Carrie Eckert LLC dba Avocado to Zen (AZ) is based in Sarasota, FL and has been a Wellness Company since 2014.
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In November 2014, the Government published guidance on promoting British Values in schools. These values were developed to make sure that all young people in Britain leave school as valuable, fully rounded members of society. All schools have a responsibility to promote these British values; embedding them into the ethos and the whole school curriculum.
At Charles Kingsley's CE Primary School, we believe that these values are reflected in our values model and are an integral part of our school ethos. The Senior Leaders and Governors have reflected on each of the 5 British Values and created the overviews.


France cuts retirement age to 60 | City A.M.
French President Francois Hollande fulfilled a key election promise to cut the state retirement age for some workers from 62 to 60 yesterday, despite warnings that the indebted government cannot afford extra spending on benefits. The change affects those who have spent at least 41 years in labour-intensive jobs. The government believes it will cost €1.1bn (£892m) per year until 2017 and €3bn per year thereafter – €5bn below previous estimates. Critics believe that the move will be disastrous – with opposition claiming the real cost of the move could actually be as much as €6bn a year.


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O broche Holloway (em inglês: Holloway brooch) foi apresentado pela União Política e Social das Mulheres (WPSU) para mulheres que foram encarceradas na Prisão de Holloway por atividades militantes relacionadas ao sufrágio feminino. É também referido como o "emblema da Ponte", o "broche da Prisão de Holloway" e a "Cruz Vitória da União".

História

Começando no ano de 1902, a prisão de Holloway era uma prisão apenas para mulheres em Londres, Inglaterra. No início do século XX, várias sufragistas foram encarceradas na prisão. À medida que suas ações se tornavam mais militantes, elas recebiam sentenças cada vez mais severas. Quando na prisão, as mulheres continuavam seus protestos, acabando por fazer greves de fome ao exigirem serem designadas como "prisioneiras políticas".

Broche Holloway
O broche Holloway foi desenhado por Sylvia Pankhurst. Feito de prata, representa o símbolo da ponte levadiça do Parlamento e uma seta larga, associada aos uniformes da prisão, em esmalte roxo, branco e verde. Os broches foram dados às sufragistas após sua libertação de Holloway. O tamanho é um polegadas por  de polegada. Foi fabricado pela Toye & Co London.

Em 29 de abril de 1909, os primeiros broches foram distribuídos em uma grande reunião no Royal Albert Hall, organizada pela WSPU. Os primeiros broches foram apresentados por Christabel Pankhurst e Emmeline Pankhurst, Annie Kenney e Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence.

Condecoradas com o broche Holloway

Dora Beedham
Sarah Benett
Mabel Capper
Leonora Cohen
Joan Cather
Louie (Louisa) Cullen
Emily Davison
Kate Williams Evans
Theresa Garnett
Clara Giveen
Katie Edith Gliddon
Laura Geraldine Lennox
Edith Bessie New
Annie Seymour Pearson
Pleasance Pendred
Grace Roe
Janie Terrero
Minnie Turner

Feminismo e arte
Broches

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Q: JFreeChart heap space I'm just wondering if there's a way to stop JFreeChart thrashing the heap, or an alternative that doesn't do it so much. SpreadsheetDate, Millisecond and Day are taking up about 70 MB of the heap, but the garbage collector is probably getting thrashed too. They are, collectively, the biggest users of heap space in my app. There's also TimeSeriesDataItem which uses 12 MB. This is with recording things every 200 milliseconds or so, for all charts.
I'm also updating / storing a fair few datasets which aren't used immediately, only when the user clicks on the item in the UI to display them.
Also, is it possible in Visual VM to show much garbage collection thrashing is due to a particular class name in the memory sampler table?
Cheers,
Chris

A: I think I solved this with a simple fix -- I now call timeSeries.removeAgedItems(false) after every addOrUpdate op. Works a treat, my heap usage is down :)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Situated near Springs, Elk Lick Twp., Somerset Co., PA on the farm now owned by Gideon Brenneman, about two miles east of Springs, and about 500 yards Southeast of the farm buildings.
1 . P. H. This was undoubtedly Peter Hershberger, the father of Daniel. Peter Hershberger was instantly killed by a falling limb of a tree while on Horseback, riding in company with Dr. Muckenhoupt, who was a doctor and Preacher combined. This happened at a point about 1 1/2 miles S. W. of the present Post Office of Springs. There is a grand daughter of Peter Hershberger still living, Mrs. Tillie Stevanus semi active in body and mind at the age of 91 years, as she knows about this only as a matter of tradition, it must have happened more than 100 years ago. This is the most remote ancestor that I have information about of the large number of Hershbergers in this section and in states farther west. .
3 HERSHBERGER Sarah wife of Daniel Hershberger . 07/07/1880 55 yrs. 3 mos. 11 days .
4 BEACHY Fanny Daughter of C. & S. Beachy . 07/17/1894 6 yrs. 10 mos. 28 days .
5 HERSHBERGER Magdalena wife of D. D. Hershberger . 05/21/1872 28 yrs. 3 mos.11 days .
6 P. R. . . . . . .
7 M. R. . . . 06/13/1864 . .
8 A. H. . . . 1847 . .
9 BEACHY Sarah . . . 14 yrs. 4 mos. 16 days .
10 BEACHY B. S. Christian S. Beachy Father 01/28/1849 . 46 yrs. 9 mos. 5 days .
11 BEACHY Sarah C. Mother, wife of C. S. Beachy 07/26/1842 09/30/1927 79 yrs. 2 mos. 4 days .
12 LEE Elizabeth wife of Thomas Lee . 01/16/1890 73 yrs. 2 mos. .
14 OTTO Elizabeth wife of Daniel Otto . 02/20/1879 45 yrs. 2 mos. 5 days .
15 OTTO Daniel Father . 03/12/1907 73 yrs. .
16 BEACHY Mary Child of Christian & Sarah . 02/20/1877 8 mos. 1 day .
. Total 16 Graves . . . . . .


Why Test for Cortisone and not just Cortisol?
DUTCH hormone testing includes free cortisol throughout the day (just like saliva testing). This is a unique feature of our DUTCH testing model. Unlike saliva testing, we also include free cortisone in these same samples…WHY?
I get this question a lot, and the answer is not entirely simple. I've made a video to walk you through this, and I would encourage you to watch it below.


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Icon/Social/TikTok
Dazed100
Dazed media sites
PhotographyLightbox
27February 2017
TextAshleigh Kane
From PolarizedPhotography Richard Kern, courtesy Fortnight Institute and Victoria Press
Richard Kern's mesmerising Polaroids from the 80s and 90s
Off the success of his East Village exhibition last year, the photographer publishes a book of his rarely seen Polaroids
Richard Kern's Polarized7
Last August, Richard Kern shared a series of unseen Polaroids from the 80s and 90s in an exhibition titled Polarised. Hosted at New York's Fortnight Institute, the show took place a stone's throw from Kern's East Village studio where most of the images were taken. Now the photographer has allowed the work to go global as he releases a new book of the same name.
The images are a time warp back to Kern's early career, where he published experimental, stapled together zines such as "The Heroin Addict" and "The Valium Addict" and provided a candid and unaltered look onto New York's creative peak. "Digital photography eliminated the need to (take) a polaroid test shot. Pros used Polaroids to instantly see what the light setup looked like", explained Kern, when we asked him why he was only showing Polaroids from this period. "Now using Polaroid as a medium is to me like someone using film, it's done only to add an effect to a photograph. It's like recording music on analog tapes and releasing it on vinyl. It's like shooting in colour digital, turning off the colour and calling it a black and white photo. it's like adding a filter to your photos on Instagram."
The book features Polaroids ranging from blue skies and skyscraper silhouettes to moments of models in-between shots. Polarized brings a new magic to Kern's work that we are already familiar with; a period where he made a name for himself shooting music videos for Sonic Youth's "Death Vallery '89" and Marilyn Manson's "Lunchbox", as well as for sex mags, avant-garde publications, and portraits of East Village actors, writers and artists such as Lung Leg, Lydia Lunch, and David Wojnarowicz.
Polarized was released at the LA Art Book Fair and is published in collaboration with Fortnight Gallery and Victoria Press
PhotographyLightboxNewsRichard KernLos AngelesBookspolaroid New York
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Dazed Media Another Another Man Nowness Dazed Studio

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Top Songs & Albums New Medicine
... read moreFormed in 2009, New Medicine deliver modern hard rock from the Minneapolis side of Minnesota's Twin Cities. The quartet, consisting of singer/guitarist Jake Scherer, bassist Matt Brady, guitarist Dan Garland, and drummer Ryan Guanzon, have a style that blends the drive of hard rock with the emotion...
New Medicine
Fire Up The Night
Breaking The Model
Race You To The Bottom
American Wasted
One Too Many
photo by Collin Hughes
Active: 2000s-2010s
Group Members: Matt Brady
Formed in 2009, New Medicine deliver modern hard rock from the Minneapolis side of Minnesota's Twin Cities. The quartet, consisting of singer/guitarist Jake Scherer, bassist Matt Brady, guitarist Dan Garland, and drummer Ryan Guanzon, have a style that blends the drive of hard rock with the emotion of post-grunge, giving them a rowdy, slick sound that mixes equal parts swagger and sulkiness. New Medicine made their debut in 2011 with Race You to the Bottom, which earned them a spot on the Billboard 200. The year 2013 saw drummer Dylan Wood replace Guanzon and bassist Kyle Leblanc replace Brady, while the band moved to Nashville, where Scherer wrote for artists like the Charm City Devils. A year later New Medicine released the album Breaking the Model on their new label, Imagen Records. ~ Gregory Heaney~ Rovi
Social Code


22/02/2018�� Hi there, I use the Excel Inventory file to maintain my inventory on Amazon.co.uk. I have about 1000 products with unique EAN numbers. My items are posters and are all priced the same.... I will upload 20 products to Amazon Marketplace in 3 days. This can be brand new product creation or just adding products that are already in the Amazon catalog. You must provide all product details (Name, price, company, description, images. I can also upload your products if you don't have EAN/UPC.
If you haven't sold any of the variations in your listing, you can revise, add or delete any of the item's definitions. If you have sold one or more of the variations, you can add new definitions, but you can only revise the price and quantity.... 23/02/2018�� Hi Buywell Direct, Thank you for using the Seller Forums! It is possible for you to add extra sizes to an existing variation. Before I go into specific details of how to do it can you advise if you wish to do it manually or via an upload file?
Add quantities and price, which can be different for each variation of your item Tip If you relist your listing, any variations that are at a zero quantity will be relisted with the original quantity. how to add someone elses samsung calendar List all your variations for the theme selected and click on Add variations. Enter details in Seller SKU, Product ID, Type, Condition, Price, and Quantity fields. Click on Save and Finish to successfully create variations.
Over the last year, Amazon has improved their algorithm to include variations. So, now, if I do a simple variation, I should get very similar if not the exact same results. So, now, if I do a simple variation, I should get very similar if not the exact same results.
Recently we had a request from someone who wanted to add affiliate links to Woocommerce variations so we thought we would put together this quick tutorial to show you how to do that.


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Marvel vs. DC: Comparing the Comic Worlds
Contributor Tim Beyers explains who owns comic giants Marvel and DC, and some of the differences between them.
Tim Beyers
(TMFMileHigh)
Oct 20, 2013 at 9:30AM
Fool contributor Tim Beyers sits down with The Motley Fool's Rick Engdahl to talk comics, TV, movies, tech, and related geekery. Beyers is a member of the Motley Fool Rule Breakers stock-picking team, as well as the real-money Motley Fool Supernova Odyssey I growth portfolio.
With Time Warner (NYSE:TWX.DL) pulling the strings at DC while Walt Disney owns Marvel, the two major players in the comic-book universe are being handled very differently. In this video segment, Tim explains the two approaches, and how each one seems to be working out.
Rick Engdahl: Going all the way back, who's the worst Batman ever?
Tim Beyers: The worst Batman ever?
Rick: Yes.
Tim: I can't say Adam West, because he's just too good, so I'm going to go with Clooney.
Rick: Well, good. I'm glad that we're on the same page there. I'm fairly familiar with what's happened with Marvel over the years.
Tim: Sure.
Rick: I actually bought Marvel when it was Marvel, and bought Pixar when it was Pixar, and that's the only reason I own Disney today, but I'm very happy there.
I don't understand what's happening with DC as much. Could you explain a little bit about what's happening on the business side? Who owns DC, and how they're doing these days?
Tim: Sure. OK. Time Warner owns DC Entertainment, and it's been that way for years. In fact, DC entertainment and the DC Comics publishing imprint are all under the Warner Bros. side of the Time Warner business.
Time Warner has two entities: Time Inc., magazines, and Warner Bros., entertainment -- films, but also comic books. Warner owns DC, and they control -- they sort of use that as a well for licensing comics, toys, movies, and so forth.
Rick: That was kind of the story with Marvel in the day, as well.
Tim: Yeah.
Rick: They had their big library of characters. Everybody talked about how valuable it was, even if the company was only $4 a share at the time, or whatever.
Tim: Right.
Rick: Do you feel like Time Warner is managing its properties as well as Marvel was, or has since?
Tim: No, it's not even close. In fact, if you look at the number of properties that just DC Entertainment has, how many of them have been made it into TV shows or films?
Warner owns TV networks. The CW is a Time Warner network. Now, they do have a property; Arrow is on the CW now. It is a ratings winner, and it is based on a DC Comics character -- Green Arrow, one of my personal favorites.
But you don't see that very often. In terms of DC Comics movies, how many have been about Batman or Superman? That's really it, so, no, they just haven't done a very good job of leveraging the library that they've got.
Rick: Is that an opportunity for them? Having seen what happened to Marvel, isn't somebody there raising their hand and saying, "Hey, we're really missing the boat here?"
Tim: They are. In fact, Kevin Tsujihara, who is the CEO of Warner Bros. -- not the CEO of Time Warner; remember, it's two separate businesses -- Warner Bros. has a studio head, and that guy now is Kevin Tsujihara, who just recently said that they would make the DC Entertainment properties kind of a touchstone for films in years to come.
That's a real change. We haven't seen DC Entertainment be a primary source of content for Time Warner or Warner Bros. so, yeah, I think we are seeing that change, but the proof is in the pudding. We don't have any of these films yet. We're only just starting to see what they can do on the TV side of things.
In that sense, if you're an investor, it's very early in the Warner Bros. stock story. If we know that Time Warner is going to split between its magazine business and its studio and entertainment business, it might be a very interesting time to be a Time Warner stock owner.
Tim Beyers first began writing for the Fool in 2003. Today, he's a full-time analyst for Motley Fool Rule Breakers and leads the Odyssey 2 portfolio for Motley Fool Supernova. He's also a regular on many of Tom Gardner's Discovery services, including the Partnership Portfolio and Moneymakers Portfolio. At Fool.com, he writes about the stocks he researches for members, which usually means diving into disruptive ideas in technology and entertainment. Contact him at tbeyers@fool.com.
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We won! This team of caring people is incredible! We are so honored to be recognized as Blount County's Small Business of the Year. We have measured our success internally not only by top and bottom lines but by lives we change. This 35th year has been special, and we are proud to be a part of this remarkable community in the Foothills of the Smoky Mountains.


This is a perfect kind of store cupboard recipe for me for a quick, filling, healthy, and tasty lunch. I adapted a few ingredients from the original recipe where I didn't have something, so this is a flexible recipe that lends itself to your preferred tastes.
Cook the rice according to the packet instructions, drain, & set aside.
While the rice is cooking, prep the veg.
Heat the oil in a large pan, and add the leeks, kale, and salt. Saute for about 5 mins, until the veg go a little soft.
Add the rice to the pan, followed by the za'atar, and stir. Stir occasionally over a low heat while you poach the eggs.
Divide the rice mixture between your two serving bowls, then top with the cheese and 1 or 2 poached eggs (depending on how hungry you are!). Eat immediately!


Greetings Secret Sunrisers, welcome to SECRET SUNSET Flower Power!!
We'll be dancing on the grasspatch near Hobie Beach!
Come along and join us in celebrating the beauty of the sun while dancing and connecting to nature and each other.


To help our friends and alumni in the UK support the University while gaining tax benefits, we established the Columbia (UK) Fund Limited.
A gift to this fund (Sterling, US Dollars or Euros) from a donor who is subject to UK income tax is eligible for Gift Aid relief. This increases the donor's philanthropic impact.
Let's say you are a UK basic rate taxpayer and want to give £100 to the Columbia (UK) Fund Limited. It will be possible to do so at a cost to you of £80. If you are a UK higher rate taxpayer, the cost will be £60. This can be achieved by using the Gift Aid Scheme.
When you make a gift to the Columbia (UK) Fund Limited, you should complete a Gift Aid Declaration Form. The gift is then treated as though it was a gift of an amount from which income tax had been deducted at the basic rate. This means that Columbia can reclaim from the HM Revenue and Customs the basic rate income tax which is deemed to have been deducted from that gift.
If you are a UK higher rate taxpayer, you can then reclaim 20% - 25% of the grossed-up value of the gift by including details on your tax return.
Americans resident in the UK have particular income tax problems with respect to structuring tax efficient charitable gifts because they are subject to two systems of taxation. In the past Americans typically chose either to obtain tax relief in the US or UK and accepted that the overall benefit would be limited by the constraints of the other tax system.
Be sure to include a Gift Aid Declaration Form and let us know which part of the University you want to support.
Please contact Lenia Chaves - Associate Director, Office of Gift Planning.


In loving memory of a dear Husband, Father and Poppa, Peter Neville BIGGS who left us one year ago today, March 11, 2004.
We held your hands and let you go.
How it broke our hearts only we know.
No one misses you more than us.
Your presence we miss and memories we treasure.
Deeply loved and terribly missed by his loving wife Helen, daughter Penny (Larry), grand_sons, Kevin (Kim) and Christopher (Julie).
At Parkwood Hospital in London on November 30th, 2005, peacefully, Renée Marion (MILLER) BIGGS, in her 81st year. Beloved wife and best friend of Philip W. BIGGS for over 60 years. Loving mother of sons Gregory (Australia) and Glenn (Normandale.). Predeceased by sister Beatrice (California). Survived by dear brother James MILLER of Dorset, England and by several nieces and nephews, who will always miss her, as will numerous Friends here and in England, Ireland, California and Australia. Renée was an exceptional woman who seldom complained during her many months of suffering. Complying with her wishes, cremation has taken place, with interment of her ashes at a later date. We are so very grateful to the nurses of the Victorian Order of Nurses and to Dr. SWIFT and the nurses of Palliative Care at Parkwood Hospital for the compassion and care they extended to Renée. As expressions of sympathy, memorial donations to the London Health Sciences Foundation - Cancer Centre or to the London Branch of the Victorian Order of Nurses would be gratefully acknowledged. Westview Funeral Chapel (641-1793) entrusted with arrangements. "Rest in peace my Darling."
Passed away in Toronto, on Tuesday, January 11, 2005, in her 89th year. Beloved wife of Stanley C. BIGGS, Q.C., L.S.M., who survives her. Devoted mother of Christopher, R. Barrett, John and Dinny. She will be sadly missed by in-laws Margo, Caitlin, and Abraham, and their children Yoseff, Leroy, Jeffrey, Aleshia, Meghan, Joshua and Naomi. Barbara was the founder of the Toronto School of Art, a successful private non-profit school now in its 36th year and to which she gave her considerable energy and dedication. Her contagious enthusiasm, especially for younger students, encouraged many to find successful careers as artists or to pursue further studies at graduate art colleges. In 1991, she received the Lescarbot Award from the Government of Canada in recognition of her outstanding contribution to cultural activities. A memorial service will be held at the Humphrey Funeral Home - A.W. Miles Chapel, 1403 Bayview Avenue (south of Eglinton Avenue East) on Saturday, January 15th at 3 o'clock. Reception to follow. If you wish, charitable donations made in her memory to the Toronto School of Art, 410 Adelaide Street West, 3rd Floor, Toronto M5V 1S8 would be appreciated.
It is with great sadness that we announce the death of Gail BIGGS, on Friday, April 1st. Dearly loved and devoted wife of the late Robert Gordon BIGGS. Lovingly▼ remembered by her children, son Richard and wife Janet, daughter Virginia (Ginny) and her husband Paul NISBET, and son Paul and his wife Sylvia.▼ Sadly▼ missed by grandchildren Jennifer and fiance Mark, Dylan, Madeline and the late David. Visitation will be held at the Morley Bedford Funeral Chapel, 159 Eglinton Avenue West, Toronto on Sunday, April 3rd from 2-4 p.m. Funeral Service at 1 p.m. on Monday April 4th, followed by interment at Mount Pleasant Cemetery. Donations, in lieu of flowers, may be made to the new Regional Cancer Centre, care of the Royal Victoria Hospital Foundation at 201 Georgian Drive, Barrie.
Passed away in Toronto, on Tuesday, January 11, 2005, in her 89th year. Beloved wife of Stanley C. BIGGS, Q.C., L.S.M., who survives her. Devoted mother of Christopher, R. Barrett, John and Dinny. She will be sadly missed by in-laws Margo, Caitlin, and Abraham, and their children Yoseff, Leroy, Jeffrey, Aleshia, Meghan, Joshua and Naomi. Barbara was the founder of the Toronto School of Art, a successful private non-profit school now in its 36th year and to which she gave her considerable energy and dedication. Her contagious enthusiasm, especially for younger students, encouraged many to find successful careers as artists or to pursue further studies at graduate art colleges. In 1991, she received the Lescarbot Award from the Government of Canada in recognition of her outstanding contribution to cultural activities. A memorial service will be held at the Humphrey Funeral Home - A.W. Miles Chapel, 1403 Bayview Avenue (south of Eglinton Avenue East), on Saturday, January 15th at 3 o'clock. Reception to follow. If you wish, charitable donations made in her memory to the Toronto School of Art, 410 Adelaide Street West, 3rd Floor, Toronto M5V 1S8, would be appreciated.
It is with great sadness that we announce the death of Gail BIGGS, on Friday, April 1st. Dearly loved and devoted wife of the late Robert Gordon BIGGS. Lovingly▲ remembered by her children, son Richard and his wife Janet, daughter Virginia (Ginny) and her husband Paul NISBET, and son Paul and his wife Sylvia.▲ Sadly▲ missed by grandchildren, Jennifer and fiance Mark, Dylan, Madeline and the late David. Visitation will be held at the Morley Bedford Funeral Chapel, 159 Eglinton Avenue West, Toronto on Sunday, April 3rd from 2-4 p.m. Funeral Service at 1 p.m. on Monday, April 4th, followed by interment at Mount Pleasant Cemetery. Donations, in lieu of flowers, may be made to the new Regional Cancer Centre, care of the Royal Victoria Hospital Foundation at 201 Georgian Drive, Barrie.
PENROSE, Frederick V. " Fred"
Peacefully at the Joseph Brant Memorial Hospital in Burlington on Sunday, December 18, 2005. Fred PENROSE of Burlington, formerly of Newmarket and Willowdale, at the age of 91. Beloved husband of Margaret (HENSHAW, HYDE) PENROSE and the late Lelia (née PIPHER) PENROSE. Loving father of Bill and his wife Lynda and Don and his wife Sharon, step-father of Iris and her husband Richard BIGGS and John HYDE and his wife Vivian. Cherished grandfather of eleven and great-grandfather of eight. Predeceased by his brother Roy and his sister Lorraine. Fred was a retired employee of the Toronto Star with 33 years service, Past Master of Patterson Lodge 265 (Thornhill), member of Rameses Shrine 32 degree, member of St. Clair Discussion Club and St. Stephen United Church. Visitation at Smith's Funeral Home, 485 Brant Street (one block north of City Hall), Burlington (905-632-3333) on Wednesday from 3-5 and 7-9 p.m. where Funeral Service will be held on Thursday, December 22, 2005 at 1: 30 p.m. Cremation to follow. If desired, expressions of sympathy to the Heart and Stroke Foundation or Joseph Brant Memorial Hospital would be sincerely appreciated by the family.
Peacefully, on Thursday, March 31, 2005, at North York General Hospital, surrounded by her family. Beloved wife of Orlando for 47 years. Loving mother of Nadia and her fiance Sam FERRUSI, and Walter and his wife Jacqueline. Cherished Nonna of Brittany and Michael. Giorgia will be sadly missed by her brothers, sisters, relatives and many Friends, both here in Canada and in Italy. The family will receive Friends at the Ogden Funeral Home, 4164 Sheppard Ave. East, Agincourt (east of Kennedy Rd.), on Sunday from 2-4 and 7-9 p.m. Funeral Mass will be held on Monday at 11 a.m. at Epiphany of Our Lord Parish, 3200 Pharmacy Ave. (north of Finch Ave.) Entombment Highland Memory Gardens. In lieu of flowers, donations to the Canadian Breast Cancer Foundation will be appreciated by the family.
At Saint Thomas Elgin General Hospital on Sunday, September 25, 2005. "Jack" John HALE of Aylmer in his 88th year. Beloved husband of Marjorie (WINNINGTON- INGRAM) HALE. Dear father of Barbara COOKSON and husband Kelly of Port Stanley and John HALE and wife June▼ of Coldstream, Ontario. Loving grandfather of Jennifer HALE and husband Robert THOMPSON/THOMSON/TOMPSON/TOMSON, Jonathan▼ HALE and fiancée Nadine HODDER, Adam STAFFORD and wife Tania, Jordan STAFFORD, Michael and Krista HARRISON, Celeste▼ and John BIGNELL. Also survived by a brother George HALE and wife Jean of Saint Thomas and a number of nieces and nephews. Born in London on February 15, 1918 son of the late John Meredith and Anita (LINNECKE) HALE. Jack▼ was a dairy farmer, building contactor and resident of Malahide Township since 1925. He was a member of Malahide United Church, the East Elgin Sportsman Club, Past Noble Grand of Aylmer Independent Order of Odd Fellows Lodge #94, Past President and Director of N. and S. Dorchester Insurance Co., Past President and Director of Otter Dorchester Insurance Co. and he was an adjuster and Inspector for 11 years. Jack served on Malahide Township Council for many years and also served as Reeve. He was an avid hunter, fisherman, outdoorsman and an original member of Sunnyside Hunt Camp. In retirement he enjoyed woodworking and creating lawn ornaments. Friends may call at the H.A. Kebbel Funeral Home, Aylmer on Tuesday 2-4 and 7-9 p.m. where the funeral service will be held on Wednesday, September 28, 2005 at 1: 30 p.m. Interment, Aylmer Cemetery. Lodge Service Tuesday at 6: 45 p.m. Donations to the Heart and Stroke Foundation or Ducks Unlimited would be appreciated.
At Saint Thomas Elgin General Hospital on Sunday, September 25, 2005. "Jack" John HALE of Aylmer in his 88th year. Beloved husband of Marjorie (WINNINGTON- INGRAM) HALE. Dear father of Barbara COOKSON and husband Kelly of Port Stanley and John HALE and wife June▲ of Coldstream, Ontario. Loving grandfather of Jennifer HALE and husband Robert THOMPSON/THOMSON/TOMPSON/TOMSON, Jonathan▲ HALE and fiancée Nadine HODDER, Adam STAFFORD and wife Tania, Jordan STAFFORD, Michael and Krista HARRISON, Celeste▲ and John BIGNELL and a great-granddaughter Sydney THOMPSON/THOMSON/TOMPSON/TOMSON. Also survived by a brother George HALE and wife Jean of Saint Thomas and a number of nieces and nephews. Born in London on February 15, 1918 son of the late John Meredith and Anita (LINNECKE) HALE. Jack▲ was a dairy farmer, building contractor and resident of Malahide Township since 1925. He was a member of Malahide United Church, the East Elgin Sportsman Club, Past Noble Grand of Aylmer Independent Order of Odd Fellows Lodge #94, Past President and Director of N. and S. Dorchester Insurance Co., Past President and Director of Otter Dorchester Insurance Co. and he was an adjuster and Inspector for 11 years. Jack served on Malahide Township Council for many years and also served as Reeve. He was an avid hunter, fisherman, outdoorsman and an original member of Sunnyside Hunt Camp. In retirement he enjoyed woodworking and creating lawn ornaments. Friends may call at the H.A. Kebbel Funeral Home, Aylmer on Tuesday 2-4 and 7-9 p.m. where the funeral service will be held on Wednesday, September 28, 2005 at 1: 30 p.m. Interment, Aylmer Cemetery. Lodge Service Tuesday at 6: 45 p.m. Donations to the Heart and Stroke Foundation or Ducks Unlimited would be appreciated.
Peacefully on Sunday, June 12, 2005, at Belmont House, in her 83rd year. Survived by her beloved son, Timothy Hamilton BARTON and her grandchildren, Ashleigh Caitlin BARTON and Brandon Raymond BARTON. Predeceased▼ by her loving husband, Grenville Irwin BARTON, her parents, Hamilton (Laddie) CASSELS, Q.C. and Nanette CASSELS (née MILLER,) and her brother, Hamilton (Tony) CASSELS, Q.C. She will also be missed by her nieces and nephews, Robert and John CASSELS, Betty▼ BIGNELL, Donna and Gordon MUNRO, and Tony HOOPER and Debbie MARTELL. Her▼ lifelong interests included theatre, music, piano-playing, sing-alongs and skits, Onondaga Camp, the family law firm, Cassels Brock, Lyndhurst Lodge Hospital, Havergal College, Canadian Paraplegic Association and Belmont House. The family will receive Friends at the Humphrey Funeral Home - A.W. Miles Chapel, 1403 Bayview Avenue (south of Eglinton Avenue East), from 2 to 4 p.m. and 7 to 9 p.m. on Tuesday, June 14. A memorial service will be held in the chapel at 11 o'clock on Wednesday, June 15. Cremation and private burial will be at a later date. Donations to Lyndhurst Lodge Hospital, 520 Sutherland Drive, Toronto, Ontario M4G 3V9, Canadian Paraplegic Association (Ontario Divison), 520 Sutherland Drive, 2nd Floor, Toronto, Ontario M4G 3V9 or Belmont House, 55 Belmont Street, Toronto, Ontario M5R 1R1, would be greatly appreciated.
Peacefully on Sunday, June 12, 2005, at Belmont House, in her 83rd year. Survived by her beloved son, Timothy Hamilton BARTON and her grandchildren, Ashleigh Caitlin BARTON and Brandon Raymond BARTON. Predeceased▲ by her loving husband, Grenville Irwin BARTON, her parents, Hamilton (Laddie) CASSELS, Q.C. and Nanette CASSELS (née MILLER,) and her brother, Hamilton (Tony) CASSELS, Q.C. She will also be missed by her nieces and nephews, Robert and John CASSELS, Betty▲ BIGNELL, Donna and Gordon MUNRO, and Tony HOOPER and Debbie MARTELL. Her▲ lifelong interests included theatre, music, piano-playing, sing-alongs and skits, Onondaga Camp, the family law firm, Cassels Brock, Lyndhurst Lodge Hospital, Havergal College, Canadian Paraplegic Association and Belmont House. The family will receive Friends at the Humphrey Funeral Home - A.W. Miles Chapel, 1403 Bayview Avenue (south of Eglinton Avenue East), from 2 to 4 p.m. and 7 to 9 p.m. on Tuesday, June 14. A memorial service will be held in the chapel at 11 o'clock on Wednesday, June 15. Cremation and private burial will be at a later date. Donations to Lyndhurst Lodge Hospital, 520 Sutherland Drive, Toronto, Ontario M4G 3V9, Canadian Paraplegic Association (Ontario Divison), 520 Sutherland Drive, 2nd Floor, Toronto, Ontario M4G 3V9 or Belmont House, 55 Belmont Street, Toronto, Ontario M5R 1R1, would be greatly appreciated.
Peacefully in his 75th year on Friday, September 16th, 2005 at Whitby Hospital after a lengthy battle with diabetes. Beloved husband of 54 years to Frances (SANTOCONO.) Loved by his son John Jude, his wife Erin and their children Christopher and Kathleen and his daughter Deborah-Ann, her husband Paul BIGNELL and their children Shane and Laura. John was predeceased by his parents Edith (SMITH) and William and brothers Donald and Les and leaves behind brothers Jim and Bill and sister Barbara. John was a retired employee of the T. Eaton Co. with 43 years of service. Resting at the Paul O'Conner Funeral Home, 1939 Lawrence Ave. E. (between Pharmacy and Warden) from 6-9 p.m. Monday. Service in our Chapel on Tuesday morning at 11 a.m. Interment Holy Cross Cemetery. In lieu of flowers, please make a donation to the Canadian Diabetes Association.
Passed away peacefully, at her home in West Vancouver, Tuesday, January 18, 2005, with her family by her side, after a short, but determined and courageous battle with cancer. Diane was born January 13, 1957 in Sudbury, Ontario. She will be sadly missed by all of her Friends and family in Aurora, Sudbury and British Columbia. Diane had a great passion for golf and was extensively involved as a volunteer in community sports organizations throughout her children's lives. Diane was a dedicated person to all of her family and Friends, and was always there to help others with a beautiful smile on her face. Diane's passion for life was an inspiration as she overcame numerous setbacks in her battle and she would never lose her hope and faith. Beloved wife of Wayne, and loving mother of Lisa and Mark. Dear daughter of Edward and Jeanne (BIGRAS) DESJARDINS, predeceased. Dear sister of Joyce JOHNSON (husband Sterling,) Jeanet CRESSWELL (husband Brian,) Gordon (wife Rosanna), Mark (wife Kim), Richard (wife Carol-Ann), Dennis (wife Glenda), Louis (wife Marion) and the late Maurice, predeceased. Dear daughter-in-law of Donna BINGHAM and the late Jim BINGHAM, predeceased, sister-in-law of Reid BINGHAM (wife Monica). Sadly missed by many nieces and nephews, great-nieces and great-nephews. A heartfelt thanks to Dr. Sandra Wiebe, Dr. Paul Klimo, Lion's Gate Chemotherapy Staff, Lion's Gate Palliative Care Unit Staff, North Shore Health Services and Dr. S. LAFRAMBOISE of Princess Margaret Hospital. Resting at Lougheed's Funeral Home, 252 Regent Street South (at Hazel St.), Sudbury, Ontario. Funeral Mass in St. Paul The Apostle Church, Coniston, Monday, January 24, 2005 at 11: 00 a.m. Cremation at the Park Lawn Crematorium. In lieu of flowers, donations may be made to Ovarian Cancer Canada. (Friends may call 2-5 and 7-9 p.m. Sunday).
Passed away peacefully on December 17, 2005 at the Sunnybrook Hospital. Loving father of Carolin, Shawn, Bobby and Carrie-Ann. Sadly missed by his grandchildren and great-grandchild. Survived by his brothers, sisters, nephews, nieces, great-nephews, and great-nieces. A heartfelt thanks to the staff at the Sunnybrook Hospital C3 Ward, and the Lynett Funeral Home. Ashort service will be held at the Glendale Memorial Gardens Chapel (1810 Albion Road) on Thursday, December 22, 2005 at 1: 00 p.m. Funeral arrangements entrusted with Lynett Funeral Home. In lieu of flowers, donations to the Canadian Cancer Society.


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Teacher / Parent
News & Award
Edx Education monthly newsletter (2021 January)
2021-01-15 /in Distributor, Teacher / Parent /by sandra
https://edxeducation.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/0115web_13.jpg 288 267 sandra /wp-content/uploads/2019/11/edx-logo.png sandra2021-01-15 17:00:492021-01-15 16:02:05Edx Education monthly newsletter (2021 January)
Edx Education monthly newsletter (2020 December)
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Edx Education was delighted to be part of the Dad's Choice Awards 2020
Edx Education was delighted to be part of the Dad's Choice Awards 2020, amazing result being recognized as a 'Commended Winner' for the FunPlay Rainbow Pebbles.
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Autism Live Toy Reviews with Shannon
Shannon Penrod a mom, an award winning stand up comedian, director, author and trained teacher showcasing the Autism Live Xmas gift guide. Edx Education were so excited to see the Step a logs and the Step a Trails were included this year. Autism live is an interactive webshow providing support, resources, information, facts, entertainment and […]
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BTHA Safety tips when buying from 3rd Party Sellers in the UK
This is such an important message from BTHA this year with so many 3rd party sellers delivering direct to consumers it has caused concerns for Toy Brands. The BTHA has put together a list of top tips for buying #toys safely from online marketplaces this #Christmas. It's after a report showed 60% of 100 toys […]
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Education For All with Gecko On the Move
Let's make a difference to a child's life by providing them with the opportunity to be educated. Gecko On the Move's vision is for children to connect, discover and create through mathematics using manipulatives. Due to Covid 19, Gecko On the Move is unable to facilitate its yearly on the ground support with international teacher […]
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Edx EducationEdx Education monthly newsletter (2021 January)2021-01-15 - 17:00
Edx Education monthly newsletter (2020 December)2020-12-25 - 17:00
edx educationEdx Education was delighted to be part of the Dad's Choice Awards 20202020-12-11 - 17:00
Edx EducationAutism Live Toy Reviews with Shannon2020-11-27 - 17:00
Edx EducationBTHA Safety tips when buying from 3rd Party Sellers in the UK2020-11-27 - 17:00
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Two television spots were released for the horror anthology Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark, earlier this year. Now, a teaser trailer is available. The clip shows more of the monsters, in the film and more of the scenarios. This film is based on Alvin Schwartz's series of novels and the film will cover a number of his written works. As well, Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark is being directed by Norwegian filmmaker André Øvredal (The Autopsy of Jane Done), with Guillermo del Toro (Pan's Labyrinth) directing. The latest film clip is here.
A longer synopsis has also been released. The blurb mentions that this is 1968 America. In the small town of Mill Valley, the shadow of the Bellows family still looms above the town. Now, some of the horrors of Mill Valley are being revealed in an old tome, found by a group of teenagers.
Finally, Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark will have an August release, in theatres, across North America. Lionsgate and CBS Films will handle the release on August 9th. More release details are below.


Maputo — The Mozambican government has rejected a debt restructuring plan submitted by creditors, including Credit Suisse, one of the banks that provided illicit loans to thee security-related Mozambican companies in 2013 and 2014, according to a report by the Bloomberg agency.
In doing so the Guebuza government broke the budget laws of both 2013 and 2014, by smashing through the ceiling the law set on loan guarantees. It also violated the Mozambican constitution which says that such debt can only be authorised by the country's parliament, the Assembly of the Republic.
The restructuring proposed by Credit Suisse concerns the loan to Proindicus (for 622 million dollars). Details are scarce, but the proposal would swap the loan into new debt with interest payments tied to Mozambique's future economic performance.
But the proposal has been flatly rejected. One of the companies advising the government, Lazard Freres SAS, in an emailed statement said "The proposal from the ProIndicus lenders has been considered by the Mozambique authorities and their advisers. However, as the lenders have been advised, the proposal does not meet the requirements of the authorities and is not considered a viable basis for a solution."
Lazard Freres has not said whether the government has accepted or rejected this proposal and the bondholders' legal adviser declined to comment to Bloomberg.


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Big Dismal era una rock band cristiana statunitense. Il magazine Rolling Stone ha nominato i Big Dismal come una delle "Cinque Band Cristiane Promettenti" e il singolo della band "Reality" è al 3º posto nella classifica della Christian Rock Radio. I video musicali sono stati fatti per le canzoni Rainy Day and Remember (I.O.U.) quest'ultima usata come canzone di tributo nello show di Raw dedicato a Chris Benoit.

Membri
 Voce - Eric Durrance
 Chitarra - Chuck Shea
 Basso -  Gary Sobel
 Batteria -  Jeff Chomin

Discografia
 Believe, 20 maggio 2003 Windup

Altro
 The Passion of the Christ: Songs
 Rainy Day
 Reason I Live

Collegamenti esterni


How can I add arrows at the end of sage plot axis?
Evenly space points along a parametric curve?
How to plot a sparse graph with small cycles ?
What is a good 2D viewer for Ubuntu for Sage interactive mode?


Zones Solutions Ltd a Private Limited Company. The company registration number is 11788506. The present status of the company is Active. Zones Solutions Ltd has been working since 25 Jan 2019. The company operates in 96090 - Other service activities n.e.c.. The registered address of this company is Flat 4, 303 Gillott Road, Birmingham, B16 0RT. There are 6 companies at this address.
What do you think about Zones Solutions Ltd`s business model?


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Jeux
Un palet est un objet de la forme d'un cylindre plat. De manière plus spécifique, le mot palet peut désigner :
 le palet de hockey sur glace ;
 le palet ou jeu de la marelle ;
 les jeux de palets, sports pratiqués essentiellement en Bretagne, Normandie et Vendée :
 le palet sur planche, ou palet breton, cousin du précédent, et pratiqué en Ille-et-Vilaine et dans les départements limitrophes,
 le palet sur plaque en plomb ou palet vendéen est pratiqué en Vendée, dans la Vienne, les Deux-Sèvres ainsi que dans une partie des Pays de la Loire,
 le Palet valdôtain est un jeu traditionnel de la Vallée d'Aoste.

Cuisine
 le palet est un petit gâteau sec en forme de cylindre plat (voir aussi palet breton)
 le palet au crabe est un plat à base de crabe, de pomme de terre et d'œufs.

Musique
 Palet, groupe de musique féminin d'idoles japonaises, formé en  par l'agence Platinum Passport.

Autre usage
 le palet, disque épais de liège, servant de flotteur à diverses sortes de filets de pêche.

Voir aussi
 Marelle, un mot venant de l'ancien français (XIIe siècle) , signifiant « palet, jeton, ou petit caillou »


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Why Rep. Scott Perry helped block 'No-Fly, no buy'
Flint L. McColgan
fmccolgan@ydr.com
Perry said the lists are deeply flawed with many people wrongfully placed on them.
Because of those flaws, Perry said the lists shouldn't be used as the basis to deny rights.
Speaker of the House Paul Ryan's argument is similar.
The ACLU is against the use of the lists to deny people the right to purchase a gun.
Around the same time earlier this month that a couple went on a shooting spree in a social services center in San Bernardino, Calif., killing 14 people and injuring 21 more, members of Congress voted to block a bill that would keep people listed on the federal no-fly lists from legally purchasing weapons.
"Congress should act to make sure no one on a no-fly list is able to buy a gun," President Barack Obama said in an Oval Office announcement just days after the shooting. "What could possibly be the argument for allowing a terrorist suspect to buy a semi-automatic weapon? This is a matter of national security."
It's not an argument York County Rep. Scott Perry, R-Carroll Township, would make, even though he voted to block the bill, called the Denying Firearms and Explosives to Dangerous Terrorists Act. Various media reports have shown it was colloquially referred to as "No-fly, no buy."
"I think my views are probably aligned with most Americans," he said. "Nobody wants terrorists to have access to guns."
But, he said, there are "failures in policy" that have allowed the lists to be largely invalid. He cited list inclusions like former Sen. Ted Kennedy, D-Massachusetts, and even infants as evidence the lists can be a mess when it comes to identifying possible terrorists.
"We understand this is a thorny issue," he said, referring to members of the House. "We're trying to thread the needle through privacy, civil rights and national security."
Congressman Scott Perry makes voting a priority
G. Terry Madonna, the Director of the Center for Politics and Public Affairs at Franklin & Marshall College in Lancaster, sees the complexity of the issue.
"It's that the programs don't work and each side has honest differences," he said. "I don't think there's any consensus in how to keep us safe."
The concern from the Republican side, Perry said, is that because of the problems with the lists, which aren't even maintained in a centralized way by the same agency, those who are wrongfully on the lists could be denied their constitutional right to purchase a gun.
Those rights include the right to due process, argues Speaker of the House Paul Ryan, R-Wis. The Pennsylvania Firearm Owners Association has zeroed in on that right, said administrator Robert Preston.
"PAFOA believes that any denial of rights without Due Process is unconstitutional, and an act of treason," Preston wrote in an email.
Ryan raised the issue in an interview on CBS This Morning Dec. 3.
"I think it's very important to remember people have due process rights in this country, and we can't have some government official just arbitrarily put them on a list," he said.
Why Rep. Scott Perry opposed new education law
The Republicans are joined in that view by the American Civil Liberties Union.
"We are opposed to the use of terror watch lists, as presently constituted, to screen gun purchases," said Hina Shamsi, director of the ACLU National Security Project, in a news release. "We believe the lists are deeply flawed, and we oppose depriving someone of a benefit of membership in civil society based solely on placement on such a list."
The ACLU has filed a federal lawsuit against the very idea of the lists.
"[T]he standards for inclusion on the No Fly List are unconstitutionally vague, and innocent people are blacklisted without a fair process to correct government error," Shamsi said. "[I]t is so error-prone and the consequences for their lives have been devastating."
Perry, who has been in Congress for just less than three years, doesn't disagree that Congress should take a deeper look at the secret lists themselves, which were developed in the President George W. Bush era following 9/11.
"All of these things need to be re-analyzed and discussed in this new paradigm of the world as it is in the last 10 years," Perry said.
New website: Rep. Perry a 'Dirty Air Villain'


Markets - Winstar Chemicals Co., Ltd.
Consumer Electronics has become human's necessity. Winstar actively participates in developing advanced technology in semiconductor industry and electronics industry to fit the new designs and functions of different portable devices.
Winstar's surface finishing processes for construction industry are able to provide safe and comfortable living environment for human. No matter the door and window hardware, furniture, hard tools or fasteners, Winstar provides professional plating processes for the customers.
Winstar's decorative surface finishing processes provide attractive appearance for fashion and jewelry accessories. The gold, silver, white bronze and palladium plating processes provide different choices for decorative industry to choose the fit one for every product.
Winstar's hard chrome and hard copper plating processes provide high wear-resistance surface for the equipments to increase their durability and improve their performance in their own industries, such as agriculture and printing industries.
Winstar provides different plating processes for household ware industry. Plastic plating process is one of the most common practices in sanitary ware and home appliances. The functional coating provides corrosion resistance with beautiful appearance.
Green energy is the hot global topic in recent years. To keep pace with the society, Winstar provides related plating processes especially for energy technology and solar products industry. These plating processes can meet the high requirements of wear-resistance in Hydraulics/Fluid Power Industry.


Yalene is our new fab series theme. This is a different theme with a dark design. Suitable for game, gadgets, videos or other related niches. This will be a perfect choice for people who like dark designs for their website. Theme has a magazine layout and has a jquery featured post slider on the home page.


We want to make mining cryptocurrencies easier and more fun. Next to our mining pool services, you can have fun by playing different games and every miner receives his own personal avatar (buddy) at the start, that can be customized in countless ways. You can even win prices, like a boost of your mining profits.
We will give all newcomers the opportunity to get in touch with the blockchain world, taking advantage of the free technologies provided by Matepool. This way we will generate awareness of the sector and the opportunities it offers. In doing so, the new miners will be able to grow and enrich themselves within the platform and acquire expertise in using new tools.
Our user will have the opportunity to undertake an easy, intuitive and assisted path for a personalized and studied consumption experience according to his needs. He/she will move from the management services up to the gamification of the platform. This, to allow the miners to gain visibility and climb the charts, so as to become reference points in the world of blockchain.
Dudepool offers the full crypto experience from one single platform. Our goal is to give everyone a chance to experience this, no matter what device your using, or what your IT skill level is. Our Browser miner is a good example of this.
Dudepool offers easy mining for everyone. You don't need to be a computer expert anymore to start mining. Our pools can be managed from any device.
We added a new dimension to mining, for your mining and invites of new members and hashrate, you climb in ranking level, and earn new avatars (buddies) and change to win prices on each level.
A software that at set parameters simulates the miner's monthly earnings.
A support team will be available to our users 24/7, who will be able to stay in contact with the platform for any doubts or clarifications.
The payout, the distribution of the pool gain, is a very sensitive topic especially for the most experienced users. Matepool will let the miner determine when to withdraw his/her profits.
The miner can change the currency to be mined at any time without having to pay a fee.


These questions are about tuition and fees. Contact us with any more questions you have!
Tuition payments are made on a quarterly basis. Our bookkeeper, Laura Davis, will send out first quarter invoices in August. Please bring in your payments or mail them to CCC, 191 Dedham St., Newton, MA, 02461. For all billing concerns, Laura's email is lsdavis@rcn.com. Write the reason for the check (extra hours, tuition, etc.) and your child's last name, if different from yours, in the memo section of the check.


I know we're a little late but the Electrolux winning entries are definitley worth a mention. Asked to design household appliances that could contribute to a healthier lifestyle, design students from all around the world offered some intelligent, forward-thinking concepts for the future of consumption.
The winning design, "Nevale" by Metin Kaplan from Istanbul Technical University, is a food carrier that offers the opportunity to store and carry up to four hot and cold meals maintained through a vacuum system that can be programmed to launch an individual automatic re-heating process at a specific time, whilst maintaining the perfect temperature for cold foods in other compartments.


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Homepage ProductsApplicationsProjectsSmart City DE En Fr
White all over for Riga Fire Fighting Museum
Fire Fighting Museum, Riga - LV
Set up in 1978 on the premises of a former fire station built in 1912, Riga Fire Fighting museum displays the history of fire fighting in Latvia from the second half of the 19th century until the present days.
Located within a historic Art Nouveau, the this construction was built in 1912 when this architectural style was in full swing in Riga, making the Latvian capital the city with the highest concentration of Art Nouveauarchitecture in the world.
Following a major renovation, an LED lighting system has been recently installed on the façade of the building in order to enhance its beautiful architectural style also at night.
An array of PARADE D-W-6, 9 and 12 linear modules in warm white configuration were mounted on the walls of the building methodically following the main architectural features of the façades in order to deliver a well distributed white light.
The longer bars were installed downwards in a line on the lower edge of the steep roof to enlighten the walls of the museum with
an even light output.
The shorter modules were fixed on the upper parts of turrets and main tower to deliver a focused spot lighting to the main architectural features of these outstanding parts of the building.
Al Daayen Wedding Hall Complex, Umm Qarn - QA
Cathedral, Cuenca - EC
Philharmonic Concert Hall, Jekaterinburg - RU
thyssenkrupp Test Tower, Rottweil - DE
Elementary school Friča Brīvzemnieks, Riga - LV


We had a PSA this week, so we're taking this opportunity to introduce a new audio drama: Retcon, which reviews the first seasons of RvB. Featuring Bobberton, ChurbooseAnon, Typer, Krakatau, and Oroboros.
Then, we have our regular mailbag discussion with Typer, DaftProdigy, Ghazman, Sylveon, Rane Zero, and Niriall.


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Damage Control: Memphitz Apologizes For Blasting Toya Wright…
Memphitz seems to be going through a lot these days and taking it out on the wrong people. On Tuesday,…
Gary's Tea: Why Tiny & T.I. Should Stay…
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Why Scottie Pippen's Wife Is Making A Huge…
Scottie Pippen has allegedly filed for divorce from his wife of 19 years after she has been spotted getting super…
Bad News for Drake and Rihanna
Rihanna and Drake have both reached levels in their careers that only they understand what life is like for each other.…
Essence Atkins Is Going Through A Hard Time
Her new gig as Marlon Wayans' ex-wife provided some perspective on her own marital issues.
Johnny Depp & Amber Heard Finally Settled Their…
Page Six reports that Johnny Depp has agreed to pay Amber Heard $8 million to settle their divorce.
Is Jason Derulo Afraid To Fall In Love?…
According to Gary With Da Tea, Jason Derulo is done with love. He recently confirmed that he and girlfriend Daphne…
This Former Destiny's Child Singer Quietly Divorced Her…
The former Destiny's Child member and Single Ladies actress split from Rob Hillman after just two months of wedded bliss.
Bad Romance: Is Lady Gaga A Single Woman…
Rumors of a split began to surface after Gaga was seen without her ring last week in Malibu, the same…
Did Omarion & Apryl Jones Just Call It…
Omarion later confirmed the breakup with an official statement via Instagram.
Waka Flocka Reveals The Real Reason He &…
People blamed their break up on Waka often being on the road and his alleged cheating, but both parties denied…
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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in: Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, History of Hunan,
19th century in China
Military of the Qing dynasty
Military units and formations of China
Xiang Army
The Xiang Army (Chinese: 湘軍; pinyin: Xiāng Jūn) was a standing army organized by Zeng Guofan (曾國藩) from existing regional and village militia forces tuanlian (團練) to contain the Taiping rebellion in China (1850 to 1864). The name is taken from the Hunan region where the Army was raised. The Army was financed through local nobles and gentry, as opposed to the centralized Manchu-led Qing Dynasty. Although it was raised specifically to address problems in Hunan, the Army formed the core of the new Qing military establishment, and as such, forever weakened the Manchu influence within the military. This devolution of centralized command is commonly pointed to as a major reason for the eventual downfall of the Qing dynasty and the emergence of regional warlordism in China during the first half of the twentieth century.
The Xiang Army was one of two armies known as the Hunan Army. Another Hunan Army, called the Chu Army, was created by Zuo Zongtang to fight in the Dungan revolt (1862–1877). Remnants of the Xiang Army which also fought in the war were then called the "Old Hunan Army".
1 Taiping Rebellion
2 Viceroys
3 Total soldiers
4 Headquarters
5 Salary
6 Main leaders
7 Vice leaders
8 Disarmament and revolution
The Taiping rebellion started in December 1850 in Guangxi Province, growing after a series of small victories over the local Qing forces. The revolt rapidly spread northward. In March 1853, between 700,000 and 800,000 Taiping soldiers directed by commander-in-chief Yang Xiuqing took Nanjing, killing 30,000 Imperial soldiers and thousands of civilians. The city became the movement's capital and was renamed Tianjing ("Heavenly Capital"). By this point the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom encompassed much of south and central China, centered on the Yangtze river valley. They continued in their attempts to expand northward, and sent two armies to take the upper Yangtze, while another two attempted to take the new Imperial capital, Beijing. The western drive met with some success, but the Beijing attack failed.
Zeng Guofan was tasked with limiting the rebel's attempts to take control of Hunan. His lieutenants recovered the capital, Changsha, and then Zeng led the recapture of Wuchang and Hanyang, near Hankow, and was rewarded for his success by being appointed vice-president of the Board of War. His Army was so successful that the Qing leaders quickly started using it in place of their own troops, turning it into an Imperial force rather than the local force as it had been raised. In 1860 Zeng was called on to use the Xiang Army to clear Anhui, and was appointed Viceroy of Liangjiang (两江总督, which consisted of the provinces of Jiangxi, Anhui, and Jiangsu). While Charles George Gordon and his "Ever-Victorious Army" were clearing the rebel heartland, Zeng took the opportunity to launch a campaign to retake Nanjing.
The entire area around the city had been cleared of rebel forces in a series of battles starting in June 1863. The battle for the city itself started on March 14, 1864 when Zeng's forces attempted to force the city walls using ladders, but were beaten back. A second attempt used tunnels, but counter-digging and a second wall prevented a breakthrough. On July 3 the Xiang forces had their first victory, taking Dibao Castle. This position allowed them to dig new tunnels and pack them with explosives with the intention of destroying the city walls. A counterattack failed, and on July 19 the explosives were set off, collapsing a large portion of the wall. The city fell after a fierce three-day battle.
The Xiang Army pillaged and robbed the city, killing 150,000 people and setting it on fire. The city burned until July 26, 1864. Zeng was promoted to Marquess (of the First Class) Yiyong (毅勇侯) (Yiyong: 毅 = Endurance 勇 = Courage)[1][2][3][4] .
Viceroys
After the fall of the Qing Dynasty, in from 1860 to 1890, over half of the viceroys in China were Xiang Army leaders.
Total soldiers
In 1860, the power of the Xiang Army was unsurpassed, totalling almost 360,000 soldiers. The large main group was led by Zeng Guofan with 130,000 troops. The Qing regular army, the Green Standard Army, totaled about 2,300,000 (included the Xiang Army). Taiping Rebellion soldiers amounted to about 1,800,000 (including 300,000 local gang members who repeatedly changed sides).
Headquarters were located in Qimen County Anhui from 1853 to 1861. After recovering Anqing in September 1861, the headquarters was moved there because of its proximity to Nanjing.
One of Zeng Guofan's priorities for the Xiang Army was finance, understanding that good pay was crucial for battlefield morale. As a result, a Xiang Army soldier's salary was four tael of silver every month, compared to a regular Green Standard soldier's salary of about 1.5 tael of silver per month.
Main leaders
Zeng Guofan
Zuo Zongtang
Zeng Guoquan (曾國荃)
Hu Linyi (胡林翼)
Luo Zenan (羅澤南)
Peng Yulin (彭玉麟)
General Chen Ling-Shu, later Admiral Chen Ling-Shu, served under General Peng Yu-Ling. After the Taiping Rebellion was crushed, the Hunan armies petitioned to the Manchu Court to disband themselves, for fear of rumored rebellion against the Manchus as they had grown too powerful in the eyes of the Manchus. The Manchu Court only agreed to turn Peng Yu-Ling's army into a navy.
Vice leaders
Li Xubin
Li Xuyi
Bao Chao
Liu Rong
Liu Kunyi
Liu Changyou
Jiang Yili
Li Hongzhang
Disarmament and revolution
Zeng Guofan began disarming the Xiang Army with the establishment of the Huai Army by Li Hongzhang, one of the most important commanders of the Xiang Army. In 1890, part of the Xiang Army incorporated into a gang and anti-government movement. When the Xinhai Revolution (Chinese Revolution) began in 1911, former comrades of Xiang Army turned against each other. The Republic of China was established on February 12, 1912.
Tuanlian
↑ John King Fairbank, Kwang-Ching Liu, Denis Crispin Twitchett, ed (1980). Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911. Volume 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 541. ISBN 0-521-22029-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=pEfWaxPhdnIC&q=Liu+Chin-t%27ang%27s+big+German+guns+Pai+Yen-hu+without+resistance#v=onepage&q=hunan%20anhwei%20army%20shanghai%20%20ningpo&f=false. Retrieved 2012.18.1. "In 1853 Tseng Kuo-fan introduced special training for the non-commissioned officers of his new Hunan Army, emphasizing endurance and discipline. This was later imitaed by the Anhwei Army. The technical training of the officer corps along western lines was begun in 1852 at Shanghai and Ningpo, where a few company commanders and their men were trained in the use of Western equipment and tactics by French and English military advisers."
↑ John King Fairbank, Kwang-Ching Liu, Denis Crispin Twitchett, ed (1980). Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911. Volume 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 540. ISBN 0-521-22029-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=pEfWaxPhdnIC&q=Liu+Chin-t%27ang%27s+big+German+guns+Pai+Yen-hu+without+resistance#v=onepage&q=hunan%20militarization%20of%20scholar%20class%20anhwei%20army%20liu&f=false. Retrieved 2012.18.1. "the cases of Hunan particulartly illustrates this widespread militarization of the scholar class. . .Such was also the case of Liu Ming-ch'uan who rose form smuggling salt to leading an army in Anhwei, and finally to the governorship of the province of Taiwan (see chapter 4). . . Until 1856 most of the officers of the Hunan Army were scholars, The proportion dropped sharply for commissions given after this date. . . Holders of official titles and degrees accounted for only 12 per cent of the military command of the Huai Army, and at most a third of the core of the Huai clique, that is the trop commanders of the eleven army corps."
↑ John King Fairbank, Kwang-Ching Liu, Denis Crispin Twitchett, ed (1980). Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911. Volume 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 202. ISBN 0-521-22029-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=pEfWaxPhdnIC&q=Liu+Chin-t%27ang%27s+big+German+guns+Pai+Yen-hu+without+resistance#v=onepage&q=regional%20armies%20yung%20ying%20brave%20battalions%20hunan%20anhwei%20honan%20shantung%20yunnan%20szechwan&f=false. Retrieved 2012.18.1. "By the end of the Nien War in 1868, a new kind of military force had emerged as the Ch'ing dynasty's chief bulwark of security. Often referred to by historians as regional armies, these forces were generally described at the time as yung-ying (lit. 'brave battalions'). In the 1860s, such forces throughout all the empire totalled more than 300,000 men, They included the remnants of the old Hunan Army (Hsiang-chün) founded by Tseng Kuo-fan, the resuscitated Hunan Army (usually called Ch'u-chün) under Tso Tsung-t'ang, and the Anhwei Army (Huai-chün) coordinated by Li Hung-chang. There were also smaller forces of a similar nature in Honan (Yü-chün), Shantung, (Tung-chün), Yunnan (Tien-chün) and Szechwan (Ch'uan-chün). These forces were distinguished generally by their greater use of Western weapons and they were more costly to maintain. More fundamentally they capitalized for military purposes on fthe particularistic loyalties of the traditional society. Both the strength and the weakness of the yung-ying were to be found in the close personal bonds that were formed between the higher and lower officers and between officers and men. In this respect they differed from the traditional Ch'ing imperial armies - both the banner forces and the Green Standard Army."
↑ John King Fairbank, Kwang-Ching Liu, Denis Crispin Twitchett, ed (1980). Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911. Volume 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 232. ISBN 0-521-22029-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=pEfWaxPhdnIC&q=Liu+Chin-t%27ang%27s+big+German+guns+Pai+Yen-hu+without+resistance#v=snippet&q=Liu%20Chin-t'ang%20old%20hunan%20army%20prestige&f=false. Retrieved 2012.18.1. "Tso's immediate appointment of Liu as commander of the 'Old Hunan Army' (Lao Hsiang-chün)added to the youthful commander's prestige. . . By September 1870, Liu Chin-t'ang had reduced all but a score of the 500-odd forts around Chin-chi-pao. Krupp siege guns shipped to Kansu form Shanghai were now sent to Liu along with an officer who had served Tseng Kuo-fan as a gunner. The shells failed to breach Chin-chi-pao's heavy walls (said to be thirty-five feet thick), but in October Liu Chin-t'ang built a high gun position from which he bombarded the city over its walls. . .Chin-chi-pao's dwindling number of inhabitants were now surviving on grass roots and flesh rom dead bodies. In January, Ma Hua-lung finally surrendered to Liu Chin-t'ang,"
Draft History of Qing
Articles containing Chinese-language text
History of Hunan


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In 100 Days, the NHL Winter Classic Will Be Played at Nats Park
But at the sunny and warm uniform unveiling on Tuesday, it was difficult to imagine ice and snow.
Written by Carol Ross Joynt
Barriers on the Nats Park field approximate where the hockey rink will be as NHL, Caps, and other officials talked the upcoming New Year's Day Winter Classic. Photograph by Carol Ross Joynt.
The official temperature Tuesday may have been in the high 60s, but it felt 20 degrees hotter at Nats Park at midday, which is ironic, because the point of being there was to talk about the depths of winter—New Year's Day 2015, to be precise, the date of the NHL Winter Classic. "One hundred days from now it's going to be snowing here in DC," was the optimistic forecast of Washington Capitals owner Ted Leonsis. That's when Washington plays the Chicago Blackhawks on an outdoor ice rink in the middle of the baseball park. It's also a dream come true for Leonsis. On January 1, 2008, at home watching the first Winter Classic, "I e-mailed the commissioner, 'We want one here in Washington,' " he says.
The event had all the boosterism and good cheer you would expect from a coming together of major league sports officials, team owners, team stars, the corporate sponsor, union reps, network producers, fans, and the unveiling of the Winter Classic uniform.
And it's fair to say that as much as Tuesday's speeches and fanfare were about hockey, if you didn't know better you might confuse the hubbub to be about baseball. Even the Blackhawks' president got confused. "We look forward to playing the Nationals," John McDonough declared, and then quickly corrected himself and changed it to "Capitals," adding, "that's the baseball fan in me."
McDonough wasn't alone in praising the National League East champion Nationals. It started right off with the master of ceremonies, John Walton, who said, "While we're talking hockey today, we hope there's baseball being played here till the end of October." There was polite applause from the hockey fans sitting in the stands, a few of them wearing winter hats. Their applause paled when compared to the enthusiasm they show for a Capitals "Score!"
There were a lot of participants in the program (by our count about 20), and those who were tapped to speak (most of them) gave praise or nodded to members of the Nationals organization, including general manager Mike Rizzo (whose bald pate will likely have some sunburn by game time Tuesday evening) and various members of the Lerner family, who own the baseball team and the ballpark.
Mark Lerner talked about the advantages of having the hockey classic at Nats Park, which he called "one of the most unique backdrops of any sports venue in the United States." DC Mayor Vincent Gray described himself as an "unabashed homey," which could apply equally to the Caps, Nats, Wizards, and DC United (but not that other team). Gray called Leonsis the "greatest owner in the nation of any sports team." Leonsis beamed.
NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman, of course, focused on the Winter Classic, declaring that the Washington game will take the event to "new heights." It will also coincide with the Caps' 40th-anniversary season. "The event will be sold out, if it's not already," he said. We checked on the Caps website, and yes, there are still tickets for sale. But remember: It will be winter.
Ovi won't be wearing these flip flops on New Year's Day. Here, Caps stars Nicklas Backstrom, Alexander Ovechkin, and Braden Holtby model the newly unveiled Winter classic jerseys. Photograph by Andrew Propp.
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Tax abuse and offshore havens are costing governments $427 billion a year, according to a new study
Kevin Shalvey
The Cayman Islands were tagged as the biggest contributor to tax abuse.Shutterstock
Tax havens and companies shifting profit overseas are costing governments $427 billion per year, according to an advocacy group.
About $245 billion of the total was attributed to companies relocating profits to more tax-favorable countries.
The five biggest tax losers are the US, UK, Germany, France, and Brazil, said a study published on Friday by Tax Justice Network.
Corporations are "cheating us all," US Congresswoman Pramila Jayapal said in a tweet.
Offshore tax havens are costing governments more than $427 billion a year, including more than $89 billion in the US, according to a study published Friday.
"Globally, the equivalent of over 34 million nurses' annual salaries is lost to tax havens each year," the study, from UK-based advocacy group Tax Justice Network, said.
About $245 billion of the total was attributed to companies relocating profits to more tax-favorable countries. Wealthy individuals avoided the balance, $182 billion, by "hiding undeclared assets and incomes offshore, beyond the reach of the law," the study said.
Corporations and the wealthiest are "cheating us all," US Congresswoman Pramila Jayapal said in a tweet.
—Rep. Pramila Jayapal (@RepJayapal) November 20, 2020
European parliament member Pedro Marques, of Portugal, said the statistics illustrated a "dire need" for international tax reform.
—Pedro Marques (@PedroMarquesMEP) November 20, 2020
The study's publication was timed to coincide with world leaders' arrival in Saudi Arabia for the G20 summit. The authors urged those leaders, whose countries account for a combined $290 billion in avoidance each year, to take action to stop tax cheats.
The leaders should require country-by-country asset and profit reporting, "so that corporate tax abusers and the jurisdictions that facilitate them can be identified and held to account," read a blog post by Mark Bou Mansour, Tax Justice Network's communications coordinator.
The Cayman Islands were tagged as the biggest contributor to tax avoidance, responsible for about $70 billion per year. But they are just part of a "spider's web" of UK territories and dependencies responsible for a total of 37.4% of global tax cheats, the study found.
The five biggest tax losers were the US, UK, Germany, France, and Brazil, the report said. About $89.4 billion in US taxes were being avoided a year, along with $39.6 billion in the UK.
Some of the world's largest companies have tangled with regulators over taxes in recent years. The European Union, for example, ordered US-based Apple in 2016 to pay $15 billion in back taxes, alleging illegal state aid in Ireland, although Apple won an appeal.
The report placed the blame for missing taxes squarely on government officials. The companies abusing tax systems aren't avoiding taxes because they're innovative, but because "they know politicians will let them get away with it," said Rosa Pavanelli, general secretary of Public Services International, an international workers union.
Tax officials around the world have prioritized the "desires of the wealthiest corporations and individuals" over all else, said Alex Cobham, chief executive at Tax Justice Network, in a press release.
"We're calling on governments to introduce an excess profit tax on large multinational corporations that have been short-changing countries for years, targeting those whose profits have soared during the pandemic while local businesses have been forced into lockdown," he said.
The authors suggested three solutions for governments: taxing global profits for multinational companies, introducing a wealth tax with "punitive rates" for citizens with hidden offshore riches, and the creation of a global United Nations tax group.
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filed: March 3, 2013 • Rhode Island
Whalerock developer to take on Charlestown
Credit: By DAVID PEPIN / Sun Staff Writer | The Westerly Sun | March 2, 2013 | www.thewesterlysun.com ~~
CHARLESTOWN – The developer of the much-litigated site of a proposed wind energy plant will be going to court Monday morning in a different role: as lessee of the 81-acre parcel off King's Factory Road and Route 1.
Lawrence LeBlanc, owner of Whalerock Renewable Energy, LLC, which seeks to develop two wind turbines on the property, sold the land on the final day of 2012 to N.I.N., incorporated in Rhode Island but owned by James R. Burrows of Brooklyn, Conn. Under terms of the sale, Leblanc would lease the property back should the wind project become operational, paying N.I.N. 50 percent of the net income generated for 25 years.
In the meantime, Whalerock and the Town of Charlestown are due in Washington County Superior Court Monday at 9:30 a.m. as Justice Kristin E. Rodgers will hear the latest legal proceeding in LeBlanc's long battle against town officials to develop the property, once proposed as the site of an affordable housing complex.
Nicholas Gorham, LeBlanc's lawyer, is requesting the right to seek a special use permit from the town Zoning Board of Review that would allow him to build on the site. The town is maintaining the primacy of the Planning Commission, which opposes the project, while Gorham maintains the commission can only act as an advisory body and has no power in the matter.
Gorham said the wind turbine project is moving forward with the help of N.I.N., which has held a minority interest in Whalerock.
"It means the wind turbine project is absolutely on course," he said. "Larry kept a 1 percent interest in N.I.N., and the agreements between he and Whalerock remain in full force."
In response to rumors that an affordable housing proposal may be planned for land not used for the wind project, Gorham said, "The only plan I have is to build wind turbines." He hopes construction can begin this year once the project gains zoning approval and regulatory approval from the state and National Grid.
The agreement also includes a breakup clause, which can be exercised for a one-time payment of $500,000.
John Kenyon, lawyer for Burrows and N.I.N., could not be reached for comment.
Gorham is hoping to win approval in court Monday to go ahead and seek the special use permit from the zoning board.
"We're just asking to allow the zoning board to proceed with the application process without interference from the Planning Commission, who's already weighed in with an advisory opinion," he said.
The Town Council is mounting a legal challenge against the zoners as part of a complicated struggle that began in September 2010, when Town Planner Ashley Hahn determined that Whalerock's application was complete. However, two months later, Interim Town Planner Jane Weidman, filling in while Hahn was on maternity leave, determined the application was incomplete, and then-Building/Zoning Official John Matuza froze the application. The zoning board reaffirmed in 2011 that the application was complete, prompting a council appeal. Superior Court Justice Judith Savage remanded the decision back to the zoning board, which again affirmed the application's complete status in November 2012.
"It's the government appealing government about government. It's a colossal waste of money," Gorham said.
The legal proceedings have put Town Solicitor Peter Ruggiero in the unusual position of arguing the application is incomplete after previously arguing the application was complete, said Gorham. In the fall of 2010, he said, Ruggiero had argued the application was complete when a group of neighbors sued the then-council, which supported the project, in an effort to stop it.
"Now he's representing a new council that's opposed to the wind project and doing a 180-degree turn. This council will stop at nothing to stop this project," Gorham said.
Ruggiero, as is his custom on active legal proceedings involving the town, refused to comment.
Source: By DAVID PEPIN / Sun Staff Writer | The Westerly Sun | March 2, 2013 | www.thewesterlysun.com


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SCIOD 12: Euclidean Rhapsodies
"It is fairly obvious," John Maurice Clark, explained to Irving Fisher, Frank Knight and other participants in a 1920 American Economic Association seminar, "that there are systems of economics with axioms fully as far removed from each other as the geometries of Euclid and the non-Euclideans..."
Non-Euclidean geometry was topical in 1920. On May 29, 1919, a total eclipse of the sun could be viewed from Brazil and Africa and provided the opportunity to test a prediction of Einstein's theory of general relativity about the displacement of light from a star as it passes the sun. The conclusions from those observations were hailed as "the most important result obtained in connection with the theory of gravitation since Newton's day."
Clark's paper, "Soundings in non-Euclidean Economics," was not the first foray into this particular metaphor, nor would it be the last. In his inaugural lecture as Professor of Political Economy at Cambridge, "Economic science in relation to practice," Arthur Cecil Pigou quoted extensively from Bertrand Russell's Principles of Mathematics regarding the relationship between the Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometries, which "are equally true," and realistic science, which can only be decided, "so far as any decision is possible, by experiment and observation."
In 1920, Pigou recycled his 1908 non-Euclidean ruminations -- and the Russell quote -- in The Economics of Welfare, arguing that Russell's distinction was "applicable to the field of economic investigation. It is open to us to construct an Economic Science either of the pure type represented by pure mathematics or of the realistic type represented by experimental physics."
In The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money Keynes also employed the geometrical metaphor, comparing classical theorists (Professor Pigou among them!) to:
Euclidean geometers in a non-Euclidean world who, discovering that in experience straight lines apparently parallel often meet, rebuke the lines for not keeping straight as the only remedy for the unfortunate collisions which are occurring.
Of course it was not literally the axioms of Euclidean geometry that classical economic theorists clung to but rather the doctrine, taught by them "from the time of Say and Ricardo..." that "supply creates its own demand..."
-- meaning by this in some significant, but not clearly defined, sense that the whole of the costs of production must necessarily be spent in the aggregate, directly or indirectly, on purchasing the product.
As it informs a theory of employment --"practically without discussion" -- that doctrine suggests what Keynes described as "two fundamental postulates," that: "1. The wage is equal to the marginal product of labour" and "2. The utility of the wage when a given volume of labour is employed is equal to the marginal disutility of that amount of labour."
Clark was more prolific in cataloging the axioms of the "Euclidean" economic orthodoxy. Originally, he listed six propositions and expanded that to eight in a revised version published in 1924. In both versions, it was the final proposition that Clark dwelt on: "Capital, including machinery, consists of instruments of production utilized by human beings for the production of wealth."
In contrast to this standard assumption, Clark suggested "the alternative proposition that human beings are instruments of production utilized by machines for the machines' increase and biological development." Instead of the operationally pointless speculation about whether machines might development consciousness and enslave humans, Clark offered the more realistic question, "how many and how important and far-reaching are the things the machines have done to us which we did not intend nor foresee, compared to the things we specifically employed them to do?" I have condensed Clark's own answer to his question, while indicating ... the ellipses:
Machines may be conceived as making bargains with man in which they offer him things he very much desires, and in exchange bind him to serve and maintain them, to eliminate the unfit among them and promote their racial progress, and to alter his own social and political arrangements in whatever ways may be necessary in keeping pace with the increasingly complex social organization of the machines themselves, and in keeping the children of man faithful to the service the machines require.… By such methods they have succeeded in imposing on man many things he never bargained for, some of which he finds extremely unwelcome.…
They are responsible for the "industrial cycle," and as long as their own overhead costs are covered in periods of depression, they have not assumed full responsibility for the corresponding overhead costs of human beings....
As for their methods of maintaining control: some classes they bribe with large rewards, other classes, largely technicians, and technical-scientists, do not need to be bribed: their minds are captured by the material they work in.…
What I have called Euclidean Economics, in general, serves the interests of the machines. It directs attention to the bribe they offer, and away from the conditions they exact. It has countenanced the machines in neglecting to assume the burden of human overhead costs, and in this, as in other matters, by insisting on putting man on a higher level than machines in respect to freedom, it has sometimes put him on a lower level in respect to care for his material needs.…
The machines tend to confine discretion in industry to the few whom they take into their confidence, while the bulk of labor has largely lost the power to make any constructive contribution to the technique of industry. The job belongs to the machine, and labor feels little responsibility for it. Labor's state of mind and conduct shows the consequences of this, and many laborers appear to alternate between the slave-morality of getting as much as possible and giving as little, and the spasmodic need of exerting power of some sort.
Two points are worth emphasizing. First, Clark's brief mention of overhead costs obliquely alludes to his monumental forthcoming work on the economics of overhead costs. Second, the complicity of what Clark called Euclidean Economics with the interests of the machines implicates that economics as one of the machines to the extent that it "grinds out" conclusions from premises.
Clark did indeed use the language of machinery to describe economic theory in a 1948 note to Wesley Mitchell:
"In dealing with the evolutionary character of the mechanisms, I sometimes think 'theory' of the abstract sort is a device for converting usefully enlightening ideas about behavior and motivation into paper mechanisms whereby armchair theorists can grind out misleading results."
By this time, however, he was not only referring to the "Euclidean" ideas of classical economists but equally to the "more orthodox than the master" school that had grown up around Keynes. In a 1941 letter to Keynes, Clark had also referred to a "mechanism," in this case, "the 'income flow analysis' of which yours is the most noted presentation..." Clark was concerned that this Keynesian school risked succumbing "to the dangers of too-undiscriminating application from which classical economics suffered." In his reply, Keynes concurred with this view.
Reviewing a 1949 essay by Paul Samuelson on the mathematics of income determination, Clark again reiterated his concerns about "what happens to the Keynesian theory when it is simplified by isolating the central mathematical formula and its corollaries from the context of factors that do not lend themselves to this treatment, and which Keynes handled in 'literary' fashion." Clark summed up his misgivings about Samuelson's approach in the following terms:
The upshot seems to be that investment cannot be treated as a simple rising function of current income alone, without doing violence to the essential facts; and that a more realistic (and dynamic) treatment inevitably introduces instability. Even without allowing for this, equilibrium comes to depend on the intersection of two lines which are so nearly parallel that the determinateness of the outcome becomes dubious (current graphic representations sometimes grossly exaggerate the angle of intersection). Samuelson saves himself by a concluding sentence, emphasizing "the violence done to complex reality by the simplified statistical abstractions of this paper." But is such a vague and general last-moment caveat sufficient? (emphasis added)
In noting "the intersection of two lines which are so nearly parallel," the "simple mathematical device" Clark criticized was Samuelson's graphic exposition of investment and consumption. He could as easily have been talking about matters having to do with a distinction between Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometries, which, after all, "are equally true" (and equally non-realistic).
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Don't Pay Any Attention -- Paul Krugman edition
MAXimizing Utility?
On Deducing Faith and Redemption from Usury with t...
The "Ceteris Paribus" Assumption
Tax Shaming from The Guardian
Financial Fraud and the Business Cycle: The Chines...
(Other things being elsewhere...) "It's a ceteris ...
London Sharks the Lump
Those fat monkeys
Durbin-Schumer Inversion Proposal
Supply Created its own Demon (other things being e...
SCIOD 14: Ceteris paribus, Dr. Jekyll tans his own...
Putin Gives Up Siberia To Get "Lugansk" Rather Tha...
Interest Rates Go Nominally Negative In Europe
Financing the Reforestation Hype
Reforming the Economics Curriculum: Some Initial P...
Explaining the "other things equal" clause to Nick...
SCIOD 13: Beggars, Cranks and Feather Beds
Advantage Ordo-Liberalism
The Last Of The Wobblies
Big Money Wants Hard Money—But Why?
Lump of Labor Day Special: Advanced (Elementary) C...
Dana Milbank Joins Parade Of WaPo Hysterics Over S...