text:
Royal Mint £5 Coins Celebrate Prince Charles' 60th Birthday
by CoinNews.net on September 18, 2008 · 0 comments
The British Royal Mint has announced the latest series of commemorative coins celebrating Prince Charles' 60th birthday. The design is rather unusual in that both sides of the coin bear a prominent head portrait — Prince Charles and his mother, Queen Elizabeth II, making it a "two-headed" coin.
In early 2008, the Royal Mint released a nickel version for £9.95 as well as a silver version within sets. Today, single coins in proof silver and proof gold are available for the price of £39.95 and £875.00, respectively. (See International Currency Converter.)
According to the Mint, the cupro-nickel coins have a limited mintage of 500,000, while the silver coins are limited to 20,000, and the gold coins to an extremely low issue of 1,500.
Prince Charles birthday
Born at Buckingham Palace on 14 November 1948, Prince Charles Philip Arthur George was the first son of Princess Elizabeth and The Duke of Edinburgh. The Queen declared her eldest son and heir apparent Prince of Wales in 1958 and in 1969 his Investiture took place at Caernarfon Castle.
The obverse or heads side of the commemorative coin has an image of Her Majesty The Queen and the reverse or tails side the portrait of Prince Charles. Both were designed by Ian Rank-Broadley FRBS.
The reverse inscription surrounding Prince Charles includes the words "ICH DIEN", which means 'I serve', and is taken from the Badge of the Prince of Wales. The dates of 1948 and 2008 also appear as well as his royal title "THE PRINCE OF WALES."
There is an edge inscription of "SIXTIETH BIRTHDAY."
Prince Charles commemorative silver, gold and nickel coin specifications
The following specifications were provided for each coin type:
Cupro-Nickel Silver Gold
Condition: Brilliant Uncirculated Proof Proof
Composition: Cupro-Nickel .925 sterling silver 22 carat gold
Weight: 28.28 gms 28.28 gms 39.94 gms
Diameter: 38.61 mm 38.61 mm 38.61 mm
Mintage: 500,000 20,000 1,500
Price: £9.95 £39.95 £875.00
The coins may be ordered online through the following Royal Mint product pages:
The 2008 United Kingdom HRH The Prince of Wales £5 Coin Presentation Folder
The 2008 United Kingdom HRH The Prince of Wales £5 Silver Proof Coin
The 2008 United Kingdom HRH The Prince of Wales £5 Gold Proof Coin
Customers may also place orders by calling the Royal Mint directly at 0845 60 88 222. North America residents should use these contact details.
About the Royal Mint
The Royal Mint is a department of government and its primary responsibility remains the provision of the United Kingdom coinage. Its reputation, however, extends beyond this and internationally it has a reputation for making some fascinating coins for over 100 countries.
The history of the Royal Mint itself stretches back over 1100 years. There is an unbroken link from the scattered workshops of the moneyers of Anglo-Saxon London to a single mint within the Tower of London, from a purpose-built premises at Tower Hill to the huge modern coining plant in South Wales.
In April 1975 the Mint was established as a Government Trading Fund, operationally very similar to a government-owned company.
UK Royal Mint Unveils Prince William and Kate Middleton Royal Engagement Coin
Royal Mint Honours HRH The Prince of Wales to Mark Regiment's 50th Anniversary
2008 Prince of Wales 60th Birthday Commemorative Coin by British Royal Mint


This week we discuss the Facebook question, "Which Celebrity Would Crush You If You Found Out They Had Abused People In The Past?". That plus, camping, building a Temple in my basement, Rosanne forgives you and if you salt my popcorn, we're through!
That plus the Celebrity News, Nearly News, He Did What and The Dumber You Know, plus a look at our (new) apparent enemies up north, Canada.


text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
Gauge symmetries of the standard model (SM) have been well
confirmed at the CERN Large Electron Positron collider
(LEP)~\cite{:2004qh} and the Fermilab TEVATRON.
However the mechanism of spontaneous symmetry breaking has not been tested
yet~\cite{Amsler:2008zz,Barate:2003sz}.
The vacuum expectation value of the Higgs boson triggers
electroweak symmetry breaking and generates masses of weak gauge
bosons, quarks and charged leptons. Search for the Higgs boson is
the main purpose of the measurement at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC).

In the SM, coupling constants of the Higgs boson with the weak
gauge bosons and the matter fields directly relate to their
masses. In order to clarify the mass generation mechanism,
an independent determination of the particle masses and their couplings
to the Higgs boson is important, which will be the subsequent task at the LHC. It
will give not only a confirmation of the SM but also an indication
of new physics beyond the SM.

At the LHC the dominant production mechanism of the Higgs bosons
is gluon fusion $gg\to H$.
The leading contribution to this process comes from top-quark
loop diagrams. Information of the top-Yukawa coupling can be
extracted through this process as a combination with the Higgs decay
branching ratios.
The gauge interaction of the Higgs boson would be tested through
processes of
vector boson fusion $VV^*\to H(V=W^-,Z)$~\cite{Cahn:1983ip,Hankele:2006ma}
and Higgs-strahlung $q{\bar q'}\to VH$~\cite{Glashow:1978ab}.
These processes are promising channels for Higgs searches
too because of the kinematic advantage in the reconstruction of signals.
Measurement of the triple-Higgs boson coupling has been discussed
in the double-Higgs production mechanism from gluon fusion, $gg\to
HH$, at the LHC~\cite{Glover:1987nx}.
In Ref.~\cite{Baur:2003gp} the sensitivity to the Higgs boson
self-coupling is studied. The authors of this reference
conclude that its experimental
accuracy could reach $20$--$30$\% at the SLHC with an integrated
luminosity of $L=3000$ fb$^{-1}$ for $m_H^{}=150$--$200$ GeV.

Measuring the top-Yukawa coupling accurately
is important because the magnitude of the coupling constant
$(y_t^\text{SM} \sim 1)$ indicates that the physics of top quarks
closely would relate to that of electroweak symmetry breaking.
Lots of models are proposed in this direction~\cite{topmode}.
Measurements of the top-Yukawa coupling would be a key to
uncover such possibilities. In addition,
the Higgs boson self-coupling is of great interest by itself
to understand the nature of spontaneous symmetry breaking.
Its measurement can also be a probe of the new physics beyond the SM.
The coupling strength is also important being deeply related to
the condition of successful electroweak baryogenesis\cite{baryon}.

New physics beyond the SM will be recognized by the discovery of
non-SM particles or by detecting the deviation from the SM
relations between masses and coupling constants. For the latter case,
the low energy effective theory at the electroweak scale can be described by
the SM Lagrangian with additional higher dimensional operators.
This approach has been investigated to analyze non-standard interactions
in a model independent way. Leading order contributions of such non-standard
interactions would be described by the dimension-six operators~\cite{buchmuller}.
Constraints on these operators and their phenomenology have
been discussed in the literature~\cite{Hagiwara-Hatsukano-Ishihara-Szalapski,
Kanemura:2006bh,Barger:2003rs}.

In this paper, we study new physics effects from dimension-six
operators on single- and double-Higgs production processes, $gg\to
H$ and $gg\to HH$. The dimension-six operators correct to the
top-Yukawa coupling and the triple-Higgs boson coupling,
also induce the tree level $ggH$ and $ggHH$ vertices.
Effects due to the modified top-Yukawa coupling and the tree level
coupling on the effective $ggH$ vertex are investigated.
The former comes from color blind new dynamics while the latter
can come from some color dependent effects.
The experimental limits from the LEP precision data and the theoretical
bounds such as the unitarity bounds are taken into
account. We find that the effects on these processes due to the
dimension-six operators can be significant even under these
constraints.
In particular the double-Higgs production cross section is
sensitive to these dimension-six operators. These contributions
from the dimension-six operators can be distinguished by comparing
the data for these Higgs boson production channels at the LHC experiments.

This paper is organized as follows. In Sec. II, we introduce the
dimension-six operators as a new physics effect. Its experimental
and theoretical bounds are discussed. In Sec. III, numerical
evaluations of the effects of dimension-six operators on the Higgs
production processes at the LHC are shown. Conclusions and
discussions are given in Sec. IV. A detailed calculation is shown
in the appendix.

\section{Effective Lagrangian}
\label{sec:anomalous} New physics effects on phenomena at the
electroweak scale can be described by the higher dimensional
operators~\cite{buchmuller}. The effective Lagrangian is given by
\begin{align}
{\mathcal L}_\mathrm{eff} &= {\mathcal
L}_\mathrm{SM}+\sum_i\sum_{n\ge 5}
\frac{C_i}{\Lambda^{n-4}}{\mathcal O}_i^{(n)},
\end{align}
where ${\mathcal L}_\mathrm{SM}$ is Lagrangian of the SM, $C_i$
are the coupling strengths of the dimension-$n$ operators
${\mathcal O}_i^{(n)}$, and $\Lambda$ is a cut off scale of the
SM. The coefficients of these higher dimensional operators can in
principle be calculated by assuming new physics models which are
defined above the scale $\Lambda$. When $\Lambda$ is much greater
than the electroweak scale, the dimension-six operators can give
leading contributions to the deviations from the SM.

If the top-Yukawa interaction is modified by the dimension-six
operators, its effect can be observed in the processes of $gg\to H$
and $gg\to HH$.
The dimension-six operators relevant to the gluon fusion mechanism are
\begin{align}
{\mathcal O}_{t1} &=
\left(\Phi^\dag\Phi-\frac{v^2}2\right)\left({\overline
Q}\,t_R^{}\,
\widetilde{\Phi}+\widetilde{\Phi}\,\overline{t_R^{}}\,Q\right),\\
{\mathcal O}_{Dt} &=
\left(\overline{Q}\,D_\mu\,t_R^{}\right)D^\mu\widetilde{\Phi}
+\left(D^\mu\widetilde{\Phi}\right)^\dag\left(\overline{D_\mu\,t_R^{}}\,
Q\right),\\
{\mathcal O}_{tG\Phi} &=
\left[\left(\overline{Q}\,\sigma^{\mu\nu}\lambda^A\,t_R^{}\right)
\widetilde{\Phi}+\widetilde{\Phi}^\dag\left(\overline{t_R^{}}\,
\sigma^{\mu\nu}\lambda^A\,Q\right)\right] G^A_{\mu\nu},
\end{align}
where $Q=(u,d)^T_L$, $G^A_{\mu\nu}$ is the field strength of
gluons with $SU(3)$ generators $\lambda^A(A=1$--$8)$, $\Phi$ is a
scalar-iso-doublet with hypercharge $Y=1/2$,
$\widetilde{\Phi}=i\,\tau_2\Phi^*$, and $v$ ($\sim 246$ GeV) is
the vacuum expectation value whose origin may come from color blind
dynamics. The effective top-Yukawa
coupling deviates from the SM value due to ${\mathcal O}_{t1}$
and ${\mathcal O}_{Dt}^{}$.
There is only one dimension-six operator ${\mathcal
O}_G^{}$~\cite{Pierce:2006dh} that contributes to $ggH$ and $ggHH$
vertices at the tree level; i.e.,
\begin{align}
{\mathcal O}_G^{} &= \left(\Phi^\dag\Phi-\frac{v^2}2\right)
G^A_{\mu\nu}{G^{A}}^{\mu\nu}, \label{Eq:OG}
\end{align}
whose origin can come from colored new dynamics at the TeV scale.

The triple-Higgs boson coupling also contributes to double-Higgs
production $gg\to HH$. Dimension-six genuine-Higgs operators
change the Higgs self-coupling, which are given
by~\cite{Barger:2003rs}
\begin{align}
{\mathcal O}_{\Phi1} &=
\frac12\,\partial_\mu\left(\Phi^\dag\Phi\right)
\partial^\mu\left(\Phi^\dag\Phi\right),\\
{\mathcal O}_{\Phi2}
&= -\frac13\left(\Phi^\dag\Phi\right)^3,\\
{\mathcal O}_{\Phi3} &=
\left(D_\mu\Phi\right)^\dag\Phi\,\Phi^\dag\left(D^\mu\Phi\right).
\end{align}
Normalization of the Higgs field is shifted by introduction of
the operator ${\mathcal O}_{\Phi1}$. All the Higgs interactions are
corrected after the wave function renormalization for the Higgs
boson~\cite{Barger:2003rs}.
The Higgs potential is modified by ${\mathcal O}_{\Phi2}$;
then the triple-Higgs boson coupling
is a function of $C_{\Phi2}^{}$ and the Higgs boson mass.
The coefficient $C_{\Phi2}^{}$ simply shifts the triple-Higgs
coupling.

The coefficients $C_{t1}$, $C_{\Phi1}$ and $C_{\Phi2}$ are free
from the current experimental data\footnote{The coefficient $C_{\Phi1}$
would be determined precisely at the ILC by using the gauge boson
association processes such as Higgs-strahlung and vector
boson fusion.}.
In contrast, the coefficient of ${\mathcal O}_{\Phi3}$ (${\mathcal
O}_{Dt}^{}$) contributes to the electroweak rho parameter at the tree level
(and the one-loop level), which is strongly constrained by the
experimental data~\cite{gounaris2,Kanemura:2006bh}. The effects of
${\mathcal O}_{tG\Phi}$ will be measured by top-pair production,
$gg\to t{\bar t}$. Here we neglect the operators ${\mathcal O}_{Dt}^{}$,
${\mathcal O}_{tG\Phi}$ and ${\mathcal O}_{\Phi3}$ in the following
discussion assuming that these operators would be well constrained by the
other processes, and we concentrate on the effects due to the operators
${\mathcal O}_{t1}, {\mathcal O}_{\Phi1}, {\mathcal O}_{\Phi2}$ and
${\mathcal O}_{G}$. In Ref.~\cite{Pierce:2006dh}, the bounds on the
operator ${\mathcal O}_{G}$ are evaluated through the process
$gg\to H \to WW$ for $m_H^{}\gtrsim 160$ GeV,
\begin{align}
-1.2\lesssim a_G^{}\left(\frac{\alpha_s}{4\pi}\right)^{-1}\lesssim
0.5,
\end{align}
where the scaled couplings are defined as
$a_i=C_i\frac{v^2}{\Lambda^2}$.

The theoretical upper bounds on these operators from tree level
unitarity~\cite{pwu} have been discussed in the
literature~\cite{gounaris1,Barger:2003rs}. Such bounds on these less
constrained operators are given by
\begin{align}
a_{t1}\lesssim \frac{16\pi}{3\sqrt2}\frac{v}{\Lambda},\\
a_{\Phi1,\Phi2}^{}\lesssim 4\pi\frac{v^2}{\Lambda^2}.
\end{align}
If we consider the low energy cut off $\Lambda=1$--$3$ TeV, the
upper bound on $a_{t1}$ are $3.0$--$1.0$, respectively~\cite{Barger:2003rs}.
\section{Numerical evaluation of the Higgs production processes}
\label{sec:} By introducing the dimension-six operators ${\mathcal
O}_{t1}$ and ${\mathcal O}_{\Phi1}$, the effective top-Yukawa
coupling is expressed as
\begin{align}
y_t^\text{eff}&=Z_{\Phi1}\left(\frac{\sqrt2m_t}{v}-a_{t1}\right),
\label{Eq:yteff}
\end{align}
where $Z_{\Phi1}=(1+a_{\Phi1})^{-1/2}$. Feynman diagrams for
single-Higgs production via gluon fusion is depicted in
FIG.~\ref{FIG:FeynGGH}.
\begin{figure}[tb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=7.5cm]{FeynGGH.eps}
\caption{Feynman diagrams for the single-Higgs production process
via gluon fusion. Curled, dashed and solid lines represent gluons,
Higgs bosons and quarks, respectively. Dots denote the new physics interaction.
In the SM, there is no tree level contact interaction.}
\label{FIG:FeynGGH}
\end{figure}
For $a_G^{}=0$, the new physics contribution to this process
only appears in the effective top-Yukawa coupling.
Therefore $gg\to H$ only depends on $a_{t1}^{}$ and $a_{\Phi1}^{}$
by the combination given in Eq.~\eqref{Eq:yteff}.
We here define the parameter sets; Set A--Set F, for the coefficients
of dimension-six operators in TABLE~\ref{Tab:Sets}. Set A corresponds
to the SM. The effects of ${\mathcal O}_{t1}$ are studied by Set B and Set C,
and those of ${\mathcal O}_{t1}$ are investigated by Set D and Set E.
Set $F$ shows those of ${\mathcal O}_{\Phi2}$. The values of
$a_{t1}=\pm0.5$ correspond to the unitarity bounds for $\Lambda=5$
TeV, which change the effective top-Yukawa coupling by about $50$\%.
If we take a lower cut off scale ($\Lambda<5$ TeV), the unitarity
constraint on $a_{t1}$ becomes milder.
\begin{table}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
Set&A&B&C&D&E&F\\\hline
$a_{t1}$&$0$&$+0.5$&$-0.5$&$0$&$0$&$0$\\\hline
$a_G^{}$&$0$&$0$&$0$&$+0.004$&$-0.004$&$0$\\\hline
$a_{\Phi2}^{}$&$0$&$0$&$0$&$0$&$0$&$+0.5$\\\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Parameter sets for the coefficients of the dimension-six operators.}
\label{Tab:Sets}
\end{table}

The hadronic production cross section for $pp\to ggX\to HX$ is evaluated
as a function of $m_H^{}$ at the LHC in FIG.~\ref{FIG:ggH}.
\begin{figure}[tb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=7cm]{GGH-t1.eps}
\caption{The cross section of $pp\to ggX\to HX$
with $\sqrt{s}=14$ TeV as a function of the Higgs boson
mass. Curves denote the cross sections derived in the SM (Set A),
and in the SM with anomalous dimension-six couplings (Set B--Set E).}
\label{FIG:ggH}
\end{figure}
Detailed calculations are shown in Appendix A.
The solid, dotted, dashed, long-dashed and dot-dashed curves
correspond to the parameter sets Set A--Set E, respectively.
The peak around $m_H^{}\sim350$ GeV in these curves is understood as
the threshold effect due to the top-quark loop. If the
effective top-Yukawa coupling deviates from its SM value
(Set B and Set C), the cross section can be enhanced by a
factor $\sim9/4$ or suppressed by $\sim1/4$ for entire range of
the Higgs boson mass. These effects are determined only by
$y_t^\text{eff}$.
The differences from the SM for Set D and Set E are comparable to
that for top-Higgs coupling for Set B and Set C around $m_H^{}\sim
120$ GeV. The effects on the cross section from Set D and Set E are relatively
small compared to Set B and Set C for the larger Higgs boson masses.
These structures are realized by the interference of the amplitudes between
the new physics contributions and the SM one.

In FIGs.~\ref{FIG:GGH.sens.t1} and \ref{FIG:GGH.sens.G}, we evaluate the
statistical sensitivities for anomalous parameters
on $N = L\,\sigma(pp\to ggX\to HX){\mathcal B}(H\to WW, \gamma\gamma)$
where the integrated luminosity is assumed to be $L=300 \text{fb}^{-1}$.
The efficiencies of $W$ bosons and photons are taken as $100\%$ for the illustration.
Therefore, in these plots, the $H\to WW$ decay mode always gives a better sensitivity
than the $H\to \gamma\gamma$ decay mode because the decay branching ratios hold
the relation ${\mathcal B}(H\to WW) \gg {\mathcal B} (H\to \gamma\gamma)$
for $m_H^{}\gtrsim 100$ GeV. Note that we do not include any backgrounds
to calculate the statistical sensitivity. For larger Higgs boson masses,
the sensitivities become worse due to the decreasing of the cross section.
For the $WW$ decay mode with $m_H^{}\lesssim 120$ GeV, it has also bad sensitivities
because of the small branching fraction of $H\to WW$.
\begin{figure}[tb]
\centering
\begin{minipage}{0.49\hsize}
\includegraphics[width=7cm]{sns-t1.eps}
\end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}{0.49\hsize}
\includegraphics[width=7cm]{sns-t1a.eps}
\end{minipage}
\caption{The plot of the statistical sensitivity for $a_{t1}^{}$
on $N=L\sigma(pp\to ggX\to HX){\mathcal B}(H\to WW, \gamma\gamma)$
where the integrated luminosity is $L=300 \text{fb}^{-1}$.
Each curve denotes the $1\sigma$ deviation from the SM predictions.}
\label{FIG:GGH.sens.t1}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[tb]
\centering
\begin{minipage}{0.49\hsize}
\includegraphics[width=7cm]{sns-G.eps}
\end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}{0.49\hsize}
\includegraphics[width=7cm]{sns-Ga.eps}
\end{minipage}
\caption{The plot of the statistical sensitivity for $a_G^{}$
on $N=L\,\sigma(pp\to ggX\to HX){\mathcal B}(H\to WW, \gamma\gamma)$
where the integrated luminosity is $L=300 \text{fb}^{-1}$.
Each curve denotes the $1\sigma$ deviation from the SM predictions.}
\label{FIG:GGH.sens.G}
\end{figure}

In FIG.~\ref{FIG:GGH.sens}, we show the contour plot of the sensitivities in the
$a_{t1}^{}$--$a_G^{}$ plane. There is a strong correlation between $a_{t1}^{}$
and $a_G^{}$. This means that $a_{t1}^{}$ can mimic the effect of $a_G^{}$
in this process. It is understood by the destructive interference of
the top-loop diagram, which is shifted by $a_{t1}^{}$ and
the {\em tree level} diagram, which is induced by the dimension-six
operator ${\mathcal O}_G^{}$. Therefore, if the deviation from the SM
is found in $gg\to H$, we cannot distinguish the effects of
these anomalous couplings.
\begin{figure}[tb]
\centering
\begin{minipage}{0.49\hsize}
\includegraphics[width=7cm]{sns-t1-G-large.eps}
\end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}{0.49\hsize}
\includegraphics[width=7cm]{sns-t1-G.eps}
\end{minipage}
\caption{The sensitivity plots in the $a_{t1}^{}$--$a_G^{}$ plane
on $N=L\,\sigma(pp\to ggX\to HX){\mathcal B}(H\to WW, \gamma\gamma)$
where the integrated luminosity is $L=300 \text{fb}^{-1}$.
Each contour represents the $1\sigma$ deviation from the SM predictions.}
\label{FIG:GGH.sens}
\end{figure}

Next, let us discuss the double-Higgs production.
In FIG.~\ref{FIG:FeynGGHH}, we show the Feynman diagrams for the
process $gg\to HH$.
\begin{figure}[tb]
\includegraphics[width=15cm]{FeynGGHH.eps}
\caption{Feynman diagrams for the double-Higgs production process
$gg\to HH$ are depicted. Dots represent the new vertices of the
dimension-six operators.}\label{FIG:FeynGGHH}
\end{figure}
Invariant amplitudes for the sub-process are given in Appendix A.
For each diagram, appropriate crossing of external Higgs-boson and
gluon lines should be taken into account.
In the SM, there are only two kinds of topology,
the first and second diagrams from the left.
This process would be used to measure the triple-Higgs boson
coupling at the SLHC. The vertex function of $HHH$ is modified
by the introduction of the genuine Higgs operators as
\begin{align}
\lambda_{HHH}^{}({\hat s}) =
Z_{\Phi1}^{3/2}\left(Z_{\Phi1}^{-1}\frac{m_H^2}{2v^2} -\frac{{\hat
s}+2m_H^2}{v^2}a_{\Phi1}+\frac{a_{\Phi2}}3\right)v, \label{Eq:HHH}
\end{align}
where $\sqrt{\hat s}$ is the center of mass energy of $gg\to HH$.
For Set F, the coefficient $a_{\Phi 2}^{}$ is taken to be positive
to ensure vacuum stability. The value $a_{\Phi 2}^{}=+0.5$
corresponds to the $140$\% enhancement of the triple-Higgs boson
coupling for $m_H^{}=120$ GeV.

The cross sections for the Higgs boson pair production via the
gluon fusion sub-process are shown in FIG.~\ref{FIG:ggHH-sub-SM}
in the SM.
\begin{figure}[tb]
\includegraphics[width=7cm]{mh120SM.eps}
\caption{The cross section for the Higgs pair production sub-process $gg\to HH$ as a function of scattering energy for
$m_H^{}=120$ GeV in the SM. The dashed (long-dashed) curve denotes
the contribution coming from the triangle (box) diagram with
the $(+,+)$ helicity set of gluons.
The dotted curve is a composition of these two.
The thin solid one represents the helicity set $(+,-)$ in the
box diagram.}\label{FIG:ggHH-sub-SM}
\end{figure}
The dotted and thin solid curves represent the cross section with the
helicity set $(+,+)$ and $(+,-)$ of the gluons. For $m_H^{}=120$ GeV,
the main contribution comes from the box diagram (long-dashed)
because the triangle diagram (dashed) contains the Higgs boson self-coupling,
which is proportional to the Higgs boson mass squared, and
it has the typical behavior
of the $s$-channel process.

In FIG.~\ref{FIG:ggHH-sub-t1}, we show the effect of the
dimension-six top--Higgs interaction on $gg\to HH$ as a function of
$m_H^{}$ for Set B and Set C.
\begin{figure}[tb]
\begin{minipage}{0.49\hsize}
\includegraphics[width=7cm]{mh120t1+.eps}
\end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}{0.49\hsize}
\includegraphics[width=7cm]{mh120t1-.eps}
\end{minipage}
\caption{The cross section for the process $gg\to HH$ as a function of
$\sqrt{\hat s}$ for $m_H^{}=120$ GeV for Set B and C.
Each curve is given in the
same manner as in FIG.~\ref{FIG:ggHH-sub-SM}. The long-dot-dashed curve
denotes the contribution comes from the new vertex which is induced by
the dimension-six operator. The SM with helicity sets $(+,+)$ and $(+,-)$
of the gluons are also shown in thick and thin solid curves as a
reference.}\label{FIG:ggHH-sub-t1}
\end{figure}
These curves are used as the same manner as
in FIG.~\ref{FIG:ggHH-sub-t1}. The additional long-dot-dashed
curve represents new vertex contribution. The SM with gluon
helicity sets $(+,+)$ and $(+,-)$ are also shown in thick and thin
solid curves. For Set B, it can be seen that the effective
top-Yukawa coupling is suppressed in both the triangle and the box
diagrams. The cross section can also be enhanced by the dimension-five
interaction vertex of $t{\bar t}HH$ due to ${\mathcal O}_{t1}$.
On the contrary, for Set C the
contributions from the box diagrams become large because of the
large effective top-Yukawa coupling. The synergy effect of both
the contributions enhances the sub-process cross section significantly.

In FIG.~\ref{FIG:ggHH-sub-H}, we show the $gg\to HH$ cross section
as a function of $\sqrt{\hat s}$ for Set F.
\begin{figure}[tb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=7cm]{mh120H2+.eps}
\caption{The cross section of $gg\to HH$ for
$m_H^{}=120$ GeV with $a_{\Phi2}=+0.5$ as a function of
$\sqrt{\hat s}$. The curves are defined in the same
manner as FIG.~\ref{FIG:ggHH-sub-t1}.} \label{FIG:ggHH-sub-H}
\end{figure}
Each curve is given as in FIG.~\ref{FIG:ggHH-sub-t1}.
The contribution of $a_{\Phi2}^{}$ only appears in the triple-Higgs
boson vertex. Around $m_H^{}\sim 350$ GeV, a strong destructive
interference between the triangle and the box diagrams occurs. The
effect in Set F is relatively small as compared to those in
Set B and Set C. There is also enhancement on the sub-process cross
section near the threshold of $HH$ production. These effects turn out to
give larger contributions to the hadronic cross section.

For completeness, we also show the case for Set D and Set E in
FIG.~\ref{FIG:ggHH-sub-G}.
\begin{figure}[tb]
\includegraphics[width=7cm]{mh120G+-.eps}
\caption{The cross section of $gg\to HH$ as a function of sub-process
energy for $m_H^{}=120$ GeV in the SM with
$a_G^{}=\pm0.004$. The dotted and long-dashed curves denote the gluon
helicity sets $(+,+)$ and $(+,-)$ for Set D. The dashed and dot-dashed
curves are those for Set E. The SM predictions are also given by solid curves.}\label{FIG:ggHH-sub-G}
\end{figure}
The dotted and long-dashed curves represent the helicity
set $(+,+)$ and $(+,-)$ of gluons for Set D. Those for Set E are given by
the dashed and dot-dashed curves. The SM prediction is also
shown. For Set D, there is a cancellation between the
SM contribution and the anomalous tree level vertex $ggH$ in the $t{\bar
t}$ threshold region. In Set E, each contribution
is constructive in the same parameter region.

Convoluting the CTEQ6M parton distribution
function~\cite{cteq6}, the full cross section is evaluated
 for double-Higgs production
via gluon fusion.
\begin{figure}[tb]
\begin{minipage}{0.49\hsize}
\includegraphics[width=7cm]{ggHH-gen.eps}
\end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}{0.49\hsize}
\includegraphics[width=7cm]{ggHH-t1G.eps}
\end{minipage}
\caption{The total cross section of the double-Higgs production
$pp\to ggX\to HHX$ as a function of the Higgs boson mass in the left figure and the
anomalous couplings in the right figure with center of
mass energy $\sqrt{s}=14$ TeV.} \label{FIG:ggHH-full}
\end{figure}
In FIG.~\ref{FIG:ggHH-full}, we show the hadronic cross sections
as a function of the Higgs boson mass in the left figure and as a function of
the dimension-six couplings in the right figure.
Significant enhancement from the dimension-six
operators ${\mathcal O}_{t1}$ and ${\mathcal O}_{G}^{}$ can be seen
in both figures for a wide range of parameter space. For Set F,
the curve and that of the SM one coincide for large $m_H^{}$ values
whose structure is easily understood from Eq.~\eqref{Eq:HHH}.
The effect of $a_{\Phi2}$ is reduced when we take larger
Higgs boson masses. The contributions from $a_{\Phi1}$ might be much
larger than those of the other operators. This effect will be
first examined by gauge boson association processes.

In FIG.~\ref{FIG:GGHH.sens}, we evaluate the statistical sensitivities
for the anomalous parameters on
$N = L\,\sigma(pp\to ggX\to HHX){\mathcal B}(H\to WW){\mathcal B}(H\to WW)$
where the integrated luminosity is assumed to be $L=300 \text{fb}^{-1}$.
We focus on the anomalous parameters $a_{t1}^{}$ and $a_G^{}$,
because this process is insensitive to $a_{\Phi 2}^{}$ as we showed
in FIG.~\ref{FIG:ggHH-full}.
Obtained sensitivities are less smaller than those in $gg\to H$ process.
However, this process is still sensitive to $a_{t1}^{}$ for $m_H^{}\sim 150$ GeV
on some level due to the large enhancement (suppression) in the box diagram.
On the other hand, it is insensitive to the anomalous parameter $a_G^{}$.
\begin{figure}[tb]
\centering
\begin{minipage}{0.49\hsize}
\includegraphics[width=7cm]{sns-t1-HH.eps}
\end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}{0.49\hsize}
\includegraphics[width=7cm]{sns-G-HH.eps}
\end{minipage}
\caption{The plot of the statistical sensitivity for $a_{t1}^{}$
on $N=L\sigma(pp\to ggX\to HHX){\mathcal B}(H\to WW){\mathcal B}(H\to WW)$
where the integrated luminosity is $L=300 \text{fb}^{-1}$.
Each curve denotes the $1\sigma$ deviation from the SM predictions.}
\label{FIG:GGHH.sens}
\end{figure}

We show the contour plot of the sensitivities in the $a_{t1}^{}$--$a_G^{}$ plane
in FIG.~\ref{FIG:GGHH.sens.con}.
To compare the single- and double-Higgs production processes,
we also show the results calculated from $gg\to H$.
By using the insensitivity of $gg\to HH$ to $a_G^{}$,
the anomalous parameter $a_{t1}^{}$ can be constrained.
\begin{figure}[tb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=7cm]{sns-t1-G-HH.eps}
\caption{The sensitivity plots in the $a_{t1}^{}$--$a_G^{}$ plane
on $N=L\,\sigma(pp\to ggX\to HHX){\mathcal B}(H\to WW){\mathcal B}(H\to WW)$
where the integrated luminosity is $L=300 \text{fb}^{-1}$ and $m_H^{}=150$ GeV.
Each contour represents the $1\sigma$ deviation from the SM predictions.
We also show the contour of the sensitivity on
$N=L\,\sigma(pp\to ggX\to HX){\mathcal B}(H\to WW)$ } as a reference.
\label{FIG:GGHH.sens.con}
\end{figure}

The possibility of measuring the Higgs boson pair production has been
discussed in Ref.~\cite{Baur:2003gp} to determine the triple Higgs
boson coupling constant. Their background analyses can apply to our setup because
the dominant decay modes of the Higgs boson are almost the same as in
the SM. In our
case, the double-Higgs production process can be observable if the
cross section receives the above enhancement. However it does not
mean the improvement of the sensitivity for the triple-Higgs
boson coupling. The new vertex $t{\bar t}HH$ smears the effect of the Higgs
boson self-coupling. We find that $gg\to HH$ can still be sensitive to the
dimension-six top-Higgs interaction.
\section{Conclusions and discussions}
\label{sec:conclusion} In this paper, we have studied the impact
of the dimension-six operators on the Higgs production processes
via gluon fusion, i.e., $gg\to H$ and $gg\to HH$ at the LHC.
Constraints from the current experimental data and the theoretical
consistencies on the dimension-six operators are taken into
account.
We find that the contribution from the dimension-six top--Higgs
operators to single-Higgs production can significantly change the
cross section by a factor.
The double-Higgs production process can also receive a large
enhancement from the anomalous top-Higgs couplings.
The shift of the effective top-Yukawa coupling can
enhance the cross section significantly. In addition, the new
diagrams from the tree level vertex $t{\bar t}HH$ from ${\mathcal O}_{t1}^{}$
result in much larger cross sections than that in the SM.
Combined results of single- and double-Higgs production can
be used to discriminate between the
effects of dimension-six operators ${\mathcal O}_{t1}^{}$ and
${\mathcal O}_G^{}$.

Finally, we comment on the potential for the coupling measurements
at the international linear collider. As an optional process
the photon--photon collision $\gamma\gamma\to HH$ has a similar
structure to $gg\to HH$~\cite{Jikia}.
This process includes not only the top-quark loop but also
the $W$ boson loop, so that this kind of enhancement from
the top--Higgs interaction may be weakened by the $W$ boson loop. The
coupling $a_{\Phi2}^{}$ will also be measured at
double-Higgs-strahlung $e^-e^+\to ZHH$~\cite{Gounaris:1979px}, and W boson fusion
$e^-e^+\to\nu{\bar \nu}HH$~\cite{Kilian}, as well as above the photon--photon
collision~\cite{Cornet}.

\vspace{1cm} \noindent
{\large \it Acknowledgments}\\
S.K. was supported in part by Grants-in-Aid for Science
Research, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science No. 18034004.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
'Viral' photo has Synod connection
Paula Schlueter Ross
Deputy Rick Johnson of the Harris County Sheriff's Office carries Joel, 4, and Skylar, 2, through floodwaters outside their home in Cypress, Texas, Aug. 27. The photo — shown repeatedly on national news and morning TV shows — went viral when numerous Facebook and Twitter users also shared it as a symbol of racial harmony. (Harris County Sheriff's Office)
By Paula Schlueter Ross (paula.ross@lcms.org)
With all the media coverage of Hurricane Harvey, you've probably seen it: that photo of the African-American deputy carrying two white children — one cradled in each arm — across thigh-high floodwaters in a Houston suburb.
The picture — shown repeatedly on national news and morning TV shows — went viral when numerous Facebook and Twitter users shared it.
What you may not know is that the photo has a Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod connection: the children's father, Brett Barrett, is a nephew of the Rev. John R. Hopkins, senior pastor of Trinity Lutheran Church, an LCMS congregation in Hicksville, N.Y.
Barrett told Reporter he's surprised every time the photo pops up on TV. And he's even more surprised at how people have reacted to the photo: as a symbol of black-white harmony in a nation of smoldering racial tensions.
Among social-media comments about the photo, "Julia" posted on Aug. 29: "I won't say this is a picture of the 'real America' because, unfortunately, hate and bigotry are entrenched parts of real America. But everything about this photo is my America."
Barrett said he "wasn't even thinking about" that angle when he first saw the photo: "I just see a deputy who came to help out."
That sentiment is shared by his uncle, Pastor Hopkins, and Deputy Rick Johnson of the Harris (Texas) County Sheriff's Office, who is carrying Barrett's children in the photo.
"It was just me doing my job, helping out," Johnson told ABC News.
The photo was taken the morning of Sunday, Aug. 27, when Barrett's home had 2 to 3 inches of water inside and the floodwaters had reached a height of 4 feet in the yard.
Cradling Joel, 4, and Skylar, 2, Johnson waded through the water some 50 feet to a waiting rescue truck. He was followed by Barrett's wife, Nicole, carrying 4-month-old Parker; another deputy with several bags of clothing, toiletries and other items quickly packed by the family; and finally, Barrett, with the family's Australian Shepherd-Labrador mix, 50-pound "Penny," in his arms.
Stocked with plenty of food and water, the family had been planning to hunker down during the hurricane — like they'd done in previous storms — but "once water started coming in our house, we didn't want to be there anymore," Barrett recalls. The home had never flooded before.
He says he's grateful for:
Johnson, who was joking with the kids, "trying to make it fun for them," as they made their way to safety.
friends who took them in when they left their flooded home.
relatives who are leading the cleanup and refurbishing effort, even starting a "Go Fund Me" account to help meet the expected $10,000 in damages not covered by insurance. The family hopes to be back in their house in October.
Barrett says he is most thankful to God, who he's certain played a role in the "blessings," including the fact that the middle-of-the-night measures he and his wife took to safeguard furniture (such as putting table and chair legs inside plastic cups, and elevating furniture atop bricks) actually worked. They didn't lose anything they needed to save, he notes.
"I really have seen God in all the people that have come out to support us," he says: from the deputy who came to help, to the family who took them in, to relatives, to all the people from his church and work who came to help with cleanup.
The beauty of the response in the midst of heartache, he adds, "just really shines through."
Posted Sept. 21, 2017
Tags Hurricane Harvey Texas District
Paula Schlueter Ross (1953–2019), former managing editor of Reporter, was a magna cum laude graduate of Webster University, with a Bachelor of Arts in Journalism. During her nearly 35-year career with the LCMS, she wrote for both Reporter and The Lutheran Witness and often took photos to accompany her stories. Ross won 17 national writing awards from the Associated Church Press, including seven first-place "Awards of Excellence."
Movie review: 'It'
LCMS Stewardship releases free Bible study

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
package equipe.projetoes.models;

import android.app.Activity;
import android.content.res.Resources;

import java.text.Normalizer;

/**
 * Created by Nicolas on 16/03/2016.
 */

/**
 * Enum que guarda caracteristicas das categorias dos livros
 */
public enum Categoria {

    ROMANCE("Romance"), fANTASIA("Fantasia"),MISTERIO("Mistério"),FICCAOCIENTIFICA("Ficção \n Científica","scifi"),
    INFANTIL("Infantil"),MANGA("Mangá"),DIDATICO("Didático"),QUADRINHOS("Quadrinhos"),AUTOAJUDA("Auto-Ajuda","autoajuda"),
    RELIGIOSO("religioso");

    private final String nome;
    private final String nomeImagem;
    private final static String IMAGEM_CATEGORIA = "categoria_img_";
    private final static String DRAWABLE = "drawable";

    Categoria(String nome){
        this.nome = nome;
        this.nomeImagem = nome;
    }

    Categoria(String nome , String nomeImagem){
        this.nome = nome;
        this.nomeImagem = nomeImagem;
    }

    private String getNomeImagem(){
        return nomeImagem;
    }

    /**
     *
     * @return String
     */
    public String getNome(){
        return nome;
    }

    /**
     * Fornece o id do tipo int da imagem associada a categoria
     * @param activity
     * @return id da imagem da categoria que é do tipo int
     */
    public int getImagem(Activity activity){
        Resources mResources = activity.getResources();
        String mPackageName = activity.getPackageName();

        final int categoryImageResource = mResources.getIdentifier(
                IMAGEM_CATEGORIA + (removerAcentos(getNomeImagem()).toLowerCase()), DRAWABLE, mPackageName);
        return  categoryImageResource;
    }

    public static String removerAcentos(String str) {
        return Normalizer.normalize(str, Normalizer.Form.NFD).replaceAll("[^\\p{ASCII}]", "");
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Eleven Stanley Cup rings – that is how many I had on my fingers this week. None of them were mine of course (or from the Maple Leafs). They belonged to former NHL stars Glenn Anderson, Mike Krushelnyski, and Bob Sweeney. Between those three men, I had more rings than fingers to put them on!
The celebrities all arrived to play a shinny tournament on Long Pond, the Birthplace of Ice Hockey, right beside the School. King's-Edgehill School had a team (undefeated of course!) and Mike Krushelnyski joined us as a celebrity player. We were all impressed. Not that we were 'gaga' playing with an athlete who had spent years playing in Edmonton and Los Angeles and Toronto with some of the greatest players of all time (including Wayne Gretzky), but because he is such a likable and thoughtful man. Throughout the day we all learned so much about what it takes to be a professional athlete, what it means to be a team player, how one has to approach a game when it becomes work, and the effort required to be a champion. All three former players told stories and shared laughs throughout the day, sometimes in the middle of a game! However, in the evening at the banquet in KES's Stanfield Dining Hall/McLellan Annex, everyone present was able to hear and learn even more.
When he was interviewed at the banquet, Glenn Anderson had words of wisdom that apply to far more than life in the NHL
. He spoke eloquently of how important losing was for the Edmonton Oilers in the years leading up to their amazing string of successive Stanley Cup victories. He said they could not have won if not for the lessons they learned when they lost. One of the lessons they learned was that everyone has to be on the same page, playing the same system, to be a championship team. A team must be unified.
Mike Krushelnyski told a story about his first game as an Edmonton Oiler. It was a pre-season game and by the third period they were down by two goals. He could not fathom why his teammates were not upset and getting all riled up about losing. He started to say some things on the bench when "Slats" (Glen Sather the coach) tapped him on the shoulder and told him to lighten up, jump over the boards, and score some goals. He did. They won the game. Sometimes the way to victory is not to grip one's stick too tightly.
Many thanks to those alumni who made up our victorious Dream Team: Dylan (2005) and Scott Shearer (1985), Marc Whebby (1991), David Roddis (1997), Josh Dill (1998), Brett Fletcher (1994), Connor Redden (Class of 2017). And Emma Belliveau (2016) who piped us all to the banquet.


text:
Los Angeles Bankruptcy Lawyers Mark Anchor Albert and Associates Home
Contact Los Angeles, California Debt Relief Attorney Mark Anchor Albert and Associates
Dischargeability Challenges
The bankruptcy litigators at Mark Anchor Albert and Associates are your optimal choice as counsel to effectively prosecute and defend dischargeability challenges in bankruptcy court.
Many different types of debts are not dischargeable in bankruptcy. Under Section 523(a), the following debts cannot be discharged in bankruptcy:
debts for certain taxes and customs duties;
debts arising from false pretenses or misrepresentations;
debts knowingly and intentionally not listed by the debtor on its required schedules;
debts for fraud or defalcation by fiduciaries;
debts for spousal or child support;
debts arising from certain willful and malicious torts;
debts relating to certain types of fines, penalties, and forfeitures;
debts for government-guaranteed student loans;
debts for death or personal injury caused by an intoxicated debtor's operation of a motor vehicle, vessel, or aircraft;
debts that were the subject or should have been the subject of a prior bankruptcy proceeding;
debts arising from fraud or defalcation while acting in a fiduciary capacity committed with respect to any depository institution or insured credit union;
debts for malicious or reckless failure to fulfill maintain the capital of an insured depository institution;
debts for payment of restitution under title 18, United States Code;
debts incurred to pay a tax to the United States that would be nondischargeable pursuant to paragraph (1), to pay a tax to any other governmental unit that would be nondischargeable under paragraph (1), or to pay fines or penalties imposed under Federal election law;
debts to a spouse, former spouse, or child of the debtor that are not of the kind described in paragraph (5) in the course of a divorce proceeding;
debts for certain fees or assessments relating to a cooperative corporation, condominium or homeowners association;
debts for certain fees imposed on prisoners for legal filings;
debts owed to certain pension, profit-sharing, stock bonus, and other retirement/pension plans; and
debts arising from securities fraud.
The standard of proof for exceptions to discharge under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a) is "the ordinary preponderance of the evidence standard." Grogan v. Garner (1991) 498 U.S. 279, 291; Rembert v. AT & T Universal Card Services, Inc. (In re Rembert) (6th Cir. 1998) 141 F.3d 277, 281. "In order to except a debt from discharge, a creditor must prove each of [the] elements [of nondischargeability] by a preponderance of the evidence." In re Rembert, 141 F.3d at 281 (citations omitted). "Further, exceptions to discharge are to be strictly construed against the creditor[,]" and instead "are to be strictly construed in favor of the debtor." United States v. Hindenlang (In re Hindenlang) (6th Cir. 1999) 164 F.3d 1029, 1034 (citation omitted).
Lender Liability Claims
Debtor-in-Possession Financing
Fraudulent Conveyance Actions
Preferential Transfer Actions
Attorney Fee Challenges
Corporate Governance (Business Judgment Rule) Claims
Relief From Automatic Stay
Debtor Securities Violations
Officer and Director Negligence and Malfeasance
Claim Avoidance and Subordination Actions
Claim Objections and Claim Prosecutions
Dischargeability Challenges | Los Angeles Bankruptcy Lawyers


text:
German occupation of Czechoslovakia
Title: German occupation of Czechoslovakia
Subject: List of massacres in the Czech Republic, Tanks of Czechoslovakia, Sudetenland, German-occupied Europe, Hungary in World War II
Collection: 1939 in Germany, 20Th Century in Germany, Annexation, Battles and Operations of World War II Involving Czechoslovakia, Battles and Operations of World War II Involving Germany, Eastern European Theatre of World War II, Former Governments in Exile, German Military Occupations, History of the Czech Lands, Jewish Czechoslovak History, Military History of Czechoslovakia During World War II, Munich Agreement, National Liberation Movements, Partition (Politics), Politics of World War II, Sudetenland, World War II Occupied Territories
The German occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945) began with the Nazi annexation of Czechoslovakia's northern and western border regions, known collectively as the Sudetenland, under terms outlined by the Munich Agreement. German leader Adolf Hitler's pretext for this effort was the alleged privations suffered by the ethnic German population living in those regions. New and extensive Czechoslovak border fortifications were also located in the same area.
Following the Anschluss of Austria to National Socialist Germany, in March 1938, the conquest of Czechoslovakia became Hitler's next ambition. The incorporation of the Sudetenland into National Socialist Germany left the rest of Czechoslovakia weak and it became powerless to resist subsequent occupation. On 16 March 1939, the German Wehrmacht moved into the remainder of Czechoslovakia and, from Prague Castle, Hitler proclaimed Bohemia and Moravia the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. The occupation ended with the surrender of Germany following World War II.[1]
Demands for Sudeten autonomy 1
Munich Agreement 2
First Vienna Award 3
Second Republic (October 1938 to March 1939) 4
Second World War 5
Division of Czechoslovakia 5.1
Czechoslovak resistance 5.2
Slovak National Uprising 5.3
Czechoslovak Government-in-Exile 5.4
End of the war 6
Annexation of Subcarpathian Ruthenia by the Soviet Union 6.1
Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia 6.2
Demands for Sudeten autonomy
From left to right: Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler, Mussolini, and Ciano pictured before signing the Munich Agreement, which gave the Sudetenland to Germany
Sudeten German pro-National Socialist leader Konrad Henlein offered the Sudeten German Party (SdP) as the agent for Hitler's campaign. Henlein met with Hitler in Berlin on 28 March 1938, where he was instructed to raise demands unacceptable to the Czechoslovak government led by president Edvard Beneš. On 24 April, the SdP issued the Karlsbader Programm, demanding autonomy for the Sudetenland and the freedom to profess National Socialist ideology. If Henlein's demands were granted, the Sudetenland would then be able to align itself with National Socialist Germany.
I am asking neither that Germany be allowed to oppress three and a half million Frenchmen, nor am I asking that three and a half million Englishmen be placed at our mercy. Rather I am simply demanding that the oppression of three and a half million Germans in Czechoslovakia cease and that the inalienable right to self-determination take its place.
— Adolf Hitler's speech at the NSDAP Congress 1938
Edvard Beneš, the second President of Czechoslovakia and leader of the Czechoslovak government-in-exile.
As the tepid reaction to the German Anschluss with Austria had shown, the governments of France, the United Kingdom and Czechoslovakia were set on avoiding war at any cost. The French government did not wish to face National Socialist Germany alone and took its lead from the British government and its prime minister Neville Chamberlain. Chamberlain contended that Sudeten German grievances were justified and believed that Hitler's intentions were limited. Britain and France, therefore, advised Czechoslovakia to concede to the German demands. Beneš resisted, and on 20 May 1938 a partial mobilization was under way in response to possible German invasion. Ten days later, Hitler signed a secret directive for war against Czechoslovakia to begin no later than 1 October.
In the meantime, the British government demanded that Beneš request a mediator. Not wishing to sever his government's ties with Western Europe, Beneš reluctantly accepted. The British appointed Lord Runciman and instructed him to persuade Beneš to agree to a plan acceptable to the Sudeten Germans. On 2 September, Beneš submitted the Fourth Plan, granting nearly all the demands of the Karlsbader Programm. Intent on obstructing conciliation, however, the SdP held demonstrations that provoked police action in Ostrava on 7 September. The Sudeten Germans broke off negotiations on 13 September, after which violence and disruption ensued. As Czechoslovak troops attempted to restore order, Henlein flew to Germany, and on 15 September issued a proclamation demanding the takeover of the Sudetenland by Germany.
On the same day, Hitler met with Chamberlain and demanded the swift takeover of the Sudetenland by the Third Reich under threat of war. The Czechs, Hitler claimed, were slaughtering the Sudeten Germans. Chamberlain referred the demand to the British and French governments; both accepted. The Czechoslovak government resisted, arguing that Hitler's proposal would ruin the nation's economy and lead ultimately to German control of all of Czechoslovakia. The United Kingdom and France issued an ultimatum, making a French commitment to Czechoslovakia contingent upon acceptance. On 21 September, Czechoslovakia capitulated. The next day, however, Hitler added new demands, insisting that the claims of Poland and Hungary also be satisfied.
The Czechoslovak capitulation precipitated an outburst of national indignation. In demonstrations and rallies, Czechs and Slovaks called for a strong military government to defend the integrity of the state. A new cabinet—under General Jan Syrový—was installed, and on 23 September 1938 a decree of general mobilization was issued. The Czechoslovak army—modern and possessing an excellent system of frontier fortifications—was prepared to fight. The Soviet Union announced its willingness to come to Czechoslovakia's assistance. Beneš, however, refused to go to war without the support of the Western powers.
" How horrible, fantastic, incredible it is that we should be digging trenches and trying on gas masks here because of a quarrel in a far-away country between people of whom we know nothing. "
— Neville Chamberlain, September 27, 1938, 8 p.m. radio broadcast
On 28 September, Chamberlain appealed to Hitler for a conference. Hitler met the next day, at Munich, with the chiefs of governments of France, Italy and Britain. The Czechoslovak government was neither invited nor consulted. On 29 September, the Munich Agreement was signed by Germany, Italy, France, and Britain. The Czechoslovak government capitulated on 30 September and agreed to abide by the agreement. The Munich Agreement stipulated that Czechoslovakia must cede Sudeten territory to Germany. German occupation of the Sudetenland would be completed by 10 October. An international commission representing Germany, Britain, France, Italy, and Czechoslovakia would supervise a plebiscite to determine the final frontier. Britain and France promised to join in an international guarantee of the new frontiers against unprovoked aggression. Germany and Italy, however, would not join in the guarantee until the Polish and Hungarian minority problems were settled.
On 5 October 1938, Beneš resigned as President of Czechoslovakia, realising that the fall of Czechoslovakia was a fait accompli. Following the outbreak of World War II, he would form a Czechoslovak government-in-exile in London.
First Vienna Award
In early November 1938, under the first Vienna Award, which was a result of the Munich agreement, Czechoslovakia (and later Slovakia)—after it had failed to reach a compromise with Hungary and Poland—was forced by Germany and Italy to cede southern Slovakia (one third of Slovak territory) to Hungary, while Poland invaded Zaolzie territory shortly after.
As a result, Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia lost about 38% of their combined area to Germany, with some 3.2 million German and 750,000 Czech inhabitants. Hungary, in turn, received 11,882 km2 (4,588 sq mi) in southern Slovakia and southern Ruthenia; according to a 1941 census, about 86.5% of the population in this territory was Hungarian. Meanwhile, Poland annexed the town of Český Těšín with the surrounding area (some 906 km2 (350 sq mi)), some 250,000 inhabitants, Poles made about 36% of population,[2] and two minor border areas in northern Slovakia, more precisely in the regions Spiš and Orava. (226 km2 (87 sq mi), 4,280 inhabitants, only 0.3% Poles).
Soon after Munich, 115,000 Czechs and 30,000 Germans fled to the remaining rump of Czechoslovakia. According to the Institute for Refugee Assistance, the actual count of refugees on 1 March 1939 stood at almost 150,000.[3]
On 4 December 1938, there were elections in Karl Hermann Frank, the SS and police general and Secretary of State in the Protectorate.
Second Republic (October 1938 to March 1939)
Origins 1918
First Republic 1918–1938
2nd Republic / Occupation 1938–1945
Third Republic 1945–1948
Communist era 1948–1989
Velvet Revolution 1989
Dissolution 1993
The greatly weakened Czechoslovak Republic was forced to grant major concessions to the non-Czechs. The executive committee of the Slovak People's Party met at Žilina on 5 October 1938, and with the acquiescence of all Slovak parties except the Social Democrats formed an autonomous Slovak government under Jozef Tiso. Similarly, the two major factions in Subcarpathian Ruthenia, the Russophiles and Ukrainophiles, agreed on the establishment of an autonomous government, which was constituted on 8 October. Reflecting the spread of modern Ukrainian national consciousness, the pro-Ukrainian faction, led by Avhustyn Voloshyn, gained control of the local government and Subcarpathian Ruthenia was renamed Carpatho-Ukraine.
A last-ditch attempt to save Czechoslovakia from total ruin was made by the British and French governments, who on 27 January 1939, concluded an agreement of financial assistance with the Czechoslovak government. In this agreement, the British and French governments undertook to lend the Czechoslovak government ₤8 million and make a gift of ₤4 million. Part of the funds was allocated to help resettle Czechs and Slovaks who had fled from territories lost to Czechoslovakia in the Munich Agreement or the Vienna Arbitration Award.[5]
Hácha, Hitler and Göring meeting in Berlin, 14/15 March 1939
First German poster in Prague, 15 March 1939. English Translation: "Notice to the Population. By order of the Fuhrer and Supreme Commander of the German Wehrmacht. I have taken over, as of today, the executive power in the Land of Bohemia. Headquarters, Prague, 15 March 1939. Commander, 3rd Army, Blaskowitz, General of Infantry." The Czech translation includes numerous grammatical errors.
In November 1938, Emil Hácha—succeeding Beneš—was elected president of the federated Second Republic, renamed Czecho-Slovakia and consisting of three parts: Bohemia and Moravia, Slovakia, and Carpatho-Ukraine. Lacking its natural frontier and having lost its costly system of border fortification, the new state was militarily indefensible. In January 1939, negotiations between Germany and Poland broke down. Hitler—intent on war against Poland—needed to eliminate Czechoslovakia first. He scheduled a German invasion of Bohemia and Moravia for the morning of 15 March. In the interim, he negotiated with the Slovak People's Party and with Hungary to prepare the dismemberment of the republic before the invasion. On 13 March, he invited Tiso to Berlin and on 14 March, the Slovak Diet convened and unanimously declared Slovak independence. Carpatho-Ukraine also declared independence but Hungarian troops occupied it on 15 March and eastern Slovakia on 23 March.
Hitler summoned President Hácha to Berlin and during the early hours of 15 March, informed Hácha of the imminent German invasion. Threatening a Místek where an infantry company commanded by Karel Pavlík fought invading German troops). The Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine encountered resistance but the Hungarian army quickly crushed it. On 16 March, Hitler went to Czechoslovakia and from Prague Castle proclaimed the German protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.
Viktor Pick's 1939 visa used to escape Prague on the last train out on March 15th. Later, he arrived safely in British Palestine.
Thus, independent Czechoslovakia collapsed in the wake of foreign aggression and internal tensions. Subsequently, interwar Czechoslovakia has been idealized by its proponents as the only bastion of democracy surrounded by authoritarian and fascist regimes. It has also been condemned by its detractors as an artificial and unworkable creation of intellectuals supported by the great powers. Interwar Czechoslovakia comprised lands and peoples that were far from being integrated into a modern nation-state. Moreover, the dominant Czechs—who had suffered political discrimination under the Habsburgs—were not able to cope with the demands of other nationalities; however, some of the minority demands served as mere pretexts to justify intervention by National Socialist Germany. Czechoslovakia was able to maintain a viable economy and a democratic political system under the adverse circumstances of the inter-war period.
First issue of a Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 1 koruna note (1939). An unissued series of 1938 Republic of Czechoslovakia notes were marked with an identifying oval stamp on the front left side until regular issue could be circulated.
Division of Czechoslovakia
Shortly before World War II, Czechoslovakia ceased to exist. Its territory was divided into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, the newly declared Slovak State and the short lived Carpathian Ukraine. While the considerable part of Czechoslovakia was directly joined to the Third Reich, the Carpathian Ukraine was swiftly overrun by the Hungarian Forces and aided by Poland. Some parts (e.g., Zaolzie, Southern Slovakia) were annexed by Poland and Hungary in the fall of 1938. The Zaolzie region was directly joined to the Third Reich after the German invasion of Poland in September 1939.
The German economy—burdened by heavy militarisation—urgently needed foreign currency. Setting up an artificially high exchange rate between the Czechoslovak Koruna and the Reichsmark brought consumer goods to Germans (and soon created shortages in the Czech lands).
Czechoslovakia was a major manufacturer of machine guns, tanks, and artillery, most of which were assembled in the Škoda factory and had a modern army of 35 divisions. Many of these factories continued to produce Czech designs until factories were converted for German designs. Czechoslovakia also had other major manufacturing companies. Entire steel and chemical factories were moved from Czechoslovakia and reassembled in Linz, Austria which incidentally remains a heavily industrialized sector of the country. In a speech delivered in Reichstag, Hitler stressed out also the military importance of occupation, noting that by occupying Czechoslovakia, Germany gained 2.175 field canons, 469 tanks, 500 anti-aircraft artillery pieces, 43.000 machine guns, 1.090.000 military rifles, 114.000 pistols, about a billion rounds of ammunition and three millions of anti-aircraft grenades. This amount of weaponry would be sufficient to arm about half of the then Wehrmacht.[6] Czechoslovak weaponry later played major part in the German conquest of Poland and France, the countries that pressured the country's surrender to Germany in 1938.
Czechoslovak resistance
A woman in the Sudetenland greets incoming German troops with tears and a Roman salute.
Beneš—the leader of the Czechoslovak government-in-exile—together with Alois Eliáš, and the Czechoslovak resistance acknowledged Beneš's leadership. Active collaboration between London and the Czechoslovak home front was maintained throughout the war years. The most important event of the resistance was the Operation Anthropoid, the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich, SS leader Heinrich Himmler's deputy and the then Protector of Bohemia and Moravia. Infuriated, Hitler ordered the arrest and execution of 10,000 randomly selected Czechs, but, after consultations, he reduced his response.[7] Over 10,000 were arrested, and at least 1,300 executed. The assassination resulted in one of the most well-known reprisals of the war. The villages of Lidice and Ležáky were completely destroyed by the National Socialist; all men over 16 years of age from the village were murdered and the rest of the population was sent to National Socialist concentration camps where many women and nearly all the children were killed.
The Czechoslovak resistance comprised four main groups:
The army command coordinated with a multitude of spontaneous groupings to form the Defense of the Nation (Obrana národa, ON) with branches in Britain and France. Czechoslovak units and formations with Czechs (cca 65-70%), and Slovaks (cca 30%) served with the Polish Army (Czechoslovak Legion), the French Army, the Royal Air Force, the British Army (the 1st Czechoslovak Armoured Brigade), and the Red Army (I Corps). 2088 Czechs and 401 Slovaks fought in 11th Infantry Battalion-East alongside the British during the war in areas such as North Africa and Palestine.[8] Among others, Czech fighter pilot, Sergeant Josef František was one of the most famous Czech personalities as being among The Few's top aces in the Battle of Britain.
Beneš's collaborators, led by Prokop Drtina, created the Political Center (Politické ústředí, PÚ). The PÚ was nearly destroyed by arrests in November 1939, after which younger politicians took control.
Social democrats and leftist intellectuals, in association with such groups as trade-unions and educational institutions, constituted the Committee of the Petition We Remain Faithful (Petiční výbor Věrni zůstaneme, PVVZ).
The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ) was the fourth major resistance group. The KSČ had been one of over 20 political parties in the democratic First Republic, but it had never gained sufficient votes to unsettle the democratic government. After the Munich Agreement, the leadership of the KSČ moved to Moscow and the party went underground. Until 1943, however, KSČ resistance was weak. The National Socialist-Soviet Nonaggression Pact in 1939 had left the KSČ in disarray. But ever faithful to the Soviet line, the KSČ began a more active struggle against the Germans after Germany's attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941.
The names of executed Czechs, October 21, 1944
The democratic groups—ON, PÚ, and PVVZ—united in early 1940 and formed the Central Committee of the Home Resistance (Ústřední výbor odboje domácího, ÚVOD). Involved primarily in intelligence gathering, the ÚVOD cooperated with a Soviet intelligence organization in Prague. Following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, the democratic groups attempted to create a united front that would include the KSČ. Heydrich's appointment in the fall thwarted these efforts. By mid-1942, the Germans had succeeded in exterminating the most experienced elements of the Czechoslovak resistance forces.
Czechoslovak forces regrouped in 1942–1943. The Council of the Three (R3)—in which the communist underground was also represented—emerged as the focal point of the resistance. The R3 prepared to assist the liberating armies of the U.S. and the Soviet Union. In cooperation with Red Army partisan units, the R3 developed a guerrilla structure.
Guerrilla activity intensified with rising number of parachuted units in 1944, leading to establishment of partisan groups, such as 1st Czechoslovak Partisan Brigade of Jan Žižka, Jan Kozina Brigade or Mistr Jan Hus Brigade, and especially after the formation of a provisional Czechoslovak government in Košice on 4 April 1945. "National committees" took over the administration of towns as the Germans were expelled. More than 4,850 such committees were formed between 1944 and the end of the war under the supervision of the Red Army. On 5 May, a national uprising began spontaneously in Prague, and the newly formed Czech National Council (Česká národní rada) almost immediately assumed leadership of the revolt. Over 1,600 barricades were erected throughout the city, and some 30,000 Czech men and women battled for three days against 37,000–40,000 German troops backed by tanks and artillery. On 8 May, the German Wehrmacht capitulated; Soviet troops arrived on 9 May.
Slovak National Uprising
The Slovak National Uprising ("1944 Uprising") was an armed struggle between German Wehrmacht forces and rebel Slovak troops from August–October 1944. It was centered at Banská Bystrica.
The rebel Slovak Army, formed to fight the Germans, had an estimated 18,000 soldiers in August, a total which first increased to 47,000 after mobilisation on 9 September 1944, and later to 60,000, plus 20,000 partisans. However, in late August, German troops were able to disarm the Eastern Slovak Army, which was the best equipped, and thus significantly decreased the power of the Slovak Army. Many members of this force were sent to concentration camps in the Third Reich; others escaped and joined partisan units.
The Slovaks were aided in the Uprising by soldiers and partisans from the Soviet Union, United Kingdom, USA, France, Czech Republic and Poland. In total, 32 nations were involved in the Uprising.
Czechoslovak Government-in-Exile
Reward poster for Josef Valčík, one of the assassins of Reinhard Heydrich.
government-in-exile and negotiated to obtain international recognition for the government and a renunciation of the Munich Agreement and its consequences. After World War II broke out, a Czechoslovak national committee was constituted in France, and under Beneš's presidency sought international recognition as the exiled government of Czechoslovakia. This attempt led to some minor successes, such as the French-Czechoslovak treaty of 2 October 1939, which allowed for the reconstitution of the Czechoslovak army on French territory, yet full recognition was not reached. (The Czechoslovak army in France was established on 24 January 1940, and units of its 1st Infantry Division took part in the last stages of the Battle of France, as did some Czechoslovak fighter pilots in various French Fighter squadrons.)
Beneš hoped for a restoration of the Czechoslovak state in its pre-Munich form after the anticipated Allied victory, a false hope. The government in exile—with Beneš as president of republic—was set up in June 1940 in exile in London, with the President living at Aston Abbotts. On 18 July 1940, it was recognised by the British government. Belatedly, the Soviet Union (in the summer of 1941) and the U.S. (in the winter) recognised the exiled government. In 1942, Allied repudiation of the Munich Agreement established the political and legal continuity of the First Republic and de jure recognition of Beneš's de facto presidency. The success of Operation Anthropoid—which resulted in the British-backed assassination of one of Hitler's top henchmen, Reichsprotektor of Bohemia and Moravia Reinhard Heydrich, by Jozef Gabčík and Jan Kubiš on 27 May—influenced the Allies in this repudiation.
The Munich Agreement had been precipitated by the subversive activities of the Sudeten Germans. During the latter years of the war, Beneš worked toward resolving the German minority problem and received consent from the Allies for a solution based on a postwar transfer of the Sudeten German population. The First Republic had been committed to a Western policy in foreign affairs. The Munich Agreement was the outcome. Beneš determined to strengthen Czechoslovak security against future German aggression through alliances with Poland and the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union, however, objected to a tripartite Czechoslovak-Polish-Soviet commitment. In December 1943, Beneš's government concluded a treaty just with the Soviets.
Beneš's interest in maintaining friendly relations with the Soviet Union was motivated also by his desire to avoid Soviet encouragement of a post-war communist coup in Czechoslovakia. Beneš worked to bring Czechoslovak communist exiles in Britain into cooperation with his government, offering far-reaching concessions, including nationalization of heavy industry and the creation of local people's committees at the war's end. In March 1945, he gave key cabinet positions to Czechoslovak communist exiles in Moscow.
Civilians massacred in village Lidice, 10 June 1942, by the National Socialists
Especially after the German reprisals for the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich, most of the Czech resistance groups demanded, based on German terror during occupation, the "final solution of the German question" (Czech: konečné řešení německé otázky) which would have to be "solved" by deportation of the ethnic Germans from their homeland.[9] These reprisals included massacres in villages Lidice and Ležáky, although these villages were not connected with Czech resistance.[10]
These demands were adopted by the Government-in-Exile, which sought the support of the Allies for this proposal, beginning in 1943.[11][12][12] During the occupation of Czechoslovakia, the Government-in-Exile promulgated a series of laws that are now referred to as the "Beneš decrees". One part of these decrees dealt with the status of ethnic Germans and Hungarians in postwar Czechoslovakia, and laid the ground for the deportation of some 3,000,000 Germans and Hungarians from the land that had been their home for centuries (see expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia, and Hungarians in Slovakia). The Beneš decrees declared that German property was to be confiscated without compensation. However, the final agreement authorizing the forced population transfer of the Germans was not reached until 2 August 1945 at the end of the Potsdam Conference.
End of the war
Residents of Prague greet the Marshal of the Soviet Union Ivan Konev.
On 8 May 1944, Beneš signed an agreement with Soviet leaders stipulating that Czechoslovak territory liberated by Soviet armies would be placed under Czechoslovak civilian control.
On 21 September, Czechoslovak troops formed in the Soviet Union liberated the village Kalinov, the first liberated settlement of Czechoslovakia near the Dukla Pass in northeastern Slovakia. Czechoslovakia was liberated mostly by Soviet troops (the Red Army), supported by Czech and Slovak resistance, from the east to the west; only southwestern Bohemia was liberated by other Allied troops from the west. Except for the brutalities of the German occupation in Bohemia and Moravia (after the August 1944 Slovak National Uprising also in Slovakia), Czechoslovakia suffered relatively little from the war. Even at the end of the war, German troops massacred Czech civilians, as was for example in Massacre in Trhová Kamenice or Massacre in Javoříčko.
A provisional Czechoslovak government was established by the Soviets in the eastern Slovak city of Košice on 4 April 1945. "National committees" (supervised by the Red Army) took over the administration of towns as the Germans were expelled. Bratislava was taken by the Soviets on 4 April. Prague was taken on 9 May by Soviet troops during the Prague Offensive. When the Soviets arrived, Prague was already in a general state of confusion due to the Prague Uprising. Soviet and other Allied troops were withdrawn from Czechoslovakia in the same year.
Residents and fighters of Prague Uprising greet Soviet tanks and troops during the liberation of the city as part of the Prague Offensive, May 1945.
On 5 May 1945, in the last moments of the war in Europe, the Prague uprising (Czech: Pražské povstání) began. It was an attempt by the Czech resistance to liberate the city of Prague from German occupation during World War II. The uprising went on until 8 May 1945, ending in a ceasefire the day before the arrival of the Red Army and one day after Victory in Europe Day.
It is estimated that about 345,000 World War II casualties were from Czechoslovakia, 277,000 of them Jews. As many as 144,000 Soviet troops died during the liberation of Czechoslovakia.[13]
Annexation of Subcarpathian Ruthenia by the Soviet Union
In October 1944, Subcarpathian Ruthenia was taken by the Soviets. A Czechoslovak delegation under František Němec was dispatched to the area. The delegation was to mobilize the liberated local population to form a Czechoslovak army and to prepare for elections in cooperation with recently established national committees. Loyalty to a Czechoslovak state was tenuous in Carpathian Ruthenia. Beneš's proclamation of April 1944 excluded former collaborationist Hungarians, Germans and the Rusynophile Ruthenian followers of Andrej Brody and the Fencik Party (who had collaborated with the Hungarians) from political participation. This amounted to approximately 1⁄3 of the population. Another 1⁄3 was communist, leaving 1⁄3 of the population presumably sympathetic to the Czechoslovak Republic.
Upon arrival in Subcarpathian Ruthenia, the Czechoslovak delegation set up headquarters in Mukachevo—issued a resolution requesting separation of Subcarpathian Ruthenia from Czechoslovakia and incorporation into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. On 26 November, the Congress of National Committees unanimously accepted the resolution of the communists. The congress elected the National Council and instructed that a delegation be sent to Moscow to discuss union. The Czechoslovak delegation was asked to leave Subcarpathian Ruthenia. Negotiations between the Czechoslovak government and Moscow ensued. Both Czech and Slovak communists encouraged Beneš to cede Subcarpathian Ruthenia. The Soviet Union agreed to postpone annexation until the postwar period to avoid compromising Beneš's policy based on the pre-Munich frontiers.
The treaty ceding Carpathian Ruthenia to the Soviet Union was signed in June 1945. Czechs and Slovaks living in Subcarpathian Ruthenia and Ruthenians (Rusyns) living in Czechoslovakia were given the choice of Czechoslovak or Soviet citizenship.
Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia
Sudeten Germans are forced to walk past the bodies of 30 Jewish women starved to death by German SS troops
Czech districts with 50% or more ethnic German population[14] in 1935
In May 1945, Czechoslovak troops took possession of the borderland. A Czechoslovak administrative commission composed exclusively of Czechs was established. Sudeten Germans were subjected to restrictive measures and conscripted for compulsory labor.[15] On 15 June, however, Beneš called Czechoslovak authorities to order. In July, Czechoslovak representatives addressed the Potsdam Conference (the U.S., Britain and the Soviet Union) and presented plans for a "humane and orderly transfer" of the Sudeten German population. There were substantial exceptions from expulsions that applied to about 244,000 ethnic Germans who were allowed to remain in Czechoslovakia.
Following groups of ethnic Germans were not deported:
persons crucial for industries
those married with ethnic Czechs
It is estimated that between 700,000 and 800,000 Germans were affected by "wild" expulsions between May and August 1945.[16] The expulsions were encouraged by Czechoslovak politicians and were generally carried out by the order of local authorities, mostly by groups of armed volunteers.[17] However, in some cases it was initiated or pursued by assistance of the regular army.[17]
The expulsion according the Potsdam Conference proceeded from 25 January 1946 till October of that year. An estimated 1.6 million ethnic Germans were deported to the American zone of what would become West Germany. An estimated 800,000 were deported to the Soviet zone (in what would become East Germany).[18] Several thousand died violently during the expulsion and many more died from hunger and illness as a consequence. These casualties include violent deaths and suicides, deaths in "internment camps"[19] and natural causes.[20] The joint Czech-German commission of historians stated in 1996 following numbers: The deaths caused by violence and abnormal living conditions amount approximately to 10 000 persons killed. Another 5,000–6,000 people died of unspecified reasons related to expulsion making the total amount of victims of the expulsion 15,000–16 000 (this excludes suicides, which make another approximately 3,400 cases).[21][22]
Approximately 225,000 Germans remained in Czechoslovakia, of whom 50,000 emigrated or were expelled soon after.
Fall Grün, the German invasion plan for Czechoslovakia rendered obsolete by the Munich Agreement.
Lety concentration camp
Hodonin concentration camp
Czechoslovak border fortifications – built 1935–1938 against Germany
Battle of Czajánek's barracks
Karel Pavlík
Western betrayal
^ Forced displacement of Czech population under Germans in 1938 and 1943, Radio Prague
^ Zimmermann, Volker: Die Sudetendeutschen im NS-Staat. Politik und Stimmung der Bevölkerung im Reichsgau Sudetenland (1938–1945). Essen 1999. (ISBN 3884747703)
^ Text of the agreement in League of Nations, vol. 196, pp. 288–301.
^ The assassination of Reinhard Heydrich
^ Czechoslovak Bn. no. 11 on British & Commonwealth Orders of Battle
^ Naše geografická situace a historie naší země od 10. století tu může býti všem dostatečným důvodem a dokladem k tomu, že toto konečné řešení německé otázky u nás je naprosto nezbytné, jedině správné a opravdu logické.[1]
^ HISTORY OF LIDICE VILLAGE
^ a b Československo-sovětské vztahy v diplomatických jednáních 1939–1945. Dokumenty. Díl 2 (červenec 1943 – březen 1945). Praha. 1999. (ISBN 808547557X)
^ THE 5TH EXHIBITION: THE ANNALS OF THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR REFLECTED IN WAR MEMORIALS
^ http://cadmus.iue.it/dspace/bitstream/1814/2599/1/HEC04-01.pdf
^ The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War, Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees, European University Institute, Florence. HEC No. 2004/1. p.17
^ a b Biman, S. – Cílek, R.: Poslední mrtví, první živí. Ústí nad Labem 1989. (ISBN 807047002X)
^ http://www.radio.cz/en/article/65421
^ P. WALLACE/BERLIN "Putting The Past To Rest'", Time Magazine Monday, 11 Mar 2002
^ Z. Beneš, Rozumět dějinám. (ISBN 80-86010-60-0)
^ http://www.fronta.cz/dotaz/odsun-pocet-umrti#pozn1 quoting Beneš, Z. – Kuklík, J. ml. – Kural, V. – Pešek, J., Odsun – Vertreibung (Transfer Němců z Československa 1945–1947), Ministerstvo mládeže a tělovýchovy ČR 2002, s. 49–50.
^ http://www.tschechien-portal.info/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=134
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Watton Place Clinic
Watton at Stone
Watton-at-Stone
SG14 3SY
eConsult - Consult Your GP Online
Oxford AstraZeneca Vaccine
New guidance has been issued for the use of the Oxford AstraZeneca Covid-19 vaccine.
This follows further reviews by the independent regulator, the MHRA, and the Commission for Human Medicines, of a very small number of people in the UK who have developed a rare blood-clotting condition since having the Oxford AstraZeneca Covid-19 vaccine.
The MHRA and Joint Committee for Vaccinations and Immunisations have emphasised that the risk of this condition is extremely small and that the benefits of the vaccine outweigh the risks for the vast majority of people. They have recommended that:
Everyone who has had the AstraZeneca vaccine should still have a second dose of the AstraZeneca vaccine, irrespective of age, unless they have had a blood clot or have an existing risk of thrombosis (blood clotting
People aged 30 and over or who have a health condition that puts them at higher risk of severe Covid-19 disease should still be offered the Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine. The benefits in protecting them against the serious consequences of COVID-19 outweigh any risk of this rare condition.
People aged 18-29 who do not have a health condition that puts them at higher risk of severe Covid-19 disease will be offered an alternative Covid-19 vaccine where available. (This has been recommended as a precaution as people under 30 are at less risk from Covid-19 and not because they are considered to be at particular risk of developing the rare blood clot.)
People under 30 can still choose to have the Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine if this will mean they can be protected more quickly and they have been made aware of the guidance.
Please see the leaflet below that has been produced by Public Health England and the NHS to answer any questions you may have.
Leaflet on COVID-19 vaccination and blood clotting
Read about this year's Flu Clinics
Did you know that local NHS volunteers can help you become more cancer aware through free sessions in our area? The 60-minute Cancel Out Cancer session, currently delivered via Zo... Find out more
We need to continue to do what we can to keep people safe from catching Covid-19. One way we can all help with this is by continuing to wear a face-covering in our practice and we ... Find out more
Please make sure we have your telephone number and email address as in the current climate we may need to contact you urgently. Flu vaccinations for the over 65s and those with ... Find out more
60 High Street Watton-at-Stone Hertford SG14 3SY


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City of Ponchatoula
Welcome to Our Historic City
Consolidated Board
Downtown Ponchatoula
Mayor Robert F. Zabbia
Robert F. "Bob" Zabbia, a lifelong resident of Ponchatoula, brings to the mayor's office over forty years of business and administrative experience dealing with the workings of governments at all levels—local, parish, state, and federal. This role has allowed him to see first-hand how other cities solve their problems.
He served twelve years as a member of the Board of North Oaks Health Systems until his retirement in 2010. Mayor Zabbia also served on the Board of Parish National Bank for eight years prior to the sale to Whitney.
Mayor Zabbia graduated from Ponchatoula High School in 1968 and Southeastern Louisiana University in Hammond in 1972 with a B.A. in Marketing. He has been married to the former Kim Howes since 1974. They have one daughter Kate Zabbia Stuart who, along with her husband JD and daughter Maggie, lives in Nashville, Tennessee.
He is a current member of the Ponchatoula Chamber of Commerce and a past member of the Ponchatoula Kiwanis Club. Mayor Zabbia also participates in as many community involvements as his schedule allows. He and his wife Kim are members of St. Joseph's Catholic Church.
"Ponchatoula is where we were born, where we grew up, where we were married, where we all went to school," the Mayor added. "Kim, Kate, and I all graduated from PHS where Kim spent thirty-three years as an educator.
"Ponchatoula is where I have lived my life. I know what this city is, I know what it has been, and I know what it can still become."
Executive Assistant Rhonda Sheridan
Contact The Mayor's Office
All Public Records requests and questions should be delivered to Ponchatoula City Hall, 125 West Hickory Street, Ponchatoula, LA 70454. You may also email the completed and signed form to [email protected]. Please address to City Clerk, Jeffrey Douglas.
The City of Ponchatoula will provide copies of any municipal public records in accordance with the statutes of the State of Louisiana laws.
Download a City of Ponchatoula Public Records Request Form
Ponchatoula has a little bit of something for everyone. From local attractions such as Ole Hardhide the Alligator, the largest pole flying American Flag maintained by the Ponchatoula Chapter of the American Legion Minutemen as well as the Joyce Wildlife Management Area Swamp Walk. The city also has several great venues to host your parties or conferences such as Chesterton Square and Fleur de Lis. Ponchatoula still continues its time-honored tradition of local farming and local strawberries.
We know that you will enjoy our wholesome family atmosphere and hope that you will include the City of Ponchatoula in your future travel plans.
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OSWEGO, NY – Members of the Greater Oswego-Fulton Chamber of Commerce discovered a unique and effective way to help not only save small, independent businesses, but to help make them prosper as well.
One of the country's foremost retail experts and renowned business advisor, Cinda Baxter, served as the keynote speaker at the Chamber's annual Small Business Week Breakfast, May 21 in the Hewitt Union Ballroom at SUNY Oswego.
Cinda Baxter, founder of The 3/50 Project was the keynote speaker at the Greater Oswego-Fulton Chamber of Commerce Small Business Week Breakfast.
Founder of the highly successful 3/50 Project, Baxter followed her career as a special events coordinator and successful retailer by beginning a career as a consultant and retail coach in 2007.
Her single-minded purpose was to strengthen and support independent, brick and mortar businesses.
Baxter's presentation at the breakfast focused on the how The 3/50 Project works and the positive impact that it can have on small businesses and the communities in which it is practiced.
Built on the tag line "Pick 3, spend 50, and save your local economy" Baxter's concept soon attracted thousands of visitors to her website as The 3/50 Project soon received nationwide acceptance.
The concept of The 3/50 Project challenges community members to pick 3 independently owned businesses that they would miss most if they were gone and spend $50 monthly, that they would have spent elsewhere, at these stores.
According to Baxter, The 3/50 Project will stimulate the local economy in two ways, increasing the amount of money that returns to the community though taxes, payroll and other expenditures and by creating jobs as well.
The 3/50 Project has also been hailed nationally as an unprecedented success for Buy Local awareness.
Executive Director of the Greater Oswego-Fulton Chamber of Commerce, Beth Hilton, has been excited about the positive impact that The 3/50 Project could have on the local economy since first learning about the concept from Linda Tyrell of Harbor Town Gifts in Oswego.
"Linda was instrumental in us being able to have Cinda as our keynote speaker and I would like to thank her for her efforts. Cinda's presentation was very enlightening. Her goal to inspire small business owners to rise above the challenges of flailing economics, while empowering consumers to create positive change by driving revenue back toward locally owned, independent businesses was well received by those in attendance and I am looking forward to The 3/50 Project taking even deeper root and growing in Oswego County," said Hilton.


text:
Q: Pandas: Comparing two Boolean Series and output a third series if both are True I currently have two Series, t1 and t2, containing Boolean values.

t1
t2

True
True

True
False

False
False

False
True

True
True

True
False

I want to have a third series t3 where if t1 == True and t2 == True, then it outputs as True.
Expected result:

t3

True

False

False

False

True

False

How can I achieve this? Thank you

A: Use DataFrame.all for test if both columns are Trues:
df['t3'] = df[['t1','t2']].all(axis=1)

If need test all columns:
df['t3'] = df.all(axis=1)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Abby chose the University of Cincinnati, not only because it made sense financially, but she was accepted to the Kolodzik Business Scholars Program. The Scholars Program is a part of the Business Honors Program and she was one of forty students selected. "I couldn't pass that up.It gives me opportunities that the other schools did not." According to the University of Cincinnati's website, the Kolodzik Business Scholars Program provides its students with multidisciplinary academics and focused global experiences in conjunction with real-world professional experiences to prepare them for successful careers.


To sterilise jars and their lids, wash thoroughly in warm, soapy water, rinse and drain upside down on kitchen paper. Place on a baking tray in a preheated oven at 140°C (120˚C fan/Gas 1) for 15-20 minutes.
This chutney will keep for up to 6 months. Chill after opening and use within 2 weeks.
Peel, core and dice the apples. Peel and finely chop the onions.
Place all the ingredients in a large, heavy-based pan and slowly bring to the boil, stirring frequently until the sugar has dissolved.
Lower the heat and simmer uncovered for 45 minutes until the fruit is tender but has not lost its shape.
Divide the hot chutney between six 250ml sterilised jars and seal. Store in a dark, cool place and leave to mature for a couple of weeks before eating.


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As women get behind the wheel in Saudi Arabia, CNN looks at the long road the country took to get to this point. >>
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Saudi Arabia's Economic Revamp Means More Jobs for Saudis---If Only They Wanted Them. Local companies that used to rely on expats are struggling to fill the government's new quotas with qualified employees, given the large number of jobs Saudis refuse to do. Among the creative solutions: Saudi workers who are paid to stay home. >>
Saudi Arabia's women drivers get ready to steer their lives. DHAHRAN, Saudi Arabia (Reuters) - On June 24, when Saudi women are allowed to drive for the first time, Amira Abdulgader wants to be sitting at the wheel, the one in control, giving a ride to her mother beside her. >>
Saudi Arabia's women drivers get ready to steer their.... DHAHRAN, Saudi Arabia, June 19 (Reuters) - On June 24, when Saudi women are allowed to drive for the first time, Amira Abdulgader wants to be sitting at... >>
Saudi Arabian plane catches fire, team lands safely in Rostov-on-Don. The airline said the problem was caused by a bird hitting one of the engines. >>
Saudi soccer team land safely in Rostov after apparent engine fire >>
The Latest: Health official says 6 dead in coalition strike. A senior Houthi-linked health official says the Saudi-led coalition has bombed a bus carrying civilians, killing six people on the outskirts of the Yemeni city of Hodeida >>
The long road to drive for Saudi women. As women get behind the wheel in Saudi Arabia, CNN looks at the long road the country took to get to this point. >>
The women who campaigned to overturn Saudi Arabia's driving ban. It was in the thick of the Arab Spring in 2011 when Manal al-Sharif first had herself recorded driving in Saudi Arabia. "You can have a PhD here and still not know how to drive," says Sharif during an eight-minute video about Saudi Arabia's female driving ban. >>
The women who campaigned to overturn Saudi's driving ban. It was in the thick of the Arab Spring in 2011 when Manal al-Sharif first had herself recorded driving in Saudi Arabia. "You can have a PhD here and still not know how to drive," says Sharif during an eight-minute video about Saudi Arabia's female driving ban. >>
The women who fought Saudi's driving ban. It was in the thick of the Arab Spring in 2011 when Manal al-Sharif first had herself recorded driving in Saudi Arabia. "You can have a PhD here and still not know how to drive," says Sharif during an eight-minute video about Saudi Arabia's female driving ban. >>