text:
Prince Philip, the Queen's Husband for More Than 70 Years, Has Died at 99
The Duke of Edinburgh, who retired from public duties in 2017, was only the third man to be married to a British monarch, a role he approached with a studied mix of public pride and, by most accounts, private humor.
Prince Philip posing for a portrait at Buckingham Palace in December, 1958.By Michael Ochs Archives/Getty Images.
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, husband and consort to Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, died Friday at Windsor Castle at the age of 99, following a long recent hospital stay. The queen once described the duke as "my strength and stay," and over the course of their 73-year marriage, he was a constant presence by her side at public events, until his retirement from public duty in 2017.
In a statement Buckingham Palace said, "It is with deep sorrow that Her Majesty The Queen announces the death of her beloved husband, His Royal Highness The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. His Royal Highness passed away peacefully this morning at Windsor Castle."
The Duke of Edinburgh spent the final weeks of his life at Windsor Castle recuperating after a heart operation in March, during what was the longest hospitalization of his life. He spent his final days with the queen by his side at the monarch's favorite residence. The couple, who were married for 73 years, moved to Windsor when the COVID-19 pandemic began in March 2020 and remained there throughout his final illness.
While she rarely shows her feelings, there will be no masking the sadness of the queen—affectionately called "Lilibet" by Philip—as the royal family, the nation, and the Commonwealth mourn a great loss. Those who know her say the monarch will turn to family and her faith for strength and support in the coming weeks and months. "Her grief will be very private," says her former press secretary Charles Anson. "It will show on the day itself, but inside the Queen is very strong and she will, I'm sure, draw on her faith to get her through this."
Anson continued, "I'm sure that she and the duke would have discussed this inevitable moment in time. The duke would want her to carry on and that's how the Queen will want to be. His view would be 'don't make a fuss about it.' That's always been his way."
Philip was born of a royal soup, the son of Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark (exiled from Greece a year after Philip was born on the island of Corfu), and Princess Alice of Battenberg, a relative of the British royal family. Though high in title, the family were relative paupers, surviving on various generosities and grace-and-favor arrangements. Philip was educated mainly at British boarding schools, where he proved driven and well liked. He joined the Royal Navy at 18, taking to military service with aplomb. It was around that time that Philip first met then Princess Elizabeth, who, at 13, was immediately smitten with the dashing young sportsman five years her senior. (And was her third cousin through Queen Victoria, their shared great-great-grandmother.)
From the Archive: Love and MajestyArrow
As Philip and Elizabeth's courtship was slow but deliberate, and the two struck up a private romance—amidst plenty of rumor and some sniping about Philip's pennilessness and German ancestry—before announcing their engagement in 1947. In order to wed Elizabeth, Philip gave up his previous royal titles and took the surname Mountbatten—effectively severing his official ties to Greece and Denmark. He also quit smoking, at his future wife's behest, just before the wedding.
After they were married Philip stayed in the navy and the royal couple lived in Malta, a time described as some of the happiest and carefree years of their life together. The death of King George VI in 1952 was life-changing not just for the queen who was then just 25, but also for Philip. It marked the end of his naval career and the beginning of a new chapter of public life serving the queen and the nation.
From the outset Philip knew he would have no place or voice in state matters. The queen was Head of State but at Buckingham Palace he was head of the household, running the royal estates and making many of the key decisions around the lives of their four children—Charles, Anne, Andrew, and Edward. But navigating his professional royal role wasn't always seamless and took him years to finesse. "I just tried to find useful things to do," he said.
From the Archive: The Lonely HeirArrow
He started working with charities and taking on patronages; by his retirement in 2017 he had 800 charities to his name and was colonel in chief of eight regiments. The Duke of Edinburgh's Award program, a youth initiative founded more than 60 years ago, has changed the lives of millions of young people in Great Britain. He also pursued hobbies, like sports, painting, and aviation, which he first took up in the early 1950s. He went on several long, solo flying missions—though, as with much of Philip's postcoronation life, there were limits on what he was able to do while still meeting his royal duties.
After Prince George, husband to Queen Anne, and Prince Albert, husband to Queen Victoria, Philip was only the third man to be married to a British monarch, a role he approached with a studied mix of public pride and, by most accounts, private humor. Theirs was one of the most successful royal marriages in history, eclipsing the 57-year-long marriage of King George III and Queen Charlotte. In 2007 the queen and the duke celebrated their diamond wedding anniversary with a public service of thanksgiving. It was a historic milestone, but the celebrations were characteristically low-key, with a private dinner at Windsor Castle for their loved ones.
Philip was there alongside the queen for countless events over the decades, always one step behind her and clear of his position as her consort. While he has been criticized for his gaffes and insensitive jokes, in the past Philip's sense of humor often amused the queen, who can be shy. She found Philip to be a wonderful icebreaker and aides recall there was often laughter between the couple.
"I saw endless examples of how they worked together as a team," Anson said. "You saw that togetherness all the time on walkabouts. The duke would often spot people in the crowd, lift them up over the railings, and take them to the Queen." When asked the secret to the success of their marriage Philip said that the queen "has the quality of tolerance in abundance."
In public he was always there with her and for her. In November 1992, Philip cut short a trip to Canada when Windsor Castle caught fire to be with the queen. In 2002, during the Queen's Golden Jubilee, he was a pillar of strength in a year when the monarch lost her mother and her sister Princess Margaret. It was during these Jubilee celebrations she paid tribute to the duke and his "invaluable contribution to my life over these past 50 years."
According to royal author Ingrid Seward, when the duke contracted a bladder infection after standing in the rain and cold for hours during the Queen's Diamond Jubilee pageant, the queen told him, "Don't you die on me." The duke responded, "Of course I won't. Not until this is all over anyway."
From the Archive: God Save the Queen!Arrow
In May 2017 he retired from public life with the queen's blessing, having carried out roughly 22,000 engagements, 5,500 speeches, and 637 official overseas visits. He then enjoyed a peaceful life out of the spotlight at Wood Farm in Sandringham. His children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren were regular visitors, but the duke also enjoyed being on his own. Fit for much of the time, he drove around the royal estates until he was involved in a serious car crash in January 2019, which resulted in him rescinding his driver's license. But he continued to pursue other hobbies including carriage driving, which he continued even after his 98th birthday. Teaching his great-granddaughter Lady Louise Windsor to carriage drive was one of his great joys.
While he had few friends in later life—Philip outlived almost every one of his friends—the duke found great pleasure in painting, walking, and reading his vast collection of history books. Because the queen continued to work, the couple lived largely separate lives toward the end of the duke's life with Her Majesty based at Windsor and London and Philip at Sandringham, but they remained close by speaking on the phone regularly. When coronavirus lockdowns began in 2020, the queen and duke were able to spend more time together than ever before, which one source described as "wonderful" for the couple. According to royal sources, the couple enjoyed daily walks around the private gardens and made a point of dining together each evening.
The duke, who was seen on several occasions during the pandemic including at the wedding of his granddaughter Princess Beatrice, had appeared in good health. Neither he nor the queen contracted the COVID-19 virus and were among the first people in the world to be vaccinated against the disease. While residing at Windsor Castle they were supported by household staff dubbed "HMS Bubble."
Although he had formally retired from public life, the duke emerged for a series of official pictures with the queen on what was the Duke's 99th birthday and he was at Windsor Castle for a short military ceremony to hand over the colonel in chief of the rifles title to his daughter-in-law the Duchess of Cornwall in July 2020.
"The Queen and Philip made a decision when the duke retired that they would be apart more, but they were on the phone to each other very often," said the queen's biographer Sally Bedell Smith. "Philip always loved Wood Farm which became his base and the Queen would go and spend time with him when she could and visit her racehorses. She wanted him to be in a place where he could be happy and comfortable. He was able to go on walks, paint, and go out on his carriages in the morning. He loved nothing more than to ride around the Sandringham Estate."
Charles and Camilla would often visit the duke when they were at the Sandringham estate, as did William and Kate, who live at nearby Anmer Hall. "The Queen will be well-supported," says Bedell Smith. "She has her children and her grandchildren to take care of her, she's certainly not alone. Most of her friends and relatives are no longer with us, but some of them are and she has long-standing ladies in waiting like Lady Susan Hussey and Lady Virginia 'Ginny' Airlie who will be there for her. The Queen is incredibly resilient. She has a real enviable quality of equanimity and her deep religious faith, both have enabled her to weather a lot."
The queen was enormously proud of Philip's achievements and encouraged him to retire so that he could enjoy his final years in peace away from the spotlight he often resented. Before he retired from public life she bestowed the greatest honor, appointing Philip with the Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) for services to the sovereign. It was her way of publicly acknowledging everything that he had done for her over the years.
— Princess Anne Opens Up About Her Lifetime as a Royal
— Inside Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip's First Meeting
— The Most Surprisingly Relatable Mishaps of Queen Elizabeth's Wedding Morning
— Margaret Thatcher and Queen Elizabeth's Key Conflicts
— How Meghan and Harry's Royal Exit Affected the Queen and Crown
— Why a Modest Farmhouse Became the Royal Family's Favorite Private Retreat
— The Life of Queen Elizabeth, in 11 Photographs
— From the Archive: The Dynastic Struggle That Rocked Queen Elizabeth's Marriage


At the BlackBerry Security Summit in New York City, CEO John Chen used his kickoff keynote to stress that expansion of the company's partner network is the company's key to continuing their strong recent growth and climbing back to the top in mobile security.
NEW YORK CITY — BlackBerry has done a remarkable job over the last three years in climbing out of the coffin to which some analysts had consigned it. That resurgence has been positively impacted by their channel. But the channel is still something that BlackBerry can grow. In his opening keynote at the BlackBerry Security Summit here today, BlackBerry Executive Chairman and CEO John Chen emphasized that point with authority.
While Chen has no illusions that BlackBerry will ever regain the profile it once enjoyed in the mobile space when it was the leading maker of phones, he thinks their software and security-focused strategy can make them a strong force.
That channel strategy is already well underway. Chen presented statistics indicating 75 per cent growth year-over-year in enterprise channels, and 25 per cent growth in BlackBerry's Technology Solutions channels. Chen said that BlackBerry needs to ramp this up more, however.
Chen said that partners who have joined with BlackBerry for the fight have given them very high marks, both for their technology and for their understanding of the cybersecurity problem.
Chen said that while BlackBerry doesn't claim to have a magic bullet for security, they are as close as you can get.


Tall ship rigging. Tallinn, Estonia, 2011.
Young boy sailing with the Optimist class sailing boat. Parnu, Estonia 2012.
Sails of the Optimist Class Sailing boats. Parnu, Estonia, 2012.
Low angle view between yachts. Pirita, Estonia 2010.
Concrete dock and rowboat. Paldiski, Estonia 2013.
Close-up of an old nautical pulley. Tallinn, Estonia 2010.
Close-up of nautical cleat. Tallinn, Estonia 2010.
Towboat port. Tallinn, Estonia, 2009.


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text:
Year : 2022 | Volume : 19 | Issue : 2 | Page : 98-103
Fear of childbirth and its contributing factor – An exploratory study at a tertiary care hospital
Kanchan Sharma1, Himanshu Vyas2, Meenakshi Gothwal3, Gomathi Arumugam4
1 Student, College of Nursing, AIIMS, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
2 Lecturer, College of Nursing, AIIMS, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, AIIMS, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
4 Associate Professor, College of Nursing, AIIMS, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
Date of Submission 09-Jul-2021
Date of Decision 09-Sep-2021
Mr. Himanshu Vyas
Associate Professor, College of Nursing, AIIMS, Jodhpur, Rajasthan
Background: Motherhood and pregnancy are cherished moments in a life and considered one of the most important events in a women's life. So, she does the best to maintain good health to bring into this world a healthy baby. The fear of pregnancy is called tocophobia and it is defined as an intense state of anxiety which leads to fear of childbirth. Fear of childbirth result in increased number of visits to the obstetrician and in frequent request for cesarean delivery. The study aimed to assess the fear of childbirth and factors contributing to fear of childbirth among primigravidae at a tertiary care teaching hospital. Methodology: Descriptive design with Quantitative approach was used and a sample of 269 primigravidae women by using consecutive sampling. Data was collected at Antenatal OPD, by using standardized tool Wijma delivery expectancy questionnaire Version – A and a checklist for factors contributing to fear of childbirth. Results: Level of fear of childbirth among primigravidae (24.4%) having severe level, (44.8%) high level and 24.1% having moderate level, 6.7% low level of fear of childbirth. Major contributing factor for fear of childbirth was Fear of labor pain (80.7%), and least common was disturbed self image and feeling of insecurity (27.9%). Conclusion: Majority of the primigravidae women face fear of childbirth, as contributed by various factors that affect fear of childbirth. Primigravidae women were counseled on one to one basis and they were made aware about the physiology of labor and what to expect during labor to alleviate their fear after the completion of the data collection process.
Keywords: Contributing factors, fear of childbirth, primigravidae, Wijma DEQ version – A
Sharma K, Vyas H, Gothwal M, Arumugam G. Fear of childbirth and its contributing factor – An exploratory study at a tertiary care hospital. Indian J Psy Nsg 2022;19:98-103
Sharma K, Vyas H, Gothwal M, Arumugam G. Fear of childbirth and its contributing factor – An exploratory study at a tertiary care hospital. Indian J Psy Nsg [serial online] 2022 [cited 2023 Jan 29];19:98-103. Available from: https://www.ijpn.in/text.asp?2022/19/2/98/365469
In all societies, family is the central nucleus of people and women form the backbone of it. For the family and for women pregnancy and birth of baby are the most special and exciting events. Pregnancy and childbirth are special event in a women's life and indeed in the lives of family. Pregnancy is a normal physiological events, but it is also correlated with risk to Survival and health of the mother and baby and also at times can lead to morbidity and mortality of the mother and child. 80% maternal death in India results from hemorrhage, anemia, sepsis, toxemia etc., Among the four components of labor the pelvis, passage, power and psyche, the psychological condition of the mother plays a very important role in conduction of normal delivery. Anxiety, fear and poor knowledge of the mother in seeking proper maternal care services at the right time may contribute to maternal mortality and morbidity. If anxiety, fear of childbirth can be addressed at the right time the maternal complications can be decreased to a great extent.[1] Physiological, psychological, hormonal and social changes are occurring during the pregnancy which increases risk of emotional suffering in the women. Outcomes of the pregnancy are affected by the level of stress women experiences and women's ability to adopt to the changes and challenges of pregnancy. According to Areskog et al., Melender, Andersson et al., and Söderquist et al., one in five pregnant women experiences moderate fear of childbirth, and 6%–13% of pregnant women experience severe, disabling fear of childbirth.[2],[3],[4],[5]
Childbirth is a new experience to the women in which primigravidae experience a lot of physical and emotional changes, which may trigger their anxiety and fear related to childbirth process because they do not know about what changes takes place and what is their role. In some women childbirth process is a joyous relationship of hopes, but together with this they have mass of fears and anxieties related to health of baby about their own reaction to labor and also about the person's attitude who will care and help them in their pregnancy period. Childbirth is a process associated with both pleasure and pain. The prevalence of childbirth related fear is around 20% and from this approximately 6%–10% of woman experiencing intense fear of labor and birth that is dysfunctioning or disabling.[6] Around 13% of nonpregnant women who have not given birth in their life are fearful and avoid or postpone pregnancy.[7] Pregnant women who have increased level of fear of childbirth frequently requests for cesarean section and also go to the hospital for somatic symptoms due to fear. In more fearful pregnant women planned cesarean section without medical reason are high.[8] Handelzalts et al. revealed that only psychological variables are responsible for preference of mother for cesarean section, and the fear may be related to her child or herself, gender of the baby, loss of baby, fear of preterm child mentally handicapped child or congenital abnormalities, fear of surgery, fear of family members undesirable attitude of the new environment which may cause for the problem during labor.[9]
Girija et al. revealed that anxiety is associated with the unplanned cesarean request by mothers and also found severe anxiety of childbirth that is 93% among third trimester pregnant. From Sweden England, Iran, Hong Kong, Portugal, Danish and Spain reported (14%–54%) prevalence of fear and anxiety during childbirth.[10],[11],[12],[13],[14],[15] Study result shows high pregnancy related anxiety mainly anxiety of childbirth in low risk third trimester nulliparous pregnant women.[12],[13] In a study conducted in Kerala revealed that anxiety of childbirth and poor knowledge on childbirth preparation (90%–94%) were high in nulliparous women.[14] The Objectives of study were to assess the fear of child birth among primigravidae women at a tertiary care teaching hospital and to determine the factors contributing to fear of childbirth among them.
The study was conducted to assess the level of fear and its contributing factors, the researcher used the nonexperimental Descriptive research design with Quantitative approach. The current study consisted of a sample of 269 primigravidae women selected by using nonprobability consecutive sampling. Primigravidae with more than 35 weeks of gestation were approached and information related to purpose of study was given. Confidentiality was assured and written consent was taken. Approximately 15–20 min time was taken to complete the data collection process. Using the standardized tool Wijma delivery expectancy questionnaire Version – A. This tool has 6 statements, first statements have 2 items, second statement have 18 items, third statements have 6 items, fourth statement have 3 items, fifth statement have 4 items and sixth statement have 2 items. Total items were 33. Highest possible score was 165 and lowest possible score was 0 and the score was interpreted as low fear (0–37), moderate fear (38–64) and high fear (65–84) and severe (85–165). This tool consists of positive and negative items and the scoring for each items range from 0 to 5. This tool was translated to Hindi Negatively framed items are reversed scored. Formal permission was obtained from the author to use the tool. And a checklist for factors contributing to fear of childbirth. Inclusion criteria for participants should be registered primigravidae. Primigravidae age group 19–31 years of age, and Period of gestation more than 35 weeks of pregnancy. Researcher developed a checklist to identify the factors contributing to fear of childbirth. Total numbers of items are 18 and the items of this list were interpreted in proportions as most common and least common contributing factors. Checklist was sent to various nursing experts for validation and was found to be valid with a S-CVI/Ave of 0.97.
Pilot study was done among 15 primigravidae women more than 35 weeks of gestation, at antenatal OPD. Ethical Clearance has been obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee. Certificate Reference Number: IEC/2020-21/3027. Written Informed consent was obtained from each study subjects involved in the study. All the subjects were informed about their participation in the research, objectives of the study, duration of their involvement and probable use of findings of the study. Confidentiality of data was maintained and the study subjects were given full autonomy to withdraw from the study at anytime. Data was collected by the face-to-face interview. Data was entered into master sheet and SPSS 26 version was used for the descriptive and inferential statistical analysis.
As per [Table 1], mean age of primigravidae was 25.7 years and more than half of the primigravidae (51.7%) belonged to the age group of 24–28 years. Mean duration of pregnancy in weeks was 37.3 ± 1.3 and more than half of primigravidae (62.8%) were having gestational age between 36 and 38 weeks. Among 269 primigravidae (66.2%) were graduation and above category of education and out of total (66.5%) Primigravidae were homemaker. Majority of primigravidae (87.4%) belonged to Hindu religion. Marriage duration of more than half of primigravidae (56.5%) was 1–3 years. In type of family (67.3%) primigravidae were belonged to joint family. Family income of nearly half of the primigravidae (47.6%) was above >30,000/-per month. More than half of primigravidae (58.4%) visited antenatal OPD 4–10 times during their pregnancy. Most of the primigravidae (68.8%) belonged to the urban area.
Table 1: Frequency and percentage distribution of primigravidae as per personal variables (n=269)
[Table 2] reveals that among primigravidae more than 35 weeks of gestation. Almost one fourth of primigravidae (24.4%) were having severe level of fear and almost half (44.8%) were having high level of fear. 24.1%0f primigravidae were having moderate level of fear of childbirth followed by 6.7% primigravidae having low level of fear of childbirth.
Table 2: Level of fear of childbirth among primigravidae (n=269)
[Table 3] is showing that fear of labor pain (80.7%), worries about episiotomy (79.6%), uncertainty of duration of labor (76.2%) and being a primigravidae (68.4%) were most common factors identified in primigravidae contributing to fear of childbirth among primigravidae. Lack of family support (16.4%), family genetic predisposition (25.3%), bad obstetrics history of family members (26%) and Disturb self image and feeling of insecurity (27.9%) were the least contributing factors for fear of childbirth among primigravidae. 8.1% of primigravidae also reported other factors that were not included in the checklist factors contributing to fear of childbirth. Other factors that contributed to fear of childbirth among primigravidae were fear of cesarean section, labor may start before due date, delay in reaching hospital, delivery of baby in between the way to hospital, labor pain may not start after completion of term, worries related to expenditure of the delivery if cesarean section done, complications during childbirth, what will happen if she got exhausted during delivery, more distance from hospital, How to differentiate between labor pain and other pain, fear that she may deliver a baby of an unwanted gender, fear that her baby may have some complications during childbirth etc., No personal variables was found to be significantly associated with fear of childbirth at P < 0.05 level of significance.
Table 3: Factors contributing to fear of childbirth (n=269)
The results of the present study showed that more than half of the primigravidae were in age group of 24–28 years and mean age was 25.7 ± 3.3 consistent with the study done by Sanjay jaju et al.(2015)[16] in which mean age was 22.76 ± 2.9. Mean and standard deviation of gestation weeks of primigravidae was 37.3 ± 1.3 and more than half of primigravidae (62.8%) were having gestational weeks between 36 and 38 weeks consistent with the study done by Andaroon et al.[17] in which primigravidae having 34–36 weeks of pregnancy. The findings of the present study indicated that the majority of the primigravidae (87.4%) were Hindu consistent with the study done by Johnson et al.[18] in which out of total 86.9% primigravidae was from Hindu religion. Most of the primigravidae (66.2%) 52 were graduation and above category similar results have been seen in the study conducted by Johnson et al. where 48.7% of pregnant women were having college and above category of education. Marriage duration of more than half of primigravidae (56.5%) were 1–3 years, similar result found study conducted by Devilata et al.[19] where marital life in year was 1–3 years in most of women (53.3%). In type of family most of the primigravidae (67.3%) belonged to joint family consistent with the study done by Ningthoujam et al.[20] in which out of total 78.6% primigravidae belonged to join family. More than half of primigravidae (58.4%) visited antenatal OPD 4–10 times during their pregnancy Consistent results have been seen in the study conducted by Devilata et al. that 63.3% primigravidae attended more than 3 time antennal OPD during pregnancy. In present study most of the primigravidae (68.8%) were belonged to the urban area consistent with study conducted by Devilata et al. where out of total most of the primigravidae 86.8% were belong to urban area. In current study Mean score of fear of childbirth was 72.6 ± 21.3. 24.4% of primigravidae were having severe level of fear, 44.8% of primigravidae were having high fear of childbirth 24.1% primigravidae were having moderate fear of childbirth and 6.7% primigravidae were having Low level of fear of childbirth [Figure 1]. The results were somewhat consistent with finding reported by Khwepeya et al.[21] 39% reported low levels of fear, 41% were moderately fearful and 20% were highly fearful. Skodova et al.[22] mean level of fear was 68.8 ± 11.6. According to study conducted by Nasr et al.[23] 7.75% of total sample did not have any fear, 13.33% of them had low level of fear, 23.6% had moderate level of fear and 55.3% had 53 high level of fear. According to Tiruset Gelaw et al.[24] 40 (10.3%) of the pregnant women had a low fear, 154 (39.8%) had a moderate fear, 98 (25.3%) had a high fear, and 95 (24.5%) had severe level fear of childbirth. During pregnancy about 20% of women had a relatively high level of fear a distribution of similar to previous studies that used the same assessment tool in Canadian 25% (Hall et al.) Australian 24%–27% (Fenwick et al. and Toohi et al.) and Swedish 26% (Zar et al.). In present study fear of labor pain (80.7%), worries about episiotomy (79.6%), uncertainty of duration of labor (76.2%) and being a primigravidae (68.4%) was most common factors present in primigravidae that contribute to fear of childbirth among primigravidae [Figure 2]. Beiranvand et al.[25] lack of sufficient income for living expense, not participating in childbirth preparation classes and preferences for mode of delivery were predictive factors for the fear of childbirth. O'Connell et al.[26] those with low informational support were more likely to report high FOC.
Figure 1: Fear of childbirth among primigravidae at AIIMS, Jodhpur
Figure 2: Factors contributing to fear of childbirth in primigravidae
Individual and group counseling sessions can be organized for primigravidae women as part of antenatal preparation of primigravidae women for delivery. Counseling regarding normal physiological and psychological changes during pregnancy and the physiology of labor and what to expect during labor can help the primigravidae women to alleviate the fear of childbirth.
The result of the study indicate that primigravidae women were having low to severe fear of childbirth and 68%–70% were having high to severe fear of childbirth. Multiple factors contribute to increase their fear level. There is a need of education of antenatal mothers regarding fear of childbirth during their antenatal visits. Health care providers should create awareness and improve the knowledge of mothers regarding fear of childbirth and its contributing factors. A regular screening related to their fear of childbirth among all pregnant mothers should be promoted and health awareness program should be conducted for better utilization of health services.
We are thankful to Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) for approval for conducting the research study. We would like to thank Dept. of Obstetrics & Gynecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur and primigravidae who participated in this study.
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Larsson B, Karlström A, Rubertsson C, Hildingsson I. The effects of counseling on fear of childbirth. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2015;94:629-36.
Handelzalts JE, Fisher S, Lurie S, Shalev A, Golan A, Sadan O. Personality, fear of childbirth and cesarean delivery on demand. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2012;91:16-21.
Madhavanprabhakaran GK, Kumar KA, Ramasubramaniam S, Akintola AA. Effects of pregnancy related anxiety on labour outcomes. J Res Nurs Midwifery 2013;2:96-103.
Hashemieh C, Neisani Samani L, Taghinejad H. Assessment of anxiety in pregnancy following assisted reproductive technology (ART) and associated infertility factors in women commencing treatment. Iran Red Crescent Med J 2013;15:e14465.
Teixeira C, Figueiredo B, Conde A, Pacheco A, Costa R. Anxiety and depression during pregnancy in women and men. J Affect Disord 2009;119:142-8.
Laursen M, Johansen C, Hedegaard M. Fear of childbirth and risk for birth complications in nulliparous women in the Danish National Birth Cohort. BJOG 2009;116:1350-5.
Madhavanprabhakaran GK, D'Souza MS, Subrahmanya K. Prevalence of pregnancy anxiety and associated factors. Int J Afr Nurs Sci 2015;3:1-7.
Nieminen K, Stephansson O, Ryding EL. Women's fear of childbirth and preference for cesarean section – A cross-sectional study at various stages of pregnancy in Sweden. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2009;88:807-13.
Jaju S, Al Kharusi L, Gowri V. Antenatal prevalence of fear associated with childbirth and depressed mood in primigravid women. Indian J Psychiatry 2015;57:158-61.
Andaroon N, Kordi M, Kimiaei SA, Esmaeily H. The effect of individual counseling program by a midwife on fear of childbirth in primiparous women. J Educ Health Promot 2017;6:97.
Johnson AR, Kumar MG, Jacob R, Jessie MA, Mary F, Agrawal T, et al. Fear of childbirth among pregnant women availing antenatal services in a maternity hospital in Rural Karnataka. Indian J Psychol Med 2019;41:318-22.
Devilata T. Effectiveness of pre delivery preparation on anxiety among Primigravida mothers at maternal child health centre Tirupati, AP, India. IOSR J Nurs Health Sci 2015;4:19-24.
Ningthoujam S, Shinde P, Shaikh G, Khole S. Level of anxiety towards childbirth among primigravidae and mulitigravidae mothers. Int J Appl Res 2018;4:221-4.
Khwepeya M, Lee GT, Chen SR, Kuo SY. Childbirth fear and related factors among pregnant and postpartum women in Malawi. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2018;18:391.
Skodova MZ, Kelcikova S, Rabarova A. Factors associated with childbirth-related fear among Slovak women. Cent Eur J Nurs Midwifery 2017;8:742-8.
Nasr E, Alshehri N, Almutairi M, AbdElmenim F. Fear from Childbirth among pregnant women. Open Access Libr J 2020;7:1-13. doi: 10.4236/oalib.1106427.
Gelaw T, Ketema TG, Beyene K, Gurara MK, Ukke GG. Fear of childbirth among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Arba Minch town, southern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020;20:672.
Beiranvand PS. Prevalence of fear of childbirth and its associated factors in primigravid women: A cross-sectional study. Shiraz E Med J 2017;18:e61896.
O'Connell MA, Leahy-Warren P, Kenny LC, O'Neill SM, Khashan AS. The prevalence and risk factors of fear of childbirth among pregnant women: A cross-sectional study in Ireland. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2019;98:1014-23.
Sharma K
Vyas H
Gothwal M
Arumugam G
fear of childbirth
primigravidae
Wijma DEQ version %26#8211; A

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
L'intent de cop d'estat de Guinea Equatorial de novembre de 1976 va ser un suposat pla per enderrocar a Francisco Macías Nguema en Guinea Equatorial, en el qual van ser involucrats un gran nombre de religiosos de l'Església catòlica al país, així com opositors polítics.

Desenvolupament

Antecedents
L'agost de 1973 el país havia aprovat una nova Constitució. Uns mesos abans, al gener, s'havia produït un intent de cop, avortat per Espanya, a conseqüència del qual les tropes van ser aquarterades i posades en estat d'alerta.

Al juny de 1974, Radio Malabo i Radio Ecuatorial Bata van anunciar la notícia d'un complot preparat des de Bata amb ajuda material i financera de l'exterior, sent el principal responsable del suposat complot Estanislao Ngune Beohli i un grup anomenat Croada d'Alliberament de Guinea Equatorial per Crist.

A principis del mes de juny de 1976 una guerrilla de l'Aliança Nacional per a la Restauració Democràtica (ANRD) va atacar un lloc militar en la localitat de Evinayong, en la província Centre Sud.

Detencions
Després de l'anunci per part del govern del seu descobriment de l'existència d'una suposada conspiració per dur a terme un cop d'estat, en un primer moment es va produir una onada de detencions a la capital Malabo presumptament vinculades a l'intento colpista, inclosos:
 Ponciano Mbomio Nvó, natural d'Aton Nsomo, districte d'Ebebiyín, província Kié-Ntem, llavors alt funcionari del ministeri d'Educació 28 de novembre de 1976. També el Secretari general del ministeri d'Educació, Job Obiang Mba.
 El 29 de novembre de 1976: el sacerdot José Esono Mitogo (director de l'institut de secundària de Malabo), el professor Jonás Leopoldo Mitui, l'oficial de la policia Pablo Guillermo Nseng, el membre del Govern Manuel Nsi Mba, l'ex-Vicepresident de la República Miguel Eyegue Ntutumu, el secretari general del ministeri de Sanitat Faustino Edu Oyono, Guillermo Akapo Day, Maurici Oko Endje, un altre funcionari del ministeri d'Educació José Abeso Prenc. Una setmana després a José Demà Esono.
 3 de desembre de 1976: Jesús Alfonso Oyono Alogo, actiu polític preindependendista de MONALIGE i ministre d'Obres Públiques; Buenaventura Ochaga Ngono, ministre d'Educació i secretari general permanent del governant Partit Únic Nacional dels Treballadors (PUNT), i Norberto Nsue Micha, secretari d'Obres Públiques.

Informat el President, ja resident a la segona capital de país, Bata, la decisió del president va ser que el llavors Secretari de Defensa i màxim responsable de la Seguretat designés els membres del Consell de Guerra o Tribunal Militar encarregat de jutjar als implicats, a celebrar-se els judicis en cadascun dels districtes dels processaments, la qual cosa finalment no es va dur a terme. Ja en aquests dies i en setmanes següents es va produir l'assassinat de nombrosos detinguts, sota la custòdia de l'exèrcit i concretament de l'alcaid de la presó de Black Beach, el sergent Salvador Ondo Elá:

 El dia 4 de desembre de 1976, assassinaren unes de les màximes figures polítiques del govern i persones de confiança del president Macias, Jesús Alfonso Oyono Alogo i Buenaventura Ochaga.
 Entre el dia 11 de desembre i el 14 de desembre de 1976 són assassinats José Esono Mitogo, Pablo Guillermo Nseng i Manuel Nsi Mba.
Mai van ser descoberts els seus cadàvers; la resta dels detinguts no assassinats van ser durament torturats. Aquests assassinats van ser denunciats per l'Aliança Nacional per a la Restauració Democràtica (ANRD), organització d'oposició al règim de Francisco Macías.

No obstant això es van produir amb posterioritat altres casos: el gener de 1977 Maurici Oko Endje va perdre la vida a l'aeroport de Malabo durant la seva detenció i Rafael Mambo Matala va morir a l'Hospital Regional de Malabo a conseqüència de la pallissa rebuda en la mateixa nit. Al juliol de 1977 va ser afusellat Jesús Ndong Buendi, ex-governador del Banc Central de Guinea Equatorial, acusat d'intent d'evasió de divises. Àdhuc en dates més tardanes, el 18 de gener de 1978, és assassinat a la presó el ministre Job Obiang Mba, del que tampoc es va poder trobar el seu cadàver.

En total, producte de l'intent de cop van ser assassinades més de 500 persones. A la Presó Playa Negra, els detinguts van ser assassinats pels mateixos presos de la presó. Molts dels detinguts, a causa de la seva importància dins del govern, confiaven que Macías els alliberaria quan s'assabentés de la seva detenció.

Segons algunes fonts periodístiques i confessions de víctimes a les xarxes socials, en la repressió del suposat cop i la desaparició física d'aquests eminents membres i dirigents de l'Administració governamental, hauria jugat el paper clau l'en aquells dies Comandant-Secretari de Defensa Teodoro Obiang. Altres fonts asseguren que Obiang, en assabentar-se de la magnitud de la matança, va exigir Salvador Ondó Elá que la finalitzés i fins i tot va deixar en llibertat a alguns presos.

El cop, segons un comunicat oficial del govern de Macías, havia comptat amb la col·laboració d'Espanya. Les morts dels executats van ser oficialment justificades com a suïcidis, mentre que es va indicar que els supervivents serien sotmesos a un judici públic.

Supervivents
En la mitjanit del dia 2 d'agost de 1979, Teodoro Obiang apareix a la Presó Pública de Black Beach, acompanyat de fins llavors reclús i ara com a Ajudant de Camp, el capità Salvador Elá Nseng, company d'armes d'Obiang. S'anuncia que s'ha pres la decisió de donar un cop d'estat per salvar al poble de Guinea Equatorial de l'opressió que sofreix. Se sumen a la gesta tots els militars detinguts i prenen avió en la mateixa nit per traslladar-se a la Regió Continental, on fixava ja residència el president Macias, des de 1975. El dia 4 d'agost tots els detinguts que queden amb vida són alliberats de la presó, inclosos els delinqüents comuns.

Curiosament un supervivent de la massacre de 1976, com Miguel Eyegue Ntutumu, va ser executat al costat de l'expresident Macías el 29 de setembre de 1979, després del judici al fet que van ser sotmesos per les responsabilitats criminals i polítiques en el període polític anterior (1969-1979). No obstant això, trobat culpable de múltiples assassinats, el carceller Salvador Ondo, condemnat a pena capital en el mateix judici, va ser absolt immediatament de la seva condemna pel ja president Teodoro Obiang.

Referències

Vegeu també
 Història de Guinea Equatorial
 Intent de cop d'estat a Guinea Equatorial de 1969

Enllaços externs
 El Confidencial de Guinea Ecuatorial: UN RELATO QUE PRODUCE ESCALOFRÍO
Història de Guinea Equatorial
1976
Cops d'estat del segle XX

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Q: Storing JSON data in WebSQL server I'm trying to load my JSON data into a webSQL server using .getJSON() and .each to itterate through the records in my database.
function createDB(){
var db = openDatabase('Json', '1.0', 'local version of Json db', 2 * 1024 * 1024);
db.transaction(function (tx) {
tx.executeSql('CREATE TABLE categorie (categorie_id INTEGER, cat_naam TEXT)');
    $.getJSON("http://localhost:8080/Json/welcome/categorie", function(data){
        $.each(data, function(index) {
            console.log(data[index].categorie_id);
            tx.executeSql('INSERT INTO categorie (categorie_id, cat_naam) VALUES (?,?)', [data[index].categorie_id, data[index].cat_naam]);
        });
    });
});

}
But after the id gets writen into the log the javascripts stops running.
I have no idea what I'm doing wrong, according to some documentation and tutorials I've read I should be doing the syntax allright, but maybe it has something to do with the fact that I'm using those 2 functions(.getJson and .each) in conjunction with the transactions.
Also this application is inside of an Intel XDK project using AppFramwork and Cordova.

A: Your problem is you are attempting to perform multiple DB operations synchronously. The DB API works asynchronously, so you need to use callbacks to ensure the previous operation has completed before starting the next one. I would try to do it something like this:
function createDB(){
var db = openDatabase('Json', '1.0', 'local version of Json db', 2 * 1024 * 1024);
var jsonData;

db.transaction(function (tx) {
    tx.executeSql('CREATE TABLE categorie (categorie_id INTEGER, cat_naam TEXT)', [], getJson);
});

function getJson(){
    $.getJSON("http://localhost:8080/Json/welcome/categorie", function(data){
        jsonData = data;
        db.transaction(function (tx) {
            doInsert(function(){
                console.log("DB inserts complete");
            }, tx);
        });
    });
}

function doInsert(onSuccess, tx){
    if(jsonData.length > 0){
        var data = jsonData.shift();
        console.log(data.categorie_id);
        tx.executeSql('INSERT INTO categorie (categorie_id, cat_naam) VALUES (?,?)', [data.categorie_id, data.cat_naam], doInsert.bind(this, onSuccess));
    }else{
        onSuccess();
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Restoring performance and estimating life of a used SSD drive? My old 128 GB SSD drive is about a year and a half old now, and I've since upgraded to another drive.
I'd like to clean up my the old SSD to ...

*

*restore its performance to near-new levels

*rehabilitate it and generally give it a health check
How do I go about doing this?

A: I've found that writing zero's through the drive is not the best approach. While it might help in the short run, I found that it definitely didn't restore my drive to its full performance (I have a rather old non-TRIM-enabled Intel-SSD). After a year-or-so of fairly heavy usage, I starting running into 1-2 second freezes when the SSD would attempt to write to any file, even after zero'ing the SSD.
The only thing I've found that fully restores the performance was a secure erase using hdparm. I have made it a habit to secure-erase my SSD every 6-12 months when it starts to experience some minor hiccups. Someone on Macrumors made a mac specific tutorial on how to do for mac* devices.
According to all the claims I've seen, a secure erase sends a special command to the SSD that causes it to set all the sectors to zero at a much lower level then just using dd or something.

A: On Linux, simply run
hdparm --trim-sector-ranges start:count /dev/sda

passing the block ranges you want to TRIM instead of start and count and the SSD device in place of /dev/sda.
It has the advantage of being fast and not writing zeros on the drive. Rather, it simply sends TRIM commands to the SSD controller letting it know that you don't care about the data in those blocks and it can freely assume they are unused in its garbage collection algorithm.
You probably need to run this command as root. Since this command is extremely dangerous, as it can immediately cause major data loss, you also need to pass --please-destroy-my-drive argument to hdparm (I haven't added this to the command line to prevent accidental data loss caused by copy and paste.)
In the above command line, /dev/sda should be replaced with the SSD device you want to send TRIM commands to. start is the address of the first block (sector) to TRIM, and count is the number of blocks to mark as free from that starting address. You can pass multiple ranges to the command.
Having personally done it with hdparm v9.32 on Ubuntu 11.04 on my laptop with a 128GB Crucial RealSSD C300, I have to point out an issue: I was not able to pass the total number of disk blocks (0:250069680) as the range. I manually (essentially "binary searched" by hand) found a large enough value for block count that worked (40000) and was able to issue TRIM commands on a sequence of 40000 ranges to free up the entire disk. It's possible to do so with a simple shell script like this (tested on Ubuntu 11.04 under root):
 # fdisk -lu /dev/sda

 Disk /dev/sda: 128.0 GB, 128035676160 bytes
 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 15566 cylinders, total 250069680 sectors
 ...

to erase the entire drive, take that total number of sectors and replace 250069680 in the following line with that number and run (add --please-destroy-my-drive):
 # i=0; while [ $i -lt 250069680 ]; do echo $i:40000; i=$(((i+40000))); done \
 | hdparm --trim-sector-ranges-stdin /dev/sda

And you're done! You can try reading the raw contents of the disk with hexedit /dev/sda before and after and verify that the drive has discarded the data.

Of course, even if you don't want to use Linux as the primary OS of the machine, you can leverage this trick by booting off a live CD and running it on the drive.

A: On the Mac, check out the digilloydTools DiskTester. There are also some interesting data points there to see the effects of reconditioning on drive performance.

A: ThinkPads have a hidden BIOS menu ( enable with http://www-307.ibm.com/pc/support/site.wss/MIGR-68369.html ) that resets your SSD.

A: First off, let's begin by understanding just what it is that causes the performance degradation. Without knowing this, many people will suggest inadequate solutions (as I already see happening). The crux of this entire predicament basically comes down to the following fact, as cited from Wikipedia. Remember it, it's important:

With NAND flash memory, read and programming operations must be performed page-at-a-time while unlocking and erasing must happen in block-wise fashion.

SSD's are made up of NAND flash, and flash consists of "blocks". Each block contains many "pages". For the sake of simplicity, lets imagine we just purchased a shiny new SSD that contains a whopping single block of memory, and that block consists of 4 empty pages.
For the sake of clarity, I differentiate between empty pages, used pages, and deleted pages with ∅, 1, and X. The key being that there is a difference between each of these from the controllers perspective! It is not as simple as 1's and 0's. So, to start, the pages on our fresh drive look like so:
∅, ∅, ∅, ∅ (all empty)
Now, we go to write some data to the drive, and it ends up getting stored in that first page, thus:
1, ∅, ∅, ∅
Next, we write a bit more data, only this time enough that it requires two pages and so it ends up being stored in the 2nd and 3rd page:
1, 1, 1, ∅
We are running out of space! We decide we don't really need the initial data we wrote, so lets delete it to make room.:
X, 1, 1, ∅
Finally, we have another large set of data that we need to store which will consume the remaining two pages. THIS IS WHERE THE PERFORMANCE HIT OCCURS IN DRIVES WITHOUT TRIM!! Going from our last state to this:
1, 1, 1, 1
...requires more work than most people realize. Again this is due to the fact that flash can only erase in a block-wise fashion, not page-wise which is precisely what the final transition above calls for. The differentiator between TRIM and non-TRIM based SSD's is when the following work is performed!
Since we need to make use of an empty page and a deleted page, the SSD needs to first read the contents of the entire block into some external storage/memory, erase the original block, modify the contents, and then write those contents back into the block. It's not as simple as a "write", instead it's now become a "read-erase-write". This is a big change, and for it to happen while we are writing lots of data is probably the most inopportune time for it to occur. It could all be avoided if that "deleted" page were recovered ahead of time, which is precisely what TRIM is intended to do. With TRIM, the SSD either recovers our deleted pages immediately after the delete or at some other opportune time that it's TRIM algorithms deem appropriate. The important part though is that with TRIM it doesn't happen when we are in the middle of a write!
Without TRIM, we ultimately can't avoid the above scenario as we fill up our drives with data. Thankfully some newer SSD's go beyond just TRIM and effectively do the same thing as TRIM in the background at a hardware level without the necessary ATA commands (some call this garbage collection). But for those of us unlucky enough not to have either, it is important to know that writing zeros to the entire drive is not sufficient for reclaiming original performance!!!!! Writing all zeros to the drive does not indicate to the controller that the page in flash is free for writing. The only way to do that on a drive which does not support TRIM is to invoke the ATA secure erase command on your drive using a tool such as HDDErase (via Wayback Machine).
I believe there were some early SSD's that only supported TRIM upon deleting partitions or upon such things as Windows 7's "diskpart clean all", and not upon the deletion of individual files. This may be a reason why an older drive appeared to regain performance upon executing that command. This seems a bit hazy to me though...
Much of my knowledge of SSD's and hardware/gadgets in general comes from anandtech.com. I thought he had a great writeup explaining all of this but for the life of me I cannot find it!

A: To check ssd life left on a (solid-state drive) ssd, you will need to install the smartmontools package. It contains two utility programs (smartctl and smartd) to control and monitor storage systems using the Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology System (S.M.A.R.T.) built into most modern ATA and SCSI hard disks.
For Ubuntu, Mint, or Debian based distributions
# apt-get install smartmontools

For Fedora, Centos, or Red Hat based distributions
# yum install smartmontools

The Media_Wearout_Indicator is what you are looking for. For 100 means your ssd has 100% life, the lower number means less life left.
# smartctl -a /dev/sda | grep Media_Wearout_Indicator

Output from my laptop
233 Media_Wearout_Indicator 0×0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always – 0

If you want to see more details and full attributes from your drive, you can run
# smartctl -data -A /dev/sda

Source: namhuy.net/1024/how-to-check-ssd-life-left.html

A: There's now a much better answer for Linux systems, compared to the @LeakyCode answer:

sudo fstrim -v /boot

The "fstrim" command from "util-linx" will run through the filesystem and issue TRIM commands for all unused space.  On distributions such as Ubuntu this is disabled by default except for a select list of "known safe" drives from Intel and Samsung.  But the command can be run manually on any partition for any drive.

A: Apparently the standard recommendation is to do a full-drive write of all zeros. I'm not entirely sure why this helps (don't a lot of writes eventually kill SSDs?), but it does seem to be endorsed by the major vendor SSD support forums.
So, to do that in Windows:

*

*start a command prompt with Administrator privileges

*execute the command diskpart
Once in the utility you'll see a DISKPART> prompt and issue the following commands:
DISKPART> list disk
DISKPART> select disk x

Obviously, MAKE SURE YOU HAVE SELECTED THE CORRECT SSD DRIVE before proceeding!
DISKPART> clean all
DISKPART> create partition primary
DISKPART> format quick fs=NTFS

The magic here is clean all which writes all zeros to the drive:

If you specify the all parameter, each and every sector can be zeroed, and all data that is contained on the drive can be deleted.

After doing this, I can confirm that disk performance went up substantially.

A: I also found a tool, SSD Life Pro. It has some bad news for me.

As to how it calculates that, it uses the SMART SSD indicators. Apparently it tries to predict based on S.M.A.R.T. data:

*

*The lifetime of flash memory, on which SSDs are based, is limited to 10,000 writes per cell

*most of the drives also show data about written and/or read information in their S.M.A.R.T. parameters

This is tricky because it also needs to know when the data was written to estimate, but here's the underlying data:

01 Read Error Rate   7
09 Power-on Hours Count  7085
0C Power Cycle Count   318
B8 Initial Bad Block Count   15
C3 Program Failure Block Count   0
C4 Erase Failure Block Count   0
C5 Read Failure Block Count  0
C6 Read Sectors   5468243171
C7 Write Sectors  41640920876
C8 Read Commands  100482453
C9 Write Commands   417315851
CA Error Bits from Flash  345270
CB Read Sectors with Correctable Bit Error  340001
CC Bad Block Full Flag   0
CD Maximum P/E Count Specification   5000
CE Minimum Erase Count   3774
CF Maximum Erase Count   65348
D0 Average Erase Count   4837
D1 Remaining Drive Life  4

The scary number there is Remaining Drive Life which is 4.. percent!
And the resulting calculations:

Model: CRUCIAL_CT128M225
Size: 128 GB
Serial number: xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx456
Firmware: 2030
Powered on times: 318
TRIM support in drive/OS: enabled/enabled
Worked time: 9 months 16 days 5 hours
Total data read: 2607.46 GB
written: 19855.94 GB

For the record, this drive was originally purchased in October 2009, so it's a little over a year and a half old.


text:
Fourteen pubs we miss in Cambridge
We've put together a video featuring just a few of the pubs that have shut down in the city over the last ten years
Hannah Mirsky
It will be last orders at the Jenny Wren in Arbury tomorrow - but that's only one of the many Cambridge pubs that have shut down over the last ten years.
We've put together a slideshow of some of the city's gone but not forgotten drinking-places, so you can see how many you remember.
Historian Adam Walker has lived in Cambridge for 25 years, and quickly got into documenting the city's pubs.
New Cambridge North station is blamed for closure of Jenny Wren pub
He said the pubs he misses the most are the Newnham, the Fleur and the Zebra.
"The Zebra was a really busy pub when I knew it," he said. "It was well known for its pizzas - and then it just seemed to get run into the ground."
While some of the pubs Cambridge has lost have shut down due to tragedies - such as the fire at the Tivoli in Chesterton Road last year - Adam says there are other reasons.
"Closures come about because of the cost of beer - it's much cheaper to buy a beer from a supermarket," he said. "A lot of people just don't want to pay for a pint of beer."
Cambridge pub announces it is to shut down this week
He said that pubs such as the Pint Shop, the Old Bicycle Shop and the Cambridge Brew House were succeeding in Cambridge because as independent business they have more control over the price they pay for beer.
But the number of pubs across the country is still steadily declining, the historian added.
He encouraged the people of Cambridge to get out and enjoy a pint in order to support the city's pubs.
Cambridge City Centre


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Case Study - Swain & Co Solicitors
Office 365 adoption revolutionises law firm Swain & Co Solicitors through improved user experience and business efficiency
Doherty Associates is a long-term UK Microsoft Gold Partner, embracing Microsoft 365 and SharePoint to help businesses boost productivity, empower employees and cut costs. Having successfully moved over 20,000 users to the cloud, Doherty Associates are one of a few UK partners at their size to have five gold competencies, mainly around their expertise in cloud services.
Professional Services - Law
Products/Solutions:
Swain & Co Solicitors is a legal firm of 35 employees, committed to providing affordable quality legal advice and representation both locally and nationally. As a legal provider, Swain & Co hold specialist legal aid contracts in family, mental health, prison law, housing and community care.
With 3 offices nationally and a wealth of confidential information, it was important that Swain & Co had a system in place to store information confidentially, whilst information could be shared securely throughout each national office. GDPR and increased security were growing issues for the law firm. As IT consistency, collaboration and security were all main concerns for Swain & Co, Office 365, SharePoint, OneDrive and Azure would be implemented to modernise IT infrastructure revolutionise business efficiency.
Existing processes at Swain & Co were highly manual, with all information based onsite and an aging IT infrastructure. A lot of procedures were still handled through paper forms and processes were not yet digitalised. This was widening the gap for security breaches as there was a limit to how safely information could be stored in each office, especially with confidential information on paper. It was also a challenge for information to be shared between offices. Information would either be sent by post or when sent electronically the process would be elongated through scanning and emailing. This made collaboration inefficient and the existing technologies were interfering with potential levels of productivity. Their IT across their 3 offices were autonomous from each other so Doherty Associates were asked to consolidate this to deliver greater efficiency across their business.
The new environment needed to provide a full digital transformation. An agile approach was taken with Doherty Associates outlining through consultations how the implementation of Office 365, Azure, SharePoint and OneDrive would all achieve Swain & Co's overall objective of digital transformation, demonstrating how each product could be utilised and their key benefits.
Solution Strategy
Having established a solid understanding of Swain & Co's existing systems and procedures, Doherty Associates were able to draw out a plan for migration and adoption of new productivity applications to create a modern workplace.
The technologies used to create this journey to the Microsoft Cloud were:
Office 365 – an essential part of Swain & Co's migration
SharePoint – allowing for files to be stored in a centralised location
OneDrive – allowing for user files to be stored privately
Microsoft Teams – improving collaboration, communications and productivity
Azure Advanced Threat Protection (ATP) – securing data throughout Office 365
The migration to Office 365 and the implementation of Azure Active Directory (AAD Connect) provided a common identity for users on-premises and in Office 365, Azure, and SaaS applications (that were integrated). It was also the most effective way of migrating on-premise Active Directory services to the cloud, allowing for roaming, remote and hot desking users. A proof of concept for SharePoint was also created. Moving Swain & Co's case management system (CMS) to a fully cloud based platform meant that the organisation would see a huge return on investment due to features surrounding content organisation and tagging. Swain & Co are currently migrating from this proof of concept. The final part of the migration phase was the roll out of Microsoft Teams. This meant that telephony could be cloud based and users could be assigned "anywhere access" whilst also providing an all-in-one collaboration solution.
Swain & Co found that the solution revolutionised the way processes were managed throughout the organisation. The new system allowed them to access the files on the go through access to their Microsoft applications on multiple devices. Files could also be accessed in any Swain & Co office, increasing efficiency and productivity.
Customer Quote
"Swain and Co. Solicitors are very pleased with the way in which Doherty Associates have project managed the refresh of our IT systems and continue to support us with the day to day management of our systems etc. and we would have no hesitation in recommending Office 365 to other organisations."
– Julie Painter, Head of Business Support, Swain & Co Solicitors
3 Water Lane Richmond Surrey TW9 1TJ
Email: enquiries@doherty.co.uk
©2021 Doherty IT Solutions, trading as Doherty Associates, is a company registered in England and Wales with Company Number 2678057


NBFC Registration with RBI in a very simplified manner!
Well, if you are thinking to setup finance company then you are at the right place! We are the leading player in the field of NBFC Registration. For NBFC registration, our team of experts will file an application along with the necessary documents with the RBI. If everything goes well, RBI will issue COR (Certificate of Registration).
You should apply for NBFC license, if you intend to enter into Indian Financial Market. Nowadays people prefer taking loan from NBFCs (Non-banking Financial Companies) in place of traditional banks as NBFCs has quick loan sanctioning process.
NBFCs ascertain the loan eligibility of an applicant faster than the banks. Therefore NBFCs are more preferable choice. Under this, entire customer acquisition process can be online. If you have a Net Owned Fund of Rs. 2 Crore then you can apply for NBFC registration.
Use of AI (Artificial Intelligence) & machine learning tools which minimize the risk of fraud.
Company Registration with the Registrar of Companies where name must reflect the finance related object and object clause under MOA must reflect the finance business.
Assistance in obtaining membership from all the four Credit rating agencies (CIBIL, Equifax, Experian and CRIF Highmark).
Q1. What is NBFC (Non-Banking Financial Institution)?
NBFC (Non-Banking Financial Company) is a type of company which is engaged in the financial activities which carries the business of loans & advances, acquisition of shares, debentures, stocks, and securities.
Q2. What are the types/ categories of NBFC in India?
Q3. It is mandatory to register with RBI?
NBFCs are regulated by the Reserve bank of India. RBI issues time to time directions for NBFCs. It is required to obtain license from the RBI in order to commence its operations.
Q5. Why one should opt for NBFC registration in place of NBFC takeover?
RBI has simplified the process of NBFC registration. We recommend you to go for NBFC registration rather than acquiring the existing NBFC through NBFC takeover.
Q6. How NBFCs are different from banks?


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Out of Africa • episode "1/5" • The Incredible Human Journey
In the first episode, Roberts introduces the idea that genetic analysis suggests that all modern humans are descended from Africans.
The Incredible Human Journey • 5 episodes •
Dr. Alice Roberts travels to Northern Siberia to learn how hunter-gatherers survived there.
Looking at how our species coped with the rival Neanderthals and the Ice Age.
Dr. Alice Roberts looks at our ancestors' seemingly impossible journey to Australia.
Dr. Alice Roberts investigates the possible routes taken by humans to reach the Americas.
Feuding Brothers 1575- 1584
Mary, Queen of Scots is forced to abdicate and flee to England, where Queen Elizabeth has her imprisoned. Refusing to acknowledge her cousin as her legitimate heir, Elizabeth accepts to wed one of Catherine de Medici's sons. In Flanders, William I requests military assistance from France.
S2E5 • The Real War of Thrones: The True History of Europe • 2018 • History
In The First Episode, Witness Kim Il Sung's transformation from guerrilla fighter to brutal dictator of North Korea. How did he build the most controlled society on earth and launch a dictatorship that has lasted for three generations?
1/6 • The Dictator's Playbook • 2019 • History
35-24 Events 20th Century
Counting down from 35 to 24, this episode includes a space venture of a shuttle called Challenger, a ship journey on the unsinkable Titanic, and a car chase of Princess Diana - all that end in disaster. We see a war in Vietnam, a war in China, and a war thrust upon the United States; the birth of the Israeli nation, and a new style of cinema with sound. Celebrity OJ Simpson is on trial, and a dictator consolidates power as Chancellor of Germany
6/8 • 101 Events that Made the 20th Century • 2018 • History
Acievements and Rewards
Europe's history has many dark sides, but its culture is more than a small gleam of hope, it radiates in many areas far out into the world. The old continent sets standards in art, literature, and science. Starting with the ancient Greeks, Europe produces a number of smart and creative minds.
4/6 • The Story of Europe • 2018 • History
The Human Family Tree
Dr Spencer Wells retraces the footsteps of 200 random New Yorkers and proves they are all cousins. On a single day on a single street, with the DNA of just a couple of hundred random people, National Geographic Channel sets out to trace the ancestral footsteps of all humanity. Narrated by Kevin Bacon, The Human Family Tree travels to one of the most diverse corners of the world -- Queens, N.Y. -- to demonstrate how we all share common ancestors who embarked on very different journeys. The goal: to retrace our ancestral footprints and prove we are all cousins in the "family of man." Regardless of race, nationality or religion, all of us can trace our ancient origin back to the cradle of humanity, East Africa. What did our collective journey look like, and where did it take your specific ancestors? At what point in our past did we first cross paths with the supposed strangers living in our neighborhood? Now, in The Human Family Tree, the people of this quintessential American melting pot find out that their connections go much deeper than a common ZIP code. Cutting edge science, coupled with a cast of New Yorkers – each with their own unique genetic history - will help paint a picture of these amazing journeys. Ultimately, Man's First Migrations answers some of humanity's most burning questions, such as who we are and where we come from, and forces us to change how we think not only about our relationships with our neighbours, but ourselves.
Naked Science • 2010 • History
The Nero Files
The Roman emperor Nero is considered one of history's greatest criminals. His name has become synonymous with evil, as historic accounts have accused him of killing his stepbrother, his wife and his mother, as well persecuting Christians and instigating the devastating Great Fire of Rome. This is the judgement that is passed in history from one generation to the next, but are these accounts of Nero's reign accurate? New scientific discoveries and a closer examination of the ancient texts written about Nero cast a different light on the Roman emperor and the accusations levelled against him. Secrets of the Dead: The Nero Files follows internationally renowned criminal psychologist Thomas Muller and a team of scientists and historians as they investigate the new evidence in order to discover the truth about the controversial emperor.
Secrets of the Dead • 2019 • History


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Michigan Dems Scrub Corrupt UAW Official
Posted By Bill McMorris On April 9, 2019 @ 5:00 am In Politics | No Comments
Democrats quietly scrubbed a corrupt union official from the party website following inquiries from the Washington Free Beacon.
Former United Autoworkers vice president Norwood Jewell was a superdelegate in the 2016 nominating race and was set to be one of Michigan's official DNC representatives through 2020. Jewell pled guilty to corruption charges tied to the federal government's investigation into UAW's dealings with Chrysler executives on April 2. Despite his admission of guilt, Jewell remained listed as a party leader on the Michigan Democrat's website until the Washington Free Beacon reached out. His name has since been scrubbed from the website.
Michigan Democrats Leadership Page, 4/6/2019
Page 4/8/2019
Both the state party and the Democratic National Committee have not responded to repeated requests for comment about Jewell's scandal, as well as when he was officially removed from the ranks of party leadership.
State Republicans are now accusing Democrats of ignoring a scandal in their midst. Party spokesman Tony Zammit said Democrats are attempting to "sweep it under the rug" in the hopes that voters in the state do not tie a business and labor scandal to local politics. He said the state and national party owe Michigan voters and the public an explanation as to why he was able to remain a party leader for so long.
"It is ridiculous that someone guilty basically of embezzling money [from union members], someone guilty of a felony is responsible for picking the Democrat's presidential nominee," he told the Washington Free Beacon. "They try to sweep this under the rug, but they still haven't answered questions about whether this man is going to Milwaukee next year."
Republican National Committee spokesman Michael Joyce said that removing Jewell from a website does not clear Democrats from the larger scandal. He was accused of taking luxury golf trips and other perks from company officials during a time at which he was supposed to be advocating for dues paying members. Some of the illegal activities in the scheme were alleged to have taken place at the time he was serving as a superdelegate.
"Removing Mr. Jewell from the Michigan Democrats website does not take away from the fact that he was conducting illegal activities while serving in his leadership capacity," Joyce said. "Michigan Democrats are heading into 2020 with the same corruption problems that plagued them in 2016 while Republicans are united and fired up to reelect President Trump."
Federal investigators indicted several union and company executives in July 2017 for alleged embezzlement of training funds meant for union members. Jewell resigned from the UAW in December 2017, was publicly tied to the investigation in January 2018, and indicted in March 2019. Zammit criticized Democrats for not taking swifter action, noting that there has publicly been "no reprimand" beyond a removal from the website.
"The people of Michigan deserve better," he said.
Jewell faces up to five years in prison, though prosecutors are reportedly leaning toward a 15-month sentence when he will be sentenced in August. Even then he would be unable to cast a ballot in the 2020 Democratic convention in Milwaukee.
URL to article: https://freebeacon.com/politics/michigan-dems-scrub-corrupt-uaw-official/


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The Netherlands Supports India's early entry into the Nuclear Supplier Group (NSG) and India's bid for a permanent United Nation Security Council seat. The Netherlands' support came after Prime Minister Narendra Modi held talks with his Netherland counterpart Mark Rutte in his visit.
About NSG and India's benefit.
Nuclear suppliers group is the group of nuclear supplying countries to ensure nuclear trade for peaceful purpose and prevent nuclear proliferation by controlling export of nuclear materials and technology.
This treaty was signed in response to India's nuclear test in 1974 at Pokhran.
If India becomes member of NSG , then it will help India to build more nuclear reactors for providing energy without any difficulties. It also helps India to get better international market for export and import of nuclear related material.
About UNSC:
The United Nations Security council is one of the 6 main organs of the United Nations, Which has headquarters is in New York.
The main Responsibility of UNSC is to maintain international peace and security, to develop friendly relations among nations,to cooperate in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human rights and to be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.
The UNSC has 15 members in that 5 countries will permanent members with veto powers and 10 non-permanent members.The five permanent members are China, France, Russia, UK and US. The ten non-permanent members are elected for two-year terms by the General Assembly.


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Apple AirPods Studio headphones' controversial price and name leak
Chris Davies - May 11, 2020, 9:33am CDT
Apple's new over-the-ear headphones could end up taking on its own flagship Beats product directly, with the much-rumored accessories starting up a battle of the brands in 2020. Expected to feature active noise cancellation, the new headphones could be branded the AirPods Studio according to the latest leaks.
Chatter around the headphones back in April tipped an unusual design for Apple. The company was said to have been developing a modular construction for the over-ear headphones, which would allow owners to customize them after purchase.
For example, there'd be the option to swap out the ear pads and the headband padding. These would cling magnetically to the headphones, it's suggested, permitting both different styles as well as finishes more suited for fashion or to exercise. We've seen Apple do something similar to that with the Apple Watch bands.
One of the big questions was how Apple would name the new over-ear headphones. According to leaker Jon Prosser, who has had a string of recent successes with Apple news, it'll be a likely-controversial expansion of the AirPods brand. The headphones will be the Apple AirPods Studio, he claims, codenamed B515.
Prosser also has a price tag for the headphones, which will apparently come in at $349.
Are you a Beats fan or an Apple fan?
That price point – and indeed the name – is shared by the current Beats flagship headphones, of course. The $349.95 Beats Studio3 Wireless Over-Ear Headphones sound, on paper at least, a lot like what these AirPods Studio headphones are shaping up to be.
There'll be more than just Apple and Beats headphones on most potential buyers' shortlist, of course. The AirPods Studio will go up against options like the next-generation Sony ANC headphones, expected to be the WH-1000XM4, along with alternatives from Bose and the new Microsoft Surface Headphones 2. Still, having such a direct rival to its own Beats products is notable.
The technology inside the AirPods Studio will be more advanced than what's in the Beats Studio3, mind. According to previous rumors, Apple will use its latest custom Bluetooth and ANC chipset – as powers the AirPods Pro – for the over-ear headphones. That'll mean quick-pairing with iOS devices, together with touch controls for the essential features.
When Apple will actually launch the AirPods Studio headphones remains to be seen. Earlier chatter suggested a late 2020 unveil, though with the proviso that at least two earlier launches had been scrapped. One possibility is that they could be revealed at WWDC 2020, the online-only developer event taking place in mid-June.
Topics AccessoriesAirPodsAppleHeadphonesLeaksRumors
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Make every sewing project a success by following these 10 essential sewing tips and tricks. Great information for beginners and pros alike!
Regardless of whether you are new to sewing or are a seasoned sewing veteran, there are so many important things to keep in mind to make your sewing projects a success! I've compiled this handy list of important sewing tips, including important information on machine maintenance and care, organization ideas, supply recommendations, and more. These are things I've learned along the way as I've become a more experienced seamstress, and I hope they will help you in your own sewing journey!
One of the most important sewing tips that many overlook is how important it is to clean your machine after each use. It is amazing how much lint can accumulate on and inside a machine after just one project, and especially when using materials like flannel, cuddle fabrics and more. This awesome machine cleaning guide from Sew 4 Home is the perfect place to start in keeping your machine spick and span!
Keep your machine in tip-top shape with regular maintenance.
A car shouldn't be used for years on end without routine maintenance (at least not a car you want to keep around for the long haul!), and a sewing machine is no different. Find a local expert to give your machine periodic tune-ups to keep it running well for years to come.
The right tools make every project easier.
There are a few tools that are required for nearly every single sewing project, and having a sewing kit that is equipped with these items will enable you to sew like a pro. My list of 10 essential sewing tools is a great place to start when building up your sewing arsenal, and you can go even further by adding these 6 other brilliant sewing tools to the mix, including my all-time favorite tube-turning tool. It's a life-saver!
Over time, I have come to the conclusion that the key to a successful sewing project is making sure all of the supplies and tools I need are all at arm's reach and nicely organized. I love to use plastic school supply boxes to hold things like eyelets, snaps and more, and small galvanized buckets are great for holding trims, piping, and other notions. I also couldn't live without my Sewing Box, which is a veritable sewing command center that keeps all of my sewing tools hidden in plain sight!
Plug your machine into a surge protector.
Don't risk your machine to a lightning storm! So many sewing machines are equipped with sophisticated computers. Surge strips are affordable and essential for protecting your investment.
One of the most overlooked sewing tips for beginners: avoid the temptation to sew over pins. It does admittedly take more time to remove them as you go, but this will save you many a broken needle and the potential danger of having the remnants of a broken needle flying at you as you sew!
One of my favorite sewing tricks: I actually prefer to use inexpensive hair clips in lieu of pins in certain cases (as in sewing bias tape), since they can be removed so much more quickly and easily.
Use the right needle for the job.
All sewing needles are not created equal, and a universal sewing needle isn't always the best bet for every project. Using the correct needle for the job will ensure your project result is the best it can possibly be, and it will prevent the frustration of dealing with broken needles that aren't equipped for the wrong type of fabric. For example, when working with denim or a project with many layers of thick fabric, a sharp and sturdy jeans/denim needle is the way to go. There are also leather needles, needles for stretch fabrics, and even self-threading needles that help anyone with difficultly with the threading process do so quickly and easily! My favorite needle brand is Schmetz. This handy sewing machine needle guide from Jo-Ann is a great reference!
Also, remember that all sewing machine needles need to be replaced frequently to prevent damage to fabrics as you sew. May experts recommend that you switch to a new needle after each and every project for the best results.
There are different types of thread out there, and the cheap dollar-store options can wreak havoc on your machine by depositing lint and fibers in the internal mechanisms of your machine. Invest in good, quality thread to keep you machine happy and to make your projects turn out great every time.
This truly is one of my most essential sewing tips. Mistakes happen. Seams have to be ripped out. Don't let that deter you from keeping on your sewing journey! One thing that can be helpful when trying out a new project or pattern: make one "test version" with muslin or spare fabric to learn the process and work out any kinks before you cut into your preferred fabric.
Your sewing machine is great for more than just hems and Halloween costumes.
I can't begin to number the times I've heard from friends that their machine usually stays in the box until it's time to hem or make costumes. There are so many great projects out there to make, for everything from wearable accessories, tote bags, home decor items and even seasonal decorating projects. Take your machine out for a spin to make something different, and you'll never look back!
For great project inspiration for your next project, check out my 55 Easy Sewing Projects for Beginners.
Looking for even more inspiration to improve your sewing?