text:
Monetary Policy Report - Press Conference (Audio) - April 2016
Stephen S. Poloz, Carolyn A. Wilkins
Available as: Audio
Release of the Monetary Policy Report - (Audiocast) Press conference by Governor Stephen S. Poloz and Senior Deputy Governor Carolyn Wilkins. (11:15 (ET) approx.).
Content Type(s): Press, Speeches and appearances, Webcasts
Monetary Policy Report - Press Conference (Video) - April 2016
Release of the Monetary Policy Report - (Videocast) Press conference by Governor Stephen S. Poloz and Senior Deputy Governor Carolyn Wilkins. (11:15 (ET) approx.).
Monetary Policy Report - April 2016
Canada's economy is projected to grow by 1.7 per cent in 2016 and return to potential next year as complex adjustments continue.
Monetary Policy Report Press Conference Opening Statement
Opening statement Stephen S. Poloz, Carolyn A. Wilkins Ottawa, Ontario
Governor Stephen S. Poloz discusses key issues involved in the Governing Council's deliberations about the policy rate decision and the MPR.
Content Type(s): Press, Speeches and appearances, Opening statements Topic(s): Inflation and prices, Interest rates, Labour markets, Monetary policy, Monetary policy implementation, Recent economic and financial developments
Bank of Canada maintains overnight rate target at 1/2 per cent
Media Relations Ottawa, Ontario
The Bank of Canada today announced that it is maintaining its target for the overnight rate at 1/2 per cent. The Bank Rate is correspondingly 3/4 per cent and the deposit rate is 1/4 per cent.
Content Type(s): Press, Press releases


text:
Dubai Chamber / Dubai Chamber honours top-performing SME exporters
Dubai Chamber honours top-performing SME exporters
-Exporter of the Month ceremony recognised companies for exceptional performance during the first four months of 2017
Dubai, UAE: The Dubai Chamber of Commerce and Industry hosted on Sunday a special ceremony at its head office to recognise member companies that have demonstrated outstanding export performance during the first four months of 2017.
The exclusive SME Exporter of the Month gathering honoured four companies that operate in the trade sector. Al Bahrain Jewellers LLC was recognised for achieving the highest export value, while Pulse India Foodstuff LLC accounted for the highest number of export markets. Taj Al Bahar General Trading LLC was honoured for issuing the highest number of Certificates of Origin, and Al Mostawrid Trading LLC was recognised as a startup company that reached the highest export value during a particular month.
During the ceremony, H.E. Hisham Al Shirawi, 2nd Vice-Chairman, Dubai Chamber, congratulated the companies and presented their representatives with a certificate of recognition and an SME Exporter of the Month trophy.
"We believe that recognising the hard work and effort demonstrated by top-performing companies goes a long way in motivating Dubai Chamber members and other businesses in the emirate that operate in the realm of trade," said H.E. Al Shirawi.
He explained that the Exporter of the Month initiative helps the Chamber take the pulse of the trade sector, and learn more about effective and sustainable business practices which ultimately enhance the competitiveness of the private sector.
"We are confident that the awarded companies will continue to be role models and a source of inspiration for many other members of the Chamber, and we look forward to honouring many more companies in the coming months," H.E. Al Shirawi added.
Representatives from the top-performing companies expressed their gratitude to Dubai Chamber for its support in encouraging healthy competition within the local business community, which ultimately benefits their companies.
Dubai Chamber launched the Exporter of the Month initiative in 2009 under the name Exporter of the Quarter, to recognise the outstanding exporting companies in Dubai. The selection of companies is based on distinct and specific criteria derived from the Chamber's Certificate of Origin database.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A giant portrait of one of the Romantic era's most recognisable composers, Franz Schubert, appeared briefly on Fife's Elie Beach yesterday afternoon (Monday 30 June) before disappearing under the incoming tide.
Commissioned by East Neuk Festival to highlight its Schubertiad weekend, which takes place from 5-6 July, the portrait was created by Sand in Your Eye, the team responsible for sculptures of steam engines, a pilgrim ship, the Isle of May lighthouse and a bust of Beethoven in the past.
East Neuk's Schubertiad is a two-day celebration of Schubert's music led by pianist Christian Zacharias and featuring pianist Llyr Williams, the Gould Piano Trio, soprano Malin Christensson and members of the Belcea Quartet and Scottish Chamber Orchestra. Works will include the landmark Piano Trio in E flat, D929 and the 'Unfinished' Symphony No. 8 in B flat.


Zack Mulligan: Your whole life society tells you, like 'oh, be a man, and you are strong and you are tough and margaritas are gay' you know, like. You know. You don't grow up thinking that's the way you are. When you're a kid, you just do, you just act and then somewhere along the line, everyone loses that.
Courtesy of Warner Music UK, Ltd.
Two really good skateboarding movies came out recently. The first one I got to see, Crystal Moselle's "Skate Kitchen", functioned as a fun semi-documentary that celebrated the friendship forged between a crew of NYC girls making their own space in a predominately male sport. The second one, Bing Liu's "Minding the Gap" took a very different approach to the subject, focusing much deeper on the pain that drove a group of three Midwestern skateboarders together, and how the same wounds would continue to dictate their life both in and outside of skateboarding. Unlike Skate Kitchen, this documentary is not an easy watch. It's by no means a boring watch, as Liu constructs a very cinematic experience both visually and emotionally, but some of the life experiences that the director focuses on can be truly devastating to anyone who has ever experienced anything similar. The characters in this film are real, and you want to see each of them succeed despite the odds stacked against them. I don't want to spoil the story too much, but I will say that there's something in this movie for everyone. It's much less a skateboarding movie than it is a movie about parenthood gone wrong and finding your way in your 20's, which I'm sure a lot of people can relate to. I hope everyone gets to see this film, and I hope everyone has a box of tissues close by.


text:
Home Analytics The balance of power and risks of the Black Sea region
In 2014, the invasion of the Russian Federation into Ukraine was not only an unprecedented phenomenon for Europe of the 21st century, but also an event that changed the limits of influence and the balance of power on the world map. First of all, the balance of power in the Black and Azov Seas has undergone cardinal changes due to the annexation of the Crimea peninsula by Russia.
For four years, the Russian Federation systematically increased the contingent of its armed forces in the occupied Crimea and also increased the potential of the Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Navy. In addition to the occupation of the shelf near the Crimea peninsula and the seizure of Ukrainian gas producing towers in the Black Sea, Russia has repeatedly attempted to block the Strait of Kerch for Ukrainian ships by arrest and outright provocations. As the construction of the Kerch Bridge approached the final phase, these attempts became more frequent and systematic.
The events of November 25, during which two Ukrainian small-size armored artillery boats of the Gyurza-M type and a tugboat were attacked and captured by the Russian fleet in the neutral waters, showed that the situation in the region had reached its apogee.
This study is intended to show the real situation with the balance of power in the Black Sea region, by the example of comparing the potential of the fleets of countries of the Black Sea basin, except of unrecognized Abkhazia.
This study took into account the potential of the fleets of countries separately, without considering their presence in military associations and alliances. In other words, the factor of interaction and mutual assistance to NATO member countries was not taken into account in principle.
Also, the types of armaments that are in storage, in a state of conservation, as well as being on assembly lines in accordance with the concluded contracts, but not yet entered service, did not respond to accounting.
USED PARAMETERS
In the course of this study, parameters were used that were not previously encountered in any such work. This is due to the fact that most analytical bureaus, publishing houses and organizations take into account an extremely narrow range of categories affecting the country's defense capability. Although, the combat capability of the army depends not only on the number of tanks and personnel, but also on a number of other factors not directly related to military affairs, but affecting the success of defensive or offensive actions.
Below are the parameters that were used in the analysis of the capabilities and potential of the fleets of the countries of the Black Sea basin, as well as a brief explanation of their influence.
The category "Armed Forces" includes the following parameters:
The budget is certainly an important parameter that is taken into account during a calculating of the capabilities of the armed forces. But it has many underwater economic stones, such as the standard of living, inflation and pricing.
In particular, the budget of the Turkish Armed Forces is $ 18.2 billion, but the pricing policy of the country is clearly reflected, for example, on the price of travel in the subway. So, if a one-time trip by the subway in Istanbul costs $ 0.75, then in Kiev – $ 0.18.
This simplest example explains how large the pricing imbalance between countries is and if the military budget of one country is larger than others, this does not mean that it is able to purchase more weapons, equipment, etc. And, it is very important to consider during evaluating this parameter for each army separately. However, it should be taken into account that the fleet is the most expensive branch of the military.
In the "Fleet" parameter, only warships that are in the ranks are taken into account, without those that are under construction or captured (as is the case with Ukrainian vessels in the occupied Crimea).
This parameter, first of all, includes the accounting for aircraft-class warships, frigates, corvettes, the presence of amphibious assault ships, minesweepers, submarines, etc. Their quantitative composition was taken into account and the moral and technical compliance of the ships that make up the fleets was studied with the modern requirements and challenges separately.
It should be noted that during the calculating of the potential of the Russian Federation, the total values of the Russian Navy were taken into account, and separately the Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Federation. This is due to the geographical location of Russia, thanks to which the support of the Black Sea fleet by other fleets of the country should be taken into account: the Baltic, Northern, Pacific Fleets and Caspian flotilla.
Further, parameters are used that are more global and in some cases predetermining potential of a country.
Nuclear weapon is the main parameter in calculating the country's ability to respond adequately to the invasion and strike first to carry out a successful occupation. Often, this parameter prevails over all others, since its global influence can only counter the equal response.
The level of development of the military-industrial complex is a parameter that takes into account the degree of development of the country's military-industrial complex, considering the potential not only of producing new units for the fleet, but the possibility of repairing and modernizing, adapting to changing conditions in the armaments market, as well as quantity of new surveys and projects in the industry.
It should be noted that the used five-level gradation in this parameter from "minimum" to "maximum" in its limit values was not assigned to any country.
Resistance to information threats is a very important parameter that has played no less a role in the conduct of the hot phase of war than the frigates and corvettes. When analyzing this parameter, we took into account the degree of vulnerability of the country's media space to external factors, the possibility of confronting the information environment with fakes, manipulation, etc.
The state cyber security and the vulnerability of state institutions and the social environment to hacking and penetration also occupied an important place.
The experience of conducting combat operations outside alliances is a very important parameter that determines the degree of the army's moral readiness to conduct defensive and offensive combat operations.
At the same time, the experience of hostilities in alliances, in particular – NATO, was not taken into account, because a limited contingent of troops takes part in such operations.
For example, the aArmed forces of Turkey, Ukraine and the Russian Federation have significantly more real combat experience and moral stability to participate in conflicts, not in the format of separate units, but in general of the armed forces, than the armies of such countries as Romania or Bulgaria.
Georgia in this case is a country of a dual category, since, on the one hand, the country took part in the war in 2008, on the other hand, 10 years have passed since that time and the lack of a permanent combat contact on the front line eliminates combat experience.
The category "Economy" is rarely taken into account during calculating the combat capability of the army, although it has a direct impact on the state of the armed forces and includes the following parameters:
GDP is an important parameter on which the welfare of the country depends, as well as the financial capacity to support the army in different situations. This parameter also affects a number of social factors that arise along with defensive or offensive actions of the country, in particular, a drop in the level of income of the population, which may lead to demoralizing tendencies.
FX reserves – gold and foreign exchange reserves present a safety cushion that can be used in the event of negative factors in the conduct of hostilities. In addition, it can be used for additional funding of the armed forces, in particular – the fleet. Ideal when FX reserves exceed the average budget of the country's armed forces by 300%.
External debt is a parameter that seriously affects the economic component of the country. The state's debts can become a tool not only for manipulating the economy, but also as an element of political blackmail, influencing on the social situation in the country.
HDI – The Human Development Index is a very important and complex parameter, not just showing the standard of living, literacy, education and longevity of the population of a country, but also characterizing the potential of this population during economic, political and psycho-emotional upheavals. It is also taken into account when analyzing the influence of the enemy's propaganda, the use of information technology for manipulative effects on the population.
Oil reserves and production is a parameter that characterizes the country's ability to provide the armed forces with fuel and fuel. For example, the troops of Nazi Germany experienced great problems with fuel as they moved to the east. The size of the reserves and the daily production of the country of this resource are important factors in assessing the capabilities of its armed forces.
1. RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Armed forces:
Budget: $ 66.3 billion
Fleet (Russian Navy): 148,000 people
Surface Fleet: 332
Submarine fleet: 67
Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Navy: 25,000 people
GM Cruiser – 1;
Patrol vessels (frigate) – 6;
Submarine fleet (submarines) – 6;
Small-size missile ships (boats) – 8;
Amphibious assault ships – 7;
Minesweepers – 19;
Anti-submarine ships – 8;
Reconnaissance ships – 4;
Nuclear weapons: available
Level of development of the military-industrial complex: high
Resistance to information threats: high
Combat experience outside alliances: Yes
GDP: $ 1,577 trillion
FX reserves: $ 460 billion
External debt: $ 532.8 billion
HDI: 0.816
Oil reserves and production: 93 billion barrels and 11 million barrels per day
Fleet: 48,600 people
Surface fleet (including auxiliary vessels): 194
Patrol vessels (frigate): – 16;
Corvettes: – 8;
Submarine fleet (submarines): – 13;
Small-size missile boats: -16;
Other boats: – 34;
Major amphibious assault ships: – 33;
Minesweepers: – 11;
Reconnaissance ships: – 4;
Nuclear weapons: none
Level of development of the military industrial complex: medium
GDP: $ 857 billion
FX reserves: $ 105.447 billion
Oil reserves and production: 0.27 billion barrels and 45 thousand barrels per day
Budget: € 4 billion
Fleet: 7 150 people
Surface fleet (including auxiliary vessels): 45
Submarine fleet: –
Patrol vessels (frigate): – 4;
Submarine fleet (submarines): -;
Small-size missile boats: -6;
Amphibious assault ships: -;
Minesweepers: – 5;
Reconnaissance ships: -;
Level of development of the military-industrial complex: low
Resistance to information threats: low
Combat experience outside alliances: none
FX reserves: $ 39.953 billion
Oil reserves and production: 0.6 billion barrels and 78 thousand barrels per day
Fleet: 4,100 people
Other boats: -;
Amphibious assault ships: – 1;
GDP: $ 52.4 billion
FX reserves: $ 26.7 billion
External debt: $ 37.85 billion
Oil reserves and production: 0.015 billion barrels and 2 thousand barrels per day
Budget: $ 4.8 billion
Fleet: > 6,500 people
Submarine fleet: -;
Small-size missile boats: – 1;
Other boats: – 9;
Amphibious landing ships: – 2;
Oil reserves and production: 0.395 billion barrels and 40 thousand barrels per day
6. GEORGIA
Budget: $ 287 million
Fleet: 495 people
Surface Fleet (including auxiliary vessels): 44;
Patrol vessels (frigate): -;
Corvettes: -;
Small-size missile boats: -;
Amphibious landing ships: –;
Minesweepers: -;
Anti-submarine ships: -;
Resistance to Information Threats: Medium
Combat experience outside alliances: insignificant
FX reserves: $ 2.756 billion
External debt: $ 14.116 billion
Oil reserves and production: 0.035 billion barrels and 0.4 thousand barrels per day
According to the study, the Russian Federation has a cardinal advantage in the region, which is achieved not only by the country's presence of nuclear weapons, but also by the prevailing superiority in the number of warships and submarines.
The only one country in the Black Sea region that can compete with the Russian fleet is Turkey, but given the fact that the Russian fleet can receive regular assistance from other fleets of the Russian Navy, this kind of balance is leveled out even if you do not take into account the factor that the Russian Federation is nuclear state.
Other fleets of the Black Sea basin have insufficient combat potential in order to be a counterweight to the Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Navy. In addition, the warships of the fleets of Romania and Bulgaria are morally obsolete for the most part, and Georgia, in fact, does not have a fleet as usual.
At the same time, almost any country in the region is not insured that in the event of an aggravation of the foreign policy situation with the Russian Federation, the Russian Black Sea fleet may begin to carry out illegal or provocative actions against the military or civilian ships of this country.
Also, the analysis did not take into account the factor of participation countries in alliances, in particular, NATO, because the political situation in the region does not develop in the most favorable way that does not guarantee group support in a conflict situation.
In particular, when Georgia will join to NATO, provocations against the country by the Russian Black Sea Fleet are not excluded. But at the same time, there are no guarantees that such allies in the North Atlantic Alliance as Turkey, which is in close political and economic ties with the Russian Federation, will provide comprehensive support to the new member.
Similar doubts arise in respect of Bulgaria, a country whose government still has a very strong pro-Russian lobby and the influence of Russia mostly through the media.
In this case, a solution is possible in two ways.
The first one is the deployment of multinational military naval base of third countries outside the Black Sea basin on a permanent basis in the region, in order to oversee compliance with international norms and rules.
The second is a strict regulation of the forces and means that the fleet of each country may possess in the region in order to create equal conditions for all.
Alexander Kovalenko, military-political columnist, expert of the Center for Military-Political Studies
Black Sea region, balance of power, RF, Ukraine, Turkye
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Ramakkalmedu is an awe-inspiring hill station in Idukki, well-known for its wind farms. As Ramakkalmedu is one amongst the windiest places in Asia, the government of Kerala constructed wind farms to make use of this place for generating electricity. Ramakkalmedu stands beautifully on the Western Ghats at an altitude of 3500 feet above the sea level. Offering great trails for trekking, Ramakkalmedu is a trekker's delight. This enchanting place is also noted for featuring the highest twin-statue in Kerala. And these huge statues are of Kuravan and Kurathi who were the local tribes. A visit to Ramakkalmedu is so mesmerizing with fresh mountain air, never-ending green hills, chilling atmosphere and the panoramic view of the charming villages and the sprawling tea plantations.
A trip with a travel agency to Idukki will include guides to Ramakkalmedu.
Relax and enjoy the awe-inspiring view of Ramakkalmedu.


text:
National Theatre Live: A View from the Bridge
Because You d National Theatre Live: A View from the Bridge
Drama 20151h 55mOn: Not Available Country: United Kingdom
The great Arthur Miller confronts the American dream in this dark and passionate tale. In Brooklyn, longshoreman Eddie Carbone welcomes his Sicilian cousins to the land of freedom. But when one of them falls for his beautiful niece, they discover that freedom comes at a price. Eddie's jealous mistrust exposes a deep, unspeakable secret – one that drives him to commit the ultimate betrayal. The visionary Ivo van Hove directs this stunning production of Miller's tragic masterpiece.National Theatre Live: A View from the Bridge featuring Mark Strong and Phoebe Fox is not currently available to stream, rent, or buy but you can add it to your want to see list for updates. It's a drama movie with a high IMDb audience rating of 8.5 (200 votes).
Where to Watch National Theatre Live: A View from the Bridge
National Theatre Live: A View from the Bridge is not streaming nor available to rent or purchase.
Ivo van Hove
Phoebe Fox
Rodolpho
Emun Elliott
Richard Hansell
National Theatre Live: A View from the Bridge has a high IMDb audience rating of 8.5 (200 votes). The movie is not at all popular with Reelgood users lately.
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Battle of the Stitches Round 11 Fan Voting is now open! Fun prizes to be had on the Battle Page!
Crochet Bootimals - Barnyard Buddies baby booties book is now available for purchase! 9 Bootie designs are included: Cat, Cow, Horse, Chicken, Baby Duck, Pig, Dog, Sheep, and Rabbit!


text:
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// GET /books/search?q=...
exports.searchBooks = function(req, res, next) {
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// GET /download/book/:book_id
exports.downloadBook = function(req, res, next) {
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    if (err) return next(err);
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exports.readBook = function(req, res, next) {
  console.log('readBook:', req.params.book_id);
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          var file = fs.createReadStream(book.filepath);
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          file.pipe(res);
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      } else {
        return next(new Error('File not found!'));
      }
    } catch (e) {
      console.log(e);
      return next(e);
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}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Corporate Affairs Ministry has assured Commerce Minister Nirmala Sitharaman of taking up the pending payment issue of cash-strapped e-commerce firm AskMe on priority basis.
According to a PTI report: Representatives of All India Online Vendors Association (AIOVA) met Sitharaman on the issue of pending payment from askmebazaar.com.
Since the issue raised by AIOVA pertained to Ministry of Corporate affairs, Sitharaman spoke to Corporate Affairs Secretary.
"Corporate Affairs (Secretary) assured Sitharaman that he shall take up the issues raised by AIOVA on a priority basis," the commerce and industry ministry said in a tweet.
Hit by a cash crunch, e-commerce company AskMe has decided to shut shop, leaving 4,000 staffers jobless.
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text:
Federal cities policy, housing affordability and low income jobs
AHURI NEWS
Federal cities policy, housing affordability and low-income jobs
New AHURI research into high urban housing costs complements the Australian Government's cities agenda
As the Australian Government's cities agenda is focussing on local jobs and affordable housing, recent AHURI research reveals the impacts of high housing costs for low-income workers who work in the central city areas in Perth, Darwin, Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane. In very large and expensive cities such as London, high housing costs limit low-income workers access to central city workplaces which in turn reduces overall productivity and economic growth.
Australian low-income workers who work in the central city have to travel greater distances to get to work. For example, low-income workers in central Sydney travel 16.3 km to get to work whereas other low-income workers in greater Sydney travel 9.1 km, roughly half as far. In addition low-income central city workers were more likely to make a number of housing related compromises, such as living in a smaller dwelling, sharing with unrelated adults, or renting rather than buying.
Currently the effects of the housing challenges faced by low-income central city workers are not registering on productivity and economic growth measurements in Australian cities. One of the key reasons is that, depending on the city, only between 18.6 per cent (Darwin) and 28.8 per cent (Melbourne) of low-income workers employed in the central city are members of a low-income household. Instead the vast majority of low-income workers live in middle and high-income households (including as the children or partners of higher paid family members). As a result, high housing costs have less impact on these low-income workers.
... low-income central city workers were more likely to make a number of housing related compromises, such as living in a smaller dwelling, sharing with unrelated adults, or renting rather than buying.
Nevertheless, the research identified six industries vulnerable to shortages of low-income central city workers. The selection of each industry was based on the number of low-income central city workers employed, the reliance on these workers and competition for these workers from outside the central city. These six industries are: hospitality, retail, support services (e.g. travel and recruitment agencies), professional services (e.g. legal and accounting), finance-insurance, and government services.
is the average distance a low-income worker in central Sydney travels to work.
van den Nouwelant, R., Crommelin, L., Herath, S. and Randolph, B. (2016) Housing affordability, central city economic productivity and the lower income labour market, AHURI Final Report No. 261, Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute Limited, Melbourne, http://www.ahuri.edu.au/research/final-reports/261.
To attract and keep low-income workers, central city businesses rely on good transport links to cheaper housing (in particular public transport); a supply of short-term workers (often international students); low-income workers who live in middle and high-income households; and the lifestyle benefits and professional kudos (i.e. the chance to move to better job opportunities) that come from working in the central city. Qualitative interviews with businesses that employ large numbers of low-income workers suggest having enough good applicants for any advertised job in the central city (particularly in the hospitality sector) is being affected by housing costs and transport times.
Housing affordability, central city economic productivity and the lower income labour market
AHURI Final Report no. 261
Authors: Professor Bill Randolph, Ryan van den Nouwelant, Dr Laura Crommelin, Dr Shanaka Herath


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text:
\section{Introduction}
  Suppose we are given $n$ unit squares. What is the best way to
  arrange them side by side to gain the minimum perimeter $p(n)$? In \cite{HarHar} F. Harary and
  H. Harborth proved that
  $p(n)=2\Big\lceil 2\sqrt{n}\Big\rceil$. They constructed an example
  where the cells grow up cell by cell like spirals for these extremal polyominoes (see Figure 1).
  In general, this is not\\[1mm]

  \begin{center}
  \setlength{\unitlength}{0.5cm}
    \begin{picture}(4,3)
      \put(1,0){\line(1,0){3}}
      \put(0,1){\line(1,0){4}}
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      \put(0.51,1.8){\vector(0,-1){0.7}}
      \put(-2.1,-1.3){Figure 1. Spiral construction.}
    \end{picture}\\[10mm]
  \end{center}
  the only possibility to reach the minimum perimeter.
  Thus the question arises to determine the number $e(n)$ of different square polyominoes
  of order $n$ and with minimum perimeter $p(n)$ where we regard two polyominoes as equal
  if they can be mapped onto each other by translations, rotations, and reflections.\\
  We will show that these extremal polyominoes can be obtained by
  deleting squares at the corners of rectangular polyominoes with the minimum perimeter $p(n)$
  and with at least $n$ squares. The process of deletion of squares ends if $n$ squares
  remain forming a desired extremal polyomino. This process leads to an enumeration of
  the polyominoes with minimum perimeter $p(n)$.\\[0mm]

  \textbf{Theorem 1.}  The number $e(n)$ of polyominoes with $n$ squares and minimum
  perimeter $p(n)$ is given by\\
  \begin{displaymath}
    e(n)=\left\{\begin{array}{l@{\;\quad} c@{\;}l}
    \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,1 & if & n=s^2,\\[2mm]
    \sum\limits_{c=0}^{\left\lfloor -\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{1+4s-4t}\right\rfloor}
     r_{s-c-c^2-t}& if &n=s^2+t,\\
	 && 0< t< s,\\[5mm]
    \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,1 & if & n=s^2+s,\\[3mm]
    q_{s+1-t}+\sum\limits_{c=1}^{\left\lfloor
    \sqrt{s+1-t}\right\rfloor}r_{s+1-c^2-t} & if & n=s^2+s+t,\\
	 && 0<t\le s,
    \end{array}\right .
  \end{displaymath}\newpage
  with $s=\lfloor\sqrt{n}\rfloor$, and with $r_k$, $q_k$ being the coefficient of $x^k$ in
  the following generating function $r(x)$ and $q(x)$, respectively. The two generating
  functions
  \begin{displaymath}
    s(x)=1+\sum_{k=1}^\infty x^{k^2}\prod\limits_{j=1}^k\frac{1}{1-x^{2j}}
  \end{displaymath}
  and
  \begin{displaymath}
    a(x)=\prod\limits_{j=1}^\infty\frac{1}{1-x^{j}}
  \end{displaymath}

  are used in the definition of\\
  \begin{displaymath}
        r(x)=\frac{1}{4}\left(a(x)^4+3a(x^2)^2\right)
  \end{displaymath}
  and\\[-2mm]
  \begin{center}
    $q(x)=$ $\frac{1}{8}\left(a(x)^4+3a(x^2)^2+2s(x)^2a(x^2)+2a(x^4)\right)\,\,.$
  \end{center}
  \begin{figure}[h]
    \centering
    \begin{minipage}[c]{1\textwidth}
      \centering
      \includegraphics[width=11.4cm]{e.eps}\\[2mm]
      Figure 2. $e(n)$ for $n\le 100$.
    \end{minipage}
  \end{figure}
  \noindent
  The behavior of $e(n)$ is illustrated in Figure 2. It has a local
  maximum at $n=s^2+1$ and $n=s^2+s+1$ for $s\ge 1$.
  Then $e(n)$ decreases to $e(n)=1$ at $n=s^2$ and $s=s^2+s$. In the following we give
  lists of the values of $e(n)$ for $n\le 144$ and of the two maximum cases $e(s^2+1)$ and
  $e(s^2+s+1)$ for $s\le 49$,\\[2mm]
  \noindent
  $e(n)=1,$ $1,$ $2,$ $1,$ $1,$ $1,$ $4,$ $2,$ $1,$ $6,$ $1,$ $1,$ $11,$
  $4,$ $2,$ $1,$ $11,$ $6,$ $1,$ $1,$ $28,$ $11,$ $4,$ $2,$ $1,$ $35,$ $11,$
  $6,$ $1,$ $1,$ $65,$ $28,$ $11,$ $4,$ $2,$ $1,$ $73,$ $35,$
  $11,$ $6,$ $1,$ $1,$ $147,$ $65,$ $28,$ $11,$ $4,$ $2,$ $1,$ $182,$
  $73,$ $35,$ $11,$ $6,$ $1,$ $1,$ $321,$ $147,$ $65,$ $28,$ $11,$ $4,$ $2,$ $1,$
  $374,$ $182,$ $73,$ $35,$ $11,$ $6,$ $1,$ $1,$
  $678,$ $321,$ $147,$ $65,$ $28,$ $11,$ $4,$ $2,$ $1,$ $816,$ $374,$ $182,$
  $73,$ $35,$ $11,$ $6,$ $1,$ $1,$ $1382,$ $678,$ $321,$ $147,$ $65,$ $28,$
  $11,$ $4,$ $2,$ $1,$ $1615,$ $816,$ $374,$ $182,$ $73,$ $35,$ $11,$ $6,$ $1,$ $1,$ $2738,$ $1382,$ $678,$
  $321,$ $147,$\newpage $65,$ $28,$ $11,$ $4,$ $2,$ $1,$ $3244,$
  $1615,$ $816,$ $374,$ $182,$ $73,$ $35,$ $11,$ $6,$ $1,$ $1,$ $5289,$ $2738,$ $1382,$ $678,$ $321,$ $147,$
  $65,$ $28,$ $11,$ $4,$ $2,$ $1,$\\[2mm]
  \sloppy
  $e(s^2+1)=1,$ $1,$ $6,$ $11,$ $35,$ $73,$ $182,$ $374,$ $816,$ $1615,$ $3244,$ $6160,$ $11678,$
  $21353,$ $38742,$ $68541,$ $120082,$ $206448,$
  $351386,$ $589237,$ $978626,$ $1605582,$ $2610694,$
  $4201319,$ $6705559,$ $10607058,$ $16652362,$
  $25937765,$ $40122446,$
  $61629301,$ $94066442,$ $142668403,$ $215124896,$ $322514429,$ $480921808,$ $713356789,$\\
  $1052884464,$ $1546475040,$
  $2261006940,$ $3290837242,$ $4769203920,$ $6882855246,$ $9893497078,$ $14165630358,$
  $20206501603,$ $28718344953,$
  $40672085930,$ $57404156326,$ $80751193346,$ \\[2mm]
   $e(s^2+s+1)=2,$ $4,$ $11,$ $28,$ $65,$ $147,$ $321,$ $678,$ $1382,$ $2738,$ $5289,$ $9985,$ $18452,$
  $33455,$ $59616,$ $104556,$ $180690,$
  $308058,$ $518648,$ $863037,$ $1420480,$ $2314170,$ $3734063,$ $5970888,$ $9466452,$
  $14887746,$ $23235296,$
  $36000876,$ $55395893,$ $84680624,$ $128636339,$ $194239572,$ $291620864,$ $435422540,$
  $646713658,$ $955680734,$
  $1405394420,$ $2057063947,$ $2997341230,$ $4348440733,$ $6282115350,$ $9038897722,$ $12954509822,$
  $18496005656,$ $26311093101,$ $37295254695,$ $52682844248,$ $74170401088,$ $104083151128.$
  \section{Proof of Theorem 1}
  The perimeter cannot be a minimum if the polyomino is
  disconnected or if it has holes. For connected polyominoes without holes the property of having
  the minimum perimeter is equivalent to the property of having the maximum number
  of common edges since an edge which does not belong to two squares
  is part of the perimeter. The maximum number of common edges $B(n)$ is
  determined in \cite{HarHar} to be
  \renewcommand{\theequation}{$\star$}
  \begin{equation}
     B(n)=2n-\Big\lceil 2\sqrt{n}\Big\rceil.
  \end{equation}
  Denote the degree of a square by the number of its edge-to-edge neighbors.
  There is a closed walk trough all edge-to-edge neighboring squares of
  the perimeter. Now we use the terms of graph theory \cite{graphtheory}
  and consider the squares as vertices. So we can define $H$ to be the cycle
  $x_1x_2\dots x_kx_1$ where the $x_i$ are the squares of the above defined closed
  walk. For short we will set $|H|=k$ in the following\\[-2mm]
  \begin{center}
  \begin{figure}[h]
    \centering
     {\includegraphics[width=3.5cm]{circle3.eps}}\\[2mm]
      Figure 3.\\[-5mm]
  \end{figure}
  \end{center}
  \noindent
   lemmas. We would like to mention that $x_i=x_j$ with $i\neq j$ is possible in this definition. An
  example is depicted in Figure 3 together with the corresponding graph of $H$. Let furthermore $h_i$
  denote the number of squares $x_j$ in $H$ having degree $i$ in the given polyomino. So
  \begin{displaymath}
    |H|=h_1+h_2+h_3+h_4\,\, .
  \end{displaymath}
  If a polyomino with minimum perimeter $p(n)$ contains a square of degree 1 (i.e. $h_1>0$)
  then $B(n)-B(n-1)=1$. Considering the formula $(\star)$
  for $B(n)$, this is equivalent to $n=s^2+1$ or $n=s^2+s+1$ so that we can assume
  $h_1=0$ in general. In the following two lemmas we prove a connection
  between the number of common edges of a polyomino and $|H|$.

  \textbf{Lemma 1.} If $h_1=0$ then $h_2=h_4+4$.\\[1.5mm]
  \emph{\textbf{Proof.}} Consider the polygon connecting the centers
  of the squares of $H$. For $2\le i\le 4$ there is an inner angle
  of $\frac{(i-1)\pi}{2}$ in a square of degree $i$. The sum of the
  angles of an $|H|$-gon is $(|H|-2)\pi$. Thus
  \begin{displaymath}
   (h_2+h_3+h_4-2)\pi=h_2\frac{\pi}{2}+h_3\pi+h_4\frac{3\pi}{2}
  \end{displaymath}
   implies the desired equation. \hfill{$\square$}

  \textbf{Lemma 2.} If $h_1=0$ then the number $m$ of common edges
  of squares of the polyomino is
  \begin{displaymath}
  m=2n-\frac{|H|}{2}-2.
  \end{displaymath}
  \emph{\textbf{Proof.}} Every inner square of the polyomino has 4 neighbors.
  Counting the common edges twice yields
  \begin{displaymath}
  2m=4(n-|H|)+2h_2+3h_3+4h_4. \end{displaymath}
  From Lemma 1 we obtain
  \begin{displaymath}
    2m=4n-4|H|+3(h_2+h_3+h_4)-4=4n-|H|-4.\!\quad\square
  \end{displaymath}

  In the next lemma we use the knowledge of $|H|$ to bound the number of
  squares $n$ of a polyomino.

  \textbf{Lemma 3.} For the maximum area $A(|H|)$ of a polyomino with
  boundary $H$ and $h_1=0$ we have
  \begin{displaymath}
  A(|H|)=\left\{
  \begin{array}{l@{\,\,\, if\,\,\,}l} \left(\frac{|H|+4}{4}\right)^2 & |H|\equiv
  0\,\,(mod\,4),\\ \left(\frac{|H|+4}{4}\right)^2-\frac{1}{4} &
  |H|\equiv 2\,\,(mod\,4).\end{array}\right.\end{displaymath}
  \emph{\textbf{Proof.}} Because of Lemma 2 the integer $|H|$ has to be
  an even number. Consider the smallest rectangle surrounding a
  polyomino and denote the side lengths by $a$ and $b$. Using the
  fact that the cardinality of the boundary $H$ of a polyomino is at
  least the cardinality of the boundary of its smallest surrounding
  rectangle we conclude $|H|\ge 2a+2b-4$. The maximum area of the
  rectangle with given perimeter is obtained if the integers $a$ and
  $b$ are as equal as possible. Thus
  $a=\Big\lceil\frac{|H|+4}{4}\Big\rceil$ and
  $b=\Big\lfloor\frac{|H|+4}{4}\Big\rfloor$. The product yields
  the asserted formula. \hfill{$\square$}

  Now we use the fact that we deal with polyominoes with minimum perimeter $p(n)$
  and compute $|H|$ as a function of $n$.

  \textbf{Lemma 4.} For a polyomino with $h_1=0$ and with minimum perimeter $p(n)$
   we have $|H|= 2\Big\lceil 2\sqrt{n}\Big\rceil -4$.\\[1.5mm]
  \emph{\textbf{Proof.}} Since for connected polyominoes without holes
  the property of having minimum perimeter $p(n)$ is equivalent to the property
  of having the maximum number $B(n)$ of common edges,
  we can use $B(n)=2n-\Big\lceil
  2\sqrt{n}\Big\rceil$ and Lemma 2. \hfill{$\square$}

  After providing those technical lemmas we give a strategy to construct all polyominoes
  with minimum perimeter.

  \textbf{Lemma 5.} Each polyomino with $h_1=0$ and minimum perimeter $p(n)$ can be
  obtained by deleting  squares of a rectangular polyomino with perimeter $p(n)$
  consisting of at least $n$ squares.\\[1.5mm]
  \emph{\textbf{Proof.}}
  Consider a polyomino $P$ with boundary $H$ and minimum perimeter $p(n)$.
  Denote its smallest surrounding rectangle by $R$. If the cardinality of
  the boundary of $R$ is less than $|H|$ then $P$ does not have the minimum
  perimeter due to Lemma 2 and due to the fact that $m=B(n)$ is increasing.
  Thus $|H|$ equals the cardinality of the boundary of $R$ and $P$ can be obtained
  by deleting squares from a rectangular polyomino with perimeter $p(n)$ and
  with an area at least $n$. Only squares of degree 2 can be deleted successively
  if the perimeter does not change.\hfill{$\square$}\\[1mm]

  For the following classes of $n$ with
  $s=\lfloor\sqrt{n}\rfloor$ we now characterize all rectangles being appropriate
  for a deletion process to obtain $P$ with minimum perimeter $p(n)$.\\[5mm]
  \textbf{(i)} $n=s^2$.\\
  From Lemmas 3 and 4 we know that the unique polyomino with minimum
  perimeter $p(n)$ is indeed the $s\times s$ square.

  \textbf{(ii)} $n=s^2+t$, $0<t<s$.\\
  Since \begin{displaymath}
  s^2<n<\left(s+\frac{1}{2}\right)^2=s^2+s+\frac{1}{4}\end{displaymath}
  Lemma 4 yields $|H|=4s-2$. Denote the
  side lengths of the surrounding rectangle by $a$ and $b$. With
  $2a+2b-4=|H|=4s-2$ we let $a=s+1+c$ and $b=s-c$ with an integer
  $c\ge 0$. Since at least $n$ squares are needed for the delation process
  we have $ab\ge n$,  yielding
  \begin{displaymath} 0\le c\le
  \Big\lfloor-\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{1+4s-4t}\Big\rfloor.\end{displaymath}
  \textbf{(iii)} $n=s^2+s$.\\
  The $s\times (s+1)$
  rectangle is the unique polyomino with minimum perimeter $p(n)$ due to Lemmas 3 and 4.

  \textbf{(iv)} $n=s^2+s+t$, $0<t\le s$.\\
  Since
  \begin{displaymath}
  \left(s+\frac{1}{2}\right)^2=s^2+s+\frac{1}{4}<n<(s+1)^2=s^2+2s+1\end{displaymath}

  Lemma 4 yields $|H|=4s$. Again $a$ and $b$
  denote the side lengths of the surrounding rectangle and we
  let $a=s+1+c$ and $b=s+1-c$ with an integer $c\ge 0$. The condition
  $ab\ge n$ now yields
  \begin{displaymath}0\le c\le
  \Big\lfloor\sqrt{1+s-t}\Big\rfloor.\end{displaymath}

  We remark that the deletion process does not change the smallest
  surrounding rectangle since $ab-n < b$, that is the number of deleted
  squares is less than the number of squares of the smallest side of
  this rectangle.

  In Lemmas 1, 2, 4, and 5 we have required $h_1=0$. We now argue that
  all polyominoes with $h_1>0$ and with minimum perimeter $p(n)$ are
  covered by the deletion process described above ((i)-(iv)).

  \textbf{Lemma 6.}
  The construction of Lemma 5 also yields all polyominoes with minimum perimeter
  $p(n)$ when $h_1>0$.\\
  \emph{\textbf{Proof.}}
  Any square of degree 1 determines two cases, $n=s^2+1$ or $n=s^2+s+1$. (See the remark
  preceeding Lemma 1.) The deletion of this square leaves a polyomino $P$ with
  minimum perimeter $p(n-1)$.\\[1mm]
  In the first case $P$ has the shape of the $s\times s$ square
  as in (i). Thus we get the original polyomino by deleting $s-1$
  squares from the $s\times (s+1)$ rectangle and this is covered in
  (ii).\\[1mm]
  In the second case $P$ has the shape of the $s\times (s+1)$
  rectangle as in (iii). Thus we get the original polyomino by
  deleting $s-1$ squares from the $s\times (s+2)$ rectangle or by
  deleting $s$ squares from the $(s+1)\times (s+1)$ square, and this
  is covered in (iv).\hfill{$\square$}\\[4mm]

  So far we have described those rectangles from which squares of degree 2 are removed.
  Now we examine the process of deleting squares from
  a rectangular polyomino. Squares
  of degree 2 can only be located in the corners of the polyomino.
  What shape has the set of deleted squares at any corner?
  There is a maximum square\\[3mm]
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    \put(19,4){\line(-1,0){2}}
    \put(19,4){\line(0,-1){2}}

    \put(2,-1.3){Figure 4. Shape of the deleted squares at the corners.}
  \end{picture}\\[10mm]
  of squares at the corner, the so called \lq\lq Durfee square", together with squares in rows and columns
  of decreasing length from
  outside to the interior part of the polyomino. To count the different possibilities
  of the sets of deleted squares with respect to the number of the deleted squares
  we use the concept of a generating function
  $f(x)=\sum_{i=0}^{\infty}f_ix^i$. Here the coefficient $f_i$ gives the number of
  different ways to use $i$ squares. Since the rows and columns
  are ordered by their lengths they form Ferrer's diagrams with generating function
  $\prod_{j=1}^\infty\frac{1}{1-x^j}$ each \cite{Partition}. So the generating function for the sets of
  deleted squares in a single corner is given by
  \begin{displaymath}
    a(x)=\prod_{j=1}^\infty\frac{1}{1-x^j}\,.
  \end{displaymath}
  Later we will also need the generating function $s(x)$ for the sets of deleted squares
  being symmetric with respect to the diagonal of the corner square. Since such a symmetric set of deleted
  squares consists of a square of $k^2$ squares and the two mirror images of a
  Ferrer's diagrams with height or width at most $k$ we get
  \begin{displaymath}
    s(x)=1+\sum_{k=1}^\infty x^{k^2}\prod_{j=1}^k\frac{1}{1-x^{2j}}\,.
  \end{displaymath}
  We now consider the whole rectangle. Because of different sets
  of symmetry axes we distinguish between squares and rectangles.
  We define generating functions $q(x)$ and $r(x)$ so that the coefficient of $x^k$
  in $q(x)$ and $r(x)$ is the number of ways to remove $k$
  squares from all four corners of a square or a rectangle, respectively. We mention that
  the coefficient of
  $x^k$ gives the desired number only if $k$ is smaller than the small
  side of the rectangle.\\[4mm]
  Since we want to count polyominoes with minimum perimeter up to translation,
  rotation, and reflection, we have to factor out these symmetries. Here the
  general tool is the lemma of Cauchy-Frobenius, see e.g. \cite{CycleInd}. We remark
  that we do not have to consider translations because we describe the polyominoes
  without coordinates.

  \textbf{Lemma (Cauchy-Frobenius, weighted form).} Given a group action of a finite group $G$ on a set $S$
  and a map $w:S\longrightarrow R$ from $S$ into a commutative ring $R$ containing
  $\mathbb{Q}$ as a subring. If $w$ is constant on the orbits of $G$ on $S$, then we have, for any transversal
  $\mathcal{T}$ of the orbits:
  $$
  	\sum_{t\in\mathcal{T}}w(t)=\frac{1}{|G|}\sum_{g\in G}\sum_{s\in S_g}w(s)
  $$
  where $S_g$ denotes the elements of $S$ being fixed by $g$, i.e.
  $$
    S_g=\lbrace s\in S|s=gs\rbrace \,.
  $$

  For $G$ we take the symmetry group of a square or a rectangle, respectively, for $S$ we take the sets
  of deleted squares on all 4 corners, and for the weight $w(s)$ we take $x^k$, where $k$ is the number of
  squares in $s$.
  Here we will only describe in detail the application of this lemma for a determination of $q(x)$. We label
  the 4 corners of the square by $1$, $2$, $3$, and $4$, see Figure 5. In Table 1 we list the 8\\

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	 \put(4.7,0){$\mathbf{3}$}
	 \put(0,4.8){$\mathbf{1}$}
	 \put(4.6,4.8){$\mathbf{2}$}
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	 \put(7,0){$\mathbf{4}$}
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    \put(7.6,2.7){\line(1,0){1}}
    \put(7.6,3.7){\line(1,0){1}}
  \end{picture}\\[2mm]
  Figure 5.
  \end{center}

  permutations $g$ of
  the symmetry group of a square, the dihedral group on 4 points, together with the
  corresponding generating functions for the sets $S_g$ being fixed by $g$.

  \begin{center}
    \begin{tabular}{cc}
    $(1)(2)(3)(4)$ & $a(x)^4$ \\
    $(1,2,3,4)$ & $a(x^4)$ \\
    $(1,3)(2,4)$&$a(x^2)^2$\\
    $(1,4,3,2)$&$a(x^4)$  \\
    $(1,2)(3,4)$&$a(x^2)^2$  \\
    $(1,4)(2,3)$&$a(x^2)^2$  \\
    $(1,3)(2)(4)$&$s(x)^2a(x^2)$  \\
    $(1)(2,4)(3)$&$s(x)^2a(x^2)$  \\
    \end{tabular}\\[2mm]
    Table 1. Permutations of the symmetry group of a square together with the
    corresponding generating functions of $S_g$.\\[15mm]
  \end{center}

  The generating function of the set of deleted squares on a corner is $a(x)$. If we consider
  the configurations being fixed by the identity element $(1)(2)(3)(4)$ we see that the sets of deleted squares
  at the 4 corners are independent and so $|S_{(1)(2)(3)(4)}|=a(x)^4$. In the case when $g=(1,2,3,4)$ the sets of
  deleted squares have to be the same for all 4 corners and we have $|S_{(1,2,3,4)}|=a(x^4)$. For the double transposition
  $(1,2)(3,4)$ the sets of deleted squares at corners $1$ and $2$, and the sets of deleted squares at corners
  $3$ and $4$ have to be equal. Because the sets of deleted squares at corner points $1$ and $3$ are independent we get
  $|S_{(1,2)(3,4)}|=a(x^2)^2$. Next we consider $g=(1)(2,4)(3)$. The sets of deleted squares at corners $2$ and
  $4$ have to be equal. If we apply $g$ on the polyomino of the left hand side of Figure 5 we receive the polyomino on the
  right hand side and we see that in general the sets of deleted squares at corners $1$ and $3$ have to be symmetric.
  Thus $|S_{(1)(2,4)(3)}|=s(x)^2a(x^2)$. The other cases are left to the reader. Summing up and a division by 8 yields
   \begin{center}
    $q(x)=$ $\frac{1}{8}\left(a(x)^4+3a(x^2)^2+2s(x)^2a(x^2)+2a(x^4)\right)\,\,.$
  \end{center}
  \noindent
  For the symmetry group of a rectangle we analogously obtain
  \begin{displaymath}
    r(x)=\frac{1}{4}\left(a(x)^4+3a(x^2)^2\right).
  \end{displaymath}

  With Lemma 6, the preceeding characterization of rectangles being appropriate for a deletion process and the
  formulas for $a(x)$, $s(x)$, $q(x)$, and $r(x)$ we have the proof of Theorem 1 at hand.\\[8mm]
  We would like to close with the first entries of a complete list of polyominoes with minimum perimeter $p(n)$,
  see Figure 6.\\[-2mm]

  \section{Acknowledgments}
  I thank Ralf Gugisch, Heiko Harborth, Adalbert Kerber, and Axel Kohnert for many fruitful discussions
  during the preparation of this article.

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  \end{picture}\\[2mm]
  \
  Figure 6. Polyominoes with minimum perimeter $p(n)$ for $n\le 11$.
  \end{center}

  %
  \nocite{Cube}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Illinois football player could face felony DUI charge
URBANA -- Illinois defensive tackle Josh Brent may face a felony charge after his arrest for driving under the influence at 1:30 a.m. Saturday. Brent, the former Bloomington Central Catholic star, was stopped for speeding, then failed a field sobriety test when he registered a .114 blood alcohol level, Champaign County state's attorney Julia Rietz said Monday.
Brent, 21, was also arrested on a warrant for failure to appear in Livingston County for driving with a suspended license, Rietz said. A DUI charge on a suspended license could be upgraded to a felony, and Rietz was investigating Brent's driving record.
Illinois coach Ron Zook suspended Brent indefinitely Sunday and awaited more information. Brent's next court date in Champaign County is April 30. He also has a court date in Livingston County on March 23.


text:
Coordination Team
Ethics Advisory Board
Vacc-iNTS
Rino Rappuoli
Rino Rappuoli is Chief Scientist and Head External R&D at GSK Vaccines, based in Siena, Italy, President of the Sclavo Vaccines Association and Professor of Vaccines Research, Imperial College, London. Prior positions were: head of Vaccine R&D at Novartis, CSO of Chiron Corporation, and head for R&D at Sclavo. He earned his PhD in Biological Sciences at the University of Siena, Italy, and was visiting scientist at Rockefeller University and Harvard Medical School.
He is elected member of the Royal Society of London, the US National Academy of Sciences (NAS), and the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO). Awards received include: the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize, the Gold Medal by the Italian President, the Albert B Sabin Gold Medal, the Canada Gairdner International Award, the European Inventor Award for Lifetime Achievement, and the 2019 Robert Koch Award. He was nominated third most influential person worldwide in the field of vaccines (Terrapin). He has published 700 papers in peer-reviewed journals.
He introduced novel scientific concepts: genetic detoxification; cellular microbiology; reverse vaccinology; pangenome. Developed licensed vaccines: acellular pertussis containing a non-toxic mutant of pertussis toxin; the first conjugate vaccine against meningococcus C and the first vaccine for meningococcus B, for which both vaccines the United Kingdom has been forerunner in introducing them for mass immunization; MF59, the first vaccine adjuvant after aluminium salts; CRM197 that is used as carrier in many conjugate vaccines.
Dr. Rappuoli is the Founder of the GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH).
Vacc-iNTS Annual Meeting 2020
Vacc-iNTS kick-off meeting
Launch of the Vacc-iNTS research project to advance the clinical development of an innovative vaccine against invasive non-typhoidal salmonellosis
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This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the grant agreement No 815439
Copyright © 2021 Vacc-iNTS – This project is within the initiatives of Sclavo Vaccines Association, Siena, Italy Business Registration Number*: 92049180521 (*NO VAT subject) – Powered by Wit ICT.


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It's been a busy weekend so far. Science Fair went well. There were kids everywhere it seemed. It's nice to see so many kids taking an interest (even if it's for a grade). My Guy was a special awards judge, which means he has to look at a large number of projects, so it's rare that he finishes up before noon. Since the fair is held in the building we work in, I was able to just hang out in my office getting some work done as my judging assignment ended a couple of hours before his did. Unfortunately there is more homework on the agenda for this morning, but I do plan to get some stitching in this afternoon.
So enough about the non-stitching stuff, let's move on to the stitching and de-stashing stuff. Were you able to find at least 15 minutes each day to play with fabric and thread?
My week went pretty well on that front.
My goal is to maintain at least a 90% success rate. March is going to be challenging on a number of fronts, hopefully I'll be able to sneak in stitching here and there. Link up below to share your success rate for the week.
As for the de-stashing, there was a bit of that this week.
So far so good on staying on the fabric diet, no fabric added to the incoming column. Connecting Threads has a sale going on that's really tempting, but so far I'm staying strong and haven't pushed any buttons. Linking up with Quiltpaintcreate for this week's stash report.
That's how my sewing week went. How did yours go?
A week of early morning calls and Olympics on the TV means I didn't do much, but I did find some time in the sewing room yesterday to finish my rainbow scrap challenge blocks and make some progress on this month's ufo. Hope you had some good stitching time over the weekend!
Numbers are looking good. Hope you make it into the sewing room today.
Your numbers look great. I am so impressed that you have made it almost two months without a fabric purchase. Way to go!
Hi Kate....you are keeping busy...I just checked out your blues and purples. Work is always a distraction huh....LOL!!! Thank goodness for our stitching.
You are doing SO great on your quilting every day goal. And not adding to your stash? WooHoo!
Rainbow Scrap Challenge: Is that Purple?


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Do not show again [X]
Robert's Rules to the Rescue! Checking Rude and Unruly Board Members
By Roger Patching 2012 February Board Operations
During the Second World War, the United States and its allies invested a fortune in research to understand why so many people in the Axis nations seemed willing to believe the unbelievable, do the undoable, and follow leaders who seemed unhinged. Victory depended on understanding the ideology and behavior of the enemy. When the Cold War followed, these studies continued for the same reasons, and ultimately led to the development of a new field: Political Psychology. Believe it or not, the things learned during those times of great global strife can be applied on even the most micro level—at a co-op or condo board meeting, for example.
Do you have a board member—maybe even a board chair—who is closed-minded, argumentative, and simply must have his or her way? It's not an uncommon situation, and it makes the business of running a residential building community immeasurably more difficult. The truth is that while you are not going to have a lot of success changing a truly difficult person's thinking, you can manage their behavior—especially if you understand better what motivates it.
Thanks to the research carried out over the last century, we now know that someone can have what we might label an "authoritarian" personality (AP) or a "democratic" personality (DP). Which camp the person falls into is determined primarily by the nature of their upbringing in terms of family, education, and peers. The AP and DP see things quite differently because they process information through entirely different mindsets. The AP may unwittingly destroy a democratic institution, believing that he or she is improving it. If you have an AP on your board, you are likely well aware that you face a challenge that should not be trivialized.
Part of the genius of the individuals who drafted our Constitution and constructed our democracy was that they understood this challenge as well—and long before the detailed research prompted by World War II. They understood that they needed to create a system whereby no one authoritarian person or small group would be able to dominate. They needed a process that would allow for the will of the many to prevail, yet not at the expense of the few. To this end, they constructed a systematic set of procedures so that rules—not people—dominated. The rules would become laws, and if one violated the laws, they violated the procedure, and thereby the democracy. While the people can change the laws (or procedures), they must follow procedure in order to change those laws legally. It is the system that rules.
Following Robert's Rules
So how does all of this figure into conducting board meetings? Put simply, it's a matter of people management. The founding fathers' approach makes little sense to an authoritarian personality, who is preoccupied with the dominance/submission, strong/weak, leader/follower dimensions of society. APs identify with power figures and derive security from knowing their place relative to those figures. So first and foremost, an AP needs to understand the chain of command in any group dynamic and where he or she fits into it.
One excellent tool for giving structure to meetings and other board business (which is helpful to everyone, regardless of personality type) is Robert's Rules of Order. Robert's Rules were developed by U.S. Army Brigadier General Henry Martyn Robert in the 1870s when he was asked to preside over a church meeting. Though he felt unequal to the task, Robert nevertheless rose to the occasion—but determined to never again attend a meeting without having some understanding of parliamentary law.
As he was transferred around the country, Robert discovered that disorganization in meetings was epidemic, as people from different regions and walks of life had their own very different ideas as to what constituted the correct way to run a meeting. There were a few books available on the subject then, but Robert studied them, eventually streamlining everything he learned into Robert's Rules of Order, the first edition of which was published in 1876.
Essentially, Robert's Rules is an instructional manual delineating guidelines for orderly group decision-making. And, while co-op boards and HOAs are encouraged to be relaxed in the conduct of business, it is crucial that certain fundamentals be both understood and followed. If they are not, it is the responsibility of the board chair to remedy the problem. This means, of course, that if the chair has authoritative tendencies, your democracy may be in trouble.
One of Robert's most important rules has to do with "Decorum during Debate." The rule stresses that in a debate, a member must confine their remarks to the question, be courteous in their language and deportment, avoid all personalities, not arraign the motives of another member, and emphasize that it is not the individual, but the measure that is subject of debate. It is the duty of the chair to enforce these behavioral guidelines. If he or she fails to do this, then a speaker who has the floor is open to interruptions and attacks by authoritarian personalities.
Indeed, the power that the chair wields with the gavel is to maintain democratic order. It is the chair's responsibility to be impartial in order to facilitate the presentations of reports and the differing sides of debate in a depersonalized atmosphere that is free from intimidation by either a board member or the chair himself. The chair can do this because he presides over the debate process but doesn't participate or vote, unless there is a tie.
New Approaches – But Not Necessarily Better Ones
In recent years, the road map provided by Robert's Rules for more than a century has become somewhat muddied. There are now books available on the conduction of meetings that are inspired by or which reference Robert's Rules, but these may not be the best fit for co-op and condo board business.
This is particularly the case when it comes to small organizations. For example, there are publications suggesting that since many HOAs have few members and small boards, it is acceptable for a chair to not only preside over meetings with all the power to recognize speakers, monitor behavior, and make rulings during debate, but also to be allowed to participate in debates and vote. While at first glance this may seem more modern or more efficient, such a policy sets up a slippery slope, especially where one or more AP board members are involved; rather than enhancing discussion and debate; it can give authoritarian board members enough leeway to run roughshod over their less aggressive counterparts, and can empower a chair to be a dictator via intimidation.
While Robert's Rules mandates strict adherence to rules regarding debate and the role of the chair for boards of 12 or more, it does allow some occasional wiggle room for small boards of fewer than 12 members, should all members agree to the relaxation of strict parliamentary procedure. But with that however comes a fail-safe mechanism, should things get out of hand. Any time the relaxed process interferes with business in the judgment of any member (such as discomfort felt as a result of intimidation by the chair), a motion can be made to restore strict adherence to Robert's Rules. The person making the motion has no need to justify or explain, and the chair, following the motion, can vote but not discuss. Members can debate the motion, but it would be meaningless because the idea is to restore the proper rules of debate.
Clearly, the nature of the personalities on a board, particularly that of the chair, are important to the nature of that board's process. Authority consists of both power and responsibility. Robert's Rules of Order can be a useful parliamentary tool to keep things on track and not let the board's directors go astray.
Roger Patching is a retired college professor, business professional and board member at a California condo association.
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Holding More Efficient Meetings
How Boards & Managers Can Keep On-Track
Running the Show at Board Meetings
Effective Procedures and Protocols
Board Malfeasance
What to Do if You Suspect Foul Play
John on Wednesday, December 25, 2019 9:34 PM
We have a Board President that results to name calling. What can we do?
1/15/2021 Green Stream Holdings Prepares for NE Solar Projects with New Production Space, Bringing HQ to 160 Imlay Street Location—StreetInsider.com
Green Stream Holdings Inc. (OTC PINK: GSFI) ("the Company")("Green Stream") (http://www.GreenRainSolar.com), an emerging leader in the solar utility and finance space, announces today that it has officially relocated headquarters to its flagship project site 160 Imlay Street in Brooklyn, NY.
1/14/2021 The landlord-tenant implications of New York's new Covid Emergency Law—Real Estate Weekly
On December 28, 2020, the Governor signed into law the COVID-19 Emergency Eviction and Foreclosure Prevention Act of 2020 (C19EPA), made effective immediately, and designed to do exactly what the title says: prevent evictions and foreclosures.
1/12/2021 SBA Issues Regulations on New Round of PPP Loans—JD Supra
On January 6, 2021, the U.S. Small Business Administration and the Department of Treasury released interim final rules related to the expansion and extension of the original Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) and the authorization of a second round of PPP loans pursuant to the $900 billion COVID-19 relief package (the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (the "Act")) enacted on December 27, 2020.
1/12/2021 See How This Condo in a Former NYC School Got a Major Update—Yahoo! News
For many of us, it's easy to fall in love with an old building, quirks and all.
1/11/2021 Let the LLC Unmasking Begin—Curbed
If you're the oligarch buyer of a mega-apartment in New York, there's a good chance — unless you're a Trump or a Rybolovlev — that you don't want to broadcast your purchase to the world.
1/11/2021 Major Takeaways From NY's New Anti-Eviction Law—Law360
After New York's Legislature met for a rare year-end session to pass the COVID-19 Emergency Eviction and Foreclosure Prevention Act of 2020, we talked to experts to break down the new pandemic-era protections, stronger than anything renters have seen for months.
1/8/2021 Nolan, Suozzi endorse Markell in crowded Northeast Queens council race—Queens Daily Eagle
Veteran Queens Assemblymember Cathy Nolan has endorsed Debra Markell in the race for Council District 23, becoming the latest lawmaker to back the community board district manager.
1/8/2021 National Cooperative Bank Originates Over $151 Million for New York Area Cooperatives and Condominiums in November of 2020—Multifamily Biz
National Cooperative Bank (NCB), a leading lender to cooperative housing and condominiums throughout the Tri-State area, originated over $151 million in November to 15 New York area housing cooperatives and condominiums.
1/8/2021 Cleaning house in co-ops and condominiums with legal counsel—New York Real Estate Journal
The COVID Pandemic has created some extra time for people to handle projects they might not otherwise have time for.
1/8/2021 Actress Buys UES Duplex In One Of December's Priciest Deals—Patch.com
One of last month's top apartment sales in New York City occurred on the Upper East Side — and the buyer is a face familiar to many TV-watchers and theatergoers.
1/6/2021 New modern condos set to replace crumbling storefront on Brooklyn corner—amNY
Back in August 2019, a distinctive, long-decaying building in Bed Stuy was suddenly demolished, with plans calling for a seven-story building with 40 residences.
1/6/2021 8 Major NYC Projects Set To Deliver In 2021—Bisnow
After a year of upheaval for the New York City real estate market prompted by the coronavirus pandemic, some long-awaited projects are set to be delivered in 2021.
1/6/2021 New York Real Estate Begins Its Recovery—The New York Times
As the last deals of 2020 have been tallied, the pandemic's effect on the real-estate market has come into sharp relief.
1/6/2021 Tom Brady and Gisele Bündchen sell their Tribeca apartment for $37M - $10M more than they paid for it in 2018 - less than a month after offloading their Massachusetts mansion and buying $17M home in Miami—Daily Mail
NFL star Tom Brady and supermodel wife Gisele Bundchen have sold off their homes in New York City and Massachusetts while consolidating properties as they gear up to move to 'Billionaire's Bunker' in Miami, now that Brady is playing with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.
1/4/2021 In the Covid-19 Era, Small Buildings Have Big Appeal—Mansion Global
Shreya, a homebuyer in Manhattan who prefers first-name-only identification for privacy, and her husband are about to become empty-nesters and are eager to get back to city life after years in the suburbs.
1/4/2021 Housing co-ops and condominiums to receive funding in new COVID-19 relief bill—QNS.com
Queens housing co-ops and condominiums will be eligible to participate in the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP), after Congresswoman Grace Meng worked with her congressional colleagues and the President's Co-op & Condo Council to provide relief.
12/23/2020 Opinion: It's Time to End Mandatory Inclusionary Housing. Here Are Some Alternatives—City Limits
It is time to end Mayor Bill de Blasio's policy of trying to build "affordable" housing via his signature Mandatory Inclusionary Housing (MIH) program. The next administration and current mayoral candidates should develop alternatives.
12/23/2020 The Need for Affordable Housing Continues to Pressure NYC—Multi-Housing News
Despite New York City's efforts to solve affordability issues, the city's deep housing crisis continues to persist.
12/23/2020 Brooklyn developer starts spending $860M windfall—Real Estate Weekly
Fresh off an $860 million deal to sell his Brooklyn apartment portfolio, developer Joseph Brunner is already spending his earnings.
12/23/2020 The Lower East Side: Where Historic Tenements Meet Glassy Towers—The New York Times
Richard Kimmel was drawn to the Lower East Side partly by "a lot of family history," he said, including his great-grandmother, "who arrived at Ellis Island on the Fourth of July in 1890," and made her way to the densely populated neighborhood that has long been a haven for immigrants of many origins, with Eastern European Jews predominating at the turn of the last century.
Q on Roommates and Boarders in Co-ops:
How to get rid of unwanted family members that's not on lease nor pays rent?
Jessica Owens on Problem Boards:
Im wantung to know if its illegal for hoa to shut my gate card off giving me no access to my home. Cant go get water. Csnt go to store. All…
Gene K on Boards and Transparency:
What personal info can a Co-op board request from a potential buyer of a unit?
Thomas P on Problem Boards:
I Have Lived in my community for 19 Years. I have been on the Board of Managers for 5 years. When I first moved in I was given a tour of the…
Charles Leonard Berman on Alteration Agreements:
What about the flip side. My coop OK'ed a renovation which could not be done given the current building electrical wiring. They refuse to…


The trial of Justin Cayce Erwin began Tuesday, July 17, at the Eagle County Justice Center. Erwin, 41, is one of four men accused of sexually assaulting a woman in a Silverthorne apartment after a night out drinking on St. Patrick's Day in 2016.
Judge John McMullen is presiding over the proceedings. Brown and Lisa Hunt are prosecuting the case, while Ashley Petrey and William Palmer are representing Erwin. The trial is expected to last until July 27.
Find a digest of the trial coverage below.
It was a highly emotional and tense day at the Eagle County Justice Center on Wednesday, as the jury finally returned verdicts in the trial of Justin Cayce Erwin, one of four men accused of sexually assaulting a woman in a Silverthorne apartment on St. Patrick's Day in 2016. After nearly two days of deliberation, the jury found Erwin not guilty on 11 of the 20 counts brought against him.
Judge John McMullen declared a mistrial on the other nine counts after the jury, seemingly deadlocked, informed the court that further deliberations would be fruitless.
It was a relatively quiet and uneventful day at the Eagle County Justice Center on Tuesday, July 24, as interested parties in the trial of Justin Cayce Erwin waited in vain for a verdict that never came.
District Attorney Bruce Brown and prosecutor Lisa Hunt, as well as Ashley Petrey for the defense, stepped in front of the jury one final time Monday afternoon, July 23, to provide emotionally charged closing statements, providing a broad range of arguments rooted in everything from hard facts, a culture of sexual assault, stigma, popular culture and more.
Jurors, attorneys and a number of interested parties arrived at the Eagle County Justice Center on Friday to hear the final day of testimony in the trial of Justin Cayce Erwin, one of four men accused of sexually assaulting a women at a Silverthorne apartment on St. Patrick's Day in 2016.
Several expert witnesses took the stand at the Eagle County Justice Center on Thursday in the trial of Justin Cayce Erwin, one of four men accused of sexually assaulting a woman in a Silverthorne apartment on St. Patrick's Day 2016.
People packed into a courtroom at the Eagle County Justice Center on Wednesday for the second day of testimony in the trial of Justin Cayce Erwin, one of four men accused of sexually assaulting a woman in a Silverthorne apartment on St. Patrick's Day in 2016. Wednesday's testimony brought Erwin face-to-face with his accuser for the first time in the trial, along with two of the police officers that investigated the incident.
The trial of Justin Cayce Erwin began Tuesday, July 17, at the Eagle County Justice Center, bringing testimony from the accuser's former boyfriend and two of the bartenders who served them during the night in question.


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text:
Die William Hill Welsh Professional Championship 1977 war ein professionelles Snookerturnier der Saison 1977/78 zur Ermittlung des walisischen Profimeisters zwischen den damals einzigen beiden walisischen Profispielern Ray Reardon und Doug Mountjoy. Das Turnier wurde am 25. und 26. September 1977 im Club Double Diamond im walisischen Caerphilly ausgetragen, Sieger wurde Weltmeister Ray Reardon, der Mountjoy mit 12:8 besiegte. Im Gegensatz dazu spielte Mountjoy das höchste Break des Turnieres mit einem 95er-Break.

Nachdem es bereits 1927 eine Ausgabe gegeben hatte und damals J. S. Nicholls seinen Landsmann W. Davies besiegt hatte, wurde die Welsh Professional Championship nach fünfzig Jahren wiederbelebt. Doch obwohl das Tjurnier mit dem Buchmacher William Hill einen Sponsor hatte, wurde das Turnier wegen des mangelnden Erfolges im folgenden Jahr erneut nicht ausgetragen und erst 1980 mit zwei Teilnehmen mehr wiederbelebt.

Preisgeld
Insgesamt gab es 2000 Pfund Sterling zu gewinnen, wovon drei Viertel auf den Sieger und das restliche Viertel auf den Verlierer entfielen.

Das Spiel
Mountjoy konnte den ersten Frame der Partie für sich entscheiden, jedoch geriet er danach mit 3:1 in Rückstand, bevor er auf 3:3 aufholen konnte. Anschließend ging Reardon mit 6:3, 7:4 und 9:6 in Führung, bevor Mountjoy auf einen Frame an ihn herankam. Jedoch beendete Reardon die Partie, indem er die drei letzten nötigen Frames gewann und sich den Turniertitel holte.

Einzelnachweise

1977
Snookerveranstaltung 1977
Sport (Caerphilly County Borough)
Caerphilly

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
It's in our DNA
Your Miloa team
The milk thistle is part of the Asteraceae family. Very present in the Mediterranean basin, both the fruit and the upper parts are used.
Its virtues are numerous and varied: antioxidant, hepato-protective, anti-fibrotic, hypoglycaemic, hypocholesterolaemiant, and anti-cancerous in particular.
These characteristics are due in large part to its active ingredient: silymarin (1,5 to 3 % of the plant), which is a flavonolignan whose main compounds are silybin, silychristin, and silydianin.
HEPATO-PROTECTION
Mode of action of silymarin:
It's a membrane stabilizer. It inhibits the membrane transport systems of hepatocytes, making it more difficult to absorb toxicants. It prevents the peroxidation of lipids and increases the capture of free radicals produced by hepatotoxic substances. It helps maintain the glutathione pool responsible for liver detoxification. It reduces the increase in transaminases and alkaline phosphatases. It protects the liver from oxidative stress.
It stimulates the activity of polymerase α. Therefore, it increases the synthesis of ribosomal nucleic acids and the number of ribosomes in hepatocytes. This increases enzyme biosynthesis, protein synthesis and stimulates liver regeneration (ASGHAR & al, 2008).
During liver steatosis, silymarin normalizes liver enzymes. Histological and ultrasonographic improvement is also observed (LOGUERCIO & al, 2012).
Silymarin increases the synthesis of SOD and catalase, decreases the synthesis of TNF α. It protects against oxidative stress and inflammation and improves lipid metabolism (ZHOU & al, 2018).
By its antioxidant and regenerative action of hepatocytes, it protects the liver from many toxicants, from the side effects of certain drugs or from poison such as: ethanol, paracetamol, cyclosporine, erythromycin and Amanita phalloides (deadly fungus).
It chelates iron which may be the source of the production of toxic free radicals.
Its anti-fibrotic activity is explained by a decrease in the pro-fibrogenic activities of liver stellate cells (which synthesize collagen 1) (TRAPPOLIERE & al, 2009) and by inhibition of MMP and TGF β1 . This helps decrease fibrosis and slows cirrhosis (CHEN & al, 2012).
Dyspepsia and gastro protection:
Silymarin improves the synthesis of bile salts and their excretion by the gallbladder. It is therefore choleretic and cholagogue (CROCENZI & al, 2006).
It protects the stomach from ulcers because it increases mucin secretion, by the elevation of PGE2 and the decrease of leukotrienes (ALARCON DE L'ASTRAL & al, 1992 et 1995).
Antioxidant action:
It reduces oxidative stressors such as malondialdehyde (MDA) by 45%, stimulates the release of NRF2, which increases glutathione synthesis by 65% and reduces TNF α production by 47% (AGHAZADEH & al, 2011).
Action anti-inflammatory:
Silymarin inhibits the NF 𝜅β, which reduces the expression of TNF α, IL-1 β and the synthesis of iNOS (KIM & al, 2012), (POLYAK & al, 2007).
It may even be immunomodulating according to (NAFISEH & al, 2017), its effects increasing with concentration.
Anti-tumour action:
During chronic pathologies oxidative stress amplifies the adverse effects of fibrosis and inflammation related to cellular necrosis that causes protein and DNA damage.
Silymarin is anti-angiogenic and anti-proliferative. It causes the cell cycle to stop and restores apoptosis (ZHENG & al, 2011), (ARGAWAL & al, 2013).
It inhibits the production of MMPs whose exaggerated expression is associated with carcinomas. It also inhibits VEGF (Vascular endothelium growth factor) (KIM & al, 2009).
It thus inhibits the proliferation of tumour cells in many cancers (prostate, lung, breast, ovarian and bladder).
In the dairy cow:
Silymarin and lycopene supplementation improves animal health and their antioxidant capacity (GARAVAGLIA & al, 2015).
Administering silymarin during 10 days before calving and the following 15 days does not change the milk composition, but increases the quantity and speed of production, while slowing weight loss (TEDESCO & al, 2004).
In the laying hen:
Silymarin improves animal health. It reduces MDA and bad cholesterol and increases HDL (HASHEMI & al, 2018).
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The septum is supposed to separate the nostrils, but if it is deviated, it is not straight, so this can lead to serious snoring problems. When the airflow is not normal through the nostrils, the person breaths through the mouth, and since the airflow is restricted in this area, it causes vibrations and snoring. This type of problem must be medically treated, so the stop snoring pillows and mouthpieces usually cannot help.
Head Crash is one most common hard drive problem reported so far. When a drive fails, the heads come into physical contact with the platters, which contain the information. This is called a "head crash", which does not allow the hard drive to perform well. Head crash normally accompanied with a clicking sound or a scraping sound. Anyhow, you can?t fix this at your home as it requires a lot of training and a clean room. Another hard drive problem is Electronics Damage. This is actually a physical or electrical damage happens to the electronic PCB board of a hard drive. Other most common problem with hard drives is Stuck Spindle. Spindles spin the platters under the heads, lock up and won't move. This problem comes with a whining sound. This is actually a very dangerous problem as it may damage the whole system of the hard drive. When hard drive problems occur, I usually call Hard Drive Recovery Associates from Irvine, CA to get help.