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Union-Made in America Cars and Trucks
2021 Union-Built Vehicles
These vehicles are made in the United States or Canada by members of the UAW and Canada's Unifor union. (Vehicles made in Canada are in italics.)
Enclave CT4
Escalade Hybrid
Bolt (electric)
Equinox*
Express (cut-away)
Silverado Heavy Duty
Silverado Light Duty (crew** and double cab only)
Silverado Medium-Duty Navistar (regular and crew cab)
Tahoe (police)
Tahoe (special service)
Traverse 300
Grand Caravan E-Series (cut-away)
F-650/750
Super Duty Chassis Cab
Savana (cut-away)
Sierra Heavy Duty
Sierra Light Duty (crew** and double cab only)
Yukon Hybrid
Yukon XL Cherokee
Navigator 1500 (classic model - DS)*
1500 (new model - DT)*
These vehicles are made in the United States or Canada by members of the UAW and Canada's Unifor union, formerly the Canadian Auto Workers (CAW). Because of the integration of vehicle production in both countries, all of the vehicles listed made in Canada include significant UAW-made content and support the jobs of UAW members.
However, vehicles marked with a single asterisk (*) are also produced in Mexico.
All heavy-duty Chevrolet Silverados and GMC Sierras will be built in Flint, Michigan, only. Light-duty Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra regular cabs are produced in Mexico only. Vehicles marked with a double asterisk (**) are the crew cab versions of the Chevrolet Silverado light-duty and GMC Sierra light-duty trucks. Those are assembled by UAW members in Fort Wayne, Indiana, and also in Mexico.
When purchasing one of the above vehicles, it's important to check the Vehicle Identification Number (VIN). A VIN beginning with "1" or "4" or "5" identifies a U.S.-made vehicle; a "2" identifies a Canadian-made vehicle; a "3" identifies a vehicle made in Mexico.
Not all vehicles made in the United States or Canada are built by union-represented workers. Vehicles not listed here, even if produced in the United States or Canada, are not union made.
View the 2021 UAW Union-Built Vehicle Guide
UAW Union-Built Vehicle Guides (2010-20)


Announcement of the closure of the Hull-based Vivergo bioethanol plant at the end of September makes the UK more likely to have to export wheat from harvest 2019 and ups the Brexit risk slightly, according to Jack Watts, NFU chief advisor for combinable crops.
Although wheat prices have been higher recently, it is the Government's failure to roll out E10 fuel, which has a higher bioethanol blending ratio than petrol currently on sale, that has been the main factor in its closure, according to Mr Watts. "It would have been a real lifeline to the plant. A plant of that scale isn't going to be deterred by a short term fluctuation in raw material prices.
The CropEnergies Group is one of the leading European manufacturers of sustainably produced bioethanol for the fuel sector.
Both Ensus and Vivergo produce ethanol and both are having to compete with world ethanol prices, which is a concern, says Mr Askew. "Cars made after the year 2000 are fine with E10. It has lots of benefits for the plants, farms, the wider economy and Paris Agreement on clean air. It is simply a matter of the Government acting on that but it did not come quickly enough for Vivergo.
On 20 July, the Department for Transport launched a consultation on whether and how it should introduce E10 fuel to the UK market. It ends on September 16.


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McKinney learned from some greats on his way to TSU
By David Nuno
HOUSTON, Texas (KTRK) -- Clarence McKinney is back at home in Houston.
McKinney took over as football coach at Texas Southern University in December, and grew up in this very neighborhood.
He coached, and even played at nearby Yates. "It always feels good to come back to home," says McKinney. "I walk around the neighborhood and everyone is excited about me being back at home. I am excited about being back at home, and it feels good."
McKinney has coached at UH and Texas A&M.
He learned from some of the brightest offensive minds in the game. "Kevin Sumlin, Dana Holgersen, Kliff Kingsbury, the list goes on. This has been a great experience to see."
Texas Southern has their work cut of for them, only winning two games last year.
McKinney is up to the challenge, and says everyone is excited about the team's future.
"It is my job and our job, and the football team to keep people excited. We are working hard, and hopefully we can win a lot more games than we have in the past. The guys have really put in the work," McKinney said.
sportshoustontexas southern universitycollege football

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
T: 01235 522642 E: enquiries@abingdon.gov.uk
T: 01235 522642	E: enquiries@abingdon.gov.uk
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Latest news: Celebrate the Queen's Platinum Jubilee in Abingdon
Residents and businesses in Abingdon are gearing up to enjoy the celebrations for the Platinum Jubilee in celebration of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II's 70 Year Reign. We are planning […]
Archive for: Bath Street & Square
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This unique bistro is welcomed back to town. It is a restaurant with rooms, so convenient bed and breakfast in the town centre.
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Stitch and sewing shop
For stitched items and sewing projects call at the shop alongside Mason's in Bath Street. Items such as curtains and cushion covers can be made as well as repairs to clothing and furnishings.
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Clockwork Dragon
Clockwork Dragon deals in the latest in Steampunk 'Victorian' fashion, Fantasy, Gothic and Sci-Fi,TV and Film memrobilia. The shop is open Monday to Saturday, 9am till 5pm.
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The War Memorial
The War Memorial is situated in The Square which is a former secondary market place where animals were sold. It is situated at the end of the High Street where it meets Bath Street.
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Art & Stuff closed
Possibly still trading on line for some unusual "finds" abtiques and retro pieces and not expensive. The owner believes in bringing affordable art to everyone and has a real eye for something a bit unusual and appealing.
The retail premises on Bath Street have closed.
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The Lemon Grove
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Bath Street
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Salinas Cafe and Bar
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The Blue Boar
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Next Council Meeting
Town Council will be held on Wednesday 26th January, 2022 at 7:00 PM
Due to the Covid-19 pandemic and in order to comply with Government regulations the Town Council will hold this meeting online and not in person. Members of the public are welcome to attend, please contact democratic@abingdon.gov.uk for joining details.
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What's in the Past and Future of the Beloved Amarillo Globe-News Building?
Ryan Kramer Published: April 29, 2022
Google Maps (2018)
The old Amarillo Globe News building sits on the 900 block of south Harrison street downtown.
The empty loading dock that faces 10th Street is a somber site for many Amarillo natives. For years, any time you passed the old Globe News, it would be abuzz with movement--trucks, workers, and staff alike could be seen milling about at any given moment.
The History of the Newspaper & The Building
The heritage of Amarillo's daily newspaper is deeply rooted in the Panhandle's early history. In its early genesis in 1909, it was the product of a local Baptist deacon's push for prohibition publications. By 1926, the daily publication had transformed into a general newspaper called the Amarillo Daily News. Bought out by two ambitious business partners, it was then merged it with their Globe newspaper--it was then that the Amarillo Globe News took on its final form.
The newspaper moved into the building at 900 S. Harrison in 1949. Throughout its rich history, the newspaper received a Pulitzer Prize for Public Service in 1961 for its investigative expose on government corruption in Potter and Randall counties.
The angular brick structure on south Harrison street was where the newspaper flourished in its golden years.
The Fall of the Newspaper Industry
With the fall of the newspaper industry starting in the early 2010s, the Globe News was not immune. By 2017, Morris Communications had sold its holdings to another media conglomerate and in September 2018 the remnants of Amarillo's newspaper moved out of the building on Harrison street and into the FirstBank Southwest Tower just down the street.
The beloved brick building that once housed a robust daily newspaper has stood vacant and deathly silent on its corner since the doors closed in 2018.
And in the wake of its sudden vacancy, the question has been often asked: what will happen to the old Globe News building? Can it possibly be saved?
Who Bought the Old Globe News Building?
When I heard someone say that the weathered "for sale" sign on the building had been taken down, I couldn't help but wonder who made the purchase. Or if such a purchase had even been made.
A quick search of the appraisal district database shows that a Warranty Deed was executed on February 21, 2022. The entity listed is Ridgewater, LLC. And while I've pinpointed the name of this company's president--I hesitate to release it until I receive a phone call back to confirm that the future of the building has indeed been secured.
But it seems like there is a shining hope that this beloved historic building will remain where it is--still proudly standing on 10th and Harrison street in the heart of Downtown Amarillo.
Downtown Amarillo Over The Years
Downtown Amarillo has seen an incredible metamorphosis. Take a look at the photos below to see just how much it's changed--you won't believe the difference.
Sixth Street Over The Years - WOW! What A Change!
Sixth Street in Amarillo looked incredibly different not too long ago. Have you forgotten what it looked like in 2007? Buckle up, the ride is incredible.
Filed Under: amarillo globe news, Amarillo Texas, historic building
AFD: Cell Phone Is Culprit In North Amarillo Fire
PHOTOS: The Wonderful World Of Color Inside This Quirky Amarillo Landmark
Apply To Be A Muralist at the The Hoodoo Mural Festival
What the Duck! Cuss Words Are Normalized in Amarillo Now?
The Amarillo Globe News Has Taken Yet Another Hit
"Another One Gone": A Final Farewell to One of Amarillo's Iconic Buildings
Baxter Black Is In Hospice Care But Not Like You Think


Mixed In Key 8 Crack is the latest released software for making changes within your music. It is the best tool used by all the professionals for making music tracks. This software is very helpful because it has many useful features and tools. All the artists and music lovers love to use this software. It has advanced features and working framework which is compatible for all kind of editing in your music tracks. This gives a professional touch to your songs with in few seconds.
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He started playing competitive football at Kamwokya fc in Uganda and later on joined Kira young fc for 3 years before joining Saints fc.
He has spent most of his life in Uganda despite being a Kenyan. His dream has always been to join a Kenyan team and get a chance to play for Harambee stars.
He joined Tusker in January 2017 penning down a 3 year deal with the Brewers and has been a key figure in the Tusker fc backline hence earning his maiden call up to the national team.


The list below includes the cities that the US Post Office accepts for ZIP code 62468. The preferred city may not be the city in which the ZIP is located. The city for 62468 is usually the name of the main post office. When mailing your package or letter, always include the preferred or acceptable cities. Using any city in the list of unacceptable cities may result in delays.
ZIP code 62468 is located in eastern Illinois and covers a slightly less than average land area compared to other ZIP codes in the United States. It also has a slightly less than average population density.
The people living in ZIP code 62468 are primarily white. The number of people in their late 20s to early 40s is extremely large while the number of middle aged adults is large. There are also a slightly less than average number of single adults and a slightly higher than average number of families. The percentage of children under 18 living in the 62468 ZIP code is slightly higher than average compared to other areas of the country.
ZIP code 62468 has a small percentage of vacancies.
The majority of household are owned or have a mortgage. Homes in ZIP code 62468 were primarily built in 1939 or earlier or the 1970s. Looking at 62468 real estate data, the median home value of $88,700 is slightly less than average compared to the rest of the country. It is also slightly less than average compared to nearby ZIP codes. 62468 could be an area to look for cheap housing compared to surrounding areas. Rentals in 62468 are most commonly 2 bedrooms. The rent for 2 bedrooms is normally $300-$499/month including utilities. 3+ bedrooms are also common and rent for $500-$749/month. Prices for rental property include ZIP code 62468 apartments, townhouses, and homes that are primary residences.
The median household income of $41,579 is compared to the rest of the country. It is also compared to nearby ZIP codes. While money isn't everything, ZIP code 62468 may not be as nice as other parts of town.
As with most parts of the country, vehicles are the most common form of transportation to places of employment. In most parts of the country, the majority of commuters get to work in under half an hour. Most commuters in 62468 can expect to fall in that range. There are a slightly smaller percentage of employees that have to travel over 45 minutes to reach their place of employment.
For more information, see Toledo, IL poverty.
ZIP Code 62468 is in the Cumberland Community Unit School District 77. There are 3 different elementary schools and high schools with mailing addresses in ZIP code 62468.


The government is a 26% stakeholder in TCL, earlier known as Videsh Sanchar Nigam Ltd.
The Tata Group is believed to have dropped plans for group company Tata CommunicationsNSE -0.11 %, one of the largest telecommunications solutions providers in the world, to buy out sister concern Tata Teleservices' enterprise business for now, people familiar with the matter have said.
Top officials in the department of telecommunications (DoT) and the business house told ET that Tata Sons has informally conveyed to the government that the group is not keen on the deal now and would like to instead concentrate on strengthening the balance sheet of Tata Communications (TCLNSE 0.00 %).
"Initially there was a lot of push for the merger and the Tata Group wanted to pick up the enterprise segment of the telecom business urgently. But now it has all gone quiet," a senior DoT official told ET on condition of anonymity.
The official added that about a month ago, senior executives of Tata Sons informed DoT that the business group is no longer keen that TCL picks up the enterprise, or B2B, segment of Tata TeleservicesNSE 0.00 % (TTSL), the group's telecom service provider, the DoT official said.
However, no official mail has been sent on this, the person said.
Tata Sons declined to comment while emailed queries to TCL and TTSL remained unanswered as of press time Wednesday.
With the TCL-TTSL deal falling through, Tata Sons would now need to again explore selling TTSL's enterprise business to an external buyer.
Previously, private equity fund TPG Capital, along with Tata Group's former employee Mukund Rajan, had offered $1 billion for the enterprise unit, which was reportedly rejected by the Tatas.
"Absence of complete clarity on DoT-related dues and simultaneously taking on another business, which will add to debt, may have been reasons for putting the merger in cold storage for now," the DoT official said.
Tata Teleservices had nearly Rs 36,000 crore of debt on its books as of March end, most of it on account of its consumer mobility business, including about Rs 10,000 crore it owes the government.
At least Rs 20,000 crore of the balance Rs 26,000 crore has already been repaid by Tata Sons, people familiar with the development said.
DoT has been concerned as to who will pay off TTSL's dues, and how much of TTSL's debt will Tata Communications — which itself has a debt of over Rs 7,500 crore — take on.
The DoT official said it also wasn't clear what will go to Bharti AirtelNSE -0.49 % — which had got into a deal to merge TTSL and its listed unit Tata Teleservices (Maharashtra)'s consumer mobility business with itself — and what will remain with TTSL, and subsequently go to TCL in case of any merger.
ET had reported earlier that Bharti Airtel and TTSL had informed the DoT that the Sunil Mittal-promoted company would take care of the payment, including licence fee, spectrum usage charge and one-time spectrum charge of TTSL and TTML. However, most of it will be bankrolled by Tata Sons.


This well presented Kohler Model 20RES gas generator was delivered new by Macfarlane Generators in 2012. Showing only 300 hours of running, and being freshly serviced, it is well suited to a Prime or Standby power application such as a residential or commercial installation where a single phase only is required.
Suitable for off-grid residential generator back up. Engine and alternator mounted in a weather protected, sound reduced canopy rated approximately 73dB(A) 7mtrs. Battery pack heavy duty 12 Volt. Automatic remote/manual starting. Residential Digital Controller (RDC) displaying generator voltage, engine temperature, run hours, battery voltage. Engine protection for low oil pressure, temperature, over-speed. Generator mounted 63 Amp circuit breaker.


Trinidad James releases a new visual to address all the controversy surrounding his New York rant that was made at Converse's event in Brooklyn. The rapper took the opportunity clarify his intentions and explain exactly what meant with his onstage speech. James also makes it very clear that he's not apologizing for outspoken opinion because he feels it's true and that he didn't cross any lines. The "All Gold Everything" rapper tells viewers he was only trying to encourage New York radio to play more up and coming hometown artists.
This entry was posted in Miscallenous, Video and tagged confessional, hip hop, new york comments, rant, rap, the truth will set you free, Trinidad James. Bookmark the permalink.


Artrillium House has now released it's "The Art Directory" in the form of a searchable online database which is available to subscribers.
1400 art competitions are listed with all relevant information such as entry date, prize monies, when, where and how.
And Artrillium Hoouse offers an enormous amount of FREE tips, and links to free e-books all related to either entering art shows, art galleries or to plan an art business.


Mary's parents wanted some video footage to show Eawyn off to some of their relatives and it seemed like a pretty fun project to finally put all the video and pictures we've been taking since September to use. In just over a days time I managed to whip up a fairly large slideshow and a small video compilation of Eawyn using the iLife-fu that I developed a couple months back for my big Ferris Basketball season highlight project. I used Boinx Fotomagico to do the slideshow portion of the project since it allows for cool spins and zooms that go beyond the typical iMovie Ken Burns effect and integrates nicely with iPhoto. The only tricky part was taking the .img file that iDVD creates and moving it over to my PC for dvd burning purposes. I was considering using the command line program hdutil until I realized that while Nero doesn't support .img files it can create Video DVDs from the individual vob files if I mounted the .img and put them into a folder that the PC could access. In the end Mary was impressed and her parents seemed to like it as well.


Krabi Police have arrested 36 year old Supat 'Bao' Pueaksom. Police seized 115,150 methamphetamine pills along with a handgun and 10 bullets.
There are currently no comments on Suspect arrested with over 100,000 meth pills after road accident in Krabi. Perhaps you would like to add one of your own?


text:
"Awesome!"
2023 | Aunt
When I first started to look for an appeals attorney, Jason Forman's name was the first to come up. I continued my search for lawyer. After spending unnecessary money with dishonest attorneys, I ended up back to the beginning and gave Mr. Forman's office a call. Within minutes I were speaking to Mr. Forman and going over my nephew's case. He was sentenced to 25 years in prison for drug trafficking in Dade County with a release date of 2042. Now, due to Mr. Forman's hard work, he will be home in 2024. Mr. Forman kept me informed of everything that was going on step by step during the appeal. He is professional and honest. STOP here, you won't be disappointed!


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Prophecy And Preaching
ACTS AND THE CHURCH TODAY1
Much of the discussion which takes place about prophecy in the church today is focused on the writings of Paul. There, the character and function of prophecy in a congregational context is particularly in view. A wider perspective on prophecy in New Testament times, however, is supplied by the Acts of the Apostles. The theme of the operation of the Spirit of God is actually a major connecting thread between Luke's two volumes,2 with seventeen references in the Gospel and more than fifty in the book of Acts. Additionally, there are a number of references to prophets and prophetic activity in both volumes. Peter's use of Joel 2:28-32 in his sermon on the Day of Pentecost is clearly programmatic for understanding the significance of the gift of the Spirit and the central importance of prophecy in Luke's theology. Within this context, it is possible to make some proposals about the link between prophecy and preaching in the early church and to apply those proposals to our situation today.
THE NATURE OF PROPHECY IN ACTS
The prophetic Scriptures and the apostolic preaching.
The word 'prophecy' (proph?teia) does not occur in the Acts of the Apostles, though 'prophet' (proph?t?s) appears thirty times and the verb 'to prophesy' (proph?teuein) four times.3 By far the most common use of proph?t?s is with reference to prophetic figures in the Old Testament such as Joel (Acts 2:16), David (2:30), Moses (3:22), or Isaiah (8:28; 28:25). God is said to have foretold certain events such as the suffering of his Christ 'through the mouth of all his prophets' (3:18). The words were theirs, but God was directing their utterances, revealing his mind and will to his people through them. In particular, 'all the prophets from Samuel on, as many as have spoken, have foretold these days' (3:24) and all testify about Jesus, 'that everyone who believes in him receives forgiveness of sins through his name' (10:43). The many and varied strands of Old Testament prophecy are regarded by the earliest Christian preachers as providing a united testimony to Christ and the situation of the early church.4 Their written words continue to give special insight into the person and work of the Lord Jesus and to challenge unbelievers to repentance and faith (3:22-3; 8:30-5; 13:32-41).
'The law and the prophets' (13:15; 24:14; 28:23; cf. 26:22, 'the prophets and Prophecy and Preaching Moses'), or more narrowly 'the prophets' (26:22), are regularly used in the record of Acts by those engaged in apologetic and evangelistic work with Jews or Gentile God-fearers (e.g., 1 7:2-3; 28:23). The assumption is that those who accept the divine inspiration and unique authority of these writings will respond to their appeal. The prophetic Scriptures are also used by Christians to interpret their own situation and to solve dilemmas in their community life (e.g., 1:20; 4:25-6; 13:47; 1 5:1 5-1 8). Since the Holy Spirit was believed to have spoken in a unique and distinctive way through Moses and the prophets (28:25), the earliest Christian preachers expected that those who were 'sons of the prophets' and heirs of the covenant (3:25) would recognize the fulfilment of God's promises in Jesus and turn to him. Yet, Stephen highlights the other side of the picture when he says:
You stiff-necked people, with uncircumcised hearts and ears! You are just like your fathers: You always resist the Holy Spirit! Was there ever a prophet your fathers did not persecute? They even killed those who predicted the coming of the Righteous One. And now you have betrayed and murdered him - you who have received the law that was put into effect through angels but have not obeyed it (7:51 -3).
Stephen's long speech accuses Israel of consistent rebellion against God, reaching its climax in the betrayal and murder of the one whom the prophets predicted. Such apostasy continued in the opposition to Stephen and others who testified to Jesus on the basis of the prophetic Scriptures. This whole pattern of obstinacy and disobedience is described as a resistance to the Holy Spirit (cf. Isa. 63:10), who spoke through the
prophets and continues to speak through the witness of Christians. Those who act in this way show themselves to be spiritually uncircumcised (cf. Lev. 26:41; Deut. 10:16; Jer. 4:4; 6:10) and, therefore, not true Israelites. They demonstrate the need for the sort of forgiveness and transformation of the 'heart' by God's Spirit mentioned in Jeremiah 31:31-4 and the related prophecy of Ezekiel 36:26-7.
Prophecy in the last days
Given this emphasis on the special role and authority of the Old Testament prophets in the plan of God for his people, it is highly significant that the Pentecost sermon of Peter proclaims the fulfilment of Joel 2:28-32. A distinctive characteristic of 'the last days' is the pouring out of God's Spirit 'on all flesh', so that 'your sons and daughters will prophesy, your young men will see visions, your old men will dream dreams' (Acts 2:1 7). God promises through Joel, 'Even on my servants, both men and women, I will pour out my Spirit in those days', and Peter repeats the words 'and they will prophesy' from the previous verse, to make the point absolutely clear (2:18). In other words, things will be revealed in dreams and visions which Israel's sons and daughters will then make known as the revelation of God. Peter's sermon is clearly programmatic for Acts, alerting us in advance to look for signs of the Spirit's presence - and especially for prophetic activity - in the believing community.5
Searching through Acts for signs of the Spirit's presence in the earliest communities, I am struck by the paucity of explicit references to prophecy as a gift or ministry operating amongst Christians. Leaving aside for a moment the question of whether the disciples were actually prophesying on the Day of Pentecost, the first mention of Christian prophets is in 1 1:27-8. There we are told that, amongst some prophets who came down from Jerusalem to Antioch, one of them, named Agabus, stood up and 'through the Spirit predicted that a severe famine would spread over the entire Roman world'. The immediate result of this prophecy was that the Christians at Antioch were encouraged to give generously to the needs of their fellow believers in Judea.
The presence of prophets and teachers in the church at Antioch is mentioned in Acts 13:1 and their names are given. No specific indication of the function of these prophets is given and it is not clear whether some of those mentioned were prophets and some teachers or whether all five exercised both ministries. Paul certainly combined the role of teacher and prophet, as Jesus did.6 It seems likely from the context that, while they were 'ministering to the Lord (leitourgount?n ... t? kyri?) and fasting', the Holy Spirit spoke through one or more of the prophets, saying 'Set apart for me Barnabas and Saul for the work to which I have called them' (13:2). The fasting and praying which followed may have been to test the validity of this revelation or to intercede for those about to be sent off on this important mission.
Judas and Silas are mentioned in Acts 15:22 as 'leaders among the brothers' in the Jerusalem church. Sent by the apostles and elders to the Gentile believers in Antioch, Syria and Cilicia, with the letter concerning the decision of the so-called Jerusalem Council, their task was to 'confirm by word of mouth' what was written (15:27). When Luke describes their ministry in Antioch he says that 'Judas and Silas, being themselves also prophets (kai autoi proph?tai ontes), exhorted the brothers with many words and strengthened them' (15:32; author's translation). In other words, their ministry on this occasion was distinctly prophetic, but not in the sense of giving new revelation. As they explained the ruling which the apostles and elders believed to have come from the Holy Spirit (15:28), and as they talked about its meaning and purpose. God used them to encourage that congregation. Perhaps they were chosen for this task 'because they had already exercised an influential role in establishing (or proclaiming) the biblical rationale upon which the provisions of the Decree were justified.'7
Believers more generally are said to have engaged in a prophesying in 1 9:6. Paul had discovered a group of about twelve people in Ephesus, who appeared to be true 'disciples' but who had only received John's baptism and were still looking forward to Messiah's coming. Their situation is without parallel in the narrative of Acts. When Paul proclaimed Jesus as the Christ to them and they were baptized 'into the name of the Lord Jesus', Paul placed his hands on them, 'the Holy Spirit came on them, and they spoke in tongues and prophesied.'8 The language here suggests that their Prophecy and Preaching experience was being compared, at least in some respects, with that of the original group of disciples on the Day of Pentecost (2:4-11; cf. 11:15-1 7). 'They experienced a mini-Pentecost. Better, Pentecost caught up on them. Better still, they were caught up into it, as its promised blessings became theirs.'9
Acts 21 contains several references to prophesying. The disciples at Tyre were urging Paul 'through the Spirit' not to go on to Jerusalem (21:4),10 as believers in other cities had already done (20:23). Even though this is not called prophecy, there seems to be no better way to identify what was taking place. Nevertheless, Paul, who had earlier described himself as journeying to Jerusalem 'bound in/by the Spirit' (dedemen?s eg? to pneumati, 20:22), would not be deflected from reaching his goal.'11 The four unmarried daughters of Philip the evangelist are then described as those who regularly engaged in prophesying (proph?teuousai, 21:9), though no details are given. Finally, Agabus the prophet from Judea reappears (21:10-11). Like many of the Old Testament prophets, he employs a symbolic action to reinforce the point of his message and addresses Paul as the mouthpiece of God. Tying his own hands and feet with Paul's belt, he declares, 'The Holy Spirit says, "In this way the Jews of Jerusalem will bind the owner of this belt and will hand him over to the Gentiles".' Once again, Paul ignores the warning and refuses to be dissuaded by the pleas of his friends (21:12-1 4). He is not rejecting a command of the Spirit but, like Jesus before him, setting his face steadfastly to fulfil his God-given ministry, despite the divine predictions of suffering and arrest.
In short, then, that which is specifically identified as Christian prophecy in Acts involves prediction of future events, direction from God about the way in which the ministry of the gospel should proceed, interpretation of the significance of present activities, and exhortation based on such insight.
David Aune proposes that 'the distinctive feature of prophetic speech was not so much its content or form, but its (direct) supernatural origin.'12 Wayne Grudem has similarly argued that a revelation from the Holy Spirit is necessary for prophecy to occur but that the receipt of a revelation by itself does not constitute a prophecy. It is the report of the revelation which is called prophecy in the New Testament.13
On this definition, although Luke restricts the term 'prophet' to a select few, prophetic activity is evidenced more widely in his narrative Thus, even though Ananias is not designated as a prophet, he receives a prophetic revelation concerning Paul (9:10-16) and reports it to him (according to Paul's own account in 22:14-1 6). Again, Peter displays the marks of a prophet, in his knowledge of people's hearts (5:3; 8:20-3; cf.
Luke 7:39), and in his disclosure of what has been revealed to him. Paul similarly receives prophetic-type communications from the Lord (16:9; 18:9; 22:1 7-21), though only in 27:23-4 are we told that he immediately reported what had been revealed to him. Since the revelations given to him in 16:9; 18:9 and 22:17-21 were so critical to the progress of his ministry, it is doubtless true that he recounted them in some way to others.
Acknowledging the general helpfulness of Grudem's definition, I am nevertheless unsure about its adequacy in each case. Judas and Silas, for example, do not appear to have received a new revelation directly from God (1 5:22). Their work of exhortation was based on the decision made at the Jerusalem Council. The sequence of events in Acts 2 suggests that Peter is acting as a prophet when he proclaims the gospel so powerfully. He has insight into the Scriptures and their application but without a direct revelation from the Lord. His preaching, like the speaking in other languages, is a bold proclamation of God's deeds of power made possible by the coming of the Holy Spirit (cf. 4:8-13).
Moreover, the question remains as to how Luke envisaged Joel 2:28-32 being fulfilled for 'all flesh'. In what sense is Joel's prophecy descriptive of the experience of Christians in general?
THE FULFILMENT OF JOEL'S PROPHECY
The Spirit as power for mission.
Some interpreters of Luke-Acts have been content to argue that the 'Spirit of prophecy' given to the disciples is essentially designed to empower them for mission. This, for example, is the position of G.W.H. Lampe. Luke indicates that although the Spirit was fully present in Jesus from his conception (Luke 1:35), the endowment of the Spirit at his baptism enabled Jesus to fulfil the role of the eschatological prophet, to preach and to heal (Luke 3:21-2; 4:18-21; Acts 10:38). The disciples received a similar endowment from the risen Lord to enable them to continue his work. 'The mode of the Spirit's bestowal (at Pentecost) corresponds to their missionary vocation. It is the Spirit of prophecy, foretold by Joel, and its coming symbolized by the gift of tongues for the inspired proclamation of the gospel to the different nations of the world.'14
On this view, the Spirit in Acts may have little to do with ordinary Christian experience and is not depicted as the source of eschatological life and sonship, as in the Johannine or Pauline literature. Yet Lampe himself says, in connection with Acts 11:18 and the gift of the Spirit to the Gentiles:
Repentance is evidently regarded as the primary mode of the Spirit's operation in the converts, and it is natural to find that repentance, together with faith in Jesus as Messiah, is associated from the Day of Pentecost onwards with baptism in his name and reception of the gift of the Spirit.'15
If repentance is truly 'the primary mode of the Spirit's operation' in those who turn to Christ, the work of the Spirit in Acts should also be viewed in a regenerative role and not simply as the source of the gifts or as the dynamic for gospel witness. The programmatic promise of Acts 2:38-9 certainly links the promise of the Spirit with conversion and initiation:
Repent and be baptized, every one of you, in the name of Jesus Christ so that your sins may be forgiven. And you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit. The promise is for you and your children and for all who are far off - for all whom the Lord our God will call.
The immediate context suggests that the Spirit had a central role in forming and maintaining the Messianic community (2:41-7), creating that unique fellowship of prayer, praise and generosity, which was based on their devotion to the apostolic teaching and to the risen Lord. The role of the Spirit is so significant in the life of this community that when the deception of Ananias is uncovered he is accused of having lied to the
Holy Spirit (5:3).
Finally, the view that the Spirit was given to gift people for missionary outreach does not take sufficient account of the note of universality sounded in Acts 2:39. The promise of the Spirit is 'for all whom the Lord our God will call'.
The Spirit as the initiator of the new age
Other writers have proposed that the Spirit received by the disciples after Pentecost is essentially the same Spirit (functionally) that was on Jesus and that the Spirit in some sense mediated the religious and ethical life of Jesus. This, for example, is the position of J.D.G. Dunn. He argues that Jesus was not merely empowered for service at Jordan: his baptism in the Spirit initiated the End-time and initiated Jesus into it. As Jesus himself entered into the new age, he was also equipped for life and service in that age.'16
According to Dunn, until Pentecost, only Jesus had experienced the life and sonship of the new age and only in him was the kingdom present. Jesus' baptism in the Spirit is typical of all later Spirit-baptisms, by which God brings each to follow in Jesus' footsteps. Consequently, Dunn attempts to show that off the occasions of receiving the Spirit in Luke-Acts are concerned with conversion-initiation into the new age. The
Spirit is primarily God's response to authentic faith and only secondarily connected with water baptism, when baptism expresses such faith.
Dunn rightly seeks to link the gift of the Spirit in Acts with initiation into the blessings of the End-time, but distorts the evidence at times to fit his case. He makes a distinction between the experience of the disciples before and after Pentecost that is too abrupt and artificial, playing down every suggestion given by Luke in his first volume that the disciples were able to experience in advance, during the course of Jesus' earthly ministry, some of the blessings of the age of salvation and of the new covenant.17
The Spirit of prophecy as the organ of communication between God and his people.
Max Turner attempts a mediating position between the two views outlined above. The Pentecostal gift was not simply the beginning of the disciples' experience of the new age and neither was it simply an empowering for service for those already initiated into that age. He rightly argues that in Luke's Gospel the disciples had recognized, enjoyed and preached the inbreaking kingdom of God in the ministry of Jesus. They experienced God's rule in their discipleship to Jesus and under the influence of the Spirit working through him. But his death and then his ascension posed the problem of how they would continue to experience the powers of the new age shaping their existence. John 14-16 presents the Spirit as their new Paraclete, whose role is to 'bring them the presence of the Father and of the glorified Son (14:23)'.18 In similar vein, Acts indicates that the answer to their needs was the gift of the Spirit at Pentecost, viewed as the Spirit promised by Joel (Acts 2:1 7-39).
Peter's sermon in Acts 2 is clearly foundational for understanding Luke's theology of the Spirit. The tongues phenomenon in this unique context was a matter of 'declaring the wonders of God' in various forms of foreign but intelligible speech (2:6-11). This was not the sort of glossolalia evidenced in 1 Corinthians 14, nor was it strictly a form of evangelism, but an outburst of ecstatic praise.19 Peter interprets this as the fulfilment
of what Joel says regarding prophecy. Joel 2:28-32 (LXX 3:1-5) predicted that the Spirit of prophecy given to particular men and women in Old Testament times, to enable them to discern God's will and wisdom and convey it to others, would be experienced by all flesh in the last days. The words 'and they shall prophesy', which are found twice in Acts 2:17-18, make it quite clear that this will be the essential characteristic of the outpouring of the Spirit in the End-time. However, it is important to investigate more carefully what is meant by this promise of the Spirit.
'The Spirit of prophecy' is not simply to be identified with preaching or with predictive prophecy, since (following Lindblom) the Spirit of prophecy in Israel was more fundamentally the organ of communication between God and his people. A whole range of charismata derived from the Spirit of prophecy, including dreams, visions, tongues, and words that formed the basis of prophetic utterance and preaching. All of
these things belong to the category of what Turner calls 'prophetism'. In short, Joel's emphasis on seeing visions and dreaming dreams, was a way of predicting what Jeremiah 31:31-4 anticipated: in the End-time God would enable all his people ('from the least of them to the greatest') to know him as Moses and the prophets knew him. There would be a 'democratisation' of access to God, making it possible for all to call on the Lord for salvation and to enjoy his deliverance (cf. Joel 2:32).
Peter challenged his listeners on the Day of Pentecost to experience the fulfilment of Joel's prophecy by recognizing the Jesus whom they crucified as 'both Lord and Christ' (Acts 2:36). They could save themselves from that 'corrupt generation' by repenting and being baptized in the name of Jesus Christ (vv. 38-40). Only in this way could they receive the promised forgiveness of sins and the gift of the Holy Spirit.
Prophesying, in its various manifestations, would then be the means of giving expression to that new knowledge of God made possible through the Spirit.
It was exactly this promise of the Spirit which the Judaism of Jesus' day most widely expected to be fulfilled at the eschaton. What would have been really surprising was Peter's assertion that the glorified Jesus was the source of this gift (Acts 2:33). Luke's perspective in the rest of Acts is that Jesus continues to exercise his lordship in and through the disciples 'through the Spirit of prophecy acting as the organ of communication between the Father and Jesus in the heavenlies, and the disciples on earth'.20 This last statement is somewhat speculative in its claim that the Spirit is the organ of communication between the Father and Jesus in the heavenlies. But it is certainly true that Acts presents the risen Lord communicating with his disciples in various ways which fulfil the prophecy of Joel. There are crucial theological visions (e.g., 10:10-16) or visions related to the progress of the gospel (e.g., 16:9-10; 18:9-11), directions in words without vision (e.g., 10:19; 13:2), and obvious manifestations of Spirit-given wisdom and discernment (e.g., 5:3; 6:9-10).
Turner argues that this last phenomenon is closely associated with, and can result in power in preaching, as especially in the case of Stephen. But preaching is 'merely one aspect of the activity of the Spirit as the christocentric Spirit of prophecy.'21 We shall return to this key issue in a moment.
In Acts 2:38-9, the gift of the Spirit is promised to all whom the Lord calls to himself, who respond to the preaching of the gospel by repenting and being baptized in the name of Jesus Christ. The purpose of such baptism is to receive the New Covenant promise of the forgiveness of sins and the gift of the Holy Spirit. It is as if the two elements of Jeremiah 31:34 are being offered together here: a definitive forgiveness of sins and a profound transformation of Israel's relationship with God, expressed in terms of the gift of his Spirit (cf. Ezek. 36:26-7). Peter indicates that a new knowledge and experience of God is to be mediated by the Spirit, whose powerful presence was illustrated in the lives of the disciples, 'declaring the wonders of God' in other languages (2:11) and in Peter's proclamation of the gospel.
The advent of the Spirit of prophecy does not create a special class of spiritually gifted or empowered Christians over against others:
Rather, it brings to each the means of receiving not only 'communion with the Lord' viewed generally, but also the same concretely specified in charismata of heavenly wisdom and knowledge. These may inform the teacher, guide the missionary, lead in individual decisions, give diagnosis to the pastor, 'irresistible wisdom' and power to the preacher, or be related as prophecy to the congregation or other individuals. The 'power' received by the apostles (cf. Acts 1:8) was not something in addition to Joel's promised gift, but precisely an intense experience of some of the charismata which are part and parcel of the operation of the Spirit as Joel's promised Spirit of prophecy.22
The particular displays of charismata at Pentecost (2:1-12) and when the Spirit was received by the Samaritans (8:14-1 7) and the Gentiles (10:44-8) were 'appropriate divine attestations of the beginning of the whole post-ascension Christian work of the Spirit'.23 The rest of Acts does not indicate that the reception of the Spirit was universally attested by such immediate manifestations of charismata. These events were critical moments in the unfolding of God's saving purposes, as predicted and outlined in Acts 1:8. They are not to be taken as paradigms for individual experience.
PREACHING AND PROPHECY - EXPLORING THELINKS
The relationship between prophecy and preaching was briefly touched upon in the consideration of Turner's arguments. However, it is necessary to explore this issue more fully because it continues to be hotly debated.
The apostles as foundational prophets.
Ernest Best notes that prophesying in the Old Testament related to past, present and future: 'the prophet takes up the old revelation and applies it to the present situation; he gives under God something new; and by the incompleteness of his own revelation he implies that God has yet further "words" to speak.'24 However, since the redemptive action of God to which the Old Testament prophets pointed has now taken place in Jesus Christ, 'we do not require further or supplementary revelations.' The New Testament preacher can only be described as a prophet in an attenuated sense. The preacher 'will not expect the Spirit to lead him to utter new truths, nor can he bear witness to the incompleteness of the truth as already revealed; the Spirit can only lead him to the truth which is Jesus Christ; but he may still take up the Word of Scripture and apply it to his own day, finding perhaps new depths in it, but never anything uniquely new.'25
Best rightly points to the special prophetic status of the New Testament writers and compares them with the canonical or writing prophets of the Old Testament. New Testament prophets such as Agabus stand more in the tradition of non-canonical prophets, but are never regarded as being false prophets, in opposition to apostolic religion. He rightly opposes a simplistic identification of the prophet and the teacher but does not explain as adequately as Max Turner how the two roles or functions might be shared by the one person.
Wayne Grudem has similarly argued that the apostles truly inherit the mantle of the Old Testament canonical prophets, since they claim absolute divine authority for their words and call upon believers to acknowledge that authority (e.g., 1 Cor. 14:37-8; Gal. 1:11-12;cf.2 Pet 3:2,16).26 By contrast, the prophetic ministry given to certain members of the Corinthian church required assessment and evaluation, which implied the possibility of challenging and even rejecting such contributions (1 Cor. 14:29; cf. 1 Thes. 5:21 -2). This suggests that their prophecy did not carry the weight of being actual 'words from the Lord' in the Old Testament prophetic sense, yet it was distinguishable from other human words in that it was the result of a revelation (apokalypsis, cf. 1 Cor. 14:30), a prompting of the Spirit of God.27 The apostles functioned as foundational prophets, transmitting the revelation which was applicable to all the churches, providing the touchstone for assessing all other ministries, and subsequently forming the basis of New Testament Scripture. The revelation given to the Corinthian prophets was of a different character.
Although the Book of Acts indicates that all God's people 'prophesy' in some sense, it gives special prominence to the role of the apostles in propagating the gospel and establishing the way in which the Old Testament has been fulfilled in Christ. The apostolic sermons in Acts appear as models to guide and inspire the ministries of others, much as the apostolic letters do elsewhere in the New Testament canon. As in 1 Corinthians, there are also those in Acts who are especially designated as prophets. These are generally less important than the apostles in the scheme of things, even though they appear to receive revelations from God.
Prophetic preaching.
Scholars such as David Hill and Earle Ellis have argued that inspired preaching or teaching is actually (wholly or in part) what the New Testament means by prophecy.28 However, since early Christian writers regularly distinguished the charismata of teaching and prophecy (e.g., Acts 13:1; Rom. 12:6-7; 1 Cor. 1 2:28-9; Eph. 4:11), others have insisted that the old and widespread difference between these functions in Judaism and in the Greco-Roman world was being maintained in the New Testament.
Max Turner defines preaching as 'public announcement and explanation of religious ideas or principles, accompanied with exhortation to acceptance and compliance', distinguishing this from purely oracular speech, which he defines as 'specific verbal messages believed to originate with God and simply to be "communicated" through an inspired human intermediary'.29 The Spirit is certainly viewed as the power behind the apostolic preaching in Acts, but authoritative preaching is the effect of a number of separate activities of the Spirit.
Direct revelation may be granted to a speaker to inform his preaching (e.g. Peter's vision as the basis for his preaching in 10:10-43). The Spirit may give 'charismatic wisdom' to a speaker (e.g. Stephen in 6:3, 5, 10, fulfilling Jesus' prophecy in Luke 21:15): the wisdom given to Stephen clearly informs his interpretation of the Scripture in 7:1-53. 'Charismatic assurance and boldness' may be given by the Spirit for a specific occasion (e.g. 4:8-12, 31). The Spirit may also impart some other charisma to a speaker while he is engaged in giving his witness, heightening the effect of that preaching (e.g. the vision granted to Stephen at the climax of his address in 7:55-6 or Paul's discernment and prophetic judgment of Elymas in 13:9-1 2).30
Without confusing preaching and prophecy in the strict sense, it is clear from Acts that there can be a prophetic dimension to authoritative and effective Christian preaching. Turner's work has shown that, in this emphasis on the Spirit as 'the (direct) power of charismatic expository address', Luke differs significantly from Jewish literature of the time. His understanding appears to have been much more influenced by Christian teaching and experience.
Prophecy in the strict sense is not all that common in the record of Acts and, even when prophets are identified, they do not necessarily engage in oracular speech (e.g. 15:30-2). The apostolic sermons, with their interpretation of Scripture and insights into the person and work of Jesus, are of greater significance in the plan and purpose of Acts than most of the communications specifically designated as prophecy. Luke constantly points to the effect of preaching, empowered by the Spirit of God, to turn even the most hardened to Christ. Such preaching is at the heart of God's redemptive purpose for the nations. The ministry of people like Agabus or the daughters of Philip is given much less prominence.
It is not correct to say that the Spirit of prophecy was given solely or even primarily to direct and empower preaching. The use of Joel's prophecy in Peter's Pentecost sermon suggests that, in a sense, all are 'prophets' under the New Covenant. Through the Spirit, all who believe and turn to Christ can know the Lord and his will, and can communicate that knowledge by means of various charismata. The effect of the Spirit's presence in the early churches and in their witness to unbelievers is identified in various ways by Luke.
But the overall focus and emphasis of Acts is on how the apostolic message - which is regularly called 'the word of God' - continued to increase and spread (e.g., 6:7; 12:24; 13:48-9; 15:35), as it was preached and received in the power of the Holy Spirit. The message about Jesus is given the same status as the prophetic Scriptures upon which it is based. Here is the essential revelation of God for 'the last days'. The triumphant conclusion to the book of Acts is the statement that Paul boldly and without hindrance 'preached the kingdom of God and taught about the Lord Jesus Christ' (28:31). The Word of God is not fettered! One of Luke's aims was surely to point to the ongoing need for such Spirit-empowered preaching.
If wisdom, insight and power in evangelistic and pastoral preaching are allowed to come under the general title of 'prophetism' (prophecy and related phenomena),the import of Joel's prophecy for that vital aspect of the early church's ministry becomes clear for us today. My reaction after studying this theme in Acts is to pray fervently for such an endowment of the Spirit in communicating the gospel and preaching its implications to our generation!
The Revd Dr David Peterson is principal of Oak Hill Theological College, London. He was previously head of the department of ministry at Moore Theological College, Sydney, NSW, Australia, lecturing in New Testament, Christian worship and pastoral studies.
1 This is a revised edition of 'Acts and the Spirit of Prophecy' which appeared in B.G. Webb (ed.), Explorations 5, Spirit of the Living God, part 1 (Sydney: Lancer, 1991), pp.95-115.
2 Cf. G.W.H. Lampe, 'The Holy Spirit in the Writings of St Luke' in Studies in the Gospels, (ed.) D.E. Nineham (Oxford, 1955), p.159. Lampe overstates the case when he says it is 'the connecting thread which runs through both parts of St Luke's work'.
3 The verb proph?teuein is only ever used in Acts with reference to Christian prophesying (2:1 7,1 8; 1 9:6; 21:9). The noun proph?t?s is used of Old Testament and New Testament figures alike.
4 In Acts 3:22; 7:37 Jesus himself is regarded as the prophet like Moses predicted in Deut. 18:15-16.
5 The very fact of the Spirit's presence and operation as the Spirit of prophecy is a sign of the dawning of the new age or messianic era. This note is sounded at the beginning of Luke's Gospel, when Zechariah is 'filled with the Holy Spirit and prophesied' (Luke 1:67) or when Simeon and Anna recognize the significance of the baby Jesus and engage in praise and prophecy about him (2:25-38). Both John the Baptist and Jesus are presented as prophetic figures, announcing the nearness of the End-time. However, God's Spirit is not poured out on all his children until after Pentecost.
6 In 1 Cor. 14:37-8 Paul asserts a prophetic role and status similar to that of the writing prophets in the Old Testament. He claims to have written 'a command of the Lord' which gives instruction to those with prophetic gifts in the congregation about how to exercise their gifts and indicates that those who are true prophets will acknowledge this.
7 E.E. Ellis, 'The Role of the Christian Prophet in Acts', in W.W. Gasque and R.R. Martin, Apostolic History and the Gospel (Exeter: Paternoster, 1970), p.62. Ellis rightly emphasizes the role of the prophet in interpreting Scripture and providing encouragement (parakl?sis) to believers (cf. 1 Cor. 14:3).
8 These people can hardly have been Christians since they had not received the gift of the Holy Spirit when they believed. Their ignorance of the Holy Spirit (19:2) can only mean that, although they had heard John's prophecy about the coming baptism of the Spirit, they had not discovered that it had been fulfilled in Jesus. Paul's next question ('then what baptism did you receive?', v. 3) suggests that it was anomalous for baptized persons not to have received the Spirit. Cf. I.H. Marshall, Acts, TNTC (Leicester: IVR 1 980), pp.305-8 and J.D.G. Dunn, Baptism in the Holy Spirit (London: SCM, 1970), pp.83-9.
9 J.R.W. Stott, The Message or Acts: To the Ends of the Earth (Leicester: IVR 1990), pp.304-5. M.M.B. Turner ('Spiritual Gifts Then and Now', Vox Evangelica 15 [1985], p.11) suggests that 'prophesy' here probably does not have the sense 'to report a revelation (word, vision or dream) received', but 'to speak while under the external influence of the Spirit'.
10 The imperfect tense of the verb elegon (21:4) suggests that his friends were repeatedly urging Paul not to go to Jerusalem.
11 The reference in 20:22 is probably to Paul's decision to go to Jerusalem in 19:21 'in/by the Spirit'. Although the compulsion of his own spirit could be in view, the influence of the Holy Spirit on his spirit in this decision is surely implied. For a helpful discussion of Paul's attitude to the guidance of the Spirit in Acts 19-21 see Stott, Acts, pp.332-3.
12 D. Aune, Prophecy in Early Christianity and the Ancient Mediterranean World (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1983), p.338.
13 W. Grudem, The Gift of Prophecy in the New Testament and Today (Eastbourne: Kingsway, 1988), pp. 135-40.
14 Lampe, 'The Holy Spirit', p. 193. This is essentially also the position of E. Schweizer, TDNT 6 (1 968), pp.404-1 5. A helpful assessment of a variety of interpretations is given by M.M.B. Turner, Power from on High: The Spirit in Israel's Restoration and Witness in Luke-Acts, JPTS 9 (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic, 1996), pp.38-79.
15 Lampe, 'Holy Spirit', p. 187.
16 Cf. Dunn, Baptism, p.28. Turner, Power from on High, pp.48-53, notes various qualifications to Dunn's original position in subsequent writings but is still critical of his position.
17 For a critique of Dunn's central thesis that Jesus' experience of the Spirit is presented as archetypal for Christian experience after Pentecost, cf. M.M.B. Turner, 'Jesus and the Spirit in Lucan Perspective', Tyndale Bulletin 32 (1981), pp.3-42.
18 Turner, 'Spiritual Gifts', p.40.
19 Cf. D.A. Carson, Showing the Spirit: A Theological Exposition of 1 Corinthians 12-14 (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1987), pp. 138-43. Carson (pp. 152-8) largely endorses Turner's interpretation of Acts 2. However, he rightly warns against jeopardizing the structure of New Testament eschatology by a failure to assert the difference which the coming of the Spirit made for the experience of believers.
22 Turner, 'Spiritual Gifts', p.51. Turner's wording here is better than his vaguely subjective description of what it means to experience the Spirit of prophecy on p. 41: 'the man who knows the presence of the Lord; who experiences Jesus speaking to him in his heart, and leading him; the man who on occasions in his life has felt the hand of the Lord upon him giving him (christocentric) wisdom or guidance or empowering to speak.'
24 E. Best, 'Prophets and Preachers', SJT 12 (1959), p.136.
25 Best, 'Prophets and Preachers', pp. 136-7. He goes on to point out that the living Lord Jesus actually confronts people through authentic Christian preaching. However, whereas the faithful preacher may rightly be eliminated from the message, the prophet can never be so eliminated, since he himself is 'part of God's redemptive activity' (p. 138).
26 Cf. W.A. Grudem, The Gift of Prophecy in 1 Corinthians (Lanham/New York/London: University Press of America, 1982), pp.43-54. Note the critique of Grudem's argument by D.A. Carson, Showing the Spirit, pp.91-100, 160-5.
27 Grudem, The Gift or Prophecy in 1 Corinthians, pp.54-73. Grudem argues that the sort of revelation given to these 'prophets' only gives 'a kind of divine authority of general content'. M. Turner ('Spiritual Gifts', pp.15-1 6) sees rather 'a spectrum of authority of charisma' in the NT, 'extending from apostolic speech and prophecy (backed by apostolic commission) at one extreme, to vague and barely profitable attempts at oracular speech such as brought "prophecy" as a whole into question at Thessalonika (1 Thes. 5:19f.) at the other.'
28 D. Hill, 'Christian Prophets as Teachers or Instructors in the Church', in J. Panagopoulos (ed.). Prophetic Vocation in the New Testament and Today (Leiden:Brill, 1977), pp. 108-30; E.E. Ellis, Prophecy and Hermeneutic (Tubingen, Mohr, 1978), part 2.
29 M.B. Turner, 'The Spirit of Prophecy and the Power of Authoritative Preaching in Luke-Acts: A Question of Origins', New Testament Studies 38, Cambridge (1992), 68. Cf. Aune, Prophecy, pp.339-46.
30 Turner, 'Authoritative Preaching', p.69. Turner goes on to talk of complementary manifestations of God's activity such as healings and exorcisms, which accompanied preaching and 'focused the supernatural "charismatic" intervention involved' (p. 70). But he too readily attributes the impact of Pentecost (2:41) and of the immediately following days (cf. 4:4) to such phenomena. Both the verses he cites refer in context to the impact of the preaching about Jesus (2:37-41; 4:1-4).
JPTS Journal of Pentecostal Theological Supplement
SJT Scottish Journal of Theology
TDNT Theological Dictionary of the New Testament
TNTC Tyndale New Testament Commentar


text:
Q: Linq Max with Default Value I am trying to get the user's last login date and if no login records exist, return today's date.  I am need some help getting there. I am getting the following error and do not even have the default value component.

Cannot implicitly convert type
  'System.Linq.IQueryable' to 'System.DateTime?'

DateTime? logdate = from userlog in
                                    (from userlog in db.UserLogEntities
                                     where
                                       userlog.UserID == 1 &&
                                       userlog.Action == "Logon" &&
                                       userlog.ActionTag == "Success"
                                     select new
                                     {
                                         userlog.LogDate,
                                         Dummy = "x"
                                     })
                                group userlog by new { userlog.Dummy } into g
                                select new
                                {
                                    Column1 = (DateTime?)g.Max(p => p.LogDate)
                                };

A: Below is what I came up with.  Let me know if there is a better way.
LastLogin = (from ul in db.UserLogEntities
                                 where ul.UserID == u.UserID &&
                                    ul.Action == "Logon" &&
                                    ul.ActionTag == "Success"
                                 select ul.LogDate).DefaultIfEmpty(DateTime.Now).Max()

A: That is also a doable solution. But you can also use. This solution so then you do not need an aggregate function.
var user= (
        from ul in db.UserLogEntities
         where ul.UserID == u.UserID &&
            ul.Action == "Logon" &&
            ul.ActionTag == "Success"
        orderby ul.LogDate descending
         select ul.LogDate??DateTime.Now ).FirstOrDefault();

A: This is because you have selected a list of the dates. You should use FirstOrDefault() or SingleOrDefault() at the end of your query like this
select new
                                {
                                    Column1 = (DateTime?)g.Max(p => p.LogDate)
                                }.FirstOrDefault();

Or
select new
                                    {
                                        Column1 = (DateTime?)g.Max(p => p.LogDate)
                                    }.SingleOrDefault();

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
You are here: Home » News » Product knowledge » Small encyclopedia of chemical material – Water
Small encyclopedia of chemical material – Water
It is vital for all known forms of life, even though it provides no calories or organic The chemical formula is H2O, meaning that each of its molecules contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms, connected by covalent bonds. Water is the name of the liquid state of H2O at standard ambient temperature and pressure. It forms precipitation in the form The fine state of water is in the form of fog. Clouds are formed from the water droplets of water and ice, its solid state. When finely divided, crystalline ice may precipitate in the form of snow. Water moves continually through the water cycle of evaporation, transpiration (evapotranspiration), condensation, precipitation, and runoff, usually reaching the sea.
Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface, mostly in seas and oceans.Small portions of water occur as groundwater (1.7%), in the glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland (1.7%), and in the air As vapor, clouds (formed of ice and liquid water suspended in air), and precipitation (0.001%).
Water plays an important role in the world economy. Approximately 70% of the freshwater used by humans goes to agriculture. Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies is a major source of food for many parts of the world. Much of long- Distance trade of commodities (such as oil and natural gas) and manufactured products is transported by boats through seas, rivers, lakes, and canals. Large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and heating, in industry and homes. Water is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of substances both mineral and organic; as such it is widely used in industrial processes, and in cooking and washing. Water, ice and snow are also central to many sports and other forms of entertainment, such As swimming, pleasure boating, boat racing, surfing, sport fishing, diving, ice skating and skiing.
Water (H2O) is a polar inorganic compound that is at room temperature a tasteless and odorless liquid, nearly colorless with a hint of blue. This simplest hydrogen chalcogenide is by far the most studied chemical compound and is described as the "universal solvent" for its ability to dissolve many substances. This allows it to be the "solvent of life".It is the only common substance to exist as a solid, liquid, and gas in normal terrestrial conditions.
Type of water
Different disciplines have different names for water:
Depending on the water quality, it can be divided into:
Soft water: Contains sodium ions, potassium ions (alkali metals), and water with a hardness of less than 8 degrees is soft water.
Hard water: contains magnesium ions, calcium ions (alkaline earth metals), and water with a hardness higher than 8 degrees is hard water. Hard water can affect the effect of the detergent, and hard water will have a small amount of scale.
According to the content of sodium chloride, it can be divided into:
Generally there are:
Biological water: water in different states that exist in various life systems
Natural water: Natural water constitutes a general term for various forms of water on the surface of the earth. It includes rivers, oceans, glaciers, lakes, swamps and other surface waters, as well as natural water bodies such as groundwater in the rock layers.
Soil water: water stored in the soil
Groundwater: water stored underground
Ultrapure water: extremely high purity water, mostly used in the integrated circuit industry
Pure water: high purity water, considered to be non-conductive
Crystal water: Also known as water. In a crystalline material, a quantity of water molecules bound by a chemical bond to an ion or molecule.
The chemical formula of heavy water is D2O, and each heavy water molecule is composed of two monomer atoms and one oxygen atom. Heavy water accounts for less than two-tenths of a percent of natural water, and heavy water obtained by electrolyzing water is more expensive than gold. A moderator and a heat carrier for the atomic reactor.
Extra heavy water is extremely rare in natural water, and its proportion is less than one part per billion. The production cost of excess water is 10,000 times higher than that of water.
The semi-heavy water has a chemical formula of HDO, and each molecule contains one hydrogen atom, one atom and one oxygen atom.
Chemical uses
Water is widely used in chemical reactions as a solvent or reactant and less commonly as a solute or catalyst. In inorganic reactions, water is a common solvent, dissolving many ionic compounds, as well as other polar compounds such as ammonia and compounds closely related to water. In organic reactions, it is not usually used as a reaction solvent, because it does not dissolve the reactants well and is amphoteric (acidic and basic) and nucleophilic. Nevertheless, these properties are sometimes desirable. Also, acceleration of Diels-Alder reactions by water has been observed. Supercritical water has recently been a topic of research. Oxygen-saturated supercritical water combusts organic pollutants efficiently. Water vapor is used for some processes in the chemical industry. An example is the production of acrylic acid from acrolein, propylene and propane. The possible effect of water in these reactions includes the physical-, chemical interaction of water with the catalyst and the chemical reaction of water with the reaction intermediates.
Water H2O


text:
Q: a WordPress post from the Future problem I recently installed wordpress 3.0 on Freehostia and the only thing that's giving me issues is the post date. It seems to give a post date one day in the future of when i actually posted it. While this isn't hugely troubling, it does provide a puzzle. Help??

A: Might be as simple as a time zone issue. What time does your General Settings page think it is?


text:
Tickets for The Archbasilica of St. John Lateran
View the Sacred Stairs that Jesus walked upon
Basilica St. John Lateran
Lateran Cloister
1 hour and 30 minutes
The building was restored in the 1700s and is stunningly decorated in various styles. There are massive mosaics depicting biblical scene, larger-than-life marble statues, a gothic altar and Renaissance artwork
The Holy Door is opened by the Pope every 25 years, so you'll probably have to enter through the central bronze door which once stood in the Senate hall in the Roman Forum
The basilica is home to relics from various ages – from the Renaissance through to Ancient Rome and even all the way back to Egyptian pharaohs
The aura and architecture of St. John Lateran will both amaze and compel. It's the oldest basilica in Christendom and dates to the 300s. It was lovingly and grandly restored in the 1700s and has the honor of being the Pope's cathedral. This combination of religious significance and visual beauty makes it a favorite of visitors to Rome.
You'll know you're entering one of the world's great basilicas by the exterior. Larger-than-life marble statues of Jesus and various saints stand imperiously on the roof of the imposing neo-Classical facade. The Holy Door on the far right is only opened once every 25 years by the Pope, while the massive bronze door in the center originally belonged to the Senate in the Roman Forum. But it's not just the doors that are impressive.
Step inside and you'll be struck by the scope, grandeur and beauty of the building. The nave welcomes you in beneath vaulted ceilings, as sunlight streams in through high windows. Flanked by a double aisle and impressive marble statues that accentuate the rectangular lines, the design seems to compel you towards the domed apse.
The décor is intricate, beautiful and varied. Be sure to look upwards – the gold-leaf coffered ceiling bears the coats of arms of Popes Pius IV and Pius V.
The building in its present form dates largely to the 1700s but there are relics and remnants from earlier ages: a beautiful gothic altar from the 1300s, two gilded bronze columns from the second century and - incredibly - the Sacred Steps. These are stairs that Jesus actually climbed during the Passion and were transported to Rome many centuries ago.
It's a storied and striking place, one that has enormous appeal for both believer and non-believer.
Audio guide in multiple languages
Access to the Cloister and the Sancta Sanctorum
Access to the Baptistery and to the Scala Sancta
When entering the Basilica, you'll walk directly into the Lateran corridor. At the end of this corridor, on your left-hand side, you'll find the ORP desk (Opera Romana Pellegrinaggi). Show your smartphone ticket there.
Changes are not possible for this ticket
4,Piazza di S. Giovanni in Laterano, 00184, Rome
English, French, German, Italian, Spanish
The Sancta Santorum is closed daily between 13:30 & 15:00 and on Sundays.
Metro: Line A, get off at S. Giovanni station (5-minute walk from the station).
Oksana, United Kingdom
It's absolutely amazing! Really worth to see.
Cheryl, United States
Loved it. It was a total surprise for both of us. A must if you are in Rome.
Vatican Museums & Sistine Chapel: Skip The Line
Michelangelo's breathtaking frescoes and incredible artwork
St. Peter's Basilica: Self-Guided Tour + Dedicated Entrance
Priceless artworks in Christianity's most iconic shrine
A private art collection that's second to none


text:
Q: IIS lik URL rewrite and proxy_pass on NGINX I have server with CORS problems which causes a lot of pain during development phase. Previously while I was using windows it was quite easy with IIS rewrite module. Something like;
  <rules>
     <rule name="ReverseProxyInboundRule3" stopProcessing="true">
         <match url="(.*)" />
            <conditions logicalGrouping="MatchAny">
                <add input="{HTTP_URL}" pattern="^.*(pattern1|pattern2|pattern3|pattern4).*$" />
            </conditions>
            <action type="Rewrite" url="https://example.com/{R:1}" logRewrittenUrl="true" />
     </rule>
  </rules>

so say the call in my environment is;
localhost:8080/folder1/folder2/folder3/pattern1?param1=val1&param2=val2&param3=val3

request is sent to
https://example.com/pattern1?param1=val1&param2=val2&param3=val3

I tried some basic rewrite tricks but unfortunately could not make it work, and not that experinced on nginx's rewrite syntax.

A: After some trial (some is an optimistic choice of word) I found how to do what I am looking for.
  rewrite ^.*(/pattern1/.*)$ $1 last;
  location /pattern1 {
      proxy_pass         https://example.com;
  }

Be carefull that there is no trailing slash either on location block or proxy_pass directive. Also the keyword last used at the end of the rewrite directive since I am doing it out of location block


text:
by Patti Smith
Auguries of Innocence is the first book of poetry from Patti Smith in more than a decade. It marks a major accomplishment from a poet and performer who has inscribed her vision of our world in powerful anthems, ballads, and lyrics. In this intimate and searing collection of poems, Smith joins in that great tradition of troubadours, journeymen, wordsmiths, and artists who respond to the world around them in fresh and original language. Her influences are eclectic and striking: Blake, Rimbaud, Picasso, Arbus, and Johnny Appleseed. Smith is an American original; her poems are oracles for our times. Smith curated the Meltdown Festival at the Royal Festival Hall in London, England during June 2005 - one of the most successful Meltdown Festivals ever held, with virtually every event sold out. The performers included Tilda Swinton, Miranda Richardson, London Sinfonietta, and Tuvan throat-singing group and Patti Smith singing her debut album Horses (album) in its entirety, the first time she has ever done so. This live performance was released as Horses Horses. Read Less
Auguries of Innocence is the first book of poetry from Patti Smith in more than a decade. It marks a major accomplishment from a poet and performer who has inscribed her vision of our world in powerful anthems, ballads, and lyrics. In this intimate and searing collection of poems, Smith joins in that great tradition of troubadours, journeymen, wordsmiths, and artists who respond to the world around them in fresh and original language. Her influences are eclectic and striking: Blake, Rimbaud, Picasso, Arbus, and Johnny ... Read More
Poetry > American
Literary Criticism > Poetry
Poetry or stream of consciousness?
Smith and editors may call this poetry, however, it resembles unedited, muddled daily entries into a diary. In comparison to her songs -- several of her CDs fill my collection -- this books offers little in the way of nuanced insights on her state of mind. "The artist," according to Walter Gropius (1883-1969), "is only a craftsman of a higher order." That was not evident. As Alberto Giacometti (1901-1966) believed, "The works are what matters, and it is through the works that are known the artist." Smith remains an enigma in this tome.
2008, Ecco Press
Goodwill Southern California
Publisher: Ecco Press
Good. The cover is clean but may show some signs of wear. Some pages may have folding.
Big River Books
Powder Springs, GA, USA
Fine. May have remainder mark and/or retail sticker.
Ebooksweb
Bensalem, PA, USA
BookCorner COM LLC
Besalem, PA, USA
BooksGoDirect
Taunton, MA, USA
Book House
Book Castle
Good for Readers
Southampton, PA, USA
Books From USA


We learn and we have fun! Both at the same time! Aprendimos y nos divertimos al mismo tiempo.
We sat on the floor in groups. We played board games. We had to answer questions and reach 100 points.
\'Sometimes we win and sometimes we lose\'...but we always LEARN!
Trabajamos en grupos y en rondas en el suelo jugamos juegos de mesa. Tuvimos que responder algunas preguntas hasta alcanzar 100 puntos. A veces ganamos, a veces perdimos pero siempre aprendimos.


Some say a ghost haunts the stucco-covered building behind the Winship Cancer Institute. Certainly history lingers there. Nestled under the trees along Uppergate Drive, this structure, now dwarfed by Winship and a parking deck, once was home to Arthur Tufts and his family.
The Tufts House stands beside a parking deck (left) and the Winship Cancer Institute (rear) along Uppergate Drive.
The Atlanta-born Tufts, a graduate of Georgia Tech, was a contractor who supervised the construction of Camp Gordon near Atlanta. He made his fortune, however, by earning the gratitude and confidence of Asa Candler Sr. and the Coca-Cola Company in constructing the Candler Building in Atlanta, the Candler Building on 42nd Street in Manhattan, and other edifices commissioned by Candler for his business empire. Candler, who always wanted things done right, not only gave the first million dollars and seventy-five acres for the new university next to his Druid Hills suburb; he also enlisted this trusted builder to develop the new campus.
Arthur Tufts, around 1918. Photo courtesy of the Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University.
To be close to the construction, Tufts bought a 25-acre tract along Clifton Road and built his house there in 1917. Henry Hornbostel, the architect who designed the university's first marble-clad concrete buildings, also designed the Tufts house to be built of concrete, but covered with pink stucco. Tufts called the place Woodland.
Woodland, the home of Arthur Tufts and his family, as it appeared around 1920. Courtesy of Stuart A. Rose Library, Emory University.
The driveway leading to the house had two gates—an "upper gate" (perhaps because it was farther north, or farther up the road from the campus) and a "lower gate"—hence, names that still survive in Uppergate Drive and the Lowergate Parking Deck.
The Tufts family garden, part of the 25-acre tract known as Woodland, has long since given way to clinics and parking structures. Courtesy of the Rose Library, Emory University.
Described by the late George P. Cuttino in his Dooley's Book: A Guide to the Emory Campus, the house "was entered through a porte-cochère, and it was built for gracious family living. Included on the first floor were a kitchen, servants' rooms, a columned sun room, and a living room. Sleeping porches and bedrooms were on the other two floors." Tufts and his wife, Jeannie Tufts, had four children, one of whom died in infancy.
A rear view of Woodland suggests the rural character of the area at the time of the photo, around 1918. Courtesy of the Rose Library, Emory University.
Renamed Uppergate House, the Arthur Tufts home served for a time as a dormitory for nursing students. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Uppergate House housed the Biomedical Data Processing and Analysis Center and the burgeoning university computing center. A former director of the computing center has told the story of working alone in the house late at night when a ghostly woman appeared out of nowhere in search of her son—and then disappeared. Now painted white, the Tufts House currently is home to the Emory University Psychoanalytic Institute.
This is a lovely piece on what made Emory who it is today. I will hope that it remains standing, used by departments as needed and perhaps one day being restored to become a place where visitors can come, stay and be entertained, even enlightened by those of us who can welcome them. Thank you for telling the story!
Wonderful to know about this connection! Thank you for sharing a little of your family history.


text:
Erasmus Reinhold (22 de octubre de 1511 - 9 de febrero de 1553) fue un astrónomo y matemático alemán, considerado como el pedagogo astronómico más influyente de su generación. Nació y murió en Saalfeld, Sajonia.

Semblanza
Reinhold fue educado, bajo Jacob Milich, en la Universidad Martin Luther de Halle-Wittenberg, en donde fue elegido primer decano y luego fue rector. En 1536, fue nombrado profesor de matemáticas superiores por Philipp Melanchthon. En contraste con la moderna definición, la "matemática" en su momento también incluían matemáticas aplicada, especialmente la astronomía. Su colega, Georg Joachim Rheticus, también estudió en Wittenberg y fue elegido profesor en 1536.

Reinhold catalogó un gran número de estrellas. Sus publicaciones sobre astronomía incluye comentarios en Theoricae novae planetarum de Georg von Peuerbach. Reinhold sabía sobre las ideas heliocéntricas de Nicolás Copérnico antes de la publicación De revolutionibus. Sin embargo, pese a que usó el sistema heliocéntrico y los métodos matemáticos de Copérnico para el cálculo y predicción de posiciones planetarias, rechazó la cosmología heliocéntrica por motivos físicos y teológicos.

El Duque Alberto I de Prusia apoyó a Reinhold y financió la impresión de Prutenicae Tabulae o Tablas prusianas. Estas tablas astronómicas ayudaron a difundir los métodos de cálculo de Copérnico en todo el Imperio, sin embargo, Gingerich señala que mostraron una "notable falta de compromiso" de la teoría heliocéntrica.

Fueron las anotaciones de Reinhold de De revolutionibus en el Observatorio Real de Edimburgo que comenzó Owen Gingerich en su búsqueda de copias de la primera y segunda edición que él describe en The book nobody read. En los comentarios no publicados de Reinhold de De revolutionibus, calculó la distancia desde la Tierra al sol.

Trabajos
 Prutenicae tabulae coelestium motuum. Wittenberg 1551, Tübingen 1574, Wittenberg 1584
 Primus liber tabularum directioum, accedunt canon foecundus ad singular scrupula quadrantis propagates et nova tabula climatum, parallellorum et urbrarum et appendix canonum secundi libri directionum qui in Regimontani opera desiderantur. Tübingen 1554
 Theoricae novae planetarum, figures et scholiis auctae. Wittenberg 1542, Paris 1543, Wittenberg 1580
 Gründlicher wahrer Bericht vom Feldmessen ... Erfurt 1574

Eponimia
 Su nombre fue dado al cráter lunar Reinhold, que se encuentra en el sur-suroeste del cráter Copernicus, en el Mare Insularum.

Referencias

Astrónomos de Alemania del siglo XVI
Matemáticos de Alemania del siglo XVI
Matemáticos del siglo XVI
Nacidos en Saalfeld

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Home/news/West Indies claimed a draw in the 2nd Test against England
West Indies claimed a draw in the 2nd Test against England
The second Test between visiting England and hosting West Indies took place in Barbados. And just like the game in Antigua, this longest cricket format didn't bring the winner.
England batted first and stopped with 507 for 9, allowing the hosts to chase a pretty solid result. And while the Windies took 411 runs, they showed that five days could not be enough to find the winner in the second Test. The pitch wasn't nicely prepared for bowlers, who were quite weak in their attempts.
Read more: Political reasons shifted Pakistan vs Australia cricket games from Rawalpindi.
It was confirmed in the second innings of the teams. England took 185 runs in 40 overs with six wickets lost, giving a chance for the Windies to chase them down. However, the hosts were quite poor in their initial runs' grabbing, taking only 39 for 3, signalling to forget about the victory. So, West Indies batters focused on getting a draw and played safely, finishing with 135 runs for five wickets in 65 overs.
Read more: India beat Sri Lanka in the 2nd Test.
It means that the Test series' winner can be known in the final third game, which will be held in Grenada. Bowlers will hope to receive a better pitch with more chances for attack and claim more than 30 wickets per game for both teams. Want to know more about cricket and don't miss the important news? Subscribe to cricket14.in and receive the latest updates to your email.


"Sherwin, we want to give you our appreciation for a job well done. You and your crew are excellent workers.
Want to remodel but need to stay within the existing footprint of your home? We'll brainstorm with you to rework your existing floor plan and make your home more user-friendly! We can help you with a design to better utilize your existing space.
Could your home's exterior use a facelift? Add curb appeal to your property by renovating the outside of your house and give it a whole new look. How about that room in your house that you wish you could do something with? Take a look at some of the following remodeling projects, then give us a call to see how we can help you transform your home into something you can be proud of.


is anyone doing encrypted backups of folders or files, and splitting the backup into volumes?
p7zip does not store Unix file access rights by itself, so it needs piping from tar, but then you run into a limit on the path name of 256 characters (try saving a webpage ): "tar: File name too long for ustar "
I'm trying all this on a box with OpenBSD 4.5 i386, but I've got 2 boxes with 4.6 to play with too.
The pax tool can use cpio or tar formats and can manage multiple volumes, but it has the limitations of the underlying format. On the other hand, dump/restore has none of the other formats' restrictions, but it cannot handle multiple volumeswith media that does not have end-of-volume marks, so it is limited to tape drives. For the same reason, it cannot manage multivolume via named pipes.
I use dump and restore to avoid the limitations of tar, gtar, cpio, or pax. The output is piped through gzip and piped to a storage server via ssh. On the storage server, offsite backup is done to DVD+RW, with dump again, and the multivolume is managed through through two tools: flyisofs and shunt, from sysutils/shunt. This breaks the streams into 4.3GB chunks piped into growisofs, from sysutils/dvd+rw-tools.
Here's an example of using shunt and flyisofs for backup, then shunt for restore. The files to be backed up are already gzipped dump files, but you could add piping to openssl enc, gzip, what ever you want. .
Avoid using sudo on shunted pipes -- this complicates administration in the event you must stop operations and kill related processes.
Interesting, I learnt about shunt to extend piping capabilities, but it looks like I'll be compiling RAR from ports and continue to use that until I am confident with/about Bacula.
The restore example concatenates files from multiple mount sequences of DVDs, and concatenates them into a single pipe into restore(1). To restore individual files, use restore(1) in interactive mode. Change the restore operands from "-rf -" to "-if -" to interactively restore from standard input. To add decryption or decryption, pipe the stream through openssl(1) with the enc operand.
The restore(1) man page and the openssl(1) man page may be helpful.
Excellent, thanks for persevering, jggimi, I had no idea that restore could be interactive and pick out files or folders, for some reason I had it in my mind that it was all or nothing. I will study the man page.
However, I like to keep my server setups as simple/vanilla/minimalistic/KISS as possible, especially since my clients (small businesses) can not afford to run much of a serverfarm. By keeping the installs minimalistic, I speed up bare metal installs/repairs.