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1. Stoddart, D.R.	1976. Continuity and Crisis in the Reef Community. Micronesica. 12 (1): 1-10.	Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
Continuity and Crisis in the Reef Community
Stoddart, D.R.
This Symposium has for its theme reef biology in the Indo-Pacific; it is particularly concerned with the present state of faunistic information in this area, and the extent to which biogeographic patterns are reflected in the structure and morphology of local reef communities. The tropical Indo-Pacific, from the east coast of Africa, Madagascar, and the Red Sea to the easternmost Tuamotus, is one of extraordinary uniformity in shallow benthic marine biota. This applies not only to the more conspicuous components of the coral reefs, but also to many intricate associations of plants and animals found in this environment. This fact alone, based though it is on a patchy and limited sampling of reefs, nevertheless represents a remarkable paradox, for it exists in spite of recurrent crises in the reef seas which reached their peak during the period of Pleistocene glaciations and which are probably not over yet.
Stoddart 1976
continuity_and_crisis_in_the_reef_community_by_stoddard_d.r._-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (632.99 KB)
2. Tsuda, R.T.	1976. Role of Benthic Algae in the Coral Reef Ecosystem: Introductory Remarks. Micronesica. 12 (1): 11-12.	Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
Role of Benthic Algae in the Coral Reef Ecosystem: Introductory Remarks
Tsuda, R.T.
Past studies on benthic algae of tropical reefs have focused on the descriptive aspects. In recent years, there has been an increase in interdisciplinary studies whereby researchers in various disciplines have pooled their knowledge to better interpret certain aspects of reef function. Since the benthic algae are the primary producers on the reef and knowledge on this group is basic to other studies, emphasis has focused on the role of benthic algae in the coral reef ecosystem.
Tsuda 1976
role_of_benthic_algae_in_the_coral_reef_ecosystem_-_introductory_remarks_by_tsuda_r.t._-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (46.68 KB)
3. Marsh, Jr. J.A.	1976. Energetic Role of Algae in Reef Ecosystems. Micronesica. 12 (1): 13-22.	Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
Energetic Role of Algae in Reef Ecosystems
Marsh, Jr. J.A.
Reef communities are recognized for their high productivity, but there is little information on the particular populations of primary producers responsible for this. There has as yet been no satisfactory attempt to rank the producer populations in a reef community according to their relative importance, and it is not clear whether community productivity is dominated by one or a few such populations or is distributed fairly evenly over a number of populations. There is also little information on how productivity varies spatially and temporally, nor is it yet known if there are basic differences between different types of reefs. Metabolic studies of reefs have tended to focus more on the community approach than on the study of individual populations.
energetic_role_of_algae_in_reef_ecosystems_by_marsh_j.a._-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (640.54 KB)
4. Wiebe, W.J.	1976. Nitrogen Cycle on a Coral Reef. Micronesica. 12 (1): 23-26.	Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
Nitrogen Cycle on a Coral Reef
Wiebe, W.J.
While coral reefs are characterized by high rates of biological productivity, it has long been a puzzle to biologists as to how this is accomplished. Most reefs exist in oceanic deserts where phytoplankton production is extremely low. In nutrient poor waters of the tropical Pacific Ocean, nitrogen is believed to be the most limiting element (Thomas and Owen, 1971). Starting in 1971 on the Symbios expedition (Johannes et al., 1972), a group of scientists examined the nitrogen flux of a windward reef at Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands. In this paper I wish to review these findings.
Wiebe 1976
nitrogen_cycle_on_a_coral_reef_by_wiebe_w.j._-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (274.31 KB)
5. Littler, M.M.	1976. Calcification and its Role among the Macroalgae. Micronesica. 12 (1): 27-42.	Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
Calcification and its Role among the Macroalgae
Littler, M.M.
Calcareous algae are important components of the limestone deposits of antiquity. Such deposits are often associated with petroleum reserves and, for this reason, calcareous algae have attracted attention from a broad spectrum of workers that includes geologists, phycologists and paleontologists. While nearly all have agreed that calcifying algae of modern depositional habitats are abundant, diverse and ecologically important, critical quantitative information is scarce and these organisms are in nearly every respect poorly known. Most of our knowledge of biological calcification comes from studies of bone and shell producing animals. Much of the present information on calcareous macroalgae concerns the location, appearance and degree of calcification, but the mechanisms and ultrastructural features are only beginning to be explored (see for examples Marszalek, 1971; Borowitzka, Larkum and Nockolds, 1974). Reasons for this lack of research are varied, but the naive presumption that calcium deposits in plants are fortuitous or by-products of photosynthesis and other metabolic reactions has contributed heavily.
(This is the first paragraph.There is no abstract.)
Littler 1976
calcification_and_its_role_among_the_macroalgae_by_littler_m.m._-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (1.29 MB)
6. Dahl, A.L.	1976. Generation of Photosynthetic Surface Area by Coral Reef Algae. Micronesica. 12 (1): 43-48.	Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
Generation of Photosynthetic Surface Area by Coral Reef Algae
Dahl, A.L.
The quantification of surface area has proven to be a useful approach to the greater understanding of surface-mediated processes in complex ecosystems such as coral reefs (Dahl, 1973). For plants in particular, it is through surfaces that light is absorbed for photosynthesis and materials exchanged with the surrounding medium, whether gaseous or aquatic. Attachment also requires surface, and in highly productive and mature benthic ecosystems, the generation of substratum is an evolutionary strategy permitting an increase in organism density and diversity.
(This is the first pargraph. There is no abstract.)
Dahl 1976
generation_of_photosynthetic_surface_area_by_coral_reef_algae_by_dahl_a.l._-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (296.69 KB)
7. Thorhaug, A.	1976. Tropical Macroalgae as Pollution Indicator Organisms. Micronesica. 12 (1): 49-66.	Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
Tropical Macroalgae as Pollution Indicator Organisms
Thorhaug, A.
A great deal of emphasis has been placed on the role of phytoplankton as primary producers in marine biology. As our focus changes from oceanic to coastal processes, it becomes clear that benthic macrophytes emerge as dominant, if not predominant, in production of plant material. In two geographical regions is this particularly marked: the tropics and the very nearshore regions. Unfortunately, it is in these same regions that man's impact is rapidly occurring often resulting in irreversible destruction so that rapid and accurate information must be accumulated to control these impacts for optimum usage. Since a great portion of efforts in marine biology have been directed toward an understanding of the phytoplankton system, little data has been accumulated on the effect of various physical and chemical factors on macroalgae, especially tropical species.
Thorhaug 1976
tropical_macroalgae_as_pollution_indicator_organisms_by_thorhaug_a._-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (1.08 MB)
8. Hadfield, M.G.	1976. Animal Associates on Coral Reefs: Introductory Remarks. Micronesica. 12 (1): 67-68.	Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
Animal Associates on Coral Reefs: Introductory Remarks
Hadfield, M.G.
The organizers of the 1974, "International Symposium on Inda-Pacific Tropical Reef Biology," envisioned a comprehensive examination of problems relating to faunistics and floristics of coral reef communities. Special attention was to be directed toward summations of existing knowledge of the state of taxonomy of various groups. In connection with these reports was to be a series of symposia in which would be summarized biological information about major groups of reef associated organisms.
symposium_-_animal_associates_on_coral_reefs-introductory_remarks_by_hadfeld_m.g._-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (94.75 KB)
9. Newman, W.A., P.A. Jumars, & A. Ross.	1976. Diversity Trends in Coral-Inhabiting Barnacles (Cirripedia, Pyrgomatinae). Micronesica. 12 (1): 69-82.	Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
Diversity Trends in Coral-Inhabiting Barnacles (Cirripedia, Pyrgomatinae)
Newman, W.A., P.A. Jumars, & A. Ross.
A recent revision of the coral-inhabiting barnacles of the subfamily Pygromatinae (Ross and Newman, 1973) covers various aspects of the biogeography, growth and form, and host specificity, as well as systematics and evolution, and thereby affords an up-to-date source for analyses of diversity trends in the group.
Newman, Jumars, & Ross 1976
diversity_trends_in_coral-inhabiting_barnacles_cirripedia_pyrgomatinae_by_newman_w.a._p.a._jumars_a._ross_-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (933.65 KB)
10. Bruce, A.J.	1976. Coral Reef Caridea and "Commensalism". Micronesica. 12 (1): 83-98.	Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
Coral Reef Caridea and "Commensalism"
The purpose of this paper is to provide a general review of what is presently known about the "commensal" caridean shrimps found in the coral reef biotope. The information is based largely upon the available literature and studies carried out in the western Indian Ocean, but the findings in this region probably apply extensively to the rest of the Indo-West Pacific region and also, to a lesser extent, to coral reef regions of the Eastern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.
coral_reef_caridea_and_commensalism_by_bruce_a.j._-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (1.16 MB)
11. Castro, J.S.	1976. Brachyuran Crabs Symbiotic with Scleractinian Corals: A Review of their Biology. Micronesica. 12 (1): 99-110.	Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1975.
Brachyuran Crabs Symbiotic with Scleractinian Corals: A Review of their Biology
Castro, J.S.
The brachyuran crabs constitute one of the most diverse components of coral reef communities. Serene (1972) has estimated that more than 500 of approximately 2,000 species of Indo-West Pacific brachyurans are inhabitants of coral reefs. Many of these species are associated in one way or another with scleractinian corals. Some of these are found living on dead coral or coral rubble while others arc facultative or obligate associates of living coral.
brachyuran_crabs_symbiotic_with_coral_communities_by_castro_p._-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (2.25 MB)
12. Clark, A.M.	1976. Tropical Epizoic Echinoderms and their Distribution. Micronesica. 12 (1): 111-118.	Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
Tropical Epizoic Echinoderms and their Distribution
Clark, A.M.
Although the newly metamorphosed young of many species of echinoderms are frequently epizoic transitorily on larger sessile or sedentary animals, it is only among the comatulid crinoids and the ophiuroids that a significant number of species, particularly suspension feeders, extend such associations throughout their lives. Where crinoids are concerned, the choice of perch for rheophilic (current-loving) species is limited by purely physical factors and it may be either animate or inanimate but for some ophiuroids an animate host is clearly preferred and the association is to some extent obligatory and can be termed commensal (or, in the case of Ophiomaza, even parasitic). It is noticeable that whereas the relict fauna of recent crinoids shows very limited adaptations to special circumstances, the apparently more plastic ophiuroids have evolved several unusual modifications correlated to some extent at least with the epizoic habit
Clark 1976
tropical_epizoic_echinoderms_and_their_distribution_by_clark_a.m._-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (2.53 MB)
13. Rice, M.E.	1976. Sipunculans Associated with Coral Communities. Micronesica. 12 (1): 119-132.	Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
Sipunculans Associated with Coral Communities
Rice, M.E.
Sipunculans occupy several habitats within the coral-reef community, often occurring in great densities. They may be found in burrows of their own formation within dead coral rock, wedged into crevices of rock and rubble, under rocks, or within algal mats covering the surfaces of rocks. In addition, sand-burrowing species commonly occur in the sand around coral heads and on the sand flats of lagoons. Only one species of sipunculan is known to be associated with a living coral. This is Aspidosiphon jukesi Baird 1873 which lives commensally in the base of two genera of solitary corals, Heteropsammia and Heterocyathus. This review will consider first the mutualistic association of the sipunculan and solitary coral and then the association, more broadly defined, of the rock-boring and sand-burrowing sipunculans as members of the coral reef community.
Rice 1976
sipunculans_associated_with_coral_communities_by_rice_m.e._-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (5.59 MB)
14. Hadfield, M.G.	1976. Molluscs Associated with Living Tropical Corals. Micronesica. 12 (1): 133-148.	Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
Molluscs Associated with Living Tropical Corals
Of the many thousands of molluscan species which are restricted in their distributions to shallow-water, tropical habitats, few can be shown to have a direct or obligatory association with living corals. For the remainder, a coral reef provides a major type of habitat in which the molluscs are living lives comparable to those of molluscs on temperate shores: they are detritivores, herbivores and carnivores, microphagous or macrophagous, whose life cycles are adapted to the temperatures and food webs of tropical reef ecosystems. In this paper I wish to discuss species with direct and obligatory associations with living corals. The purpose of such a survey is to assess the types of interactions which occur between corals and molluscs, to indicate where knowledge is scant, and to recommend directions for future research.
molluscs_associated_with_living_tropical_corals_by_hadfield_m.g._-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (5.42 MB)
15. Eldredge, L.G.	1976. The Need for Faunistic Information on Pacific Coral Reefs: Introductory Remarks. Micronesica. 12 (1): 149-150.	Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
The Need for Faunistic Information on Pacific Coral Reefs: Introductory Remarks
In conjunction with the International Symposium on Indo-Pacific Tropical Reef Biology, a series of reports were planned to be presented which summarized the status of knowledge of certain Indo-Pacific animals. The prime objective of the Colloquium was to begin a dialogue on how to better compile information on coral reefs. The information was to be presented by specialists familiar with individual animal groups. Unfortunately, because of financial restrictions, not all those originally scheduled to present papers were able to attend. However, eleven papers were presented and eight are published herein. At least one additional is to be published elsewhere. Two which were presented have been collated here as one.
colloquium_-_the_need_for_faunistic_information_on_pacific_coral_reefs_by_eldredge_l.g._-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (370.16 KB)
16. Randall, R.H.	1976. Some Problems in Reef Coral Taxonomy. Micronesica. 12 (1): 151-156.	Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
Some Problems in Reef Coral Taxonomy
Randall, R.H.
This paper is a brief presentation about some of the current problems in reef coral (hermatypic) taxonomy in relation to the role of the taxonomist and how well that role is being fulfilled. In a broad sense, a taxonomist organizes the tremendous diversity of life into an ordered arrangement of related forms. At the first level of organization the life forms are arranged into basic groups, each of which possesses a more or less common set of affinities. At the next level these basic groups are related to other basic groups which together have a broader range of common affinities. This grouping into higher hierarchial organization levels continues until the range of affinities are all encompassing of life itself. Taxonomists work directly in two dimensions of time-the present and the past. They not only organize the living forms, but also those forms which lived in the past by grouping the evidence, which by chance, has been preserved in the crust and sediments of the earth.
some_problems_in_reef_coral_taxonomy_by_randall_r.h._-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (3.68 MB)
17. Soule, D.F & J.D. Soule.	1976. The Status of Faunistic Information on Tropical Reef Bryozoans. Micronesica. 12 (1): 157-164.	Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
The Status of Faunistic Information on Tropical Reef Bryozoans
Soule, D.F & J.D. Soule.
The status of faunistic information concerning tropical reef bryozoans dwells at a very low level, virtually at alpha taxonomy, at the present time. Unless changes can occur in diversifying the approach and in supporting field studies, there is little likelihood that the situation will improve. Yet bryozoans play several important roles in at least some of the tropical reefs.
Soule 1976
status_of_faunistic_information_of_tropical_reef_bryozoans_by_soule_d.f._j.d._soule_-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (2.84 MB)
18. Fauchald, K.	1976. A Review of the Need for Work on Polychaete Systematics on Indo-Pacific Coral Reefs. Micronesica. 12 (1): 165-168.	Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
A Review of the Need for Work on Polychaete Systematics on Indo-Pacific Coral Reefs
Fauchald, K.
The following quote from Ekman (1953: 13) encasulates the common opinion of polychaetes as biogeographical indicators:
"The polychaetes, which are to a large extent cosmopolitan and therefore do no throw much light on regional zoogeography, also show the boundaries between the West and East Pacific, which is a good indication of the effectiveness of this boundary."
Fauchald 1976
a_review_of_the_need_for_work_on_polychaete_systematics_on_indo-pacific_coral_reefs_by_fauchald_k._-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (3 MB)
19. Barnard, J.L.	1976. Amphipoda (Crustacea) from the Indo-Pacific Tropics: A Review. Micronesica. 12 (1): 169-182.	Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
Amphipoda (Crustacea) from the Indo-Pacific Tropics: A Review
Barnard, J.L.
The gammaridean Amphipoda are the dominant peracaridan group of crustaceans in most shallow seas, including the tropics. This discussion reviews the status of our knowledge of this group in Indo-Pacific tropical zones, especially on coral reefs.
Barnard 1976
amphipoda_crustacea_from_the_indo-pacific_tropics-_a_review_by_barnard_j.l._-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (5.06 MB)
20. Haig, J.	1976. Decapod Crustacea of Pacific Coral Reefs. Micronesica. 12 (1): 183-186.	Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
Decapod Crustacea of Pacific Coral Reefs
Haig, J.
The decapod Crustacea are among the most abundant and diverse animals in the tropical Indo-West Pacific. Serène (1972) estimated that this area is inhabited by nearly 2,000 species of Brachyura alone. A large proportion of the tropical Indo-West Pacific decapods live on coral reefs: Serène gave their number as over 500 for the brachyurans and classified them as associates with other living coral reef organisms; regular inhabitants of the dead part of the reefs; and species which ordinarily live on rocky, sandy, or muddy substrates off the reefs, but occasionally occur there in suitable microhabitats.
Haig 1976
decapod_crustacea_of_pacific_coral_reefs_by_haig_j._-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (1.13 MB)
21. Kay, E.A.	1976. The Status of Faunistic Studies of Pacific Coral Reef Mollusks: 1974. Micronesica. 12 (1): 187-192.	Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
The Status of Faunistic Studies of Pacific Coral Reef Mollusks: 1974
Kay, E.A.
Four themes characterize faunistic studies of coral reef-associated mollusks in the Pacific: that they are representative of the lndo-West-Pacific faunal region, that within the faunal region there are areas of endemism, that there is an attenuation in numbers of species from west to east across the tropical Pacific, and that tropical Pacific mollusks exhibit high species diversity compared with temperate regions. These patterns have emerged from the descriptions and records of 19th century explorer-naturalists who crossed and re-crossed the Pacific. Their observations are summarized in such great molluscan classics as Kiener's (1834-1879) Coquilles Vivantes, Reeve's (1843-1878) Conchologia Iconica, Sowerby's (1842 1887) Thesaurus Conchyliorum, and Tryon's (1879-1898) Manual of Conchology . In the 20th century, the descriptive and summary work of Dall, Bartsch, and Rehder (1938), Ladd (1966, 1972), Cernohorsky (1967, 1972), and the ever increasing issues of Indo-Pacific Mollusca (edited by R.T. Abbott) provide further documentation for the themes.
Kay 1976
status_of_faunistic_studies_of_pacific_coral_reef_mollusks-_1974_by_kay_e.a._-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (1.72 MB)
22. Clark, A.M.	1976. Review of Present Status of Knowledge of Pacific Echinoderms. Micronesica. 12 (1): 193-196.	Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
Review of Present Status of Knowledge of Pacific Echinoderms
Inevitably most work in the Pacific on echinoderms has been done intertidally and in the upper 20 meters or so of water. The fauna of the tropical area, excepting the East Pacific, has been reviewed comprehensively by Clark and Rowe (1971) who give a fauna list/distribution table for the sub-areas of the Indo-West Pacific and annotated keys to the species (except for holothurians which are dealt with to genus or subgenus only). Since that date, notable contributions on the taxonomy of the Asterozoa of south-east Polynesia by Devaney and by Marsh have appeared and Devaney's revision of the dominant family of coral reef ophiuroids-the Ophiocomidae (to be concluded) includes many relevant species.
review_of_present_status_of_knowledge_of_pacific_echinoderms_by_clark_a.m._-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (1.05 MB)
23. Eldredge, L.G.	1976. lndo-Pacific Ascidian Studies. Micronesica. 12 (1): 197-198.	Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
lndo-Pacific Ascidian Studies
Ascidians are sessile tunicates which are cosmopolitan, occurring in all seas, at all depths. All the species are generally considered to belong to fourteen families. As with the other small-sized and virtually noneconomic invertebrates, little work is being carried out at present. Older expedition reports were extensive and well illustrated, but, unfortunately, almost none of these are useable in the identification of specimens from the shallow waters of the islands. Studies for ascidians in Japanese waters continues. Tokioka's (1953) work on Sagami Bay is probably one of the most valuable, but it contains no keys to assist in identification.
indo-pacific_ascidian_studies_by_eldredge_l.g._-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (798.02 KB)
24. Underwood, J.H.	1976. The Native Origins of the Neo-Chamorros of the Mariana Islands. Micronesica. 12 (2): 203-210.	Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1976.
The Native Origins of the Neo-Chamorros of the Mariana Islands
Underwood, J.H.
The recent discovery of Spanish census records from the 19th Century challenges the notion that modern hybrid populations of these islands represent descendants of a predominantly alien origin. The persistence of a large native segment of the total population into the 19th Century argues against the extensive, early hybridization with Europeans and Asiatics proposed by most authorities and confirms Howells' (1973) qualifications, suggested by biological evidence, that foreign contributions to the gene pool have been less extensive than hitherto believed.
Underwood 1976
the_native_origins_of_the_neo-chamorros_of_the_mariana_islands_by_underwood_j.h._-micronesica_vol._12_no._2_dec._1976_o.pdf (471.16 KB)
25. Klee, G.A.	1976. Traditional Time Reckoning and Resource Utilization. Micronesica. 12 (2): 211-246.	Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1976.
Traditional Time Reckoning and Resource Utilization
Klee, G.A.
The perception, utilization, and consequent management of natural resources can partially be attributed to a culture's perceived model of "cyclic time". This field study focuses on an important aspect of cultural ecology which is usually neglected in studies of traditional subsistence. The study area, Ngermetengel, is a small fishing village in Micronesia.
Klee 1976
traditional_time_reckoning_and_resource_utilization_by_klee_g.a._-micronesica_vol._12_no._2_dec._1976_o.pdf (2.73 MB)
26. Gordon, G.D., T. Masaki, & H. Akioka.	1976. Floristic and Distributional Account of the Common Crustose Coralline Algae on Guam. Micronesica. 12 (2): 247-278.	Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1976.
Floristic and Distributional Account of the Common Crustose Coralline Algae on Guam
Gordon, G.D., T. Masaki, & H. Akioka.
A collection of crustose coralline algae from Guam, Mariana Islands, is described. Fifteen species from nine genera of Corallinaceae have been named. Specimens were taken from the reef flat and to depths of 40 m. Their distribution is discussed along with possible environmental factors that are thought to affect distribution. The following species are reported for the first time from Guam: Sporolithon schmidtii, Mesophyllum erubescens., M. mesomorphum, Lithothamnium asperulum, Fosliella farinosa, Lithoporella melobesioides, L. pacifica, Neogoniolithon conicum, and N. pacificum. Due to its ecological role in cementing the reef margin, its wide distributional range, and its general abundance, Porolithon onkodes was felt to be the most important single species. Other species which were abundant were Lithophyllum moluccense and Hydrolithon reinboldii. Keys are given for the genera and appropriate species.
Gordon, Masaki, & Akioka 1976
floristic_and_distributional_account_of_the_common_crustose_coralline_algae_on_guam_by_gordon_g.d._t._masaki_h._akioka_-micronesica_vol._12_no._2_dec._1976_o.pdf (3.87 MB)
27. Tsuda, R.T.	1976. Occurrence of the Genus Sargassum (Phaeophyta) on Two Pacific Atolls. Micronesica. 12 (2): 279-282.	Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1976.
Occurrence of the Genus Sargassum (Phaeophyta) on Two Pacific Atolls
In a discussion of the distribution of Sargassum on Pacific islands, Doty (1954) hypothesized that the genus Sargassum may be restricted to only high islands, i.e., islands of igneous origin. The hypothesis was based on the few records of this genus from low islands, i.e., islands of limestone composition, in the literature and from personal observations in the field as well as from studies of herbarium specimens. The only records were the presence of Sargassum on two low islands in the leeward Hawaiian Islands. Reinbold (1899) and Lemmerman (1905) report S. polyphyllum J. Ag. from Laysan Islands. Howe (1934) reports both S. vulgare J. Ag. and S. piluliferum (Turn.) C. Ag. from Pearl and Hermes Reef.
occurrence_of_the_genus_sargassum_phaeophyta_on_two_pacific_atolls_by_tsuda_r.t._-micronesica_vol._12_no._2_dec._1976_o.pdf (332.5 KB)
28. Muniappan, S.	1976. The Determination of Plant Communities Along a Complex Environmental Gradient at Hilaan Beach, Guam. Micronesica. 12 (2): 283-302.	Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1976.
The Determination of Plant Communities Along a Complex Environmental Gradient at Hilaan Beach, Guam
Muniappan, S.
A belt transect 5 m x 290 m was established at Hilaan Beach. The transect extended from the beach, through a fresh water cenote and terminated at the base of the cliff which rises to the plateau of northern Guam. All vascular plants within each 5 m2 subplot were identified and measured. From these data a profile diagram was drawn and species importance values computed, graphed and analyzed by statistical clustering. Six distinct vegetational communities were distinguished and named according to computed dominance: Scaevola/Messerschmidia, Cocos, Aglaia/Guamia, Pandanus dubius/ Marsh Ferns, and Merrilliodendron. Each community was described by species composition and physiognomy. Soil samples were mechanically and chemically analyzed. A correlation exists between the number of species present and exchangeable soil potassium, sodium, and calcium.
determination_of_plant_communities_along_a_complex_environmental_gradient_at_hilaan_beach_guam_by_muniappan_s._-micronesica_vol._12_no._2_dec._1976_o.pdf (1.43 MB)
29. Gawel, M.J.	1976. Asterospicularia randalli: A New Species of Asterospiculariidae (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) from Guam. Micronesica. 12 (2): 303-308.	Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1976.
Asterospicularia randalli: A New Species of Asterospiculariidae (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) from Guam
Gawel, M.J.
Asterospicularia randalli, a new second species of a previously monotypic family Asterospiculariidae is described. The species is characterized by the presence of both stellate and thin oval disc-like sclerites.
Gawel 1976
asterospicularia_randalli-_a_new_species_of_asterospiculariidae_octocorallia-_alcyonacea_from_guam_by_gawel_m.j._-micronesica_vol._12_no._2_dec._1976_o.pdf (316.34 KB)
30. Eldredge, L.G.	1976. Two New Species of Lithodid (Anomura, Paguridea, Lithodidae) Crabs from Guam. Micronesica. 12 (2): 309-316.	Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1976.
Two New Species of Lithodid (Anomura, Paguridea, Lithodidae) Crabs from Guam
Two new species of stone crabs of the family Lithodidae are described from depths of 730 m, from the island of Guam, the southermost of the Mariana Islands. These crabs represent the first record of the family in the northwestern Pacific south of Japan. The crabs were collected in experimental shrimp traps along with a number of other deep-water crustaceans.
two_new_species_of_lithodid_anomura_paguidea_lithodidae_crabs_from_guam_by_eldredge_l.g._-micronesica_vol._12_no._2_dec._1976_o.pdf (553.47 KB)
31. Fosberg, F.R.	1976. Distributional Extensions of Marine Spermatophytes. Micronesica. 12 (2): 317-318.	Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1976.
Distributional Extensions of Marine Spermatophytes
A small collection of sea-grasses was recently made by Alastair Birtles in the southwest Pacific and presented by him for identification. Most of the specimens represent substantial range extensions. The plants came from three localities: on the southeast coast of Upolu, Western Samoa; Malassa Village, on the northeast coast, and Mosso Islet off the northwest coast, of Efate (Vate) Island, New Hebrides.
distributional_extensions_of_marine_spermatophytes_by_fosberg_f.r._-micronesica_vol._12_no._2_dec._1976_o.pdf (86.5 KB)
32. Birkeland, C.	1976. An Experimental Method of Studying Corals During Early Stages of Growth. Micronesica. 12 (2): 319-322.	Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1976.
An Experimental Method of Studying Corals During Early Stages of Growth
Birkeland, C.
Research in the subjects of taxonomy and ecology of reef-building corals would be benefited if we could manipulate the location, species composition, dispersion pattern and abundance of settling planula larvae or of polyps soon after metamorphosis. The taxonomy of corals is confused by the variation in growth form of corals when growing in different habitats. It would be instructive to obtain planulae, or polyps soon after metamorphosis, known to be of the same genotype and place them in several habitats to compare their resultant phenotypes. However, even sibling planulae do not have identical genotypes and they are not easily placed in predetermined locations.
Birkeland 1976
experimental_method_of_studying_corals_during_early_stages_of_growth_by_birkeland_c._-micronesica_vol._12_no._2_dec._1976_o.pdf (448.02 KB)
33. Kami, H.T. & I.I. Ikehara.	1976. Notes on the Annual Juvenile Siganid Harvest in Guam. Micronesica. 12 (2): 323-326.	Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1976.
Notes on the Annual Juvenile Siganid Harvest in Guam
Kami, H.T. & I.I. Ikehara.
Rabbitfishes (Siganidae) are important food fishes throughout the Western Pacific. Eight species of siganids are recorded from Guam (Shultz et al. 1953; Kami et al. 1968; Kami, 1975), but only six of these have been observed near Guam within the last twenty years. Of these, Siganus spinus and S. argenteus are the predominant food fishes. Although the adults of these species are sought by the local residents, it is the juveniles that play an important part in the culture of the people of Guam. Traditionally, the annual harvesting of juvenile siganids when they first appear in the reef flats is a major village event. Based on records kept by the Division of Fish and Wildlife and according to local fishermen, the juveniles appear in the reef flats a few days before or after the last quarter of the moon (called Quarto Menquate locally) in April and May. Occasionally a third and fourth run may occur in June and October, again during the last phase of the moon.
Kami & Ikehara 1976
notes_on_the_annual_juvenile_siganid_harvest_in_guam_by_kami_h.t._i.i._ikehara-micronesica_vol._12_no._2_dec._1976_o.pdf (165.32 KB)
34. Kami, H.T. & R.J. Lujan.	1976. Records of the Dwarf Sperm Whale Kogia simus Owen from Guam. Micronesica. 12 (2): 327-332.	Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1976.
Records of the Dwarf Sperm Whale Kogia simus Owen from Guam
Kami, H.T. & R.J. Lujan.
Although the occurrences of whalers in Guam during the 19th Century were chronicled by Searles (1932), relating events from the log of the EMILY MORGAN from New Bedford, early records of sightings or strandings of whales in Guam are lacking.
Kami & Lujan 1976
records_of_the_dwarf_sperm_whale_kogia_simus_owen_from_guam_by_kami_h.t._r.j._lujan-micronesica_vol._12_no._2_dec._1976_o.pdf (326.02 KB)
35. King, B.	1976. Matsudaira's Storm-petrel, Oceanodroma matsudairae Kuroda, a new bird species for Micronesia. Micronesica. 12 (2): 333-334.	Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1976.
Matsudaira's Storm-petrel, Oceanodroma matsudairae Kuroda, a new bird species for Micronesia
King, B.
At 1400 on 24 April 1960, at sea about 4 miles west of Apra Harbor on Guam, I observed 2 large, all-black storm-petrels. They were long-winged, had a broad brown band on upper wing coverts, and had long, forked tails. They seemed larger than Swinhoe's Storm-petrel, Oceanodroma monorhis (Swinhoe) and had a different manner of flight. Of diagnostic importance was the small white patch just beyond the bend on the upperside of each wing, shaped like a half crescent.
matsudairas_storm-petrel_oceanodroma_matsudaire_kuroda_a_new_bird_species_for_micronesia_king_b._-micronesica_vol._12_no._2_dec._1976_o.pdf (67.02 KB)
36. Birkeland, C.	1976. Wood, E.J.F & R.E. Johannes. Tropical Marine Pollution. Elsevier Oceanography Series, 12. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, New York. 192 p. Micronesica. 12 (2): 335-338.	Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1976.
Wood, E.J.F & R.E. Johannes. Tropical Marine Pollution. Elsevier Oceanography Series, 12. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, New York. 192 p.
There have been numerous compilations and reviews of oil pollution studies from work carried out in temperate regions since the wreck of the Torrey Canyon in 1967. Until recently, the data and conclusions of work on pollution in tropical marine systems was widely scattered through the literature, often available only in difficult-to-locate impact studies and technical reports. A very thorough, well organized, concise and clearly presented summary of our present understanding of tropical marine pollution is now available in a book planned by the late E.J. Ferguson Wood and edited and completed by R.E. Johannes.
book_review-_tropical_marine_pollution_by_e.j._ferguson_wood_and_r.e._johannes_by_birkeland_c._-micronesica_vol._12_no._2_dec._1976_o.pdf (1.48 MB)


With increasing regulatory requirements, many expect institutions to double regulatory spending in their attempts to remain compliant. Amid universal focus on satisfying regulators, according to COOs speaking at the Rimes II Client Conference, the industry needs to move opportunity cost up the agenda.
Download this article to find out more about the opportunity costs associated with compliance and how organisations can free up internal resources to focus on growth.
• Stumbling blocks to compliance.


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In memoriam: "Humanitarian to a Nation" originally appeared online and in print as the cover story of our November/December 2004 issue. We have reposted it in honor of the life and work of Abdul Sattar Edhi, who left this life on July 8. He was 88 years old.
A woman abandoned by her husband waits with her children outside an Edhi center. She will ask the foundation's help in securing alimony.
Abdul Sattar Edhi sits at his desk in the Mithadar district of Karachi. His office is the same building where, in 1951, he opened his first free pharmacy, and he remains personally on call: "I am always available to all," he said.
The Edhi Information Bureau is one of several Edhi centers in Karachi is one of some 300 throughout Pakistan. From here the Edhi ambulance service is coordinated, and there is a free kitchen, a missing-persons bureau and a collection center for donations of cash and bedding. Like all Edhi centers. it has outside its door a shaded cradle near which is a sign that reads, "Do not kill."
Generally, however, donors come in person to one of the 300 centers and clinics across Pakistan. One, who declined to give his name, explained that he gives money regularly to the Edhi Foundation because an Edhi ambulance once rescued his sister from an automobile accident. (The cost of an ambulance call—one of the few services for which the foundation charges—is less than 50 rupees, or around 85 us cents.) "When I give this 1400 rupees to Edhi, I know it goes to people who need it," says the donor.
Some donors have been very generous. One family donated two villas in the wealthy Karachi suburb of Clifton for use as a residence and school for around 250 girls. A Pakistani expatriate in the UK donated office buildings worth £1.4 million ($2.5 million) that became the British headquarters of the foundation, which organizes local charity services both for expatriates and in support of the foundation's work in Pakistan. In addition to money and property, contributors donate clothes, appliances, furniture—even goat and chicken meat, sometimes by the ton. The organization uses a portion of these gifts to feed and clothe residents of the homes; the rest is given away to other hospitals, prisons and disaster victims.
For this, Edhi may well be the most widely admired man in Pakistan. In 1986 he received the Ramón Magsaysay Award for Public Service, sometimes referred to as "the Asian Nobel Prize." In 2000, he was awarded the International Balzan Prize for Humanity, Peace and Brotherhood. In 2002, he joined former us President Bill Clinton, Nobel Prize winner Elie Wiesel and others as an honorary board member of the newly founded Daniel Pearl Foundation, created in honor of the murdered Wall Street Journal correspondent. Typically, Edhi pays his own way to receive awards and participate in conferences.
What Edhi is doing is nothing short of a miracle," explains Z. A. Nizami, former director-general of the Karachi Development Authority.
Orthopedic equipment hangs on a wall in the handicapped children's ward at Edhi Village.
Hemmed in by a labyrinth of fabric shops, food markets and dusty, cart-filled lanes, Edhi's three-story Mithadar center is a hive of activity. In the crowded front offices, men and women sit behind donated desks taking ambulance calls, ordering medicines and checking the accounts of clinics and centers across the country. In one room, three women are filling out adoption papers. Bilquis Edhi, who oversees adoptions, has placed more than 16,000 children in adopted homes. Outside every Edhi center there is a cradle—shaded from the sun—where unwanted babies can be left anonymously.
Bilquis Edhi, center, has overseen the Edhi Foundation's more than 16,000 adoptions as well as the development of hospitals and vocational services for women and a home for girls.
A handicapped child with an attendant at Edhi Village.
A teacher checks the class work of boys at the Edhi Child Home. Requirements that older students help younger ones help integrate Edhi's philosophy of self-reliance into the curriculum.
Born in 1928 in Bantva, a small Indian town of 25,000 inhabitants in Gujarat state, he was "not what I would call an obedient child," he admits with a grin. A natural leader, when he was not prodding other kids to join him in stealing corn and fruit from wealthy farmers, he was organizing impromptu circuses and performing gymnastic feats for the neighbors. Although his father brokered textiles and other goods and provided the family with a middle-class income, both of Edhi's parents instilled in him the importance of simplicity and frugal living.
Anwer Kazmi, Edhi's right-hand man, warmly encourages a song and dance that a child offers him during rounds of the mental patients' wards at Edhi Village.
Breakfast at the Edhi Child Home is well-organized; the boys rotate the responsibilities of cooking, serving and cleaning.
In 1993, during devastating floods in the Punjab, Edhi ambulances rescued 50,000 people. Using donated planes, volunteers also dropped food, water and supplies to isolated families. Edhi's air ambulance service now numbers three planes and a helicopter, all donated by the US Agency for International Development—"without conditions," Edhi is quick to point out.
Left to right: Answer Kazmi affirms, "These are people who need care. As long as I have space, I'll take them on." Belal volunteers in logistics at the Bilquis Edhi Hospital, the Edhi Village and the information center. A pharmacist at the dispensary at the Edhi Child Home near Sohrab Ghot.
The Edhi Female Child Home in the affluent Clifton district of Karachi is run like other well-equipped, modern schools. Dormitories for the children use furnishings and decor chosen by Bilquis Edhi.
Despite this open-door policy, growing up the children of such a father was not easy. Although Edhi's children were raised largely by Bilquis's mother in a house near the dispensary, they were exposed to pain and misery from an early age. At seven, Faisal recalls accompanying his father to recover the corpse of a murder victim. Edhi brought the body back to Mithadar, washed it and gave it a respectful burial. "I got very sick and couldn't sleep for a week," Faisal recalls.
By the time he was 10, however, Faisal had grown accustomed to riding with his father on ambulance calls to bring the dead and injured to morgues and hospitals. Now, Faisal is in charge of the ambulance service, whose costs he is trying to cut to make it self-sustaining. He's also creating a new dispensary and ambulance center for some 50,000 people uprooted from their Karachi homes by a highway project and forcibly moved to a treeless settlement west of the city where there is no running water, sewage or electricity.
Girls work through a program in a multimedia class at the Clifton home.
"This is very difficult work, because of fundamentalism," Edhi interjects. "Our society does not want to give any facilities to females. When political opponents criticize us, we never fight them—we ignore them.
A schizophrenic patient chooses the shade of a corridor of the North Karachi Center.
Early the next morning, Edhi sets out with Faisal and Kazmi to conduct a surprise inspection of Edhi Village, a home for runaway and abandoned boys with a separate asylum for mentally ill and physically handicapped men. Halfway into the 45-minute drive south of Karachi, Edhi stops the ambulance at a one-room cinder block building with a red roof, one of 35 emergency first-aid outposts he's created along the 1100- kilometer (700-mi) highway from Karachi to Peshawar.
Edhi emergency dispatchers operate around the clock. From any phone in Pakistan, dialing 154 connects a caller with the Edhi ambulance service.
The Edhi morgue near Sohrab Ghot in Karachi is the largest in the city of 10 million people and one of the largest in Asia. The collection of unidentified bodies has long been a major role of the 600-vehicle Edhi ambulance fleet. At all Edhi morgues, each body receives the ritual washing and shrouding required by Islamic practice.
At the Edhi Child Home on the outskirts of Karachi, boys wash the assembly-hall floor as part of morning chores. The 26-hectare (65-acre) campus is home to more than 250 boys; it is part of the Edhi Village complex that also houses some 1500 patients with mental illnesses.
In the walled sanatorium for the mentally handicapped, physically disabled and mentally ill next door, the scene is more sobering. Several hundred residents lie on scattered mattresses or sit on the cement floor in one bare, cavernous ward. Elsewhere, groups of men mill about outside under straggly bougainvillea trees. Despite the spartan facilities, "the patients live under far better conditions than in other mental hospitals in Pakistan," maintains Ghulam Mustafa, the senior doctor of a staff of five doctors and eight nurses on rotation.
Children line up for lunch in the Edhi Village.
"Many of our patients can be cured," Ayaz explains, "but their relatives reject them, leaving them here to languish unnecessarily in long-term care.
A woman is treated in the North Karachi Center.
Children play in the Edhi Village.
"That's the humanitarian revolution we need," he continues with a weary smile. "But still so few understand. Let's spread the word."
In addition to contributing regularly to AramcoWorld, Paris-based Richard Covington has written about culture, history and science for numerous publications.


In the early 20th century, Thomas A. Mathis was to Ocean County what Frank Hague was to Hudson County or Enoch "Nucky" Johnson was to Atlantic County.
Thomas A. Mathis was to Ocean County what Frank Hague was to Hudson County or Enoch "Nucky" Johnson was to Atlantic County.
In New Jersey's early 20th century version of "Game of Thrones," when New Jersey was carved up into political kingdoms, if one needed to get something done, if one needed a favor, one first had to bend the knee to a political boss, to borrow a phrase. Of course, many astute observers of Garden State politics today would argue that not much has changed here in the early 21st century.
Mathis was the Republican boss of Ocean County — he himself preferred the word "leader" — and he ruled not from an iron throne, but with an iron fist.
In the 1930s, "Captain Tom" as he was nicknamed, even had a journalist tossed in the county jail for "criminal libel" — yep, that was an actual state law on the books back in the day.
William H. Fischer was the editor and publisher of the New Jersey Courier, a Toms River-based weekly newspaper, which had printed a series of articles critical of Ocean County authorities for their failure to take action against the S.S. Club Royale.
The showboat, operated by organized crime and described at the time as a floating night club on the Manasquan River, hosted illegal gambling — among other things — when either moored to or unmoored from its dock in Point Pleasant Beach.
Watch the video above to take a trip back through time to 1930s Ocean County.
Fischer was the first newspaperman to break the story that there was gambling going on aboard the vessel.
A former high-ranking Ocean County Republican himself who had turned apostate, Fischer knew all the political players, how the sausage was made, where political corruption was to be found and he used his newspaper like a flamethrower.
After an exposé on the Club Royale ran on June 6, 1934, he was offered $1,000 in advertising in the Courier — $18,267 in 2017 money, when adjusted for inflation — by representatives of the showboat's operators. In the midst of the Great Depression, Fischer needed the revenue but he declined the account and kept the pressure on.
Late on the night of July 20, 1934, the docked Club Royale was raided by Toms River (then-Dover Township) police officers, who had been empowered for the first time by the state of New Jersey to act as "constables" with countywide authority.
When the law men boarded the boat, sweeping aside four guards who stood watch at the gangplank to question anyone who came near the vessel, multiple employees of the Club Royale went forward and begged the officers to "wait until they could get in touch with Sheriff Hensler," the Asbury Park Press reported the next day.
James R. Hensler was the Ocean County sheriff. At the time, the Press noted in its coverage of the raid that the state had left the Sheriff's Office, Prosecutor's Office and the local police department out of the loop on its enforcement action.
"It was the first time such a procedure had been taken in Ocean," the Press reported. "Constables have wide power, but seldom do they enter a resort in which they are not residents and stage a raid, unless asked to assist by the county prosecutor or the sheriff."
Fischer would later testify that he was offered bribes and his newspaper office on Toms River's Main Street threatened with destruction if he did not stop his crusade against the Club Royale. As he was undeterred, pressure was later brought to bear on his advertisers to pull their accounts and many did.
Eventually, Fischer was threatened with being charged with criminal libel and he believed all of it was on the orders of "Captain Tom," who controlled almost every aspect of civic life in Ocean County and he said so in his articles and editorials.
Fischer said he learned that Mathis had met privately with Hensler and Freeholder Director Harry Chafey to discuss what they were going to do about Fischer.
Without naming anyone, Fischer had alleged that "someone" in Ocean County was receiving $1,800 a week — $32,881 in 2017 money — as a kickback for the Club Royale's lucrative operation.
That's why, Fischer argued, that although a truck load of gambling equipment had been seized from the Club Royale and four men had been charged with gambling, a grand jury in Toms River refused to indict.
What the same grand jury was asked to do instead — at the behest of Ocean County Prosecutor Leo Robbins — was to indict Fischer. The journalist was charged with criminal libel against 118 elected officials who legally represented the Ocean County Republican Party en masse.
Several of the grand jurors were county Republican committee members who had been hand picked to hear both cases.
The argument for criminal libel was made on the grounds that Fischer's anti-corruption crusade against the county GOP had impugned the integrity of every Republican officeholder in Ocean County.
"Ocean County is dominated by a little oligarchy worse than Hitler or any other dictator," argued retired Superior Court Judge Robert Carey before the state Supreme Court on Oct. 1 1935. New Jersey's high court had opened an investigation into the questions of judicial misconduct in the matter.
Carey, a Jersey City Republican who had once run for governor as an outspoken critic of the state's political machines, defended Fischer in the libel case.
Ultimately, the state Attorney General's Office vindicated Fischer when it promised not to prosecute the case any further after Fischer had turned his defense into a prosecution against Ocean County politics.
On Dec. 16, 1935, not long after the Supreme Court closed the case, Fischer, 70, collapsed in his newspaper office of an apparent heart attack. He had just set up a line of type for a Christmas greeting that was to be published.
Mathis would continue to rule Ocean County until May 18, 1958. That's when at the age of 88, "Captain Tom" put a loaded .38 caliber pistol to his temple and squeezed the trigger while sitting in the second floor sitting room of his Toms River residence.


Just a little heads up! I have no affiliation with ApolloPad: I found this web app a couple of months ago and I've come to love it, so I wanted to write a little bit about my experience with it and maybe help out any writers who are still experimenting with finding their perfect writing tools. I hope this post is helpful for those of you who are!
ApolloPad is an online application you can use to write, save and organise your novel. It's currently in its beta testing phase, so signing up is currently free.
I started using it at the end of May, and before that I had a list of scenes just lumped into one big and confusing text document that was steadily growing. The more I wrote, the more frustratingly crowded my word document got! Navigating through what I'd written just to change small details was also starting to get quite time-consuming.
I'd used a similar app called yWriter before but I couldn't get a version of it working on my Mac without it crashing (it's only really available as a desktop application on Windows!), so I tried searching for an online (or at least Mac-friendly) equivalent. That's when I came across ApolloPad. It seemed to tick all the same boxes as yWriter so I signed up, tried it out and decided to use it full-time for my current project.
Since migrating my current project over to ApolloPad, I've found it so much easier keeping on top of what I've already written, and subsequently the scene planning and editing has been made far easier too.
As it's an online application, all you need to do to access your work is find a computer, log in and it's all there! You also have the option of saving backups at any point, so there's no worry of suddenly losing it all.
It's visually quite simple and is therefore intuitive to use.
When you first join it sets you up with a 'First project' that you can play around with before you start your own, so you can really get a feel for the app.
I've included a few screenshots, so you can see the general layout and anything I might not have mentioned already.
Are there any negatives to ApolloPad?
One thing is that the word stats are sometimes a little off: for the daily word count total, they only add up the words you've written but don't take into account the words you've deleted. I might write 300 words in a chapter then decide to cut and paste them into another chapter instead, yet ApolloPad will show the daily total to be 600 rather than 300. But this is just the daily writing count – other than that it adds up the total word count perfectly.
The second thing would be the saving being quite subtle. Normally you might see a message pop up saying 'save successful' but ApolloPad is much more subtle than that. If you take a look at the bottom left of the chapter you're writing you are shown whether the connection is good or not (which is very useful!). If it's green it's fine, if it's amber or red then it's not. And if it's a green tick, it means you've successfully saved your work!
The last thing is in the Project Timeline section. Currently when you add a timeline event, you're not able to click on it to edit it but this is easily fixed when you refresh the page!
All in all, these are incredibly minor things, and as I've said before ApolloPad is still in its beta phase of production so these are likely to be fixed: in fact, it may be something I will email them about to let them know (if they don't know already).
Absolutely yes! It's been a crucial tool in my writing during these past couple of months: since switching to using ApolloPad I've regained my motivation to keep writing as everything feels a lot more structured.
Most importantly, it's been useful in helping me organise and separate my work, and when it comes out of its beta phase I'll happily pay for a monthly subscription to continue using it in future.
If this sounds like an app that would help you too, check out the website at apollopad.com and have a play with it yourself! It's free to sign up.
If you're already using ApolloPad, what are your thoughts? What apps do you use to help you write?
I think that Apollopad is great. I hope that it continues in development and will be supported in the long term. I haven't been able to get the automated downloads to work, so I am always careful to make sure and manually download my projects, just in the off chance that I go to log on one day and the site is no longer there (hope that never happens – it's just too good!).
I think that you will be surprised at how much you'll like it. I looked at many tools, and was willing to pay for ones that would help me work better. Nothing I found was better or easier to use. I am not saying that there aren't more full-featured apps or software tools out there. There are. But if you are looking to just get started and _write_, without being overwhelmed by bells and whistles that you'll probably never use, give it a try.


text:
0 BE-1 Concepts Announce New Food Hall Concept for Sundial St. Petersburg
Release from BE-1 Concepts:
The Visionaries Behind Armature Works to Re-imagine Parts of Sundial
Nearly twenty months after the successful launch of the Heights Public Market located at Armature Works, the visionaries and developers behind the award-winning project will look to re-imagine over 25,000 square feet of commercial space located at Sundial in St. Petersburg, it was announced by Chas Bruck, Co-Owner for Armature Works and BE1 Concepts.
"We are very excited to extend our brand across the bay and into downtown St. Petersburg," commented Bruck. "While we have an ambitious timeline for completion, we look forward to launching this unique food hall experience for the entire community to enjoy."
The new, all-inclusive concept will encompass a variety of existing spaces including the areas occupied by LOCALE Market, Jackie Z Style Co., Wellness Center at Sundial, D-Gallerie Fine Arts and additional vacant spaces on the lower level. In addition, the space currently occupied by FarmTable Cucina, on the second level, will also be part of the project. Jackie Z. Style Co. will move to the East side of the center.
"When I first developed Sundial, I intended it to be a catalyst for growth in downtown St. Pete. Chas and his team created Armature Works to do the same thing for Tampa. I know that in joining forces we will create an incredible gathering place for residents and visitors alike," commented Bill Edwards, CEO for The Edwards Group. "We are confident this will further elevate Sundial as a destination beyond St. Petersburg. We are also excited to welcome two new tenants, The Man Cave men's grooming salon and Italian Idea, an Italian leather goods retailer to Sundial. Other wonderful, exciting tenants will be named in the near future."
The new project will begin in early 2020 and will look to be completed fall of 2020. The entire center will remain open throughout the holidays. More details about the project will be released in the future.
"The last five years has been an incredible experience and we feel honored to have helped shape the food culture in St. Petersburg," commented Michael Mina, Chef/Founder MINA Group. "With so many other projects and opportunities in front of me, I felt now was the right time to pass the torch. I am beyond excited to see what Chas and his team have cooked up for this community."
Eric Blankenship
Eric@ArmatureWorks.com
Becca Kepto
The Edwards Group
bkepto@edwardsgp.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Dal Colle would continue to be dominant in the AHL, scoring twenty-eight points in twenty-eight games before finally being called up once again. He was recalled back to the Islanders on December 29th for their game against the Toronto Maple Leafs. This game was certainly full of headlines, including Mat Barzal's hat trick, Robin Lehner's shutout, and the Islanders utter dominance against Tavares and his new team. One that was overlooked was Dal Colle recording his first career NHL point in front of his hometown crowd in Ontario. Dal Colle also played for the Oshawa Generals in the Ontario Hockey League, which made it fitting for him to record it that night.
Micheal would finally score his first NHL goal on Jan. 17 in a 4-1 victory against the New Jersey Devils at NYCB Live. His goal came in the first period with 10:41 remaining. Dal Colle's first goal was a feel good moment, as the amount of hard work and obstacles he came over finally paid off for the twenty-two year old.
"Maybe he was a player lacking a little bit of confidence," Trotz said. "I think he's got pace back into his game. He's got size. He's got a lot of things you look for." when talking about Dal Colle's play the next day.
He would stay with the Islanders for the remainder of their games until the All-Star break, where he and Devon Toews were both loaned down to Bridgeport to play a small handful of games while the rest of the NHLers got to enjoy their week off. Another reason Dal Colle was loaned was because he was selected for the AHL All-Star Game.
When the break was over, Dal Colle was called back up to the NHL roster to nobody's surprise, and he continued to log minutes on the third line alongside veterans Leo Komarov and Valtteri Filppula. In his second game back from the break, Dal Colle would score the biggest goal in his career, notching the game winner against the Los Angeles Kings on Feb. 2 at NYCB Live. If you would have predicted in September that Dal Colle would score a huge game-winning goal for the Metropolitan division leading New York Islanders in February, people would have laughed in your face, but times have clearly changed for both the Islanders organization and for Dal Colle.
Micheal Dal Colle has had a stellar season in both the AHL and NHL. He has shown his relentless forecheck and smart hockey IQ. As he continues to adjust to the NHL level and continues to log minuets with new linemates Barzal and Josh Bailey, his offensive skills will hopefully flourish as time goes on. Regardless of what happens, Micheal Dal Colle has worked hard and improved his played heavily this season, and hopefully it will continue to improve as the Islanders continue on their successful season.


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Should the Genealogy Proposal Name Include "Family History"
Should the "Genealogy" proposal be renamed "Family History" or maybe "Genealogy and Family History" or "Family History and Genealogy".
GeneJ proposed this to me with the reasoning that the word "family history" is far more engaging internationally than "genealogy", but she was unable to post the discussion topic and asked me to.
p.s. Does anyone know how we would make the name change assuming a decision is agreed on by most people to make a change?
life proposal-name
lkesslerlkessler
I'm able to modify the name and description. – user42535 Sep 3 '12 at 4:36
Thanks, Justin. It's good to know that the proposer can change it. If the group decides to, then it would be worthwhile to republicize on all fronts. – lkessler Sep 3 '12 at 13:59
Hey, Nice title there, Justin! --GeneJ – GeneJ Sep 6 '12 at 19:30
Yes. We should change the name to "Genealogy and Family History" to be internationally relevant and inclusive. In some usage or cultures, the two terms are used interchangeably; in others, the terms have different meanings. Let's just be inclusive.
GeneJGeneJ
Yes. The terms genealogy and family-history are now widely regarded as distinct. The Society of Genealogists publish a distinction on their web site: http://www.sog.org.uk/education/gandfh.shtml.
ACProctorACProctor
By that definition, Family History incorporates Genealogy. Therefore, "Family History" alone or maybe "Family History including Genealogy" may be better. Of course, the current one line description under the site was IMO very good from the start stating: "Proposed Q&A site for genealogy enthusiasts, family historians, professional genealogists, and serious amateurs." – lkessler Sep 3 '12 at 13:57
A simple change in the title to either "Genealogy and Family History" or "Family History and Genealogy" will do the job. – GeneJ Sep 5 '12 at 12:53
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged life proposal-name .
What should we call this proposal?
Getting more expert committers - Become one yourself!
New proposal description is too restrictive/uninviting
"expert" instead of "professional"?
Chat area for Genealogy & Family History
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Should This proposal include extinct animals?
Voting the name of the proposal
how does naming work for new sites?


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Home » Why are shares in THG tanking and what are the company's plans?
Why are shares in THG tanking and what are the company's plans?
posted on Oct. 15, 2021 at 6:14 pm
A year ago the Hut Group was celebrating a £5.4bn stock market flotation, with its musclebound boss Matt Moulding banking an £830m share bonus.
This week the Manchester-based group, which owns the online retail sites Lookfantastic, Glossybox, Zavvi and Coggles, as well as beauty brands including ESPA and Illamasqua, and the sports nutrition brand Myprotein, is back in the headlines for the wrong reasons.
Shares in the loss-making group, now known as THG, have tanked as investors begin to question its governance, profitability and the basis of its hefty valuation, touted by eight banks that led the flotation including Goldman Sachs and JP Morgan Cazenove. On Tuesday its shares crashed 35% after a botched investor update, and on Friday they ended at 289.4p to value THG at £3.5bn.
Where did it start?
Founded in 2004 with £500,000 in savings by the former Phones4u executives Matt Moulding and John Gallemore to sell CDs online, the Hut Group expanded rapidly by exploiting a now closed tax loophole that allowed companies to avoid VAT on small goods including CDs and DVDs by posting them to the UK from the Channel Islands.
When that business avenue shut down, the group expanded by buying up numerous online brands including the entertainment retailer Zavvi and Lookfantastic. The acquisitions have now focused into three main areas: beauty, sports nutrition and online services.
How does it make money?
Right now, it doesn't. THG generated £1.6bn turnover in the year to the end of March but made a pre-tax loss of £534.6m.
THG's biggest business sector is online beauty retail through Lookfantastic which has been supplemented by the £275m acquisition of Cult Beauty and $350m buyout of the US group Dermstore last year. The division brought in 48% of total group revenues in the first half of the year, or £460.8m. While we know sales rose by 56%, the company does not give details on divisional profits.
The Nutrition division, led by MyProtein, achieved revenues of £328.4m, just over a third of the group's total in the first half, up 27.3% on the same period a year before.
With little detail about the profitability of THG's divisions, which are being constantly added to through acquisitions, analysts have begun to express concern about underlying profits growth. Some have raised concerns about the amount of items excluded from underlying profits over the years, with exceptional items – for costs such as commissioning new warehouses – amounting to hundreds of millions of pounds last year.
What are its plans for the future?
The group's latest angle is to become the Ocado of non-food, providing logistics and technology to help major companies around the world sell online without having to build their own systems.
Key to these ambitions is Ingenuity, its online services division, which nevertheless brought in just £85.8m of revenues in the first half, or about 9% of the group's total.
A few months before its London listing, THG secured $730m of new investment from a division of the Japanese conglomerate SoftBank to help fund expansion of its technology platform.
The deal included an option to invest £900m within 15 months to take a near 20% stake in Ingenuity, a deal that would put a £4.5bn valuation on this division alone – more than the entire business is currently worth.
Ingenuity has largely been built up via a string of acquisitions since 2017 including the content creation group Hangar7 and the web hosting group UK2, the translation service Language Connect, and Acheson & Acheson, which develops and produces beauty products.
Interest has focused on Ingenuity Commerce, a division that provides online retail services, from web hosting all the way to delivery, to brands such as Homebase, Unilever and Danone. There was particular excitement around the signing of international group Nestlé as the group said it had more than doubled its number of clients to 140 this year.
Yet Ingenuity Commerce achieved net revenues of just £18.3m in the six months to the end of June, or just over 1% of THG's total turnover.
Scant detail about signings of new partners for this division or progress with major clients such as Nestlé has sparked a concern that SoftBank may be unlikely to take up its rather expensive investment option, pulling the rug away from market valuations for the company reliant on that deal. Meanwhile, analysts have begun to question whether supplying e-commerce for Toblerone or Vimto can really pull in big bucks.
Where does Moulding fit in?
Moulding has continued as joint chair and chief executive of the company, and retains a "founder's share" which gives him ultimate control for three years.
Hes seen as the head of a cosy club including his former Phones4U colleagues Gallemore, who is now finance director and the boss of Ingenuity, and Darren Rajanah, who also has a senior role in that division. Rajanah, THG's former finance director, returned to the company after being put on gardening leave after a fraud was uncovered in 2011 by the auditor PwC.
A judge later said Rajanah was not "personally fraudulent" but "had to take some responsibility for an atmosphere within the finance department which allowed fraud to flourish".
Given his 22% shareholding and tight control over management of the business, there have been questions over Moulding's personal dealings with the company, not least the property empire he gained just before the flotation last year.
Moulding gave up about £76m of his historic shareholding to help fund the acquisition of a string of properties from the group including key distribution centres and offices, as well as two hotels and a spa. He now charges the group £19m a year in rent, all of which goes to charity.
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Spent some time on Thanksgiving thinking about all the things I'm grateful for...among which is the fact that I have no real desires.
In other words, there's nothing I really want that I don't already have. There's nothing I'm lusting for, nothing I absolutely need to have other than what I already possess in my life.
And that makes me feel very secure, insofar as one can feel secure in these turbulent times. This state of no-want lets me live my life day to day, just doing whatever the day asks of me...without the sense that I have to get somewhere or be some place else.
I'm really thankful that I've been gifted with peace and simplicity.
It's so hard to believe this year is nearly over. Each year seems to start rather slowly, but then come late spring every year, the months just start to fly. Every November, without fail, I think August was just last month!
So the holidays are upon us now, and it'll be a quick slide into 2018 from here.
I'm having a 25 Percent OFF Sale in my Etsy Shop, from now through Sunday December 3. Everything in the shop is 25 percent off. Sale prices are listed on every item, so there's no need to use a code at checkout.
If you've purchased from me recently and received a 10% discount coupon as a Thank You, you can use that coupon on top of the 25% off during the sale!
Life or Death by Michael Robotham. It was so good that I'm planning to read all his previous books.
Otherwise, life just keeps rolling on, with me reading, collaging, writing letters, and generally tending hearth and home.
Have a really wonderful Thanksgiving, all you folks in the States.
All art, no talk, today.
This first collage, and the sixth one shown, were done in another new collage journal, this one a vintage journal with lined paper inside. The size of the book is 7.25 x 11.5, so the spreads are 14.5 x 11.5, quite a bit bigger than I've worked in previously.
I found this journal somewhere in my travels in the last few years, and a while ago I glued two pages together throughout because the single pages were brittle. I'll get over 30 spreads in the book on now-sturdy paper.
The second collage is the last one in my 9th Midori Travelers Notebook insert. I've already begun the 10th.
It was a quiet, good week. We had some rain and we'll have more, but today it looks to be sunny. Hope you have a great weekend.


"Understanding (PD) is like trying to put together a puzzle with pieces that don't fit" -Dave Guerrero.
Cognitive problems and memory loss issues is one of those symptoms of PD which seem to plague all of us from day one whether we are patients or caregivers.
The thing we must first remember is that dementia is defined as loss of previously acquired skills e.g. washing dishes, cooking, driving etc. Parkinson's dementia does not occur in typically until late stages. This means that patients would have had a diagnosis and symptoms of Parkinson's for over 10-15 years before dementia sets in. If anyone has symptoms of dementia present earlier than this than chances are the disease they have is not typical, common garden variety Parkinson's but a variant which could include things like PD plus syndromes (MSA, CBGD, LBD) or another dementia disorder such as FTD or Alzheimer's and PD as well as other neurological diseases that can have parkinsonism, like strokes. Having said this, all patients notice a change in their cognition from the very beginning of the disease even before motor symptoms are noticeable.
Does this mean there is dementia? No!
The usual symptoms I am referring to that patients commonly experience are related to personality such as getting more irritable, short tempered, anxious and depressed. Sometimes, we as patients may not realize these subtle changes like increase impatience; but those close to us notice and may call it to our attention or become aware of these changes before we do. At the onset of my PD, I began to notice increased irritability and frustration especially when working at the office which I could not understand since I was the queen of multitasking. I was NOT alone in my perception my staff of many years also noticed a change in my personality that was out of character for me and something was wrong! Fortunately, this symptom improves with treatment. But, is one of the first signs of PD in most people and if not careful can go untreated for years.
Second, all Parkinson's medications can cause cognitive changes usually in the form of brain fogginess, sedation, trouble with word finding, and depression which can cause forgetfulness. This is why is imperative to make only one medication change at a time and follow up with your doctor shortly after every new medication change to evaluate outcome and most importantly tolerability. Be on the lookout for cognitive problems due to medications, these symptoms will come on within a week of staring new medicine typically and will aggravate or worsen after each dose intake within a few hours and last as long as medication Effect lasts. This is why it is important to pay attention to medicines and a keep chart of times and effects of all medicines and talk to your doctor if you notice cognitive changes. But be sure, not make changes or discontinue regimen without first discussing with your physician.
Third, because PD usually affects mood as in depression as well as sleep, as in restless leg (RLS), sleep apnea, REM behavior, these if not properly treated can by themselves cause memory loss usually in the form of poor concentration which leads to short term memory loss because one cannot encode information into long term when not paying attention due to being tired, sleepy or fatigued, plus it is through deep sleep that our brain processes all information and makes long term memories.
Fifth, however after a number of years as PD advances, up to 50 % of patients have a chance of developing PD dementia which is characterized by psychiatric tones like delusions, psychosis, hallucinations (visual) along with apathy and pronounced forgetfulness. Treat with Acadia; anticholinesterase (e.g. Aricept, Exelon); Provigil (among other stimulants); Namenda as well as antipsychotics (Clozaril).
In my experience as a Parkinson's doctor, patient, and caregiver the overwhelming problems with memory in the majority of PD patients, unless they are end -stage disease beginning to hallucinate becoming apathetic which are signs of early dementia setting in, are a combination of Parkinson's disease itself as well as medication (usually not enough). The result of insufficient dopa in the brain as well as not properly treating and addressing non- motor symptoms which interfere with concentration is poor memory. Thus, long term memory appears impaired because the majority of PD patients are sleepy, depressed, under- and- over -medicated, as well as fatigued. Early recognition of all non- motor symptoms of PD which includes side effects of medications as well as early detection of PD dementia is key, after all even the hardest puzzles have a solution.
Finally, I recommend every patient have a baseline MMSE (mini mental status exam) or Mocha test followed by every year unless symptoms of forgetfulness and apathy or other sings of forgetfulness arise. If depression is significant and can't tell if memory problems are due to depression or early onset of dementia recommend Neuropsychiatric evaluation. If a person has profound depression unresponsive to meds consider ECT (electroconvulsive therapy) which works great.
The basic understanding of the various puzzle pieces which make up memory and cognitive changes in PD along with the correct treatment will lead to improved quality of life along with decrease chances for nursing home placement or prolonged hospitalizations.
An excellent portrayal defining PD. I'm aware of tiredness insomniac nights etc. I'm a counsellor and l listen to my thought processes regularly and the essence of 'being grateful' for what we are about is predominantly urged by many PD people. I am aware of my conditioning to believe in myself however l have moments of sheer fear and desperation which l overcome but it's the losing control that's a set back.


Now that you know your four-letter type, what is next? After the initial introduction to psychological type via the MBTI® instrument the next level of understanding can involve type dynamics—the study of how type can further influence and enhance our lives.
Type dynamics identifies the "core of the personality or the hallmarks of the person," and this handout offers a very clear picture of how type dynamics works, including a look at how the dominant, auxiliary, tertiary, and inferior functions are represented for each of the sixteen whole types.
This handout creates an easy to understand model without getting lost in the theory, and includes illuminating images that show how we manifest the functions. The section on Stress Reactions is especially useful as it helps us to understand ourselves when we are not at our best.
Related products . . .


Will Albright is a batting whiz and captain of his local cricket team. But when his coach nominates him to attend a T20 training camp, Will soon discovers that standing out in a sea of young cricket talent isn't easy. Especially when Darren 'Killer' McKinnon, a super-quick pace bowler, has taken a deadly dislike to him. Luckily, Will's hero, Glenn Maxwell, is on hand to provide some much-needed advice.
If Will can survive Killer's bouncers, he may just have a shot at making it through the camp alive and gaining a place at the brand-new T20 Youth Academy.
Love Glenn Maxwell 1: Lucky Break? Subscribe to Read More to find out about similar books.


↑ Wizards of the Coast, "Write-up About Red Magic at the Official Website (英語)". . Retrieved June 8, 2011.
↑ Alex Shvartsman, "Famous Red Decks in Magic History (英語)". . Retrieved June 8, 2011.
This page was last modified on 22 May 2015, at 07:40.