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HomeDigital RailwayTrain Location Systems
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Train Location Systems
Clive Kessell
Knowing a train's location is a vital piece of information in the control of train movements – one that has existed almost since railways were first born.
In the earliest of days, time interval working was used, where trains were dispatched at set times in the hope that the second train would not catch up with the first, but, after a few nasty accidents, something else was needed. Thus, a form of train location system was devised.
Advances in technology over the years have led to a number of systems being developed. These can be listed as:
Absolute Block Working – a train's location is known to be between two adjacent signalboxes, often several miles apart.
Track Circuits – the rail-wheel device that will detect the presence of a train by the wheels providing a short circuit across the rails. Track circuits can vary in distance and can be hundreds of metres in length, so the train location is only known between the track circuit ends.
Axle Counters – a more-reliable replacement for track circuits. However, they also can often count in and out over a long section of track.
Induction Loops – two wires laid out between the rails, with periodic crossover positions, to give reference locations. They constantly transmit information to and from the train, usually associated with Automatic Train Operation (ATO).
Satellite Tracking – technology derived from military and automotive systems, where a train aerial constantly receives the geographical location and displays this either to the driver or is transmitted onwards to a control office. Does not work in tunnels or other covered areas.
Camera Images -a forward-facing camera 'compares' the actual image of a train's position against images held in a reference data base. The resultant position can be transmitted to a control office.
Acoustic Sensing – A train's vibration pattern as it progresses its journey is picked up by lineside sensing equipment, usually a fibre optic cable. The resultant change in optical patterns will constantly detect a train's presence and speed.
All of these have strengths and weaknesses. The original requirement of interfacing with the signalling equipment to allow the clearance of signals or the setting of routes is clearly vital in terms of safety, so such devices are invariably SIL4 rated (safety integrity level 4).
There is also a need to ensure that a train is complete (that a coupling has not broken) and the safety-based location devices achieve this. However, these devices are less able to provide the precise position of a train as it journeys forward.
With the ever-increasing demand both to optimise performance and to make expert judgements on re-timing trains when things go wrong, knowing the exact position and speed of a train at any point in time becomes essential, especially when penalty payments are involved. This requirement has resulted in the adoption of modern technology that feeds performance systems rather than safety applications.
There is also the cost factor. Infrastructure providers and train operators want value for money and, if modern technology systems prove to be significantly cheaper than the traditional detection devices, then they are likely to be adopted.
To try and bring all these factors into a single perspective, the Institution of Railway Signal Engineers organised a webinar in late February, during which suppliers could present their products and vision. It proved to be a fascinating session, if only to demonstrate the difficult choices that have to be made.
Track circuits and axle counters
Track circuits have been around for decades and have progressed from simple DC battery-fed circuits with insulated rail joints, through AC power-fed circuits of 50Hz, 125Hz and 331/2Hz frequencies to provide immunisation from traction systems, to higher-frequency devices that enable tuned circuits to be established and eliminate the need for rail joints. Rated as SIL4, they are high up in the list of safety requirements and will be around for many years yet.
However, the variable resistance of track ballast in wet and dry conditions, as well as the vulnerability of the wired connections to damage by on-track machines, make for reliability problems. Richard Hinson from London Underground stated that track circuits were the biggest cause of all failures in the signalling equipment portfolio. This situation, coupled with problems in obtaining spare relays for the older-generation equipment, suggests that track circuits are no longer the favoured system for train location requirements.
Axle counters are the logical alternative. Equally troublesome when first introduced several years ago, design and configuration improvements now make them the system of choice when safety considerations dominate. Early problems with miscounts and the lengthy time for resets to restore normal operation have largely been overcome by the building in of intelligence features that distinguish between a train and an unwanted disturbance. Modern designs are clamped to the rails rather than bolted to them, which would require the rails to be drilled, in an improvement that meets with approval from track engineers.
Manfred Sommergruber from Frauscher described the mechanical strengthening that has been built-in to the company's latest product (SENSiS) to combat climate change, dirt ingress, flooding, rail hammering effect and deliberate vandalism. Connecting axle counters to the signalling system has been made easier with the adoption of digitisation and the replacement of relay interfaces with a serial data-stream. Not only does this make the device more reliable, but it enables more information to be provided, such as wheel diameter and temperature.
Improved diagnostics and the opportunity to use a radio connection are there for the taking, but, if landlines are preferred, connecting all axle counters within an area onto a data ring allows for continuous operation should a cable break occur.
As indicated earlier, both track circuits and axle counters have the disadvantage of only knowing a train's location between two specific points.
Acoustic sensing
Realisation that pulses of light within a fibre optic cable could detect local vibration and thuds occurred several years ago. Detecting rock falls was an initial application, but, since then, the technology has been developed to provide a means of detecting trains. An injected light source on to a dark fibre will see a marginal change in the refractive index where any disturbance takes place. The time taken for this 'back scatter' to get back to the source enables the distance to be calculated.
The processing by a tracking algorithm has advanced to enable more intelligence to be obtained from the reflected pulses, according to Kevin Tribble from Sensonic, and the latest systems are capable of measuring both train location and speed with interfaces to traffic management systems (TMS) and customer information systems (CIS). Installations exist worldwide, including on Network Rail and London Underground.
Several factors need to be understood for an acoustic system to be deployed:
Fibre location (always assuming a fibre cable already exists and has spare fibres within it) and its installation method – buried, in troughing, laid on the surface;
Calibration as to knowing the fibre to track distances and whether fibre spools exist in joints;
Classification as to train mass, speed and size limits, plus performance variables across the tracks.
Ongoing development continues to improve interpretation of the fibre disturbance, resulting in a higher dynamic range that can detect wheel flats, detection of track conditions including broken rails and, most importantly, which track a train is on. The approach has changed from being quantitative to qualitative, and it is foreseen that acoustic sensing will be able to augment ETCS positioning information. The system clearly has much promise and may be able to fulfil both safety and precise location requirements.
Camera imaging
With many trains now equipped with a forward-facing camera for security purposes, can this camera be used to identify a train's location? For some time, Richard Shenton from RDS International has been developing the Valise system (Virtual Balise), where the real-time picture is compared to a stored picture, thus producing a location position. Being entirely train-based and with the camera already installed, this offers a low-cost solution to the challenge but there are potential drawbacks to be addressed.
To have a full and continuous CCTV picture all of the time would require massive amounts of data to be processed. Instead, the stored picture is reduced to a 'fingerprint', containing just the essential information needed for the location algorithm. The reduction is around 1000 times, allowing the whole rail network to be contained in a few gigabytes of storage. The small 'fingerprints' allow the live picture to be matched to a stored image in real time on a low-cost computer.
In addition, the fingerprinting process provides the robustness to match locations in changing environmental conditions. Weather conditions, including snow, are claimed not to be a problem as sufficient similarity exists between real and stored images. Of course, track remodelling would need the stored image to be updated, so an element of re-work will always be necessary.
Trial results for identifying the correct track from a single image indicate the following performance:
Normal daylight including rain – 99%
Night-time usage – 92.5%
Snow in normal daylight – 75%
Results from a number of image matches are used to achieve the required level of confidence. For 'along track accuracy' the position is within 50cm for 68 per cent of the time and two metres for 99.7 per cent of the time.
Confidence and usage would need to be gained incrementally, starting initially with non-safety situations working up to the possibility of SIL2 applications, such as door closure and speed supervision. Compared with GPS, the system has the advantage of knowing which track a train is on.
Trials are currently underway at a location in the UK and a fuller article on the system may appear in due course. For use of the positioning information outside the train, any such production system would need the means to transmit the location data to where it is needed.
Satellite tracking
With SatNav systems regarded as a normal part of road vehicle equipment, how suitable are satellite systems for train location purposes? Vincent Passau from Alstom gave details of the EU-backed 2020 STARS project (Satellite Technology for Advanced Railway Signalling).
Whilst its prime interest is supplying high-integrity signalling systems, Alstom was looking to use additional technology to overcome some shortfalls in odometry, as used for ERTMS distance measurements. Choices are wheel-based sensors, radar (sensitive to weather conditions), GPS/GNSS (subject to signal availability and multi-path reception), optical rail readers (installation constraints) and accelerometers.
Of these, a satellite-based solution is the most promising, but it needs to have higher accuracy to give Positive Train Detection (PTD). The outcome would be fewer balises plus more information for ATO stopping distances and on-board passenger information updates.
Hence STARS, with objectives to assure predictable performance, interoperability and alignment with the European Shift2Rail initiative. Assessing GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) accuracy in field measurements indicates there is a gap between the requirements and results, so it is likely that an enhanced odometry solution will be required as well.
Gyrometers and accelerometers would be used to cover tunnels or other locations where a satellite signal is lost. Precise inertial navigation will be needed to cover short-term changes. Large-scale trials are planned in Norway, with the overall objective of contributing to a SIL4 rated computation and data merging.
It is a given that any ATO system must know the exact location of all trains in the system and have a guarantee of train integrity. Raymond Sturton from Thales gave a brief history of the Seltrac system development, from its initial use of track loops for positioning information to the current deployment of radio using RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags placed in the track together with radio antennae. Axle counters continue to be deployed for secondary detection purpose as well as giving assurance on train integrity. Both track loops and radio tags give reliable positioning but hinder track maintenance.
In the search for a train-centric location system, a future NGPS (Next Generation Positioning System) is being developed using ultra-wideband radio (UWBR) that will be positioned at platforms, junctions and other significant rail features and will dispense with the track tags. This, together with radar and LiDAR devices, will achieve accurate location information. The system has no under-carriage installations and no track-based equipment. Trials are underway on the Flushing lines of New York City Transport. UK applications are planned for an Advisory System for Signallers (ASSIGN) on the Barnstaple and Okehampton branch lines in Devon, and as an interface to TPWS Mk4 on the Hertford Loop test track to give continuous over-speed monitoring.
Comparison with road transport
We are all aware of the research into autonomous vehicles and connected transport, which require accurate location and speed data. Raphael Grech from CAV Spirent made the point "if it moves, it must position". Driverless vehicles will need highly accurate positioning equipment which cannot be achieved with just a single sensor. So, a combination of GNSS, radar, LiDAR, cameras, localised assets (lane positioning) and cabin sensing will all be needed, as will connectivity between all of them. Synchronising position with other vehicles is essential.
Three factors need to be fulfilled:
Local Positioning – where is the vehicle in relation to local topography?
Relative Positioning – where is the vehicle in relation to other vehicles and people?
Global Positioning – where is the vehicle location?
For the latter, GNSS is the only system available, but it gets taken for granted which can lead to wrong decisions being made. Interference, risk of spoofing, segment errors, multi-path connections, atmospheric conditions and cyber-attacks are all being investigated by the military. KPIs are integrity, continuity, robustness, accuracy and availability. Test methods vary, but they must cover everything. Much use is made of simulation but 'live sky' testing must happen at some point.
Receiver design is important – if it cannot see a satellite, then detection will not take place and an inaccuracy of one to two metres is unacceptable. Receivers should ideally receive signals from at least five satellites, which need to have different position angles. Constant monitoring as to how the system is working is necessary.
The complexities of logging the position of autonomous road vehicles to the accuracy required make the train location challenge look easy perhaps, but a lot more money is available for research and development?
Some questions and thoughts
Whilst the ideas and analysis of train location systems proved fascinating, from a customer's perspective, could it be somewhat bewildering? Maybe a potential purchaser needs to consider what the system actually needs to do?
The traditional SIL 4 systems of track circuits and axle counters give information sufficient to set routes and clear signals, but they are of less value when the precise location of a train is required. SIL2 systems, such as acoustic sensing and satellite tracking, give a precise geographic location but may not be able to determine the actual track that a train is on, nor that the train is complete. Camera imaging has the advantage of low cost but an integrity level that would be insufficient for SIL4 applications.
Then there is the vexed question of standardisation versus innovation. If a particular technology was selected, would it need to be adopted on a large geographic scale to ensure interoperability?
A wholly train-borne solution makes this problem somewhat easier. Of all the technologies considered, the fibre-based acoustic sensing seems to offer the greatest potential, as it can do both positioning and train integrity with the ability to count wheels and bogies. With more-intelligent algorithms, it should also be possible to detect which particular track carries a train.
All of this begs the question as to whether a 'Track Map' could be defined but, even if it was possible, it would need to cater for the 'changing face of the railway', such as weekend renewal work. It seems likely that a combination of systems will be necessary to fulfil both safety and commercial requirements, much as is happening in the road industry.
The next few years should prove interesting.
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Warner Bros and Bruckheimer to take another scan of DC Comics' Global Frequency
by Doc on Nov.20, 2014, under Comics, Television
Warner Bros TV are teaming up with Jerry Bruckheimer to adapt the DC Comics limited series Global Frequency, which has received a pilot commitment from Fox. Rockne S. O'Bannon (Farscape, Defiance) will pen the script.
Global Frequency was a limited series comic from Warren Ellis about an underground organization led by a former intelligence agent who calls herself Miranda Zero, who connects with a thousand members of the Global Frequency, chosen for their varied specialties, via specially modified phones to deal with any number of different crises. Although existence of the organization is known it's members are not, even to each other, until they are called in for a particular case. The only constant characters are Zero and her dispatch coordinator, named Aleph.
This will actually be WBTV's third attempt at a series for the title. in 2005 a Mark Burnett-led pilot starring Michelle Forbes (Star Trek: The Next Generation, The Killing) as Zero and Aimee Garcia (Dexter) as Aleph, along with Josh Hopkins (Cougar Town), and looked promising (J. Michael Straczynski was already lined up to be showrunner) but ultimately was not picked up to series. Another script was floated for the CW several years ago but a pilot was never commissioned.
Comments Off on Warner Bros and Bruckheimer to take another scan of DC Comics' Global Frequency :bruckheimer, fox, warner bros more...

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The Public Wants to Spend Less on Defense
National surveys have long confirmed a stubborn public unwillingness to cut federal spending (aside from foreign aid, which people always think is much larger than it really is). Generally speaking, people support budget cuts in the abstract but oppose them when it comes to cutting specific programs.
But a recent survey pinpoints one area that's exactly the opposite: defense spending. Not only are large numbers of both Democrats and Republicans willing to cut the Pentagon's budget, but it
turns out that once you get into the weeds they're even more willing to cut it:
Interestingly, when given the opportunity to specify their exact proposed level, a substantially larger percentage made cuts than had said they would in the earlier question which offered them three approaches to dealing with the deficit (see above). In the earlier question, 62% had said they thought Congress should reduce defense spending. Among the 38% who did not select the option of cutting defense, when given the option to specify the number, half of them gave a number below 2012 levels and thus a made a cut.
….For the whole sample, the average proposed level of spending was $435 billion — $127 billion below 2012 levels, representing a 23% cut. Among Republicans, the average proposed level was down $83 billion (a 15% cut); among Democrats, it was down $155 billion (a 28% cut); and among independents it was down $147 billion (a 26% cut).
I don't imagine this will make much difference to our elected representatives, especially since I suspect that the strength of the public's budget cutting fervor is low. It's also likely to melt in the face of Pentagon assurances that Iran could launch a missile at New York City just as soon as they can get a ship within 600 miles of New York City. Still, this is how the public feels, and it doesn't get much attention. Maybe it should.
Via Suzy Khimm, who has more details.


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Most played PC games
Spotify's premium subscribers 2015-2020
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Best-selling Call of Duty Games 2019
Advertising spending in the U.S. 2015-2022
Video Game Industry - Statistics & Facts
Film Industry - statistics & facts
Survey on media usage in food and cooking product purchases in Finland 2018
Published by E. Niinimäki, May 29, 2020
In 2018, print magazines were the most used media among Finnish people as a source of information when buying food and cooking products or services. In fact, over 40 percent of respondents consumed print magazines to gather food-related ideas and tips. Other popular souces of information were social media and newspapers when making a purchase decision. For Finns, radio was the least used medium to collect information for food and cooking product purchases.
Which media do you use as information sources when buying food and cooking products or services?
9,802 respondents
This question was phrased by the source as follows: "Which of the following information sources you use when looking for ideas and tips of different products? Which of the following information sources you use when making a purchase decision? For example when comparing quality and features of a product/service."
The source does not specify the date of the survey.
Daily newspapers with the highest circulation in Switzerland in 2019/2020
TV, Video & Film
TV daily reach in German-speaking Switzerland 2013-2019
Market shares of TV broadcasters in German-speaking Switzerland 2019
Market shares of TV broadcasters in Western Switzerland 2019
Statistics on "Media usage in Switzerland"
Electronic media used in Switzerland in 2018-2020
Electronic media used daily in Switzerland in 2018-2020
Media type reach per quarter in Switzerland in 2019
Reach of selected daily newspapers in German Switzerland 2018-2020
Reach of daily newspapers in French-speaking Switzerland 2017-2020
Reach of daily newspapers in Ticino in Switzerland 2017-2019
E-papers of daily newspapers sold in German Switzerland 2019/2020
E-papers of newspapers and magazines sold in French Switzerland 2019/2020
E-papers of newspapers sold in Italian-Switzerland 2019/2020
Number of cable TV customers in Switzerland 2005-2019
TV consumption time in German-speaking Switzerland 2013-2019
Market shares of TV broadcasters in Italian Switzerland 2019
Internet user share among the Swiss population 2014-2019
Internet usage in Switzerland 2009-2020, by frequency
Internet users in Switzerland 2009-2020, by age group
Duration of internet usage in Switzerland in 2019
Duration of internet usage in Switzerland in 2019, by gender
Internet usage in Switzerland in 2019, by age and place
Households in Switzerland by devices used to access internet in 2019
Internet users in Switzerland in 2018 and 2020, by device
Radio reach in German-speaking Switzerland 2009-2019
Radio listening duration in German-speaking Switzerland 2009-2019
Market shares of radio broadcasters in German-speaking Switzerland 2019
Market shares of radio broadcasters in Western Switzerland 2019
Market shares of radio broadcasters in Italian Switzerland 2019
Radio usage in Switzerland in Spring 2020, by reception and location
Internet radio user share in Switzerland 2015-2019, by age group
Weekly TV consumption in Switzerland 2014-2018
Reach of leading online video providers in Switzerland in 2019
Streaming platform users in Switzerland in 2019 and 2020
Netflix reach in Switzerland in 2019, by age group
Most used music streaming services in Switzerland in 2020
Devices used to access streaming services in Switzerland in 2019
Leading devices for accessing web TV or live TV in Switzerland in 2019
Leading devices for accessing music streaming services in Switzerland in 2019
Survey on media usage when saving and investing money in Finland 2018
Survey on media usage in the car purchasing process in Finland 2018
Leading information sources for organic food Australia 2018
Leading media considered for comparing vehicle prices 2014
Survey on media usage in fashion product purchases in Finland 2018
Survey on media usage in consumer electronics purchases in Finland 2018
Online newspaper readership in Spain in 2018, by age
Media sources quoted in conversations in the United Kingdom (UK) 2016, by type
Weekly hours spent using various media in the Middle East and North Africa 2015
Survey on media usage for following the news among young people in Finland 2016
Survey on the most popular media activities in Germany 2014
Most-missed media devices in the United Kingdom (UK) 2014-2019
Italy: media fruition among women 2017, by source
Media usage time on weekends in Russia 2020, by type
Sources of information about bank checking products in the U.S. 2014, by source type
Survey on the attitude towards media and internet usage in Germany 2016
Source of information on home mortgages products in the U.S. 2014, by source type
Media usage in Finland Trust in media in Europe Printed media in Europe Book market in Europe
FPPA. (April 1, 2018). Which media do you use as information sources when buying food and cooking products or services? [Graph]. In Statista. Retrieved January 17, 2021, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/712459/survey-on-media-usage-in-food-purchase-process-in-finland/
FPPA. "Which media do you use as information sources when buying food and cooking products or services?." Chart. April 1, 2018. Statista. Accessed January 17, 2021. https://www.statista.com/statistics/712459/survey-on-media-usage-in-food-purchase-process-in-finland/
FPPA. (2018). Which media do you use as information sources when buying food and cooking products or services?. Statista. Statista Inc.. Accessed: January 17, 2021. https://www.statista.com/statistics/712459/survey-on-media-usage-in-food-purchase-process-in-finland/
FPPA. "Which Media Do You Use as Information Sources When Buying Food and Cooking Products or Services?." Statista, Statista Inc., 1 Apr 2018, https://www.statista.com/statistics/712459/survey-on-media-usage-in-food-purchase-process-in-finland/
FPPA, Which media do you use as information sources when buying food and cooking products or services? Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/712459/survey-on-media-usage-in-food-purchase-process-in-finland/ (last visited January 17, 2021)


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Q: Re-bin histogram from frequency table I have a frequency table (frequency, value), and would like plot this as a histogram in ggplot2.
Specifically I have frequencies for each value 1...1e6, and would like breaks at 1,2...10,20...100,200...1000...
The table is computed from a huge data set, which is why using rep as suggested in answers like this one is not an option.
Here is a minimal example:
library(ggplot2)
data <- data.frame(count=(runif(1000) * 100), value=1:1000)
repdata <- data.frame(value=rep(data$value, data$count))
print(ggplot(repdata) + aes(x=value) + scale_x_log10() +
      geom_histogram(binwidth=0.1))

How can I create a plot like this without using the repdata line?
Is there an aggregate function that takes a data frame and a list of breaks?

A: Ahh, it didn't occur to me until now that I don't have to use a list of breaks; I can simply calculate the bin index from the value and use the existing aggregate:
binw <- 0.1
data$bin <- floor(log10(data$value) / binw)

hdata <- aggregate(count ~ bin, data, sum)

print(ggplot(hdata) +
        aes(xmin=10^(bin * binw),
            xmax=10^((bin + 1) * binw),
            ymin=0,
            ymax=count) +
        scale_x_log10() +
        geom_rect())

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Samuel Fernandez-Carriba, PhD, received an undergraduate degree and master's in psychology in 1995 and a doctorate in clinical and health psychology in 2001 from Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain. Two years of his doctoral training took place at the Yerkes National Research Primate Center, where he approached the study of human emotions through an examination of biological determinants and evolutionary history as observed in a chimpanzee.
After his return to Emory University in 2002, Dr. Fernandez-Carrriba dedicated more than eight years at the Emory Autism Center to assessment, intervention and research related to individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). At Marcus Autism Center, Dr. Fernandez-Carriba conducts diagnostic evaluations of children and adults with autism as a part of the assessment and diagnosis team. He also performs research on social-cultural factors in autism and their impact on outcomes for children, with specific attention to Spanish-speaking families, as well as research into the role of belief systems and values in health and wellbeing, and the potential of an approach to healthcare that includes training in ethics.
Fernandez-Carriba, S. (in press). Practicing health and happiness through meditation. In M. Langston (Ed.). Recapture Your Youth. Boston, MA: HBS Strategies, LLC.
Gonzalez, E., Harrison, T., & Fernandez-Carriba, S. (in press). CBCT®: A program of Cognitively-Based Compassion Training. In L. Galiana and N. Sanso (Eds.), The Power of Compassion. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Harrison, T., Gonzalez, E., & Fernandez-Carriba, S. (in press). Sequential Development in CBCT®. In L. Galiana and N. Sanso (Eds.), The Power of Compassion. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Fernandez-Carriba, S., & Bradshaw, J. (2018). Self-help for parents of children with autism: mindfulness and compassion. In M. Siller & L. Morgan (Eds.), Handbook of Family-Centered Practice for Very Young Children with Autism. New York, NY: Springer.
Ousley, O., Evans, A.N., Fernandez-Carriba, S., Smearman, E.L., Rockers, K., Morrier, M.J., Evans, D.W., Coleman, K., & Cubells, J. (2017). Examining the overlap between autism spectrum disorder and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18 (5): 1071.
Klaiman, C., Fernandez-Carriba, S., Hall, C., & Saulnier, C. (2015). Assessment of autism across the lifespan: a way forward. Current Developmental Disorders Reports. doi:10.1007/s40474-014-0031-5.
Gulledge, J., Fernandez-Carriba, S., Rumbaugh, D., & Washburn, D. (2014). Judgments of monkey's (Macaca mulatta) facial expressions by humans: does housing condition "affect" countenance? The Psychological Record.
Muldoon, M., Ousley, O.Y., Kobrynski, L.J., Patel, S., Oster, M.E., Fernandez-Carriba, S., Cubells, J.F., Coleman, K., & Pearce, B.D. (2014). The effect of hypocalcemia in early childhood on autism-related social and communication skills in patients with 22q11 deletion syndrome. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 1-6.
Fernandez-Carriba, S. (2018): Improving the ecosystem of pediatric conditions: Mindfulness and compassion training with families and therapists of children with ASD. Presented at World Summit of Pediatrics. Lecture conducted from Madrid, Spain.
Fernandez-Carriba, S. (2018): CBCT® (Cognitively-Based Compassion Training). Progress in rehabilitation research. Presented at ACRM 95th Annual Conference. Lecture conducted from Dallas, TX.
Fernandez-Carriba, S. (2017): Compassion training: Self-care for patients and caregivers. Presented at 2017 Annual Conference. Lecture conducted from Marfan Foundation, Atlanta, GA.
Fernandez-Carriba, S. (2017): Mindfulness and compassion training for parents and therapists of children with autism. Presented at ACBS (Association for Contextual Behavioral Science) Annual World Conference 15. Lecture conducted from Seville, Spain.
Fernandez-Carriba, S. (2016): Compassion for caregivers. Presented at 7th Chattanooga Annual Autism Conference, Chattanooga, TN.
Fernandez-Carriba, S. (2016): Sociocultural competence educating children with ASD. Presented at 7th Chattanooga Annual Autism Conference, Chattanooga, TN.


Why should you buy GoldenGate?
GoldenGate is the most advanced simulation and analysis solution for integrated mixed signal RFIC designs. Its unique simulation algorithms are optimized for the challenging demands of today's complex RFICs, and its capacity enables full characterization of complete transceivers, including parasitics, prior to tape-out.
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GoldenGate includes a suite of automation tools including a Job Manager and the Monte Carlo Console that make it easy to set up & manage the simulations and data analysis required for both block and system level performance verification.
A single GoldenGate "Quad Pack" license enables the designer to run up to four simulations concurrently within a single Cadence session.
GoldenGate's speed and capacity allows post layout full transceiver chain simulation including the use of standards based wireless sources and data post processing.


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Tribal dietitian makes eating healthy fun
As a registered dietitian with Citizen Potawatomi Nation, Maggi Gilbert uses real world examples of facts and expectations to make an impression on patients. During a recent Hownikan interview, she held up a wide plastic tube filled with the average amount of sugar in a can of pop — nearly 10 teaspoons.
One of CPN dietitian Maggi Gilbert's favorite aspects of her job is the variety of duties she performs including individualized patient care, cooking demos and grocery store tours.
"I'll use this a lot because this is just a 12 ounce soda, and that is the amount of sugar that we're drinking. … That's not providing our body with nutritional value, and that is an eye-opener sometimes. A lot of times," she said.
"We're talking about overall healthy lifestyle changes."
After earning her bachelor's degree in pre-allied health from Oklahoma Baptist University in Shawnee, Oklahoma, she transitioned to the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center in Oklahoma City and earned her Master of Arts in Dietetics. The program's eight-month internship included clinical rotations at the OU Medical Center, a stint in hospital kitchen management and more.
Gilbert passed her registration exam in October 2017 and accepted her first full-time dietitian position with CPN in June 2018. Gilbert primarily serves CPN clinics' diabetes patients and offices out of FireLake Wellness Center.
Discovering dietetics
Gilbert's dad is a doctor, and she watched him provide patient care as she grew up. She wanted to shape her career in a similar way, but the specifics remained unclear as she began college.
"That was one of my biggest things was I wanted to be able to build relationships and help people throughout their journey," she said.
She began modifying recipes and learning about nutrition the summer following her freshman year. Gilbert's dad introduced her to dietetics as a career option, and she shadowed a dietitian at the OU Cystic Fibrosis Center that summer as well. She then declared her major at the beginning of her sophomore year.
Gilbert gained community experience during rotations at Mid-Del Public Schools and a local Women, Infants, and Children program. She also deepened her knowledge of diabetes dietetics while interning at OU Physicians Family Medicine.
For her elective rotation, Gilbert chose to work at Oklahoma Baptist Homes for Children, a residential care facility for single moms and their children.
"They don't have a dietitian, so it was a little out of the box, but it was something that I was able to work more one-on-one with moms and their kids and teach them how to grocery shop and how to cook healthy meals," she said. "And that's where my passion for community really developed."
Opportunities at CPN
Gilbert stumbled across the CPN job opening on Facebook, and the position brought together everything she practiced in the type of setting she enjoyed.
"I was like, 'That's me. That's what I want to be doing,'" she said. "I applied for the job, prayed about it, and felt like this was where the Lord was leading me. This was the job for me. And then (it) just kind of worked out from there."
She finds patient care rewarding but also enjoys the other hands-on activities and teaching opportunities the job provides her. Gilbert started giving grocery store tours of FireLake Discount Foods in November, advising shoppers on how to shop in a healthy way while sustaining variety. She also leads a session of the Beginning Education about Diabetes class as well as cooking demos.
CPN dietitian Maggi Gilbert chooses dishes made with delicious, basic ingredients and easy preparation for her food demonstrations with Diabetes Program Participants.
"I love that we do cooking demos here to teach people healthy cooking doesn't have to be expensive … and it doesn't have to be complicated," Gilbert said. She takes pride in her simplified recipes clients can incorporate into their lives.
"The most exciting thing is when they love it. We did a breakfast tofu scramble one week, and some of them didn't even know it was tofu," she said. "They came in late that day and asked 'Where's the tofu? I didn't try that?' They thought it was egg."
Food philosophies
One of the main tools Gilbert uses during her appointments is MyPlate, a nutrition guide published by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. It shows the ideal portion size per meal of each of the five food groups on a dinner plate.
"I use MyPlate a lot with most of my patients," she said. "I encourage them to include variety, trying to incorporate every food group."
Gilbert works to eliminate her clients' feelings of intimidation. Much of what she teaches them goes back to basics and includes reprioritization.
"Not that change is easy, but we talk about once we start to make changes consistently, then that can create a habit," she said.
According to Gilbert, people oftentimes complicate achieving a well-rounded diet. They search for the newest, most popular methods, but those are often unrealistic.
"We talk about portion sizes, consuming foods in moderation, and foods we don't need to consume quite as often as others," she said.
In her experience, people overlook reading the nutrition label completely and instead focus on one aspect such as total fat, sugar content or sodium. She also teaches them about meal prepping and grocery shopping.
"If we plan our meals out and have a plan going into the week, then it's a lot easier to not go out because we've got something at home," she said. "We've already purchased it. We've spent that money."
However, she accepts that people go out to eat, and Gilbert researches options and discusses restaurant nutrition facts with her clients as well.
Preaching and practicing
In her personal life, Gilbert follows her own advice.
"I definitely am conscious of it and feel like, if I can't practice what I'm teaching, then how can I expect my patients to do the same?"
She and her husband enjoy salads with fruits and nuts, soups and healthy breakfast adaptations. She often cooks with chickpeas, quinoa, beans, whole grains and frozen or fresh vegetables. Gilbert plans their week in meals as well. However, baking holds a special place in her heart and her love of cooking grew from there.
"I loved baking, and that's where I started to kind of modify to see, 'Could I make this recipe a little bit healthier?'" Gilbert said.
Her husband works as a football and strength training coach at a local high school, and the two complement each other and round out the physical and nutritional sides of health. She expands his knowledge about food and diet, and enjoys seeing his reactions to her meals. Find out more about CPN's Diabetes Initiative by visiting cpn.news/diabetesinitiative, and see what the FireLake Wellness Center has to offer at cpn.news/wellnesscenter.


Most major plate boundaries (with a few notable exceptions, can you think of which they are?) sit either completely offshore (i.e. mid-ocean ridges) or at the junction between an ocean and a continental land mass (i.e. subduction zones). Thus to study the forces that control plate tectonics we commonly have to jump in and "get our feet wet" - i.e. go into the oceans. As seismologists we routinely get our feet wet by deploying ocean-bottom seismometers (OBS) to record ground motions both from near and far earthquakes as well as man-made sources.
However, what if our scientific target calls for a combination of "dry" and "wet" tactics (apologies if you've lost the metaphor now ...) i.e. onshore and offshore instrumentation? Perhaps your investigating the continuation of a downgoing oceanic slab under North America or , as in my case, your investigating early-stage continental rifting beneath rift lake. Then it's time to dust off your sea-going legs and your 4x4 driving skills as you're going to want to deploy instruments both in the oceans and on the mainland. In fact these combined experiments are increasingly common nowadays as scientists become more familiar/comfortable deploying OBS and also with national agencies highlighting the scientific priority of subduction and rift processes.
Ok, that was a super long introduction to what this post is actually about - cutting SEGY data from continuous data! If you don't understand a lick of this then just hold on for the next post as we'll get there, I promise. In my work we had 57 onshore stations located around Lake Malawi that recorded the airgun blasts that we shot in the lake as a part of the active-source experiment. Thus we want to use these onshore stations just like the OBS and create receiver gathers with them to constrain sediment and crustal structure. But wait - how do we do that? How does one cut SEGY data from continuous data? Get ready lucky reader as I will lay out all the nitty gritty details in my next post.


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Filmografia parziale

Cinema
Delitto nella strada (Crime in the Streets), regia di Don Siegel (1956)
Quello strano sentimento (That Funny Feeling), regia di Richard Thorpe (1965)

Televisione
Climax! – serie TV, episodio 2x01 (1955)
The Clear Horizon (1960-1962)
Ben Casey – serie TV, episodio 1x14 (1962)
Il virginiano (The Virginian) – serie TV, episodio 1x08 (1962)
Ben Jerrod (1963)
Il tempo della nostra vita (Days of Our Lives) (1966-1973)
General Hospital (1973-1984; 1996-2009; 2013; 2017)
Destini (Another World) (1986-1989; 1991)
Sunset Beach (1997-1998)

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Attori televisivi statunitensi

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Well, they've done it again, once again ACTION have made a complete mess of a change to their service.
ACTION have just recently changed their timetables. The good news is that they finally accounted for the extra time it takes the Buses to get through the Canberra Centre bus stop, the bad news is that they forgot that it takes longer to get along Bullumbir Street than Bunda Street and haven't accounted for that…so the buses are still late.
ACTION also modified the morning services of the 38 bus in a very bizzare way. Previously the 38 was running at 8:25, 8:40 & 8:53 along Ainslie Avenue, and if I managed to miss the 8:53, I could catch a 36 at 8:55ish. The new arrangement sees two 38's arriving around 8:30 (they both arrive at the same time due to the traffic light delays on Bullumbir Street) and there isn't another one until 8:55 (which never arrives until 9:00 or later). The 36 timetable has also been modified in such a way that it is earlie than the 8:30 buses, and later than the 8:55 bus.
My grumble here is that the 38 used to be relatively predictable, it was every 15 minutes, and I could catch a 36 if I missed the 38. Now due to the insanity of the new bus timetable, I have to be ready for the bus before 8:30 (previously 8:40 or 8:53 would be acceptable), or I will not be able to catch one until at least 9am, which makes me rather late.
I do have a theory about this bus timetable change. ACTION knew that I catch a 38 (or 36) from Ainslie avenue in the morning to get to Dickson College. They knew this, because I was a person who made a lot of noise about safety issues at the Canberra Centre bus stop, most of which remain unaddressed, and I eventually got tired of making noise after it became clear that they had no intention of ever doing anything to fix the problem. I could just be paranoid, but there is a chance that ACTION have decided that I am a nuisance, and therefore don't deserve a decent bus service. I can see no other such bizzare changes to other timetables in Canberra, only the Ainslie Avenue routes. If ACTION think that it was a good idea to do this, they should expect some angry correspondence. I am certain that they will do nothing to fix the problems, but they do deserve an amount of angry noise.
On the plus side, ACTION have moved their fleet of horrible new green buses over to the 300 series intertown buses, meaning that I don't have to catch them. Those things were never designed for suburban roads, they are too low to the ground, and have very little suspension. They are still pretty dreadful on the major roads, but at least they don't have to rattle, clatter & bang as much. The Green buses continue to service the 34 (Hospital run).
Naturally ACTION have taken their policy of "It doesn't work, so we'll give it to everyone" and applied it to the Weston Creek area services. They were designed to make the buses act like Taxi's at night. People would ring the ACTION phone number and say that they wanted to catch a bus from wherever they were. This service simply wasn't working in Weston Creek, some people were waiting more than an hour for a bus. ACTION in their infinite wisdom have decided that this is a great system and expanded it to all of Canberra (except certain parts of Yarrulumla, which currently have high nightime patronage of buses) and called it Flexibus. "Buses are not Taxi's" is my quote, if you need to get somewhere after 7PM, get a lift or ring a Taxi, you'll be waiting all night for a Flexibus.


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Q: How to turn off SSLCompression in Apache 2.2.12 on Amazon EC2?
I am on an Amazon EC2, Suse installation which comes with a Apache 2.2.12. I am using HTTPS and want to turn off SSLCompression but it isn't available for Apache 2.2.12. I can't even upgrade Apache as the repository maintained by Amazon doesn't yet include Apache 2.4.3, not even Apache 2.2.24.

So since I'm stuck with it, is there anyway I can turn off SSLCompression in Apache 2.2.12?

A: There is no option to disable compression in Apache <= 2.2.23 mod_ssl.
You have few options to resolve this problem:

1) Wait for Apache 2.2.24 and compile from source:
  https://issues.apache.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=53219
2) Use current stable Apache 2.2.23 and use patch for disabling compression
  from the link above
3) Use other frontend/proxy for SSL termination (for
  example nginx or pound)