iOS8 이상 버전이 필요한 트윅입니다.
이 트윅은 앱스토어의 앱이 시스템에 접근하는 것을 탐지하고 보호합니다.
tsProtector P 의 iOS8 대응 버전입니다.
점차 여러 유용한 기능을 추가해 나갈 것입니다.
체험판에서는 허용우선으로만 작동하며 하나의 앱만 차단할 수 있습니다.
구매하시면 모든 기능을 다 사용할 수 있습니다.
접근탐지를 하지 못하거나 어떠한 문제가 생긴다면 설정에서 "문제점 보고하기"로 메일을 보내주십시오. 또는 트위터 @typ0s2d10 로 연락주시면 감사하겠습니다.
홈화면에 아이콘이 생기지 않으며, 설정앱에 설정항목이 추가됩니다.
This tweak let you protect your device's system from AppStore apps.
This tweak is the next version of tsProtector P for iOS 8.
I'll add more features soon.
In trial mode, it can be set only blacklist mode. You can add only one app to block access system.
You want to use all feature, purchase it from Cydia.
It does not work with all AppStore app, some apps maybe access to system even it enabled.
If you would like to report any app that cannot be detected by this tweak, please report it to @typ0s2d10, can't guarantee a fix though. I also welcome bug reports via Settings.
Thanks to Alexianos Noad(@alexianos_n) for translating.
Configure tweak options from Settings app. No icon is added to the home screen.
Change the way of app selection.


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I'm a firm believe that the antioxidants in tea are some of the best beauty secrets out there for clear skin and a soothed complexion (after all, stress causes wrinkles.) One of my favorites, Tantalizing Tea, is offering 30% off their entire site and free shipping on order of $50 or more. Be sure to get your hands on the Green Tea Sampler for great skincare benefits, both for the antioxidants and the taste! Just enter CYBERJOY at checkout to receive the discount.
My beloved Bliss Spa is offering Black Friday while offers 20% off of their signature products and other genius products such as Elemis and Laboratoire Remede. You NEED to check out their genius gift sets for stocking stuffers, like this Two Turtle 'Gloves' Spa-Strength Super-Smoothing Hand Duo (on sale for $48, a $65 value), which is essential for winter-dry hands. It includes a pair of gel-lined Glamour Gloves and a 1 oz. sample of their High Intensity Hand Cream.
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Set your clocks to Monday to take advantage of Stila Cosmetics online warehouse sale, which will last the entire week through Friday, December 2nd. I'm talking ALL the favorites at 80% off, including Smudge Stick Waterproof Eye Liner and Stila brushes. This is one I will personally not miss.
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Hi Kingsisle I'm curious about the new hall monitor feature. What must those few selected do to become one? Can new ones still be made after the update had been added. Or is it only given to ones closest to kingsisle, such as the ones who work for the central?
You will find the following statement in the Updates regarding Hall Monitors. It appears that KI already has selected or is in the process of selecting Hall Monitors.
These Hall Monitors, who are selected by invitation only.
This is not something you can apply for. KI is or already has selected the "Hall Monitors".
The following statement is also in the update notes. Hall Monitors are "anonymous". Even if they are one, they are not allowed to say so.


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Q: How can I access a 32 or 64 bit integral value similar to GCC's sync_fetch_and_add in a CONST method? I am used to using pthread mutexts, etc (or boost equivalents) to synchronize/protect access to shared across threads data.
More recently, I've had to work with code where atomics are used in places to avoid some of the overhead of mutex locking etc. I am, for the purposes of this question, asking more about HOW to do this instead of whether it is WORTH doing ;)
Code is compiled with GCC 4.4.7, iir and on Linux x86-64.
I often ran across calls of the sort: InterlockedCopy(variable)
which is typedef'ed to
__sync_fetch_and_add(&(__var__), 0)

Now, this seems to fit the bill nicely, except that I have this habit of wanting to make methods that do not MODIFY a member be ... const.
So, if I have a "status" flag variable that I use, currently a uint32_t (but I am willing to change types or use typedef sig_int_t etc) and I wish to set it to some enum value in one thread and read it in another via a const accessor, how can I do so without making the accessor non-const or making the accessed member "mutable"?
Pardon my ignorance, but I was thinking: GCC has a lot of atomic primitives. Including ones to pre or post add, subtract, and, or, etc values and return them atomically (with included full memory barrier) - why is there no:
__sync_fetch(__var__) built-in.

Is it because it is not needed. That we can simply use a normal uint32_t and:
T1(CPU0): __sync_synchronize(); statusFlag = ENUM_VALUE;

T2(CPU1): if (statusFlag == ENUM_VALUE)
          { // do stuff ... }
          __sync_synchronize();

Or some such - that:
1. Ensures atomic access on properly aligned integral variables.
2. Ensures that when the flag is updated in one thread that a method that checks this flag (not in a loop) in another thread will either see it the next time it checks that flag in the other thread (allowing for time for the coherency 'stuff' I am trying to learn about - to happen...)
(so hard to TYPE this question non-interactively ;) - sorry)
Mainly, I cannot imagine GCC left out a plain non-mutating "fetch" unless it was because it obviously is not needed since it is achievable trivially via other existing means.

A: The line __sync_fetch_and_add(&(__var__), 0) actually does something slightly different than just fetch the variable.  It takes ownership of the cache line.  I'm not sure if that's intended but that is what it does.  So, changing it will change the semantics of the program.
The x86-64 architecture is strongly ordered though, so you generally don't need to worry about memory re-orderings other than the compiler.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Tag Archives: midterms
Will the Investigative Torch Pass to the House?
acting attorney general, Adam Schiff, attorney general, Collusion, Committees, donald trump, House appropriations committee, house intelligence committee, House of Representatives, investigation, Jeff Sessions, matt whitaker, midterms, Mueller, nancy pelosi, nita lowey, president, russia, zoe lofgren
With Jeff Sessions gone as Attorney General and Matt Whitaker positioned as acting AG, one has to wonder how much longer Mueller will be able to carry on his investigation unhindered. It may be the Special Counsel will have to pass his baton over to the House. But will House Democrats vigorously investigate?
This article from Vox, written by Ezra Klien, correctly points out that because Democrats took the House but not the Senate, they will have trouble passing legislation into law. Much of what power is left to them is in the investigation of President Trump. With their new found majority, Democrats are taking over vital investigative committees in the House. New York Democrat Nita Lowey, will chair the Appropriations Committee, and has "a laundry list of potential areas for inquiry. . . . [including the] family separation policy and hurricane relief in Puerto Rico." California Rep. Adam Schiff will lead the House Intelligence Committee, which has already been engaged in the Trump investigation.
However, Democrats may be reluctant to shift their focus to investigation. Nancy Pelosi, House Democratic Leader, has said that any investigations will be "strategic" aimed at "seek[ing] the truth." And Rep. Zoe Lofgren, a Democrat from California, expressed a similar sentiment, stating: "if Mueller sends us an exploding bomb, we may have an obligation to deal with that. But absent that, I don't think the country will be on board with impeachment, and nor should we." She feels that focusing on the investigation will distract from what "really matters to people." It may be Democrats are unwilling to focus their energy of uncovering a truth that, even if it leads to impeachment in the House, will fail to cause removal by the Senate.
Is Another Shutdown Coming?
07 Wednesday Feb 2018
2018, gangs, immigration, impeach, midterms, MS-13, Politics, politics of impeachment, shutdown, trump
The Government passed a stop-gap bill to prevent another government shutdown today; however during bipartisan negotiations Trump said that he would "love to see a shutdown," if the parties could not come to an agreement over immigration. The comment took place during talks about the MS-13, an international gang. Trump complained that "Democrats don't want safety."
It's a possibility that President Trump was bluffing to achieve greater bargaining strength in the immigration debate. However, if the parties are unable to come to an agreement over immigration, and a government shutdown resulted, it seems likely that Trump would get the brunt of the blame. The majority of people blamed President Trump and Republican Senators for the last shutdown. If another shutdown occured, it could mean a windfall for Democrats in the 2018 midterm elections.
Eric Thayer/Reuters
How the Tax Reform Impacts Impeachment
2018, Congress, midterms, politics of impeachment, republican, tax, tax plan
The Washington Post has provided an analysis of how the new tax code is set to impact party support in the upcoming years. It notes that the majority of both blue collar Americans and college graduates do not support the plan; however middle class Americans are set to benefit in the short run through tax cuts. If these benefits are realized soon, that may mean that the Republican party maintains its majority in Congress through the 2018 midterms, which will substantially decrease the likelihood of impeachment.
Alex Wong/Getty Images


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Q: Angular - a component loads before a service fetches necessary information I'm currently struggling with observables. I think I don't understand the main concepts of rxjs properly. Here's what I'm trying to achieve.
In my Angular app there's a /product/:slug route which leads to ProductShowComponent. To display all the necessary information I first need to fetch all the products from the API with my ProductsService. The point is, the products can possibly be fetched after the component loads (e.g. when a user refreshes the page on /product/:slug).
What I'm trying to do is implementing an onReady method in productsService, subscribe to it in ProductShowComponent and display the product once the information is fetched from the API. I thought it might be possible if the onReady method returns an Observable that watches for the changes of productsService.ready value but I have no idea how to do that or if it's possible at all. Maybe there's a better way to do that? Any ideas?
product-show.component.ts
(...)

public ngOnInit(): void {
  this.route.params.subscribe(params => {
    this.productsService.onReady().subscribe(() => {
      this.product = this.productsService.get(params['productSlug'], 'slug')
    })
  })
}

(...)

products.service.ts
(...)

constructor(
  private appClient: AppClient
) {
  this.fetchAll().subscribe((products: Product[]) => {
    this.products = products
    this.ready = true
  })
}

(...)

public onReady(): Observable<any> {
  if (!this.ready) {
    // return an observable that watches for changes of value of this.ready
  } else {
    return Observable.of(null)
  }
}

(...)

A: You are on the right track but I'd like to add two points.  You could solve your problem with either one but I think both are valid.
Services should expose state through observables
In your example your service is storing the current projects and then exposing that non-observable state.  So for example,  you could have...
product-show.component.ts
public ngOnInit(): void {
  this.route.params.subscribe(params => {
    this.productsService.get(params['productSlug']).subscribe(product =>
      this.product = product;
    });
  });
}

products.service.component.ts
constructor(
  private appClient: AppClient
) {
  this.products = this.fetchAll().publish();
  this.productsSub = this.products.connect();
}

get(productId: string, idType: string) {
  return this.products.map(products => {
    return this.getProductFromProducts(products, productId, idType);
  });
}

Now you don't really  need to bother with a ready flag because you can call get as soon as the service is constructed.
The other advantage is that if something caused your available products set to change then your component would update automatically (provided your service was extended to go refetch the data on a change).
Use Subjects for Dynamic Application State
Now lets assume that you really do need the ready flag.  For example, maybe you have a several components that display some "data loading" flag until all of the initial application data (which might come from several services) is loaded.  However, for example purposes we will just solve your initial problem with a subject.  So leaving your component as you had it we can modify your service to...
products.service.component.ts
constructor(
  private appClient: AppClient
) {
  this.ready = new BehaviorSubject<boolean>(false);
  this.fetchAll().subscribe((products: Product[]) => {
    this.products = products
    this.ready.next(true);
  });
}

Since subjects are observables you don't need onReady you can just subscribe directly to ready.


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Home > Reptiles > Ankylosaurus
Ankylosaurus
The Ankylosaurus belonged to a group of diverse, heavily-armored dinosaurs, the members of which once populated every continent of the world, except Africa, in the late Cretaceous period. Contemporary to the horned Triceratops, the duckbilled Edmontosaurus, and the theropod Tyrannosaurus, these plant-eating creatures were among the last dinosaurs that existed before the mysterious event of the 'great extinction' at the end of the Cretaceous, terminating the entire Jurassic world.
Ankylosaurus Dinosaur
Ankylosaurus Fossil
Ankylosaurus Images
Ankylosaurus Pictures
Ankylosaurus Size
Ankylosaurus Skeleton
Ankylosaurus Tail
Clade Dinosauria
Order †Ornithischia
Family †Ankylosauridae
Genus †Ankylosaurus
Species †A. magniventris
Pronunciation an-kie-lo-sawr-us
Geological Period Cretaceous Period (68-66 million years ago)
Size 6 and 8 meters (19.7 and 26.2 feet) in length (head to tail tip), while the breadth was around 1.83 meters (6 feet)
Height Around 5.6 feet
Weight 5 to 6.5 tons (4.5 to 5.9 kg)
Average Lifespan 70-80 years (estimated)
Location/Distribution & Habitat Every continent except Africa, in the coastal plain between the shores of the Western Interior Seaway
Climate/Environment Temperate to subtropical forests having abundant water supply and diverse plant life
Diet Herbivore
Birth Type (Reproduction) Eggs
Locomotion Quadrupedal
History and Discovery
Although the Ankylosaurus is a much-known dinosaur, only a few fossils of the postcranial skeletons, including three skulls, have been excavated. However, these archaeological remains were enough to deliver reliable data about the physical features of the entire creature.
Back in 1906, paleontologist Peter Kaisen, who led an expedition conducted by the American Museum of Natural History, discovered the first specimen of the Ankylosaurus in the Hell Creek Formation located in Montana, northwestern US. Later, in 1908, Barnum Brown, the renowned dinosaur researcher, and hunter, officially named and described the species.
Physical Description: What does it Look Like
As a defensive creature, scientists opine that the Ankylosaurus was one of the most perfect designs of nature. Interestingly, with their bizarre proportions and armored features, the body of this prehistoric giant was extremely wide, as compared to many other contemporary species. However, much of the skeletal system (structure) of the Ankylosaurus, including parts of the pelvis, tail, and feet, is still not known.
Their armor-like features of protection, along with four bony projections, showing up from their dorsal region, are comparable to modern-day crocodiles, armadillos, turtles, and some lizards.
The head was somewhat flattened with the front jaws being modified to a beak, and the remaining part of the jaws is made of rows of leaf-shaped teeth. The body skin was embedded with big plate-like structures called the 'osteoderms', while the neck skin was studded with half rings of bone and the tail ending in a huge club of bone. Each of these structures tended to fuse or merge together, thus making the body extremely stiff, guarding it like a continued armor.
Because these dinosaurs were relatively shorter, with short legs and a broad body, they were not able to reach the high branches of the tall prehistoric vegetation during their era and had to depend upon the plants dwelling close to the ground.
Also, because of their heftily-built structure and the massive tail club, it is also apparent that they were slow-moving creatures (speed was estimated using the distance between their footprints while walking) that were almost unable to escape from the predators. When challenged, they would inflict severe injuries into the legs of the predators by swinging the massive tail sideways leaving them unable to move, and thus, stop them from chasing.
Diet: What do the Ankylosaurus Dinosaur Eat
The creature, despite its awe-inspiring, massive structure, was an herbivore (would not eat meat), feasting upon a variety of plant matters. This is quite evident from the anatomy of its mouth and the dental structure.
By the process of evolution, their sharp jaws turned beaklike and would help them cut the vegetable and plant matters at the ground-level before they would consume them.
Much like the stegosaurus, the osteoderms covering their skin was bite-proof to even the strongest of carnivores, providing their owner enough protection of the internal organs against its enemies.
The meaning of the word 'Ankylosaurus' (also its genus name) means "fused lizard" (which is derived from the animal's fused osteoderms), while 'magniventris' (its specific name) means "great belly".
Its brain was slightly bigger than a walnut.
As measured by their relative brain to body weight, the intelligence of these creatures was low among the dinosaurs.
The tongue of this creature was muscular and quite heavy; however, no one, to date, is sure about the reason.
The tail of the Ankylosaurus was strong enough even to shatter the bones of a Tyrannosaurus Rex while fighting (which is comparable to the strong tail of the modern-day kangaroo that is able to give severe injuries to an attacking lion).
The structure of the Ankylosaurus had been one of the most confusing and tough subjects for the artists to draw or render.
The largest specimen of the Ankylosaurus ever found was 20.5 feet (6.25 meters) in length.
A monster creature called 'Anguirus' that first appeared in the 1955 Hollywood flick 'Godzilla Raids Again', was loosely based on the Ankylosaurus. The character continued to appear in the next six sequels of the movie, becoming a favorite to the Godzilla movie fans.
Published on July 2nd 2018 by admin under Reptiles.
Article was last reviewed on 21st December 2018.


text:
Limonia parietina is een tweevleugelige uit de familie steltmuggen (Limoniidae). De soort komt voor in het Nearctisch gebied. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1861 door Osten Sacken.

Limonia
Steltmug uit het Nearctisch gebied

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{Sec:Intro}

Recent advances in ultracold atomic physics have brought weakly-bound ytterbium dimer, never detected spectroscopically at room temperature, up to forefront fundamental and applied research. Atomic energy level scheme convenient for laser confinement, cooling, and narrow band excitation was explored in the ultraprecise Yb frequency standards for time measurements \cite{Ludlow2015}  and relativistic geodesy applications \cite{Ludlow2018}. Yet, further refinement has been predicted for a clock based on Yb dimer \cite{Borkowski2018}. Numerous photoassociation spectroscopy (PAS) studies in the degenerate Yb gases made significant insight in ultracold collision dynamics, long-range interactions and exotic diatomic states \cite{Tojo2006, Enomoto2008, Borkowski2009, Takasu2012, Kato2013, Green2016, Takasu2017, Borkowski2017, Franchi2017, Bouganne2017, Cappellini2019}. A variety of naturally abundant isotopes of bosonic and fermionic nature made Yb dimer very attractive for studying spectroscopic manifestations of the non-classical mass-dependent effects \cite{Borkowski2017, Lutz2016}.

Particularly challenging is the use of PAS measurements to constrain the short-range gravity-like forces at the nanometer scale to affirm and improve the results of the neutron scattering and atomic force microscopy experiments \cite{Borkowski2019}. It has been shown that unprecedented 0.5 kHz accuracy of the PAS data on the near-threshold rovibrational levels of Yb$_2$ is enough to improve existing constraints on the Yukawa-type forces \cite{Fayet1996,Adelberger2009} by almost two orders of magnitude. This, however, requires essential refinement of the underlying theoretical model for PAS spectroscopy.

The BBO (beyond-Born-Oppenheimer) model introduced in Ref.~\cite{Borkowski2017} relied on the Born-Oppenheimer (BO) reference, in which the {\it ab initio} potential for the Yb$_2$ ground $^1\Sigma^+_g (0^+_g)$ state \cite{Buchachenko2007} was used with the adjustable well-depth scaling parameter and the long-range tail. The BBO terms included were the adiabatic mass-dependent corrections \cite{Lutz2016,Pachucki2008} and isotopic field shift  \cite{Lutz2016}. Initial approximations to each term were taken from different sources and also contained adjustable parameters. The best fits to the experimentally measured energies of 13 near-threshold levels of the bosonic isotopomers $^{168,170,174}$Yb$_2$ gave the root-mean-square (RMS) deviations in the range of 113 kHz (3.8$\times$10$^{-6}$ cm$^{-1}$) and 30 kHz (1.0$\times$10$^{-6}$ cm$^{-1}$) for the reference BO and BBO models, respectively.

Despite this seemingly impressive agreement, theoretical RMS deviations are 60 times larger than the experimental uncertainty. Taking into account a limited number of the levels probed experimentally and their predominant sensitivity to the long-range interatomic interactions, a plausible way of refining the theory is to obtain more robust initial guesses for molecular parameters though the more thorough elaboration of the non-adiabatic corrections and inclusion of subtle relativistic and quantum electrodynamic effects \cite{Borkowski2019} by no means can be discarded. An obvious first step is the refinement of the BO Yb$_2$ potential, which contributes by far major share of uncertainty and is not defined globally with due veracity \cite{Borkowski2009,Kitagawa2008,Buchachenko2007,WangDolg,Mosyagin2010,Tecmer2019}.

Indeed, this potential is accurately defined only in the long-range region. The  dispersion coefficients  were the subject of reliable {\it ab initio} calculations \cite{Zhang2008, Safronova2012, Porsev2014, Visentin2019}. Besides, very high sensitivity of the ultracold data to the lowest-order $C_6$ and $C_8$ coefficients permitted their high-precision adjustment \cite{Borkowski2009, Borkowski2017, Kitagawa2008}. However, PAS and scattering length data are not sensitive enough to interatomic interaction at short and medium ranges. In terms of the semiclassical analysis by Gribakin and Flambaum \cite{GF1993}, they can fix the area of the potential minimum, but not its position, $R_e$, and depth, $D_e$. The number of bound vibrational energy levels $N_\mathrm{max}$ is therefore known and $N_\mathrm{max} = 72$ for the reference $^{174}$Yb$_2$ dimer was used for testing the BO models \cite{Borkowski2009, Borkowski2017, Kitagawa2008}. Model potentials satisfying this condition with $R_e = 4.50$ {\AA} and $D_e = 1083$ cm$^{-1}$ were able to fit the PAS data with the RMS deviation of 54 kHz (1.8$\times$10$^{-6}$ cm$^{-1}$) \cite{Borkowski2009, Kitagawa2008}, better than the BO model did with the {\it ab initio} potential having $R_e = 4.55$ {\AA} and $D_e$ adjusted to 743 cm$^{-1}$ (113 kHz cited above) \cite{Borkowski2017}. Worse still, no room-temperature experimental data attesting Yb$_2$ potential minimum do exist. An exception is mass-spectrometric dissociation energy estimation of  1400 $\pm$ 1400 cm$^{-1}$~\cite{Guido1972}. To that end, it is extremely important to provide a reliable {\it ab initio} electronic structure model for Yb$_2$ and fully understand its limitations.

Consistent {\it ab initio} treatment of all the effects physically important for the interaction of two Yb atoms is not feasible. Predominantly dispersion bonding character implies extensive recovery of the dynamic electron correlation, core-valence and outer-core one included, in a highly saturated basis set heavily augmented with a diffuse component. The scalar-relativistic (SR) coupled cluster method with singles, doubles, and non-iterative triples, CCSD(T), and extrapolation to the complete basis set (CBS) limit provides the only tractable means to meet these requirements. It disregards, however, essential contributions from high-order cluster excitations. Furthermore, vectorial relativistic effects, such as spin-orbit coupling (SOC), are not negligible for lanthanides \cite{Pekka1988}. To estimate them quantitatively, one should assess the SR results against the sophisticated four-component calculations, far more restrictive with regards to the basis set size and extent of the correlation treatment. All together led to a considerable mismatch between the literature {\it ab initio} results for Yb$_2$~\cite{Buchachenko2007, WangDolg, Mosyagin2010, Tecmer2019}, which calls into question what should be considered as a reference. The first goal of the present work is therefore to address that challenge by performing, up to date,  the most reliable all-electron SR CCSD(T) calculations and assessing their convergence. Being performed within the conventional {\it ab initio} frames, our analysis is expected to be useful for similar dispersion-bound molecules containing lanthanide atoms. The second goal is to provide improved representation of the global BO Yb$_2$ potential with its preliminary uncertainty estimation. We thus describe the semiclassical scaling of the CCSD(T) potentials to make a preliminary assessment of their compliance with the ultracold data, explore the sensitivity to the parameters of the potential minimum and estimate the BO contributions not included in the {\it ab initio} calculations.  On the one hand, our results support the previous BO and BBO models \cite{Borkowski2017, Borkowski2019}, on the other -- provide more reliable and flexible reference BO potential function for use in the more sophisticated BO or BBO spectroscopic models.

The next Section combines detailed descriptions of the {\it ab initio} approaches and results. The high degree of technicality is indispensable there to make sure that our findings are reproducible and transferable. In Section ~\ref{sec:model}, we present the results of the semiclassical analysis of the {\it ab initio}-based global BO potential and discuss its implications to the BO and BBO modeling. Conclusions follow.

\section{{\it Ab initio} CCSD(T) calculations}
\label{sec:AbinitNew}

\subsection{Scalar-relativistic calculations with \textsc{Molpro}}
\label{sec:abiscalar}

The CCSD(T) calculations were performed using the exact two-component (X2C) scalar-relativistic Hamiltonian
\cite{Ricatti-proceedings,Ricatti,X2C,Sikkema-X2C,Liu-X2C,Peng2012} as realized in the \textsc{Molpro} 2015.1 program package \cite{MOLPRO}. In all our calculations the energy convergence threshold was set to 10$^{-10}$ $E_h$. The sequence of the correlation-consistent polarized valence cc-pV$n$Z basis sets with the cardinal numbers $n$ = D, T, Q (hereinafter for brevity V$n$Z) contracted for use with the X2C approximation \cite{YbAEBas} was used.
To compensate for the lack of optimized diffuse augmentation in the cc-pV$n$Z sets, we added one or two primitives for each symmetry type with the exponents continuing the sequence of basis exponents in an even-tempered manner with the default parameters of the \textsc{Molpro} package. In what follows, these options are denoted as e1 or e2, respectively. The 3s3p2d2f1g set of bond function (bf) \cite{BF} placed at the midpoint of Yb--Yb distance was also used for the same purpose. The calculations were performed in the $D_{2h}$ symmetry group for the dimer and the $C_{2v}$ group for the Yb atom in the full dimer basis to implement the counterpoise (CP) correction \cite{BoysBernardi} using the restricted Hartree--Fock reference functions. Two series of the CCSD(T) calculations correlated $5s$, $5p$, $4f$, and $6s$ orbitals (c46 option, 46 electrons within the core per atom) and, in addition, $4s$, $4p$, and $4d$ orbitals (c28 option). Negligible effect of correlating deeper shells (orbitals below 4s) on the potential energy well parameters and dispersion coefficients of the dimer was proven in Refs.~\citenum{Tecmer2019} and \citenum{Visentin2019}. We should also note in this regard that we encountered a convergence difficulty while using the correlation-consistent polarized weighted core-valence basis sets (cc-pwCV$n$Z) with $n > 2$. Thus, the results with that basis set family, more appropriate for the c28 correlation option, are not reported. The counterpoised potentials obtained with the VDZ, VTZ and VQZ basis sets were extrapolated to the CBS limit using the mixed exponential-Gaussian formula \cite{CBS11, CBS12}.

A non-uniform grid of 57 internuclear distances spanning the range from 2 to 50 {\AA} was used. At distances longer than 25 {\AA}, erratic non-smooth variations of energies were detected. This prevents a firm determination of the dominant $C_6$ dispersion coefficient by fitting and limits the accuracy of interaction energies by 0.05 cm$^{-1}$.  The Supplemental Materials to this paper tabulate the potential energies obtained with each V$n$Z basis set and extrapolated  to the CBS limit.

To establish the connection to the relativistic calculations with the \textsc{Dirac} code described in the next subsection, a few auxiliary X2C CCSD(T) calculations were performed on a slightly shorter grid. They used the c48 correlation option ($5p$, $4f$ and $6s$ orbitals correlated) and the original VDZ, uncontracted VDZ (uVDZ), and uncontracted Dyall double-$\zeta$ \cite{dyall_b} bases, all without further augmentation.

\subsection{Assessment of the scalar-relativistic approximation with \textsc{Dirac}}
\label{sec:abiso}

All the CCSD(T) calculations were carried out using the~\textsc{DIRAC19} relativistic software package~\cite{dirac_paper} and utilized a linear $D_{\infty h}^*$ symmetry, the valence double-$\zeta$ basis set of Dyall~\cite{dyall_b}, and the Gaussian nuclear model, if not stated otherwise. The calculations kept $4f$, $5p$, and $6s$ spinors (orbitals) correlated (leaving 48 inner electrons within the core per atom, c48 option) and all virtuals were active.

We assessed the performance of various relativistic Hamiltonians. Specifically, these include (i) the four-component Dirac--Coulomb Hamiltonian (with a default setup~\cite{lvcorr}) denoted as 4C-DC, (ii) the spin-free Dirac--Coulomb Hamiltonian denoted as SF-DC~\cite{dyall-spin-free}, and (iii) the spin-free X2C Hamiltonian \cite{Ricatti-proceedings,Ricatti,X2C,Sikkema-X2C,Liu-X2C,Peng2012} denoted as SF-X2C. An additional set of calculations was performed for the SF-X2C Hamiltonian with the point-charge nuclear model. That allowed us for direct comparison with the SR calculations carried out in the \textsc{Molpro} software package  described above.

As we aimed to analyze the relativistic effects on the equilibrium parameters, the grid of 27 internuclear distances $R$ were restricted to 5--20 a$_0$ (roughly 2.6--10.6 {\AA}) interval. The CP correction \cite{BoysBernardi} was applied imposing the $C_{\infty v}^*$ point group symmetry. Tabulated \textit{ab initio} potential energies with different relativistic Hamiltonians are available in the Supplemental Materials.

Table~\ref{tab:vdz} compares the parameters of the CCSD(T) c48 Yb$_2$ interaction potentials, namely,  inflection point at zero kinetic energy $\sigma$ and equilibrium parameters $R_e$, $D_e$, as obtained for the basis sets of double-$\zeta$ quality without further augmentations. Implementations of the  X2C Hamiltonian in \textsc{Dirac} and \textsc{Molpro} packages gave identical results for the Dyall basis set. The \textsc{Molpro} calculations with the cc-pV$n$Z-type basis showed a weaker bonding. This indicates that the VDZ basis even in its uncontracted form is not optimal for predominantly dispersion interaction we are dealing with here. The contraction alters $D_e$ marginally, but reduces $R_e$ by almost 0.02 {\AA}. Such a significant increment should persist for the V$n$Z sets of higher cardinal numbers and thus cannot be recovered by extrapolation to the CBS limit. The calculations with \textsc{Dirac} package demonstrated that a slight increase of the binding energy due to SO coupling and finite-nuclei effects is nearly canceled for the SF X2C Hamiltonian. By contrast, related contraction of $R_e$ by 0.01 {\AA} reflects the main deficiency of the scalar-relativistic approximation.

\begin{table}[htb]
\centering
\caption{Parameters of the CCSD(T) c48 potentials calculated with the double-$\zeta$ basis sets. Calculations with \textsc{Dirac} used Gaussian nuclear model unless stated otherwise.}
\label{tab:vdz}

\begin{tabular}{l@{\quad}c@{\quad}c@{\quad}c@{\quad}c@{\quad}}
\hline
\hline
Method & Package & $\sigma$ ({\AA}) & $R_e$ ({\AA}) & $D_e$ (cm$^{-1}$)\\
\hline
\hline
X2C VDZ & \textsc{Molpro} & 4.080 & 4.741 & 475.4 \\
X2C uVDZ & \textsc{Molpro} & 4.062 & 4.727 & 478.0 \\
X2C Dyall  & \textsc{Molpro} & 4.022 & 4.694 & 531.9 \\
SF-X2C Dyall point charge  & \textsc{Dirac} & 4.022 & 4.694 & 531.9 \\
SF-X2C Dyall  & \textsc{Dirac} & 4.018 & 4.692 & 533.0 \\
SF-DC Dyall  & \textsc{Dirac} & 4.024 & 4.694 & 526.0 \\
4C-DC Dyall  & \textsc{Dirac} & 4.012 & 4.686 & 532.3 \\
\hline
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\subsection{{Convergence of the scalar-relativistic results}}
\label{sec:res}

To assess the convergence of the Yb$_2$ X2C CCSD(T) calculations with respect to the diffuse basis augmentation and the core correlation treatment it is instructive to analyze the results at the CBS limit, which accounts for  the convergence with respect to cardinal number of the primary basis set. As the CBS extrapolation procedure cannot be rigorously defined, it introduces additional uncertainty \cite{CBS11,CBS12,CBS21,CBS22,Feller1992,Feller1998,Pilar,Feller2011}. Moreover, additional ambiguity might originate from the CBS extrapolation of the basis set sequences augmented with bond functions. This quite technical issue is discussed in the Supplemental Materials to this paper.

Table~\ref{tab:params} lists the values of interaction potential parameters after the CBS extrapolation and the semiclassical estimates of the number of bound vibrational energy levels $\mathcal{N}$ obtained with the potential model introduced in Sec.~\ref{sec:model} (\textit{vide infra}).

The difference between c46 and c28 calculations (all else being equal) indicates that the correlation of the $4s4p4d$ shells reduces the bonding of Yb atoms to a minor extent. That is in line with the previous calculations on the Yb$_2$ potential \cite{Tecmer2019}.  Diffuse augmentation is essential for better recovering the dispersion interactions. While involving the atom-centered even-tempered diffuse primitives (e1) is only suboptimal, it still results in good convergence that follows from the marginal effect of including the second primitive set (e2). The addition of the bond functions enhances Yb$_2$ bonding to a larger extent. For this reason, and for smaller CBS uncertainty due to faster convergence with the cardinal basis number, we took the present V$n$Zbf c28 result as the reference to estimate the converged X2C CCSD(T) potential parameters as $R_e  = 4.585 \pm 0.01$ {\AA} and $D_e = 658 \pm 15$ cm$^{-1}$, where the major share of uncertainties belongs to the form of diffuse augmentation, the minor -- to the CBS extrapolation. The deviation between the X2C CCSD(T) calculations with the cc-pV$n$Z-type and Dyall-type basis sets discussed in Sec.~\ref{sec:abiso} creates additional source of uncertainty. To estimate it better, we consider an artificial CBS extrapolation of the SF-X2C CCSD(T) results for the Dyall VDZ basis set with extrapolation coefficients taken from the corresponding X2C CCSD(T) V$n$Z c48 series. It results in $R_e \approx 4.54$ {\AA} and $D_e \approx 670$ cm$^{-1}$, or $\approx 4.53$ {\AA} and $\approx 700$ cm$^{-1}$ if the increments due to diffuse function augmentation are added. As the physical origin of such a significant mismatch is not clear, the latter values can only be taken as indication that the present calculations likely underestimate the bonding of Yb atoms at the CCSD(T) level of theory.

The results of the previous SR CCSD(T) calculations are presented in Table~\ref{tab:params} as well. The only available all-electron calculations from Ref.~\citenum{Tecmer2019} underestimate the present $D_e$ values by ca. 10\% and overestimate $R_e$ by 0.07 {\AA}. Besides the minor difference in the applied scalar-relativistic Hamiltonians (X2C vs. Douglas--Kroll-Hess of the second order), this mismatch is likely due to the lack of the diffuse functions in the atomic natural orbital relativistic semi-core correlation (ANO-RCC) basis set and the absence of the CP correction. Even though the ANO-RCC basis set was designed to correlate Yb orbitals starting from the 5s shell, the correlation of deeper shells did not result in any problems as reported in Ref.~\citenum{Tecmer2019}. The best ANO-RCC estimation falls between the present VTZe1 and VQZ results, despite the fact that the ANO-RCC basis set was used in its uncontracted form.

The potential from Refs.~\citenum{Buchachenko2007} is based on the small-core effective core potential ECP28MWB \cite{ECP28MWB} combined with the corresponding ANO basis set \cite{ANO} augmented by the specially designed atom-centered diffuse function set \cite{SC1} and the bf set \cite{BF} simultaneously. It implies stronger bonding of Yb atoms than the present series does, namely, the binding energy is larger by 11\%, and the equilibrium distance is shorter by 1.5\%. This difference should be attributed to the uncertainties of the effective core potential description of the inner shells and of the quality of the ANO basis, as is corroborated by the calculations by Wang and Dolg with the same basis but different diffuse augmentation \cite{WangDolg}. Mosyagin and co-workers \cite{Mosyagin2010} investigated the bonding of Yb atoms using the 28-electron generalized relativistic effective core potential (GRECP) and a series of supplementary basis sets. Only four outer $6s$ electrons were correlated in their reference CCSD(T) calculations with the largest basis. Correction to outer core correlation (OC, equivalent to the present c46 core option) was evaluated with a smaller basis. At this level, their result for binding energy almost falls within the error bars we predicted, but the equilibrium  distance is strongly overestimated.

To go beyond the X2C CCSD(T) approximation, one should consider the vectorial relativistic effects and contributions from the higher-order cluster excitation. For the former, we can use the present 4C-DC calculations. Table~\ref{tab:vdz} indicates that for the double-$\zeta$ basis, the main effect with respect to X2C approximation is the contraction of the dimer bond length. Artificial CBS extrapolation with the coefficients derived from the X2C CCSD(T) V$n$Z c48 series infers the shrinkage of $R_e$ by 0.01 {\AA} and increase of $D_e$ by 9 cm$^{-1}$. Ref.~\citenum{Mosyagin2010} reports the correction twice as large (Table~\ref{tab:params}, ``+SOC''), but the quasi-relativistic two-component density functional theory employed therein is certainly much less accurate. Mosyagin et al. \cite{Mosyagin2010} provided the only and indirect estimation for the higher-order cluster corrections. Iterative contributions of triples and quadruples were recovered by subtracting CCSD(T) energy from the full configuration interaction energy, both obtained by correlating four outer electrons in a medium-size basis set, ``+iTQ'' in the Table~\ref{tab:params}. The effect, 1.5\% reduction of $R_e$ and 20\% increase of $D_e$, is quite significant. However, it is not possible to guess how it would behave upon expanding the basis set and the depth of the shells included in the correlation treatment.

Adding the present estimate for SO coupling and the iTQ correction from Ref.~\citenum{Mosyagin2010} to the converged X2C results cited above, we obtain $R_e \approx 4.45$ {\AA} and $D_e \approx 825$ cm$^{-1}$ as a guess for the true Yb$_2$ BO potential. Uncertainties of these values are hard to quantify, but they are likely not less than 0.1 {\AA} and 100 cm$^{-1}$, respectively.

\begin{table}[htb]
\centering
\caption{{Parameters of the present extrapolated X2C CCSD(T) Yb$_2$ potentials and that from literature. }}
\label{tab:params}
\begin{tabular}{lc@{\quad}c@{\quad}c@{\quad}c@{\quad}}
\hline
\hline
Method & $\sigma$ ({\AA}) & $R_e$ ({\AA}) & $D_e$ (cm$^{-1}$) &  $\mathcal{N}$   \\
\hline
\hline
V$n$Z c46 & 3.916  & 4.593  & 617.5  & 66.99 \\
V$n$Ze1 c46	& 3.907 & 4.596 & 646.1  & 68.15  \\
V$n$Ze2 c46	& 3.907 & 4.598 & 646.9  & 68.20 \\
V$n$Zbf c46	& 3.906 & 4.594 & 654.6 & 68.35 \\
V$n$Z c28	& 3.915 & 4.590 & 615.0 & 66.90 \\
V$n$Ze1 c28 	& 3.906 & 4.596 & 643.6  & 68.12 \\
V$n$Zbf c28	& 3.896	& 4.585 & 657.5  & 68.54 \\
ANO-RCC c28 \cite{Tecmer2019} & &  4.665 & 580 & \\
ECP28MWB \cite{Buchachenko2007} & 3.870 & 4.522 & 723.7 & 70.97	 \\
ECP28MWB \cite{WangDolg} & & 	4.549 & 742 & \\
28e GRECP+OC \cite{Mosyagin2010} & &	4.683 & 642	& \\
28e GRECP +OC+iTQ \cite{Mosyagin2010} & & 4.615 & 767	 &  \\
28e GRECP +OC+iTQ+SOC \cite{Mosyagin2010} & & 4.582 & 787 & \\
\hline
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\section{Global BO potential by semiclassical scaling}
\label{sec:model}

As was already mentioned, PAS and scattering length measurements established the number of the bound vibrational levels, $N_\mathrm{max}$, of Yb$_2$ dimer.  Previous analysis indicates that this condition can be applied to the BO potentials, as the BBO contributions are too small to alter the number of levels \cite{Borkowski2017}.

To test the present {\it ab initio} results, we accepted the semianalytical representation of the global BO potential $V(R)$ introduced in Ref.~\citenum{Borkowski2017}:
\begin{equation}
V(R)=[1-f(R)]sV_\mathrm{SR}(R)+f(R) V_\mathrm{LR}(R),
\label{eq:Vfun}
\end{equation}
where the {\it ab initio} points interpolated by cubic splines stand for the short-range part $V_\mathrm{SR}$ and the long-range part contains two lowest dispersion interaction terms
\begin{equation}
V_\mathrm{LR}(R)=-C_6/R^6 -C_8/R^8,
\label{eq:VLR}
\end{equation}
as the PAS data is not sensitive to the next $C_{10}$ term \cite{Borkowski2017}. The switching function has the fixed form
\begin{equation}
f(R) = \begin{cases} 0, & \mathrm{if } \;  R \le a  \\
\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{4}\sin{\frac{\pi x}{2}}\left(3-\sin^2{\frac{\pi x}{2}}\right), & \mathrm{if } \; a < R < b  \\
1 &  \mathrm{if } \; R > b,
\end{cases}
\label{eq:ffun}
\end{equation}
with $x=[(R-a)+(R-b)]/(b-a)$, $a = 10$ a$_0$ (5.292 {\AA}), $b = 19$ a$_0$ (10.054 {\AA}). The values of the  dispersion coefficients $C_6 = 1937.27$ and $C_8 = 226517$ a.u. were taken as fitted in Ref.~\citenum{Borkowski2017} and kept fixed. The scaling parameter $s$ is adjustable. If $s=1$, Eq.(\ref{eq:Vfun}) describes the interpolation of the original {\it ab initio} points at $R \le a$.

The number of the bound vibrational levels was obtained semiclassically following the procedure described in Ref.~\citenum{GF1993}. The semiclassical phase at zero kinetic energy is given by
\begin{equation}
\Phi = \frac{1}{\hbar} \int_\sigma^\infty \sqrt{2\mu [-V(R)]} dR,
\label{eq:phase}
\end{equation}
where $\mu$ is the reduced mass of the Yb dimer, for which we used the atomic reduced mass of the $^{174}$Yb$_2$ dimer. Note that Eqs.(\ref{eq:Vfun}), (\ref{eq:ffun})  permit analytical integration of the phase from $R = b$ to infinity that greatly facilitates accurate numerical evaluation of the integral (\ref{eq:phase}). Then $N_\mathrm{max}=[\mathcal{N}]$, $\mathcal{N} =\Phi/\pi + 3/8$. The $\mathcal{N}$ values for the original ($s=1$)  X2C CCSD(T)  potentials are given in Table~\ref{tab:params}. The best of them consistently support 68 bound levels.

\begin{table}[h]
\centering
\caption{Scaling dimensionless factors $s$ and binding energies (cm$^{-1}$) of the X2C CCSD(T) potentials for the $^{174}$Yb$_2$ dimer.}
\label{tab:scale}
\begin{tabular}{l@{\quad}c@{\quad}c@{\quad}c@{\quad}c@{\quad}c@{\quad}}
\hline
\hline
Potential & $s_\mathrm{min}$ & $s_\mathrm{min}D_e$ & $s_\mathrm{max}$ & $s_\mathrm{max}D_e$ & mean $D_e$ \\
\hline
\hline
V$n$Z c46	    & 1.233  & 761.4  & 1.281 & 791.0 & 776$\pm$15 \\
V$n$Ze1 c46 & 1.172  & 757.2  & 1.218 & 786.9 & 772$\pm$15 \\
V$n$Ze2 c46 & 1.170   & 757.2  & 1.215 & 786.0 & 772$\pm$15 \\
V$n$Zbf c46  & 1.162  & 760.6 & 1.208 & 790.7  & 776$\pm$15 \\
V$n$Z c28       & 1.238   & 761.4  & 1.286 & 790.9 & 776$\pm$15 \\
V$n$Ze1 c28 & 1.174   & 755.6  & 1.219 & 784.5 & 770$\pm$15 \\
V$n$Zbf c28 & 1.153   & 758.0  & 1.198 & 787.7 & 773$\pm$15 \\
\hline
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\begin{figure}[htb]
\includegraphics[width=0.6\linewidth]{scalingnew}
\caption{Correlation of the scaled binding energy and shifted equilibrium distance of the Yb$_2$ interaction potential based on the {\it ab initio} V$n$Zbf c28 data. Solid lines represents the linear fit}. Cross indicates the scaled Born-Oppenheimer result from Ref.~\citenum{Borkowski2017}.
\label{fig:scale}
\end{figure}

Next, we vary parameter $s$ until $\mathcal{N}$ exceeds 72 to get $s_\mathrm{min}$ and until $\mathcal{N}$ remains less than 73 to get $s_\mathrm{max}$. The resulting values of $s$, scaled binding energies and mean binding energies computed with the X2C CCSD(T) $V_\mathrm{SR}$ potentials are listed in  Table~\ref{tab:scale}. First, it is evident that the constraint on the bound level projects the original potentials, whose binding energies vary by 43 cm$^{-1}$, to much narrower intervals of 6 cm$^{-1}$ for the limiting and mean values. Such mapping reflects the similarity in the overall shapes of the attractive potentials calculated using the different {\it ab initio} schemes. Second, the range of $D_e$ values that obey the constraint is 30 cm$^{-1}$. As follows from the numerical solutions of the vibrational Schr{\"o}dinger equation, the position of the last near-threshold $N_\mathrm{max}-1 = 71$ level in the same range of $s$ varies by ca. 0.02 cm$^{-1}$. It gives a clue that uncertainty in fixing the near-threshold levels (e.g., by PAS data) gains three orders of magnitude upon propagation to the equilibrium properties.

Preceding analysis of the {\it ab initio} results points out that X2C CCSD(T) CBS calculations significantly overestimate the dimer equilibrium distance. The shift of the potential towards shorter range should obviously affect the scaling by increasing the phase $\Phi$. To take this uncertainty into account, we introduced the shift parameter $d$ and replaced the {\it ab initio} part of the model function (\ref{eq:Vfun}) by the shifted potential $V_\mathrm{SR}(R-d)$. For each $d \in [-0.02,0.14]$ the limiting scaling parameters $s_\mathrm{min}$ and $s_\mathrm{max}$ were found using the same criteria as above. Figure~\ref{fig:scale} shows the results in terms of shifted and scaled equilibrium parameters for the V$n$Zbf c28 {\it ab initio} potential.
Position and the mean depth of the potential well are correlated linearly with the coefficient $200\pm 1$ cm$^{-1}$/{\AA}.  The limits of $D_e$ variation weakly depend on $d$ and amount to $\pm15$ cm$^{-1}$. If we add the uncertainty of the scaled dissociation energies from the Table~\ref{tab:scale}, the margins expand to $\pm18$ cm$^{-1}$.  Figure~\ref{fig:scale} also shows the result of Ref.~\citenum{Borkowski2017}, where the ECP28MWB potential \cite{Buchachenko2007} was used as the reference. It lies on the extended lower bound of the present calculations. We believe that  the Figure~\ref{fig:scale} identifies the most probable ranges for equilibrium parameter variations, i.e., $R_e  \in [4.45, 4.55]$ {\AA} and $D_e = 755 \pm 20$ cm$^{-1}$.

Another implication of the present analysis is the possibility to replace the model function (\ref{eq:Vfun}) with a more flexible form
 \begin{equation}
V(R)=[1-f(R)]s(d)V_\mathrm{SR}(R-d)+f(R) V_\mathrm{LR}(R),
\label{eq:Vfun1}
\end{equation}
where the constraint $s(d) = -0.304d + 1.176$ results from the correlation between $D_e$ and $R_e$, $V_\mathrm{SR}$ is the present X2C CCSD(T) V$n$Zbf c28 pointwise potential, whereas the Eqs.(\ref{eq:VLR}) and (\ref{eq:ffun}) and their parameters remain unchanged. Keeping a single adjustable parameter ($d$ instead of $s$ in Eq. (\ref{eq:Vfun})), new function features the sensitivity to both position and depth of the potential minimum and thus should have better properties for accurate BO or BBO fitting of the PAS data.

{\section{Conclusions}}

Present calculations set the scalar-relativistic CCSD(T) benchmark for the ground-state potential of Yb dimer. Achieving the convergence with respect to the basis set saturation and the extent of core correlation treatment, we estimated its equilibrium parameters as {$R_e  = 4.585 \pm 0.01$ {\AA}, $D_e = 658 \pm 15$ cm$^{-1}$ and explained the main sources of disagreements in the previous {\it ab initio} calculations. The first four-component relativistic CCSD(T) calculations performed with a double-$\zeta$ basis generally support the validity of the X2C approximation but pointed to the bond length shrinkage of about 0.01 {\AA} as the main effect caused by relativistic contraction. The quoted uncertainties, not exceeding 3\%, can only be narrowed down by customizing the basis set for the Yb atom and/or the bond function for the Yb$_2$ molecule. The design principle of general-purpose bases may well be suboptimal for the particular system considered and the accuracy level required.}

The X2C CCSD(T) potentials were used to approximate the BO Yb$_2$ potential represented by the model semianalytical function. On the one hand, semiclassical scaling to the known number of bound vibrational levels reduces the uncertainty in Yb$_2$ binding energy almost by an order of magnitude. This indicates that variations of the {\it ab initio} computational scheme alter the shape of the bound potential insignificantly. On the other, the constraint on the number of bound levels has its own uncertainty of the same order (30 cm$^{-1}$ or 4\%) as that of initial {\it ab initio} potential. It reflects the weak sensitivity of the ultracold PAS data to the potential minimum parameters. We found that the quoted uncertainty in $D_e$ is three orders of magnitude larger than the uncertainty in the position of the last bound vibrational level.

We also analyzed the effect of uncertainty in equilibrium distance established in the {\it ab initio} calculations. As a result, we bound the potential parameters of the BO Yb$_2$ potential as $R_e  \in [4.45, 4.55]$ {\AA} and $D_e \in [735, 775]$ cm$^{-1}$. This supports the reliability of the previous BO fit to PAS data  made with the potential having $R_e=4.52$ and optimized $D_e=743.0 \pm 2.4$  cm$^{-1}$ \cite{Borkowski2017}. We suggested modifying the model BO potential function to account for a strong correlation of the position and depth of the potential well.

Finally, we should stress that the sophisticated BO fit to PAS data \cite{Borkowski2017} was able to reduce uncertainty in the $D_e$ value from 20 to 2 cm$^{-1}$ to warranty $4\times 10^{-6}$ RMS deviation from the measured energies of the near-threshold levels. Thus, the new model function and its uncertainty obtained here promise remarkable improvements of above mentioned fits.

\begin{acknowledgments}
We thank Mateusz Borkowski, Piotr \.Zuchowski, and Dariusz K\k{e}dziera for many helpful discussions. Financial support by the Russian Science Foundation under project no. 17-13-01466 is gratefully acknowledged.
P.T.~thanks an OPUS 17 research grant of the National Science Centre, Poland, (no.~2019/33/B/ST4/02114) and a scholarship for outstanding young scientists from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education.
\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Nesti, ninfa delle acque dolci parte delle naiadi, secondo altre fonti può essere un ulteriore nome della dea Persefone. Si questa conclusione in base alla cosiddetta 'doppia etimologia'. Essa consiste nel derivare una parola sia dal greco, sia da un'altra lingua, in questo caso quella parlata dagli abitanti della Sicilia prima dell'arrivo dei greci.

Secondo il filosofo Empedocle di Agrigento ad essa è associato l'elemento acqueo.

Note

Ninfe


text:
Canada's Imperial Oil vows disclosure after parent Exxon shares new pollution data
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Canada's Imperial Oil says it will update its carbon pollution disclosure "in the coming months," after parent company Exxon Mobil pulled back the curtain for the first time on emissions from the use of its own products.
Exxon bowed to investor pressure and released information this week showing the carbon pollution that is generated when its products are used, such as when the gasoline sold at company-affiliated gas stations is combusted inside people's car engines.
This measurement of pollution, known by its technical term "Scope 3," accounts for between 70 and 80% of life cycle emissions for most oil companies, according to the Pembina Institute.
Exxon's Scope 3 emissions, the company admitted in its 2021 Energy and Carbon Summary, were equivalent to 730 megatonnes (Mt) of carbon dioxide in 2019. That puts Exxon, one of the largest oil and gas companies in the world, roughly on par with Canada's entire emissions output of 729 Mt in 2018.
Financial experts have suggested for years that firms move towards disclosing these emissions. Canada's federally appointed expert panel on sustainable finance, for example, recommended in June 2019 that corporations should begin preparing to "disclose, if appropriate, Scope 3 greenhouse gas emissions" and related risks. Two years before that, the Switzerland-based Financial Stability Board said the same thing.
"We need oil companies to phase out their fossil fuel production in line with what the climate science demands, and reporting Scope 3 emissions instead of ignoring them is a small step towards that," said Oil Change International research analyst Bronwen Tucker.
Environmental groups, however, say the Canadian oil and gas sector is lagging when it comes to publicly disclosing this measurement of carbon pollution, at least to the fullest extent possible.
The Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers, the main industry group, did not respond to multiple requests for comment. The Canadian Fuels Association declined comment, while the Petroleum Services Association of Canada said it was not in a position to respond before publication.
In response to questions about whether the company would be making Scope 3 emissions data available to the Canadian public following its parent company's move, Imperial Oil spokesperson Lisa Schmidt said: "We will provide an update on our emissions disclosure within our sustainability report in the coming months."
Suncor, a large Canadian energy company, does disclose Scope 3 emissions, according to the Transition Pathway Initiative, which bills itself as a "corporate climate action benchmark" that assesses how companies are preparing for the low-carbon economy.
But Tucker argued that the Scope 3 data in the company's Climate Risk and Resilience Report for 2020 represented an incomplete picture as it focused on its own refineries. A request for comment to Suncor was not returned before publication.
Imperial and other companies do publish what's known as "Scope 1" and "Scope 2" emissions data, which refer to the carbon pollution from an energy company's own operations, like crude oil production, as well as those emissions associated with the electricity that the company consumes.
In Canada, much of the attention on rising emissions from the oilpatch have been focused on these kinds of measurements. Greenhouse gas emissions from oil and gas production climbed 23% over the last roughly two decades, for example, largely due to increased production.
Oilpatch firms have also invested in technology that can decrease these kinds of emissions as well as their emissions intensity.
Cenovus Energy, another large Canadian company, said it currently reports Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions in its Environmental, Social and Governance Report for 2019. Cenovus recently merged with oilpatch firm Husky Energy in a $6-billion deal.
"ESG (environmental, social and governance) leadership will remain core to the combined company," said spokesperson Sonja Franklin.
"This includes ambitious ESG targets, robust management systems and transparent performance reporting. We will also maintain our ambition of achieving net-zero emissions by 2050."
Big oil takes a big hit
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Last week was brutal for global oil majors with leading operators such as Chevron, EXXON Mobil, as well as others, including Total, Shell and Husky, reporting huge second-quarter losses with slumping oil prices and demand declines due to COVID-19. Reports suggest Chevron and EXXON's poor numbers reflect the biggest losses in U.S.-based petroleum in the more than 160 years the U.S. has been selling oil products.
Chevron, amid huge write-downs, announced it will cut 5% of its global output during this quarter and will hold off on plans to ramp up production at its Permian Basin shale holdings. The company announced July 31 that it had lost (US)$8.3 billion in the second quarter. This compares to the (US)$4.3 billion it took home in Q2 profits at this time last year.
Exxon too has announced its expansion plans are on hold after reporting it generated no operational cash flow in Q2. The company reported its (US)$1.1 billion losses in the quarter were the largest since its merger with Mobil in 1998.
"While demand and commodity prices have shown signs of recovery, they are not back to pre-pandemic levels, and financial results may continue to be depressed into the third quarter 2020," Chevron offered in a statement.
Husky Energy is also reporting a large loss over the second quarter. Last week the Calgary-based major announced losses of $304 million. This contrasts with last year when the company reported profit of $370 million over the quarter. Behind the loss was the decline in crude pricing that fell from an average of $67.82 to $24.36 per barrel. Husky also suffered from an 8% decline in production as it tried to stem the damage from low oil prices.
France's Total Energy joined the group with an $8 billion write-down of its assets of which many are in the oil sands region of Alberta. The company recently announced it would slice $5.5 billion in the value of its Fort Hills and Surmont Canadian oil sand projects.
Biggest Q2 losses were recorded by Royal Dutch Shell where losses were (US)$18.1 billion. Earnings were down 82%.
Massive losses aside, expectations are that the market is strengthening as the world seeks to normalize and move into new pandemic phases. Already companies, such as ConocoPhilips, have begun to reverse their Q2 curtailments and are ramping production upward across Canada and the U.S. markets.
Exxon trial probes how oil giant accounts for climate change
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New York's attorney general is accusing Exxon Mobil of lying to investors about how profitable the company will remain as governments impose stricter regulations to combat global warming.
The lawsuit claims the Texas energy giant kept two sets of books – one accounting for climate change regulations and the other underestimating the costs – to make the company appear more valuable to investors.
Exxon denied the allegations, calling them politically motivated, and said the company looks forward to being exonerated in court.
At stake is how much value investors will still see in oil and gas companies once the impact of climate change – and the stepped-up efforts to curb it – become more apparent.
"If companies like Exxon accurately account for the necessary degree of regulation to prevent even more dangerous global warming from happening, it will make less and less sense to continue to invest in developing fossil fuel projects," said Michael Burger, executive director of the Sabin Center for Climate Change Law at Columbia University.
While there are hundreds of lawsuits filed against companies about climate change, this is one of the first to go to trial, according to the Sabin Center.
At the heart of the case is a question about whether Exxon was downplaying the impact regulations may pose on its ability to make money in the future.
The complaint says that in order to account for future climate change regulations, Exxon told the public it was applying an estimated cost – or "proxy cost"- of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases to its investment decisions. It also said it would apply the proxy cost when it evaluates the value of its assets and estimates future demand for oil and gas.
But the complaint says that instead, Exxon applied lower or no proxy costs for years when making investment decisions or assessing its oil and gas reserves. As a result, the company may have been exposed to far greater risk from climate change regulations than investors were led to believe, the complaint said. An expert witness for the state estimated potential damages to shareholders of $476 million to $1.6 billion.
The state also claims Exxon inaccurately concluded that it faced little risk associated with a "two degrees scenario," in which the consumption of fossil fuels was severely curtailed to limit global temperature increases to below two degrees Celsius compared to pre-industrial levels. The complaint says Exxon claimed its oil and gas reserves face little risk of becoming too expensive to operate and that the company would be able to profitably exploit those assets well into the future.
Exxon said that because there isn't a uniform, globally accepted cost of carbon, the company uses two distinct metrics to account for the impact of existing and potential climate-related regulations. The first, a "proxy cost," reflects climate policies that could reduce demand for oil and natural gas globally, Exxon said in an emailed statement. The other, a greenhouse gas cost, reflects actual costs that could be imposed on emissions of oil and gas projects as a result of a specific jurisdiction's laws. Exxon takes into account both types of costs to make sound business decisions and meet its responsibilities to shareholders, the company said.
"The New York Attorney General's case is misleading and deliberately misrepresents a process we use to ensure company investments take into account the impact of current and potential climate-related regulations," the company said in a statement.
The New York Attorney General's office declined to elaborate beyond the documents it filed for the case.
The securities fraud case does not accuse Exxon Mobil of playing a role in accelerating climate change but focuses on whether the company misled investors.
"The notion that the company can continue to pump oil and gas with abandon while the climate crisis causes ever greater human suffering and harm to communities across the globe is a destructive fantasy," said Lee Wasserman, director of the Rockefeller Family Fund, which has funded research investigating what Exxon and other oil companies knew about climate science. "This case will focus on one element of Exxon's alleged deception – whether the company misinformed investors about the risks climate change poses to the value of its oil and gas assets. If the state wins, Big Oil will be on notice that a business-as-usual approach to the extraction of fossil fuels is an increasingly fraught enterprise."


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Five Myths About the Lieberman-Warner Global Warming Legislation
Report Environment
May 30, 2008 3 min read Download Report
Former Senior Policy Analyst, Energy and Environment Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies
Ben Lieberman was a specialist in energy and environmental issues.
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On June 2, the United States Senate will begin debate on America's Climate Security Act (S. 2191), sponsored by Senators Joseph Lieberman (I-CT) and John Warner (R-VA). The Lieberman-Warner bill (LW) would restrict energy use to combat global warming. Like global warming itself, the bill has been the subject of considerable hype and little hard-nosed analysis. For this reason, there are several myths about it that need to be dispelled.
Myth #1: LW would not be expensive.
Fact: Simply put, LW works like a massive energy tax. By restricting carbon dioxide emissions from coal, oil, and natural gas--with a freeze at 2005 levels beginning in 2012, to a 70 percent reduction in 2050--the bill forces down supply and thus boosts the price of energy. In fact, if energy prices did not go up, then the targets in the bill would not be met. As energy is the economy's lifeblood, and 85 percent of it comes from these fossil fuels, the impact will be substantial. Cumulative gross domestic product (GDP) losses could reach $4.8 trillion by 2030, according to an analysis conducted by the Heritage Foundation. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Environmental Protection Agency, Charles River Associates, and the National Association of Manufacturers have all conducted studies predicting significant economic burdens on consumers should the bill be enacted.
Myth #2: The costs fall on industry, not consumers.
Fact: Virtually all the burden imposed by LW falls upon consumers. The bill will spur net job losses well into the hundreds of thousands, and possibly nearing one million. Particularly hard hit is the manufacturing sector where over one million jobs will be lost by 2022 and two million by 2027. The losses in household incomes could reach $1,026 per year by 2015. Annual household energy-price increases could hit $1,000 by 2030, including a 29 percent increase in the price of gasoline from 2008 levels.
Myth #3: Global warming is a crisis that must be addressed at all costs.
Fact: Global warming is a concern, not a crisis. Both the seriousness and the imminence of the threat are overstated. For example, the recent United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report estimates 7 to 23 inches of sea level rise by the end of the century--far less than the widely popularized claims of 18 to 20 feet and little more than ongoing trends over the past several centuries. The attempt to link Hurricane Katrina with climate change is directly contradicted by the World Meteorological Organization and many scientists. Overall, current and expected future temperatures are far from unprecedented, and are highly unlikely to lead to catastrophes.
Myth #4: LW effectively addresses the threat of climate change.
Fact: Even assuming the worst of global warming, LW reduces the threat by a minuscule amount. The bill reduces emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the United States only. China has overtaken America as the world's largest emitter, and its emissions growth is several times greater than that of the U.S. India and other fast-developing nations are on a similar trajectory. Thus, the unilateral impact of the bill on global emissions would be inconsequential. At most, it would reduce the earth's future temperature by one or two tenths of a degree Celsius--too small to even verify. In other words, LW is all economic pain for no environmental gain.
Myth #5: LW's cap-and-trade approach is a proven success.
Fact: Critics of the cap-and-trade approach in LW, in which emissions are capped and regulated entities may trade their rights to emit, point to the European Union's substantial difficulties since initiating its own cap-and-trade program in 2005. Most E.U. nations are not on track to meet their targets, and many are seeing their emissions rise faster than those in the U.S. The program is furthermore plagued by accusations of fraud and unfairness. LW essentially adopts the European approach wholesale.
Overall, the Lieberman-Warner bill promises substantial hardship for the economy overall, for jobs, and for energy costs. Given current economic concerns and energy prices, this is the last thing the American people need. At the same time, the environmental benefits would likely be small to nonexistent. The Lieberman-Warner bill fails any reasonable cost-benefit test.
Ben Lieberman is Senior Policy Analyst for Energy and Environment in the Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies at The Heritage Foundation.
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COMMENTARY 3 min read
Memo to John Kerry: Advancing Economic Freedom Is True Key to Saving Planet
Supreme Court Should End Federal Government's Water Overreach
Free Economies Are Clean Without Subsidizing Renewables


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Simply Laser - Style Trial: May the wings of your eyeliner always be even and your brows game always be strong.
Style Trial: May the wings of your eyeliner always be even and your brows game always be strong.
Read the Style Trial by Claire Deane for STYLE MAGAZINES here.


A household is simply a residential unit. It refers to a person or persons living under one roof. Traditionally, a household has been thought of as a nuclear family. Boy meets girl, boy marries girl, boy and girl buy a house or rent an apartment. In this way, marriage creates more households and demand for more places to live. Divorce, too, creates more households and demand for more housing. People who get divorced do not want to continue living together under the same roof. Households are also formed when children grow up and move out. Most kids can't wait to get their own place.
However, much of this activity is currently on hold…Due to the poor economy, some people are postponing marriage. Others are postponing divorce and, as much as they would like to be independent, many grown children are staying put. Some can't find jobs even after graduating from college, so they are choosing to live with mom and dad just a little longer. Even those lucky enough to be employed are moving in with their parents in order to cut expenses.
Believe it or not, this lack of household formation could be good news for housing in the long run. It means there is a lot of pent-up demand for housing, and chances are it is growing. Current household formation may be depressed, yet potential household demand is strong.
Previous Get Ready: Economic Hell is Coming!


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Brown, No. 19 Michigan women roll past Appalachian State
Dec 16, 2022, 8:58 PM | Updated: Dec 17, 2022, 10:59 am
ANN ARBOR, Mich. (AP) — Leigha Brown scored 16 points with eight assists, six rebounds and two steals and No. 19 Michigan recovered from its first loss to beat Appalachian State 77-49 on Saturday.
Emily Kiser led the Wolverines (10-1) with 18 points on 8-of-11 shooting and Laila Phelia added 11. Sophomore Greta Kampschroeder, a transfer from Oregon State, had her first double-figures game for her new team with 11, getting three of Michigan's five 3-pointers.
A'Lea Gilbert scored 15 points for the Mountaineers (3-7).
Kiser had 12 points and Phelia 11 as the Wolverines took a 40-25 lead at the half. Appalachian State had 17 turnovers that led to 19 points and Michigan went 11 of 12 at the foul line.
A 14-0 run to open the second quarter put the Wolverines in command. Phelia made four free throws and hit a 3-pointer and Brown hit a 3 and her layup at the 4:30 mark made it 33-15. The Mountaineers missed four shots and had seven turnovers.
Brown had nine points and five assists in the second half when Michigan shot 58% to finish the game at 53%.
Appalachian State was 4 of 19 from 3-point range and finished 18 of 55 (33%) from the field. The Mountaineers had 27 turnovers but Michigan had 24. The difference was cashing in on the miscues with the Wolverines posting a 30-10 advantage.
Michigan is headed for the Jumpman Invitational and will face No. 7 North Carolina in Charlotte on Tuesday.
AP women's college basketball: https://apnews.com/hub/womens-college-basketball and https://apnews.com/hub/ap-top-25-womens-college-basketball-poll and https://twitter.com/AP_Top25
PHILADELPHIA (AP) — Mike Rallis had his younger brother draped over his shoulders and was set to dump him to the turf — as a roughhousing brother might do — when he took an abrupt blow to his ribs. In a flash, Nick Rallis was on his feet and had turned the fight around. He […]