text:
How Did Tech Become So Male-Dominated?
August 31, 2019 August 31, 2019 Alyson Nader Articles, Blog
I was about to make a presentation at a tech conference when a male attendee gave me this unsolicited piece of advice. "Don't be nervous. You're hot. No one expects you to do well." I'm a software engineer, and I'm regularly asked to take notes in meetings. None of the men are asked to do that. After giving a talk, I received abusive emails from men who said things like, "I jerked off to the video of your talk." How did we get here? Why is this so common? How did tech become so male dominated? Modern computing emerged in the early 1940s. During World War II, the military hired hundreds of women to solve complex calculations that would improve the accuracy of weapons on the battlefield. Naval officer Grace Hopper, also a mathematics professor developed a compiler – a program that translates English instructions into computer code. This paved the way for modern programming language. And by the end of the war, women worked on the army's top secret projects – the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, or ENIAC. The ENIAC is often credited as the world's first general purpose computer. After all of our hard work, we weren't even invited to the ENIAC unveiling celebration. The male hardware engineers were congratulated, while we trudged home in the snow. Throughout the '50s and '60s, women often worked behind the scenes building software, while men specialized in hardware engineering. Perceived as mindless and menial, computer programming had become women's work. In 1967, Cosmopolitan magazine published an article hailing computer science as an exciting alternative to secretarial work. Twenty years ago, a girl could be a secretary, school teacher, social worker or a nurse. Now have come the big, dazzling computers and a whole new kind of work for women – programming. During the 1970s and '80s, the number of women pursuing degrees in computer science steadily increased. By 1984, women majoring in computer science grew to 37 percent, nearly twice what it is today. The revolutionary advancements in computer software of the 1980s brought a gold rush to Silicon Valley. The focus for men shifted from hardware engineering to software development. Men like Steve Jobs and Bill Gates became the heroes of the rapidly expanding industry. This is a 21st century bicycle that amplifies a certain intellectual ability that man has. Pop culture gave rise to the stereotypical male nerd with movies like "War Games", "Weird Science", and "Revenge of the Nerds". They don't have the moves or the muscle. But they've got the brains. Video game companies marketed their consoles as toys, and because toys were gendered, toy stores stocked games in the boy aisles. Ads depicted fathers teaching their sons how to use computers. Women often appeared as wives or product models. I was a math geek in high school and thought Comp Sci would be no problem. When I went to college and took a beginning computer science class, I was already behind. When I asked questions, I was told, "You should know that by now." Today, the number of female computer science majors holds steadily at around 18 percent. The truth is that the company had trouble hiring women because it was just a bunch of nerds. They never talked to women, so how were they supposed to interact with and hire them? Tech companies reject women from jobs by saying they're not culture fits, which seems to be code for our male employees don't know how to socialize with women. Today, around one in four computing jobs are held by women. The percentage has actually fallen slightly in recent years, even as women are making large strides in other fields. These women are nerds and innovators, but because our culture relentlessly tells us that only men can be defined as geniuses, women get pushed out, leaving tech at twice the rate that men do. Women developed computer science – not just men. Programming is not male or female, and remembering that is a key step to fixing the tech industry's gender gap.
Alice Roth and Caitlin Cadieux computer programming computer science Erica Moriarty Silicon Valley software development technology the the atlantic women women in tech
100 thoughts to "How Did Tech Become So Male-Dominated?"
peter last says:
How did stupidity become so female dominated?
Mav Hunter says:
Fortran was the first compiler in 1957. Grace Hoppers COBAL came out in 1959. Stop revising history.
Evan Cary says:
Studies show that women actually have a massive gender ADVANTAGE when it comes to being hired in STEM fields. They are more than twice as likely to be hired than equally qualified male applicants, probably for political reasons and ´optics´. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4611984/ Even with this bias working in their favor, there are far less female programmers. Why? Probably because most women simply aren´t that interested in programming.
ManInTheBigHat says:
What is the problem, again? There's really no problem.
EQ Games says:
Nintendo put videogames in the "boy aisle"? I bought an NES in 1986 and I remember videogames having their own dedicated aisle (or aisles). What are they talking about?
Illiza Smith says:
I did my womanly duty and disliked this video
Nevermore says:
Truth is, not everyone can program. It takes a specific minded person to become good at it. If you tend to forget things easily, coding probably isn't the best for you. Just like with acting, they remember a lot of lines. Many actors say, "I'm just good at remembering scripts." That alone is 70% of acting. That alone is what most people can not do. Most people can not remember paragraphs of dialogue at a time.
I think it's not fair to sell people false hope. Fact is most people can not and never will code on a good enough level to land a career in it.
Right now, it's not as simple as "men are good at programming"… that's far from the truth. Most men even are not that good at it. It's not something that all humans will be doing as their jobs in the future. That's selling false hope to sell programming like that.
Agreed. I'd like to see equal ratios of men and women in the field as I am (a male) pursuing programming. However this video didn't really answer the question. It just went on about how the field progressively became more male dominated, but no actual reason was given. And perhaps it could have EXPLAINED some ways tech can become more neutral.
- says:
The disparity between men and women in STEM degrees is only a western thing. In the middle east, women outperform men in STEM and make up most of the degrees. In kuwait, 40-50% of computing degrees, and 80% of science degrees, are earned by women. Clearly, it IS a cultural thing (it's been suggested that single-sex schools allows girls to thrive) and it's even funnier that the the region you all make out to be epitome of female oppression is the one where women have more equality in (in STEM atleast). Arab girls also outperform boys in math standardized math tests, unlike in western countries (http://blogs.worldbank.org/arabvoices/exception-gender-gap-education-middle-east-north-africa) . Even in western countries, girls only scored an average of 2 percent less. Maybe it's time u western boys stop jacking off to the fake idea that men are better at math, cause it's clearly bullshit.
asm128 says:
The idiots who made this video can't mention a single woman who is currently interested in working on realtime simulation software in my country (here in Argentina they're all feminists you know but they're all artists there is no such thing as girls interested in actual computer science or electrical engineering, no matter how much money you offer to them).
bte320 says:
Nursing is +90% women, totally fine! Tech is 25% women, because patriarchy!
Maitrayan Ghosh Roy says:
False !!!
77tubuck says:
If the women are not going to be social then they don't belong in Tech!
Bike Vids says:
Men are just better at it. Where are the midget eskimos in the NBA?
Josh Pius says:
witches' reall says:
Feminist propaganda correlating basic gender differences to oppression. Agreeable people tend to be in lower job positions in the hierarchy than people that are less agreeable, women are generally more agreeable than then, therefore more likely to take lower end salaries. Identity politics is bullshit and so is the pay gap when you take into account multi varied analysis of why the pay gap exists.
Anthony Smith says:
From the first 30 seconds of this what I am getting is that you're hot… people point this out and how did tech become so male dominated.. huh?… where is the link here?… Tech seems to be doing just fine without women…
First of all… why exactly does the tech industry need as you said "fixing"? Because there aren't women? Wait but isn't programming not male or female? Secondly you just said that all tech company employees that are male according to this video are socially akward… and that women's superior social skills are keeping them back from getting jobs?… Assuming that this is even true… why does it matter that 'non-akwardness' is not a factor employers hire based on… i dont think being a really social person is going to help all that much when working on code unless you are in the pr department…. Thirdly all the conditions you mentioned that may have kept women away from tech are not true for today… women just dont want to he in tech.. if they do they can…
Thilast says:
This is so bullshit I cant begin to explain.
Angry Asian says:
Because the dipshit SJW's who made this video don't understand how statistics work LOL, small variations in the average produce great variations at the extremes…maybe have someone with a brain do the next video instead of some loser who's $80K in debt because she got a journalism degree instead of a tech degree
Julian Hans Halbeisen says:
I know girls who bought consoles in the 1990s and nobody was holding them back.
aina-louisa carter says:
Because women don't like it?
And why does it need to be "fixed"
Jiyva says:
welp i expected some of the actual reasons not "men bullying"
Bruh says:
Fuck off with this bs REEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
loverofmysoul says:
men are just superior in so many ways
Olov Nygård says:
3:00 that "you should know that by now" is just typical CS comments, happends to everyone
Diego Mejia says:
Has anyone considered that the maybe the reason women aren't in fields like tech, is becuase women simply aren't inrested in these jobs?
Galatea says:
Stop being sexist and generalizing men.
Kevin M Packard says:
Interestingly, a recent study revealed an inverse correlation between women in STEM and societal egalitarianism. Countries with low female empowerment have far more women in STEM than countries with high female empowerment. This suggests that the more agency women have, the more likely they are to use that agency to choose careers that align with their passions, which is very unlikely to be engineering. Men and women are different, and it's not as much about competence as it is about temperament and interests.
Guillermo Tellez says:
Or maybe woman don't want to do this shit?
woodchuck 00 says:
All this video does the points out that there's mean people in the world. You can be the smartest math nerd in the world but when you go to college if you're still getting me this kid who can program a game of life within two hours on a random microcontroller. discrimination is sent only limited to what gender you are. I had a co-worker who was a former Green Beret, as a result he look like he could punch a horse to death. Many people would assume that due to his muscle mass he was unable to grasp simple programming techniques.
David Kotlirevsky says:
HiGuys , I would like to add subttitles and translate this video to spanish, but it seems you don't allow that , would you mind ? thanks!
Shikhar Srivastava says:
https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/02/the-more-gender-equality-the-fewer-women-in-stem/553592/
As societies become more egalitarian, women increasingly choose away from STEM fields.
how to respond to that?
J. Johnson says:
It's funny how the Google Udacity course only has special slack channel for the LGBTQBBQ group and for womentechmakers. I asked then to make one for men techmakers and my comments were deleted. It's a dangerous world for men now when you're treated as if you're unwanted in the industry by some of the industry giants. Even if unwanted is too strong a word, you should never encourage one sex or one race of people over another. It only creates more racism and sexism not less of it.
Jef Mangelschots says:
"Computer engineers are not used to talk to women". Why do you think that is? it takes two to have a conversation. If you want to fix that, then women should start talking to computer engineers. Have some patience and stick around for the initial awkwardness to subside. You'll notice that computer engineers actually make good conversation partners. Just give them a chance.
suraj bhat says:
Propaganda piece
Eric Warncke says:
You lost me at 1:20 "then WE trudged home in the snow". SOURCES PLEASE!
Matt Anderson says:
Maybe women just want to do other things? Like have children, and watch As The World Turns. Outrageous I know…
TopModelSF says:
Awwww, more victimhood. Poor me, I'm a woman, wah, wah, wah.
David CZa says:
Who is holding back women to become anything they want? According to this video Men. Who is holding back black people then? Should be filled the racial gap in Tech as well? this is non sense
Punita Karani says:
https://youtu.be/PKPDxCUbwuY
AMV CBG says:
While im sad that stuff like this does tend to happen. This is actually a fallacy known as Misleading vividness – involves describing an occurrence in vivid detail, even if it is an exceptional occurrence, to convince someone that it is a problem. It is part of the appeal to emotion fallacy
Javier Vargas says:
Men created Silicon Valley. Women are more risk-averse so they want to join an established company after all the hard work is done and all the risks have been taken for them. That's why most start ups are founded by men and why the earliest employees are men, which is why men have better stock options.
OMG Puppies says:
Full of misinformation and clearly not produced by people who have any experience in the tech industry. The "women hired to solve complex problems in WWII" had terrible and uncreative jobs, operating mechanical calculating machines according to written instructions produced by the mathematicians and engineers. It was shit work. Women played no role in designing the ENIAC; they were hired to perform menial tasks like setting switches and plugs. There were exceptional women, like Grace Hopper, who developed COBOL, but that was not the first compiler; it came out after FORTRAN and about the same time as ALGOL.
Women are choosing to not major in Computer Science, nobody is discriminating against them. No tech company pushes women out. Entirely the opposite, companies clamor to hire women and minorities, but they just aren't in the market. I've known many women who were fine programmers, but as a rule the small number of truly exceptional programmers are always men.
As many studies have shown, when men and women are given freedom of choice, they tend to follow stereotypical jobs.
cafeta says:
dont worry PoundMeToo is going to solve the lack of social skill to treat Whemman!!
Youssef Mohamed says:
That was completely irrelevant to the question, you barley touched on the situation nowadays the 80's was 2 generations ago
Giradox says:
0:58 Yeah, only women did that.
SavageSwan25 says:
Men from comments below are butthurt. This video is accurate. As a woman, I felt the same – I'm also discriminated by male classmates and also male instructors and treat differently. So I quit computer science and become a nursing. F*ck men who loves making excuses.
Sriram R says:
I don't understand why you want to be recognized for some other women's work
Francis Ricafort says:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3YnsDAT8SaY
Search this in youtube "women in tech feminist entryists BTFO by real female programmer, trigger warning"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l-6usiN4uoA
"The real reason there aren't more female scientists | FACTUAL FEMINIST"
Fregoli Delusion says:
Probably because the industry was created by men.
Eugene Shults says:
I work in tech, and the distribution of male to female in the engineering group I work with is about 7 to 3 – not a bad distribution compared to some other teams I've been apart of.
I honestly think the answer to the current gap is likely video games. I grew up playing computer games, and that naturally led me to tinkering with computers as a child. I remember helping my dad setup a LAN so we could play Doom deathmatch – my first ever foray into any kind of networking. This was back in 1994 before the internet became popular and when non split screen multiplayer gaming was an unknown thing to even my other fellow nerds.
Girls growing up shied away from video games and thought it was nerdy. Not all, but most.
Hence, I think boys of this generation simply had more exposure to tech at a young age given that they weren't shamed away from it. Computers and tech always felt second nature to me and I can imagine why it wouldn't feel so easy to someone who wasn't actively engaged with it at a young age. You can't expect to learn this stuff in your 20's and be comparable to someone who has been doing it all their life unless you're simply gifted.
I believe this may drastically change in the next generation as it seems every young kid is heavily exposed to tech these days.
internet person says:
Brandon Tseng says:
HappyMeal-Jackal I agree. Most Girls and Women do not give a shit about coding/computer science/engineering ,so men took over from women and men became rich BUT A.M.D. Lisa Su(CEO of AMD and #1 cpu core manufacturing company) is the only person in the world that might care about coding computer programming/hardware.
Sara Aguiar Simão says:
Really good video. Keep it up!! The atlantic rocks
Kamel Boutcho says:
cause women aint shit , that's why
Daisy Chain Cosplay says:
I spoke up about diversity once && got bullied out of local tech industry
Ronald McDonald says:
Because the women are in HR and PR
Franco Corbalán says:
A really nice and more factually article about this topic: https://quillette.com/2018/06/19/why-women-dont-code/
Hans Gruber says:
this is such bullshit.
Alejandro B says:
Answer: Women in majority don't like STEM and tech carriers and a lot of things men like to, women prefer other things and there's nothing bad about it. Deal with it
Aleksandra Pawluczuk says:
Literally calling blue green this women was mentally ill
These comments are the reason why females are leaving tech or do not want to enter it.
FullFledged2010 says:
Its pretty simple. In general: Men like things. Women like people. Being a "nerd" myself the core reason why i like tech is because of the mechanical aspect of it. Not so much the "bigger picture". I like to play with tech just because its fun. I couldn't care less if its there to help anyone else. Most women think the exact opposite. They like the idea they're doing for "the greater good"
NessMasterGengar! says:
The reason why STEM is so male dominant is because more men choose the degrees needed for those jobs. At the moment more women are getting degrees than men….. if they went into STEM, women create a resurgence in those fields.
Elvin Ostrup says:
These womenfolk sure knows how to trigger the men amirite harr harr
Sean Kelly says:
Because generally men's brains are better designed for things like this
Benjamin Liska says:
How you revise history…
Well, first you go… Rip… Rip… Rip…
Then you go… Snip… Snip… Snip…
Then you whip in a… Zip… Zip… Zip…
And spin it up to the… Hip… Hip… Hip!
Wretched video.
Dejaverst Arts Ayodeji Azeez says:
If women aren't plenty in tech, then they are definitively doing something else that they cherish. How is that a problem?
Lil Peace says:
Being honest here. (Being a female CS student) there aren't many women taking CS classes. I heard men say that throughout their entire college years there were only a handful of women out of all of their classes.
Who's gonna raise our Children if women wants to have careers,this is nothing New most men went out and Earn the Bacon,while women stay home and raise children and cook our meals,millennium women want careers and wana be independent know in 2019
Not really, STEM professions don't appeal to women so they choose other careers where they can satisfy their special needs like socialization and empathy unlike men. STEM is doing it very well being a male "dominated" field so there isn't any problem to solve.
Roku says:
TRIGGERED FEMINIST OMEGALUL ITS MALE DOMINATED NOWADAYS BECAUSE WOMEN ARE TOO BUSY BITCIHING TO LEARN ABOUT COMPUTER SCIENCE.
merph1 says:
Because women suck.
Tech fits male brains better is why. Why are Vets & people oriented jobs female dominated? Testosterone makes male brains far more thing oriented & female ones end up being more people oriented. This is BASIC science. Idiot SJW's/mainstream media will NEVER understand this because they're locked into their far left religion. Can we cut the victimology? I'm so tired of 'victims' & their Marxist oppressor/oppressed crap. Start your own female tech companies!
I Suck at Gaming says:
Also: why must a gender gap be "fixed" at all?
Do I want 100-pound firefighters of either sex? No, they could never lift me and would find it harder to break down doors. Do I want to force unwilling women into STEM fields when they wanted to be teachers? No, that's the height of authoritarianism.
IIIFadedinkIII says:
Revising history to satisfy the ego
of professional victims. Fuck off.
Cybic2 says:
I find it absolutely hilarious you try to blame the lower number of female comp sci majors on the belief that Male "nerds" don't socialize with women.
Samejima Mamimi says:
"Programming is not MALE or FEMALE"
"How Did Tech Become So Male-Dominated?"
uh, ok.
Make It A Mac Tonight says:
"Computer engineers are not used to talking to women"
Wrong. Computer engineers don't want to talk to women because women don't want to talk about computer engineering.
Femina Proletarius says:
Reminder that women where secretaries which back then required more sophisticated understanding of Compsci, so successful women got degrees there. then they came out with idiot proof software to replace their specialization.
Meltdown Spectre says:
How did autism become so male dominated? Maybe look into that.
Frodo Ramsey says:
Women belong in the kitchen chained to the dinning table. Change my mind :')
dlclendenen says:
Here's a novel idea. How about women enroll in STEM degree programs in greater numbers and then began applying to the available jobs. What's exactly stopping them… some vague and undefined societal pressure? I thought these strong independent women were able of making their own decisions.
Asutosh Padhy says:
The only reason less women are in tech is because less women enroll in tech. I could make an exactly similar video of a male nurse in a hospital. In our generation nobody decides the trend, people are doing what they want.
incognito mode says:
Forget the past , but I think in future women can be hired more in IT firms especially today's firms are more application based jobs and current knowledge , women need to take the advantage .
Robert Lopez says:
Do women think that men don't get harassed at work? Men treat each other like shit too, we just tough it out cuz we want to be the toughest. If you can't stand the heat then get out of the kitchen. That's advice that's applicable to both men and women. Why does someone have to be labeled a bad guy just because you're insecure.
Anders ᛏᚺᛖ ᛚᛖᚷᛚᛖᛋᛋ Fran darkinn Danmörk says:
Because men have a better track record in the field, they work longer hours and can actually pet each other on the back giving a complement without someone screaming sexual harrasment
The comments here surprised me, but they shouldn't have. This is the sad world I live in.
A 1 says:
Because tech is dominated by 20 something supergeeks that spend their lives with their d.cks stuck in a port on the back of their computer and prefer other people that are similar?
wang weihai says:
whoever the hell said thatin0:8 is such an idoit,or she is exaggerating(which is more than 60%true) and 2:48 please i thought you girls look down on computer games….
SteveMHN says:
You are not helping by making a video that is so misleading. The video makes it seem as if the women were the ones creating the software, when what they were doing is just inputing the instructions that was produced by the engineers. It was a slow, tedious and repetative job which is why the engineers didn't waste their time doing it, the women could be paid far less. That's not to say women didn't play any role in the development of modern computing, they did. But computer science, just like most other engineering disciplines is male dominated because males are naturally more interested in engineering, I don't think it's anymore complicated than that.
Also, trying to suggest that the reasons that there are fewer females in the industry is because tech nerds don't know how to talk to women is complete BS.
genesis bustamante says:
0:29 yet none of your previous points support your premise that Tech is so male-dominated??????
Laura Pires says:
Hi, The Atlantic! I really enjoyed the video! I am a Ph.D. student and have been discussing sexism in science. Therefore, I would like to add subtitles in Portuguese and/or Spanish to present this video in discussions here. It would be great if this function becomes available! Thanks!
Will Ganness says:
Here let me fix this video: The Computing of the 60's to the 80's DIED and was replaced by Computing of the 90's and beyond – very different. Computing became more Software oriented as hardware became commodities and dirt cheap. Women dont do well in many work places not because of men – those work places with mainly men do extremely well by any metric – innovation, profit, sales etc. There arent any female dominated companies existing and there is a reason for that. The problem is that Women play by different set of rules in society in general and there is no desire to change that: 1. There is no accountability when women do wrong, its never her fault. 2. The laws dont apply to women. 3. A woman can expect those around her to change while she insists that she remain the same. 4. Women are free to make false accusations without penalty and still be upheld as a victim.
I bet those anecdotes in the begin are all made up just like the "facts" in this video.
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text:
Building for our Future
Clay - A Versatile Medium with Serious Benefits
London is the place. The time is NOW.
Regional Excellence
Founded in 1981, the London Potters Guild began with a small group of potters who met for nearly a decade in the art room of Sir Frederick Banting Secondary School. We have since become an organization of well over one hundred enthusiastic members, and have been called "one of the jewels in London's' arts crown." This success left us bursting at the seams of our old East London facility. Demand for our classes, workshops and services outpaced our facility's ability to serve the needs of our community.
In 2008, the London Potters Guild purchase 664 Dundas Street and began renovations. We gutted and renovated the first floor and moved our operations to the new LONDON CLAY ART CENTRE in September 2009.
The London Clay Art Centre offers the community:
A fully equipped teaching studio for pottery and sculpture.
A fully equipped member's studio dedicated for on-demand use (with 24-hour access)
Outreach services – effective partnerships with community organizations to make pottery and clay art instruction available for a greater number of area individuals and groups (including children, seniors and various special needs populations).
Studio space for rent to emerging artists.
Programming for intermediate and advanced level potters across south-western Ontario, including Master Level Classes.
An On-site Gallery and Retail Space.
A Resource Centre containing books, magazines, videos, audiovisual equipment and a computer with internet access (to assist potters with glaze calculations). The Resource Centre will also house our permanent collection, which contains works by many notable clay artists.
Expanded employment opportunities for guild members, emerging clay artists and recent graduates of local arts programs.
A convenient location along city bus routes.
A barrier-free facility with ample parking.
The London Potters Guild has remained true to its original mandate, having shared the joy of clay with scores of area residents over the past twenty-five years. Our continued success has also been fueled by a growing appreciation for pottery as both a functional craft and an art form.
Down-to-Earth and Stress Relieving
Guild members often comment on the relaxing and pleasing tactile qualities of working with clay, taking comfort in clay's ability to balance and offset societal trends towards high technology and mass production. Guild member Chris Snedden, for example, told the London Free Press: "It seems that the more technological a society becomes, the more people are attracted to rootsy things such as handmade items." He went on to say that "pottery is so rootsy that civilization could not have happened without it because [pottery] was needed to store food."
Elenore Lubas, art therapist and licensed counsellor, has this to say: "The tactile nature of art media – [and] clay is a beautiful example of this - is nurturing and comforting. Without being aware of the process, someone who is isolated due to depression is suddenly engaged with something outside of himself - and it feels good."
Julie Bell, writing about the London Potters Guild for The Londoner suggests: "When the stress of every day life gets you down, you may want to consider throwing a pot."
A Multitude of Benefits
Ample evidence suggests that arts activity in general can fuel economic development and urban renewal, create employment opportunities, improve academic performance, increase self esteem, build cognitive skills, provide constructive activities for at-risk youth, improve coping skills, promote healing and build bridges across cultures.
Arts activities – and clay art in particular – have also been shown to improve motor skills and muscle tone, benefiting the elderly, children with autism, victims of sexual abuse, individuals struggling with eating disorders, bereaved children, refugees, cancer patients and many others.
Clay's Healing Properties
As a tactile medium, clay is highly accessible and can be taught to people with vision or language barriers. A popular course at the University of Michigan, for example, is geared toward the visually impaired. Course instructor Sadashi Inuzuka calls clay a "versatile teaching tool," describing it as "an extremely tactile material." He goes on to say "It just feels good when you touch it, whatever you do.
Author David Henley, who has written an entire book on the use of clay in art therapy, calls clay a "universally recognized medium of creative expression" with "great potential for therapeutic application."
Youth Benefits
Studies by well-known authorities such as Jane M. Healy suggest that North American society is becoming increasingly non-tactile. This is especially problematic for children, who are bombarded with visual, non-tactile stimulation through television, computers and movie screens. Physical and tactile activity in childhood helps build motor control centres in the lower brain areas, ensuring proper large and small muscle coordination. It also helps develop a mature sensory-motor system which is necessary for the accurate perception and processing of information in the brain.
The Ontario Arts Council says that arts education helps children "become more competent in a technological world" and encourages partnerships between schools and the arts community.
Arts advocates across North America promote the importance of engaging young people in artistic activity. ArtSmarts, a Canadian advocacy group, says art is "critical to [children's] evolution as creative thinkers," adding "It is they who will soon be leading Canada's growth in terms of cultural, social and economic development." Ironically, many Canadian school boards have eliminated some or all of their art programs, leaving children with few avenues for expressing their creativity.
The London Potters Guild has a strong interest in providing pottery classes for young people and has had considerable success working with area youth in the past.
Creating Potential
The London Potters Guild would like to explore possibilities for expanding its class offerings to include programming for additional target populations (at-risk youth, ethno-cultural groups, seniors, physically or mentally challenged, etc.) as practical and/or appropriate. We are building a facility which can adequately support the increased need for storage, space, training and safety such additional programming requires.
Supports for Artists – Everyone Benefits
The City of London formally recognized the local importance of the arts when it issued its Creative City Task Force Report in April of 2005. This report calls for London to "broaden public access to the excellence and diversity of the local arts sector, and aggressively promote policies to attract and retain the creative class." The Report goes on to say that artists "need the support of each other and places they can meet to exchange ideas." This is exactly what a clay arts centre would do for professional as well as recreational clay artists in the area.
The quality-of-life and economic benefits of the arts in general are well documented. In particular, Richard Florida, in his influential work Cities and the Creative Class, highlights the importance of active artistic communities in attracting high quality personnel to a city.
A recent report by Ryerson University's Centre for the Study of Commercial Activity further demonstrates that arts and cultural facilities bring economic development and revitalization to neighbourhoods, in turn helping to attract additional businesses and consumers, reversing migration to malls and creating a more vital 'lived in' area that doesn't shut down at the end of the work day.
The Creative Cities organization (an on-line group of municipal employees across Canada working in arts, culture and heritage planning) suggests "new construction is not the only way the arts can bring activity into an area". The organization promotes arts activities as a means for uncovering "productive new uses for neighbourhood facilities and under-utilized or abandoned spaces.
Evidence, then, clearly suggests that the new London Clay Art Centre will help to revitalize an abandoned building in the London area, along with the area which surrounds it while bringing an economic boost to the area in general.
The Task Force report also says that artists in the area "must feel welcome and appreciated in the community and have gallery space to display their work."
The London Potters Guild has a strong record for fostering talent in the clay arts. We have also endeavoured to teach our members important business and studio management skills to help foster successful arts careers. Many of our members, however, still struggle to make a living pursuing their craft in the London area. The London Potters Guild can cite a number of outstanding professional potters who moved to London and have been unable to support themselves in the field.
The London Clay Art Centre provides studio space and a visible forum for emerging artists who need a launching pad for their career. This, in turn, will help young artists remain in the area to pursue their careers, rather than leaving the city or turning to other endeavours.
The London Clay Art Centre is also creating a number of important employment opportunities for Guild members and recent arts program graduates from the area.
London's excellent geographic location, the accomplishments of the London Potters Guild and complementary programming and services in the area combine to make it clear that there is significant potential for establishing London as a premiere destination for Ceramic Art in south-western Ontario.
This goal is echoed in the Creative City Task Force report, which calls for London "to assume its position as the 'Regional Capital' of south-western Ontario."
The London Potters Guild has traditionally served an area well beyond the boundaries of the City of London. London's location along the Highway 401/402 corridor has made it convenient for individuals from Sarnia to Hamilton and many points in-between to utilize our services and attend our workshops. Note the following map, which shows the distribution of current guild members and attendees for our 2005 workshop series:
London is already well on its way to becoming a natural focal point for clay art in southwestern Ontario. Thanks to the London Potters Guild, the City of London was given the distinct honour of being asked to serve as host city for a province-wide conference on clay and glass art. London proudly welcomed the 1987 Fusion (Ontario's Clay and Glass Association) conference, which brought clay and glass enthusiasts from all over Ontario to the London area for several days. We have been asked to once again serve as host city for Fusion conference in 2012, and are proud to show off the new London Clay Art Centre to more than 200 conference attendees.
There are a number of other organizations in the area that offer complementary goods and services. These organizations further enhance London's capacity to serve as a regional focal point for clay art. They include:
Hutton House - well known for its line of high-quality stoneware pottery created by persons with disabilities.
Fanshawe College – this learning institution offers a well-known and respected applied arts program.
University of Western Ontario – the university is home to a top-of-the-line gas kiln as part of its Fine Arts program.
Bealart Program - southwestern Ontario's "Premium Secondary School Art Program," featuring ten fully equipped art studios and clay art instruction and facilities.
If you would like more information, please contact:
Darlene Pratt
Help us build our future!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


It has been just over three years since I last saw Himi-chan, and when I said good-bye to her at Narita airport that day, I couldn't imagine that our next meeting would look like this!
During the years that my two girls were growing up, the thought that they might one day become mothers was always present, so there is no reason to feel too surprised that Himi now has a child of her own. But that the day has arrived so quickly ... now that's a surprise!
Family news provides the 'main story' in this issue - I made a quick trip over to Vancouver to meet the new arrival in the family, and brought back a few photos for you.
There are new arrivals in Mokuhankan this time too, with a small collection of books joining the prints in the slowly growing catalogue. Do you think colouring books are only for children? Perhaps there is a surprise for you here!
There is also - wonder of wonders! - an update to the Studio Diary construction report series, some thoughts on next year's work, and then everything is rounded off with Sadako's Corner.
As I mentioned in previous issues of the newsletter, daughter Himi got married last November to a young Romanian man. As it turns out, the two of them haven't wasted any time in working on a family 'expansion', and they presented me with my first grandchild at the end of August. I had hoped to be able to visit them in time for the birth, but little Alexandru decided to come a couple of weeks early, and I missed the main event. But it was perhaps just as well; things had settled down and I was able to spend quite a lot of 'quality time' with the little guy.
Ioan has become a landed immigrant in Canada, and - in the classic pattern for immigrants - not only has found his first employment, but is already planning how he can move up to a better position in the company. He and Himi both seem eager to work hard to build a good life for their family, and it is going to be interesting to see what sort of adventures they have along the way!
As you can see from this snapshot on the right, little Alex is certainly having no chance to get 'lonely' these days. Although I imagine my mother isn't too happy to think of herself as a 'great-grandma', I suppose that is mitigated somewhat by the pleasure she gets from her time with the new baby (that's 'great-aunt' Sherry helping with the tickling chores ...).
The new baby is of course the main 'news' this time around, but during the first week of my stay in Vancouver, I was able to spend plenty of time with Fumi as well, as she had some free time before heading off for her next year of university. I can't say that I regret my life in Tokyo away from my family, but doing this - sitting on a sunlit café terrace with one of my interesting daughters - is something I would like to do a lot more frequently!
Here's a close-up shot of the guest of honour; bath time is about the only chance to get a clear picture of him - at other times he's either sleeping, or getting a face-full of milk!
For our final snapshot in this little 'album' we'll look in on great-grandad ... What does a professional musician do when he retires from a lifetime of making music? He takes up a new instrument ... of course!
Every year, as the days shorten and the weather starts to turn cooler, the turn of the season brings certain changes to the pattern of life here at the Seseragi Studio. Boots the cat certainly takes notice of the change - she has shed so much of her thick black hair during the summer that she feels it very vividly when the cool days of autumn arrive suddenly! She changes her sleeping pattern - abandoning her chair in front of the open window, and trying to huddle near me instead.
I too have my season 'switch', and of course do the usual things that everybody does - prepare warmer bedding and pull some sweaters out of the closet - but autumn also brings to me something that it may not bring to many people ... my annual drowning!
For eighteen years my printmaking work has followed a strict pattern: I make a set of prints during the year, exhibit them in January, and then make another set the following year, around and around the cycle. Some years ago, during the time I was making the long Hyakunin Isshu series, the pattern of work was set in stone for the entire ten years, but since the end of that project, I have had to start fresh each year.
Sometimes I continued with the same theme from one year to the next - making multiple 'volumes' of my Surimono Albums for example - but recently I have produced a completely new project every year. Of course, in order to announce a new series in January, complete with custom-made case, a sensible selection of prints, and carefully thought-out details, I must start planning months earlier, and that is why as autumn deepens, my thoughts turn to the huge question I must face yet again - "what to do next year?"
Why did I use the word 'drowning'? Because there are so many print projects that I would like to be able to try! As I sit in my room browsing through my library of prints and books, it is difficult to restrain myself; each time I turn a page and see another beautiful print, I think to myself "Yes, this one! That will be next!" It's a good thing that my interest lies with prints, and not with food, because if it were the pages of menus that I turned over so eagerly, I would end up so fat I wouldn't be able to get through the door!
So even though I am daily buried in work on the current print projects - the Kaigetsudo Scroll and the Small Print Collection - I keep returning to my shelves to try and find an answer to that question constantly in my mind: what kind of project can I put together for next year that will fit the requirements: provide me with a worthwhile challenge, be interesting to potential collectors, be economically feasible (adequate income for me, yet not too expensive for the collectors), and, what is perhaps most important - be something worth doing?
It is indeed a difficult puzzle. Will I find a solution again this year? We'll all find out in January!
When I started my Mokuhankan publishing venture earlier this year, it was with the intention of bringing beautiful woodblock prints to the market. I can't say that I thought much about it beyond that. Along the way though, other ideas have pushed their way into the mix, and it seems as though Mokuhankan is perhaps going to become David's 'brand' ... an umbrella under which other activities will also be included. So here we go - announcing a small collection of books now available from Mokuhankan!
This is the print version of the stories published on my 'A Story A Week' website during the first half of this year. Why should only people who use a computer have all the fun! The complete text of the 26 stories issued from January through June is included, and each story is accompanied by a short vocabulary in Japanese containing some of the more difficult words and phrases.
This is a colouring book that uses images from my well-known Hyakunin Isshu poetry series. Japanese readers know that colouring for adults has become a huge boom in Japan recently, and these images make a perfect theme for this!
Thirteen of the poets are represented in this book, each one twice - in a colour reproduction of my original print, and then in outline form ready for colouring.
A special extra section includes four of the designs from my Hanga Treasure Chest series, ready for colouring, then to be trimmed and mailed as postcards.
This book is available in bookstores across Japan; if your local shop doesn't yet have a copy, they can easily order it for you.
All these publications can be purchased via the order form at http://mokuhankan.com. I hope you will find some of them interesting!
With winter coming closer, I again feel pushed to get a bit more work done on the construction in the workroom downstairs. But before this next stage of work can be done, I have to dig my way through three years worth of wood chips that have built up underfoot. I can't believe I've actually been working down here for that long now!
The immediate goal is to finish off the alcove where I sit to work. After the chips were out of the way, I built a panel for the front face of the working platform, and fitted it with three dimmer switches. These will control the lighting on three tracks that will be mounted on the wall between the windows.
Here's a night view of the alcove with the carving bench in place. When I work at night like this, I get a lot more done, as I don't get distracted by the view of the river outside! But look at those ugly unfinished walls ... time to get busy with the final step, window casings and plastering!
All the way through this construction, the complex geometry of this alcove has made it a bit difficult to get the parts to fit correctly. The window sills took quite a bit of careful measuring, but I managed to get them all to fit in place perfectly snugly.
I had expected the plaster to be mixed with some kind of straw, but was a bit surprised to learn that here in Japan, a kind of seaweed is used instead.
I think this will probably be the last bit of construction this year. The next job in line is the ceiling, and that's something that will need quite a bit of time set aside for it - time that is going to be in short supply over the next few months, as I get cracking on the scroll printing!
One of my hobbies is gardening. After the hot lazy summer days I have been busy with weeding and preparation for the oncoming winter. Almost every day I stride into bushy areas with sickle in hand and pull out 'unwelcome' weeds wildly flourishing among the plants which I carefully planted in spring. I then throw those troublemakers into a large plastic compost bin. As I basically don't use any chemical pesticides or herbicides, all this debris becomes an important resource, being recycled as nutritious soil for my garden.
One particular point about weed disposal has always been troublesome for me: can I throw weeds that have gone to seed into the compost? Whenever I asked this question, some said 'no' and some 'yes'. I had gone through books and learned that the temperature inside the compost gets quite high and breaks almost everything down, so I optimistically adopted this theory and have been using all weeds for recycling.
"How silly I had been, making unnecessary work for myself! If I had thought a bit deeper it was such an obvious point ... Wait a moment ... this can be applied more generally, can't it? Knowledge is important and we should listen to what other people say. But all such information needs to be digested carefully. It is important to remember that no two situations are exactly the same, and knowledge must be adapted. This is the way we utilize knowledge fully to cope with a problem or make a judgment. Nowadays many people must be suffering from 'indigestion'; we are fed too much information day after day. There is an expression in Japanese - big head - to indicate a person who has plenty of knowledge but can't put it to any practical use. Well well, the path to becoming a 'wise person' is very long for me. To take such a long time to reach such obvious conclusions ... but at least I'm getting there!"
By the way, I hadn't expected Dave to be able to turn up such a useful gardening book for me; this one will become my bible! He might ... yes, he must have observed me well and searched for the best one out of a mountain of books! Smart guy!
How many readers of this newsletter will remember this photo, which appeared in the second issue, back in the winter of 1990?
Appearing with me in the picture is Mimi-chan, the cat my two daughters had brought home from the park about a year before, and who was my constant companion through those years, sleeping on my lap during my long hours of work every day. When the girls moved to Canada in 1996 though, Mimi-chan went with them, and that was the end of our 'relationship'. But look at this!
I sit down on the floor of Himi's home during my visit, and guess who climbs 'on board'! Seventeen years old now, Mimi-chan certainly isn't as vigorous as she once was, but she still recognizes a comfortable place to sleep!


After two seasons within Ibiza's real estate market as "the long term rental boys" the time is right now to fully enter the property sales market on Ibiza.
We first wanted to build up the long term rental brand and get that fully established. Due to the time restraints there wasn't a lot of time to react to sales requests from both owners and buying clients.
We always found it hard not responding to these requests but it was necessary to keep our full focus on what we were doing.
Slowly but surely we have freed up more time to broaden are focus and can now offer a variety of sales properties to our clients.
The Ibiza property market can be a "jungle" and we will do our very best to assist you and create a pathway through to realizing your dream of owning a property on the White Island.


text:
And Then There Were None (Mass Market) By Agatha Christie $8.99
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Death on the Nile [Movie Tie-in 2022]: A Hercule Poirot Mystery (Mass Market) By Agatha Christie $9.99
Still Life: A Chief Inspector Gamache Novel (Paperback) By Louise Penny $17.99
April in Spain (Hardcover) By John Banville $27.99
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Magpie Murders: A Novel (Paperback) By Anthony Horowitz $17.00
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Death on the Nile: A Hercule Poirot Mystery (Hercule Poirot Mysteries #17) (Paperback) By Agatha Christie $15.99


text:
Q: Unsupported type UString using Aeson with MongoDB BSON I am attempting to use Data.Aeson.TH deriveJSON to generate the ToJSON and FromJSON instances for MongoDB Data.Bson.
At the moment I am using:
$(deriveJSON id ''Data.Bson.Field)
$(deriveJSON id ''Data.Bson.Value)
$(deriveJSON id ''Data.Bson.Binary)
$(deriveJSON id ''Data.Bson.UUID)
$(deriveJSON id ''Data.Bson.UserDefined)
$(deriveJSON id ''Data.Bson.Regex)
$(deriveJSON id ''Data.Bson.Symbol)
$(deriveJSON id ''Data.Bson.MinMaxKey)
$(deriveJSON id ''Data.Bson.MongoStamp)
$(deriveJSON id ''Data.Bson.Javascript)
$(deriveJSON id ''Data.Bson.ObjectId)
$(deriveJSON id ''Data.Bson.MD5)
$(deriveJSON id ''Data.Bson.Function)
$(deriveJSON id ''Data.Bson.UString)

Which generates the following error at compile time:
Exception when trying to run compile-time code:
Data.Aeson.TH.withType: Unsupported type: TySynD Data.UString.UString [] (ConT Data.CompactString.UTF8.CompactString)
Code: deriveJSON (id) 'UString

I think the issue here is that the string inside the BSON document is a Ustring. I need to convert or otherwise map the the UString expected within the BSON data to another String type ... but stumped as to how.

A: As I mentioned, Aeson does not support type synonyms, but nothing prevents us from unfolding UString.
type UString = Data.CompactString.CompactString
type CompactString = Data.CompactString.Internal.CompactString UTF8

So, this one (instead of derive for UString) will work:
$(deriveJSON id ''Data.CompactString.Internal.CompactString)
$(deriveJSON id ''Data.CompactString.Encodings.UTF8)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Greetings, my dearest friends. There is a great, warm current of strength and love gathered here. This blessing is the result of your efforts, your growth, your struggle in the right direction. Every one of you here has contributed to it — as also have some of my friends who are not present tonight.
With this lecture I shall try to help you a step further toward the goal. Now, what is the goal? Spiritual literature and religious teachings, in all cultures and in all places, in one form or another, century after century, always speak about "the Fall of the Angels," or "the fall from grace." What does this mean? Humankind usually interprets "the Fall" in a literal way, as an event in time and space, as something that happened once upon a time in a certain place. Through their actions, some individuals were displaced from one spot to another — or sent down to another geographical sphere. This, of course, is a gross misunderstanding, for what is meant by the story, and what seems so hard for people to understand, is nothing more and nothing less than a change in one's state of mind. To be separated from God is a state of mind, or a state of consciousness. And to return to God, to one's Creator, is again a state of consciousness.
After you have reached a certain stage on your path of development, you discover within yourself a power and intelligence other than your usual conscious mind, which feels as though it were a separate being. A different, vaster kind of being seems to be dwelling within. It is as though two brains existed — the second, recently discovered, being much wiser in its guidance than the old one. It makes you experience yourself in a much more satisfying way.
Of course, this is an illusion, because there are not two separate entities, but at this point you have taken the first step toward your reunification with the Divine. You are no longer completely separated from it. You are able to be activated and moved by it. It is all one consciousness, though still separated or divided. This separation constitutes what in religion is referred to as the "Fall of the Angels." In psychology, a different terminology is used to describe the identical process. Integration means nothing other than reunification with the Divine. Psychology also acknowledges that the integrated, healthy person functions from the center of his or her being.
The separation from the center is the wall of not knowing that this inner center of wisdom, love and power exists. You therefore do not seek contact with it, hence more confusion, error and ignorance arise. The less aware you are of this inner center, the greater your separation from it will be.
When, due to increased self-awareness, parts of the wall begin to crumble while other parts still persist, occasional contact with the inner center gives the appearance that two minds, two beings, are present. When parts of the inner self come forth, carrying infinite possibilities for bliss, for good, for limitless expansion, they seem to be totally unconnected with the familiar personality.
This inner center is the divine consciousness. It permeates the entire universe, it comprises all. Hence, the inner center of each human being is one with the inner center of every other human being. All are filled with the living unity that knows no conflict and no limitation. The creative power at work in any life process is all one and the same. The separation of matter and consciousness is illusion. This illusion is the real meaning of what religion refers to as separation from God, or the "Fall of the Angels." The state of bliss that results from working oneself back to integration and contact with the inner center is the goal not only of this path but, on an unconscious level, of every living being.
The power contained in the nucleus of your being is so vast that you cannot conceive of it, my friends. Only gradually can you test it and see it at work — and marvel at it. You will see it, first in smaller ways, which nevertheless appear almost miraculous. As you perceive more and extend your concepts and your vision, you will see it work in many wonderful ways. If you choose to call this power into being, you will find it to be so vast that you cannot conceive of having it, or being it or being activated by it. It is as simple as that.
At the moment, most of you are still separated from this power for you do not really believe that you have all you need to expand, to be in harmony, in the dynamic, creative life process in which you give and receive all that you can possibly dream of.
Not being aware of the life-center is directly connected with not being aware of the negative causes that you set in motion. The pathwork must primarily be concerned with uncovering the images, the wrong concepts, the destructive emotions and behavior patterns. To the extent that these are changed, awareness of the Divine in you will follow.
The negative part of the personality can also appear as a separate, foreign consciousness dwelling within. In the first attempts to bring hitherto unconscious destructive material to the surface, the individual often feels as though an indwelling destructive entity, over which there is no control, were at work. You first ascribe negative events to fate, and you fear the world and life. Then, when you uncover your unconscious destructiveness, you begin to fear your own unconscious, over which you seem to have no control. Here, too, you feel as though two separate entities were involved: your familiar conscious self, with its aims and thoughts, and the newly discovered unconscious, with its entirely opposite negative aims and thoughts. As you proceed in the work you gradually eliminate the separating factors. You begin to own up to and feel responsible for this indwelling "entity." You connect with it and can identify with it. Hence you can take responsibility for it and become one with it. Its workings are no longer separated from your conscious will. Thus your ego integrates with a part of yourself that has led you into blind alleys. But now the wiser ego can determine the way. The struggle between the educated ego and the indwelling destructive element ceases as soon as the outer ego is able to recognize its oneness with the destructive element.
The process is identical when you meet the divine center. You are at first as unaware of it as you are of the destructive processes. As the mind questions its previous perception and begins to visualize new possibilities, what was buried comes to the fore. This process applies to the destructive as well as to the most constructive and creative elements in you. The manifestations of both at first seem disconnected from the self. Only when you accept that they, too, are part of the self can the self own up to them and integrate them. In this process the negative dissolves, and the Divine activates and moves the conscious ego more and more, until the ego becomes one with it.
Consider any momentary undesirable mood or situation you seem unable to change. Somewhere in you there must be a point where you have deliberately produced the undesirable element, otherwise you would not be in this situation. As long as you ignore the connection between your wanting the result you now suffer from and experiencing this result, you must be frantic and frightened. You do your best not to admit that this is a self-induced process, however; you prefer to attribute it to unkind fate. You struggle against seeing your own involvement. But once you want to see the connection, you will see it. Then you will be free, even while you are still imperfect. Where you have made this recognition you will no longer feel helpless and controlled by powers you cannot understand. If you ignore your part in creating your present predicament and deny that you continue to activate it, you truly defeat yourself. You must recognize this fact and thus eliminate your ignorance.
The moment you consider that whatever you experience is a result of some cause you have set in motion, the moment you say "I must somehow have produced it, I want to see where and how" and then let go and let your positive inner powers produce the answers, you must inevitably come into possession of this knowledge. In that moment, you will experience the first inkling of peace and of a state of fearlessness, because you are, within yourself, contemplating your own cause and effect. I have discussed this in different contexts before. I repeat it because a number of my friends need it badly. The truth is easily forgotten when it has not become second nature in the process of growing. It is also necessary to outline again the parallel between the negative and positive inner processes. The more aware you are of both possibilities within, the more you can integrate and identify with both, so that the negative dissolves and the positive takes over.
You cannot gain awareness of either unless you contemplate the cause and effect and cultivate it with your conscious ego. As you own up to the negative aspects in you, you will be capable of claiming for yourself the greatest power there is. As you take ownership and responsibility for the destructive in you, it no longer rules you, and you become capable of taking responsibility for the best in creation — the divine in you. When you are no longer ruled by the destructive because you accept it as part of you and thus establish self-determination, the vastest universal force will empower and activate you to accomplish hitherto undreamed-of results. As you see how the destructive elements in you work and what motivates them, they will cease to frighten you, for you will be able to determine their course. At the same time you will no longer be frightened by the greatest positive power dwelling within you. You will be able to use it by building molds for it with your conscious mind. As long as you fear the destructive in you, you must also fear the divine in you. You will cease to fear the destructive only if and when you are willing to face it squarely.
Becoming integrated with your divine center does not happen all at once. As you know, these processes are gradual. In some areas you may already be quite free and may have established a direct contact with the center of the inner self, which brings the most favorable consequences in inner and outer life experience. Other areas may still be walled in by lack of awareness. In those areas you may still not see where and how you activate the negative processes, and therefore you cannot deliberately activate the positive ones. Your will is blocked and paralyzed. You may be perfectly able to communicate with your inner nucleus and be guided and moved by it in wonderful ways in all areas where you have gained freedom through awareness, but in areas of unawareness you are incapacitated from doing so. Hence, in these areas you are separated from knowing what destructive elements are at work as well as from the power that can help you grow out of this disconnection. For such situations this lecture will be helpful.
You will learn to understand how these laws work and how you can use the powers of your mind and will. As you understand their potency you will no longer feel a separation between your conscious intelligence and will, which form the active outer mind and personality, and that inner, vast divine self, the center of your inner being, which is at the same time the center of the universe.
As long as you are separated from the center you must be weak and lost. Your separated brain and personality cannot do what can be accomplished solely in cooperation with the inner center. The outer personality levels serve one purpose: to reach the inner being, to know the power of the inner being, to conceive of the beauty and the possibilities of the inner being, to establish a deliberate contact with the inner center. The outer self has to allow itself to be guided, moved and filled with what comes forth from the inner self. When the outer personality deliberately makes room for it, the inner self will spontaneously manifest. In this process the outer personality will eventually integrate with the inner nucleus.
When your outer self tries to accomplish that which the inner being alone is capable of doing, you cannot succeed. You must run into confusion and difficulties, fear and pain. You inevitably struggle in a most frustrating way. In its oblivion to the inner core, the outer self will try as hard as it can to control what it cannot control. This struggle causes more tension, anxiety, sense of failure and fear of defeat. But the exhaustion of this futile struggle, with all its senseless outer pressure, also induces the personality to give up in areas where it is most necessary to persevere. For purposeful activity the exact reverse is needed: Where the personality forces and pushes, letting go and giving in to the superior force within the self is necessary. Where the personality gives up in a hopeless, resigned way, without formulating thoughts that can activate the inner nucleus, you need to apply effort and will. Unfortunately, too often the line of least resistance prevails in those thought processes that indulge in negativity, while the outer will fights, struggles and presses for a desired result that cannot come as long as the inner faculties are left out of commission. This tense and anxious pushing occurs in a very subtle, yet very real way. It is directed toward others who, one insists, have to behave in a certain way to enable the self to accomplish its goal. The pushing is also directed toward the resisting self which cannot be forced to feel differently as long as the personality ignores that definite "reasons" exist for its resistance.
As you progress on your path, you will observe this imbalance of control within your personality. Then you can correct it. You will become acutely conscious of how you give in to the most destructive thought patterns and emotions. You will see how in this respect you choose the line of least resistance. Now that your thoughts are no longer hazy, you can evaluate their effect, halt them, and choose a constructive pattern of thinking, feeling and willing. In the areas of your momentary problem you will formulate the one constructive wish to reach inside and deliberately activate the vaster divine self that dwells deep within you.
This is not difficult to do. It is, in fact, a much easier course than your present struggle. If only you would say, "I, with my outer being, cannot solve this problem. But I know that I must be in confusion and untruth because I am driven to think, feel and act in a way that produces hopelessness, fear, frustration, feelings of doubt. I will now deliberately contact and activate the most constructive center of my innermost being and let it move me into the thoughts and realizations I need to have right now, into actions and feelings that are good and productive in this moment." And then, let go and let be — and let it move you! Let it think through you! Let it feel through you! This is all you have to do. In this way, you activate that most potent live center. It will guide you step by step.
The process I have just described is obviously not one-time and final, though at the beginning you may feel that way. You may pull yourself together and follow this advice and, indeed, experience the most favorable result. But then you may assume that this is it and no further steps are needed. Of course this does not suffice, because you are still at the beginning of the process of integration, which cannot exist without conscious effort. You must work for integration by the same process of conceiving, formulating and activating the proper thoughts and will, of calling forth the inner center. And you must repeat the process.
Each juncture presents different roadblocks to recognize and eliminate. Each time difficulties and negative moods appear, you must halt the negativity that seems so easy to give in to and fight to contact the inner being. This is not so hard. It really is rather easy. Each time you do it, you remove another brick from that separating wall. More understanding, more life must result, so that eventually you will feel this greater power moving you as your power. You will feel a oneness between your outer self and the center you call into manifestation by a deliberate thought process. It will no longer seem as though a second consciousness existed in you, or as though the manifestations in your outer life had nothing to do with you. You will be connected both with the negative causes you had not seen before and the positive powers you never dreamed possible. As a result you will be filled with productive thoughts of truth, expansion and a wider vision. Each situation will offer many possibilities for desirable solutions and for creative growth. You cannot emerge from any difficulty if you trust the outer mind exclusively. Let the outer mind be filled with the inner being. Only then can you find the way out of each specific problem.
The reestablishment of the correct balance of control can best be demonstrated with the following example. Each human being needs and wants love. When a proper balance of control exists in this respect, you give of yourself freely and fearlessly. At the same time, you free the loved one. You do not force, you do not need to possess, you do not need to own, and you do not need to exert a tight control and pressure. You therefore cannot be owned or controlled either. Hence, you need not fear to love and to be loved. You must realize, in this frame of mind, that love is the greatest freedom, that it must come to you, if you let it, and you do not have to fight or push for it. You can let others be free because you know you receive what is yours. And love is yours because you do not block it, fear or resist it. Love is a floating continuum that can never be taken away from you, as long as you do not take it away from yourself. There is no end to it, as long as you do not end it. It is utterly safe, there is no danger and no conflict attached to it. To give of yourself, to love and to contribute, does not therefore imply a loss of control. You are in the true sense of the world "self-determining." Control, in the best sense, is yours, without tightness or fear.
In distortion, in false control, you are again in an either/or situation. You are not loving and you do not let go. You envisage either the false version of love or the false version of letting free. To love in a distorted way is martyrdom, self-effacing submission, self-destruction for the sake of the "loved one." To be loved, in the distorted version, is to possess and control the "loved one" completely. Hence the fear that to love means possession, submission and martyrdom. You yearn for love, yet you are afraid of it and you resist it. You rightfully doubt your power to own and control another person to the extent you believe it necessary. Fear of being controlled — to love — and fear of not being able to control — being loved — lead to the false version of letting go, which is withdrawal, indifference, non-involvement, non-commitment, numbness of feelings, separateness and refusal to love.
When you are involved in this distortion, you cannot see that love and freedom are one. You associate love with lack of freedom. Even if you know better intellectually, emotionally you cannot experience the mutual freedom of true love.
The outer mind, intellect or will cannot resolve such a struggle. Activate the inner center by expressing that you want to give of yourself freely, without fear of being controlled. Express your desire to feel and experience the oneness of love and freedom. Request guidance to get you to this stage by establishing the necessary sense of integrity and self-acceptance. You will discover that the more you love, the more freedom and selfhood you have. If you express this possibility as a formulated thought, and then activate the inner powers to help you experience it, you must emerge from out of whatever problem you may find yourself in at the moment.
Your loneliness, your fears and conflicts come down to this: You do not do the only purposeful thing, to activate the divine nucleus within yourself. It is the only real, relaxed and productive control. For this inner center can indeed solve all problems, if only you let it. And you let it only when you call upon it. It is the inner being, right in you, that knows and understands the process of love without danger, of giving love and freedom and therefore of receiving love and remaining free. Your outer self does not understand this. You cannot produce a state of mind that you do not truly comprehend. Your inner self can help you. Call upon it.
Your inner nucleus, with its powers, can solve all your problems. Whatever your misconceptions are, this in-dwelling consciousness can change them into truthful states of mind. It is always ready to respond, but it must be specifically contacted. It will fill you with new, stimulating, challenging thoughts, outlooks and ideas. It will lead you into feelings of truth and beauty. Its guidance is invaluable. If you call upon it, it must respond, for this is the law. This is no magic, it is not an inconceivably difficult feat that you have to master. You can do it right now, if you so choose.
All real and constructive actions and experiences in life come forth from this inner center, from your innermost self, your nucleus, the divine substance that is with you and in you at all times. It cannot respond unless your outer mind, which is separated from the nucleus, deliberately establishes contact with it.
The comprehension of this process and its follow-through is the greatest need for all my friends today. No matter how much we have talked about it, you still forget it, overlook it, neglect it, fail to act upon it. You give in to the negative, the destructive so easily! You entrust yourself so readily to the outer mechanics where the negative processes sweep you into a vortex. You have to rediscover again and again that you started the negative chain reaction deliberately at one point. Then it got out of hand until it seemed that you could no longer control it. But you can — by the simple formulation of the right thought and desire. This is the only constant effort you need to go through life, my friends. When you remain separated from the inner nucleus, you are needlessly exhausted. You do not make that one effort to deliberately contact the inner power, to activate you and to fill you with what you need most. When you do not make the effort, you use a hundred times more energy than is necessary to make this specific choice. The wasted energy produces failure and disappointment when you give in to the line of least resistance exactly in the area where you need to persevere. You make a tremendous effort to escape the negativity you have produced and chosen to submit to in the first place.
When you reverse this process and use your energy to halt destructive processes, when you deliberately contact the powers within, your inner wisdom will activate you. This is a spontaneous process that comes quite effortlessly. But first you must pull your thoughts together. You must want to entrust the self to the divine power within. You must make that effort. You must clearly formulate the desire to emerge from any negative inner or outer situation. As you do this, reach for the inner power to lead the way, step by step.
Do not doubt the existence of your inner core, my friends. Even if some of you have not sufficiently experienced it yet, even if you still doubt, follow this process anyway. You can always express a clearly formulated desire for a constructive result. Even while you doubt the existence of the immediately accessible greater wisdom and power within yourself, honestly test it by allowing it to manifest "if it exists." If you merely argue against it, you are not honest in your doubt. You have nothing to lose, for you have amply experienced that relying solely on your outer faculties was how you got into the undesirable situation you find yourself in. Outer pressure — tension and forcing currents — have not accomplished anything. So try it this way now. Entrust yourself to the inner powers, which you do not have to pressure or direct, after you formulate the thoughts of constructive will. You will see it work.
My friends, I have given you a key that could get you across a major threshold, if you only use it. Use control the way I describe, instead of the way you did before. You may find areas where you already do that. You will see that in those areas your life is most successful. Things go smoothly and effortlessly. In fact, you no longer have to make an effort with your outer mind to formulate constructive desire and to contact the inner being, for you have already established unity. You have already come home. In those areas your consciousness is completely constructive in all of its expressions, the inner and the outer facets of consciousness are united. There is no division. You are in harmony, and there is no trace of destructive motivation in the remotest recesses of your personality. What religion refers to as "salvation" — and what psychology refers to as integration, mental health and emotional maturity — has taken place in these areas.
At the same time, other areas of your personality are still in the dark regions of conflict, error, separation, doubt, ignorance and destructiveness. There, if you use the key I give you, you can accelerate the process of development.
False control strengthens the wall of separation. Eliminate this wall by contacting deeper and vaster faculties to activate you, even while the wall is still present. Make this your main concern, my friends. Use this key wherever you see fit and wherever you feel you have the greatest need at any given moment. The more resourceful you become in formulating your needs where you wish for the inner center to guide and inspire you, to activate and fill you with truth, with constructive outlooks and energies, the more perfect the manifestations of the center will become. It will manifest in so many different ways that it will truly fill you with security and trust. Trust in yourself and in the life process.
Ask this constructive power, this nucleus of perfection and beauty, of health and wisdom, to give you the right ideas for removing the separating wall. Request it to inspire you with the most effective meditation at any given moment, so that even your outer mind, which must take the first step to establish the contact with the inner center, will be filled with the power and wisdom of your core. Thus the interaction will work both ways. The more you cultivate this process, the safer you will feel, and the more you will realize that no problem is without a solution. Salvation, my friends, lies exclusively in reuniting outer mind with inner nucleus. Salvation is so near, with all its truth and light and relief and happiness, but it just never occurs to you that it is within reach. Go into the deep center of yourself and the answers will come forth. Enlightenment will follow and crises will inevitably disappear.
An even greater force of love and power is now activated. Many of you here have not only understood, but have gained an insight, or a glimpse, a hope and a light. This light shows that you are not dependent on any outer power that has to be coerced, submitted to or cajoled. You have an immediately available power inside you. It is so secure and wonderful. Some of you here have perceived it and are on the verge of using it where you need it most. In doing so, you will soon be out of your crisis or your painful confusion.
Be blessed, all of you. Be in peace. Be in God!


text:
Q: Index and count unique combination of variables using R, but do NOT remove duplicates Take this data frame for example:
DT <- data.table(A = rep(1:3, each=4),
                 B = rep(c(NA,1,2,4), each=3),
                 C = rep(1:2, 6))

I want to append a column that assign index to unique combinations of A and B, but ignore C. I also want another column that count the number of duplicates, that looks like this:
    A  B C Index Count
 1: 1 NA 1     1     3
 2: 1 NA 2     1     3
 3: 1 NA 1     1     3
 4: 1  1 2     2     1
 5: 2  1 1     3     2
 6: 2  1 2     3     2
 7: 2  2 1     4     2
 8: 2  2 2     4     2
 9: 3  2 1     5     1
10: 3  4 2     6     3
11: 3  4 1     6     3
12: 3  4 2     6     3

I don't want to trim the data frame and (preferably)I don't want to reorder the rows.
I tried setDT, such as
setDT(DT)[,.(.I, .N), by = names(DT[,1:2])]

But the I column is not the index I want, and Column C is gone.
Thanks in advance!


text:
Dylan Anderson: The Wish List
Written by Katie Sloan
Published in	Features, Industry Voices
Vice President of Business Development, Dylan Anderson.
The backbone of Bellhops is our labor force, which is comprised of more than 5,000 college students spread across the country from Boston to San Diego. One of our goals at company headquarters is to stay in tune with the wants and needs of that team in the field.
To do this, we routinely survey them on everything from work satisfaction to pop culture trends. Recently, we asked our campus directors in the 90 markets we serve about their thoughts on student housing. When sifting through their responses it was obvious what three student housing elements were the most important to them.
It's no surprise that this was the most important consideration for college students when evaluating where they want to live. According to our survey, roughly 70 percent of our campus directors said location is the first thing they look for in a student housing property. Students prefer to be close to campus, and if possible, in proximity to other municipal amenities such as restaurants and entertainment venues. Being able to offer one of those is nice, but providing access to campus as well as extracurricular points of interest is ideal.
Access to adequate parking is also high on the student housing wish list. Like location preferences, that revelation isn't shocking. But there's more: an interesting caveat to survey answers was that a significant amount of respondents didn't seem concerned with daily come-and-go (to school) parking. More than half said they use, or would use, a campus shuttle service. The property that can offer tenants a place to easily park their automobile while also helping them get around the headache of on-campus parking (via shuttle) will stand out among the student housing crowd.
Hands down, dependable Wi-Fi was the most valued amenity to college students. A whopping 85 percent of respondents claimed it was extremely important to their lease-hunting decision. To put this in perspective, most students would rather pay for high-quality, reliable Internet service than have free parking. That might surprise some people. Gone are the days of providing so-so Internet service. If a housing complex wants to lure students in, Wi-Fi must be a priority.
Why? Further survey questioning revealed that over 98 percent of our Campus Directors regularly use two or more wireless devices. Read that again — 98 percent! Any double or triple occupancy unit must deliver a consistently strong signal to support that demand. Another caveat of interest is that 68 percent said they wouldn't sign up for cable if they had a solid Internet connection. Supporting this finding is the fact that 92 percent of our respondents have access to one or more online streaming subscriptions like Netflix, HBO Go, and Hulu. Providing such services might be a great value-add at lease signing.
It's important to supply these wish list items to stay ahead in an increasingly competitive student housing landscape. That said, the smart housing operator identifies ways to highlight these services at the outset of any tenant courtship. If these are, indeed, the most important features to students, they need to know about them early and often.
Dylan Anderson is the VP of Business Development at Commercial Bellhops.
commercial bellhops dylan anderson
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SHB Q&A: Newmark's Ryan Lang Discusses Advantages of Utilizing Proptech August 4, 2021
Sean Studzinski: The Five Key Differences in Prefabricated Modular Methods April 14, 2021
Naylor and Delcambre: The New Normal in Student Housing Design April 7, 2021
Justin Wybenga: Four Silver Linings of COVID-19 for the Student Housing Industry March 24, 2021
Carol Binzer Discusses the Impact of Winter Storms at Texas A&M University March 17, 2021
Student Housing Rounds COVID-19's Twists and Turns, Light Shines at the End of a Long Tunnel March 4, 2021
Brian DiPietro: Passive House Development — It's More Affordable Than You Think February 24, 2021
Rand Ginsburg: A Contactless Process — The Future of Move-In Post-Pandemic January 12, 2021
Michael Baird: COVID-19's Impact on Public-Private Partnership Funding December 22, 2020
Christopher O'Brien: Holiday Break — A Time to Re-Evaluate Goods and Package Distribution November 18, 2020
Jeff Amengual: Student Housing Rebounds in the Wake of COVID-19 September 14, 2020


text:
Bremecke may refer to following rivers of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany:

 Bremecke (Hoppecke), tributary of the Hoppecke
 Bremecke (Möhne), tributary of the Möhne

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Saify probably doesn't want to spend that much money.
Morton is brushing her horse.
Kirsten might be able to get your car running.
Marcel heard noise in the next room.
Vicky takes private French lessons.
I'll ask Kaj to join you.
Old wondered what Jinny would say.
You should've told me about what Diane did.
Reid refuses to buy anything made in China.
I saw Huey looking at himself in the mirror.
They wanted to know everything about Brandi.
Glenn told me what he saw.
Neal didn't have to go to Boston last week.
What did you buy from Tobias?
Harvey's book has been translated into many languages.
Penny doesn't look very strong.
Marian has no idea when Edmond will arrive.
Jurevis is writing a letter to Maria now.
Robin might be able to sing at your wedding.
Yea, that's all it is.
The US prepare new sanctions against Russia.
Jimmy was just trying to survive.
Nothing could've made Vincent happier.
Raja's parents let him stay out late at night.
Gregory will make a good doctor.
Amarth left before I got home.
Blair knows everything about cars.
Victoria has really helped the team.
My Latin teacher used to look down sternly on me over the rim of her glasses, but now I know it only had to do with the fact that she was wearing reading glasses and that she will have found it a nuisance taking them off all the time, so what looked like contempt towards us students might well and truly have been kindness.


text:
Freedom of Information Act applicable to all states in Nigeria, Appeal Court rules
April 13, 2018 Samuel Ogundipe
Freedom of Information Act (FoI). [Photo credit: Daily Trust]
Nigerian states have no powers to reject requests filed under the Freedom of Information Act (FoI), the Court of Appeal has ruled.
In a March 27 decision at the Akure Division, the Court of Appeal ruled that the requests for information, especially around public expenditure, under the FoI, are made in public interest and should be honoured by all states.
The decision came in an appeal filed by Martins Alo, a journalist, against the Speaker of Ondo State House of Assembly and Auditor-General of Ondo State.
Mr Alo had demanded the audited report of Ondo State Government between 2012 and 2014 to properly access how public funds are utilised in the state. But the request was rejected, prompting him to seek judicial redress.
The Akure Division of Ondo State High Court had previously ruled in 2016 that Mr Alo had no right to demand how the state was spending money, saying the FoI was not applicable to states and the request was not in public interest to begin with.
The judge, Williams Akintoroye, also said Mr Alo should pay a damage of N10,000 for wasting time and resources of the state.
But Mr Alo's lawyer, Femi Emodamori, appealed the ruling on behalf of his client, arguing that Mr Akintoroye erred in his judgment and that his client was acting in public interest.
A three-member panel at the Court of Appeal rejected Mr Akintoroye's ruling and agreed with the appellant that the FoI was applicable to states and it was in public interest for the state government to release its audited report.
The Court of Appeal judges who sat on the matter included Uzo Ndukwe-Anyanwu, Obande Ogbuinya and Ridwan Abdullahi.
Mr Ndukwe-Anyanwu wrote the lead opinion, saying Mr Alo has a right to act on behalf of the public to obtain the information from state authorities. He also quashed the N10,000 fine imposed by the lower court.
"In a democratic dispensation, such as the Nigeria's, the citizens have been proclaimed the owners of sovereignty and mandates that place leaders in the saddle," Mr Ogbuinya said in his concurring opinion.
The citizens have a right to know details of "expenditure of public funds generated from their taxes," Mr Ogbuinya added.
Several states, including Lagos, Adamawa, Akwa-Ibom and Ondo, have been rejecting FoI requests relating to their activities since the law was signed in 2011 by former President Goodluck Jonathan.
The states argued that the FoI is a federal law and its provisions are simply not binding on their respective jurisdictions, frustrating accountability efforts by media outlets and transparency advocates.
"The decision of the Court of Appeal is consistent with well-established principles of legislation," said rights activist Inibehe Effiong.
Mr Effiong, who has repeatedly filed judicial proceedings for public disclosure of expenditure by states, told PREMIUM TIMES the states are willfully wasting public funds in pursuing the cases because the Nigerian Constitution is clear on laws like FoI..
"By virtue of paragraph four and five in part two of the second schedule of the Constitution, the states should know that the National Assembly can make laws with respect to the archives and pubic records," he said. "The FoI Act is a law that stipulates how the public should have access to public record."
"Even if a State House of Assembly makes a law about how the public should have access to public record, such law would only be subservient to a similar one passed by the National Assembly.
'I am not surprised by the judgement. The states too know this but they're just wasting public funds in challenging the matter, he added.
"Only international treaties and instruments could be domesticated, you don't need to domesticate a federal law," the lawyer added. "Anyone who is aggrieved should proceed to the Supreme Court, but I am confident that the Supreme Court will uphold the ruling of the Court of Appeal."
It was not immediately clear whether Ondo State lawyers, led by Taiwo Olubodun, plan to appeal the ruling to the Supreme Court.
The Ikeja Division of Lagos State High Court had reached a similar conclusion in late last year, telling Lagos State government to immediately comply with all FoI requests because the state was bound to obey federal laws.
But the state rejected the ruling, filing an appeal to have it overturned.
The Court of Appeal in Lagos could either concur with its counterpart in Akure or give an opposite ruling, with the Supreme Court having the power to make a final interpretation of the law.
Samuel Ogundipe
Samuel Ogundipe is a general assignment reporter at PREMIUM TIMES. At various times, he has covered the Presidency, National Assembly and Defence.
Twitter: @SamuelOgundipe
ECO Crisis: Nigeria, other English-speaking countries demand ECOWAS meeting
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Illegal Dismissal: Nigerian Army suffers fourth defeat in court


text:
Q: Bound TextBox does not update I have a ComboBox bound to an ObservableCollection of objects (with several properties).  The Combo Box accurately displays the desired property of all objects and I can select any item from the Combo as expected.
<ComboBox Height="23" Name="comboBox1" Width="120" Margin="5" ItemsSource="{Binding Issues}" DisplayMemberPath="Issue" SelectedValuePath="Issue" SelectedValue="{Binding Path=Issues}" IsEditable="False" SelectionChanged="comboBox1_SelectionChanged" LostFocus="comboBox1_LostFocus" KeyUp="comboBox1_KeyUp" Loaded="comboBox1_Loaded" DropDownClosed="comboBox1_DropDownClosed" IsSynchronizedWithCurrentItem="True" />

I have a series of text boxes which are supposed to display other properties of the selected object.  This works fine too.
<TextBox Height="23" Name="textBox5" Width="59" IsReadOnly="True" Text="{Binding Issues/LastSale, StringFormat={}{0:N4}}" />
<TextBox Height="23" Name="textBox9" Width="90" IsReadOnly="True" Text="{Binding Path=Issues/LastUpdate, Converter={StaticResource TimeConverter}}" />

BUT... The properties of ObservableCollection are updated in the Code-Behind on a regular basis and I make a change to the OC by either adding or removing a dummy object in it every time the properties are updated.  (I found this simpler than other solutions).
BUT...the data in the TextBoxes DO NOT change! :-(  If I select a different object from the ComboBox I get updated info, but it does not change when the OC is changed.
The OC is composed of a bunch of these Objects:
public class IssuesItems
{
  public String Issue { get; set; }
  public Double LastSale { get; set; }
  public DateTime LastUpdate { get; set; }
  ...
 }

The OC is defined as:
public ObservableCollection<IssuesItems> Issues { get; set; }

and instantiated:
this.Issues = new ObservableCollection<IssuesItems>();

What am I doing wrong?  Everything I read says that when the LastSale and LastUpdate properties are changed in the OC (and I do something to force an update of the OC) the data in the text boxes ought to change.

A: ObservableCollection implements INotifyCollectionChanged which allows GUI to refresh when any item is added or deleted from collection (you need not to worry about doing it manually).
But like i mentioned this is restricted to only addition/deletion of items from collection but  if you want GUI to refresh when any underlying property gets changed, your underlying source class must implement INotifyPropertyChanged to give notification to GUI that property has changed so refresh yourself.
IssuesItems should implement INPC interface in your case.
Refer to this - How to implement INotifyPropertyChanged on class.
  public class IssuesItems : INotifyPropertyChanged
  {
      private string issue;
      public string Issue
      {
          get { return issue; }
          set
          {
              if(issue != value)
              {
                 issue= value;
                 // Call OnPropertyChanged whenever the property is updated
                 OnPropertyChanged("Issue");
              }
          }
      }

      // Declare the event
      public event PropertyChangedEventHandler PropertyChanged;
      // Create the OnPropertyChanged method to raise the event
      protected void OnPropertyChanged(string name)
      {
          PropertyChangedEventHandler handler = PropertyChanged;
          if (handler != null)
          {
              handler(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(name));
          }
      }
  }

Implement other properties just like Issue as mentioned above.