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Find cheap flights from Shanghai Hongqiao Intl to Canada
Shanghai (SHA)
Search hundreds of travel sites at once for deals on flights to Canada
November Best time to beat the crowds (7% less expensive on average)
Top tips for finding cheap flights to Canada
Looking for a cheap flight? 25% of our users found tickets from Shanghai Hongqiao Intl to Canada for the following prices or less: to Montreal C$ 515 one-way - C$ 1,469 round-trip, to Toronto C$ 465 one-way - C$ 720 round-trip, to Vancouver Intl C$ 408 one-way - C$ 954 round-trip
High season is considered to be January, February and December. The cheapest month to fly to Canada is January.
Morning departure is around 61% cheaper than an evening flight, on average*.
*Average of the lowest prices shown in KAYAK's search results for departures within the next 30 days
FAQs - booking Canada flights
How long is the flight to Canada from Shanghai Hongqiao Intl?
There are no direct flights for this route listed on KAYAK, the shortest multi-flight duration is 17h 30m
How does KAYAK find such low prices on flights to Canada?
KAYAK is a travel search engine. That means we look across the web to find the best prices we can find for our users. With over 2 billion flight queries processed yearly, we are able to display a variety of prices and options on flights to Canada.
How does KAYAK's flight Price Forecast tool help me choose the right time to buy my flight ticket from Shanghai Hongqiao Intl to Canada?
KAYAK's flight Price Forecast tool uses historical data to determine whether the price for a flight to Canada is likely to change within 7 days, so travellers know whether to wait or book now.
What is the Hacker Fare option on flights to Canada?
Hacker Fares allow you to combine one-way tickets in order to save you money over a traditional round-trip ticket. You could then fly to Canada with an airline and back with another airline.
What is KAYAK's "flexible dates" feature and why should I care when looking for a flight to Canada?
Sometimes travel dates aren't set in stone. If your preferred travel dates have some wiggle room, flexible dates will show you all the options when flying to Canada up to 3 days before/after your preferred dates. You can then pick the flights that suit you best.
Top 5 airlines serving Shanghai Hongqiao Intl to Canada
ANA 8.6
China Southern 7.1
XiamenAir 6.9
Pros: "The crew was great. I experienced great hospitality."
Cons: "The quality of meal."
Pros: "ANA flights are always well run and good enough."
Cons: "Their iphone applications could be smoother and more functional."
Cons: "Cabin to hot"
Pros: "Crew on ANA is always the best Also custom check in was amazingly fast, I went to the side custom check in by accident (there are two) It took less than 5 minutes, I didn't not know I had to fill another card to leave japan but it was super easy as there was a person to guide me + basic info"
Cons: "Other than chairs being more comfortable nothing really"
Pros: "Friendly staff and decent size."
Cons: "Vancouverites are a bunch of entitled, self-absorbed twats. Not really much ANA can do about that."
Pros: "Comfortable seat & nice crew."
Cons: "Seat booking was not available when I booked on line. Ad some difficulty getting a seat next to my wife."
Pros: "More leg room than most flights."
Cons: "Baggage drop after on-line check-in very slow. Otherwise everything went very smoothly."
Pros: "the ANA folks at the departure check-in went out of their way to get me on my flight. You see, I got to the airport right before boarding. Their response? They literally escorted me through security, waited for me at the immigration checkpoint, and brought me to the boarding gate! I love ANA! :)"
Pros: "There was lots of leg room. Crew was nice."
Cons: "One of our seats had a broken recliner button."
Pros: "Very friendly and caring"
Cons: "i can not think of anything. Great crew Great experience"
Pros: "Their friendliness And care for the passengers"
Cons: "i can not think of anything."
Pros: "everything."
Cons: "can not think of anything. Everything was more than i expected.Thank you for my experiance"
Cons: "Better seats and food. More water please"
Pros: "Attentive and friendly service, good food, fairly spacious seat."
Pros: "ANA did great on everything I could expect from a flight."
Pros: "I would definitely fly ANA again they have a fenomenal service and I love the politeness of the crew"
Cons: "Noisy passengers, no paper towels in the toilets only thin napkins. Limited food options."
Pros: "I enjoy ANA and choose to fly with them, normally a good flight"
Cons: "All our issues were another passenger, not ANA's fault"
Pros: "Friendly staff, comfortable seats, able to watch new release movies, good food."
Pros: "ANA's entertainment service is quite nice! I don't get bored on the plane. They always keep the washroom clean and I always appreciate it."
Pros: "Good service, food"
Cons: "Too many announcements the whole flight Wake you up 2 hours before landing by turning on lights, activity (too much time, need more sleep)"
Pros: "Pleasant crew, good food. Standard flight as one would expect."
Pros: "Service was excellent; I felt well-cared for!"
Pros: "Good food. The seats were spacious enough. I used both the pillow and blanket provided. Lots of drinks were served keeping everyone hydrated. Enough staff to manage the needs of everyone."
Cons: "How loud and aggressively the toilet flushes."
Pros: "Excellent service. Good food. Great entertainment selection."
Cons: "No free WiFi"
Cons: "The fact I had to come back to Canada from Japan. Canada is ghetto."
Pros: "Staff were pleasant. Flights left on time. Really enjoyed the ANA lounge in Haneda."
Cons: "The food met airline standards, which are generally pretty low."
Pros: "Ground staff was very helpful, we had an overweight luggage and they kind out provided a complementary package box to redistribute the weight instead of charging us extra baggage fees. The flight attendants were caring and offered great service. The entretenimient system on board was easy to use and had a large library of movies."
Pros: "Great service"
Cons: "Film selection is ok."
Cons: "I asked to move my seat to an aisle seat in order to not disrupt a neighbor when needing to use the washroom and was kindly given another seat by the flight attendant but then was later asked to move back to my center seat. Having me move around caused confusion and made a ackward situation for me."
Pros: "Flight was very good - enjoyed meal and entertainment"
Cons: "Should make it clear to passengers ahead of time that flight departs from international terminal (terminal 1) at Shanghai airport (and also that flight is NOT out of Pudong airport, although we were aware of the latter fact ahead of time)."
Cons: "Someone sat on my row without notifying the crew of the seat change. After I notified the FA of the incident... even if it's a general rule that the passenger sits at the ticketed seat, the FA didn't do anything about it"
Pros: "Great service with professional staff. I would definitely fly with ANA again in the future and recommend them to others."
Cons: "Breakfast option"
Pros: "Most comfortable economy flight I've ever taken, good legroom, excellent customer service, tasty food, best toilets!"
Pros: "Aircraft was new and spacious"
Cons: "Crew forgot to ask us for drinks upon serving us meals. I also had to repeat my order 3 times."
Pros: "I slept most of the way home so didn`t use the entertainment."
Pros: "Great leg room, staff was very nice, food and entertainment was decent."
Cons: "Flight to Japan and to Vancouver was way too hot. Tough because I wasn't able to turn down heat or increase fan above."
Pros: "The crew were fantastic and the meals were pretty good"
Cons: "Every time I'm on an airplane I'm seated next to several really sick people.. I know this isn't something you can control but it really reduces the comfort any healthy individual can have. I also didn't like the really long delay for the baggage after the flight. The on flight movie selection had not changed on the return trip which was 16 days later."
Pros: "The food. the personable flight attendants. The whole experience is amazing."
Cons: "Lack of English movies on the ife. Mediocre headphones in business class."
Pros: "The service, the plane and even the food were all top notch."
Pros: "Japanese quality is good quality"
Pros: "ANA service is always great. Always my first choice."
Cons: "The 777-200 on this route is getting a little old. It would be nice to have one of their newer 787 planes instead. And there is no Premium Economy option."
Pros: "Smooth operations, friendly crew, clean plane, free booze in coach!"
Cons: "Nothing really when flying coach. Second meal now like a box lunch instead of full meal. Cost cutting I guess. Seats are small but not as bad as United domestic. No major complaints."
Pros: "Food was good."
Cons: "Bumpy ride and no info of what was going on. A passenger next to me took his pants off and was sitting with his underwear. He did put a blanket after. Very annoying!"
Pros: "Very friendly and accommodating staff. They were quick to help when a friend of mine wasn't feeling well on the flight. Great service!"
Pros: "The icecream"
Cons: "There was only one choice of meal left when they gave it to me:("
Pros: "The food"
Cons: "All old movies in English"
Pros: "The staff was polite and professional. We have no complaints at all."
Cons: "The in-flight entertainment options (eg. movies) were limited compared with other airlines. However, we appreciated watching the local foodie guides to the Tokyo area."
Pros: "Friendly staff. Service was good. 2 full meals including ice cream. Need more choice of movies. Seats were comfy as they could be for Economy class. Pillows & blankets included."
Cons: "Web checkin wasn't very good. We have 3 people in our family & originally booked the tickets at the same time. When it came time to do the web checkin (24 hrs before flight time) the system didn't allow us to check in at the same time & the seat availability was VERY limited. Was nervous that we weren't going to sit together but fortunately everything worked out & we were all together in the same row. We flew Economy class."
Pros: "Lots of entertainment to last the entire flight"
Pros: "Hospitality"
Cons: "Nos trataron con mucha seguridad de higiene y nos sentimos muy seguras de viajar con ustedes muchas gracias"
Cons: "flight left without 1/6 of the passengers. ¯\_(ツ)_/¯"
Pros: "Crew and service was amazing"
Cons: "Paid $28 for internet and it didn't work"
Cons: "long delay in boarding"
Cons: "Provide earphones or headphones"
Pros: "Everything except the delay was fine, not extraordinary."
Cons: "7-hour flight delay. If this was a European flight we would have been entitled to at least $250 for our inconvenience. We were not offered anything to compensate us for a 7hour delay, which was ridiculous."
Cons: "13 hour delay"
Pros: "Great crew, easy process overall"
Cons: "Make 1st class cheaper and give free wifi!"
Pros: "Great crew."
Cons: "More food choices, but what we had was good."
Pros: "Good service great aircraft"
Cons: "Takes along time to get off airplane with everyone getting their bags from the overhead bins"
Pros: "The crew were nice."
Cons: "We could have used more legroom between the seats."
Cons: "Not having a delayed flight."
Cons: "1.5 hour delay...no reason given!"
Cons: "No delay"
Pros: "Never made the connecting flight."
Pros: "Flight attendant Bret wen out of his way to help us locate a lost pillow."
Cons: "First flight attendant asking about the pillow she found in the aisle and kicked to the side."
Cons: "Departure delayed by 1hr30"
Pros: "Friendly staff. Entertainment selection is impressive (though I didn't use it). Drinks and snacks are provided."
Cons: "Boarding process was time consuming due to poor organization from Delta. Unloading process takes forever for the same reason. Despite booking at the same time my fiancee and I didn't get seated next to one another."
Pros: "Crew was good"
Cons: "No idea why there was over a two hour delay."
Cons: "They run out of options because I was sitting at the tail of the aircraft. So I didn't eat much."
Pros: "The crew was wonderful, the flight was on time."
Cons: "But the seats are so tight that we were definitely elbow to elbow and once seated I was unable to access even the purse that was at my feet. There was no entertainment and the tray table was tiny, not even an indentation for a cup!"
Pros: "I was very impressed with the flight attendants. They were very pleasant & very attentive to the guests. The premium seats were very comfortable. The only disappointment was the chicken dinner but the ice cream dessert & refreshments were wonderful."
Pros: "Seats more comfortable, plan wasn't too full"
Cons: "No charging port for cellphone."
Pros: "The flight crew was so nice! Roomy seats and plenty of snacks!"
Pros: "The smooth flight, the informational touches the pilot and gate attendants gave to the people"
Cons: "Late flight attendants"
Pros: "Everything was great, easy boarding, great idea (board ahead of your zone if you check bag free at gate), courteous staff, good food choices, arrived ahead of schedule, good movies."
Pros: "The seat was comfy foe the whole 20 min flight"
Cons: "You delayed my flight . Missed my connection and got.stuck at the airport for 6 hours . Now I have to miss work tomorrow"
Pros: "On time."
Pros: "Gal at the gate was most helpful. She corrected my boarding pass to zone 1 and put us in exit row. I have sat there before but it was really roomy although the seat seemed less comfy."
Cons: "Plane was much smaller than what I usually fly to Hawaii but the roomy exit seat made up for that. Downside was the screen was small so hard to see."
Pros: "Cannot. Figure out how to use the wifi."
Cons: "Flight was delayed longer than the actual flight time. Smallest plane I have ever been in in my life."
Pros: "I was rerouted."
Cons: "No one would reissue me a ticket for the next flight. Delta and West Jet kept saying the other company should do this, and in the end no one did and I had to purchase another ticket."
Cons: "Very uncomfortable flight. Seats are to close to each other"
Pros: "The flight attendant in Delta Comfort/Main Cabin was very nice and made for an excellent trip. Smooth ride and on time. I like that!"
Pros: "boarding process was good food was okay not great not bad entertainment was good flight attendants and service excellent"
Cons: "food could have been better but arriving to destination safely is most important"
Pros: "No complaints. A puddle-hopper to a yes."
Pros: "All that one would want."
Pros: "Smaller plane, aisle seat with a lot of leg room (5c), smooth flight"
Cons: "Shorter flight so no snacks/drinks were served, although requests were fulfilled."
Cons: "Know that if you buy an E ticket they won't assign you seats until you arrive at the departure gate."
Pros: "Comfortable seats and incredible kind staff"
Cons: "No food, drinks, or entertainment. But it was an extremely short flight."
Cons: "Delta didnt wrap car seat in plastic while it was raining so it was soaked"
Pros: "Given an upgrade to comfort seats for taking a bump was a nice plus. Pilot kept us informed o flight arrival and times."
Cons: "Gate attendee wasn't very cheerful, felt like I was being a bother when asking questions. Stewards on the flight were not very social either."
Pros: "Airplane was good, boarding was fast."
Cons: "Did not have the fruit and cheese plate."
Pros: "The crew was very nice as usual. A bit too many announcements that ran a bit too long. Other than that great folks."
Cons: "No water on the plane so no coffee and no running water in the bathrooms. They did well trying to accommodate but between that and a calibration issue in the cockpit that had us running late it was not the best delta flight I've been on."
Pros: "Good entertainment with games for kids, movies etc."
Cons: "No meals (5+ of flying), need to buy earphones, no place for hand lauggudge"
Pros: "Excellent flight and crew on a new Airbus 319"
Cons: "Lunch time flight. Only food in economy was bags of high carb salty snacks"
Cons: "All good"
Cons: "All was good."
Cons: "No westjet checkin area and no signage. Staff didn't know what was going on."
Pros: "The crew kept it together even though the situation was stacked against them."
Cons: "The plane was really late, changed gates a number of times and switched from one terminal to another then back to the original terminal again. My understanding was this flight was a mess the previous week as well which says that something needs to be fixed. The temperature on the flight fluctuated back and forth from too hot to okay. You get the picture."
Pros: "Professionalism"
Cons: "Baggage Claim"
Pros: "No..no redeeming features.."
Cons: "Coffee was the worst I've ever had. The 2+1 powdered mil and coffee stick. Truly awful. But i suppose there aren't many people on the flight who would order coffee..I would even pay extra for a coffee if they had a quality option. Food is comparable to a school canteen. I would probably pay 20rmb for this in Shanghai. Frozen butter for the half-frozen bread. They really couldn't do worse..."
Pros: "Seat was comfortable and it was a huge plane there was little delay on order such as water or any thing."
Cons: "Service inside the plane by the crew members!!"
Cons: "The crew is very nice and my Premium economy seat was great."
Pros: "Food was okay"
Cons: "Media system had to be fixed"
Cons: "NO option for vegetarian food only chicken and beef are not suitable for all passengers."
Pros: "Movie selection"
Cons: "More food options, both meals were chicken and rice. Website too difficult to use to prepick meals and seats"
Pros: "The crew is very friendly , hard working and helpful."
Pros: "They put us up in a hotel"
Cons: "We missed the connection due to airline delays. So the flight they're going to get us into Bangkok will happen the evening of the next day. If they can get us the ticket change."
Pros: "China Southern has an excellent and attentive staff, very friendly and responsive. The boarding process is smooth with very little complications. In the course of 20 hours they served two full meals with sandwiches for snacks. These were decent meals as far as I am concerned."
Cons: "Guangzhou to Toronto, the cabin was a little warm for my liking, I don't think it ever got below 25°c in there, for me it made it a bit difficult to sleep. This was not the case on my flight from Toronto to Guangzhou so maybe this was just an isolated case."
Pros: "Great smooth flight"
Cons: "Flight was late. Disembarked at the China Southern repair building. Miles from the terminal"
Pros: "Flight attentendents are excellent"
Pros: "The service was outstanding. They had a person waiting as we got off the first flight to guide us to the second flight. The stewardesses were attentive and outstanding. The seats were comfortable, the food and movie optons were top notch. I can't recommend business class highly enough."
Cons: "I loved everything!"
Cons: "I'm sorry but the Chinese push people and crowd people like no other. There's no such thing as personal space. For that reason, I won't book on this airline again. The Beijing Airport wasn't pleasant. Had to sit downstairs in the basement gate area just to get internet connection which was non existent. Airport was pretty small to be waiting around for 3 hours. Won't connect through there again."
Pros: "price, considering have the price are tax and fees, it's a great deal. plane, new equipment, 777 with modern entertainment crew. amazing how they been over backwards to satisfy a few disgusting rude middle aged male Chinese travelers."
Cons: "stereotypical Chinese travelers. rude abusive loud, they warn their reputation layover, 6 hours for flights between major cities seems excessive. hub in gaungzhou stinks"
Cons: "I paid the seating selection and seat was assigned. The southern airlines changed my seat, didn't fulfi my requirements. Didn't do anything to comfort me."
Pros: "I liked almost all services."
Cons: "Plane location and its information should be acknowledged to the passengers from time to time so that they are well informed about that & their travel time would be more interesting and informative.I donot see any other major thing to upgrade besides that."
Pros: "Efficiency during boarding and takeoff."
Cons: "Obtaining a Visa in China was a nightmare. China southern had 100 people sitting in a small room waiting hours to even get their passports back. It was disorganized and frustrating. Would never fly China Southern internationally again."
Pros: "Basically I didn't like much. Food was terrible, individual tv entertainment wasn't available on my return flight A330."
Cons: "Food , tv, many hours of waiting for boarding"
Pros: "China Southern was good in most respects."
Cons: "Transfer through Guangzhou was bad, no need for immigration on an international transfer, immigration staff slow and rude."
Pros: "The space"
Cons: "The time in the plane because of delays for take off"
Cons: "We were put on a bus go round to another side of the terminal to walk up the staircase, where I can clearly see that the skybridge is actually attached to the plabe, why can't we go through boarding like normal people do?? Very bad arrangement from Baiyun Airport."
Cons: "Not being able to get a 24 hour visa to leave the airport and spending 10 hours waiting for the connecting flight at the airport"
Pros: "Food and check in staff"
Cons: "Crew member from JFK to Can unprofesanal from Can to Ktm very exlent costumer serves It was fisrt time I fly but as hole not bad"
Pros: "I was especially impressed by their punctuality especially given that most flights out of China are delayed."
Cons: "The food was not very good. The dessert tasted artificial but I suppose for airplane food it could have been worse."
Cons: "I reserved the wheel chair service but when I checked in at the counter with the wheel chair symbol, I was told they changed the counter to the other one which is far away and they also rejected to help me check in there. I had to move to the one with a long queue to handle those standby customers. This is my worst experience ever. The service of China Southern airline is becoming worse and worse. Never recommend again."
Pros: "Ditto"
Cons: "Ditto.........."
Cons: "Food was horrible and entertainment center had to be reset 5 times."
Pros: "Non stop Flight to Guangzhou,Timing of the is good you can start your work earlier."
Cons: "only they serve is chines food , They should have 2 options. they dint have any new movies"
Pros: "Delayed"
Cons: "Delayed"
Cons: "I lost money because I bought my ticket in USD and gogt charged $1000, then when I got refunded I only got $880 back. Garbage service."
Pros: "I had never flown China Southern and the 777 flight from JFK to CAN was very nice. Business class seats were some of the most comfortable I have been in."
Cons: "No complaints about anything."
Pros: "On time boarding and departures. Comfortable seatings. Courteous and caring flight attendants. Food and snacks availability was great."
Cons: "Staff was unaware of the type of meat being served (we do not eat pork) It was evident that the pillow and head rest covers were not changed since the previous passenger's hairs were still attached.. very gross"
Cons: "Small plane so not very comfortable."
Pros: "Very good service"
Pros: "Very friendly crew. Nice standard first class seat. On time departure."
Cons: "food was only so so."
Cons: "Cancelling my flight and unable to get me home for a wedding in time. I had to rebook on another airline and got no answers to when my reimbursement will go through."
Pros: "They provided two meals from LAX to CAN, and another meal from CAN to HAN. Plus, because we had an 8-hour layover in Guangzhou, they gave us a hotel room, which we only used for about 3 hours, and which had a free breakfast buffet for guests. That was a nice way to spend what would've been a boring layover."
Cons: "Online checkin did not work."
Cons: "WHEN WE BOARDED THE PLANE THEY FINALLY SAID THERE WAS A DELAY ON THE INCOMING PLANE Really! all the planes were late I checked in super early and they would not let me go on an earlier flight; maybe I would have gotten to Yiwu on time..."
Pros: "I ate food"
Cons: "The food was bland, no flavor, inadequate in service. Kept asking for water/soda and took forever and choked at one point"
Pros: "Everything is excellent"
Pros: "I had just suffered multiple breaks in my arm/shoulder and was returning to the States. I was in considerable pain and flying alone - this was the first flight out I could get. Everyone was AMAZING. From helping to rearrange seats, other passengers, and even upgrade to maximize comfort and minimize more damage to my arm to helping open any food packages so that I could eat with medication and checking in on me frequently, I couldn't have asked for better attention given the situation. I hadn't heard of this airline before but now highly recommend - they were amazing through two flight legs, two different airline crews, and 3 airports. Cannot thank the crew enough for their attention and care during a very difficult time. I am a frequent traveler and this is the best customer experience I've ever had."
Cons: "Nothing, they were amazing."
Pros: "Meals were served. Seats were comfortable."
Pros: "I liked the extra leg room that I received with the upgraded seat due to my Skymiles affiliation. The crew far exceeded any American airliner. Food was good. Wasn't my favorite but it was a good meal considering what you would receive on other Airliners."
Cons: "Check in was a bit slow"
Cons: "Newer plane. Nice crew."
Pros: "The comfort"
Cons: "Food choices were terrible"
Pros: "Entertainment is a 5 star. So many movie and TV options."
Cons: "Food made me sick... sick before I even arrived at destination"
Cons: "Had to turn off electronic devices an hour before we landed."
Pros: "Was actually an Air Canada flight. AC has much better seating in Economy Class. Seats have more room and more recline."
Cons: "United made no effort to alert us to the fact that we were actually flying Air Canada. Our rewards upgrade to Business Class was not honored.Extremely misled!"
Pros: "great job over all."
Pros: "Never never fly with This airline Poor Customer service"
Pros: "The crew was nice"
Cons: "My tv monitor didn't work and my wife's chair wouldn't stay reclined"
Pros: "In time"
Cons: "Don't let customer wait long time for gate after landing"
Pros: "Attentive crews, food on board - Food on board provides couple of choices of mainly Chinese food. I don't claim it to be extraordinary but it is far better than most of food other airlines provides in the economy class."
Cons: "There is no individual entertainment screen. The small screen from the ceiling of the airplane was far from sufficient."
Pros: "attentive and polite flight attendants"
Pros: "crew is ok though not much speaking english"
Cons: "no other comment"
Pros: "The check in boarding pass is not that nice."
Cons: "The boarding pass people need to improve, especially to elderly people."
Pros: "The plane was very new. Good movies and tv shows."
Cons: "The pineapple went bad...and it was just served. Also a tiny pastry, it had a flavor that the nuts had been sitting for a while."
Cons: "Too many security points"
Pros: "Crew was amazing. Welcoming, helpful and caroming to passengers needs."
Cons: "Replace worn out seats."
Pros: "No real problems"
Cons: "Nothing significant"
Pros: "Nice flight; very comfortable"
Cons: "Short flight; so no in-flight entertainment (no problem though)"
Pros: "Very responsible and kind cabin crew. We were delayed by maybe 8-10 hours because of weather. The crew would have to work all night, but were very kind about the situation."
Cons: "Short flight; so there was no real in-flight entertainment. That's really alright though."
Pros: "Crew's Services"
Cons: "Snacks and water ran out during the last several hours of the flight. For shorter people, their feet would have difficulty touching the floor."
Pros: "ALL"
Pros: "Getting off of the plane"
Cons: "This was a discount garbage carrier. I have ridden on cargo boats off the coast of Nicaragua that I would recommend before Xiamen. They don't give you your connecting boarding pass when you leave the country. You have to go through China's bullshit customs service three times just to get to your next flight. Chinese customs is like a bowl full of retarted fish smelling their own farts. Six people doing nothing while one blithering idiot Stubles through paperwork."
Cons: "The flight left before we get there. I had to book a train ticket to my final destination because I have to be in Fuzhou that day. I was told by the airline that I would be reimbursed the air fare from Xiamen to Fuzhou."
Cons: "The flights got delayed. One of the flights got delayed without a notice in advance."
Pros: "The plane was new, the plane was clean, and all the airline hostesses were not 65 years old. Oh and everyone complaining about the visa requirements for China. Bend over a take one for the team like a man just Go to a travel agent in any in China Town. $100 US will get you a bias good for 10 years and it only take a week. Otherwise fly Delta for $1200."
Cons: "Limited selection of English language movies but hey it was a China airline so no bit surprise there."
Cons: "Why is my passport number wrong?"
Pros: "The number of take offs equaled the number of landings :)"
Pros: "Clean plane"
Cons: "Still a little more leg room but not as much as on the 787. Had to ask twice to get a Thai immigration form and the crew took an above average amout of time to pickup after the meals were finished."
Pros: "Very good service. I have a bad knee and they did a good job of helping. Long layover is ok, they offer free hotel. Side benefit you can be a tourist for a short time."
Cons: "Lounge could be improved. Does not compare to other Airlines Lounges."
Cons: "I was very sick and contagious and asked for a single person hotel room for the night before a connecting flight. It was not accommodated. It would have cost extra 100-200 yuan. Then when we asked for the shuttle to the hotel, the security at the departures level meant we could not exit and be picked up. No one could arrange pick up at arrivals. Instead we paid for a taxi ourselves. Poor service and coordination, especially considering I could barely talk and just badly needed a rest."
Cons: "u had to transfer ur luggages even though its the same airline. what a joke? u had to get through numerous security points to get through the airport what the hell?"
Pros: "Kept me well hydrated, supplied tissues that helped me bear a long flight while sick. Early arrival appreciated. Fresh fruit was good."
Cons: "Crew might have cleared away medications by mistake but they tried hard to find it, inquired all attendants and even looked through the trash. I missed the passing of of declaration forms twice while I was in the bathroom and when we landed the customs people directed me wrong so I had to wait a long time in line to get through customs without water which made me sicker and I had to go to the doctor."
Pros: "Complimentary wifi and excellent crew service"
Cons: "The econ seat is too low, when front seater tilted the seat backward, the screen is right in front of my face. Entertainment video screen doesn't adjust; in other words, it cannot be adjust in angle, causing neck pain over time. Meals are average, definitely different from the quality compared to regional or domestic equivalent. Very sad, considering that Xiamen Air has a good reputation inside China. The restroom is also poorly stocked — no toilet roll constantly"
Pros: "The cabin crew were very nice and courteous!"
Cons: "Couldn't be helped, it was just a long flight!"
Pros: "We left 13 mins late but landed 45 mins earlyearly"
Cons: "My keychain was ripped off from my baggage despite me hiding it. It was stolen by their baggage handler and the airline refused to admit liability and was protecting it Staff. Xiamenair is a corrupted airline which I will not take in the future!"
Pros: "Nil"
Pros: "crew provide excellent and attentive service. food is good"
Cons: "food could be better"
Pros: "Two meals plus sandwich in between were enough to keep me from getting hungry."
Cons: "Boarding line was too long. There was no grouping which means there was a bit of disorder. A check-in counter agent was super slow. Other agents had a supervisor watching over their shoulders so they were much more efficient. The flight ran out of hot tea... but got refilled later. Need more tea cuz most passengers were Chinese."
Pros: "Crew are nice and friendly."
Cons: "Not a nice experience for a 5 hour flight. I don't understand the comments people are posting regarding the entertainment, it was just one poor Chinese movie, no choice at all. Food was poor. Seats were old and not at all spacious. Thankfully i had an empty seat next to me. This was just like a regular China domestic flight."
Cons: "They will cheat u of money. Somehow. Beware."
Cons: "I was denied a boarding pass and was not allowed to transit through China, because of a visa that was needed I was not told about by Kayak.com. Therefore, being the last day I was allowed to stay in Thailand, I had to scramble to find an outbound flight the same day, including paying almost double the cost of the original flight. The Thai check-in agent told me to never transit through mainland China again, because the visa requirement information that is not provided."
Pros: "Crews, food. Also Transfer Lounge in Xiamen is a good place without charge."
Cons: "Boarding because we have to take bus at Xiamen airport.Also, security checks at Xiamen are very complicated."
Pros: "Crew, comfort, food, entertainment."
Cons: "Boarding."
Pros: "Crew was super friendly, professional and excellent!"
Cons: "The 10 hour layover :("
Cons: "The flight was delayed due to air traffic control. Subsequently I missed my connecting flight -- Xiamen to Manila that evening and had to spend another night in China. Next flight out of Xiamen was 6pm, Nov 2. Xiamen ground staff was very helpful in booking me the option to fly China Southern to Guangzhou the night of Nov 1, stay for free in a hotel, and then take the 0835 morning China Southern flight from Guangzhou to Manila. It was difficult to identify the right people to speak with and get clear assistance and direction in both Xiamen and Guangzhou."
Pros: "Crew and staff are professional and worked well together, fairly efficient"
Cons: "Upon landing, there was a problem with airport customs and immigration which prevented the passengers from leaving the plane. Crew needs to be more proactive with (1) passengers getting up too early and blocking the aisle out of turn. An elder woman was trying to get her bags and exit her row and passengers from behind were not letting her collect and exit. I stopped the rude people from the back who were getting off out of turn. Instructions need to be issued, let people get off the plane in orderly fashion. and (2) crew did not inform passengers what was happening with immigration and customs holdings things up until I hit the service button a few times. Tell the passengers what is going on rather than allow tempers to heat up"
Pros: "Crew was excellent"
Pros: "787 Dreamliner's hardscape was new and clean. IFE was decent but had some anomalies (can't take off of pause unless you shut off screen, select same movie and resume). Food was fairly decent and plentiful. Think a cheap chinese diner & you've got it."
Cons: "Crew was efficient but can't speak Englsh worth a nickel! While I have a limited ability in Mandarin (think 5yo vocab), the announcements in Engrish was almost as bad as some of the translations in many Chinese products. I pity the people who can't understand ANY Chinese: they could not possibly get most of the announcements. They should really get at least 1 FA that can speak and understand English. The signage in Xiamen (I was transiting from LAX to TPE) was amazingly poor and confusing. You basically stumble from 1 floor to another based on the signage. The airport was actually very large for what appears to be a medium size city."
Pros: "Excellent, friendly service on a terrific plane. More leg room than the average (American) airline for a long flight. Had to call Customer Service. They were as helpful as they could be."
Cons: "There was no computer check-in even for people with no bags to check. Long wait on line to check-in. Probably could use more staff at airport. TSA wait that night was also very long. Not Xiamen's fault of course."
Pros: "Service in flight was great ! Meals were surprisingly tast and the seatback entertainment was well equipped for the 13 hour journey"
Cons: "Since the airline is so small, they don't schedule agents for check-in prior to a couple hours before boarding. That was a bit frustrating when we wanted to be at the gate early."
Pros: "on time food"
Cons: "no movies"
Pros: "Their price"
Cons: "Delays, delays and more delays. Then cancellations after!!!"
Cons: "The delay was extremely horrible causing us to miss our flight and then put us on a flight that was once again delayed for another 6 hours. The crew was still hesitant on disclosing the time we would be leaving"
Pros: "Price, Opportunity to check out a city I never would have visited while on extended layovers"
Cons: "Lack of English or hard to understand English was a bit difficult to navigate sometimes with the airline and airports (especially I the Xiamen airport) - less of an issue for me because I'm pretty easy going and able to figure out things and plan ahead without many questions to airport or airline staff - but this could be difficult for a large amount of Non-Chinese speaking Americans with a less excited and curious outlook on travel :)"
Read more about ANA
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1. Look at the activities we offer because you can mix and match.
2. Consider the needs and abilities of your group members, get an idea of group size, activity date and any special needs or requirements.
3. Contact us either by phone or email.


text:
#include <graphene/chain/database.hpp>

#include <graphene/chain/operation_history_object.hpp>
#include <graphene/chain/protocol/fee_schedule.hpp>

#include <fc/io/fstream.hpp>

#include <fstream>
#include <functional>
#include <iostream>

namespace graphene { namespace chain {

database::database()
{
   initialize_indexes();
   initialize_evaluators();
}

database::~database()
{
   clear_pending();
}

void database::reindex(fc::path data_dir, const genesis_state_type& initial_allocation)
{ try {
   ilog( "reindexing blockchain" );
   wipe(data_dir, false);
   open(data_dir, [&initial_allocation]{return initial_allocation;});

   auto start = fc::time_point::now();
   auto last_block = _block_id_to_block.last();
   if( !last_block ) {
      elog( "!no last block" );
      edump((last_block));
      return;
   }

   const auto last_block_num = last_block->block_num();

   ilog( "Replaying blocks..." );
   _undo_db.disable();
   for( uint32_t i = 1; i <= last_block_num; ++i )
   {
      if( i % 5000 == 0 ) std::cerr << "   " << double(i*100)/last_block_num << "%   "<<i << " of " <<last_block_num<<"   \n";
      fc::optional< signed_block > block = _block_id_to_block.fetch_by_number(i);
      if( !block.valid() )
      {
         wlog( "Reindexing terminated due to gap:  Block ${i} does not exist!", ("i", i) );
         uint32_t dropped_count = 0;
         while( true )
         {
            fc::optional< block_id_type > last_id = _block_id_to_block.last_id();
            // this can trigger if we attempt to e.g. read a file that has block #2 but no block #1
            if( !last_id.valid() )
               break;
            // we've caught up to the gap
            if( block_header::num_from_id( *last_id ) <= i )
               break;
            _block_id_to_block.remove( *last_id );
            dropped_count++;
         }
         wlog( "Dropped ${n} blocks from after the gap", ("n", dropped_count) );
         break;
      }
      apply_block(*block, skip_witness_signature |
                          skip_transaction_signatures |
                          skip_transaction_dupe_check |
                          skip_tapos_check |
                          skip_witness_schedule_check |
                          skip_authority_check);
   }
   _undo_db.enable();
   auto end = fc::time_point::now();
   ilog( "Done reindexing, elapsed time: ${t} sec", ("t",double((end-start).count())/1000000.0 ) );
} FC_CAPTURE_AND_RETHROW( (data_dir) ) }

void database::wipe(const fc::path& data_dir, bool include_blocks)
{
   ilog("Wiping database", ("include_blocks", include_blocks));
   close();
   object_database::wipe(data_dir);
   if( include_blocks )
      fc::remove_all( data_dir / "database" );
}

void database::open(
   const fc::path& data_dir,
   std::function<genesis_state_type()> genesis_loader)
{
   try
   {
      object_database::open(data_dir);

      _block_id_to_block.open(data_dir / "database" / "block_num_to_block");

      if( !find(global_property_id_type()) )
         init_genesis(genesis_loader());

      fc::optional<signed_block> last_block = _block_id_to_block.last();
      if( last_block.valid() )
      {
         _fork_db.start_block( *last_block );
         idump((last_block->id())(last_block->block_num()));
         idump((head_block_id())(head_block_num()));
         if( last_block->id() != head_block_id() )
         {
              FC_ASSERT( head_block_num() == 0, "last block ID does not match current chain state",
                         ("last_block->id", last_block->id())("head_block_num",head_block_num()) );
         }
      }
   }
   FC_CAPTURE_LOG_AND_RETHROW( (data_dir) )
}

void database::close(bool rewind)
{
   // TODO:  Save pending tx's on close()
   clear_pending();

   // pop all of the blocks that we can given our undo history, this should
   // throw when there is no more undo history to pop
   if( rewind )
   {
      try
      {
         uint32_t cutoff = get_dynamic_global_properties().last_irreversible_block_num;

         while( head_block_num() > cutoff )
         {
         //   elog("pop");
            block_id_type popped_block_id = head_block_id();
            pop_block();
            _fork_db.remove(popped_block_id); // doesn't throw on missing
            try
            {
               _block_id_to_block.remove(popped_block_id);
            }
            catch (const fc::key_not_found_exception&)
            {
            }
         }
      }
      catch (...)
      {
      }
   }

   // Since pop_block() will move tx's in the popped blocks into pending,
   // we have to clear_pending() after we're done popping to get a clean
   // DB state (issue #336).
   clear_pending();

   object_database::flush();
   object_database::close();

   if( _block_id_to_block.is_open() )
      _block_id_to_block.close();

   _fork_db.reset();
}

} }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Born on March 30, 1935 .
Passed away on March 25, 1999 .
This memorial website was created in memory of our loved one, Rogelio Leyva 63 years old , born on March 30, 1935 and passed away on March 25, 1999. We will remember him forever.
You're always in my heart Tay . I missed you.


text:
Q: Optional Cancellation points I just want to know the meaning of optional Cancellation point. Like we have mandatory cancellation point which means cancellation point shall occur when any of the functions that comes under mandatory cancellation points is called in a thread. So, is it like for optional one , cancellation point may occur or may not. I have check SO for this but i didn't find any exact answer regarding this.

A: POSIX requires certain functions to be a cancellation point and says cancellation points  may occur in certain functions (optional cancellation points). You can read the entire list of mandatory and optional cancellation points from the manual pthreads(7):
 Cancellation points
       POSIX.1 specifies that certain functions must, and certain other
       functions may, be cancellation points.  If a thread is cancelable,
       its cancelability type is deferred, and a cancellation request is
       pending for the thread, then the thread is canceled when it calls a
       function that is a cancellation point.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Elder Abuse and Neglect
Krista James
Are they crimes?
Although the Criminal Code sentencing provisions codify aggravating factors linked to age or disability (718.2), most crimes are age neutral. That said, many provisions could capture circumstances of elder abuse or neglect.
Sexual and physical abuse can be prosecuted under the assault (265-268) and sexual assault provisions (271-273). Emotional abuse could be criminal harassment (264) or intimidation (423). An abuser who threatens to harm a pet could be charged with uttering threats (264.1). An adult child who will not visit with grandchildren unless the older person pays for a new car could be charged with extortion (346).
At least twenty different Criminal Code sections could be applied to financial abuse, including various theft and fraud provisions. There is also a crime of theft by a person holding a power of attorney (331).
Neglect could be prosecuted as a failure to provide the necessaries of life (215) or criminal negligence (219) if there is a dependency relationship. If abuse or neglect leads to death, an abuser could be charged with murder (229-231), manslaughter (234, 236), or causing death by criminal negligence (220).
The Advocacy Centre for the Elderly developed this helpful image to illustrate how different forms of abuse align with various Criminal Code offenses. A 2011 study paper by the Canadian Centre for Elder Law analyzes a number of reported court decisions that apply the Criminal Code to elder abuse and neglect.
Crown Counsel Policy
Elder abuse can be difficult to prosecute. Our adversarial justice system is not gentle with older victims who have health and disability issues. If a victim is living with dementia, they may struggle under cross-examination. If they have serious health issues, or a short life expectancy, they may be unable to testify. Crown might not be skilled in working with a witness who is living with dementia.
BC Crown Counsel Charge Assessment Guidelines require Crown to consider the likelihood of conviction and whether the public interest requires prosecution. Some public interest factors noted in policy can apply to elder abuse dynamics, including "the relative vulnerability of the victim," "the alleged offender's position of authority or trust," and "evidence that the offence was motivated by bias, prejudice, or hate based on… age… mental or physical disability, or any other similar factor."
Crown Intimate Partner Violence Policy is less discretionary, stating that where there is adequate evidence to prosecute "it is generally in the public interest to proceed with a prosecution." Of course, elder abuse and intimate partner violence are overlapping categories: many older people are abused by their partners.
Should a Lawyer Contact the Police?
Even if an older person does not want their abuser — likely a family member — to be charged, police can play a role in responding to abuse if they are properly trained to support older adult survivors of violence and trauma. They can connect older people with helpful services, including victim assistance. They can work with Crown to consider whether a s 810 recognizance or peace bond is appropriate due to safety issues or risk of property damage. They can connect an older person with free legal assistance to get a civil protection order under the Family Law Act. They can provide safe transport.
The criminal law is one of many elder abuse response options. The best approach boils down to each older person's unique circumstances and what they want. As noted in the Practical Guide to Elder Abuse and Neglect Law in Canada, abuse can rob a person of freedom and independence. Lawyers should be conscious that their responses do not further undermine personal autonomy. This Decision Tree, published by Public Guardian and Trustee, summarizes the role of police and other agencies in responding to abuse. It may help lawyers identify next steps.
Krista James is a staff lawyer and National Director of the Canadian Centre for Elder Law.
Access to Justice in Health Care
Developing a Review Tribunal for BC
Representing Clients with Capacity Issues
Krista James & Kevin Love
Rights of Vulnerable Adults During COVID-19
Supporting decision-making capacity
Sara Pon & Krista James
Failure to Obey Court Orders PREVIOUS
Calls to Decriminalize Simple Drug Possession Expand as Overdose Epidemic Worsens NEXT

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Lovely, delicate black and white portrait of young woman by window light.
The word photography comes to us from Ancient Greek and translates, literally, as light writing. And that's what we do as creative photographers: we write with light.
How many poor quality photographs have you produced? It's likely that one of the reasons those photos are unsuccessful is that they lack a sense of light.
It's like trying to paint a picture without paint. While I'm quite a fan of minimalism, but you wouldn't see me attend a wedding or, for that matter, a funeral in the nudie.
We cannot under emphasize the importance of light to our existence. Without light there would be no photography and, what's more, very little to photograph.
Guitarist and teacher Patrick David Gray amonst the long shadows and soft light at the Perry Sandhills in NSW, Australia.
What Does Your Customer Expect From A Family Portrait?
The reality is that, rather than a special secret or tool, the photographer has, over time, attuned themselves to light and developed an ability to better utilize light in their images.
We all need to continually be working towards achieving a better visualization of light. I'm referring here to the color, quality, direction and intensity of the light and how that will affect the photo.
That way much of what is perceived, at the time the camera's shutter is tripped, will be realized through our photographs.
Couple with dogs, Hamilton, Australia.
When preparing to make a portrait photo, whether commissioned or personal, it's good to consider what it is you are actually hoping to achieve.
Professional portrait photographers aren't just commissioned to produce a record of an important day or time in the life of their customer.
More is expected from the professional photographer, above and beyond what poor old Uncle Harry can produce.
You'II be expected to produce images that somehow transcend the paper they're printed on and communicate the positive, expressive nature of the relationship they'd like to think exists between individual family members.
There's a lot of psychology involved in portrait photography.
Successful portrait photographers understand that it's important to the mother that the photography session be enjoyable for all members of the family group.
The trick is to make it an event, something to look forward to like dinner in a great restaurant, a wedding or weekend away.
Portrait of a young girl in lovely, soft light in Melbourne, Australia.
As a generalization men are less excited, and probably dread the dressing up that accompanies the event. They're more likely to put the date into their diary and just deal with it on the day.
Women, on the other hand, will be thinking and working towards the event for weeks. In the case of their own wedding that timeline is extended to many months.
I think that it's important to note that, without mothers, there probably would be no portrait photography, outside of photojournalism and passport/security photos.
Now let's hope you won't be undertaking a paid assignment without a considerable amount of confidence in your own abilities as a photographer to produce a well composed, appropriately exposed, sharp and emotive image.
It's not possibly to build a sense of rapport with your subjects unless you have gained some sense of mastery over such basic technical concerns.
• What purpose do these images serve?
Are these photos primarily for publicity or to provide your customers with a portrait, traditional or more contemporary?
How important is it that your photos demonstrate an intimate and loving relationship?
• What feelings or emotions do you and your customers want conveyed through your images?
In your case it's about branding and pleasing your customer. From the customer's point of view it's probably about creating a lasting, loving memory.
• How do you expect to achieve this result?
Consideration needs to be given to subject posing, expression, clothing, placement within the frame and the way they're lit.
And what about post processing. It should always serve the needs of the image and your own, unique creative style.
This basic knowledge will allow you to choose appropriate locations, lighting, lens focal length, DOF, backgrounds, composition and, where appropriate, props.
The final outcome may also involve decisions as to print size and surface, framing options and whether the image is more successful in color or black and white.
It also helps to make a list of the images you need to make on the day of the photography session.
For the professional portrait photographer this list should be based, at least as much on what sells, as what the customer thinks they want.
While the session can evolve in a fairly organic and intuitive manner, you need to ensure you make the images your customer expects you to make as well as the ones experience tells you they are more likely to purchase.
Experience will help you visualize the final look of the image at the time the camera's shutter is tripped. And, as a creative being, that's a very satisfying and rewarding experience.


Small Dining Room Buffet Tags : Enchanting Dining Room Decorating Ideas That Will Make You Say `why Did Not I Know About These Sooner?- Magnificent Contemporary Dining Table. Brave Dining Room Curtains.
Louisa Rocha Dining Room, 2018-09-17 11:33:27. You will definitely need a lot - and I mean a LOT - of patience when it comes to recreating your dining room area, especially if it means you will have to replace your dining furniture. Why? Because this type of work is tedious and entails a lot of research on your part before the manual work actually begins. When there are times that it seems like you won't find perhaps the right dining room tables for your eating area, don't be discouraged too quickly. Accept that finding the right dining furniture for your home is no easy task, BUT is actually a worthwhile investment as it will make your home a better place to live in - yes, even if you only need to replace your dining room tables.
Nora Young Dining Room, 2018-09-18 10:09:25. It is important to make the lighting of the room portray the proper ambience, so that your mood isn't tarnished while you inhabit the dwelling that is your dining room. Keep the windows open, install proper lighting fixtures that light up the room in an even glow, so that darkness gets dispelled and you don't have to strain your eyes. Make sure that the light is diffuse, and not sharp to sting in your eyes. This will play a major role for whatever setting you recreate in your dining room.
Hope Finley Dining Room, 2018-09-18 00:54:34. When you think about the modern dining room furniture, you are spoilt for choice due to availability of numerous design options. Despite the fact that the ideologies directing modern styles are similar even in the dining room furnishings, individual requirements can be captured in the customized types of the dining room furniture. There are people who prefer to have one hundred unique items, the customized sets may be ideal for such kind of people since they can describe their preference in terms of appearance, shape, color and design of their dining room sets.
Louisa Rocha Dining Room, 2018-09-18 02:36:54. It is vital to appreciate the ideology of modern dining room furniture design. One of the most emphasized factors in the modern furniture designs is simplicity. This is well illustrated in the shapes that are assumed by most of the modern furniture. Simple geometric shapes which are emphasized with colors and angles that make the dining sets attractive.
Nora Young Dining Room, 2018-09-17 14:48:27. At the end of the day, as long as you've done your research in advanced and are confident that you have picked out the right pieces for your dining room area, chances are you will not regret the decisions you have made. Obviously, you will need to adjust some of your pieces over time as you start experimenting with different styling techniques, but that's all in good fun - you learn as you go along, and you will eventually be an expert in knowing what does and does not look good in your dining room area.
Hope Finley Dining Room, 2018-09-17 15:48:13. Have You Ever Tried Walnut Dining Furniture?


After earning a fine arts degree at Pratt and studying traditional block printing in China, John Robshaw journeyed to India to find natural indigo dye for his paintings. Instead, he fell in love with the fabric-making traditions of the local artisans. The hands-on immediacy and vitality of textiles piqued what was to become a lifelong fascination.
John's forays in Asia have taken him to the villages of Gujarat and Rajasthan; he has made court batiks in Yogakarta, Indonesia; block printed sarongs alongside a family who has been printing for four generations; he has vegetable-dyed ikats in Thailand. In India, John found that he could apply a painterly aesthetic to traditional methods by mixing up patterns and overlapping them in a more formally artistic way.
His signature look was crafted: an updated spin on the traditional, handmade object; a vibrant mix of sophistication and romantic allure. "I want all the colors, techniques and designs from each culture to blend. I redesign them and mix up the processes. I edit them, learn from them, make them my own, but retain their essence.
"I can still remember the feeling of freedom I experienced when I picked up different blocks and collaged them together in all different colors, mixing them up and creating new ideas. It became addictive."
"By working abroad, I become a minor character in the lives of the people I work with, and get inspired by what I see and do there. I go to their weddings, celebrate their festivals, get sick with them. I develop relationships with the people who are teaching me. When you look at my textiles, it's as if you've been on the world tour alongside me."
Design enthusiasts and armchair travelers will love circling the globe with celebrated textile designer John Robshaw. From batiks in Java to ikats in Thailand and indigo printing in India, Robshaw reveals the lush inspiration behind his signature style while highlighting step-by-step block printing techniques from local artisans and masters. Robshaw provides a rare glimpse into his creative process, wherein he blends traditional methods with his own painterly style for entirely unique creations, and shares tips for incorporating textiles into any space. Brimming with beautiful photographs of covetable textiles, far-flung destinations, and eye-catching interiors, this luxe fabric-covered book is an eclectic visual tour of the rich tradition of textile printing.


The following is a brief and admittedly partial list of publications that address the issues surrounding regulatory barriers to affordable housing. Because the first section is comprised of HUD publications (which are in the public domain), we are able to provide links to the full-text versions of the documents. In many cases, these publications are also available in printed form from HUD USER for a nominal charge by calling 1-800-245-2691, or you may order online by following this link to the HUD USER online store. Just be sure to have the full title ready when placing your order.
The second list, under the heading Bibliographic Database, includes titles, abstracts, and publishers' citations for publications that may also be of interest, but which are not published by HUD. As a result, we're unable to provide the full-text versions. Nonetheless, the citations will help you secure the publications from the respective publishers.
Please check back from time to time, as this list will be revised, as our publications database continues to grow.
These publications are available as free downloads (in *.pdf format) from the HUD User website, or in printed form for a nominal charge by calling 1.800.245.2691.
Click on the appropriate link(s) to review.
The following documents have been provided by other, non-governmental publishers of housing research, and as such, are subject to copyright restrictions. We have provided abstracts of these publications for your review, along with citations that will help you secure the document(s) from the respective publishers.
The documents listed in the RBC Bibliographic Database have been drawn from the much larger HUD USER Bibliographic Database. Publications have been selected based on their relevance to regulatory concerns surrounding affordable housing. For a much broader subject matter search, you may wish to visit the HUD USER Bibliographic Database, which resides on www.huduser.gov, the parent site of HUD's Regulatory Barriers Clearinghouse. Some of the suggested keywords for a thorough search are: Regulatory Barriers, Joint Venture for Affordable Housing, Accessory Apartments, Zoning, Zoning Regulations, Granny Flats, Building Codes, Rehabilitation, Land Development, Land Development Standards, Impact Fees.


text:
Father of former Hearts star Ryan McGowan jailed for life over brutal murder of former brother in law
James McGowan will serve a minimum 18 years after stabbing his victim, Owen Brannigan, 11 times and then fleeing to Australia.
Grant McCabe
(Image: Glasgow Live)
The father of former Hearts star Ryan McGowan has been jailed for life for the murder of his former brother-in-law.
James McGowan was today locked up for a minimum of 18 years after he stabbed Owen Brannigan to death in 1999.
Mr Brannigan (47) was stabbed 11 times in the attack which followed a simmering feud with the McGowan family.
The attack in Coatbridge took place after McGowan returned from Australia to attend his mother's funeral.
He then fled justice – going home earlier than planned. He was eventually caught in 2012 when he told helpline counsellors that he had killed a man.
Man jailed for five years over rape of woman he met on Ashton Lane
The 58 year-old was today jailed at the High Court in Glasgow with Lady Scott stating that he was guilty of a "brutal and cowardly" attack.
The judge continued: "You took it upon yourself on a brief return for your mother's funeral to seek out Mr Brannigan and murder him in a premeditated act of revenge."
Ryan McGowan during his spell with Dundee Utd in 2015 (Image: SNS Group)
McGowan's son Ryan was in court today to see his dad jailed for life, the pair exchanging brief smiles as he was lead away in handcuffs. His other son Dylan, who also started his professional career at Hearts, now plays for Adelaide United in Australia.
A trial in Edinburgh heard how Mr Brannigan had been married to McGowan's sister Carol before divorcing in 1984.
Police appeal for information after 60-year-old man is found dead in Castlemilk home
However, there remained ill-feeling between the McGowan family and Mr Brannigan in the lead up to the murder.
The killer pounced after a night-out at a social club in his former hometown of Coatbridge.
After the stabbing, McGowan then returned to Australia earlier than planned.
But, in 2012, McGowan called a helpline confessing that something was "slowly eating away" at him.
He added: "Once you've crossed the line and you jump back ... you know you can always go across the line.
Billy Thompson the last surviving son of Glasgow's 'Godfather' Arthur Thompson is found dead
"Some people can't go across it and I know I went and done it and it's a frightening thing - a frightening thing to deal with.
"You go 'Jesus, I can't kill people. But I did.'"
McGowan was later extradited back from Australia to face trial.
The case was one of the first to be investigated by the Crown Office in Scotland's cold case unit.
McGowan denied the allegation and attempted to pin the blame on another man.
ITV's The Chase viewers left speechless as Glasgow man gets applause from Chaser
TVViewers of ITV's The Chase were left speechless after seeing Simon from Glasgow race home and win the cash prize - even the Chaser was impressed and gave him a round of applause.


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text:
Home JAPAN AGRICULTURE NEWS
It will take more than swapping your eel for eggplant to save Japan's unagi
in JAPAN AGRICULTURE NEWS
Doyo no Ushi no Hi (Midsummer Day of the Ox), a traditional day to eat unagi (Japanese eel), may be long past, but there's no "off" season for eating eel in Japan.
The "natural" maturity of eel is reached in fall, which gives rise to aki–unagi: autumn eel. Popular chains such as Matsuya display the traditional hiragana "u" of "unagi," shaped like a wiggling eel, on banners adorned with red maple leaves. Eel also features in furusato nōzei promotions, in which taxpayers can opt to pay taxes in their hometowns, rather than where they actually live, in exchange for gifts — often luxury foods.
There are also places where unagi is a year-round meibutsu (local specialty) — Narita, Chiba Prefecture, for example. Here, diners congregate to watch as wriggling unagi are slammed onto wooden blocks, pinned in place with a stake and filleted head to tail in seconds. The brutal pizzazz of the ceremony can be hard to reconcile with the result: Delicious unajū (grilled eel on rice, served in a lacquered box) or other kabayaki (filleted and grilled) variants, almost always with lashings of tare sauce.
Easy marketing tactics and gastro-tourism lures aside, the hard truth is that ongoing appetite for Japanese eels — it has hovered around 50,000 tons per year since 2015 — has an adverse effect on their numbers.
Numbers of wild Japanese eel have been declining rapidly since the 1970s. According to statistics from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF), official catch peaked at over 3,300 tons in 1961, but by 2020 this had dropped to just 65 tons; in 2014 the Japanese eel was declared endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). To make up for the deficit, the country has turned to farmed Japanese eel (16,887 tons in 2020) and imports of primarily American and European eels (34,343 tons), putting further pressure on global stocks. American and European eels are listed as endangered and critically endangered, respectively.
Despite government initiatives to improve stock, due to the prevalence of illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fisheries — which subvert conservation efforts — and poaching of juvenile eels, the real sustainability status of Japanese eel is unknown. For everyone involved, it's a frustratingly opaque industry.
Satoshi Maekawa, Marine Fisheries Group Director at WWF Japan, explains that the decline in unagi numbers is down to three reasons: Changes in the marine environment; excessive fishing; and environmental changes in nurseries such as rivers and coastal areas. Excess fishing leads to waste: According to a survey by Greenpeace Japan, 18 major Japanese retailers discarded a combined 2.7 tons of unsold kabayaki eel in 2017.
"Given the traditional importance of eel in Japan, it is no doubt challenging to modify consumers' preferences for eel," says Emerson Brown, speaking on behalf of sustainable seafood advisory group, Seafood Watch (SFW).
Citing a recently updated SFW report, Brown also explains that "various sources indicate that the general public in Japan is still largely unaware of the conservation issues surrounding eels."
For Maekawa, raising awareness of sustainability is one way to begin thinking about the future for unagi, citing the media as part of the problem.
"Since excessive consumption (of eels) promotes IUU fishing, and is considered to be one of the main factors that reduce resources, we believe that major retailers who are expected to sell a large amount of eels are responsible for the conservation of eels," he says.
According to statistics from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Japan's official wild eel catch peaked at over 3,300 tons in 1961, but by 2020 this had dropped to just 65 tons. | GETTY IMAGES
Eco-unagi
One potential solution for the future is to further improve eel habitats — the Pacific coast of Japan is rife with inlets and estuaries that allow adult eels to thrive. MAFF has put forward a number of ways in which this can be done.
As well as the installation of gyodō (fishways) and regeneration of wando — pond-like connections to rivers that act as nurseries for fish — the construction of ishikura is also something that could help unagi numbers bounce back. These piles of stones, arranged like artificial reefs, provide a place for juvenile eels to congregate, feed and seek shelter, and can be easily monitored by regular surveys.
In addition, as of July, MAFF has sought to curb the catch of unagi in major eel-producing prefectures, calling for a "ban or refrain" on catching eels between (generally) October to March, the spawning season for Japanese eels.
Another government initiative is the lifting of a ban on the export of glass eels, the name given to the translucent intermediary stage in their life cycle; this is something that could help expedite transparency in the trade of eels.
Tofunagi?
Beyond promoting the health of eel populations, experts also hope consumers can be persuaded to eat unagi alternatives to reduce demand on the endangered species.
"(Though) kabayaki is sort of synonymous with unagi, it's also a technique used to cook a bunch of other types of fish — saba (mackerel), sanma (Pacific saury), iwashi (sardines), and so on," says David Howell, a professor of Japanese history at Harvard University. "During the Edo Period (1603-1868), non-eel kabayaki varieties were popular, especially anago (usually whitespotted conger), dojō (pond loach) and other similar fish."
Once grilled and slathered in tare, anago — usually utilized for tempura for its comparative lightness — would be hard for all but unagi aficionados to distinguish from the "real" thing. Online supermarket Oisix Ra Daichi has gone one step further, moving from the aquatic world and into the agricultural with its nasu (eggplant) kabayaki meal kit.
Oisix public relations staff Yukiko Maruo believes that by proposing sustainable alternatives, the supermarket can bring the topic of eel sustainability to the proverbial table. "I hope that people will be aware of the current situation surrounding eel, and support nature conservation and restoration so that their food culture will not be lost," Maruo says.
Over in Singapore, the aptly named vegetarian restaurant Herbivore takes the eco-unagi game to the next level with its tofu unagi. Formed into eel-shaped fillets, grilled with charcoal-scented aplomb and slathered in tare, it's not just the look but the luscious texture and taste of this mock-unagi that has the power to floor. A representative from the restaurant confirms it is one of the restaurant's most popular items, though they cannot reveal too much of the "secret recipe."
"We just want to imitate the real (thing) to introduce people to vegetarian (food)," the representative says. "We just try to do as much as possible to propagate less killing in all ways."
Whether it's through vegetarian or other alternatives, reducing eel consumption is one thing, explains Maekawa, but the other is "eradicating IUU fisheries."
The industry is slowly catching on in this regard. Retail giant Aeon aims to sell "100% traceable eel" by 2023, while also promoting the development of kabayaki that uses ingredients other than unagi. It sets a good precedent: If more kabayaki isn't eel, and if any eel that is eaten is traceable, this goes at least partway into realizing a more sustainable future for unagi, and the preservation of a culinary tradition.
In line with COVID-19 guidelines, the government is strongly requesting that residents and visitors exercise caution if they choose to visit bars, restaurants, music venues and other public spaces.
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text:
est une chanson française des 2Be3, extraite de l'album 2Be3. Elle fut classée 14 au hit-parade français en 1998.

Certifications

Notes et références

Chanson de 1998
Chanson interprétée par les 2Be3

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Lucifer: The Divine Comedy
I quite enjoyed this collection. The story was interesting, the challenges intriguing, and the characters were a satisfying mix of powerful and put-upon, and the interactions among them were varied and often oblique. Alas, I'd have liked this story even better if I had never read Gaiman's Sandman, particularly the story lines Season of Mists, and The Kindly Ones where we originally meet this version of the character. It isn't that Lucifer: The Divine Comedy is derivative of Sandman so much as that Sandman is just a touch better at doing what Lucifer: The Divine Comedy does.
I felt like I was rehashing the story line, character types, and even visual design of things I've seen before. Which isn't to say I don't like what was going on here. Just that I felt like I've seen it before. It is possible, however, that the way I encountered this story line disproportionally affected my response. After all, like those other story lines, Luicfer: The Divine Comedy is just one story line linked to others in this on-going title. I am, after all, responding to it out of context. Lucifer: The Divine Comedy is the middle story line in an on-going title. I came to it as if it was a miniseries, and this isn't really fair. I was expecting a self-contained story, and what I got was an engaging playing-out of relationships and plot lines that began years before, and would probably not conclude for some time to come. So I plopped into the story with no clear idea of why what was going on was going on.
It is good enough, however, that if I have the opportunity, I'll gladly read the rest of the series. Lucifer is a well-drawn character in the DC/Vertigo line up. Gaiman introduced us to it as it was ready to be done ruling in Hell, and Mike Carey (who wrote the entire stand-alone Lucifer story arc) handles it well–its motivations, powers, weaknesses, and so on. I'm less sure about the supporting cast, particularly the other angelic powers, and the creator. In Lucifer: The Divine Comedy, they all seem diminished. It's as if what's going on are just soap-opera machinations, but carried out by beings who operate on a cosmic scale, but the stakes don't feel cosmic, they feel personal and petty. It is difficult to appreciate these beings as anything other than fantasy characters when there's no relief or sense of scale.
Cary does a good job keeping Lucifer off stage for most of the story. I think this helps keep the primary focus on people and beings we can identify with. Then, when Lucifer does show up, its impact on us is greater. However, this impact is diminished somewhat by our seeing how petty some of the other cosmic beings are–if they, operating on Lucifer's scale–are like this, then how impressive is Lucifer, really? And in the background is Lucifer's eternal struggle with the Creator. When Gaiman introduced us to this character, the struggle was interesting–what does Lucifer want, especially in contrast to and by comparison with the Creator? But as with Lucifer, so with the Creator and the denizens of the Silver City: less is more. Moving that conflict to the center diminishes it–it begins to look like some sort of schoolyard brawl.
CongPolIntel (WDIMTOAUU part 7)
Who am I? What am I doing here? (WDIMTOAUU, part 8)


text:
Die RNA-Welt-Hypothese besagt, dass den heutigen Lebensformen eine Welt vorausging, deren Leben auf Ribonukleinsäuren (RNA) als universellen Bausteinen zur Informationsspeicherung und zur Katalyse chemischer Reaktionen basierte. Im Rahmen dieser Hypothese wird angenommen, dass freie oder zellgebundene RNA im Rahmen der Evolution vom chemisch stabileren Informationsspeichermedium Desoxyribonukleinsäure (DNA) und von den funktionell flexibleren Proteinen abgelöst beziehungsweise um diese ergänzt wurde.

Als ein Hinweis auf die Existenz der RNA-Welt werden Ribozyme (katalytisch aktive RNA) angesehen, die als chemische (auch: molekulare) Fossilien evolutionäre Überbleibsel aus dieser Anfangszeit darstellen könnten (ähnlich Lebenden Fossilien); ein Beispiel dafür ist die ribosomale RNA (rRNA). Einen weiteren Hinweis gibt die Reihenfolge der Biosynthese-Pfade. Die Desoxyribonukleotide, aus denen die DNA zusammengebaut wird, werden in der Zelle aus Ribonukleotiden, den Bausteinen der RNA, erzeugt, indem die 2'-Hydroxygruppe entfernt wird. Die Zelle muss also erst in der Lage sein, RNA aufzubauen, bevor sie DNA herstellen kann.

Die vier Ribonukleotide können unter bestimmten Umweltbedingungen spontan entstehen. Die RNA-Welt-Hypothese ist somit ein Bindeglied zwischen den Hypothesen der chemischen Evolution, welche die Entstehung organischer Moleküle aus anorganischen Verbindungen erklären, und der Kooperation mehrerer RNAs, die eine biologische Selektion in Gang bringen, sowie der heutigen biologischen Evolution auf Basis eines DNA-Genoms. Das Aufkommen zellulärer Lebensformen steht möglicherweise nicht am Ende dieses Prozesses, denn zelluläre Organismen auf RNA-Basis (Ribozyten) könnten bereits in der RNA-Welt entstanden sein.

Konzept
Das Konzept einer postulierten RNA-Welt basiert auf zwei grundlegenden Eigenschaften der RNA. Zum einen dient sie wie die DNA als Medium zur Speicherung von Erbinformationen. Andererseits sind RNA wie auch Proteine in der Lage, chemische Reaktionen zu katalysieren.

Entstehung
Wenngleich RNA ein sehr komplexes Molekül ist, welches aus Ribonukleotid-Einheiten besteht, die wiederum Kondensationsprodukte der Ribose, einer Nukleinbase und Phosphat sind, gilt ihre abiotische Entstehung in der Ursuppe als möglich. Zwar ist eine direkte Kondensation katalytisch sehr aufwändig und daher unwahrscheinlich für eine abiotische Entstehung, jedoch konnte 2009 experimentell gezeigt werden, dass aus den einfachen Molekülen Cyanamid, Cyanoacetylen, Glycolaldehyd, Glyceraldehyd und Phosphat, welche mögliche Bestandteile der Ursuppe waren, in wenigen Reaktionsschritten Pyrimidinribonukleotide gebildet werden können. Interessanterweise ist Phosphat in dieser Reaktion nicht nur als Ausgangsstoff (Edukt) bei der Veresterung des Nukleosids zum Nukleotid von Bedeutung. Vielmehr scheint die Anwesenheit von Phosphat selektiv gleich mehrere Teilschritte der Reaktion zu steuern, indem es z. B. als pH-Puffer und Katalysator mit nukleophilen Eigenschaften fungiert. Dadurch wird die kombinatorische Vielfalt unterdrückt, so dass kaum unerwünschte Nebenprodukte auftreten.

Die komplexeren Purinnukleoside konnten 2016 mit kleinen Molekülen, wie sie heute noch auf Kometen zu finden sind, über den Formamidopyrimidin(FaPy)-Reaktionspfad hergestellt werden. Zuletzt wurde gezeigt, wie die Pyrimidine und Purine auch zusammen unter den gleichen, plausiblen Bedingungen entstehen können.

Informationsspeicherung
Auf Grund ihrer chemischen und physikalischen Eigenschaften wird die RNA für das ältere Speichermedium für Erbinformationen gehalten als die DNA. So kann beispielsweise der RNA-Baustein Ribose im Gegensatz zur Desoxyribose der DNA leicht durch eine Aldolkondensation gebildet werden. Wie die DNA ist auch die RNA in der Lage, sich zu doppelsträngigen Makromolekülen zusammenzulagern. Für eine Langzeitspeicherung von Informationen jedoch ist die RNA der DNA unterlegen, da RNA fehleranfällig und somit energieintensiv ist.

Katalyse
Mit der Entdeckung, dass die ribosomale RNA des Wimpertierchens Tetrahymena sich selbst spleißen kann, wurde 1982 erstmals der Nachweis katalytischer Eigenschaften von Ribonukleinsäuren (Ribozyme) erbracht.
Im Prinzip kann fast jede Nukleinsäure unter geeigneten Bedingungen in eine katalytische Sequenz evolvieren. Insbesondere für die DNA ist dies unter Laborbedingungen gelungen (so genannte Desoxyribozyme, auch DNAzyme). In der Natur wurde dies aber noch nicht beobachtet.
Dagegen konnten (neben künstlich erzeugten Ribozymen) natürliche RNA-Moleküle gefunden werden, die wichtige Bestandteile des Zellstoffwechsels, einschließlich ihrer eigenen Bausteine, produzieren und sogar solche, die zur identischen Vervielfältigung (Replikation) befähigt sind.

Im Rahmen der RNA-Welt-Hypothese wird angenommen, dass Ribozyme, die zur Übersetzung ihrer Erbinformation durch Synthese von Proteinen (Translation) befähigt waren, den Siegeszug der Proteine als Funktionsträger einleiteten. Proteine sind der RNA bezüglich ihrer katalytischen Fähigkeiten und der Katalysegeschwindigkeit überlegen. Diese Annahme wurde durch die Entdeckung gestützt, dass die wichtigen katalytischen Zentren der Ribosomen von RNA und nicht, wie vorher angenommen, von Proteinen gestellt werden.

RNA-Netzwerke
Im März 2022 berichteten Ryo Mizuuchi et al. davon, dass sich eine einzelne RNA-Spezies (vgl. Spiegelmans Monster) zu einem komplexen Replikationssystem entwickelt kann. In ihrem Fall entstand ein Netzwerk, das fünf RNA-Typen mit verschiedenen Interaktionen umfasste, was die Plausibilität eines evolutionären Übergangsszenarios, wie es für die RNA-Welt-Hypothese benötigt wird, unterstützt.

Zelluläre RNA
Für die Entwicklung der RNA-Welt unter den Bedingungen der Darwinschen Evolution wird eine Kompartimentierung als wichtige Voraussetzung angesehen. Es wird angenommen, dass sich diese ersten von einer Zellmembran umgebenen RNA-basierten hypothetischen Lebensformen, die Ribozyten, rasch weiterentwickelten und elementare Zellfunktionen, wie den Stofftransport durch die Zellmembran und die Zellform steuern konnten.

Zwei Zeitalter der RNA-Welt
Moderne Ribosomen (die Protein-Fabriken der Zelle) sind aus ribosomaler RNA (rRNA) und Proteinen (rProtein) aufgebaut. Die Proteine scheinen hierbei nur eine Hilfsfunktion zu haben, welche die Übersetzung der Messenger-RNA (mRNA) in ein Protein schneller und/oder sicherer machen, im Prinzip reicht die rRNA als Ribozym für diesen Vorgang aus. Die RNA-Welt kann danach in zwei Zeitalter unterteilt werden: Eine frühe Phase ohne Ribosomen (Primordiale RNA-Welt, mit kurzen Peptidketten abiotischen Ursprungs aus der Ursuppe), und eine spätere mit Protein-Biosynthese durch Ribosomen (RNP-Welt, Ribonukleoprotein). Dazwischen fällt die Entstehung und Evolution des genetischen Codes. Als die Organismen auf die so erzeugten Proteine angewiesen waren, musste die Evolution des genetischen Codes (weitestgehend) abgeschlossen sein, da eine Änderung des Codes eine Änderung und mögliche Funktionsunfähigkeit fast aller erzeugten Proteine bedeutet. Heute werden daher auch nur noch sehr geringe natürliche Abweichungen des genetischen Codes beobachtet.

Alanin-Welt-Hypothese

Es gibt mehrere Szenarien, wie die kanonischen Aminosäuren für die Proteinbiosynthese in der RNA-Welt gewählt wurden. Die "Alanin-Welt"-Hypothese stellt die kanonische Aminosäure Alanin in den Mittelpunkt der sogenannten Proteinwelt. Als Sekundärstrukturen von Proteinen herrschen die α-Helix und das β-Faltblatt vor. Die am häufigsten als Monomere ausgewählten Aminosäuren für die ribosomale Synthese der Polypeptidketten können als chemische Derivate des Alanins aufgefasst werden. Sie eignen sich am besten für den Aufbau von α-Helices und β-Faltblätter in Proteinen. Die Alanin-Welt-Hypothese wird praktisch bestätigt durch Alaninscanning, da bei dieser Methode Aminosäuren durch Punktmutationen zu Ala ausgetauscht werden, während die Sekundärstruktur noch intakt bleibt. Auch in der klassischen Röntgenkristallographie kommt dieses Prinzip zur Geltung, da häufig das Polyalanin-Grundgerüst-Modell verwendet wird um dreidimensionale Strukturen von Proteinen zu bestimmen.

In Transmembranproteinen bestehen die membrandurchspannenden Anteile, die als Transmembrandomäne das Protein in der Lipid-Doppelschicht einer Biomembran verankern, soweit bekannt ganz überwiegend aus diesen Sekundärstrukturen.

Prä-RNA-Welt
Da die RNA ein bereits sehr komplexes Molekül ist, wurden sowohl alternative als auch ergänzende Hypothesen zur Entwicklung des Lebens auf der Erde entwickelt. Dazu gehört insbesondere eine mögliche Rolle von Proteinoiden, Peptid-Nukleinsäuren (PNA), Threose-Nukleinsäuren (TNA) und Glycerol-Nukleinsäuren (GNA). Da sie chemisch einfacher gebaut sind, werden diese entweder als mögliche Vorgänger der RNA angesehen, oder es wird eine chemische Koevolution angenommen. Für Peptid-Nukleinsäuren konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass sie sich selbst replizieren und als Vorlage der RNA dienen können. Eine Entstehung von Peptid-Nukleinsäuren in der Ursuppe gilt als möglich. Auch die in der Ursuppe vermuteten polycyclischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffe (PAHs) werden als mögliche Vorgänger der RNA angesehen.

Folgende Hypothesen wurden diskutiert, die andere Nukeinsäure-Welten (Xeno-Nukleinsäuren, XNA) als Vorgänger einer RNA-Welt vorschlagen:
 XNA allgemein:
 Robert T. Gonzalez: XNA is synthetic DNA that's stronger than the real thing, in: io9, 19. April 2012
 M. Schmidt: Xenobiology: a new form of life as the ultimate biosafety tool. In: BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology. Band 32, Nummer 4, April 2010, S. 322–331, , PMID 20217844,  (Review).
 M. P. Robertson, G. F. Joyce: The origins of the RNA world. In: Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology. Band 4, Nummer 5, Mai 2012, S. , , PMID 20739415,  (Review).
 TNA:
 David Bradley: The TNA world that came before the RNA one, in: Chemistry World, 8. Januar 2012
 Am Anfang war die TNA?, in: spektrum.de vom 20. November 2000
 PNA:
 Peter E. Nielsen: Ein neues Molekül des Lebens?, in: Spektrum der Wissenschaft, Oktober 2009, S. 42–49, Abschnitt Ursprung des Lebens
 GNA:

Alternativhypothesen
Nicht alle der vorgeschlagenen alternativen Hypothesen schließen sich gegenseitig und die RNA-Welt-Hypothese aus, vielmehr könnten diese Szenarien meist auch gemeinsam bei der Entstehung moderner Zellen beteiligt gewesen sein. Eine Auswahl:

Eisen-Schwefel-Welt

Die von Günter Wächtershäuser vorgeschlagene Eisen-Schwefel-Welt-Theorie nimmt an, dass sich einfache Stoffwechselprozesse bereits vor den Nukleinsäuren als genetischem Material entwickelten, und dass diese Energie erzeugenden Zyklen die Produktion der genetischen Information, also von Genen, katalysierten.

Proteinhypothese
Sidney W. Fox schlug vor, dass Proteinoide, durch Kondensationsreaktionen abiotisch entstandene, proteinähnliche Aminosäureketten, eine Vorstufe von Lebewesen im Sinne einer Abiogenese darstellen könnten, in dem sie ebenfalls Mikrosphären und später eine Speicherstruktur der genetischen Information erzeugten.

RNA-Peptid-Koevolution
Die RNA-Welt-Hypothese im strengen Sinn geht davon aus, dass zunächst nur Ribozyme katalytische Fähigkeiten entfalteten, und Peptide oder gar die längerkettigen Proteine keine oder nur eine marginale Rolle gespielt haben. Erst in dem Umfang, in dem die Biosynthese von Aminosäureketten (an den Ribosomen) aufkam, nahmen auch die so erzeugten Peptide ihre enzymatische Funktion auf und aus der RNA-Welt wurde eine RNP-Welt (Ribonukleoprotein-Welt).

Im Gegensatz dazu geht die Hypothese der RNA-Peptid-Koevolution davon aus, dass es ausgehend von abiotisch entstandenen primordialen Oligopeptiden (kurze Aminosäureketten) zu einer chemischen Koevolution der Peptide und der RNA und ihrer katalytischen Fähigkeiten kam. Allerdings zeigen die verschiedenen Ursuppen-Experimente, dass kurze Peptidketten (Oligopeptide) bereits in der Anfangszeit der Chemischen Evolution entstehen konnten. Die Theorie setzt also die gleichzeitige Entstehung und Entwicklung zweier komplexer Moleküle (Peptid als Enzym und RNA als Träger der Erbinformation) voraus. Sie beschreibt somit eine 'von Anfang an' existierende RNP-Welt: Das heutige duale System, in dem Nukleinsäuren benötigt werden, um Proteine herzustellen, und Moleküle auf Proteinbasis umgekehrt die Nukleinsäuren verketten, hätte es also immer schon gegeben, lediglich eine Effizienzsteigerung und Zunahme der jeweiligen Kettenlängen wäre zu verzeichnen. Die Annahme wird unter anderem dadurch unterstützt, dass es offenbar eine ganze Reihe evolutionär sehr alter Protein-RNA-Komplexe gibt, unter anderem die Ribosomen und die Telomerasen. Die Hypothese könnte die schnelle Evolution der Genauigkeit der RNA-Replikation erklären, da die Proteine wie in rezenten Ribosomen als Katalysatoren wirken.

Lipid-Hypothese
Ein im März 2015 von der John-Sutherland-Gruppe abgeschlossenes Forschungsprojekt stellte fest, dass ein Netzwerk von Reaktionen beginnend mit Cyanwasserstoff und Schwefelwasserstoff in fließendem Wasser, das durch UV-Licht bestrahlt wird, die chemischen Komponenten von Proteinen und Lipiden zusammen mit RNA produzieren könnte. In diesem Szenario entstand zuerst (mit Hilfe der Lipide) eine Protozelle, die dann durch Aufnahme geeigneter Moleküle einen Stoffwechsel entwickelte.

RNA-DNA-Koexistenz
Einer neuen Überlegung von Jianfeng Xu, John Sutherland und Kollegen (2020) könnte es auch schon sehr früh eine Koexistenz von RNA und DNA gegeben haben. In diesem Zusammenhang wurde auch eine damalige Bildung von replikationsfähigen RNA-DNA-Cimären (RDNA) vorgeschlagen.

Geschichte
In seinem Buch "The Genetic Code" stellte 1967 Carl Woese die Hypothese eines auf RNA basierenden einfachen Lebens vor. Auch Leslie Orgel beschrieb 1968 die RNA als eine wichtige Stufe in der Evolution. Der Begriff der "RNA-Welt" wurde erstmals 1986 von Walter Gilbert gebraucht und hat sich seitdem etabliert.

Literatur
 A. Wochner, J. Attwater u. a.: Ribozyme-catalyzed transcription of an active ribozyme. In: Science. Band 332, Nummer 6026, April 2011, S. 209–212, . doi:10.1126/science.1200752. PMID 21474753.

Weblinks
 Patrick Cramer: Vom Ursprung der biologischen Evolution - Blick in die Zelle zeigt frühes Protein aus der "RNA-Welt", LMU München vom 14. November 2017
 Alexandra Kühnlein et al.: tRNA sequences can assemble into a replicator. In: eLife 10 vom 2. März 2021, e63431, doi:10.7554/eLife.63431. Dazu:
 Origin of life: The chicken-and-egg problem. Auf: ScienceDaily vom 2. März 2021.
 Yana Bromberg et al.: Quantifying structural relationships of metal-binding sites suggests origins of biological electron transfer. In: ScienceAdvances, Band 8, Nr. 2, 14. Januar 2022, doi:10.1126/sciadv.abj3984. Dazu:
 David Nield: Study Finds Protein Structures That Could Be Responsible For The Origins of Life. Auf: sciencealert vom 19. Januar 2022.
 Felix Müller, Luis Escobar, Felix Xu, Ewa Węgrzyn, Milda Nainytė, Tynchtyk Amatov, Chun‐Yin Chan, Alexander Pichler, Thomas Carell: A prebiotically plausible scenario of an RNA–peptide world. In: Nature, Band 605, 11, Mai 2022, S. 279–284; doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04676-3. Thema: Nicht-kanonischen RNA-Nukleoside. Dazu:
 Nadja Podbregar: RNA-Welt: Henne-Ei-Problem gelöst? – Wie die RNA in der Ursuppe die ersten Peptide gebildet haben könnte. Auf: scinexx.de vom 16. Mai 2022. Quelle: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München.
 Victor M. Rivilla, I. Jiménez-Serra, J. Martín-Pintado, L. Colzi, B. Tercero, P. de Vicente, S. Zeng, S. Martín, J. García de la Concepción, L. Bizzocchi, M. Melosso, F. Rico-Villas, M. A. Requena-Torres: Molecular Precursors of the RNA-World in Space: New Nitriles in the G+0.693−0.027 Molecular Cloud. In: Front. Astron. Space Sci., 8. Juli 2022, Reihe: RNA World Hypothesis and the Origin of Life: Astrochemistry Perspective; doi:10.3389/fspas.2022.876870. Dazu:
 Key Building Blocks for Life Discovered in Cloud Near Center of Our Galaxy. Auf: SciTechDaily vom 8. Juli 2022.
 Michelle Starr: Loads of Precursors For RNA Have Been Detected in The Center of Our Galaxy. Auf: sciencealert vom 8. Juli 2022.

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Einzelnachweise

RNA
Evolution
Astrobiologie


Bistro Pacifico offers you an intimate all-day dining experience with English / French mix of Bistro dishes and ambience. The celebrity chef - Sean Reynolds has composed the unique menu. With unrivalled panoramic views over Bournemouth beach, Poole and the Isle of Wight, Bistro Pacifico is the perfect place to dine to satisfy all your senses.


NWC3L version: - Agrability of creeps on both Goblins Observatory changed from Normal (500) to Camp (200). - Improved Gold Mines locations. - Starting mana of Forest Troll on Goblins Merchants now is 0. Version 1.2: - Added minor green points with Forest Trolls (drop: Broth of rejuvenation). - Added new devices drop on Gold Mines (red points). - The Lion Horn of Stormwind now adds 1.5 armor instead 1.
Can we also play one map on saturday?