24 November, workers joined by ordinary citizens, protested in Ahvaz and clashed with the security forces. On the same day, workers of the vegetable oil factory of Zanjan protested in front of the governor's office in Zanjan due to unpaid wages. On 28 November, workers protested for the 24th consecutive day in Shush, despite the city's police commander stating that any gatherings were against the law. Protests occurred in Ahvaz on the same day, as thousands of workers took to the streets.

On 18 November 2018 Workers Syndicate at the Haft Tappeh sugar mill in Iran's Khuzestan province announced that the security forces had arrested two of their representatives, Esmail Bakhshi and Mohsen Armand. The syndicate also announced that on 29 November 2018 government forces arrested its senior member Ali Nejati in his house.

December
On 4 December, workers in Ahvaz protested for the 25th straight day, and chanted "Palestine and Syria are the root of our problems". On 17 December, the security forces cracked-down and arrested 31 workers in Ahvaz whom they re-identified as the leaders of the protests. The day before workers had gathered in Ahvaz and declared that they would take their protest to the capital Tehran, if their demands were not met.  On 13 December, Ali Nejati, was transferred to hospital, after long and distressing interrogations.

On 18 December, a lone protester on the island of Kish, stood in front of the main square of the city and graffitied anti-regime and pro-worker slogans, which included: "Imprisoned workers must be freed", and "long live the Shah". On 18 and 19 December 2018 the security forces stormed the houses of Foolad workers in Khuzestan province and arrested up to 41 workers.

15 workers at Ilam Petrochemical Plant in central western Iran were convicted to six months' imprisonment and 74 lashes by a state court after they gathered in protest outside the factory for their fellow experienced workers being laid off. The court charged them with "disrupting public order and peace".

On 21 December, truck drivers across the country started their fifth round of nationwide strikes in protest to inflation and rising expenses.

On 27 December 2018 Security forces attacked with tear gas a teachers gathering outside the education office in Isfahan, central Iran. Teachers were protesting their low salary and the arrest of their colleagues who were now in jail.

2019

January
Farmers gathered in Isfahan on 2 January to protest the lack of water in the Zayanderud. The protestors were met by security forces who fired tear gas and live rounds into the air to disperse the crowds. On 22 January, retirees gathered in front of the parliament building in Tehran and chanted "Torture and forced confessions, have no effect anymore". Two days later, on 24 January, teachers gathered in five provinces to protest their current living and teaching conditions.

February
On 14 February, teachers in Ardabil, Mashhad, Marivan, Sanandaj, Orumieh, and Kermanshah gathered outside of the offices of the Ministry of Education and protested the arrest of teachers, and unfavourable living and teaching conditions. On the same day a teacher's rights activist was arrested in Sanandaj.

On 26 February, railway workers in Tabriz and Shahroud went on strike. Earlier that day, a large group of retirees gathered in front of the parliament building in Tehran to protest low pensions. Protesters chanted "no nation has seen
such a dishonourable parliament" and "shame on those who claim to be the upholders of justice".

March
On 3 March, teachers across Iran started a three-day nationwide sit in, in protest to low living wages and unfavourable job conditions. This is the third sit in this year by teachers across Iran. The same day, railway workers in Andimeshk went on strike to protest unpaid wages and blocked the Ahvaz to Mashhad train from running its route. The families of Esmail Bakhshi and Sepideh Gholian also gathered in front of the judiciary in Shush to protest their arrest.

The following day on 4 March, mobile bazars in Tehran, Tabriz, Ahvaz, Mashhad, and Isfahan went on strike to protest the new initiative started by the Ministry of Communications which prevents them from registering the smartphones they want to sell.

On 5 March, workers of Chamshir Dam in Gachsaran went on strike and gathered outside the governorate to protest 14 months of unpaid wages. On the same day, workers of the Ministry of Agriculture gathered in front of the parliament building in Tehran and protested their low wages. Railway strikes also continued in Tabriz and Lorestan province.

On 6 March, Foolad retirees took to the streets in Isfahan due to low pensions. The protestors chanted "Our revolution was a mistake" and "Rouhani the liar, resign". Teachers again took the streets on 7 March in multiple cities across Iran. Protests were reported in Kermanshah, Urmia, Ardabil, Mashhad, and Isfahan.

May
On 1 May (May day), workers, students, and teachers gathered in front of the parliament building in Tehran to protest poor economic conditions, and lack of individual rights. Protesters chanted "Workers, teachers, students, unite" and "High costs and inflation are hurting people's lives". The security forces clamped down on the protests and 40 demonstrators were arrested.

On 2 May, teachers across 13 provinces in Iran protested their poor work and living conditions. The security forces arrested at least three teachers in Tehran.

June
On 23 June, protestors in Kermanshah could be seen wearing yellow vests in inspiration by the French Yellow vests movement.

Torture allegations
On 29 November 2018, it was reported by various news outlets that Esmail Bakhshi, one of the leaders of the strikes in Shush, had been severely tortured during his detention and transferred to a hospital in Ahvaz. Officials in Khuzestan province quickly denied the news. On 4 December, members of the Haft Tape Union, warned that the health of Bakhshi and Sepideh Qolian was in a dire state, as they could not tell what time of day it was. It was later revealed that while in custody, Bakhshi was attacked repeatedly with a baton, to the point where he now has difficulty walking, sitting, and sleeping. He was also given unspecified drugs.

On 20 December 2018, Human Rights Watch urged the regime in Iran to investigate and find an explanation for the death of Vahid Sayadi Nasiri who had been jailed for insulting the Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei. According to his family Nasiri had been on hunger strike but he was denied medical attention before he died.

Bakhshi and Qolian were arrested again in January 2019. In February 2019, it was reported that Bakhshi's health was in serious condition while in jail.

Suppression
Addressing students in Qom,  in early March  2019, Musa Ghazanfarabadi, an Iranian official and head  of the Islamic Courts in Tehran, said that if needed they can bring Hashd al-Shaabi militias from Iraq, Houthis from Yemen and  others from Pakistan and Afghanistan to suppress the demonstrations.

Gallery

See also

Economy of Iran
History of the Islamic Republic of Iran
2017–2018 Iranian protests
Internet activism during the 2009 Iranian election protests
1953 Iranian coup d'état
Iran student protests, July 1999
2009 Iranian presidential election protests
2011–2012 Iranian protests
2018 Dervish protests
2018 Khuzestan protests
2018 Iranian water protests
2019 Iranian protests
2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests
June 2018 uprising in Iran

References

External links

2018 in Iran
2019 in Iran
2018 protests
2019 protests
2018 labor disputes and strikes
2019 labor disputes and strikes
History of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Iranian democracy movements
June 2018 events in Iran
Presidency of Hassan Rouhani
Protest marches
2018
2018-2019 Iranian general strikes and protests
Labour disputes in Iran

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Hundreds of properties across Gloucester were suddenly without electricity when a power cut struck this afternoon.
Western Power Distribution (WPD) reported that 1,200 customers across Tuffley were without power when an underground cable carrying high voltage became faulty.
Problems were first reported at about 2.30pm.
The energy firm was able to get most of the properties back on the grid within minutes by re-routing the supply.
There are now just two properties without power, and won't be back on until 7pm.
A spokesman from WPD said they were not in the process of locating the fault and fixing it.
They added they don't expect there to be any further problems while the problem is being fixed.


U.S. soccer stud Landon Donovan was forced to play defense Sunday after a British paramour claimed she was carrying his love child.
A day after Ghana booted Donovan and Team U.S.A. from the World Cup tournament, the married, 28-year-old forward took a bicycle kick to his squeaky-clean image.
"If I need to take responsibility, then I will provide the appropriate support," Donovan told Sports Illustrated.
He did not deny paternity.
Donovan said he was blindsided by the pregnancy news during America's thrilling World Cup run, which ended with Saturday's crushing defeat.
The U.S. team's leading scorer, who is married to "Rules of Engagement" actress Bianca Kajlich, refused to comment further. He called the situation a "private matter."
The love child was reportedly sired last winter during the 10 weeks Donovan spent playing for Everton, England, in the English Premier League.
Donovan's paramour is reportedly threatening to provide one or more British tabloids with the steamy details.
Kajlich and Donovan have been separated since last July. He fueled speculation of a reconciliation last week by blowing her a kiss and calling her his inspiration during a postgame interview.
"We are not officially divorced," Donovan told Yahoo!Sports.
Sources close to the couple later said it would not be surprising "if Landon and Bianca were back together very soon," according to People magazine.
Kajlich, 33, who married Donovan on New Year's Eve 2006, has yet to speak publicly about the baby-daddy allegations.
On her Twitter page, she simply commented on the United States' 2-1 loss to Ghana, writing, "Man oh man. Tough loss. So proud of our boys."