text:
Let's Move To KNOCKLYON
(IRISH INDEPENDENT, May 1st, 2015)
The footbridge over the M50 at Knocklyon, a young place with an old history
"It isn't really
Anywhere!
It's somewhere else
Instead!"
– From 'Halfway Down' by AA Milne
To the uninitiated, Knocklyon signifies two things: suburbia and Superquinn … sorry SuperValu. This urban village in south west Dublin is one of those places that is often defined more by where it's not than where it is: it isn't really Ballyboden, or Firhouse, or Tallaght or Rathfarnham, or Dundrum, it's somewhere else instead ….
Of course the Inbetweeners of Knocklyon don't see it like this at all. They're not in between anything; Knocklyon is very much its own place, and it's their place.
For them, the SuperValu shopping centre on Knocklyon Road, the nearby St Colmcille's Catholic Church and primary and secondary schools of the same name, and the youth and community centre are the centre of the known universe; a safe, solid and settled universe mom and dad moved to in the 1970s when a sleepy rural village (nine houses and 46 people living there in 1901, according to the census for that year) was transformed utterly as umpteen brave new estates were cut from fields and foothills beneath the Dublin mountains.
They built it and the rest followed bit by bit, shopping centre, schools, infrastructure generally. And now the children of the first settlers and their young families live there themselves, if they can afford it, or trade up into it as soon as they can.
Knocklyon is both young and old. Old in that as the local Irish Countrywomen's Association guild's fascinating history of the area, Knocklyon Past And Present, notes, Richard de Clare, or Strongbow, known for his leading role in the Norman Invasion of Ireland. granted Walter de Ridelford the lands of Knocklyon and adjoining lands in the 12th century. It is also overlooked by the ruins of the infamous Hells Fire Club, where a bunch of degenerate 18th century toffs drank and debauched and followed the strange Satanic rituals popular in such circles at the time and inspired bedtime tales to terrify the locals for years thereafter.
Knocklyon is an Anglicised version of any of the following: Cnoclaighen – Hill of Leinster, Cnocluin – O'Liun's Hill or OTlynn's Hill, or Cnocliomhna – Hill of the Pool, believed to be a hill and pool behind Knocklyon Castle, originally built in the 15th century, and still there on Castlefield Avenue, off the Ballycullen Road.
But the Knocklyon we know today is young in that the parish was only established in October of 1974. It occupies a narrow valley south of Templeogue and south east of Tallaght, between the Dodder and Owendoher rivers. The valley is comprised of the townlands of Ballycullen, Knocklyon, Scholarstown and Woodstown.
St Colmcille's National School first opened its doors in 1976, and such has been the rise in population since, the recently rebuilt complex now houses reportedly the largest primary school in the country., with over 1,500 pupils in a complex housing 58 mainstream classrooms, 20 resource teaching rooms, four halls and four libraries,
During the 1970s and 80s more estates sprang up – including Templeroan, Orlagh, Woodstock, Castlefield and Westboume Lodge. The year 1980 brought Superquinn to Knocklyon – their very supermarket at last! Then, in 1989, there was the opening of the Youth and Community Centre. The centre has proved to be a great asset to all the people of Knocklyon, young and old. As well as the usual sports clubs it caters for such groups as K.A.I.E.S. (Adult Education), speech and drama Classes, The Lyon's Den, providing after school childcare, the Active Retirement Group, and many more social activities.
The first Dublin Bus double decker route from Scholarstown Road to the City centre arrived in 1990, the Post Office a year later and 1993 heralded the opening of Knocklyon's own Credit Union.
The pastoral centre, known as the Iona Centre and which is also a main hub of activity in the parish opened in in 2000. The same year St Colmcille's Community School opened and it now has over 700 secondary students. A measure of both the success of the primary and secondary schools in Knocklyon and how much the area has grown, is the waiting list for both. Indeed waiting lists are a feature of clubs and activities in the village in general, with the popular 112th Scout troop and successful Ballyboden St. Enda's GAA club both attracting the masses.
The construction of the M50 motorway through the heart of Knocklyon in the late 1980s changed the landscape forever. It divides Knocklyon, with most of the suburb lying on the east of the motorway. Housing estates to the east include Idrone, Beverly, Dargle Wood, Delaford, Knockaire, Orlagh, Templeroan, and Woodfield. To the west of the M50 are estates such as Castlefield Manor, Glenlyon, Glenvara Park, and Woodstown. These are linked to the rest of Knocklyon by a footbridge and by Junction 12 of the motorway.
Local residents had feared the worst when the motorway was being built, in terms of how it might divide the area both literally and metaphorically but, if anything, the community spirit and vigour that define Knocklyon for many local people, west or east of the motorway, have if anything, strengthened and they have retained more than just the same Dublin 16 postal code.
Living in this solid middle-class area, bordered by Ballycullen Road to the west and Ballyroan Road, Ballyroan to the east, also means solid middle-class house prices. The average three-bed semi ranges from €350,000 to €380,000; a four bed semi will go for over €400,000, while detached houses around Beverley, Idrone and Lansdowne can go for €900,000, or more.
The Central Bank's limits on mortgage lending have had an affect on the Irish property market in general, and estate agents operating in Knocklyon report a dramatic shortening of the queues attending viewings for new houses. According to Damien Dillon, of property consultants Dillon Marshall, "This time last year you would have 30-40 for a viewing, now you'd have maybe three or four. The bottom has dropped out of the first time buyer's market; talking to guys in the bank, they confirm it's at a standstill".
The thing is, though, those three or four people rend to be committed and Sinead Beggan, of McGuirk Beggan, sees it as rather an indication of a more measured market, which she says is no bad thing."Prices have pulled back from last year," she confirms, "people tend to be quite specific in what they are after. For example, you have people who bought in Ballycullen in 2007/08 and now want to trade up to Knocklyon, where their parents and families live."
Because of the level of activity in the housing market locally last year, Beggan reports housing stock levels have increased, with the last phase of the Dalriada development coming on the market shortly.
With the Dublin mountains nearby and many woods, parks and forest walks to chose from, the area is wonderful for children and adults alike and all who love the great outdoors. On your doorstep are are the extensive and well-used Marlay Park in Rathfarnham, and nearby St Enda's Park, which also contains the Patrick Pearse Museum, on the site of his famous school of the same name.
There is also Bushy Park in Terenure, or Tymon Park, which again is not far by car. The sporting life is well catered for locally, too, with Ballyboden St Enda's GAA _ over 1,000 children attended the club's six-week Summer Camp programme last year – and the busy Knocklyon United soccer club, which has 35 schoolboy teams and two Leinster Senior League teams, catering for large numbers, young and old.
The 112th Dublin (Knocklyon) Scout Unit is the second largest scout group in the country, with just under 300 youth members and 70 adult members. And a waiting list!
The best known pubs are Delaneys, or the Knocklyon Inn, on the Knocklyon Road, and Morton's, on the Ballycullen Road, on the border of Firhouse and Knocklyon. There are no restaurants of note locally.
Served by Dublin Bus 15, 15F, 15E, 49, 49A, 74, 75 and drivers, of course enter and leave from unction 12 of the M50
As well as the aforementioned Knocklyon Shopping centre, there are any amount of shopping centres minutes away, with two in Rathfarnham alone. Dundrum Shopping centre is close enough as is The Square in Tallaght.
As indicated, prices for a three-bed semi start at around €350,000, and such a house, 211 Glenvara Park is looking for €360,000. But the demand is there and 5 Templeroan Drive (REA Ed Dempsey), also a three-bed semi, is asking for €440,000. Number 78 Glenvara Park (McGuirk Beggan), a four-bed semi, is starting at €450,000. Number 15 Dalriada Avenue (McGuirk Beggan), a four-bed townhouse, is quoting €365,000
The Dublin Mountains nearby and lots of parks and outdoor amenities
Strong community spirit
Like all suburban areas, too much traffic and parking not always easy at peak periods
Waiting lists for schools and social clubs
0 comments on "Let's Move To KNOCKLYON"


10.40 - 12.30. Walked along the Drove route from Wilton to the Dinton end of Grovely. WB unexpected. Whites regularly seen, but concentrated in scrubby areas rich in (much maligned) ragwort. RAs mostly seen on south-facing flowering ivy. Conditions sufficiently benign to tempt some hibernators out - it is good to know there are some!


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Estonian National Opera
Estonian National Ballet
Operettas / Musicals
Jaak Jõekallas
Jaak Jõekallas graduated from Tallinn Pedagogical University in the field of Bibliography in 1993 and Georg Ots Tallinn Music School (1995, teacher Henn Eerik). He has furthered his education with Virgilijus Noreika (1995–97) and Heidy Tamme (2000–03, musical theatre singing). Since 1990 he sings in the chorus of Estonian National Opera, including smaller solo parts. He has also performed in the productions of Vanemuine Theatre, Von Krahl Theatre and Smithbridge Production. He has sung in the ensemble Operetta Scretta and has hosted together with Triin Ella the popular radio show "The Magical Power of Melody". He is the author of Vikerraadio program "Nostalgia". In addition, he is the author of concert-performances "Imre Kálmán. Music through tears" (2010), "Composers and their muses" (2013) and "Just one time" (2014). As a singer his repertoire includes Arno (Vinter's "Spring", Tommy (Vinter/Raudmäe "Pippi Longstocking"), Tony Schlumberger (Kálmán's "Die Zirkusprinzessin"), Freddy (Loewe's "My Fair Lady"), Celestin (Ábrahám's "Ball im Savoy"), Mendel (Bock's "Fiddler on the Roof"), Don Curzio (Mozart's "Le nozze di Figaro"), Tom Trainor (Youmans' "No, No, Nanette"), Emile (Friml's and Stothart's "Rose-Marie"), Tölpa (Vinter/Ehala/Raadik "Pippi!Bumpy!Pooh!"), Kusti (Ehala's "Bumpy"), Indrek (Raadik's "The Truth and Justice of Vargamäe"), Baron Eugen von Rohnsdorff (Kálmán's "Die Csárdásfürstin"), Herman's Jean-Michel ("La Cage aux folles") and Barnaby Tucker ("Hello, Dolly!"), Statue (Sauter's and Weill's "You and Me"), Second Me (Laas/Kuntu "Hold"), Binder (Schubert's "Die Dreimädelhaus") Achilleus (Offenbach's "La belle Hélène"), Baby John (Bernstein's "West Side Story"), Bailiff (Tubin's "The Parson of Reigi") among others. Jaak Jõekallas is also the author of the biography "The Unforgettable Muiliza Korjus" (2012, Pegasus) and articles for various publications. His hobbies include collecting the autographed photos of musicians, film stars, politicians and athletes.
Reservation of tickets Mon-Sun 10.00-17.00
Box office is open Tue-Sun 11.00-19.00
Seating Plan and Prices
Classictic.com
Chamber Hall

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
For other uses, see Asia (disambiguation).
44,579,000 km2 (17,212,000 sq mi) (1st)[1]
4,462,676,731 (2016; 1st)[2]
100/km2 (260/sq mi)
$28.23 trillion (2017; 1st)
$6,690 (2017; 5th)[3]
49 UN members,
1 UN observer, 5 other states
Akrotiri and Dhekelia
Non-UN states
List of languages
UTC+2 to UTC+12
Metropolitan areas of Asia
List of cities in Asia
Asia (/ˈeɪʒə, ˈeɪʃə/ ( listen)) is Earth's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the Eastern and Northern Hemispheres. It shares the continental landmass of Eurasia with the continent of Europe and the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with both Europe and Africa. Asia covers an area of 44,579,000 square kilometres (17,212,000 sq mi), about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area. The continent, which has long been home to the majority of the human population,[4] was the site of many of the first civilizations. Asia is notable for not only its overall large size and population, but also dense and large settlements, as well as vast barely populated regions. Its 4,522,036,285 people (As of 28 September 2018) constitute roughly 60% of the world's population.[5]
In general terms, Asia is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Indian Ocean, and on the north by the Arctic Ocean. The border of Asia with Europe is a historical and cultural construct, as there is no clear physical and geographical separation between them. It is somewhat arbitrary and has moved since its first conception in classical antiquity. The division of Eurasia into two continents reflects East-West cultural, linguistic, and ethnic differences, some of which vary on a spectrum rather than with a sharp dividing line. The most commonly accepted boundaries place Asia to the east of the Suez Canal separating it from Africa; and to the east of the Turkish Straits, the Ural Mountains and Ural River, and to the south of the Caucasus Mountains and the Caspian and Black Seas, separating it from Europe.[6]
China and India alternated in being the largest economies in the world from 1 to 1800 CE. China was a major economic power and attracted many to the east,[7][8][9][10] and for many the legendary wealth and prosperity of the ancient culture of India personified Asia,[11] attracting European commerce, exploration and colonialism. The accidental discovery of a trans-Atlantic route from Europe to America by Columbus while in search for a route to India demonstrates this deep fascination. The Silk Road became the main East-West trading route in the Asian hinterlands while the Straits of Malacca stood as a major sea route. Asia has exhibited economic dynamism (particularly East Asia) as well as robust population growth during the 20th century, but overall population growth has since fallen.[12] Asia was the birthplace of most of the world's mainstream religions including Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, Jainism, Sikhism, Zoroastrianism, as well as many other religions.
Given its size and diversity, the concept of Asia—a name dating back to classical antiquity—may actually have more to do with human geography than physical geography. Asia varies greatly across and within its regions with regard to ethnic groups, cultures, environments, economics, historical ties and government systems. It also has a mix of many different climates ranging from the equatorial south via the hot desert in the Middle East, temperate areas in the east and the continental centre to vast subarctic and polar areas in Siberia.
Definition and boundaries
Further information on Asian borders: Geography of Asia § Boundary, Boundaries between continents, List of transcontinental countries § Asia and Europe, and Copenhagen criteria
Asia–Africa boundary
The boundary between Asia and Africa is the Red Sea, the Gulf of Suez, and the Suez Canal. This makes Egypt a transcontinental country, with the Sinai peninsula in Asia and the remainder of the country in Africa.
Asia–Europe boundary
Statue representing Asia at Palazzo Ferreria, in Valletta, Malta
The border between Asia and Europe was historically defined by European academics.[13] The Don River became unsatisfactory to northern Europeans when Peter the Great, king of the Tsardom of Russia, defeating rival claims of Sweden and the Ottoman Empire to the eastern lands, and armed resistance by the tribes of Siberia, synthesized a new Russian Empire extending to the Ural Mountains and beyond, founded in 1721. The major geographical theorist of the empire was actually a former Swedish prisoner-of-war, taken at the Battle of Poltava in 1709 and assigned to Tobolsk, where he associated with Peter's Siberian official, Vasily Tatishchev, and was allowed freedom to conduct geographical and anthropological studies in preparation for a future book.
In Sweden, five years after Peter's death, in 1730 Philip Johan von Strahlenberg published a new atlas proposing the Urals as the border of Asia. The Russians were enthusiastic about the concept, which allowed them to keep their European identity in geography. Tatishchev announced that he had proposed the idea to von Strahlenberg. The latter had suggested the Emba River as the lower boundary. Over the next century various proposals were made until the Ural River prevailed in the mid-19th century. The border had been moved perforce from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea into which the Ural River projects.[14] The border between the Black Sea and the Caspian is usually placed along the crest of the Caucasus Mountains, although it is sometimes placed further north.[13]
Asia–Oceania boundary
The border between Asia and the region of Oceania is usually placed somewhere in the Malay Archipelago. The Maluku Islands in Indonesia are often considered to lie on the border of southeast Asia, with New Guinea, to the east of the islands, being wholly part of Oceania. The terms Southeast Asia and Oceania, devised in the 19th century, have had several vastly different geographic meanings since their inception. The chief factor in determining which islands of the Malay Archipelago are Asian has been the location of the colonial possessions of the various empires there (not all European). Lewis and Wigen assert, "The narrowing of 'Southeast Asia' to its present boundaries was thus a gradual process."[15]
Ongoing definition
Afro-Eurasia shown in green
Geographical Asia is a cultural artifact of European conceptions of the world, beginning with the Ancient Greeks, being imposed onto other cultures, an imprecise concept causing endemic contention about what it means. Asia is larger and more culturally diverse than Europe.[16] It does not exactly correspond to the cultural borders of its various types of constituents.[17]
From the time of Herodotus a minority of geographers have rejected the three-continent system (Europe, Africa, Asia) on the grounds that there is no substantial physical separation between them.[18] For example, Sir Barry Cunliffe, the emeritus professor of European archeology at Oxford, argues that Europe has been geographically and culturally merely "the western excrescence of the continent of Asia".[19]
Geographically, Asia is the major eastern constituent of the continent of Eurasia with Europe being a northwestern peninsula of the landmass. Asia, Europe and Africa make up a single continuous landmass – Afro-Eurasia (except for the Suez Canal) – and share a common continental shelf. Almost all of Europe and the better part of Asia sit atop the Eurasian Plate, adjoined on the south by the Arabian and Indian Plate and with the easternmost part of Siberia (east of the Chersky Range) on the North American Plate.
Ptolemy's Asia
The English name "Asia" was originally a concept of Greek civilization.[20] The place name "Asia" in various forms in a large number of modern languages is of unknown ultimate provenience. Its etymology and language of origin are uncertain. It appears to be one of the most ancient of recorded names. A number of theories have been published. English Asia can be traced through the formation of English literature to Latin literature, where it has the same form, Asia. Whether all uses and all forms of the name derive also from the Latin of the Roman Empire is much less certain. One of the first classical writers to use Asia as a name of the whole continent was Pliny.[21] This metonymical change in meaning is common and can be observed in some other geographical names, such as Skandinavia (from Scania).
Before Greek poetry, the Aegean Sea area was in a Greek Dark Age, at the beginning of which syllabic writing was lost and alphabetic writing had not begun. Prior to then in the Bronze Age the records of the Assyrian Empire, the Hittite Empire and the various Mycenaean states of Greece mention a region undoubtedly Asia, certainly in Anatolia, including if not identical to Lydia. These records are administrative and do not include poetry.
The Mycenaean states were destroyed about 1200 BCE by unknown agents although one school of thought assigns the Dorian invasion to this time. The burning of the palaces baked clay diurnal administrative records written in a Greek syllabic script called Linear B, deciphered by a number of interested parties, most notably by a young World War II cryptographer, Michael Ventris, subsequently assisted by the scholar, John Chadwick. A major cache discovered by Carl Blegen at the site of ancient Pylos included hundreds of male and female names formed by different methods.
Some of these are of women held in servitude (as study of the society implied by the content reveals). They were used in trades, such as cloth-making, and usually came with children. The epithet lawiaiai, "captives", associated with some of them identifies their origin. Some are ethnic names. One in particular, aswiai, identifies "women of Asia".[22] Perhaps they were captured in Asia, but some others, Milatiai, appear to have been of Miletus, a Greek colony, which would not have been raided for slaves by Greeks. Chadwick suggests that the names record the locations where these foreign women were purchased.[23] The name is also in the singular, Aswia, which refers both to the name of a country and to a female of it. There is a masculine form, aswios. This Aswia appears to have been a remnant of a region known to the Hittites as Assuwa, centered on Lydia, or "Roman Asia". This name, Assuwa, has been suggested as the origin for the name of the continent "Asia".[24] The Assuwa league was a confederation of states in western Anatolia, defeated by the Hittites under Tudhaliya I around 1400 BCE.
Alternatively, the etymology of the term may be from the Akkadian word (w)aṣû(m), which means 'to go outside' or 'to ascend', referring to the direction of the sun at sunrise in the Middle East and also likely connected with the Phoenician word asa meaning east. This may be contrasted to a similar etymology proposed for Europe, as being from Akkadian erēbu(m) 'to enter' or 'set' (of the sun).
T. R. Reid supports this alternative etymology, noting that the ancient Greek name must have derived from asu, meaning 'east' in Assyrian (ereb for Europe meaning 'west').[20] The ideas of Occidental (form Latin Occidens 'setting') and Oriental (from Latin Oriens for 'rising') are also European invention, synonymous with Western and Eastern.[20] Reid further emphasizes that it explains the Western point of view of placing all the peoples and cultures of Asia into a single classification, almost as if there were a need for setting the distinction between Western and Eastern civilizations on the Eurasian continent.[20] Ogura Kazuo and Tenshin Okakura are two outspoken Japanese figures on the subject.[20]
The province of Asia highlighted (in red) within the Roman Empire.
Latin Asia and Greek Ἀσία appear to be the same word. Roman authors translated Ἀσία as Asia. The Romans named a province Asia, located in western Anatolia (in modern-day Turkey). There was an Asia Minor and an Asia Major located in modern-day Iraq. As the earliest evidence of the name is Greek, it is likely circumstantially that Asia came from Ἀσία, but ancient transitions, due to the lack of literary contexts, are difficult to catch in the act. The most likely vehicles were the ancient geographers and historians, such as Herodotus, who were all Greek. Ancient Greek certainly evidences early and rich uses of the name.[25]
The first continental use of Asia is attributed to Herodotus (about 440 BCE), not because he innovated it, but because his Histories are the earliest surviving prose to describe it in any detail. He defines it carefully,[26] mentioning the previous geographers whom he had read, but whose works are now missing. By it he means Anatolia and the Persian Empire, in contrast to Greece and Egypt.
Herodotus comments that he is puzzled as to why three women's names were "given to a tract which is in reality one" (Europa, Asia, and Libya, referring to Africa), stating that most Greeks assumed that Asia was named after the wife of Prometheus (i.e. Hesione), but that the Lydians say it was named after Asies, son of Cotys, who passed the name on to a tribe at Sardis.[27] In Greek mythology, "Asia" (Ἀσία) or "Asie" (Ἀσίη) was the name of a "Nymph or Titan goddess of Lydia".[28]
In ancient Greek religion, places were under the care of female divinities, parallel to guardian angels. The poets detailed their doings and generations in allegoric language salted with entertaining stories, which subsequently playwrights transformed into classical Greek drama and became "Greek mythology". For example, Hesiod mentions the daughters of Tethys and Ocean, among whom are a "holy company", "who with the Lord Apollo and the Rivers have youths in their keeping".[29] Many of these are geographic: Doris, Rhodea, Europa, Asia. Hesiod explains:[30]
For there are three-thousand neat-ankled daughters of Ocean who are dispersed far and wide, and in every place alike serve the earth and the deep waters.
The Iliad (attributed by the ancient Greeks to Homer) mentions two Phrygians (the tribe that replaced the Luvians in Lydia) in the Trojan War named Asios (an adjective meaning "Asian");[31] and also a marsh or lowland containing a marsh in Lydia as ασιος.[32]
Main article: History of Asia
The Silk Road connected civilizations across Asia[33]
The history of Asia can be seen as the distinct histories of several peripheral coastal regions: East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia and the Middle East, linked by the interior mass of the Central Asian steppes.
The coastal periphery was home to some of the world's earliest known civilizations, each of them developing around fertile river valleys. The civilizations in Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley and the Yellow River shared many similarities. These civilizations may well have exchanged technologies and ideas such as mathematics and the wheel. Other innovations, such as writing, seem to have been developed individually in each area. Cities, states and empires developed in these lowlands.
The central steppe region had long been inhabited by horse-mounted nomads who could reach all areas of Asia from the steppes. The earliest postulated expansion out of the steppe is that of the Indo-Europeans, who spread their languages into the Middle East, South Asia, and the borders of China, where the Tocharians resided. The northernmost part of Asia, including much of Siberia, was largely inaccessible to the steppe nomads, owing to the dense forests, climate and tundra. These areas remained very sparsely populated.
The center and the peripheries were mostly kept separated by mountains and deserts. The Caucasus and Himalaya mountains and the Karakum and Gobi deserts formed barriers that the steppe horsemen could cross only with difficulty. While the urban city dwellers were more advanced technologically and socially, in many cases they could do little in a military aspect to defend against the mounted hordes of the steppe. However, the lowlands did not have enough open grasslands to support a large horsebound force; for this and other reasons, the nomads who conquered states in China, India, and the Middle East often found themselves adapting to the local, more affluent societies.
The Islamic Caliphate's defeats of the Byzantine and Persian empires led to West Asia and southern parts of Central Asia and western parts of South Asia under its control during its conquests of the 7th century. The Mongol Empire conquered a large part of Asia in the 13th century, an area extending from China to Europe. Before the Mongol invasion, Song dynasty reportedly had approximately 120 million citizens; the 1300 census which followed the invasion reported roughly 60 million people.[34]
The Black Death, one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, is thought to have originated in the arid plains of central Asia, where it then travelled along the Silk Road.[35]
The Russian Empire began to expand into Asia from the 17th century, and would eventually take control of all of Siberia and most of Central Asia by the end of the 19th century. The Ottoman Empire controlled Anatolia, most of the Middle East, North Africa and the Balkans from the mid 16th century onwards. In the 17th century, the Manchu conquered China and established the Qing dynasty. The Islamic Mughal Empire and the Hindu Maratha Empire controlled much of India in the 16th and 18th centuries respectively.[36]
Map of western, southern, and central Asia in 1885[37]
The map of Asia in 1796, which also included the continent of Australia (then known as New Holland).
1890 map of Asia
Main articles: Geography of Asia and Climate of Asia
The Himalayan range is home to some of the planet's highest peaks.
Asia is the largest continent on Earth. It covers 9% of the Earth's total surface area (or 30% of its land area), and has the largest coastline, at 62,800 kilometres (39,022 mi). Asia is generally defined as comprising the eastern four-fifths of Eurasia. It is located to the east of the Suez Canal and the Ural Mountains, and south of the Caucasus Mountains (or the Kuma–Manych Depression) and the Caspian and Black Seas.[6][38] It is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Indian Ocean and on the north by the Arctic Ocean. Asia is subdivided into 48 countries, three of them (Russia, Kazakhstan and Turkey) having part of their land in Europe.
Asia has extremely diverse climates and geographic features. Climates range from arctic and subarctic in Siberia to tropical in southern India and Southeast Asia. It is moist across southeast sections, and dry across much of the interior. Some of the largest daily temperature ranges on Earth occur in western sections of Asia. The monsoon circulation dominates across southern and eastern sections, due to the presence of the Himalayas forcing the formation of a thermal low which draws in moisture during the summer. Southwestern sections of the continent are hot. Siberia is one of the coldest places in the Northern Hemisphere, and can act as a source of arctic air masses for North America. The most active place on Earth for tropical cyclone activity lies northeast of the Philippines and south of Japan. The Gobi Desert is in Mongolia and the Arabian Desert stretches across much of the Middle East. The Yangtze River in China is the longest river in the continent. The Himalayas between Nepal and China is the tallest mountain range in the world. Tropical rainforests stretch across much of southern Asia and coniferous and deciduous forests lie farther north.
Mongolian steppe
South China Karst
North Asia (Siberia)
East Asia (Far East)
West Asia (Middle East or Near East)
South Asia (Indian subcontinent)
Southeast Asia (Indochina and East Indies)
A survey carried out in 2010 by global risk analysis farm Maplecroft identified 16 countries that are extremely vulnerable to climate change. Each nation's vulnerability was calculated using 42 socio, economic and environmental indicators, which identified the likely climate change impacts during the next 30 years. The Asian countries of Bangladesh, India, Vietnam, Thailand, Pakistan and Sri Lanka were among the 16 countries facing extreme risk from climate change. Some shifts are already occurring. For example, in tropical parts of India with a semi-arid climate, the temperature increased by 0.4 °C between 1901 and 2003. A 2013 study by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) aimed to find science-based, pro-poor approaches and techniques that would enable Asia's agricultural systems to cope with climate change, while benefitting poor and vulnerable farmers. The study's recommendations ranged from improving the use of climate information in local planning and strengthening weather-based agro-advisory services, to stimulating diversification of rural household incomes and providing incentives to farmers to adopt natural resource conservation measures to enhance forest cover, replenish groundwater and use renewable energy.[39]
Main articles: Economy of Asia, List of Asian countries by GDP, List of countries in Asia-Pacific by GDP (nominal), and List of Asian and Pacific countries by GDP (PPP)
Singapore has one of the busiest ports in the world and is the world's fourth largest foreign exchange trading center.
GDP (PPP, Peak Year)
millions of USD
Peak Year
1 China 25,313,268 2018
2 India 10,401,440 2018
3 Japan 5,632,475 2018
4 Russia 4,179,597 2018
5 Indonesia 3,495,920 2018
6 Turkey 2,314,398 2018
7 South Korea 2,139,681 2018
8 Saudi Arabia 1,856,946 2018
9 Iran 1,652,888 2018
10 Thailand 1,323,209 2018
GDP (nominal, Peak Year)
3 India 2,689,992 2018
7 Turkey 950,328 2013
8 Saudi Arabia 769,878 2018
9 Taiwan 602,678 2018
10 Iran 577,214 2011
Asia has the largest continental economy by both GDP Nominal and PPP in the world, and is the fastest growing economic region.[40] As of 2018, the largest economies in Asia are China, Japan, India, Russia, South Korea, Indonesia and Turkey based on GDP in both nominal and PPP.[41] Based on Global Office Locations 2011, Asia dominated the office locations with 4 of the top 5 being in Asia: Hong Kong, Singapore, Tokyo, Seoul and Shanghai. Around 68 percent of international firms have office in Hong Kong.[42]
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the economies of China[43] and India have been growing rapidly, both with an average annual growth rate of more than 8%. Other recent very-high-growth nations in Asia include Israel, Malaysia, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Thailand, Vietnam, Mongolia, Uzbekistan, Cyprus and the Philippines, and mineral-rich nations such as Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Iran, Brunei, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and Oman.
According to economic historian Angus Maddison in his book The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, India had the world's largest economy during 0 BCE and 1000 BCE.[44][45] China was the largest and most advanced economy on earth for much of recorded history,[46][47][48][49] until the British Empire (excluding India) overtook it in the mid-19th century. For several decades in the late twentieth century Japan was the largest economy in Asia and second-largest of any single nation in the world, after surpassing the Soviet Union (measured in net material product) in 1986 and Germany in 1968. (NB: A number of supernational economies are larger, such as the European Union (EU), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) or APEC). This ended in 2010 when China overtook Japan to become the world's second largest economy.
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Japan's GDP was almost as large (current exchange rate method) as that of the rest of Asia combined. In 1995, Japan's economy nearly equaled that of the US as the largest economy in the world for a day, after the Japanese currency reached a record high of 79 yen/US$. Economic growth in Asia since World War II to the 1990s had been concentrated in Japan as well as the four regions of South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore located in the Pacific Rim, known as the Asian tigers, which have now all received developed country status, having the highest GDP per capita in Asia.[50]
Mumbai is one of the most populous cities on the continent. The city is an infrastructure and tourism hub, and plays a crucial role in the Economy of India.
It is forecasted that India will overtake Japan in terms of nominal GDP by 2020.[51] By 2027, according to Goldman Sachs, China will have the largest economy in the world. Several trade blocs exist, with the most developed being the Association of Southeast Asian Nations.
Asia is the largest continent in the world by a considerable margin, and it is rich in natural resources, such as petroleum, forests, fish, water, rice, copper and silver. Manufacturing in Asia has traditionally been strongest in East and Southeast Asia, particularly in China, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, India, the Philippines, and Singapore. Japan and South Korea continue to dominate in the area of multinational corporations, but increasingly the PRC and India are making significant inroads. Many companies from Europe, North America, South Korea and Japan have operations in Asia's developing countries to take advantage of its abundant supply of cheap labour and relatively developed infrastructure.
According to Citigroup 9 of 11 Global Growth Generators countries came from Asia driven by population and income growth. They are Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Mongolia, Philippines, Sri Lanka and Vietnam.[52] Asia has four main financial centers: Tokyo, Hong Kong, Singapore and Shanghai. Call centers and business process outsourcing (BPOs) are becoming major employers in India and the Philippines due to the availability of a large pool of highly skilled, English-speaking workers. The increased use of outsourcing has assisted the rise of India and the China as financial centers. Due to its large and extremely competitive information technology industry, India has become a major hub for outsourcing.
In 2010, Asia had 3.3 million millionaires (people with net worth over US$1 million excluding their homes), slightly below North America with 3.4 million millionaires. Last year Asia had toppled Europe.[53] Citigroup in The Wealth Report 2012 stated that Asian centa-millionaire overtook North America's wealth for the first time as the world's "economic center of gravity" continued moving east. At the end of 2011, there were 18,000 Asian people mainly in Southeast Asia, China and Japan who have at least $100 million in disposable assets, while North America with 17,000 people and Western Europe with 14,000 people.[54]
Wat Phra Kaeo in the Grand Palace is among Bangkok's major tourist attractions.
With growing Regional Tourism with domination of Chinese visitors, MasterCard has released Global Destination Cities Index 2013 with 10 of 20 are dominated by Asia and Pacific Region Cities and also for the first time a city of a country from Asia (Bangkok) set in the top-ranked with 15.98 international visitors.[55]
Main article: Demographics of Asia
243,000,000 —
436,000,000 +79.4%
947,000,000 +117.2%
1,402,000,000 +48.0%
3,634,000,000 +159.2%
4{{{3}}}462{{{3}}}676{{{3}}}731 —
Source: "UN report 2004 data" (PDF).
The figure for 2016 is provided by the 2017 revision of the World Population Prospects[2].
Graph showing population by continent as a percentage of world population (1750–2005)
East Asia had by far the strongest overall Human Development Index (HDI) improvement of any region in the world, nearly doubling average HDI attainment over the past 40 years, according to the report's analysis of health, education and income data. China, the second highest achiever in the world in terms of HDI improvement since 1970, is the only country on the "Top 10 Movers" list due to income rather than health or education achievements. Its per capita income increased a stunning 21-fold over the last four decades, also lifting hundreds of millions out of income poverty. Yet it was not among the region's top performers in improving school enrollment and life expectancy.[56]
Nepal, a South Asian country, emerges as one of the world's fastest movers since 1970 mainly due to health and education achievements. Its present life expectancy is 25 years longer than in the 1970s. More than four of every five children of school age in Nepal now attend primary school, compared to just one in five 40 years ago.[56]
Japan and South Korea ranked highest among the countries grouped on the HDI (number 11 and 12 in the world, which are in the "very high human development" category), followed by Hong Kong (21) and Singapore (27). Afghanistan (155) ranked lowest amongst Asian countries out of the 169 countries assessed.[56]
Main article: Languages of Asia
Asia is home to several language families and many language isolates. Most Asian countries have more than one language that is natively spoken. For instance, according to Ethnologue, more than 600 languages are spoken in Indonesia, more than 800 languages spoken in India, and more than 100 are spoken in the Philippines. China has many languages and dialects in different provinces.
See also: Eastern philosophy, Religion in Asia, and List of Asian mythologies
The Western Wall and the Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem
Pilgrims in the annual Hajj at the Kaabah in Mecca.
The Hindu Meenakshi temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Spring Temple Buddha in Lushan County, Henan, China is the world's tallest statue.
Many of the world's major religions have their origins in Asia, including the five most practiced in the world (excluding irreligion), which are Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Chinese folk religion (classified as Confucianism and Taoism), and Buddhism respectively. Asian mythology is complex and diverse. The story of the Great Flood for example, as presented to Jews in the Hebrew Bible in the narrative of Noah—and later to Christians in the Old Testament, and to Muslims in the Quran—is earliest found in Mesopotamian mythology, in the Enûma Eliš and Epic of Gilgamesh. Hindu mythology similarly tells about an avatar of Vishnu in the form of a fish who warned Manu of a terrible flood. Ancient Chinese mythology also tells of a Great Flood spanning generations, one that required the combined efforts of emperors and divinities to control.
The Abrahamic religions including Judaism, Christianity, Islam and Bahá'í Faith originated in West Asia.
Judaism, the oldest of the Abrahamic faiths, is practiced primarily in Israel, the indigenous homeland and historical birthplace of the Hebrew nation: which today consists both of those Israelites who remained in Asia/North Africa and those who returned from diaspora in Europe, North America, and other regions;[57] though various diaspora communities persist worldwide. Jews are the predominant ethnic group in Israel (75.6%) numbering at about 6.1 million,[58] although the levels of adherence to Jewish religion vary. Outside of Israel there are small ancient Jewish communities in Turkey (17,400),[59] Azerbaijan (9,100),[60] Iran (8,756),[61] India (5,000) and Uzbekistan (4,000),[62] among many other places. In total, there are 14.4–17.5 million (2016, est.)[63] Jews alive in the world today, making them one of the smallest Asian minorities, at roughly 0.3 to 0.4 percent of the total population of the continent.
Christianity is a widespread religion in Asia with more than 286 million adherents according to Pew Research Center in 2010,[64] and nearly 364 million according to Britannica Book of the Year 2014.[65] Constituting around 12.6% of the total population of Asia. In the Philippines and East Timor, Roman Catholicism is the predominant religion; it was introduced by the Spaniards and the Portuguese, respectively. In Armenia, Cyprus, Georgia and Asian Russia, Eastern Orthodoxy is the predominant religion. In the Middle East, such as in the Levant, Syriac Christianity (Church of the East) and Oriental Orthodoxy are prevalent minority denominations, which are both Eastern Christian sects mainly adhered to Assyrian people or Syriac Christians. Saint Thomas Christians in India trace their origins to the evangelistic activity of Thomas the Apostle in the 1st century.[66]
Islam, which originated in the Hejaz located in modern-day Saudi Arabia, is the second largest and most widely-spread religion in Asia with at least 1 billion Muslims constituting around 23.8% of the total population of Asia.[67] With 12.7% of the world Muslim population, the country currently with the largest Muslim population in the world is Indonesia, followed by Pakistan (11.5%), India (10%), Bangladesh, Iran and Turkey. Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem are the three holiest cities for Islam in all the world. The Hajj and Umrah attract large numbers of Muslim devotees from all over the world to Mecca and Medina. Iran is the largest Shi'a country.
The Bahá'í Faith originated in Asia, in Iran (Persia), and spread from there to the Ottoman Empire, Central Asia, India, and Burma during the lifetime of Bahá'u'lláh. Since the middle of the 20th century, growth has particularly occurred in other Asian countries, because Bahá'í activities in many Muslim countries has been severely suppressed by authorities. Lotus Temple is a big Baha'i Temple in India.
Indian and East Asian religions
The Swaminarayan Akshardham Temple in Delhi, according to the Guinness World Records is the World's Largest Comprehensive Hindu Temple[68]
Almost all Asian religions have philosophical character and Asian philosophical traditions cover a large spectrum of philosophical thoughts and writings. Indian philosophy includes Hindu philosophy and Buddhist philosophy. They include elements of nonmaterial pursuits, whereas another school of thought from India, Cārvāka, preached the enjoyment of the material world. The religions of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism originated in India, South Asia. In East Asia, particularly in China and Japan, Confucianism, Taoism and Zen Buddhism took shape.
As of 2012, Hinduism has around 1.1 billion adherents. The faith represents around 25% of Asia's population and is the largest religion in Asia. However, it is mostly concentrated in South Asia. Over 80% of the populations of both India and Nepal adhere to Hinduism, alongside significant communities in Bangladesh, Pakistan, Bhutan, Sri Lanka and Bali, Indonesia. Many overseas Indians in countries such as Burma, Singapore and Malaysia also adhere to Hinduism.
Buddhism has a great following in mainland Southeast Asia and East Asia. Buddhism is the religion of the majority of the populations of Cambodia (96%),[69] Thailand (95%),[70] Burma (80–89%),[71] Japan (36–96%),[72] Bhutan (75–84%),[73] Sri Lanka (70%),[74] Laos (60–67%)[75] and Mongolia (53–93%).[76] Large Buddhist populations also exist in Singapore (33–51%),[77] Taiwan (35–93%),[78][79][80][81] South Korea (23–50%),[82] Malaysia (19–21%),[83] Nepal (9–11%),[84] Vietnam (10–75%),[85] China (20–50%),[86] North Korea (2–14%),[87][88][89] and small communities in India and Bangladesh. In many Chinese communities, Mahayana Buddhism is easily syncretized with Taoism, thus exact religious statistics is difficult to obtain and may be understated or overstated. The Communist-governed countries of China, Vietnam and North Korea are officially atheist, thus the number of Buddhists and other religious adherents may be under-reported.
Jainism is found mainly in India and in oversea Indian communities such as the United States and Malaysia. Sikhism is found in Northern India and amongst overseas Indian communities in other parts of Asia, especially Southeast Asia. Confucianism is found predominantly in Mainland China, South Korea, Taiwan and in overseas Chinese populations. Taoism is found mainly in Mainland China, Taiwan, Malaysia and Singapore. Taoism is easily syncretized with Mahayana Buddhism for many Chinese, thus exact religious statistics is difficult to obtain and may be understated or overstated.
Jews praying at Western Wall, Jerusalem, Israel
Japanese wedding at the Meiji Shrine
Hindu festival celebrated by Singapore's Tamil community
Orthodox cross procession in Novosibirsk
Catholic procession of the Black Nazarene in Manila
Muslim men praying in Turkey
The Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch of the Entrance of the Theotokos in Hama, Syria
The Monastery of St. Matthew, located atop Mount Alfaf in northern Iraq, is recognized as one of the oldest Christian monasteries in existence.
Cathedral of Saint Ephrem in Aleppo, Syria
The Church of São António de Motael, Dili
Maronite Church of Saidet et Tallé in Deir el Qamar, Lebanon
Modern conflicts
US forces drop Napalm on suspected Viet Cong positions in 1965
Wounded civilians arrive at a hospital in Aleppo during the Syrian Civil War, October 2012
Some of the events pivotal in the Asia territory related to the relationship with the outside world in the post-Second World War were:
The Chinese Civil War
The Kashmir conflict
The Insurgency in Northeast India
The French-Indochina War
The Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
The Sino-Vietnamese War
The Bangladesh Liberation War
The Yom Kippur War
The Soviet–Afghan War
The Iran–Iraq War
The Indonesian occupation of East Timor
The Cambodian Killing Fields
The Insurgency in Laos
The Lebanese Civil War
The Sri Lankan Civil War
The Dissolution of the Soviet Union
The Gulf War
The Nepalese Civil War
The Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts
The Nagorno-Karabakh War
The War in Afghanistan
The Iraq War
The 2006 Thai coup d'état
The Burmese Civil War
The Saffron Revolution
The Arab Spring
The Arab–Israeli conflict
The Sino-Indian War
The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
Main article: Culture of Asia
Bengali polymath Rabindranath Tagore was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913, and became Asia's first Nobel laureate
The polymath Rabindranath Tagore, a Bengali poet, dramatist, and writer from Santiniketan, now in West Bengal, India, became in 1913 the first Asian Nobel laureate. He won his Nobel Prize in Literature for notable impact his prose works and poetic thought had on English, French, and other national literatures of Europe and the Americas. He is also the writer of the national anthems of Bangladesh and India.
Other Asian writers who won Nobel Prize for literature include Yasunari Kawabata (Japan, 1968), Kenzaburō Ōe (Japan, 1994), Gao Xingjian (China, 2000), Orhan Pamuk (Turkey, 2006), and Mo Yan (China, 2012). Some may consider the American writer, Pearl S. Buck, an honorary Asian Nobel laureate, having spent considerable time in China as the daughter of missionaries, and based many of her novels, namely The Good Earth (1931) and The Mother (1933), as well as the biographies of her parents of their time in China, The Exile and Fighting Angel, all of which earned her the Literature prize in 1938.
Also, Mother Teresa of India and Shirin Ebadi of Iran were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for their significant and pioneering efforts for democracy and human rights, especially for the rights of women and children. Ebadi is the first Iranian and the first Muslim woman to receive the prize. Another Nobel Peace Prize winner is Aung San Suu Kyi from Burma for her peaceful and non-violent struggle under a military dictatorship in Burma. She is a nonviolent pro-democracy activist and leader of the National League for Democracy in Burma (Myanmar) and a noted prisoner of conscience. She is a Buddhist and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991. Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for "his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China" on 8 October 2010. He is the first Chinese citizen to be awarded a Nobel Prize of any kind while residing in China. In 2014, Kailash Satyarthi from India and Malala Yousafzai from Pakistan were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize "for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education".
Sir C. V. Raman is the first Asian to get a Nobel prize in Sciences. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics "for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him".
Japan has won the most Nobel Prizes of any Asian nation with 24 followed by India which has won 13.
Amartya Sen, (born 3 November 1933) is an Indian economist who was awarded the 1998 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his contributions to welfare economics and social choice theory, and for his interest in the problems of society's poorest members.
Other Asian Nobel Prize winners include Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Abdus Salam, Malala Yousafzai, Robert Aumann, Menachem Begin, Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko, Daniel Kahneman, Shimon Peres, Yitzhak Rabin, Ada Yonath, Yasser Arafat, José Ramos-Horta and Bishop Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo of Timor Leste, Kim Dae-jung, and 13 Japanese scientists. Most of the said awardees are from Japan and Israel except for Chandrasekhar and Raman (India), Abdus Salam and Malala yousafzai, (Pakistan), Arafat (Palestinian Territories), Kim (South Korea), and Horta and Belo (Timor Leste).
In 2006, Dr. Muhammad Yunus of Bangladesh was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for the establishment of Grameen Bank, a community development bank that lends money to poor people, especially women in Bangladesh. Dr. Yunus received his PhD in economics from Vanderbilt University, United States. He is internationally known for the concept of micro credit which allows poor and destitute people with little or no collateral to borrow money. The borrowers typically pay back money within the specified period and the incidence of default is very low.
The Dalai Lama has received approximately eighty-four awards over his spiritual and political career.[90] On 22 June 2006, he became one of only four people ever to be recognized with Honorary Citizenship by the Governor General of Canada. On 28 May 2005, he received the Christmas Humphreys Award from the Buddhist Society in the United Kingdom. Most notable was the Nobel Peace Prize, presented in Oslo, Norway on 10 December 1989.
Main article: Politics of Asia
See also: List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia
From 1841 to 1997, Hong Kong was a British colony.
Qat.
Kuw.
Azer.
Cyp.
H.K.
Population[2]
Afghanistan 34,656,032 647,500 Kabul
Armenia 2,924,816 29,743 Yerevan
Azerbaijan[91] 9,725,376 86,600 Baku
Bahrain 1,425,171 760 Manama
Bangladesh 162,951,560 147,570 Dhaka
Bhutan 797,765 38,394 Thimphu
Brunei 423,196 5,765 Bandar Seri Begawan
Cambodia 15,762,370 181,035 Phnom Penh
China (PRC) 1,403,500,365 9,596,961 Beijing
Cyprus 1,170,125 9,251 Nicosia
East Timor 1,268,671 14,874 Dili
Egypt[91] 95,688,681 1,010,408 Cairo
Georgia[91] 3,925,405 69,700 Tbilisi
India 1,324,171,354 3,287,263 New Delhi
Indonesia[91] 261,115,456 1,904,569 Jakarta
Iran 80,277,428 1,648,195 Tehran
Iraq 37,202,572 438,317 Baghdad
Israel 8,191,828 20,770 Jerusalem (disputed)
Japan 127,748,513 377,915 Tokyo
Jordan 9,455,802 89,342 Amman
Kazakhstan[91] 17,987,736 2,724,900 Astana
Kuwait 4,052,584 17,818 Kuwait City
Kyrgyzstan 5,955,734 199,951 Bishkek
Laos 6,758,353 236,800 Vientiane
Lebanon 6,006,668 10,400 Beirut
Malaysia 31,187,265 329,847 Kuala Lumpur
Maldives 427,756 298 Malé
Mongolia 3,027,398 1,564,116 Ulaanbaatar
Myanmar 52,885,223 676,578 Naypyidaw
Nepal 28,982,771 147,181 Kathmandu
North Korea 25,368,620 120,538 Pyongyang
Oman 4,424,762 309,500 Muscat
Pakistan 211,103,000 796,095 Islamabad
Palestine 4,790,705 6,220 Ramallah
(Jerusalem) (claimed)
Philippines 103,320,222 343,448 Manila
Qatar 2,569,804 11,586 Doha
Russia[91] 143,964,513 17,098,242 Moscow
Saudi Arabia 32,275,687 2,149,690 Riyadh
Singapore 5,622,455 697 Singapore
South Korea 50,791,919 100,210 Seoul
Sri Lanka 20,798,492 65,610 Colombo
Syria 18,430,453 185,180 Damascus
Taiwan (ROC) 23,556,706 36,193 Taipei
Tajikistan 8,734,951 143,100 Dushanbe
Thailand 68,863,514 513,120 Bangkok
Turkey[92] 79,512,426 783,562 Ankara
Turkmenistan 5,662,544 488,100 Ashgabat
United Arab Emirates 9,269,612 83,600 Abu Dhabi
Uzbekistan 31,446,795 447,400 Tashkent
Vietnam 94,569,072 331,212 Hanoi
Yemen 27,584,213 527,968 Sana'a
Within the above-mentioned states are several partially recognized countries with limited to no international recognition. None of them are members of the UN:
Abkhazia 242,862 8,660 Sukhumi
Artsakh 146,573 11,458 Stepanakert
Northern Cyprus 285,356 3,355 Nicosia
South Ossetia 51,547 3,900 Tskhinvali
Main articles: Outline of Asia and Index of Asia-related articles
References to articles:
Subregions of Asia
Special topics:
Asian Century
Asian furniture
Asian Monetary Unit
Eastern world
Fauna of Asia
Pan-Asianism
List of metropolitan areas in Asia by population
List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia
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↑ The Encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 5 by Erwin Fahlbusch. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 2008, p. 285. ISBN 978-0-8028-2417-2.
↑ "Region: Asia-Pacific". Pewforum.org. 27 January 2011. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
↑ Jha, Preeti (26 December 2007). "Guinness comes to east Delhi: Akshardham world's largest Hindu temple". ExpressIndia.com. Archived from the original on 28 December 2007. Retrieved 2 January 2008.
↑ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 29 December 2010. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
↑ "CIA — The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 29 December 2010. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
↑ "The Census of Population and Housing of Sri Lanka-2011". Department of Census and Statistics. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
↑ "China (includes Taiwan only): International Religious Freedom Report 2005". US Department of State: Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 8 November 2005. Archived from the original on 11 January 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2008.
↑ "China (includes Taiwan only): International Religious Freedom Report 2006". US Department of State: Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 15 September 2006. Archived from the original on 13 February 2008. Retrieved 24 February 2008.
↑ "CThe World Factbook". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 28 December 2010. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
↑ "Chinese Han Nationality: Language, Religion, Customs". Travelchinaguide.com. Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
↑ "Culture of North Korea – Alternative name, History and ethnic relations". Countries and Their Cultures. Advameg Inc. Archived from the original on 5 August 2009. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
↑ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
↑ Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs (2009). "Background Note: North Korea". U.S. State Department. Archived from the original on 1 July 2009. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
↑ His Holiness's Teachings at TCV. "A Brief Biography – The Office of His Holiness The Dalai Lama". Dalailama.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
1 2 3 4 5 6 transcontinental country.
↑ Eastern Thrace region of Turkey is in Europe. Therefore Turkey is a transcontinental country.
Lewis, Martin W.; Wigen, Kären (1997). The myth of continents: a critique of metageography. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20743-2.
Ventris, Michael; Chadwick, John (1973). Documents in Mycenaean Greek (2nd ed.). Cambridge: University Press.
Higham, Charles. Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations. Facts on File library of world history. New York: Facts On File, 2004.
Kamal, Niraj. "Arise Asia: Respond to White Peril". New Delhi:Wordsmith,2002, ISBN 978-81-87412-08-3
Kapadia, Feroz, and Mandira Mukherjee. Encyclopaedia of Asian Culture and Society. New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 1999.
Levinson, David, and Karen Christensen. Encyclopedia of Modern Asia. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2002.
"Display Maps". The Soil Maps of Asia. European Digital Archive of Soil Maps – EuDASM. Archived from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
"Asia Maps". Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection. University of Texas Libraries. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
"Asia". Norman B. Leventhal Map Center at the Boston Public Library. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
Bowring, Philip (12 February 1987). "What is Asia?". Eastern Economic Review. Columbia University Asia For Educators. 135 (7).
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text:
Men don't die
The Son of the House
Nine Hours Till Five
Availability: 7 in stock Category: Fiction
In the possession of stolen lucre, Brume Lauva takes a big step and decides to run away from a life he has known for more than a decade; a life of consistent failures, and from a girlfriend that shattered his heart and his last feeble grip on a broken dream. Lagos, he believes, could offer another chance at life, where he could mend his broken heart, and perhaps start to dream again. But en route to his land of promise, a fatal bus crash occurs, and Brume is the only survivor—without a scratch. He flees the scene of the accident and hitchhikes his way to Lagos. In Lagos, he begins to live again. He gets reconnected to a long-lost friend, with whom he shared dreams in the university. He invests the stolen money and finds love again. He gets all he craved on a plate—money, comfort and something resembling happiness. But there is more to this world—a monumental text that would change his life forever. MEN DON'T DIE is a thought-provoking story of love and money; death and spiritualism. About a man's personal struggles against the unfairness of life, in search of true happiness.
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Selected Plays
Behold The Dreamers
By the River Piedra I Sat Down and Wept
Authentic Mama
Sweet Sixteen by Bolaji Abdullahi
White Is For Witching
Sector IV
And After Many Days
Born On A Tuesday


Welcome Pure Instinct Nation. We are one day closer to deer season. Today we are going to talk a little bit about footwear in the great outdoors. It is very vital in the world of hunting and survival, to protect your feet. Feet are the base/foundation of the human body. It is our duty to keep them comfortable, warm, and dry in the harshest of environments.
Today, I want to talk a little bit about the boot of choice here at Pure Instinct Hunting. Here at PIH we are proud to work with Rocky Boots, the absolute best boot that accommodates everything we do. Whether it's in the woods, or the hustle and bustle of our hectic work schedules. We are completely confident that Rocky Boots can handle anything we throw at them.
My boot of choice for this upcoming season is the Rocky Broadhead Boot. I am super impressed with this boot right out of the gate. It's a beautifully crafted boot that gives me everything I have been looking for.
We all know the struggle of those bulky, super heavy hunting boots. By the time you add mud to them, it's near impossible to lug those big things around. It's like someone added sandbags to each of your feet, and that's the last thing you want while packing your gear in and out of the woods. The Broadhead changes that completely with each boot weighing in at a super lite 22.75oz. Finally, I no longer have to walk around on bricks. That's a big plus here in Oklahoma. I put in a lot of miles when deer season rolls around, so comfort ability is key. Waterproof is a must have as well. From the continuously changing climate, to trudging through the early morning dew. Nobody likes wet feet when they make it to their stand. And last, but not least is insulation. What good is a cold November morning without insulated boots? No good at all. Keeping your feet warm is vital to keeping your core temp where it needs to be.
In closing, we would like to recommend Rocky Boots to each and every one of you. Whether it be for the upcoming hunting season, or the trials and tribulations of the everyday working man/woman. You cannot go wrong with any lineup you choose from Rocky boots. Be sure and put them on your wish list Pure Instinct Nation. You will be glad you did. Tell us your favorite items from Rocky.


Public parking downtown is free, with time limits. In general, the closer you are to your destination, the shorter your time limit will be. On-street parking is two hour, surface lots are two and ten hour, and downtown's two parking decks are three and ten hour. There are also a few 30 minute spaces found at the ends of parking rows for your quick, in-and-out errands. In addition, Harrisonburg Downtown Parking Services provides free parking in the Municipal Parking Lot up to 24 hours. All parking spaces have designated signs that state the time limit.
Parking downtown is enforced on the 7-7-6 Plan: 7am to 7pm, 6-days per week. Enjoy evenings, Sundays and holidays without restrictions.
One exception to free parking is the upper levels of both parking decks, which are available to lease for downtown employees and residents. For rates and other information on leased parking, please contact Downtown Parking Services at 540-432-8928.
*2019 Parking Permits for both Water Street and Elizabeth street decks are now available. Permits are available for pick up in parking services in the lower level of City Hall.
City owned parking and street parking downtown is regulated Monday through Saturday 7:00am to 7:00pm. The fine for overtime parking is $20.
Do You Have a Parking Lot/Deck Maintenance Concern?
Public Works assists with the maintenance, regular cleaning of and trash removal from the two parking decks, as well as nine parking lots. Maintenance also includes daily cleaning, lighting, snow removal, landscaping and signs, etc. You can report missing or graffiti tagged parking signs to Don Musselman at Donald.Musselman@harrisonburgva.gov or by calling 540-434-5928.
The Downtown Parking Advisory Committee monitors the policies regulating all on-street and off-street parking that is owned and operated by the City of Harrisonburg.


text:
What Streaming Services Offer Pac 12 Network
Since its inception in 2012, the Pac-12 Network has been a valuable asset for fans of Pac-12 sports. The network offers 24/7 coverage of all things Pac-12, including football, basketball, and other sports. However, accessing the Pac-12 Network can be a challenge for some fans. In this article, we will take a look at the different streaming services that offer the Pac-12 Network.
For fans living in the United States, the Pac-12 Network is available on the following streaming services: fuboTV, Hulu with Live TV, PlayStation Vue, Sling TV, and YouTube TV. Of these streaming services, fuboTV is the only one that offers all of the Pac-12 Network's channels. Hulu with Live TV, PlayStation Vue, Sling TV, and YouTube TV all offer different combinations of Pac-12 Network channels.
For fans living outside of the United States, the Pac-12 Network is available on the following streaming services: beIN Sports Connect, BT Sport, ESPN, and Fox Sports. beIN Sports Connect is the only streaming service that offers all of the Pac-12 Network's channels. BT Sport, ESPN, and Fox Sports all offer different combinations of Pac-12 Network channels.
With the exception of fuboTV, the streaming services that offer the Pac-12 Network are not cheap. Most of them cost between $40 and $50 per month. However, the Pac-12 Network is a valuable asset for fans of Pac-12 sports, and the cost of the streaming services is worth it for the dedicated fan.
1 Does Hulu have Pac-12 Network?
2 Is the Pac-12 Network on Roku?
3 Can I get Pac-12 Network on Firestick?
4 Does FUBO have Pac-12?
5 Is Pac-12 Now app free?
6 How do I access Pac-12 Network?
7 How do I watch the Pac-12 channel?
Does Hulu have Pac-12 Network?
Pac-12 Network is a channel that is dedicated to airing sporting events from the Pac-12 Conference, which is a collegiate athletic conference comprising twelve universities located in the Western United States. The channel is available on cable and satellite television, and is also available for streaming online.
So, does Hulu have Pac-12 Network? The answer is yes. Hulu offers Pac-12 Network as part of its standard streaming package, which means that subscribers can watch live and on-demand content from the channel using their Hulu account.
See also What Streaming Service Has The Loud House
Pac-12 Network is a great resource for fans of collegiate athletics, as it airs a wide variety of sporting events from the Pac-12 Conference. This includes regular season and postseason games for men's and women's basketball, football, and other sports, as well as news and analysis programs devoted to the Pac-12.
If you're a fan of the Pac-12 Conference, or of collegiate athletics in general, then Hulu's Pac-12 Network is definitely worth checking out. The channel offers a great selection of live and on-demand content, so you can catch all the action from your favorite teams.
Is the Pac-12 Network on Roku?
Yes, the Pac-12 Network is available on Roku. To add the Pac-12 Network to your Roku, simply search for "Pac-12" in the Roku Channel Store and install the channel.
The Pac-12 Network offers live streaming of all Pac-12 football, basketball, and other sports games, as well as on-demand access to replays and highlights. The channel also features original programming, such as The Drive: Pac-12 Football and The Pregame: Pac-12 Basketball.
If you're a Pac-12 fan, the Pac-12 Network is a must-have channel on your Roku. So don't miss out – add the Pac-12 Network today!
Can I get Pac-12 Network on Firestick?
The Pac-12 Network (or Pac-12N) is a regional sports network dedicated to the collegiate athletic conference of the same name, the Pac-12. The network is owned by the conference's 12 member schools, and is headquartered in San Francisco.
The Pac-12N is available on cable and satellite providers throughout the western United States, as well as on streaming platforms such as Sling TV, YouTube TV, and Hulu with Live TV. However, it is not currently available on Amazon's Fire TV Stick.
If you're a fan of a Pac-12 school, or simply a fan of college sports in general, and you're looking for a way to watch the Pac-12N, your best option is to subscribe to one of the streaming services that carry it.
Does FUBO have Pac-12?
There has been much speculation as to whether or not FUBO has Pac-12. Sources close to the matter say that FUBO is currently in negotiations with the Pac-12 conference.
See also What Streaming Service Is Downton Abbey Movie On
FUBO is a relatively new school, having been founded in 2014. The school is located in the Bay Area and is currently in the process of expanding its athletics program.
The Pac-12 conference is one of the most competitive in the country and is home to a number of powerhouse programs, including USC, UCLA, and Stanford.
If FUBO is able to join the Pac-12, it would be a major coup for the school and would give its athletics program a major boost.
So far, there has been no official word on whether or not FUBO has been accepted into the Pac-12, but it is thought that a decision could be made in the near future.
Is Pac-12 Now app free?
The Pac-12 Networks app, now known as Pac-12 Now, is a free app available on the App Store and Google Play. The app provides access to live and on-demand content from all six Pac-12 Networks.
The Pac-12 Networks app is available on the App Store and Google Play. The app is free to download and provides access to live and on-demand content from all six Pac-12 Networks. The app can be used to watch live games, highlights, and replays. The app also includes a schedule of upcoming games and a list of recent and upcoming events.
How do I access Pac-12 Network?
The Pac-12 Network (PN) is a collegiate sports network owned by the Pac-12 Conference. The network is a joint venture between the conference and ESPN, and is available nationally to those who subscribe to a participating TV provider.
The Pac-12 Network was created in 2012, as the conference's response to the creation of the Longhorn Network by its then-rival, the University of Texas. The Pac-12 Network offers a comprehensive national coverage of Pac-12 sporting events, airing over 800 live events annually. The network also produces a number of original programming, including a daily news and highlights show, The Pregame Show.
See also Which Streaming Service Has Vh1
The Pac-12 Network is available nationally to those who subscribe to a participating TV provider. If you are a subscriber to one of the following providers, you should be able to access the Pac-12 Network without any additional charges: AT&T, Bright House Networks, Comcast, Cox, DirecTV, DISH Network, Time Warner Cable, and Verizon FiOS.
If you are not a subscriber to one of the providers listed above, or if your provider is not currently carrying the Pac-12 Network, you can still watch Pac-12 Network programming online. The network offers a free online streaming service, which can be accessed at pac-12.com/live.
How do I watch the Pac-12 channel?
If you want to watch the Pac-12 channel, you have a few different options. You can watch it on your TV, computer, or mobile device.
To watch the Pac-12 channel on your TV, you'll need a cable or satellite subscription that includes the Pac-12 Network. If you have that subscription, you can find the Pac-12 channel on your cable or satellite guide.
If you don't have a cable or satellite subscription, you can watch the Pac-12 channel on your computer or mobile device. You can either stream the channel live or watch on-demand content.
To stream the Pac-12 channel live, you'll need to sign up for a subscription to the Pac-12 Now app. The app is available on Android and iOS devices, as well as Apple TV, Roku, and Chromecast.
To watch on-demand content, you can sign up for a subscription to the Pac-12 Now app or the Pac-12 Now Plus app. The Pac-12 Now app is free, but the Pac-12 Now Plus app costs $4.99/month. The Pac-12 Now Plus app includes live streaming of all Pac-12 Networks channels, as well as on-demand content from the Pac-12 archives.
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Welcome to the Inspired Lifestyle Podcast!!
We are so excited to be back recording our new podcast for the Inspired Lifestyle. We are starting off with a parenting series on how to create the life you want AND manage all the responsibilities and setbacks in a busy hectic life.
We are a mother/daughter coaching team which gives you the feeling of having a mom and a sister here to help you through your change. We are unique to any other course, coaching/mentoring or program. We are an "experience" and we pour our hearts and souls with both sets of expertise into every detail of this experience. You will find quality, excellence, cutting edge resources and love in everything we provide. You will feel lighter, alive and more inspired in your life after working with us!!
This is a weekly podcast devoted to bringing inspiration, guidance and some love to your ears. We would love to hear from you!! If you love this podcast, please leave a review or rating on Itunes/Spotify. We also would love to connect with you, be sure to comment what you are working on as well as any questions you have.
Episode 008: Why is Self Love so Hard?
In this episode, I talk about the process of change and why do we even want to go through all the hard work to change our lives. We want something that we value, and if we have a strong "why", this will help create lasting change.
In this episode, I talk about how to manage others in our lives. Change is hard enough, let alone when we have to deal with others that aren't exactly excited about all the changes.
In this episode, I talk about the ups and downs of creating lasting change. There is no straight line to our dreams. We can get derailed. Success isn't to stop falling down, success is how fast you get back up and jump back in.
In this episode, I talk about how difficult it can be to take on goals and action steps when you have so many responsibilities. Especially as mothers or caretakers we often need permission to be the priority especially in our time or finances.
Episode 001: Why Is Change So Hard?


"Most of all, I wanted to thank you for all your help and the time you have taken to work with me… You helped to make the experience of first-time house-buying less stressful. Many thanks."
"As Realtors, you guys surpass all others… but we have come to think of you as friends now too. Thanks again for your generosity and kindness… Much appreciated."
"In case I have not done so adequately I want to, one more time, thank you for the excellent services you provided. You not only found a buyer but you also staged the condo & arranged for the donation of furniture and household goods to be given to charities. As a long-distance seller I could not have found a better Realtor."
"Anna and Tony Clemente have been our chosen realtors for over ten years. They are truly professionals providing friendly, courteous service and attention to every detail."
"I can't thank you enough for your professionalism, expertise and hard work in helping me sell my home in Victoria, BC. The service I received from both of you was exceptional! Your knowledge is invaluable and helped guide me in making the right decisions. Thank you for investing your time and patience... you have gone over and above what was required. I will not hesitate to refer you to family, friends and anyone else that I hear who might be looking to buy or sell a house.


A list of things to be done, required items, or things to consider. Checklists are often used as reminders. In quality improvement, they are used to improve the safety of care, by ensuring that proven standards of care are met when used. They improve compliance with standards and decrease complications. Example: surgical checklists.
An action-focused dialogue between two or more people that brings clarity to an issue and develops a plan of action for tackling it. It is a facilitated exploration of an issue through discussion, different perspectives and neutral feedback, as well as observations to allow for self-reflection and action.
A situation when the results from an event will influence the next time the event takes place. When an event is part of a chain of cause-and-effect that forms a circuit or loop, it is said to "feed back" into itself.
A mechanism that avoids mistakes by preventing, correcting or drawing attention to human errors as they occur. Examples: adding fields in a software program that will only accept certain formats (think postal codes); using dropdown menus instead of free-text, creating clear visual differences in labels for medications with similar names.
A system that is designed and delivered to directly address the health care needs and preferences of patients. To achieve person-centred care, the focus must be on following six principles: respect; choice; empowerment; patient, caregiver and staff involvement in health policy; access and support; and information.
A focus on respect; choice; empowerment; involvement of patients, caregivers and staff in health policy; access and support; and information. See also "person-centred care".
These are structured ways of bringing together people who are involved in all parts of the process of delivering a service in order to allow detailed sharing of all actions undertaken (the current state), the process and opportunities to define a future state, and the improvement action plan needed to get there.
Any step or action that is not required to complete a process, that doesn't add value and unnecessarily using resources that could be employed in other activities. The eight main types of waste are: defects, overproduction, waiting, unnecessary transportation, inventory excess, motion, over-processing, and not utilizing talent.


text:
Q: delphi indy скачать файл с сервера не с самого начала Как скачать файл если часть файла уже было скачано и нужно скачать не с самого начала файл а с того места где был обрыв,
Когда происходит разрыв интернета или какая то ошибка сети
var G:TamHttp;
    MS:TMemoryStream;
begin
    G:= TamHttp.Create;
    G.Http.OnWork:= HTTPWork;
    G.Http.OnWorkBegin:= HTTPWorkBegin;
    G.Http.OnWorkEnd:= HTTPWorkEnd;

    MS:= TMemoryStream.Create;
    try
      G.Http.Get(url,MS);
      G.Http.Disconnect;
      MS.SaveToFile(patch);
    finally
      MS.Free;
      G.Free;
    end;
end;

A: вопрос разобран тут
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2963246/download-pause-and-resume-an-download-using-indy-components
вкратце:
if aRangeEnd < fLength then
  Http.Request.Range := IntToStr(fFileStream.Position) + '-' +  IntToStr(aRangeEnd)
else
  Http.Request.Range := IntToStr(fFileStream.Position) + '-';

Http.Get(Url, fFileStream);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Beautiful Wisteria perfuming the gentle breeze coming in through the cottage window.
With her funny wee broom.
Around the village of Cople in Bedfordshire, there are many quiet country walks where because the land is fairly flat one can enjoy sauntering, seeing where one ends up just walking the many old footpaths and bridleways. My dogs are always happy splashing in puddles whilst I breathe in nature's yield, watching a brown Hare or listening to nature's harpsicord, the stream. Nothing was more magical than wandering along the track as the sun gradually sunk, gone for another wonderfully rich day.
It is always a special moment watching a rainbow appearing on the horizon, then fading into a calming sky followed by a sunburst. Even though I was drenched, I felt rejuvenated by its luminosity and beauty.