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England and Wales Court of Appeal (Civil Division) Decisions
You are here: BAILII >> Databases >> England and Wales Court of Appeal (Civil Division) Decisions >> TN (Afghanistan) & Anor v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2013] EWCA Civ 1609 (12 December 2013)
URL: http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/2013/1609.html
Cite as: [2014] 2 CMLR 31, [2014] INLR 542, [2013] WLR(D) 483, [2013] EWCA Civ 1609, [2014] 1 WLR 2095, [2014] WLR 2095
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Neutral Citation Number: [ 2013 ] EWCA Civ 1609
Case Nos: C5/2012/0537, C4/2012/0176
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL (CIVIL DIVISION)
ON APPEAL FROM UTIAC and THE HIGH COURT, QUEEN'S BENCH DIVISION,
ADMINISTRATIVE COURT, (LINDBLOM J)
REFS: AA06995/2011; CO1399/2011
LORD JUSTICE MAURICE KAY, Vice President of the Court of Appeal, Civil Division
LORD JUSTICE BEATSON
LORD JUSTICE BRIGGS
TN (Afghanistan) &
MA (Afghanistan)
Appellants
Secretary of State for the Home Department
(Transcript of the Handed Down Judgment of
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Mr Becket Bedford and Mr Zane Malik (instructed by Sultan Lloyd Solicitors) for the Appellants
Mr David Blundell (instructed by Treasury Solicitors) for the Respondent
Lord Justice Maurice Kay :
The arrival in the United Kingdom of young male Afghans who proceed to make asylum, humanitarian protection or human rights claims has given rise to a number of legal problems, particularly when, on arrival, they are unaccompanied minors. Some of the problems were considered in the cases culminating in KA (Afghanistan) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2012] EWCA Civ 1014 and its sequel EU (Afghanistan) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [ 2013 ] EWCA Civ 32. The cases considered in KA and EU had the common feature that the appellants had been granted discretionary leave to remain (DLR) until they reached the age of 17½, thereby leaving them to make a further application before attaining their majority. The cases also had the common feature that they were manifestations of a systemic breach by the Secretary of State of her duty, pursuant to Article 19(3) of Council Directive 2003/9/EC (the Reception Directive) and Regulation 6 of the Asylum Seekers (Reception Conditions) Regulations 2005, to endeavour to trace the members of a minor's family as soon as possible after he makes a claim for asylum. KA sought to clarify the way in which tribunals should approach such cases, in particular when considering an appeal after the claimant has reached the age of 18 but where he seeks to rely on his having been disadvantaged by the breach of the tracing duty while he was still a minor.
The present appellants, TN and MA, represent a specific subset. Their asylum claims were refused by the Secretary of State and they were granted DLR after they had attained the age of 16½. The DLR, which expired when they became 17½, was therefore granted for less than one year. Section 83 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (the 2002 Act) provides that:
"(1)	This section applies where a person has made an asylum claim and –
(a)	his claim has been rejected by the Secretary of State, but
(b)	he has been granted leave to enter or remain in the United Kingdom for a period exceeding one year (or for periods exceeding one year in aggregate).
(2)	The person may appeal to the Tribunal against the rejection of his asylum claim."
Plainly, TN and MA, having been refused asylum and having been granted DLR for less than one year, had no right to appeal against the refusals pursuant to section 83(2). There is a difference in the ways in which they responded to that predicament.
TN commenced judicial review proceedings challenging the decision to refuse his asylum claim without a right of appeal. On 16 December 2011, Lindblom J refused the substantive application for judicial review. However, he granted permission to appeal to this Court, which permission was enlarged by Hooper LJ on 10 April, 2012. We are concerned with that appeal. Shortly before he became 17½, TN had also made an application to the Secretary of State for further leave to remain on asylum, humanitarian protection and human rights grounds. It was refused on 8 November 2011. That triggered a statutory right of appeal to the First-tier Tribunal (FTT) pursuant to section 82(1) of the 2002 Act because such a decision is an "immigration decision" as defined by section 82(2)(d). In parallel to the judicial review proceedings with which we are concerned, TN has availed himself of his statutory right of appeal. After initial failure in the FTT, TN partially succeeded before the Upper Tribunal (UT) which remitted his case to the Secretary of State in the light of KA so that the case could be reconsidered by the Secretary of State with the benefit of the result of proper discharge of the tracing obligation.
MA did not apply for judicial review. Shortly before the expiration of his DLR, he applied to the Secretary of State for further leave to remain. The Secretary of State refused the application, whereupon MA exercised his statutory right of appeal. His appeals to the FTT and the UT were unsuccessful and it is against the decision of the UT that he now has permission to appeal to this Court.
Without going into detail at this stage, it is appropriate to describe some of the factual bases upon which TN and MA have mounted their asylum claims. TN's date of birth is 1 January 1994. He therefore turned 18 on 1 January 2012 and is now approaching 20. He claims that two of his paternal uncles are members of the Taliban; that they approached his father to recruit him into the Taleban; that his father refused; and that his father then arranged for his departure from Afghanistan in October 2009. On 18 November 2009, TN was fingerprinted by UKBA officials in the control zone at Calais. He was issued with a notice of liability to removal. He later travelled to the United Kingdom in the back of a lorry. He claims that he was met by a man who said that he would take him to the Home Office but who in fact took him to a place where he worked as a car washer until he was arrested on 8 September 2010. Two days later he made an asylum claim. He was then aged 16 years and 8 months. By a decision letter dated 12 November 2010, the Secretary of State refused the asylum claim. The account of a Taliban connection and attempted recruitment was rejected. It was also considered that, in any event, there was sufficiency of protection and a prospect of internal relocation. Nevertheless, he was granted DLR until 1 July 2011. On 29 June 2011 he made his application for further leave to remain. It was refused on 8 November 2011. His appeal to the FTT was dismissed with adverse credibility findings on 28 December 2011. The UT later found an error of law in the determination of the FTT and proceeded to rehear the appeal with the outcome to which I referred at paragraph 3, above.
MA arrived in the United Kingdom on 27 July 2009 and claimed asylum ten days later. He claimed to be aged 13 but an age assessment carried out a few months later assessed his age as 16. He asserted that his father had been a member of the Taliban who was taken and killed by the authorities and that his brother had been killed in an explosion for which the American Armed Forces were responsible. He claimed fear of persecution as a result of his father's Taliban involvement. The Secretary of State rejected MA's account in a letter dated 23 November 2009 but granted DLR until he became 17½. On 29 June 2010 he applied for further leave to remain but this was refused in a letter dated 31 May 2011. An appeal to the FTT was dismissed on 26 July 2011 but the UT found that the FTT decision contained a legal error. On 12 January 2012 the UT redetermined and dismissed the appeal. It found that MA had been 16 on arrival in this country and that he was therefore 18 at the time of the hearing in the UT. It rejected the alleged Taliban connection and that the brother had been killed in an explosion. The UT did not consider that the Secretary of State's failure to discharge the tracing obligation or the delay or the fact that the first refusal of asylum had been unappealable by reason of section 83(2) rendered the Secretary of State's decision unlawful. MA has been granted permission to appeal to this Court against the decision of the UT.
These appeals
The grounds of appeal in these cases were explained in a series of skeleton arguments written by Mr Becket Bedford, the most recent of which is dated 4 October 2013 , some six days before the hearing of the appeal. The first and principal ground of appeal is that, by granting them DLR for less than a year, the Secretary of State unlawfully denied the appellants an effective remedy to which they are entitled as a matter of European law. In other words, it was unlawful to create a situation in which, by granting DLR for less than one year, the Secretary of State ensured that there could be no appeal to the FTT while the appellants were still under 18 and protected by the tracing obligation and section 55 of the Borders Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009, as explained by the Supreme Court in ZH (Tanzania) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2011] 2 WLR 148. Secondly, the appellants were not only denied an effective remedy by way of appeal. They were thereby disadvantaged in relation to the remedy with which they were provided because of the limitations of judicial review. The third issue is whether what is sometimes called "corrective relief", emerging from cases such as R (Rashid) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] EWCA Civ 744 and R (S) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2007] EWCA Civ 546, is a sufficient remedy. In this context, Mr Bedford invites us to revisit R (R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Ravichandran (No.1) [1996] Imm AR 97 and, if necessary, to refer the point to the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). Fourthly, the appellants seek to rely on the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (the Charter). Finally, he invites us, if appropriate, to remit TN's damages claim to the Administrative Court.
1. An effective remedy?
At a meeting in Tampere in October 1999 the Council of Ministers of the European Union resolved to work towards a Common European Asylum System. This resulted in a suite of Council Directives, beginning with 2003/9/EC (the Reception Directive), which was followed by 2004/83/EC (the Qualification Directive) and 2005/85/EC (the Procedures Directive). It is the Procedures Directive which is of particular importance in the context of these appeals. Its recitals include the following:
"(4)	The minimum standards laid down in this Directive on procedures in Member States for granting or withdrawing refugee status are therefore a first measure on asylum procedures.
(5) The main objective of this Directive is to introduce a minimum framework in the Community on procedures for granting and withdrawing refugee status.
(6)	The approximation of rules on the procedures for granting and withdrawing refugee status should help to limit the secondary movements of applicants for asylum between Member States, where such movement would be caused by differences in legal frameworks.
(11)	It is in the interest of both Member States and applicants for asylum to decide as soon as possible on applications for asylum. The organisation of the processing of applications for asylum should be left to the discretion of Member States, so that they may, in accordance with their national needs, prioritise or accelerate the processing of any application, taking into account the standards in their Directive.
(14)	In addition, specific procedural guarantees for unaccompanied minors should be laid down on account of their vulnerability. In this context, the best interests of the child should be a primary consideration of Member States.
(27)	It reflects a basic principle of Community law that the decisions taken on an application for asylum and on the withdrawal of refugee status are subject to an effective remedy before a court or tribunal within the meaning of Article 234 of the Treaty. The effectiveness of the remedy, also with regard to the examination of the relevant facts, depends on the administrative and judicial system of each Member State seen as a whole."
The crucial provision is then Article 39, which is headed "The right to an effective remedy". For present purposes, the principal provisions are as follows:
"1.	Member States shall ensure that applicants for asylum have the right to an effective remedy before a court or tribunal against the following:
(a)	a decision taken on their application for asylum …
2.	Member States shall provide for time-limits and other necessary rules for the applicant to exercise his/her right to an effective remedy pursuant to paragraph 1.
5.	Where an applicant has been granted a status which offers the same rights and benefits under national and Community law as the refugee status by virtue of Directive 2004/88/EC, the applicant may be considered as having an effective remedy where a court or tribunal decides that the remedy pursuant to paragraph 1 is inadmissible or unlikely to succeed on the basis of insufficient interest on the part of the applicant in maintaining the proceedings."
For the subset of unaccompanied minor applicants who are aged 16½ or older, it is plain that, upon the rejection of their asylum applications by the Secretary of State and the grant of DLR until they reach 17½, they are excluded from the statutory right of appeal to the FTT by section 83(1) and are confined to the remedy of judicial review. The case for the appellants is that this leaves them without an effective remedy within the meaning of Article 39.
The submissions on this issue centre upon the decision of the CJEU in Samba Diouf v Ministre du Travail [2012] 1 CMLR 8. The applicant, who was from Mauritius, applied for asylum in Luxembourg. His application was considered in an accelerated procedure. The decision to deploy the accelerated procedure was not appealable. However, the decision which emerged from the accelerated procedure was challengeable before the Tribunal Administratif. The Tribunal referred the question whether the unappealable nature of the decision to use the accelerated procedure meant that the applicant had been denied an effective remedy. The Court held that it did not, provided that there was scope to examine the reasons for adoption of the accelerated procedure in proceedings brought to challenge the final decision rejecting the application. In view of the importance attached to this case by both sides in the present appeal, it is appropriate to set out some of the Court's reasoning:
"29.	… it is necessary, as a preliminary matter, to note that the procedures put in place by [the Procedures Directive] are minimum standards and that the Member States have, in a number of respects, a margin of assessment with regard to the implementation of these provisions in the light of the particular features of national law.
46.	Article 39.2 … leaves it to Member States to decide on the time limits and other necessary rules for implementing the right to an effective remedy, provided for in Article 39.1. As is recalled in recital (27) … the effectiveness of the remedy, also with regard to the examination of the relevant facts, depends on the administrative and judicial system of each Member State seen as a whole.
56.	… the absence of a remedy at that [preparatory] stage of the procedure does not constitute an infringement of the right to an effective remedy, provided, however, that the legality of the final decision adopted in an accelerated procedure – and, in particular, the reasons which led the competent authority to reject the application for asylum as unfounded – may be the subject of a thorough review by the national court, within the framework of an action against the decision rejecting the application.
58.	What is important … is that the reasons justifying the use of an accelerated procedure may be effectively challenged at a later stage before the national court and reviewed by it within the framework of the action that may be brought against the final decision … It would not be compatible with EU law if national rules such as those deriving from [the Luxembourg legislation] were to be construed as precluding all judicial review of the reasons which led the competent administrative authority to examine the application for asylum under an accelerated procedure."
In Samba Diouf, the reasons which led the competent administrative authority to adopt the accelerated procedure were essentially the same as those which underlay the rejection of the applicant's claim.
In the context of these appeals, the first question is whether the availability of a remedy by way of an application for judicial review is sufficient to amount to a "thorough review" in the sense in which those words are used in paragraph 56 of Samba Diouf. In submitting that our domestic review falls short of that standard, Mr Bedford seeks to rely on Wilson v Ordre des Avocats du Barreau de Luxembourg [2007] 1 CMLR 7. However, it seems to me that the key to the finding of a lack of an effective remedy there was the lack of independence and impartiality in the decision-making bodies. There is no question of that here.
On behalf of the Secretary of State, Mr David Blundell submits that the effectiveness of our judicial review remedy in the context of immigration and asylum is long established. He relies on a line of authority emanating from the European Court of Human Rights in cases concerned with the Convention right to an effective remedy. In Vilvarajah v United Kingdom (1992) 14 EHRR 248, the Court said:
"125.	It is not in dispute that the English courts are able in asylum cases to review the Secretary of State's refusal to grant asylum with reference to the same principles of judicial review as considered in the Soering case and to quash a decision in similar circumstances and that they have done so in decided cases. Indeed, the courts have stressed their special responsibility to subject administrative decisions in this area to the most anxious scrutiny where an appellant's life or liberty may be at risk. Moreover, the practice is that an asylum seeker will not be removed from the UK until proceedings are complete once he has obtained leave to apply for judicial review.
126.	While it is true that there are limitations on the powers of the courts in judicial review proceedings the Court is of the opinion that these powers, exercisable as they are by the highest tribunals in the land, do provide an effective degree of control over the decisions of the administrative authorities in asylum cases and are sufficient to satisfy the requirements of Article 13."
In their submissions in reply, Mr Bedford and Mr Zane Malik seek to marginalise Vilvarajah by pointing to its age. It is, they submit, no longer authoritative. This led us to invite post-hearing written submissions on the present status of Vilvarajah. Mr Blundell submits that it is clearly alive and well on the effective remedy issue. In Bensaid v United Kingdom (2001) 33 EHRR 10, which concerned removal in a "health" case where Articles 3 and 8 were in issue, the Court said:
"56.	The Court is satisfied that the domestic courts gave careful and detailed scrutiny to claims that an expulsion would expose an applicant to the risk of inhuman and degrading treatment … The Court is not convinced … that the fact that this scrutiny takes place against the background of the criteria applied in judicial review of administrative decisions, namely rationality and perverseness, deprives the procedure of its effectiveness."
The same paragraph in the judgment included an express reference to Vilvarajah. Indeed, as recently as last year, the Court continued to draw on it. In De Souza Ribeiro v France (application no 22689/07, judgment of 13 December 2012) the Court reiterated (at paragraph 85) that
"Article 13 of the Convention does not go so far as to require any particular form of remedy, Contracting States being afforded a margin of discretion in this regard (see Vilvarajah)."
Of course, sometimes a domestic procedure or remedy fails to satisfy Article 13, as was the case in De Souza Ribeiro and in Chahal v United Kingdom (1996) 23 EHRR 413. In Chahal, the procedure was fundamentally flawed because the reviewing court would not have had access to the national security material which the non-statutory panel had seen. It is not necessary to address cases outside the field of immigration and asylum where different considerations sometimes arise. It is sufficient to observe that there is a degree of fact-sensitivity and that, within the field of immigration and asylum, judicial review as operated in this jurisdiction has consistently withstood examination in Article 13 cases, absent a special difficulty such as that in Chahal. Indeed, it was the trust in judicial review as an effective remedy which resulted in the exclusion of Article 13 from the provisions which were incorporated into domestic law by the Human Rights Act 1998.
All this leads me to the clear conclusion that, in the context of these appeals, the availability of judicial review as a means of challenging the initial rejections of the appellants' claims meant that there was an effective remedy such as to satisfy the requirements of Article 39 of the Procedures Directive. Whilst it did not share all the features of a statutory appeal to the FTT – in particular, the process of a merits decision following the hearing of oral evidence – there is no requirement in the Procedures Directive or elsewhere that it should. The judicial review procedure falls within the margin of appreciation which is respected by recital (27) and Article 39.2 of the Directive. The fact that Parliament provides a two-tier appellate system located in specialist tribunals is nothing to the point. In many ways, they go further than the "minimum framework" (recital (5)) provided by the Procedures Directive. Parliament was entitled to define and restrict their jurisdiction provided that, where it is excluded, there is still an effective remedy elsewhere in the judicial system. I am quite satisfied that there is.
In these circumstances, it is not strictly necessary to consider Mr Blundell's alternative submission that the appellants enjoyed an effective remedy as a result of the immediate access to judicial review coupled with DLR and the opportunity to make a further application as they approached the age of 17½, at which stage, if the further application was refused by the Secretary of State, the refusal would then give rise to a statutory right of appeal to the FTT – as eventuated in the case of MA. This is not a submission that, by the grants of DLR, the appellants were offered "the same rights and benefits under national and Community law as the refugee status" (Article 39.5). They were not. The submission is that, standing back and assessing "the administrative and judicial system as a whole" in accordance with recital (27) and paragraph 46 of Samba Diouf, the available remedies are effective even if (contrary to my primary conclusion) judicial review alone is not. Mr Blundell acknowledges that the appellants would have had to suffer delays and further administrative steps before reaching the promised land of a statutory appeal. His answer is that the delay would have been relatively short because of the imminence of reaching 17½ and the further administrative steps (a second application and subsequent decision by the Secretary of State) were relatively insignificant.
Although this analysis has pragmatic attractions, I am not convinced it is correct. Mr Blundell describes the underlying asylum claims as "not child-specific" but I consider that the approach to this issue should be more principled. Whilst I accept that, in any subsequent statutory appeals, even if heard after the appellants had reached the age of 18, the appellants would be able to insist on investigation of their whole history, going back to their initial applications and their underlying accounts, I do not think that, in principle, the delayed remedy (if one were to be required in that form) would necessarily be as effective as an immediate one would have been. Although there is no bright line on an eighteenth birthday in relation to risk on return, the delay might effectively deny appellants the opportunity to have their best interests as children treated as a primary consideration pursuant to section 55 of the 2009 Act. Moreover, the scenario which gives rise to the 16½ subset is not easy to rationalise except on a basis of expediency. An appellant would be appealing against the second refusal where his primary grievance would be the unappealable refusal of his initial application. In my view, Mr Blundell was right to make this his alternative submission. It is his primary submission which carries the day.
2. Disadvantage
Although there is a lack of clarity and consistency in the way in which this ground of appeal has been advanced, its central feature is a complaint that the delay in permitting the appellants access to the FTT effectively until after their eighteenth birthdays disadvantaged them in relation to the assessment of their credibility. Strictly speaking, this ground of appeal is only relevant in the case of MA. He has permission to advance it. TN does not. Moreover, in TN's case, the present appeal in the judicial review proceedings has been running alongside his statutory appeal: see paragraph 3 above. The UT has remitted his case to the Secretary of State for reconsideration with the benefit of the result of proper discharge of the tracing obligation. In the circumstances, I propose to deal only with MA at this stage. However, if the assessment of the ground of appeal in relation to MA were to yield any potential benefit to TN, I would not deprive him of it. As it happens, that will not be the case.
It is as well to keep in mind that, notwithstanding the breach of the tracing duty and the effect of section 83, the Secretary of State did not attempt to return unaccompanied minors to Afghanistan before their eighteenth birthday. By the time of MA's appeal to the UT, he had attained his majority. His evidence was comprehensively disbelieved by Deputy Upper Tribunal Judge Hall. His asylum claim was centred upon allegations that his father had been a member of the Taliban but had been taken away and killed by the authorities. His brother had been killed by an explosion caused by American forces. All that was rejected by the UT. On the question of contact with the family in Afghanistan, the UT stated:
"If the appellant's father had been killed and his elder brother also killed and the appellant's mother and uncle had paid an agent to help him reach the United Kingdom, then I find that the appellant having reached this country would have wanted to make contact with his surviving family members. The appellant stated that his mother and younger brother and uncle were living in the uncle's house when he left Afghanistan, but when interviewed on 6 October 2009 … the appellant was asked whether he had had any contact with his family since leaving his village and he said he had not. He said he had not tried to contact them and when asked why not, he said that he did not want to. I do not find those answers to be indicative that it is reasonably likely that the appellant's account was credible. It is therefore my conclusion that the appellant had fabricated his claim …"
Can it be said that these findings are vitiated as a result of the Secretary of State's non-compliance with the tracing duty and the delayed access to the tribunal system resulting from section 83 and the approach of the Secretary of State?
In seeking to establish disadvantage, Mr Bedford refers to AA (Unattended Children) Afghanistan CG [2012] UKUT 00016, a country guidance case. There is a passage in the judgment of Mr Justice Owen and Upper Tribunal Judge Jarvis dealing with the assessment of credibility in cases concerning unaccompanied minors. It adopts a passage from the UNHCR Refugee Children's Guidelines on Protection and Care, 1994, which stated:
"The problem of 'proof' is great in every refugee status determination. It is compounded in the case of children. For this reason, the decision on a child's refugee status calls for a liberal application of the principle of the benefit of the doubt. This means that should there be some hesitation regarding the credibility of the child's story, the burden is not on the child to provide proof, but the child should be given the benefit of the doubt."
I do not question the need for "a liberal application of the principle of the benefit of the doubt" in such cases. Curiously, Mr Bedford seeks to fortify his submission by reference to the old private law authority of Armory v Delamirie (1722) 1 Strange 505. I agree with Mr Blundell that, in the present context, it is unnecessary to look beyond the public law authorities which consistently support the liberal approach in cases concerning children.
The problem for MA is the carefully reasoned rejection of his evidence by the Upper Tribunal. It made repeated references to the appellant's age, for example in paragraphs 73, 94 and 96. The second of those references related to the need to take into account his age in the assessment of his credibility and the third reference emphasised that "the standard of proof is low". It is plain from a fair reading of the judgment that the UT did not find this to be a case of doubt. Its reasoned rejection of the appellant's case was unequivocal. As Lord Justice Elias said in HK (Afghanistan) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2012] EWCA Civ 315 (at paragraph 34):
"The crucial premise for the submission that the Upper Tribunal should have upheld the claim to asylum is that it was not entitled to draw any adverse inferences against these children from their failure to seek to contact family members in Afghanistan. I do not accept the premise; the onus is on the asylum seeker to make good the asylum claim, and that applies to children as it does to adults. It is true that the particular vulnerability of unaccompanied minors has led to special rules relating to the handling of their cases, such as in the way interviews are conducted, and there is a greater tendency to give them the benefit of the doubt where evidence is disputed … . But this does not involve any formal shift in the onus of proof.
I do not suggest that it would in all cases be appropriate to draw an adverse inference that the child would be safely received merely from the failure of the child to try to make contact with his or her family. It will depend on a range of factors which would include the circumstances in which the child came to the UK, the age of the child and whether he or she has been encouraged to make contact. But in my judgment it is in principle an inference which it is legitimate for a court to draw where the evidence justifies it, and it was not an improper inference for the Upper Tribunal to make on the evidence before it."
In my judgment, that is the position here in relation to MA. Moreover, any assessment of his position on the KA "hypothetical spectrum", whether in relation to the need for corrective relief or otherwise, is bound to be conditioned by the reasoned rejection of his evidence about not having attempted to contact his family because "he did not want to". In my judgment, the difficulties faced by MA in this regard are insurmountable.
3. Is there a need to refer these cases to the CJEU?
Mr Bedford's next submission is that, if his earlier submissions fail, there is an arguable deficiency in the protection provided by domestic law, originating in R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Ravichandran (No 1) [1996] Imm AR 97, where Simon Brown LJ said (at page 112):
"… in asylum cases the appellate structure … is to be regarded as an extension of the decision-making process."
For this reason, the general principle has remained that an appellate tribunal considers a case on the basis of the latest evidence and material, including any which postdates the original decision. In a sense, the concept of corrective relief which was considered in KA is an exception because it contemplates relief on the basis of a previous error or breach of obligation which has lost current significance because of the passage of time (for example, attaining majority) or a change of policy. Mr Bedford's submission is that if a claimant can no longer rely on a previous error or breach of obligation for such a reason as a result of Ravichandran, the principle propounded by Simon Brown LJ results in denial of an effective remedy for the previous error or breach of obligation. In the present context, the deficiency relates to an obligation derived from EU law and, accordingly, if Ravichandran is still good domestic law, we should refer a question to the CJEU to see whether it is compatible with the EU requirement of an effective remedy. When invited to formulate the question, Mr Bedford suggested:
"Is this Court lawfully precluded by a national procedural rule (Ravichandran) from ordering the Secretary of State to grant refugee status on the basis that an applicant would have qualified for it at the relevant time but for the denial of a right of appeal?"
His submission is that Ravichandran stands in the way of ensuring that the aims of the Directive are met.
Ravichandran is not a one-way street. The most recent material (for example, evidence of developments in an applicant's private or family life or up-to-date country guidance from the Upper Tribunal) may enhance an applicant's case just as it may undermine it. Simon Brown LJ made that perfectly clear (at page 113). It is to that extent a protective principle. Moreover, as the authorities leading to and synthesised in KA demonstrate, the principle is susceptible to mitigation, particularly in favour of an applicant at or towards the favourable end of the "hypothetical spectrum". On the other hand, corrective relief should not be permitted to confer a status which is not merited. As Sir Stanley Burnton said in EU (at paragraph 6):
"… to grant leave to remain to someone who has no risk on return, whose Convention rights will not be infringed by his return, and who has no other independent claim to remain here … is to use the power to grant leave to remain for a purpose other than that for which it is conferred."
See also paragraph 34, where Sir Stanley observed that it is inherent in this context that decisions made at different times may have different outcomes but, in general, delays "do not justify their determination on [an] artificial basis of obsolete facts".
In my judgment, there is no need whatsoever for a reference to the CJEU. Ravichandran remains an even-handed principle which ensures that, when asylum cases are considered on appeal, those currently at risk on return to their countries of origin are not returned and those who are not or are no longer at such risk are not accorded a status which they do not merit.
4. The Charter
Article 47 of the Charter provides:
"Everyone whose rights and freedoms guaranteed by the law of the Union are violated has the right to an effective remedy before a tribunal in compliance with the conditions laid down in this Article."
The conditions reflect those set out in Article 6 of the ECHR.
I do not think that this provides any additional support which could sustain these appeals. My conclusions on effective remedy in relation to Article 39 of the Directive are equally applicable to the attempt to rely on the Charter. In fairness to Mr Bedford, he did not seriously submit otherwise.
It follows from what I have said that I would dismiss these appeals. The question of remitting the issue of damages does not arise.
Lord Justice Beatson:
I am grateful to My Lord Maurice Kay LJ for his comprehensive and clear description and analysis of the factual position and the legal issues in these two appeals. I agree with his conclusion that the appeals should be dismissed because a remedy by way of judicial review is, in the circumstances of these cases, an effective remedy which satisfies the requirements of Article 39 of the Procedures Directive. I add a short judgment about Mr Blundell's alternative submission.
I do not consider that the short delay before appellants such as these would be able to appeal against an adverse decision by the Secretary of State made after their 18th birthday means that the totality of the remedy they have is not "an effective remedy" within Article 39. As was stated in Samba Diouf's case, the Procedures Directive lays down minimum standards. Article 39 requires Member States to ensure that applicants have the right to "an effective remedy", not that they should have the most effective remedy. The suggestion that a delayed remedy by way of appeal would not, in principle, suffice because (see [18] of my Lord's judgment) it would not necessarily be as effective as an immediate one would have been appears to require a higher threshold than "an effective remedy".
I also consider that to regard the right of appeal after the short delay envisaged in cases such as these as inadequate and not an "effective remedy" could undermine the legislative decision to restrict the right of appeal under section 83 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 to those who have been given leave to enter for more than 12 months. That policy was not criticised by this court in FA (Iraq) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2010] EWCA Civ 696. It serves the useful purpose of helping to avoid duplication between decision-making at first instance and on appeal in cases in which the Secretary of State will be reconsidering a person's position in the near future.
It may be the case that delaying an appeal until after a person's 18th birthday would mean that it would not be necessary for the best interests of that person as a child to be a primary consideration in the decision-making process pursuant to section 55 of the Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009. But such applicants will, in the light of KA (Afghanistan) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2012] EWCA Civ 1014, be treated as young people and their whole history will be considered. I am concerned that to regard the fact that an immediate appeal would be an appeal by a child whereas an appeal within what would otherwise be a reasonable period would be an appeal by a young adult as a reason for finding the remedy to be inadequate and not an effective remedy under Article 39 would be undesirable from a policy point of view. If it is not appropriate, for the reasons given in the cases referred to by my Lord at [25], to use a principle of "corrective relief" to confer a status which is not merited, then it is also arguably not appropriate to require the case of a person who will very shortly fall out of a category to be decided before he does so when his interim position is fully protected and where the result might be to confer a status which, although warranted for a few months, would not be merited thereafter.
I would therefore dismiss the appeal on the basis of Mr Blundell's alternative submission as well his primary submission.
Lord Justice Briggs:
I agree that these appeals should be dismissed for the reason in which both my Lords concur, namely that judicial review was in the circumstances an effective remedy for the appellants in relation to the otherwise unappealable grant to them of DLR for less than a year.
Had it been necessary to do so, I would like Beatson LJ have been inclined to accept Mr Blundell's alternative submission that the combination of judicial review, DLR for less than a year and a right of appeal against the refusal of a subsequent application amounted to an effective remedy, even in circumstances where the appeal would be unlikely to be determined before the appellant reached his 18th birthday. But I would prefer to express no final view upon what seems to me to be a rather artificial hypothesis, in the light of the positive conclusion about the effectiveness of judicial review upon which we are all agreed.


This an Japanese sport car was coming from Corolla lineage offered by Toyota in 80s, as shown here is 1981 Toyota Corolla SR5 Liftback being offered for sale by owner at Craigslist for $3500 located in Valencia, Santa Clarita, California. The 36 year old car still in good condition overall, runs and drives well was looking for a new owner.
Present well on the photos, but is not one example that has been touched by restoration, it's about very well maintained daily driver car, very worth and potential candidate as a light restoration project.
No words about renovated, the interior looks good for its age with a few imperfections was showing here such as a tears in the driver seat, cracks in the dashboard but the rest was greats. Brown upholstery looks to be in nice shape along with the door panels, carpets, and rubber mats. No words about issue hope the original radio, air conditioning and all gauges still doing well.
Described as completely stock without modifications, it has been driven about 225000 miles with its original engine that was never been rebuilds since new. Bringing a 18L straight four cylinder engine mated an automatic transmission, which was recently received repair few parts.
Found this one successful off-road vehicle ever made by Toyota, came from the Land Cruiser lineage well-known as the FJ40 series built in 1979 still in very good condition. All looks excellent in a green with decent interior, runs and drives well reported. The appearance has a good shape and promising in and out, proved by photos, unfortunately they forgot to take a shoot the engines bay.
This vehicle has been driven about 99170 miles, for the age is rarely used and never been touched by a modifier hand or driven by a off-roader, says owner. It could be one remarkable example of the classic FJ40 being offered for sale in Craigslist today, asking $38000 Located in Costa Mesa, California.
Found this one immaculate example of the Japanese Mustang being offered for sale in Craigslist looking for $12500 located in Minnesota. As shown here is Toyota Celica GT Liftback released in 1977 it's a final model of the first generation Celica were designed and sold for the North America market during the muscle-car hegemony era and also intend steal the hearts of the Shelby Mustang enthusiasts who do not have enough budget to buy the original.
But unlike most of a good imitation stuff, the Celica has a lot of good reputations by itself such as in motorsports world especially in many rallying competitions around the world. The engine base is greats has good durability, very reliable, fast but good saver on gas than Mustang, but not change anything, Mustang is Mustang it's about a different segment.
Many spare parts (trim, gaskets, new OEM rear window louvers which have not been installed) and original steel wheels/tires, original Asain carb, new graphics.
Seats and headliner were professionally re-upholstered.
I am the 2nd owner of this vehicle. It has a few tasteful upgrades and other than the seats, can be made back to completely OEM. The sheet metal and under-body are 99% rust-free.
Found this one being offered in Craigslist looking for $3950 located in Escondido, California. As shown here is a complete project of the first generation Celica, interesting car to restored especially for Japanese classic cars enthusiasm. Reportedly run but has been parked for a long time ago. All looks promising still have something important to be a roadworthy car, that could be a good base to start restored.
this an Japanese classic car built in 1973 by Toyota Motor Corporation as a 2-door sports car, that was made to compete with Ford Mustang and Ford Falcon at the North American market on that time.
Here's fourth generation Toyota Celica commonly known as The GT4 is one of the high performance cars come with 4WD drivetrain that was offered by Toyota start from 1985 to 1989. As shown here is 1988 model fairly nice white 2-door coupe has been driven about 152500 miles looking for a new owner. the Celica is the mainstay of Toyota cars to compete in the world rally championship, could be fun to have one.
Very rare in US, the appearance look clean and neat in photos seems has good shape overall. It could be a coolest example of Toyota Celica GT4 being offered in Craigslist today described excellent condition with a few sign of use. If seriously want to kept it, you should come to see directly for accurately condition.


Our Wamberal Project has been featured in an article written by Sarah Appleford on behalf of Eco Outdoor, thank you Sarah.
Here is a link to the article for further detail https://www.ecooutdoor.com.au/design-projects/native-private-oasis/.
Just coasting along nicely... our most recent article in the Daily Telegraph HOME Lift Out January 2018, featuring one of our Nature's Vision Landscapes coastal gardens.
Quality Matters recent article featuring Goonoo Goonoo Homestead in the Alpine Nurseries Summer Newsletter 2017-2018.


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Gigs & Tickets
NEXT AT DOWNEND FOLK CLUB: ODETTE MICHELL (SUPPORT FROM ANT MILES)
Our first concert of the new year might not quite have gone according to plan... but in ODETTE MICHELL, we have one of the fastest-rising new voices on the UK folk scene as our headliner!
When we announced our Spring 2020 programme a couple of months ago, the eagle-eyed amongst you may have noticed a different name listed as the headliner, with Odette due to be the opening act. But when the originally booked artist was revealed to be double-booked, chairman Ant Miles had no hesitation in promoting Odette to the headline slot... and Odette immediately responded by offering to bring her trio!
"The impact Odette has made in the last year or so has been huge, and we only had her doing support because it was booked a long time ago. Her growing profile is probably already beyond support slots, if I'm being honest," Ant said. "So we had to make a change and act quite quickly... the solution was obvious! We're absolutely thrilled to have Odette as our first act of 2020."
Odette is a British folk singer-songwriter, guitarist and bouzouki player with a bold new take on the acoustic tradition and a voice capable of demonstrating the finer points of both folk and traditional song with genuine craftsmanship. In May 2019, Odette released her enchanting debut album The Wildest Rose. The album gained widespread positive acclaim and featured notable musical contributions from Phil Beer (one-half of multi-award-winning acoustic folk band Show of Hands) who plays fiddle on two of the tracks and sings backing vocals on one other track; and Toby Shaer (Cara Dillon, Sam Kelly & The Lost Boys).
Odette will be joined on-stage by Rory Innerd on fiddle and mandolin, and Alex Duncalf on cello.
And stepping into the support slot vacated by Odette will be ANT MILES himself. Ant performs mostly traditional music and has played at the club on a few occasions before with his band, ROAD NOT TAKEN... but never on his own. "I hope it won't put people off coming," quipped Ant. "It will be my first proper performance without the rest of my band, but I've been thinking about doing it for a while... the need to find a last minute support artist focused my mind a bit!"
Tickets for the event, which takes place at Frenchay Village Hall on Friday 17th January 2020, are available from MELANIE'S KITCHEN or online HERE. They are priced at £12 each in advance (£10 for members), or £14 on the door. There will be a full bar, stocking locally-brewed real ale from Hambrook-based GREAT WESTERN BREWING CO., along with cider, soft drinks, wine, hot drinks and also locally-made NAUGHTY BROWNIES. There will be a raffle with prizes including CDs, gift boxes of beer and sweet treats. You are encouraged to bring your own glass/mug/tankard/bucket, as well as reusable bottles for water, as part of the club's drive to be more environmentally aware. Those that do this will have 50p knocked off the price of their drink.
Most of our events sell out, especially at the smaller venue, so please do buy your tickets in advance. For further information, please email This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it..
© 2020 Downend Folk Club

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Using data for predictive analytics is the future of banking success, argued Jean-Laurent Bonnafé, CEO of BNP Paribas, in his session on how the bank is reinventing its approach to innovate with and for corporates.
Cyber attacks, fintechs and how BNP Paribas plans to work with its clients going forward were on the agenda on the second day of the annual BNP Paribas Cash Management University.
Predictive data analytics is the future of banking success, argued Jean-Laurent Bonnafé, CEO of BNP Paribas, in his session on how the bank is reinventing its approach to innovate with and for corporates.
As a bank, "you should know two or three years in advance that a specific person is likely to be asking for a mortgage," said Bonnafé, as an example.
"If you are trying to offer them a mortgage the day they are asking for one, you are too late. There are so many other businesses that can deliver the same thing," he said.
Bonnafé argued that future success for companies will depend on the ability to be versatile and efficient, especially with regards to supply chains and logistics.
"We can help you do a better job with your data. Please tell us what kind of data you are looking for, it is not always that obvious," he told an audience largely made up of treasury clients. "How can we focus on what is really relevant to your business?" he added.
Using data and being versatile is part of BNP Paribas' DNA and philosophy going forward, said Bonnafé.
"The bulk of it is the qualitative approach, the digital transformation, utilising data and having the ability to develop and preserve our franchises the right way. This is the plan," said Bonnafé.
He also added that the bank's focus is "to maintain a certain level of profitability".
"Our equity is growing because we give back only 50% of the net result to shareholders.
"Be sure we are ready to invest. We invest as much as we can. We are doing it the qualitative way," Bonnafé continued.
"Feel free to tell us that a certain project is not relevant. It will save time for you and for us. Tell us we should look at this or that," he told the audience.
"Cash management is one of our favourite sports. We have many sports, but we like this one very much. We like to be number one but it is a highly competitive environment," added Bonnafé.
Jamie Woodruff, an ethical hacker who has worked with the likes of Kim Kardashian, the United Nations and J.K. Rowling, was interviewed before he sat on a panel debate on cyber attacks.
"It is my job to do anything physically possible to break into a company's computer systems without causing emotional and physical distress. I've been known to break into a bank dressed up as a pizza boy," said Woodruff, by way of introduction.
He argued that for any business, staff are the weakest link in your cybersecurity.
"They are in the last line of defence and the weakest part of your infrastructure. Your employees are the weakest part," said Woodruff.
Far from being a teenager in a bedroom, hacking has evolved into a huge industry and has even been professionalised, according to Woodruff.
Hacking has "evolved to organised cybercrime. There are office blocks around the world with hackers who get given KPIs, they have salaries and pay their taxes legitimately," said Woodruff.
"It is their job to hack rival companies because data is far more valuable than currency. When you get hold of that data now, they will sit there for months and years because that data just gets more and more valuable. It is a huge organised business," argued Woodruff.


I upgraded Ximian Evolution to version 1.2.1.
If you are using JPilot, start the program and press the HotSync button on your Cradle and then click the Sync button in the JPilot program and voila ... it works beautifully. Personally, I think it's better than Windows !!!!!!!!!! This works great in Ximian Evolution 1.2.1 as well.
This the second advice post posted in less than a day. Thank you, guys! I would like to encourage anyone who solves one of these general issues to post an advice here as well.


Applications are invited for a three-year post-doctoral position at Gent University, researching the aftermath of slavery in Buganda. The holder will be affiliated with the History Department and be part of a research group on the aftermath of slavery in East Africa, funded by the European Research Council. The topic of this research project is the life trajectories of formerly enslaved people in Bugandan society from ca. 1900, and the role of slavery in social memory and public discourse. Principal investigator on the project is Felicitas Becker (see https://research.flw.ugent.be/en/feli.becker). There is no obligation to teach, but contributions to teaching can be arranged. Monthly pay starts at 2000 EUR minimum and may increase depending on seniority. The default start date is October 1, 2019, but there is some flexibility.
Applicants will have completed a PhD in African history or a related discipline. For fieldwork purposes, candidates will need a working knowledge of Luganda or a demonstrable capacity for acquiring new languages quickly. To apply, please send transcripts of academic record, including evidence of language skills, a short (up to two pages) statement of research interests, and a writing sample of up to 5000 words to slaveryaftermath@gmail.com, and arrange for two letters of reference to be sent to the same address.
The Gent History Department has over 100 members, with an established strength in global history. Besides the history department, the post holder will find interlocutors in the African Studies department, the Conflict and Development research group, and the Global Studies centre, as well as further afield in Brussels, Leuven and Antwerp. Gent is a vibrant and beautiful city of ca. 230,000 inhabitants, about 40,000 of them students. The official language is Flemish, but English is spoken almost universally, and research will be discussed in English. See https://visit.gent.be/en/HOME.
The deadline for applications is April 30. For further questions, please write to fmb26@cam.ac.uk.


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My Persian Nights: UKIFF Presents Iranian Films
Persianesque Staff
UKIFF, the 2nd London Iranian FIlm Festival, aims to bring the "finest Iranian cinema to London."
And from now until the London Iranian Film Festival which will take place in November 2011, UKIFF will be hosting a series of special screenings, bimonthly.
Philanthropy: eBay Founder, Pierre Omidyar Donates $3 Million to Louvre to Promote Persian Art
With his recent $3 million donation to the Louvre for "research and educational projects on Persian art" Iranian billionaire and philanthropist, Pierre Morad Omidyar, continues to make us proud.
A fund is planned to be created in his mother's name: Elahé Mir-Djalali Omidyar, who got her doctorate in linguistics at the Sorbonne and is the founder and president of the Roshan Cultural Heritage Institute.
Iranian Journalist Parisa Hafezi: Courage in Journalism Award Winner
Three brave women journalists who have risked their lives covering the news have been named the International Women's Media Foundation's 2011 Courage in Journalism Award winners.
Withstanding danger, threats and political pressure, Parisa Hafezi of Iran, Adela Navarro Bello of Mexico and Chiranuch Premchaiporn of Thailand have shown extraordinary dedication covering violence, corruption and social unrest in their countries.
Call for Submissions: 2nd London Iranian Film Festival
The 2nd London Iranian Film Festival is calling for film submissions, Trailer Contest submissions, and Poster Contest submissions.
The Festival is the only annual festival to present Iranian films in the UK, providing a valuable opportunity for both filmmakers and London audiences with a cultural awareness platform unlike any other.
Art Exhibit at the V&A: Jameel Prize 2011
At this year's Art Dubai, the V&A (Victoria and Albert Museum) announced the shortlist for the Jameel Prize 2011.
Ten artists and designers have been shortlisted for this year's prize, which is awarded every two years.
Ali Karimi: Iranian Soccer Player on German Team, FC Schalke 04
In early 2011, Iranian soccer player, Ali Karimi, who has appeared in 112 international matches, was signed by popular German soccer team: FC Schalke 04.
Donning the number 10 shirt for his new team, Karimi's contract will keep him on Schalke until end of the current campaign.
"Paradise Lost: Persia from Above" Interview with Aerial Photography Pioneer, Georg Gerster
Pioneer of aerial photography, Georg Gerster, reveals Iran as never seen before, in his exhibition of 1970s pictures entitled: "Paradise Lost: Persia from Above" at the Wilmotte Gallery from April 8 – May 20, 2011.
Art Exhibit: Roya Farassat, A Mirror Has Two Faces
A Mirror Has Two Faces, will present Roya Farassat's large-scale steel sculptures, exhibited alongside intimate paintings and works on paper.
Born and raised in Iran, Farassat's work has been largely influenced by a culture and tradition that she feels embraces a distorted sense of reality.
International Cinema: Iranian Films at Filmfest DC 2011
The 25th annual Washington, DC International Film Festival (Filmfest DC) runs from April 7th, 2011 through April 17th, 2011, and once again brings the best of new international cinema to the nation's capital including World Premieres, DC Premieres, Official Foreign Language Film Oscar® Selections and international headliners and award winners.
Elizabeth Taylor in Iran: Firooz Zahedi's Photos at LACMA
The Los Angeles County Museum of Art's (LACMA) exhibition of Iranian-American mega-photographer, Firooz Zahedi's work featuring Elizabeth Taylor entitled: Elizabeth Taylor in Iran: Photographs by Firooz Zahedi, will be on display until June 12, 2011.
Book of Kings: Shahnameh Exhibit at Asia Society Museum
Asia Society Museum presents an exquisite fifteenth-century manuscript commissioned by the Timurid prince Muhammad Juki (1402–1444).
This rarely exhibited volume, now in the collection of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, features more than thirty richly painted and illuminated miniatures that illustrate scenes from the Persian national epic, the Shahnameh (Book of Kings).
Theater: It's Not About Pomegranates!
Darvag Theater presents It's not about Pomegranates!, a new play by: Sepideh Khosrowjah, directed by; Hamid Ehya, with Ana Bayat King & Richard Reinholdt–the recipient of San Francisco Bay Guardian Upstage/Downstage Award and currently nominated for the 2010 Best Male Performer Award by The San Francisco Bay Area Theatre Critics Circle–at The Boxcar Playhouse in San Francisco, CA.
Magic of Persia Contemporary Art Prize: Finalists Announced
On Monday 14th March, 2011, the Magic of Persia Contemporary Art Prize (MOP CAP) chair judge announced the finalists of MOP CAP 2011.
The eight finalists include Niyaz Azadikhah, Shahrzad Changalvee, Mehdi Farhadian, Arash Fayez, Babak Golkar, Dariush Nehdaran, Hesam Rahmanian and Shirin Sabahi.
A First Norooz: Babak & Friends
The popular children's book and video series, Babak and Friends takes Babak, his friends, and us on a few Persian adventures.
In the cartoon DVD A First Norooz, Babak visits Persepolis and learns about Amoo Norooz and the Haft Seen through a magical journey.


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LETTER OF WAR
It's been a year since the war ended, a year since the last gun was fired, a year since the last man was killed. But things are better now. The sound of the guns is almost gone but it lingers like the distant ringing of a persistent bell, constantly being rung to remind us of what happened here.
The earth has overturned itself and given life to the crops which had almost completely ceased to grow amongst the shell fragments, remnants of food and most of all the disease ridden corpses. The stumps of the cut down trees that had smothered the ground have sprung back to life and are slowly making their way towards the sky sprouting branches and leaves. Beautiful leaves, beautiful coloured leaves of red and orange, yellow and green. Colours I had missed and since learned to forget as the world was turned monochrome by the smoke and mud, and the rain that pelted from the heavens as if to warn the men of both sides that it would not desist until there was peace. The long lost blue has finally shone through the pall of black that remained even after the war, as if mourning the fallen soldiers.
The biggest change is the smell. The stench of rotting flesh and insides that were on the outside has disappeared. The smell of death is different, not the smell of corpses but an old smell, a smell that remains even after the killing has stopped. But there are flowers now, whose rich aroma fills the air with the birds song and they blossom, reminding me of the new beginning that we've been given.
Sometimes I can still see them, a hand trying to sneak it's way up out of the soil, new soil, rich and damp and smelling of something different. Maybe I just think I can see them. No, I feel them. They're here in the earth, in the sky in the very air that has cleared of smoke and come to smell sweet. They're here in me, but they're almost gone.
Pierre Theroux


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Why Do You Need A Divorce ?
A judge was interviewing a woman regarding her pending divorce, and asked, "What are the grounds for your divorce?"
She replied, "About four acres and a nice little home in the middle of the property with a stream running by."
"No," he said, "I mean what is the foundation of this case?"
"It is made of concrete, brick and mortar," she responded.
"I mean," he continued, "What are your relations like?"
"I have an aunt and uncle living here in town, and so do my husband's parents."
He said, "Do you have a real grudge?"
"No," she replied, "We have a two-car carport and have never really needed one."
"Please," he tried again, "is there any infidelity in your marriage?"
"Yes, both my son and daughter have stereo sets. We don't necessarily like the music, but the answer to your questions is yes."
"Ma'am, does your husband ever beat you up?"
"Yes," she responded, "about twice a week he gets up earlier than I do."
Finally, in frustration, the judge asked, "Lady, why do you want a divorce?"
"Oh, I don't want a divorce," she replied. "I've never wanted a divorce. My husband does. He said he can't communicate with me!"
Annapoorna January 6, 2009 at 6:33 PM
a nice joke
Catori August 1, 2009 at 9:59 AM
Funny...I like, it sounds like what I would say....[[that doesn't mean I'm an airhead, I just like to be difficult ^_^]]


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You can get your Butterbeer to go now as…
You can get your Butterbeer to go now as Universal CityWalk serves up daily holiday cheer
Though Universal Studios Hollywood is still closed, it's bringing a taste of The Wizarding World of Harry Potter to adjacent CityWalk.
Universal Studios Hollywood is bringing a taste of The Wizarding World of Harry Potter to Universal CityWalk via a walk-up shop that is serving traditional cold, frozen and hot Butterbeer as well as Butterbeer ice cream, Chocolate Frogs, Gilly Water, cinnamon churros and more. Butterbeer is served in regular cups or souvenir mugs. (Image courtesy of Universal Studios Hollywood)
By Kelli Skye Fadroski | kfadroski@scng.com | Orange County Register
PUBLISHED: November 27, 2020 at 4:17 p.m. | UPDATED: November 27, 2020 at 4:22 p.m.
With the theme park still closed due to conronavirus restrictions, Universal Studios Hollywood has brought a bit of its Wizarding World of Harry Potter to Universal CityWalk for the holidays.
Though current restrictions are limited to to-go orders only, The Wizarding World of Harry Potter — Sweets & Treats pop-up is open for a limited time and will give guests a little taste of the park with traditional cold, frozen and hot Butterbeer options ($8) served in a regular to-go cup or souvenir stein ($14).
There's also Butterbeer-flavored hard pack ice-cream ($7), pre-packaged Chocolate Frogs ($12), Gilly Water ($5) and cinnamon churros ($6).
Guests at Universal CityWalk line-up at The Wizarding World of Harry Potter – Sweets & Treats pop-up location to snag some Butterbeer on Friday, Nov. 27. CityWalk eateries are open for to-go orders only from 12-8 p.m. daily. (Photo by Kelli Skye Fadroski/Orange County Register/SCNG)
Universal Studios Hollywood opened The Wizarding World of Harry Potter – Sweets & Treats pop-up location inside CityWalk for fans to enjoy a taste of the theme park with its signature Butterbeer which is available in traditional cold, frozen and hot ($8) as well as Butterbeer ice cream ($7) and chocolate frogs ($12). (Photo by Kelli Skye Fadroski, Orange County Register/SCNG)
Universal Studios Hollywood is bringing a taste of The Wizarding World of Harry Potter to Universal CityWalk via a walk-up shop that is serving traditional cold, frozen and hot Butterbeer as well as Butterbeer ice cream, Chocolate Frogs, Gilly Water, cinnamon churros and more. (Image courtesy of Universal Studios Hollywood)
The Universal Studios Store at CityWalk has lots of new holiday-themed merchandise including oversized ornaments donning characters from "King Kong," "E.T." and "Back to the Future" as well as the theme park's neon retro, throwback logos. (Photo by Kelli Skye Fadroski, Orange County Register/SCNG)
Missing the theme park this year? Guests can hit up the Universal Studio Store at CityWalk and load up on movie and attraction themed merchandise including all-new holiday swag from "How the The Grinch Stole Christmas," "Harry Potter," "The Simpsons" and Universal Studios throwback-themed styles as well. (Photo by Kelli Skye Fadroski, Orange County Register/SCNG)
The walk-up sweets shop, which is located closer to the entrance of the theme park adjacent to Popcornopolis, was initially only going to be open on the weekends. However, after last week's debut proved popular, it will now be open daily during CityWalk's operating hours from noon-8 p.m. Self-parking remains free for guests during CityWalk's initial reopening phase.
Though Universal Studios has had to cancel its annual Grinchmas, Merry Minions and Christmas in the Wizarding World of Harry Potter celebrations due to the coronavirus pandemic this year, the Universal Studio Store rolled out new holiday merchandise.
If you're missing the theme park experience, guests can create their own movie or attraction-specific themed gift bags (reusable bags with various prints are $3) with stuffed animals, clothing, candy, toys and more inside the Universal Studio Store.
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The Grinch is back with new Wholiday ornaments ($9.95-$19.95), pajama sets ($24.95-$59.95) and there are plenty of ornaments from The Wizarding World of Harry Potter, including ornaments with the Hogwarts house emblems ($19) and Gryffindor, Hufflepuff, Ravenclaw and Slytherin print decorative ribbon ($16.95). There are also new ornaments and special edition holiday sets from The Simpsons ($14.95-$28.95).
Universal Studios Hollywood has continued with its colorful throwback merch and created oversized ornaments with characters from "King Kong," "Back to the Future" and "E.T." ($18) as well as a slew of neon-colored felt pennants, glassware and laminated posters featuring past logos.
There are also plenty of face masks available for children and adults in all sizes ($8 or 3 for $20) that come in a variety of prints including characters from "Harry Potter," "Despicable Me," "Trolls," Universal throwback designs and even Universal Studios holiday prints.
In compliance with the latest coronavirus mandates for Los Angeles county, select CityWalk restaurants are open for to-go orders only and all food and beverages must be enjoyed offsite. Call ahead or visit universalstudioshollywood.com for the current hours of shops and eateries. None of the shops are allowing food or drinks inside their businesses.
There are temperature checks upon arrival. There is controlled occupancy to help enforce social distancing and new cleaning and disinfecting protocol is in place for all high touch areas. There are distancing markers at all eateries and shops and cashless, no-touch payment policies wherever possible.
Kelli Skye Fadroski | Entertainment Reporter
Kelli Skye Fadroski lives for entertainment. She came to The Orange County Register in 2006 after freelancing for numerous regional, national and international music magazines and has covered all things music, stand-up comedy, horror and more. She graduated from Cal State Fullerton in 2006 with a B.A. in Communications Journalism and minored in Political Science. When she's not out reviewing a concert or interviewing some random famous person, she's catching up on episodes of "The Walking Dead," out somewhere sampling craft beer, enjoying Taco Tuesday or semi-reluctantly watching "The Bachelor" or "The Bachelorette" with her girlfriends. She's also a diehard Detroit Lions fan and she's freakishly good at carnival games.
kfadroski@scng.com
Follow Kelli Skye Fadroski	@kelliskye
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DEPUTY PRIME MINISTER AL-SABAH: (Via interpreter) (In progress) – responded to our invitation to take part in the meeting of the Global Coalition to Defeat ISIS, which is taking place for the first time after the liberation of Iraqi territory (inaudible) of ISIS (inaudible) continue with commitment of the members of the Global Coalition Against ISIS. And this is obvious through the ongoing collaboration and cooperation between the members of the coalition to defeat any kind of terrorism.
On this occasion, I would like to reiterate my heartfelt congratulations to the Iraqi people on their victory, the historic victory and the liberation of their country from ISIS.
Excellencies, ladies and gentlemen, we are all aware of the amount of effort exerted by Iraq and the rest of the member countries in the global coalition in their war against so-called ISIS, and these efforts actually culminated in liberating Iraq from ISIS. Today, we are required to continue exerting efforts in times of peace just like we did in times of war.
Stemming from this fact, the state of Kuwait has announced, upon the initiative of His Highness Sheikh Sabah al-Ahmad al-Jaber al-Sabah, the emir of the state of Kuwait, may God protect him, it has announced the holding of the Kuwait International Conference for the Reconstruction of Iraq, which will be taking place alongside this current meeting in an effort to preserve the stability, security, and unity, as well as territorial integrity, of Iraq. This is an effort to pave the way and to find the favorable conditions to start the reconstruction of that country.
Excellencies, ladies and gentlemen, despite the very positive developments and outcomes that we have achieved on the ground, the international community continues to face a direct threat by armed terrorist groups. And this is why it is a fair amount important for our coalition to continue exerting international efforts and to continue coordinating jointly to fight terrorism and to further develop the strategy set forth by the Global Coalition to Defeat ISIS.
In this framework, we are full of hope that the efforts of the Government of Iraq will succeed and will be fruitful in holding the perpetrators of terrorist acts accountable, to avoid any impunity. And this should happen according to the UN mechanisms as reflected in the resolution, in the Security Council Resolution 237 of the year 2017. And also we need to exert or to step up the experience of Iraq in terms of judicial capabilities to – in this regard, and we need to continue working to stem the flow of terrorist – foreign terrorist fighters, in accordance to international resolutions 2396, 2253, 2199, 2178, and 2170.
Excellencies, ladies and gentlemen, as part of its responsibilities in the Global Coalition Against ISIS, the state of Kuwait has hosted five international conferences to fight terrorism, and these include the Stabilization Working Group meeting, the meeting of the Small Group of the Global Coalition, the special meeting of the Counter-Messaging Working Group, the meeting of the Preventing Terrorism Financing Working Group, in addition to the meeting on preventing the flow of terrorists and foreign fighters.
I now have the honor of giving the floor to my friend and colleague, the U.S. Secretary of State Mr. Rex Tillerson. The floor is yours, sir.
SECRETARY TILLERSON: Good morning, and thank you, Excellencies, Minister al-Sabah, for the – for welcoming me today, and I want to also greet excellencies, colleagues, and friends of the coalition. I appreciate the opportunity to address you.
It has been approximately three and a half years since the global coalition began its effort to defeat ISIS. At the time we started our efforts, ISIS/Daesh was thriving. Today, ISIS/Daesh is failed. Approximately 98 percent of the territory once held by ISIS in Iraq and Syria has been liberated. Approximately 3.2 million Syrians and 4.5 million Iraqis have been freed from the tyranny of ISIS. Over 3.2 million internally displaced Iraqis are now back home. ISIS's leadership, online presence, and global network are under more pressure than ever.


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Yachts The Looking Glass
The Looking Glass
The Custom Line Navetta 37 has an innovative electric window in her master study.
By Michael Verdon
Custom Line's Navetta 37 is one of the brand's four "little ships," from 92 to 138 feet LOA. Alberto Cocchi
The yachting world can frequently look to the Ferretti Group for innovations that change the design conversation. Some ideas are big, such as flooding the transom so that a tender can float out. Other ideas, including the electric window in the master study of the Custom Line Navetta 37, are less dramatic but certainly add to quality of life on board.
The wood-paneled master study is separate from the sleeping area, creating a sense of privacy for anyone sitting next to the window and, say, reading. At the push of a button, the more than 3-by-8-foot window rolls down like a car's would, allowing ocean breezes in.
Bernardo Zuccon spearheaded the Navetta 37's design. Courtesy Bernardo Zuccon
Ferretti worked with its window supplier, the Amare Group, to create the automotive-style feature for the 37. "The intention was to pull down the last barrier that separates the person in the study from the sea," says Bernardo Zuccon, one of the Navetta 37's lead designers.
This "last barrier" is far easier to operate than the foldout terraces on other 120-plus-foot yachts and is far larger than the portholes in other master suites. The window is RINA-certified for functionality, and Ferretti plans to make it a distinguishable feature in the marketplace. The window will also be included on the Custom Line Navetta 33 scheduled to launch later this year
The window in the Navetta 37's master-stateroom was done to enhance an owner's connection to the sea. Courtesy Ferretti Group


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Report: TVE acquisitions chief exits
5th August 2015 @ 10:30
The director of acquisitions at Spanish pubcaster TVE has left his post, according to a local report.
TVE confirmed Juan Ignacio Jiménez Gargantilla's exit to El Mundo, but did not reveal the reasons behind his exit.
However, the paper reports he left his post after receiving confirmation of his deprture last week.
His departure comes after those of TVE director Julio Somoano, interactive media chief Ricardo Villa and startegy and programming chief Ignacio Gómez-Acebo among others following the hire of José Antonio Sánchez as president of the pubcaster last year.
TVE couldn't be contacted for comment this morning.
Univision announces Spanish-language AVOD PrendeTV
US-based Hispanic broadcaster Univision has announced plans to launch PrendeTV, a new ad-supported streaming service created exclusively for the US Hispanic community. Set to launch in the first quarter of this year, with more than 30 channels and 10,000 hours of programming, the service will offer Spanish-language TV and film content, including global TV series, […]
SPT's Eleventh Hour to adapt 'Hunting Ghislaine' podcast into TV drama
Sony Pictures Television (SPT)-backed Eleventh Hour Films has acquired rights to true crime podcast Hunting Ghislaine and is planning to turn the show into a limited series drama. Hunting Ghislaine was launched in November and tells the story of Ghislaine Maxwell, the daughter of disgraced billionaire media tycoon Robert Maxwell and former partner of notorious […]
Netflix has hired Discovery's Jhamal Robinson to oversee production for the streamer in North America. Robinson becomes VP of production management for the streamer in the US and Canada, reporting into Netflix VP of physical production Ty Warren. He was most recently SVP of production management at Discovery, a role that he took up in […]
Entertainment One (eOne) is in development with a scripted TV series based around the classic board game Risk, with House Of Cards creator Beau Willimon signed to a first-look deal with the company and set to helm the project. Willimon will write and oversee development of the project based on the strategy game, which, like […]
HBO Max joins Movistar+ show 'Perfect Life' as co-producer
Univision restructures by hiring Telemundo alum Silberwasser & ViacomCBS's Gazzolo
Netflix revives Kelley's 'Lincoln Lawyer' adaptation with series order
Thunderbird Entertainment hires Goldsmith to helm new global distribution division


Hold on to your hats when you watch the film AndhaDhun. You will get blind-sided, along with the protagonist, as the plot of the movie twists and turns every 10-15 minutes, keeping you on the edge – if not at the edge of your cinema seats. Sriram Raghaven's latest directorial venture is an intense gut-wrencher that rivets and entertains for its entire two-hour duration. No mean feat, but the director manages to grip the audience with his superb direction. Each time you think you have figured it out, he manoeuvres his actors through even more cleverly placed, unexpected events.
The intrigue in AndhaDhun starts unfurling early on in the film. Akash (Ayushmann Khurrana), a talented musician who lives alone in Pune, is working hard on his piano to complete a music composition. As a creative artist, he also works hard at pretending to be stone blind. One morning, while commuting from his middle-class bachelor pad with his white cane et al, he gets run over by Sophie (Apte) on her scooty. She tries to make it up to him by taking him to breakfast. Learning that he's a musician, Sophie invites him to play at her father's restaurant, called Franko, a favourite watering hole for the local eclectic elite.
Soon a romance starts to blossom between him and Sophie. Akash's performance at the restaurant is a hit, especially with Pramod Sinha (Anil Dhawan), a well-known actor of yester-years who loves watching old movies that he starred in. Impressed with his talent and the fact that Akash 'recognised' him by his voice, Sinha invites him for a private concert at his house as a three-year wedding anniversary gift for his second wife, Simi (Tabu). In order to keep it a complete surprise, Sinha informs his wife, that he will be away in Bangalore during that time.
The following day, Akash arrives on schedule at Sinha's apartment located in an upscale neighbourhood. When Simi informs Akash that he is mistaken and Sinha is away on business, Akash insists on playing for her since Sinha has paid him in advance. Once inside, Akash seats himself at the piano – and then the audiences are shown that directly in front of him, a partially hidden body is lying on the floor, along with a bouquet and a smashed bottle of wine mixed with blood.
Maintaining his composure, Akash plays a few numbers, while Simi checks whether he is truly blind. Unable to bear the tension any longer, Akash asks Simi to lead him to the bathroom – and then again the camera pans to show a well-built man, gun in hand, hiding there. As he returns to the piano, it is confirmed that the body is that of Sinha's.
Akash plays a few more compositions, while Simi and her clandestine lover stealthily move the body, clean up the evidence and stuff Sinha's body in a large suitcase. They fail to notice that Akash's music has changed to eerily reflect the mood, or rather the crime unfolding before him. Leaving Simi's premises after his private concert, Akash heads directly to the police station to report what he has just witnessed.
Just as Akash is about to report Sinha's murder, a senior police officer, Inspector Mahendra (Manav Vij) enters – he is none other than Simi's paramour and her husband's assassin. Caught between a rock and a hard place, Akash is compelled to change his mind. The fraudulently blind piano-player has inadvertently placed himself in grave danger, and the plot only gets more chilling. By the intermission, you will be pretty jumpy yourself, and the storyline keeps unravelling in this manner right to the very last scene.
Inspired by the French short film, L'Accordeur or The Piano Tuner (2010) by Olivier Treiner, director Sriram Raghavan, who is known for his crime thrillers, recasts the blind protagonist in his latest fare, but with a few changes for his Indian audiences. A brilliant adaptation, AndhaDhun is buoyed by flawless acting, taut editing, crisp cinematography and excellent direction – all of which make for a nerve-wracking narrative.
Ayushmann Khurrana's role is particularly challenging but his exceptional performance keeps you guessing whether he really is a good bloke with nerves of steel, or if that is also an act. And as the main antagonist, Tabu has outdone herself, in the most unnerving performance of her life.
The film is devoid of the usual Bollywood dance razzmatazz, but a couple of foot-tapping soundtracks, particularly Naina Da Kaya Kasoor and Laila Laila are memorable. However, it is the piano arrangements that are truly captivating.
With the right balance of suspense and light-hearted moments, accompanied by catchy songs, the film proves to be a thriller par excellence – a rarity in its genre. In fact, the film is being called a "master class" on how to make a great film.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Judges Receive National Honours 2013
Five High Court Judges Receive National Honours on National Heroes Day
On Monday October 21, 2013 five High Court Judges received national honours at the annual National Honours and Awards Ceremony held at King's House. The judges who were presented with the national honours are:
The. Hon. Miss Justice Hilary Ann Phillips C.D. (Judge of Appeal)
The Hon. Mrs. Justice Norma Elaine McIntosh C.D. (Judge of Appeal)
The Hon. Miss Justice Gloria Rowena Smith C.D. (Senior Puisne Judge)
The Hon. Mr. Justice Horace Raymond Marsh C.D
The. Hon. Mr. Justice Donald Oliver McIntosh (ret'd) C.D.
They all received the Order of Distinction in the rank of Commander. The Jamaican Judiciary salutes these Justices on their conferment and thanks them for their continued contribution to the country's justice sector.


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Select the number of bags required. For higher amounts please drop us an email. Order and confirm artwork within 21 hours, 22 minutes and receive by Friday 3rd May.
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We're proud to be known for supplying the cheapest & best quality packaging in the UK. These printed branded paper bags are printed using an offset technique onto a thick quality card, meaning that you can be guaranteed the highest quality product. There are no printing limitations like other sub quality screen printed bags, these really are the highest end bags available.
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They can be laminated with either a matte or gloss finish on our extra thick 210gsm paper, or left uncoated for a more natural finish on our standard 200gsm paper, all of which look superb. If you're not sure what might work best with your design just let us know and we'll be happy to advise. Printing is done on both sides and can differ on each side if required.


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Ben's third world war with Fergie
BEN Foster yesterday admitted he fears that being dropped by Manchester United will ruin his World Cup dreams.
By David Woods / Published 16th November 2009
Foster is booked after tripping Nilmar for a penalty
Foster confessed he has been down in the dumps after being shuffled down the pecking order at Old Trafford by
boss Sir Alex Ferguson.
And the 26-year-old is worried his lack of games for his club could jeopardise his chances of going to South Africa next summer.
He said: "The World Cup is a big thing, it is everything.
"A footballer wants to go to the World Cup, it's as simple as that. It's very disheartening not being on the bench.
"I'm third choice for Manchester United at the moment and yet I'm playing for my country. It's a really weird one.
"I can't go saying that I want to leave or anything like that. I'll see what happens. You never know in football, do you?"
Foster admitted he had been shocked to be picked by England boss Fabio Capello for the glamour friendly with
Brazil in Doha.
He also feared he was going to be sent off after chopping down Nilmar to concede a penalty, missed by Luis Fabiano in the 56th minute.
But most worrying for Foster, who picked up his fourth cap against Brazil, has been his lack of action with United.
For the champions' last three matches he has not even been named a substitute, with Fergie opting for Tomasz Kuszczak as Edwin van der Sar's deputy.
He added: "I'm not playing at United which makes it a lot more difficult for myself.
"Ideally I'd like to be playing. That's not happening but the England boss is giving me a few chances.
"I'm really grateful for that and when I get the chance I've just got to show what I can do and hopefully that will keep me in the squad.
"It's difficult at United with Edwin. He's one of the best in the world."
Foster said he was expecting to be sent off for his foul to concede the penalty, just as World Cup rival Robert Green had been against Ukraine.
He said: "It was a bit lucky, I thought I was a definite goner. As soon as it happened, I thought, 'that's what happened to Greeny and he was a goner'.
"But the ref saw it as a friendly, he gave the decision and I was happy to stay on the pitch."
ASTON VILLA are on the brink of a double signing which will smash their summer spending through the £100m mark.


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Man and boy wounded in West Garfield Park shooting
By Taylor Hartz Jun 3, 2018, 7:16pm CDT
Share All sharing options for: Man and boy wounded in West Garfield Park shooting
200 block of South Keeler Avenue | Google Earth
A boy and a man were wounded in a shooting Sunday evening in the West Garfield Park neighborhood on the West Side.
A 15-year-old boy and a 30-year-old man were walking when a dark colored car pulled up and someone inside fired shots at 5:13 p.m. in the 200 block of South Keeler Avenue, according to Chicago Police.
The boy was shot in the left forearm and the man was shot in the left leg. Both were as taken by ambulance to Stroger Hospital where they were in good condition, police said.
Area North detectives were investigating.


Get The Most From Your Smoothies!
Homemade smoothies have boomed in the fitness industry over the last year, a quick and easy way of getting your 5-a-day into just one tumbler, what's not to like?
A smoothie differs from a juice because instead of the pulp being strained away, the fiber is retained, providing benefits including helping our bodies maintain healthy blood glucose and insulin levels, promote regular bowel movement and also making us feel fuller for longer. As with anything there are pros and cons to this method of nutrition and also ways in which you can get the most out of your smoothie.
Would you be able to eat 3 oranges, 2 pears, 2 apples and 1 pear in one sitting? The answer is normally no. However once blended in a smoothie, this amount can be consumed no problem at all because the fruits are concentrated into a far smaller volume, along with their sugars. The blending process also increases the glycaemic index of these fruits, meaning their sugars can be absorbed by the body much quicker, leading to a sugar spike.
Luckily, there are ways around this. Another great benefit of fiber is that it can act as a buffer and slow down the insulin spike. To do this make sure you are adding greens to your smoothies to bump up that fiber content. Other than the colour change, spinach and kale can normally go relatively unnoticed in a smoothie, or for something a little more distinct, be brave and try adding celery or parsley. My favourite method of adding fiber to smoothies is using drained cans of chickpeas or kidney beans, high not just in fiber but also protein.
Green smoothies in particular are high in nitrates which can aid in reducing blood pressure, you'll find them in high doses in beetroot, celery, lettuce, radishes and spinach. Phytochemicals are found in all types of fruit and veg from terpenes in citrus fruits, saponins in sweet potatoes and organosulfides in green leafy veg. Different phytochemicals have different effects but their one similarity is that they are all antioxidants and can help reduce inflammation in the body. The most value section of a fruit or vegetable when it comes to antioxidant value is its skin/peel, so aim to include the entire food in your smoothie if you want to gain the most antioxidant benefit.
Did you know that the texture and structure of fruits and vegetables can actually have a cleansing effect on the teeth? Well in a smoothie this is counteracted and instead we risk tooth decay due to the high sugar levels. Avoid this by drinking water alongside your smoothie and waiting at least an hour after consumption before brushing your teeth, brushing straight away can actually spread the sugars and heighten your risk.
So how should we be making smoothies?
Firstly, don't just pack your smoothie with fruits and vegetables alone, our bodies need protein not only for repair but also to slow the digestive process, helping you feel fuller for longer. The inclusion of protein is particularly important If you are using a smoothie as a substitution for a meal, for example if your aim is weight loss.
I would recommend using a scoop of protein powder from the latest Bewsh Box in every smoothie you make. Other options are nut butters, Greek yogurt, flax seed, chia seeds, nut milks or like I mentioned previously, chickpeas, kidney beans or even butter means.
However unpleasant it may sound to some, aim to include a leafy green in your smoothie. The micronutrition benefits are huge and often you really cannot taste them. An easy way to introduce yourself to this is by adding a handful of spinach to a chocolate protein smoothie, the strong chocolate taste will completely mask the spinach flavour.
If you struggle with hunger after finishing your smoothie, try increasing the volume of your smoothie or altering the texture. This can be done in a number of ways, the easiest way of increasing the volume being to simply blend your smoothie for longer. This can increase the bubbles within the smoothie, giving you more food without adding a single extra calorie. Adding frozen ingredients is a really effective way of making a bigger, fluffier smoothie that can seem like more of a meal than a drink. Ice and frozen banana will work well, but if you want a really good result then frozen cauliflower is fantastic. Make the smoothie first before adding the frozen ingredients as this will help with blending.
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Cookies n Cream Fruity Pebbles Waffle! Snickerdoodle Chocolate Chip Cheesecake Protein Cake!


Good afternoon small business owners. The YBOA (Boys Basketball Tournament) will be held at the Orange County Convention Center July 1st-4th & July 5th-8th. There will be 140 teams and over 3,000+ in attendance. This is perfect opportunity for small businesses to make sales, get contact info, book home parties, and recruit new business partners. We have a tactic to create more vendor table visibility from attendees. We can only have one set up per company. Reps from the same company CAN partner up. First come first served and we can NOT hold spots. This is NOT a free vendor opportunity. For more info email info is below. Thank you.