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Launch of "The Full Brexit"
We are pleased to announce the launch of a new campaigning network, "The Full Brexit". We launched this week with a letter in The Guardian:
You can read TFB's founding statement here, where you can also register as a supporter.
Most of The Current Moment's authors are involved in this new initiative, and you will recognise much of the analysis developed here at the heart of TFB. Our work on Brexit and the EU will mostly shift across to there, so we strongly encourage readers who want to keep following our analysis to subscribe to The Full Brexit. There's a form on the group's home page.
TCM will continue to host occasional posts on other aspects of Western politics.
Categories Brexit, European Union
Brexit is a strange, dreary spectacle: a grand political project floundering in a world empty of political imagination
Britain is taking back its national sovereignty without a vision of what national sovereignty is for. At the referendum the British people demanded their sovereignty, but in a time when their political and intellectual leaders have been talking down the idea of popular sovereignty for decades. The Mother of Parliaments is taking back its sovereignty, but the Mother of Parliaments is full of Remainer politicians who would have preferred that Brussels kept that responsibility instead.
And in amongst this is Jeremy Corbyn's Labour opposition, which has just proposed 'a new comprehensive customs union' with the EU after Brexit.
This may pay off for Corbyn as an opportunistic manoeuvre at home: a gesture to differentiate more clearly the opposition from the government on Brexit, a gesture to attract Remainer support, a gesture of 'moderation' in anticipation of office, and a gesture to Tory Remainer rebels to undermine Mrs May.
But it is hardly the kind of political vision that Brexit Britain needs. Taken as a vision of the future, Britain outside the EU but in a customs union with it seems the worst of both worlds: lacking both EU membership and sovereign independence – dictated to by the EU, but without the say in EU decision-making it would have had as an EU member. Who would choose such an option, unless forced to do so by the political failure to achieve anything better?
Some Brexiteers have denounced Corbyn's betrayal of Brexit and of working-class Brexit voters. They have a point. It is worth sparing a moment to appreciate how Corbyn – supposedly the spin-less 'conviction politician' – has so coldly treated his own Bennite Euro-sceptic convictions. See also the veteran leftie protester being applauded by representatives of Britain's decrepit bourgeoisie for selling out popular sovereignty in the name of economic caution, and for being a better conservative than the Conservatives. But then, arguably, why should we expect any better from a minor Bennite fossil leading a half-dead Blairite party reliant on an excruciating alliance with the left-overs of the twentieth-century Left, who have already cravenly surrendered the responsibility of sovereign democracy with the absurd excuse that Brexit is somehow intrinsically fascist?
But Brexiteers' snarling tone suggests their own insecurity on the subject of Brexit. For the real 'betrayal' of Brexit was months ago.
Brexit had historic promise to be the beginning of a revival of sovereign representative democracy in Britain by breaking with the condition of EU member-statehood. That revival should have begun with the Brexit process itself. A UK government which had taken the time and effort to trust democracy and unite a majority of voters behind a vision of Brexit would have been much stronger entering the negotiating room with the EU. It might even have had the democratic support and political will to threaten to walk away from a harmful deal dictated by the EU, which is so necessary in such negotiations.
But, as The Current Moment argued all along, Brexiteers made the mistake of failing to trust representative democracy, and instead rushed to trigger Article 50 and marched unprepared straight into the EU's favoured terrain: meeting-rooms safely closed off from democracy where they may bully smaller negotiating partners.
Instead of an open democratic Brexit, Britain has this mess. Instead of a democratic debate from the beginning about what to take into negotiations, the British people get this opportunistic manoeuvre by the opposition with the two-year negotiation period already half run. If Labour gains from this manoeuvre, it will only be because it, as the opposition, can profit from dissatisfaction with the failures of the government and the Brexiteers who have so badly bungled the task of leading a democratic Brexit.
Without political ideas that are up to the challenge of sovereignty and a break with member-statehood, this kind of opportunistic party manoeuvring within a decaying democracy is the future of Brexit Britain. Brexit is a beginning rather than the end of the break with member-statehood and the revival of representative democracy in Britain. Following Mr Corbyn's path may very well lead Britain to end up maintaining the conditions of member-statehood outside EU membership. And that should be an especially pressing concern for the followers of Mr Corbyn, since the condition of member-statehood proves to be a singularly toxic environment for social-democratic parties like Labour.
James Aber
Categories Article 50, Brexit, Corbyn, democracy, EU referendum, European Union, Euroscepticism, Labour Party, Leave, Left, Lexit, Remain, social democracy, Theresa May, Uncategorized
A Brexit Proposal – Bickerton and Tuck
Chris Bickerton (TCM contributor) and Richard Tuck, Professor of Government at Harvard University, are publishing today their pamphlet, 'A Brexit Proposal', which can be downloaded here – Brexit proposal 20 Nov final.
As two prominent supporters of Brexit, they lay out why Brexit is so important for the future of democratic politics in the United Kingdom and beyond, and they give details of what a vision of Brexit for the Left might amount to. They explain why the British Left has embraced a pro-EU position and why this belies a profound misunderstanding of the nature of 'ever closer union'. The pamphlet looks at all the outstanding issues in the negotiations – a financial settlement, Northern Ireland and EU citizens' rights – and what a solution to each of them might look like.
Categories Article 50, Brexit, Corbyn, democracy, elections, EU referendum, Eurogroup, European Union, Euroscepticism, Labour Party, Leave, Left, Lexit, Remain, social democracy, Theresa May, Uncategorized
Brexit and Academia
Over the last week, British universities have been all aflutter after a junior government whip, Chris Heaton-Harris, wrote to universities requesting the names of professors teaching about Brexit and their course materials. The letter triggered denunciations of "Brexit McCarthyism", swiftly followed by a Daily Mail campaign against "Remainer universities". An apoplectic reaction has followed from many academics, mingled with decidedly unamusing efforts to satirise the Mail.
Two contributors to The Current Moment have made public comments on the imbroglio, and the wider issue of academia's response to Brexit. Both are opposed to the witch-hunt initiated by Heaton-Harris but neither think universities are immune from bias. Chris Bickerton writes in The Sunday Times:
It is an irony of the EU referendum aftermath that so much time has been spent on lamenting the decline of tolerance and mutual respect by precisely those who have shown so little tolerance and respect towards those whose views on Europe differ from their own… This intolerance over Brexit is rooted in a lack of empathy with or interest in the lives of others, especially those outside one's social circle and lower down the ladder of income and education. Rather than engage in an argument or inquire into someone's reasons, one dismisses them as racists.
Meanwhile, Lee Jones comments on The LSE's Brexit Blog:
It is not exaggerated… to identify a strong academic "groupthink" around Brexit. Before the referendum, many universities and their sectoral bodies campaigned openly for Remain, with zero internal consultation and no consideration of the impact on scholars and students who disagreed with this. That they now object to being called "Remainer Universities" is frankly bizarre. Without exception, every academic I have met since the referendum automatically assumes that I voted Remain, and they often proceed to make disparaging remarks about Brexit and those supporting it. My immediate colleagues are delightful people, treating me more with bemusement than hostility. But an intimate friend of 10 years' standing, who is also an academic, cut me off completely after the referendum, accusing me of racism. I know other pro-Leave academics who have been blanked in the corridors or face derision or shouting matches for publishing articles critical of the EU and its leading politicians. One of the Guardian's "anonymous academics" complained of being treated like a "pariah" for supporting Leave. This kind of groupthink, and the disconnection from much of the rest of society that it implies, is not healthy for scholarship or teaching.
Categories Brexit, education
People of Europe, Look to Brexit Britain!
Back at the time of the Brexit referendum, we were told that the EU is horrendously flawed (democratic deficit, Eurozone crisis, Fortress EU drowning refugee children in the Med), but that we have no choice but to vote for it, because it is the only thing constraining the peoples of Europe from unleashing their basic Fascist urges and sweeping away our nice social-democratic bits and pieces like workers' rights and the welfare state.
But the brave voters voted for Brexit regardless, and, in the year since, Britain has seen pretty much the political opposite. The Right has been smashed. The BNP, Britain First and the EDL are scarcely to be seen, UKIP is crushed, the Tories are in government but disarray. The social-democratic Left is resurgent. Defying the long-term trend among social-democrat parties across the EU, Labour has bounced back from its decline, both in membership (it's now the largest party in Western Europe) and its vote. Plus – that has been under the leadership of the Left of the party, blowing apart the decades of Blairite dogma that had been killing off faith in democratic politics, especially among the young.
What about Europe?
The big French and German elections this year have seen exactly what the EU allegedly prevents. Social-democrat parties in decline (just 6% for the French Socialist candidate!) and far-right populism surging: France's National Front in second place, Alternative für Deutschland in third, gaining seats in the Bundestag for the first time.
And this is the big trend across EU member-states – social-democratic parties dying; right-wing populism surging. The Dutch Labour Party's vote plummeted by nearly 20% this year. A far-right candidate very nearly became President of Austria the year before. Right-wing xenophobic types are in power in Poland and Hungary.
Obviously, EU technocracy isn't the solution to populism, it's the cause. They feed each other. Distant, unaccountable, they're-all-the-same, technocratic politicians alienate the voters, who go to populist parties to cast protest votes. This scares the technocrats, who become more convinced that the voters are basically fascists, and so retreat further into the technocratic state away from the reach of democracy. Which then further alienates the voters. It's a vicious circle.
Britain voted to leave the EU – necessary, though not sufficient, for breaking the vicious technocracy-populism circle. Far from being a triumph for the populist Right, it has been a humiliation. UKIP is disintegrating at the loss of its single issue, and the Tory Brexiteer Right are being very publicly humiliated for their lack of leadership and the hollowness of their political vision. Meanwhile Labour, even under the leadership of a dim beardy CND leftie, is looking like the next government.
So I turn the warning around on the EU.
Want to save democracy and social-democratic policies from right-wing populism?
Then you must follow Britain's lead and exit the EU.
Categories Brexit, Corbyn, democracy, European Union, populism
General Election 2017: Corbynmania in Perspective
A year ago, following the EU referendum, many commentators were convinced that the Brexit vote had ushered in a generation of Tory hegemony, and the left would be permanently confined to the margins. Earlier this month, the Labour Party sharply improved its electoral performance with its most left-wing leader ever, and its most radical manifesto since 1983. Hailed by adoring Glastonbury crowds, Jeremy Corbyn himself has gone from zero to hero in a matter of weeks. Most of those commentators seem to have forgotten their earlier predictions in their haste to celebrate a Corbyn "victory". But their gushing enthusiasm is no more measured than their earlier gloom.
A proper reckoning with the election result needs to start from the position that the EU referendum was never a hard-right victory in the first place. It then needs to be remembered that Corbyn still lost the election. Labour won only 262 seats, on 40% of the vote, to the Tories' 317 seats, on 42.3%. Despite her manifest weaknesses, Theresa May won more votes than any prime minister since 1992. Corbyn's "victory" amounts to averting catastrophe and making the Labour Party look like a serious contender for power again. A sober analysis of how this was achieved tells a less heroic story than the myth now developing around Corbyn.
A combination of different factors, with strong regional variation, helped the Labour Party electorally. Moreover, underlying Corbyn's electoral success are elements of a political approach from Labour that is depressingly familiar and unattractive.
How Corbyn survived
Crucially, the Conservatives ran a totally dismal campaign. Theresa May was exposed as a robotic technocrat, shrill and inconsistent. She failed to persuade anyone but Tory and former UKIP voters that the election was solely about Brexit and her leadership, allowing Corbyn to reframe the election as being about socio-economic issues, where the Tories are weak.
Conversely, Corbyn had an excellent campaign from the outset – partly, it seems, by accident. In retrospect he appears to have ridden a tidal wave of support, but this is rather misleading. Whereas the Tories took the fight into apparently vulnerable Labour seats, Corbyn waged a defensive campaign in the Labour heartlands. Many rightly speculated that his remarkably large rallies in such areas were largely intended to shore up his position in the face of an apparently inevitably post-election leadership challenge. Instead, these events, widely covered on TV and social media, seemed to inspire people that something different was in the air. The "ground war" had a similar defensive quality, with Labour HQ instructing activists to shore up incumbents, rather than going on the attack. It was only as the polls shifted that grassroots campaigners, on their own initiative, shifted to proactive campaigning in neighbouring marginals.
Corbyn's team was able to quickly assemble a remarkably popular manifesto. Despite two years of relentless infighting and plots, party wonks had somehow managed to find time to work up and cost specific policies. This was a real game-changer. Many had previously been frustrated with Corbyn's apparent inability to translate fine-sounding words into concrete proposals; the sudden production of a costed manifesto gave him a serious edge over the visionless, warmed-over One Nation Toryism offered by Theresa May, in an uncosted manifesto that contained an electorally-deadly "dementia tax". The Corbyn team's leak of the draft manifesto was also a masterstroke. It confirmed the policies as widely popular, bouncing the party's general executive into approving it.
The popularity of Labour's policies was expressed in the remarkable cross-class support the party attained. This also reflects in part Corbyn's appeal to the populist mood, where he had the advantage of being a lifelong outsider – a position burnished by attacks over his previous positions and associations. By comparison, Theresa May looked every inch the elite technocrat that she is.
Labour won a plurality of votes among all workers, with only retirees backing the Tories. Much has been written since the election suggesting that Labour under Corbyn has essentially become a middle-class party. Although Labour's support has certainly become more middle-class over recent decades, there is no sign of any big shift under Corbyn specifically. If we look at how people in particular social grades voted, compared with 2015, Labour and the Tories both gained more support across all categories, but Labour still did a little better with less well-off voters. (NB this data measures occupational grade, not social class.)
AB C1 C2 DE
Labour 35 (+9) 41 (+12) 39 (+11) 46 (+12)
Conservative 44 (+4) 41 (+7) 44 (+12) 34 (+9)
Table 1: Proportion of voters within each social grade won by Labour and the Conservatives respectively
Nonetheless, what's striking is obviously the rather weak association between class and voting behaviour – especially when compared to age. Corbyn managed to boost substantially the Labour vote among under-45s – not merely among the very young (see Fig. 1). Early boasts from the NUS president of a record 72% turnout among 18-24s turned out to be self-congratulatory and baseless nonsense, but turnout did return to early-1990s levels (see Fig. 2). This is crucial insofar as there is now a yawning generational gap in voting patterns (see Fig. 3). After a decade of disengagement under New Labour, the EU referendum seems to have kick-started politics again for the youngest generation.
Fig. 1: Turnout by age group
Fig. 2: Conservative-Labour gap by age
Also crucial was Labour's stance on Brexit, where a triangulating fudge actually became an electoral asset. In pro-Leave constituencies, Corbyn's insistence on respecting the EU referendum result was decisive. As Paul Mason, who campaigned in several pro-Leave areas, reports, this was needed merely to gain a hearing for Labour on the doorstep. This helped to pull back 20-30% of UKIP's vote for Labour and held off the Tory advance in the North and Wales. Had Labour run on an anti-Brexit ticket, the Tory capture of Mansfield would have been replicated far more widely.
In some pro-Remain constituencies, however, particularly in the metropolitan areas, Labour candidates expressly pledged to oppose Brexit. This arguably helped attract votes from hardline Remainers and, coupled with substantial tactical voting, explains the significant swing from the Greens and LibDems to Labour. This is why Labour was able to hold constituencies like Bermondsey.
Finally, the terrorist attacks during the election campaign probably had some effect. The Manchester bombing had surprisingly little impact at first. As the person who facilitated the movement of Libyan radicals back and forth to the UK, Theresa May has escaped with staggeringly little accountability. However, nor were the Tories able to smear Corbyn as "weak on security". Instead, Labour adroitly made an issue of police cuts, while the Tories had little to offer but irrelevant and draconian measures like internet regulation. There was virtually no real discussion of the causes of Islamist terrorism (reversing police cuts won't solve the problem either), but Labour came out of these horrific events with a reinforced case against austerity.
The left has not yet closed the void
The electoral advance for the Labour Party is significant, but at this stage it would be unwise to put too much hope in it for a revival of mass politics.
In the first place, despite its vastly increased membership thanks to Corbyn, the Labour Party itself is still poorly suited as a vehicle for a new popular movement. Surprisingly little has been written on the Labour "ground war" but it does not seem that the party sought to harness its expanded membership as foot soldiers, and even the pro-Corbyn Momentum faction seemed to play a surprisingly weak role. This reflects the Labour party's attenuated internal democracy, which has made it resistant to, reluctant to engage with, and even suspicious of, the groundswell generated by Corbyn.
The party machinery, and its parliamentary wing, stayed remarkably disciplined during the campaign, particularly given the previous two years of backbiting. Thanks to the result, Corbyn's enemies are now forced to smile to his face. But they are still in position. Most party hacks, unelected and elected alike, remain opposed to even the mild social democratic programme that Corbyn stands for. Many campaigned by distancing themselves from him, to save their own skins. Their loyalty is paper thin; they are not true believers but rank opportunists who still believe, in their heart of hearts, in centrist, Blairite policies. It remains to be seen whether Corbyn has the political authority and will to restructure and democratize the party, as he often declares he wants to. His previous treatment of Momentum – cutting them off at the knees after an onslaught from his treacherous deputy, Tom Watson – suggests a reluctance to take the tough decisions needed.
More important, the party and its base remain deeply divided, socially and politically, most importantly over Brexit. The long-term decline of the trade union movement has resulted in Labour's support being more evenly split between its traditional, deprived, working-class heartlands and the relatively prosperous, liberal, metropolitan middle classes. Its disarray over Brexit expresses this divide. The election did not bridge the divide with a coherent new compromise; it did not even paper over the cracks, because different parliamentary candidates were campaigning on completely different platforms. If Labour was suddenly thrust into power it would struggle to offer anything more coherent than the Tories on the major task facing the country, and rifts would rapidly re-emerge.
A leading force in this division would be the leftists currently celebrating Corbynmania but who spent the last year sneering at Brexit voters as knuckle-dragging racists. They have not suddenly changed their minds about this. They prefer a fairytale version of the general election as some kind of heroic, progressive fight-back against dark forces that never actually existed. Their support for the EU, and their derision for voters, expresses the long-term retreat of the political class away from the people and into the state, and this is yet to be reversed. Corbyn's ability to engage with the public is admirable, but it is not widely shared. Comparing the reaction to the Grenfell Tower disaster with that towards the Brexit vote, indicates that leftist elites prefer the poor when they appear as vulnerable clients of the welfare state, rather than bolshie political actors in their own right.
Finally, despite Corbyn's dumping of Blairite fiscal policy, both Corbyn's manifesto and his campaign drew on New Labour techniques and themes. The party's balancing act on Brexit and immigration was a careful piece of political triangulation, characteristic of the Blair era. During the campaign, Corbyn was quick to respond to the massacres in Manchester and London by calling for more police on the streets, a classic Blairite move to exploit fear and institutionalise insecurity. Blair may have gone, but the Labour Party both in its approach to police security and its wider approach to social security remains very much a party focused on the politics of safety rather than the politics of self-government.
Lee Jones and Peter Ramsay
Categories Brexit, Corbyn, democracy, elections, EU referendum, Euroscepticism, Labour Party, Left, Theresa May
General Election 2017: Brexit's Democratic Dividend
One irony of Britain's general election result is that the Labour Party's electoral advance demonstrates just how wrong the left has been about British politics since last year's EU referendum.
Most of the British left was horrified by the Leave vote, seeing it as a permanent victory for UKIP, the Tory right and racism. Left-wing commentators claimed no longer to recognize their own country and openly compared the atmosphere to the rise of the Nazis in Germany in the early 1930s. We pointed out at the time that this reaction was absurd and an excuse for the left's failure to represent working class interests. The Eurosceptic right had not suggested anything on a par with the Nazis, and in any case it had nothing to offer politically. Sure enough the Tory right and UKIP promptly imploded after the referendum. A year later the general election has produced a weakened Conservative government, stripped of its majority, and a resurgent Labour Party under a left-wing leader. UKIP has all but disappeared electorally while a record 52 MPs from ethnic minority backgrounds have been elected, including an increase in the number of Muslim MPs from eight to 13. The new parliament also contains a new record of 45 out LGBT MPs. Not only is post-referendum Britain not anything remotely like Weimar Germany, but as we hoped the referendum vote has had some positive effects for democracy in Britain.
As we argued last summer, the referendum saw a significant protest vote against the political void that had opened up between the governing class and the population. This void stands where the political process of representing ordinary people's interests used to be. It is a void that is embodied above all in the distant and unaccountable form of government that is the European Union. The shock of the referendum result was that this political void could no longer be ignored, but instead had to be addressed.
When the two major parties returned to the ballot box this year, they had significantly realigned their priorities. With both formally backing Brexit, debate focused on other issues. And both parties looked to the past for inspiration. The Conservative manifesto stuck to their sound finances mantra but otherwise shifted their tone markedly by trying (ineffectually) to evoke the postwar one-nation Toryism. Corbyn's Labour Party finally buried Blairite fiscal policy and returned to Old Labour's higher taxes to finance higher spending on public services.
In this contest between antiquated political platforms, it turned out that the Labour Party was in the stronger position. The electorate once again showed that it could not be taken for granted politically. While Brexit remains popular and May got the most support, the electorate denied the prime minister her anticipated overall majority and instead strengthened Labour's position.
Meanwhile in Scotland the electorate delivered a bloody nose to the dominant Scottish National Party (SNP) by significantly boosting the unionist parties. It transpires that many Scots voted to Remain not out of such fanatical attachment to the EU that they now crave a second independence referendum just to stay in it – but rather because they feared the UK's breakup. The remarkable revival of Tory fortunes in Scotland reflects their solid unionist credentials and staunch anti-SNP position. Again contrary to predictions, the fallout of the referendum has therefore strengthened the Union with Scotland.
A proper accounting for the effects of last year's Leave vote would, therefore, find no place for the triumph of the far right. Rather it would include the killing off of austerity as government policy, the strengthening of the Union and a strengthening of parliament's influence. In all these ways democracy has been boosted by last year's Leave vote. The sharp increase in turnout in the recent general election, especially among a generation turned off politics by New Labour, speaks to the return of politics after a long winter of depoliticized technocracy. The electorate has shown it can no longer be taken for granted and the shaken political elite has been forced to try to reconnect with the voters.
Categories Article 50, Brexit, Corbyn, democracy, elections, EU referendum, Euroscepticism, Labour Party, Left, racism, UKIP


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July 4, 2017: A Sad Day in the U.S.A.
July 4, 2017, should have been a day of celebration, remembering the origins of our freedom and democracy and giving thanks to those who risked their lives to protect them. But for me July 4, 2017 was a sad day of mourning the degradation of American values. I felt out of touch with the America I thought I knew.
The election of November 2016 was an ugly watershed in U.S. politics. Christians, long a bulwark in American politics, elected a "bizarre, absurd, ridiculous and embarrassing" man as president of the U.S. Ironically, that was made possible by white Christians whose values are shaped by their faith. Despite Trump's political victory—or perhaps because of it—Robert P. Jones has asserted that white Christian America is in a decline that cannot be reversed.
Trump's degradation of American values was evident when he spoke in Poland on July 6: "The fundamental question of today is whether the West has the will to survive and defend its values," and then he asked, "Do we have the confidence in our values to defend them at all costs?" Beware when Trump speaks of defending our values. America's values should not be those exemplified by Donald Trump, and it's a sad day to think they could be.
Trump's degenerate values are not just a partisan political issue. Religion is the source of our values and our moral standards of legitimacy, so they are as much an issue of faith as of politics. The Christian religion was in decline well before Trump's election, and it has since lost its legitimacy among those whose faith is based on following the teachings of Jesus. It's time for a religious and political reformation to reestablish the priority of American values.
The problem for American democracy is not so much Trump as it is those who support him. Those Christians who support Trump are apparently motivated by a distorted form of Christianity that is closer to the objectivist teachings of Ayn Rand than to the altruistic teachings of Jesus. Their "prosperity gospel" reflects materialistic and hedonistic values that have made America the Beautiful ripe for a fall from the grace that God supposedly shed on her.
Faith, freedom and democracy are interwoven in our culture, but that has been ignored in many churches. Mainline denominations have avoided political issues and allowed fundamentalist evangelical churches to control the "Christian" political agenda. Apparently things have to get really bad before respectable Christians recognize the relevance of their faith to their politics. Well, hello! In case you haven't noticed, things have gotten really bad.
Freedom and democracy are subject to shifting tides in the cosmic battle between the forces of good and evil. When the church subordinates the teachings of Jesus to church doctrines conducive to the worldly objectives of prosperity and power, it throws Jesus under the bus and puts Satan in the driver's seat. Those who supported Donald Trump subordinated God's will to reconcile and redeem people of all races and religions to Satan's will to divide and conquer.
How do we put Jesus back into the driver's seat of the church bus and restore the values that made America great? We need to put the greatest commandment to love God and to love our neighbors as we love ourselves—and that includes our neighbors of other races and religions—at the heart of our faith. That love command provides the moral imperative needed for political issues ranging from health care to immigration and national defense.
If Americans lose their freedom it won't likely be at the hands of an outside enemy, but forfeited from within. Edmund Burke warned Americans before the Revolution: In a democracy you will forge your own shackles. Pogo the Possum echoed that warning when he said: We have met the enemy and it is us. Americans must rejuvenate their religious and political values by next July 4, or it will be another sad day to mourn their loss.
On Kathleen Parker's view of Trump as bizarre, absurd, ridiculous, embarrassing, see https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/bizarre-absurd-ridiculous-embarrassing-trump/2017/07/04/f004b6dc-6033-11e7-a4f7-af34fc1d9d39_story.html?wpisrc=nl_headlines&wpmm=1.
On Robert Jones' assertion that Trump can't reverse the decline of white Christian America, see https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/07/robert-jones-white-christian-america/532587/.
On Trump's speech in Poland on the need to defend Western values to survive, see https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2017/07/06/in-poland-trump-reaffirms-commitment-to-nato-chides-russia/?wpisrc=nl_evening&wpmm=1. On what those values might be, see https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/07/07/what-the-idea-of-civilization-does-and-doesnt-mean-to-trump/?wpisrc=nl_headlines&wpmm=1; see also https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/trump-wants-us-to-defend-our-values-which-ones/2017/07/06/9fcb041e-6272-11e7-84a1-a26b75ad39fe_story.html?wpisrc=nl_headlines&wpmm=1.
Related commentary posted at http://www.religionlegitimacyandpolitics.com/:
(3/22/15): The Power of Humility and the Arrogance of Power
http://www.religionlegitimacyandpolitics.com/2015/03/the-power-of-humility-and-arrogance-of.html
(11/22/15): Dualism: Satan's Evil Versus God's Goodness
http://www.religionlegitimacyandpolitics.com/2015/11/dualism-satan-evil-versus-god-goodness.html
(5/14/16): The Arrogance of Power, Humility and a Politics of Reconciliation
http://www.religionlegitimacyandpolitics.com/2016/05/the-arrogance-of-power-humility-and.html
(11/5/16): Religion, Liberty and Justice at Home and Abroad
http://www.religionlegitimacyandpolitics.com/2016/11/religion-liberty-and-justice-at-home.html
(12/3/16): Righteous Anger in Religion and Politics
http://www.religionlegitimacyandpolitics.com/2016/12/righteous-anger-in-religion-and-politics.html
(5/6/17): Loyalty and Duty in Politics, the Military and Religion
http://www.religionlegitimacyandpolitics.com/2017/05/loyalty-and-duty-in-politics-military.html (6/3/17): When Winning Trumps Mercy and Losing is Evil
http://www.religionlegitimacyandpolitics.com/2017/06/when-winning-trumps-mercy-and-losing-is.html
http://www.religionlegitimacyandpolitics.com/2017/07/religion-moral-authority-and.html
Speaking God's Truth to Man's Power
Hell No!
Religion and Progressive Politics
Religion, Moral Authority and Conflicting Concepts...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Appliances / Guides
Should you unplug appliances during a thunderstorm?
by Paula Candelaria · July 24, 2021
Growing up you probably experienced instances when your parents hurriedly told you to unplug all appliances during a thunderstorm. While you may have found it bothersome at that time, they were, on all accounts, right. But why were they right?
During a thunderstorm, the natural occurrence of lightning is inevitable. But, the big misnomer people like to think is that you can only get directly hit. Far removed from the actual truth, one of the most common side effects of lightning are power surges – albeit power outages.
Just think of lightning hitting a massive power grid or pole that directly flows right into your own home. Think of those plugged-in appliances receiving this massive surge of electricity and weigh it against the normal voltage of your devices.
In the Philippines, the typical voltage that appliances can accommodate is 220 V. The standard voltage level for residential use in the Philippines is 230V according to the Philippine Electrical Code (PEC). Anything above can lead to serious damage to your home (i.e. destroyed electronics, electrocution, and even fires). Contrast this against a lightning strike where a single one can release up to 300 million volts. Put two and two together, and, well, let's just say that your power-hungry CPU will likely be no match against the will of mother nature.
What is a power surge and what causes it?
Power surges happen when there is a massive spike in your electrical system's current. While they may only last a fraction of a second, they can cause damages way beyond repair and even your wallet's depths. They can be caused by four things:
Electrical Overload
Faulty Wiring
While the first three can be fixed by simple routine checking and surge protectors or voltage regulators, the last one can be tricky. The only way out may be unplugging your devices, especially in areas like the tropics where 70% of lightning strikes occur.
To put a little science behind it, there are two types of lightning. The first being Cloud to Cloud lightning. This occurs when lightning jumps from one cloud to the next. 80% of the time this is what you see when a massive stroke of light flares up in the sky during a thunderstorm. Although quite frightening, this is relatively harmless to both humans and electronics.
But, how about the other 20%?
That 20% is called Cloud to Ground Lightning. This one you should be afraid of. Synonymous with pure and utter destruction, this type of lightning involves lightning traveling from the clouds to the ground (or in some cases the other way around).
Cloud to Ground Lightning occurs when there is too much negative friction between the ground and the clouds. And, often, this happens in areas where there is a lot of condensed electrical power. Typically, the lightning will strike in high points like trees and a worst-case scenario, a nearby electrical pole. Residential homes, on the other hand, have grounding systems to limit the effects of a direct lightning strike.
When this happens, the discharge from the lightning will then travel through the connected power grids and cause a massive power surge – one that no amount of preparation can prove 100% effective…except, of course, unplugging your appliances.
What electronic devices are most affected by power surges?
Typically, power surges target appliances or devices that are the most sensitive to a spike in voltage. These are usually the ones that have power-hungry microprocessors like your computer, laptop, smart TV, etc.
On the other hand, other appliances like toasters, refrigerators, and water heaters that do have microprocessors but consume less energy are not safe but should be your last priority when it comes to preparation.
Your first and utmost priority should be the devices that are integrated with smart chips because these are very sensitive to voltage spikes. It only takes one to destroy your computer to smoking bits.
Can a surge protector help?
Contrary to popular belief, surge protectors can only go so far in protecting your appliances and devices. While they do offer resistance against fluctuations in electrical power, a direct lightning strike carries way more current than these are designed to handle.
Where surge protectors can help is power outages, faulty wiring, and electrical overload. So, it may be smart to use these in areas with fluctuating power, during a thunderstorm these can prove quite useless – no matter how many you put around your home.
How about a voltage regulator?
An Automatic Voltage Regulator or AVR can detect and capture voltage fluctuations and regulate them to the correct current. While more apt than surge protectors in protecting appliances during power surges, it still isn't enough to protect your home from lightning strikes.
Even with its quick reset feature, it's only delaying the inevitable. Similar can be said for its built-in circuit breakers. While it may disconnect automatically from your plugged-in appliances and devices during massive spikes of voltage, it is still likely to discharge a significant amount of electricity to them before the fuse even breaks – one that is enough to destroy them irreparably.
When to unplug your appliances
So, yes, the only way to ease your mind from the potential dangers of a power surge during a thunderstorm is to unplug your appliances and devices.
As a precaution, you should always unplug your appliances before the thunderstorm hits. In the Philippines, we usually get text messages from the National Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Council (NDRRMC) alerting us of upcoming typhoons. However, a quick check of the weather should also prove effective. Mild rains should be of no concern, but just as an added step of caution, picking up an AVR can help with the inevitable power fluctuations that occur even with these types of rain.
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Mission Analytics supports the DMHC in providing analysis related to DMHC's licensing of health care service plans to operate in the state of California, pursuant to the Knox-Keene Act (KKA) Health and Safety Code section 1340, et seq. Mission Analytics is developing a statistical model based on provider network data, the DMHC's analysis resulting from the use of geographic mapping software, and other resources identifying overall patterns of practice which will assist the DMHC in determining network compliance. Mission Analytics identifies statistically significant variations between individual health plan networks and the industry overall in order to determine what constitutes "reasonable" access for where a clear network standard is not established.


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Freshman adjusting quickly with support from teammates
Freshman Kylie Wells defends under the basket.
Tina Higgins, Staff Writer
Freshman Kylie Wells is making an immediate impact on the girls basketball team this year. As a freshman on varsity she has faced a lot of pressure, but is managing with the help of upperclassmen and coaches.
"They hype me up. They encourage me to keep doing what I'm doing," Wells said of her teammates. "I never am nervous in the game. At the beginning of the game, I just have to take a deep breath. . . . I just try to worry about everybody on the court and not like the stands or anything."
Head Coach Kelly Kratz said the team relies on leadership from returners to help new players like Wells.
"The intensity and competitiveness at practice is something that our upperclassmen really help emphasize," she said.
Wells plays at both shooting guard and small forward. She had her best game of the season with 30 points in a recent win over Northwood.
"Kylie is a very aggressive and athletic basketball player. She plays hard and is a very tough matchup," Coach Kratz said. "She is also a very good offensive rebounder."
Motivated by her father, Wells works hard away from school, too.
"I go to the Y with my dad," she said. "We workout, we do ball handling, shooting, and I might do stuff at home and, if there's not snow on the ground, I'll shoot outside."
An early milestone for Wells, was her 25-point game against Andrean.
"My teammates were setting me up and everything was feeling good that night, making it a great game," Wells said.
However, she tries not to think to much about her early success.
"If players think about what their good at, then they'll get a big head," Wells said. "So I like to keep my head leveled and not really think about it. I just keep on trying to play to the next game."
Her teammates have been impressed with her play.
"She is a very explosive player, hard to guard, takes criticism very well and easy to get along with. … She's great," Senior Alanna Sabbath said.
Wells is just one of many girls standing out during the team's 11-7 start.
"Our goals are to continue to improve every day and each game," Coach Kratz said. "Our ultimate goal is for a Sectional championship and go as far as possible in the postseason tournament."
Seniors' vision leads them to new business venture
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Some of you may know Cadee Berrett from her amazing skills and shots on the basketball court. What many of you do not know is that her fashion sense, hilarious personality and contagious laugh set her apart from others. Berrett was born and raised in Idaho Falls, Idaho with three sisters. Some nicknames she has been called at Utah State University Eastern are: Cade, C-dawg and KD/Kevin. Coach Chelsey Warburton, head women's basketball coach, heard the basketball team calling her Kevin one day and assumed it was Kevin Garnett, not picking up that her name sounded like Kevin Durant's nickname, so she was able to get that crazy nickname from Coach Chelsey as well.
Berrett is the second oldest in her family and considers herself as a laid back, chill type of person. She thinks of herself as reserved, but from getting to know her, you will soon find out that opinion is wrong. Berrett is a blast to be around and can always spark a conversation as the life of the party.
Some hobbies she enjoys are hiking, longboarding, putting outfits together and playing the piano. "If money wasn't an issue, I would love to be either a fashion blogger or a travel blogger," Berret said. An impressive factoid is that she has her own blog. Every couple of weeks, she shares her adventures on her blog and has a gift to capture people in and describe the cool things she has learned and seen. A hidden talent she possesses is her gift to write and keep you interested, no matter the topic.
Going with the crowd is something you will not see her doing. "I like doing my own thing, I don't like being like everyone else." One of her best qualities is being able to be her own person.
If she were to win $1 million, she would buy a whole new wardrobe, and then, like any sharp college student, she would put the rest in savings. Her favorite clothes that she has is her faux fur coat or her red corduroy jacket. Needless to say, if you need fashion help, she is the gal to call.
She is closest with her younger sister, Whitnee, because they were close enough in age that they were able to go through high school together and always hung out.
When Berrett is older and married, she hopes to live in a big city such as Chicago or New York. "I was made for the big city livin'." She thinks it would be a blast and a fun adventure. This lifestyle explains one of her pet peeves, which is slow walkers. Her fast-walking, "getting places" pace will fit perfectly in the big city.
One thing she does not have to worry about after basketball is staying in shape. She actually loves working out and thinks it is a good stress reliever.
If she could have any animal, Berrett would choose a peacock because of how pretty they are. She isn not very fond of animals and claims to just tolerate them.
Berrett is a hard worker, amazing friend to many, role model and fashion setter. She makes a big impact at USUE every day in the classroom, on the court, and at activities. She can always make you laugh and knows how to put a smile on your face. Berrett is one of those people who can always make you happy and is a genuine friend, but be careful you don't get caught in one of her selfies.


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May 29, 2012 June 7, 2012 The Chicago Golf Guy
Noted Euro Swing Coach quotes "Americans couldn't beat the Euro B Team"~
by Lewine Mair:
GlobalGolfPost.com
Noted Coach Says Euro 'B' Team Could Win Ryder Cup
SURREY, ENGLAND | In accepting the European Tour's inaugural "Special Achievement" award for his coaching feats, Pete Cowen came up with a startling suggestion. Namely, that Europe could field two teams who could beat the Americans in the Ryder Cup at Medinah.
Most of the 480 guests at the Tour's annual dinner at Heathrow laughed a little nervously while, over on the top table, Jose Maria Olazabal winced visibly. Just behind the Spaniard, the octogenarian John Jacobs was shifting awkwardly in his seat.
When Olazabal was called to the stage, he did his best to take the heat out of the remark, saying that he fully expected the Americans to be a tough proposition.
As for Jacobs, his lingering look of disbelief told all.
Long afterwards, the Tour's founding father was still wondering at why Cowen would have said such a thing. "For myself," said Jacobs, "I wouldn't have wanted the flak he's going to get if things go wrong. After all, we had our strongest ever side two years ago for Celtic Manor and we only just won."
Luke Donald was similarly uneasy. "That's great if Pete really thinks that," he began. "As I see it, though, there's absolutely no room for complacency. The Americans are playing well this year.
"What Pete was probably trying to say," he continued, "was that it's going to be tough to make the A team."
Tom Lewis was another to go down the "What Peter was probably trying to say" route when, in fact, no-one needs less help than Cowen in the matter of getting his message across. As a coach, you don't have the kind of success he has known if your communication skills aren't up to scratch.
In the cold light of day, Cowen, who is so loyal to the European Tour cause that he refuses to teach Americans, was unrepentant.
"No," he said, "I wasn't joking. People have been coming up to me to ask about it and I've been telling them that I meant what I said. To be honest, I get fed up with those who sit on the fence. They go on and on about how difficult away matches can be when they should be sending positive vibes."
He then proceeded to reel off the names of the 24 players who could make his two 12-strong teams: Rory McIlroy,
Lee Westwood, Luke Donald, Martin Kaymer, Graeme McDowell, Ian Poulter, Justin Rose, Padraig Harrington, Robert Karlsson, Paul Casey, Nicolas Colsaerts, Paul Lawrie, Rafael Cabrera-Bello, Martin Laird, Brian Davis, Sergio Garcia, Thomas Bjorn, Alex Noren, Simon Dyson, Peter Hanson, Carl Pettersen, Alvaro Quiros, Darren Clarke and Miguel Angel Jimenez. (The above, incidentally, cannot afford to sit back in that Cowen had a couple of young ones he was anxious to throw into the mix.)
If the US team wins, this legendary teacher is not going to suffer too much in the way of abuse. The reason, here, is that he is about to retire.
"You know when your time's up," he said.
That his old friend, Australia's Ramsay McMaster, dropped dead at 49 has made him acutely aware of the fact that the day has come when his family should be getting the kind of attention he currently gives to his players. Already, he has had a session with Bob Rotella on how someone who has been as busy as he has for so long should set about winding down.
You ask Cowen to name his proudest coaching triumphs and he opts first for how he increased Westwood and Clarke's combined tally of wins from one in 1993 to 23 seven years later.
After that, he opted for Westwood's second coming. He has revelled in being part of a return journey in which he and Dr Steve McGregor, the highly trained sports' scientist, have worked tirelessly on marrying the player's fitness to his swing.
"At the start," said Cowen, "Lee had to train to be fit enough to do the training." His three "major" triumphs, starting with McDowell's triumph at Pebble Beach, got the next mention: "Lots of people will tell you they have coached a major champion when they were not necessarily coaching him at the time he won but, in Graeme's case, I was very much involved." Oosthuizen's win at St Andrews was all the more meaningful in that Cowen had each of the top three players that year as Westwood came in second and Henrik Stenson third.
When people ask Cowen what he teaches, he will most likely come up with a cryptic, "I teach players to win tournaments." He is not normally given to boasting or self-promotion but he could not resist saying that no-one else has a strike-rate to match the 160 titles won by his pupils over the last 16 years.
The other question he gets asked ad infinitum is, "Will Westwood win a major?" "Absolutely," he said.
As a reply, it was entirely in keeping with those positive vibes he is sending out about Medinah.
Chicago Golf Guy's Two Cents:
When playing on the world stage I find that it is best to be humble, kind, and never insult your opponent. This is not the WWF or World Wrestling Federation, this is a gentlemens game. A game where you always shake hands after the round, and remove your hat when doing so. You give your playing partner compliments like nice shot, or good swing while playing. This is how the game is played. I understand wanting to win so bad, that other things get cloudy. But insulting an entire nation (especially the USA) is never a good idea. Plus throw into the mix that now the USA can play the underdog card (even though the top 10 in world rankings is made up of 6 Americans and 4 Euros), and the underdog card is a powerful move to make in a Ryder Cup.
My thoughts: The European team better throw up the A team, because nothing is going to satisfy the Americans than beating the best Europe has to offer. Happy Memorial Day everyone.
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"Teaching is a skill and like any skill it can be learnt. Those with a special responsibility for teaching need to make every effort to develop and maintain the skills of a competent teacher".
This popular one-day Training to Teach course will help you to develop your teaching skills and confidence, using material underpinned by education theory and evidence, but focusing on practical application and useful tips.
Registration is at 8.45am and the day finishes at 5pm. Tea and coffee are provided throughout the day. Each venue has nearby provisions where you can purchase your lunch.
A maximum of 18 participants per course will work with two experienced facilitators in our highly interactive sessions. A course book will be provided on the day and pre-reading sent in advance. Topics include: setting SMART learning objectives; lesson planning; encouraging active participation in your teaching; and giving and receiving feedback.
You will have the opportunity to apply your skills in the afternoon, in our small group micro-teach sessions, with peer and expert feedback.
The course fee is £200.00 and payment must be made at the point of application.
We are unable to offer any fee exemptions or discounts for individual applicants.
If you are a UCLH or Royal Free NHS Trust staff member, you can apply for one of the (limited number of) funded place on specific courses. Please contact uclms.trainingtoteach@ucl.ac.uk for further information.
Please ensure you have approved study leave and are able to attend before booking.


text:
Commerce (Aided)
Ph: 0481-2582002
E-mail: baseliuscommerce@gmail.com, commerce@baselius.ac.in
In 1966, when the College was elevated from a junior college to full fleshed degree college, the commerce Department was also established as one of its four pioneer departments. The illustrious and eminent professor, M C Jacob took the helm of the department in 1969. Under his stewardship the department was hailed as one of the best Commerce Departments in the erstwhile Kerala University. The milestones of this department often coincided with that of the College itself. The college was elevated to the level of first grade College with the launch of M. Com programme in the Department, in 1981.
Over the years the department was guided by the academic excellence of many prominent and renowned faculty members. It is with deepest sense of gratitude that the invaluable contributions of all faculty members of yesteryears- Late Prof. M. C. Jacob ,Prof. K. J. John, Prof. M. C. Jacob, Late Prof. A. A. Markose, Prof. .C. .P Janardhanan, Late Prof. P. J. John, Dr. K.K. Kuriakose, Dr. Joy Markose, Prof. Joy K. Varkey, Late Prof. K. M. George, Prof. K. V. George, Dr. P. M. James , Prof. Motty Thomas, Prof Elsie Elizabeth K and Dr J Nalini are remembered.
The department has always strived to excel in its academic pursuit. Having bagged 28 University Ranks till date, the outstanding performance of the Department is etched in letters of gold in the annals of the college. . The pass percentage of the various programmes of our departments has always been commendable. . The result of the undergraduate and post graduate programmes have been above the university average during several years. More than 20 students have qualified UGC-Net during the last five years. A good number of students have got campus placement in banks and other reputed institutions in the past few years.
Apart from the Degree and PG Programmes, the Department also conducts Add on Course in 'Travel and Tourism Management' which is duly recognised by M G University. The Department conducts various certificate courses in association with reputed educational agencies and institutes. A 'Certificate Course in GST and Practical Accounting' is conducted on the basis of a MOU with Tax Study Centre, Ernakulam, an authorised training centre of SIDCO. The department also conducts certificate programme in Tally ERP9.
The Department proudly organizes lecture series called 'Tutelage' which gives an opportunity to the students to interact with the stalwarts of various fields. The Department also conducts a lecture series commemorating the services of the founder HOD Late Prof M C Jacob, entitled 'M.C. Jacob Memorial Lecture'.
Even when the department has been hailed for its academic orientation, it has not failed to nurture the plethora of talents displayed by the students. The students of the Department have also excelled in co-curricular and extra-curricular activities. They have won several prizes and Championships at various inter-collegiate fests and competitions over the years. The students of the Department brought laurels to the college by becoming Champions/Runners up in various inter-collegiate and state level competition/fests. Our students have also brought laurels to the Department by bagging prizes at University and National Level Youth Festivals and Sports Competitions.
The Department has produced a good number of Chartered Accountants, Cost Accountants, Company Secretaries and executives who adorn top positions in reputed organisations. Quite a few have excelled in Sports and Cultural field too.
The Department aspires to surge forward and soar to greater heights in the coming years.
The Department has been the authorised study centre of ICSI offering Company Secretaryship Foundation and Executive Programmes.
ICSI Study Centre – for Company Secretaryship Foundation and Executive Programmes (For details , contact – Co-ordinator Prof Ancy Sam 8089455606
Master Register
Association & Co-curricular Activities


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Third Bear Carnival Winner!
Step right up, folks! Dr. Eric Schaller, Prestidigator & Mime, and I, your humble host, have consulted with our oracles and soothsayers, and after centuries of deliberation, we have discovered a winner of the Win a Unique Third Bear contest. We were amused by all the entries, and thank everyone who participated.
Congratulations are due to Alys for this contribution:
The Fourth Bear is always there, waiting just out of sight, around the corner, behind you, where you're not looking, to snatch the only custard doughnut, or the last piece of pie. She hoards these things, as dragons do gold, in her den. She sleeps on a bed of stale pastry, and eats it in her sleep. Sometimes, children have mistaken her for a witch. She keeps her teeth and claws polished clean, but her fur is sticky with chocolate and cherry jam and other substances best not inquired into. (Alys, please email me your mailing address, and I will send the book to you!)
Mother (contra Brody)
Two of Joon-ho Bong's films previous to Mother, 2003's Memories of Murder and 2006's The Host, impressed me greatly, and Memories of Murder is certainly among my favorite films of this century (that sounds so much more impressive than "this decade"!). Mother didn't get me in the gut the way Memories did, but it's certainly an excellent film: compelling, thought-provoking, and visually rich.
Third Bear Carnival: Finale
When I came up with the idea for the Third Bear Carnival, I quickly knew one post I wanted: something by Ann VanderMeer, Jeff's wife, who first knew him as a very young and mostly-unpublished short story writer, and who was one of the first editors to publish him with any frequency. She was Ann Kennedy back then, and it's partly the stories that put her on the path to becoming Ann VanderMeer, because in Ann Jeff found his perfect reader and his perfect love.
It took a bit of convincing for me to get Ann to write about her relationship not only to her husband, but to his stories. Ann thinks of herself as an editor and not a writer, but she sent me a contribution back in July, and I've held onto it until now. Much as I love what everybody else has contributed to the Carnival over these past weeks, and grateful as I am to each them ... well, this one's special...
VanderMeer Stories: A Personal Reminiscence
by Ann VanderMeer
The earliest VanderMeer stories I read came fr…
The end of summer continues to be busy for me (in good ways), and I've neglected a few things I should have linked to. Actually, I've probably neglected many things I should have linked to. For now, though, just a few...
I'm continuing to explore Neil Gaiman's Sandman comics over at Gestalt Mash, one issue each week. Last week was issue 5, "Passengers"; this week issue 6, "24 Hours".
And for Amazon.com's Omnivoracious blog, I interviewed Nnedi Okorafor, author of the wonderful novel Who Fears Death. (And Nnedi has just been interviewed over at Tor.com, too.)
Finally, my favorite internet item this week: a film called "Words", presented as an extra feature to a Radiolab program.
Third Bear Carnival: "The Magician"
I've got one very special post saved for tomorrow, but this post will end my own contributions to the Third Bear Carnival. To bring things to a close, I recorded a reading of a very short story hidden in the Afterword to the book, called "The Magician"... (It may take a few seconds to load and buffer.)
[Direct link]
Win a Unique Third Bear!
The Third Bear Carnival will come to an end later this week, and in honor of that, here's a contest. I have a copy of Jeff VanderMeer's Third Bear collection that includes a unique cartoon by Eric Schaller, drawn on 24 July 2010. This is the only copy of this cartoon that exists, at least as far as I know (most of Eric's cartoons are reproduced in bulk by the many small, innocent children he has imprisoned in a sweatshop deep beneath Dartmouth College). It is drawn on the title page of the book, which in all other editions is unillustrated.
Here's how you can win this unique copy of The Third Bear:
In the comments to this post, write a description/explanation of 100 words or less about The Fourth Bear. (Yes, we know all about the Third Bear now, but what is the Fourth Bear?) The deadline is this Friday, August 27, at 12pm Eastern Standard Time. Eric and I will then consult, and the entry that we agree is most interesting will be the winner. All results are final …
Sandman, Batman Realities, Etc.
Last week was a busy one for me, and I completely forgot to post a link to my latest Sandman Meditation, this one on the fourth issue of the series, "A Hope in Hell". I'm tempted to say that just as Sandman seems in the later issues in the Preludes & Nocturnes collection to be finding its feet and style, I'm beginning to feel like I sort of know what I'm doing with these columns, but I know if I say that then writing the next one will be nearly impossible. And really, no matter appearances or what I think at this moment, I haven't any idea what I'm doing. And that's okay.
Speaking of having no idea what I'm doing, my latest Strange Horizons column, "Real Action", has just been posted, and as occasionally happens with these things, I read it over and disagreed with myself. I like the structure of the ideas in the column, but I think that structure led me to simplify some of the points, and in particular to elide important complexi…
Third Bear Carnival: "The Surgeon's Tale" and "Three Days in a Border Town"
When deciding on whom to invite for the Third Bear Carnival, one person I knew I really hoped to convince to join us was Micaela Morrissette, because Jeff VanderMeer, Ann VanderMeer, and I had become aware of her short fiction at the same time -- when we read her story "Ave Maria" in Conjunctions 49 and immediately decided to reprint it for Best American Fantasy 2. (We weren't alone in loving the story -- it won a Pushcart Prize, too!) She has since gone on to all sorts of wonderful things, including publishing an acclaimed story in Weird Tales, "Wendigo". My first encounter with Micaela, though, had been way back in 2005 when my story "The Art of Comedy" appeared on Web Conjunctions and Micaela helped with the layout and formatting.
And now, with Micaela writing about two of Jeff's stories, it feels like we've all come full circle! But more importantly, here are some wonderful, and wonderfully-written, insights on Jeff's work.
(Be sure…
Miéville on Marechera
L. Lee Lowe just sent me a great link to a podcast interview with China Miéville for a new series called "The Books that Made Me". Lee and I share an interest in the writings of Dambudzo Marechera, and I had known, but forgotten, that China also shares this interest. One of the six books he lists as fundamentally formative in his life is Marechera's Mindblast. Of Marechera's published work, Mindblast is the hardest to get a copy of, having been published only, to my knowledge, in Zimbabwe. (I've managed over the years to at least find library copies of all of his other books, but not that one.)
Miéville has talked about Marechera and Mindblastbefore, and in a fascinating 2003 interview with Joan Gordon he said
I first read [Marechera] a decade ago, but came back to him recently and read all his published work. He's quite astonishing. His influences are radically different from the folklorist tradition that one often associates with African literature. He w…
Farewell to the BAF
Jeff VanderMeer has announced that the Best American Fantasy series, for which I served as series editor, has been cancelled. I've known about this for a while now, but reading the announcement was a particularly sad moment for me, because I'd been looking forward very much to seeing what the next few books would look like, with new series editor Larry Nolen taking over for me, new resources to open up the literature of Latin America to the book, and exciting guest editors lined up: Minister Faust, Junot Diaz, and Catherynne M. Valente.
There are lots of reasons why we couldn't bring the series beyond three volumes, most of which boil down to the fact that we weren't able to find a way to reach a large enough audience to be profitable. As Jeff wrote, "BAF did not having a wide margin for error. A cross-genre fantasy year's best that focused not just on genre magazines but also on literary magazines, that required sympathy and generosity from both the mainstream…
The Things
Over at The House Next Door, John Lingan offers some thoughts on both the 1951 and 1982 films of The Thing, films well worth viewing and an essay well worth reading.
The 1951 version is credited as directed by Christian Nyby, but most evidence points to Howard Hawks, who is credited as producer, having done most of the work we'd generally associate with a director. (For the whole story of this, see Todd McCarthy's wonderful Hawks biography.) John Carpenter, who directed the 1982 version, is a devout Hawks fan, but interestingly, The Thing is a much less Hawksian movie than some of his others.
I like both versions very much, though Hawks's seems to me relatively minor in comparison to masterpieces like Scarface, Only Angels Have Wings, His Girl Friday, Bringing Up Baby, The Big Sleep, To Have and Have Not, and Rio Bravo, each of them among the greatest films to come out of Hollywood. The Thing is wonderful on a variety of levels (though perhaps least on the level of genr…
Third Bear Carnival: "Finding Sonoria" and "Three Days in a Border Town"
David A. Beronä is Dean of Library and Academic Support Services at Plymouth State University, and author of Wordless Books: The Original Graphic Novels. He was instrumental in helping to organize last year's "Illustrating VanderMeer" exhibit, and so I thought he might enjoy joining our carnival. David posted this piece as a downloadable document on his website, and I asked him if he wouldn't mind my posting it here as well...
Two Stories from Jeff VanderMeer's The Third Bear by David A. Beronä
As part of a reviewing process that my friend Matt Cheney developed, I was part of a group each reading two stories from The Third Bear by Jeff VanderMeer. I chose the time when I had time travelling on a plane to read these stories. I found that a different setting (I usually read on my porch looking out over the hills in New Hampshire with the sound of birds in the background) physically took me out of my ordinary world, bound by gravity, into a unaccustomed world of differen…
Sandman Meditations: "Dream a Little Dream of Me"
My latest "Sandman Meditations" column has now been posted at Gestalt Mash. This particular column seems transitional to me, bringing myself as a reader to the foreground, because sometimes that feels necessary; the next installment goes in the opposite direction to some extent, and I expect as the experiment continues I'll be trying out different modes of narration, simply because doing all 75 or so of them in the same way would get rather tedious for all of us...
The third Sandman poses some problems for me, someone who has read almost no DC comics and has only the vaguest sense of their characters and history. The vagueness and sense share a source: popular culture in general. You'd have to live in some remote part of the world, away from billboards and newspapers and televisions and radios, to avoid all references to DC characters, given how many of them have metamorphosed into stars of movies and TV shows. I was going to write a sentence in wh…
Third Bear Carnival: "The Surgeon's Tale" and "Thr...
Third Bear Carnival: "Finding Sonoria" and "Three ...


all night, failed carnivore, blank axiom.
I heard the sibyl said I want to die.
Reginald Shepherd (1963–2008) is the author of five books of poetry including Fata Morgana, Otherhood, and Some Are Drowning (all University of Pittsburgh).


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text:
SkyscraperCity > Asian Forums > Asian Skyscraper Forums > South East Asia > Laos forum > Laos > Infrastructure & Tourism
Laos High Speed Train : ລົດໄຟຄວາມໄວສູງ
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February 22nd, 2019, 07:46 PM #241
tjrgx
China-Laos Railway creates thousands of jobs in Laos
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March 16th, 2019, 07:48 AM #242
maikhongtubo
Does anyone know how freight trains will be handled between standard gauge Kunming - Vientiane trains and meter gauge Vientiane - Bangkok trains. Is there any facility set up to move containers from train to train? In Thanaleng station or other station?.
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Originally Posted by maikhongtubo
There is no plan to connect to thailand via meter gauge yet
Appleich, maikhongtubo liked this post
March 19th, 2019, 03:42 PM #244
Originally Posted by tjrgx
I think the most important function of Kunming - Vientiane line is freight transportation between China and South East Asia. Passenger transportation is limited.
It should be planned soon.
March 22nd, 2019, 07:25 PM #245
First major tunnel over 5,000 meters drilled through along China-Laos railway
http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/201..._137915142.htm
BOTEN, Laos, March 21 (Xinhua) -- A Chinese railway engineering company on Thursday drilled through Boten Tunnel, the first major tunnel over 5,000 meters along the China-Laos railway.
This marks an important milestone in the construction of the project. The Boten Tunnel, with a length of 6453.5 meters, is among the 10 major tunnels longer than five km along the China-Laos Railway.
Khamsouk Bounyavong, vice president of Lao People's Revolutionary Party Central Committee's Inspection Committee, and Ju Guojiang, chairman of the Laos-China Railway Co., Ltd, the joint venture in charge of the construction and the operation of the railway, attended the drilling-through ceremony in Boten on Thursday.
The tunnel has to pass through unfavorable geology such as karst, bedding rock, fault fracture zone, gypsum, carbon mudstone, and water inrush, and it varies, thus creating lots of difficulties to the Chinese engineering company, China Railway No. 5 Engineering Group (CREC-5).
The Boten Tunnel was selected to be built as a high-quality demonstration model for the railway project. Since March 2017 when the construction started, the Chinese engineers have strictly implemented the managing requirements of mechanization, industrialization, informatization and profession.
The CREC-5 strengthened the on-site safety and quality control and extensively applied tunnel construction kits, vigorously carried out scientific and technological research, actively promoted the application of new technologies, and paid close attention to process management so as to ensure the safe and orderly advancement of tunnel construction, and lay a solid foundation for the Thursday's victorious breakthrough.
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Last edited by tjrgx; March 23rd, 2019 at 04:49 PM.
July 29th, 2019, 03:20 PM #246
Main section of China-Laos Railway bridge over Mekong River completed
http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/asi..._138264471.htm
VIENTIANE, July 28 (Xinhua) -- With the concrete beam of the last span over Mekong River put in place, the main section of Luang Prabang cross-Mekong River railway bridge has been completed on Sunday, seven months ahead of schedule.
The closure of the Luang Prabang Mekong River Super Major Bridge, one of the two cross-Mekong bridges along the China-Laos Railway, indicated that the railway project construction has made major progress in the 2019 civil engineering schedule.
The 1,458.9-meter bridge lies in the north of the Luang Prabang Ancient Town, a world heritage in Laos, some 220 km north of the capital Vientiane, with five main piers including 34 spans planted in Mekong River.
According to the Laos-China Railway (LCRC), which is in charge of the construction and the operation of the railway, the Luang Prabang cross-Mekong River bridge is a challenging task among over 160 bridges of the railway, involving the most complicated bridge building techniques.
With engineering quality borne in mind, the Chinese engineering teams have overcome the difficulties brought by the Mekong River with its turbulent current, rapidly rising water level in rainy seasons and non-overburden riverbed. The teams have also overcome the technical difficulties in building trestle bridge for pier construction.
According to the China Railway No. 8 Engineering Group (CREC-8), which is in charge of the construction of the two cross-Mekong River bridges of the railway, construction of the Ban Ladhan Mekong River Super Major Bridge is also advancing smoothly, and will be completed by the end of 2019, as scheduled.
September 17th, 2019, 03:13 PM #247
Ban Kha Tunnel No. 3 with the distanceof 657 meter and 73 meter depth has been dug through on 8 August 2019 - 61 days before the deadlline - and this has been done after digging through Ban Kha Tunnel No. 2 and Ban Kha Tunnel No. 4. This Ban Kha tunnel No. 3 is not far from Phu Batun Bridge NO.3.
http://www.cr8gc.com/details/80c9df3...190682fe9.html
the 10th tunnel at Ban Huay Yam on Udomxay section has been throughly dug on 9 August 2019
Hope that all 32 tunnels in Udomxay will be done in mid 2020 and the railway that pass Udomxay is 126.6 km or 30.6% of Lao - China railway - there are 3 contracts in Udomxay:
1. Contract 1: km 16 + 900 (Luang Namtha and Udomxay Boder) - km 68 + 730 with the distance of 51.83 km. China Railway No.5 Engineering Group Co.,Ltd. 中国中铁五局集团有限公司 / 中國中鐵五局集團有限公司] is the contractor
2. Contract 2: km 68 + 730 - km 137 + 580 with the distance of 68.85 km. China Railway International Group Limited 中铁国际集团有限公司 / 中鐵國際集團有限公司] is the contractor
3. Contract 3: km 137 + 580 - km 137 143 + 500 with the distance of 5.92 km. China Railway No.8 Engineering Group 中国中铁八局集团有限公司 / 中國中鐵八局集團有限公司] is the contractor
https://www.facebook.com/AeroLaos/po...78829742165577
https://www.facebook.com/groups/1056...1158370924698/
BKK Mass Transit Expert
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From our neighbor: The architecture design of Luang Phabang station of Lao - China Railway - the station is at Ban Phok Noy - 10 km from downtown Luang Phrabang - China Railway No.8 Engineering Group (中国中铁八局集团有限公司 / 中國中鐵八局集團有限公司) is the main contractor - Courtesy from Faculty of Architecture, Suphanuvong University, Luang Phabang city, LPDR - Nevertheless, some of Lao Nettizens have complained that this design is not considered as the one with appropriate design to fit into Luang Phabang Style architecture though.
https://www.facebook.com/arcsulaos/p...13303672173873
Satirical article about Lao - China Railway as shown by Radio Free Asia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2HDz0zKU4Y
https://www.rfa.org/english/news/spe...schinarailway/
November 1st, 2019, 06:13 PM #249
From Lao - China Railway CO. Ltd., only 20 stations to be built at the time being.
1. Boten (磨丁 บ่อเต็น)=> km 3 + 020
2. Na Teuy (纳堆 นาเตย) km 15+400
3. Na Mor (纳磨 นาหม้อ) km 30+940
4. Na Thong (那通 นาทอง) => km 40 + 675
5. Muong Xai - (孟塞 เมืองไซ) the provincial capital of Oudomsay province - km 69 + 550
6. Ban Na khok (班纳科 - บ้านนากอก) km 99 + 490
7. Muong Nga (孟阿 - เมืองงา) km 115 + 720
8. Huoi Han Nga (会汉河 ห้วยหันงา) km 136 + 600
9. Luang Prabang (琅勃拉邦 หลวงพระบาง ) - km 170 + 200
10. Xieng Ngeun (相嫩 เชียงเงิน ) - southern suburb of Luang Prabang - km 179 + 150
11. Sala Patu (沙拉巴土 ศาลาผาตู) km 211 + 620
12 . Muong Kasi (孟卡西 เมืองกาสี) - km 240 + 090
13. Ban Phatang (班帕当 บ้านผาตั้ง) - km 268 + 250
14. Vang Vieng ( 万荣 วังเวียง) - tourist spot - km 285 + 100
15. WangKhi (万基 วังขี ) - km 312 + 175
16. Phonh Hong ( 丰洪 โพนฮง ) - แขวงเวียงจัน กม. 344 + 575
17. Ban Phonh Sung (班芬送 บ้านโพนสูง) km 374+650
18. Vientiane Neua - (万象北 -- เวียงจันเหนือ) km. 390 + 050
19. Vientiane (象北 -- เวียงจัน) - km. 408 + 240 - Lao National University of Laos at Ban Don Noun,
20. Vientiane Tai (万象南 - เวียงจันใต้ km 412 + 300 - near the National Stadium at km 16 - implication of extra works to construction Vientiane Tai as cargo station to have the end at km 414 + 332
http://www.lcrc.ltd/newsdetails.htm?newsid=55
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Last edited by Wisarut; January 2nd, 2020 at 09:05 AM. Reason: Addendum
November 6th, 2019, 04:46 PM #250
Hlub
ติดตามครับ
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November 8th, 2019, 10:12 AM #251
Steven-fan
Nearly 80 pct of China-Laos railway construction completed
Nearly 80 percent of the construction of the China-Laos railway has been completed, said Lao Deputy Prime Minister Sonexay Siphandone on Saturday.
The railway will serve as a key infrastructure for the economic corridor between the two countries and help boost trade, investment and tourism, said Sonexay at the China-ASEAN Expo held in Nanning, capital of south China's Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.
With a designed speed of 160 km per hour, the China-Laos railway is expected to be fully operational in 2021.
Ground-breaking ceremony of the railway was held in December 2015, and the construction of the whole route officially started a year later.
China had invested a total of 12.5 billion US dollars in 782 projects in Laos by the end of June this year since 1988, making it the biggest investor in Laos, said Sonexay.
Chinese investments in Laos are mainly focused on infrastructure projects like hydropower plants, highways and power grids, according to the deputy prime minister.
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http://www.globaltimes.cn/Portals/0/...e820dc1f1.jpeg
In this aerial photo taken on June 22, 2018, construction workers crane up a steel girder as they built a bridge across the Yuanjiang River along the China-Laos railway project in Yuxi, southwest China's Yunnan Province. Linking Yuxi in southwest China and the Lao capital Vientiane, the China-Laos railway is expected to be fully operational in December 2021.
Scheduled to be completed and opened to traffic in December 2021.
Originally Posted by Steven-fan
Hua Na tunnel No. 2 with the distance of 542 meter done on 2:30 PM of 20 October 2019
http://www.lcrc.ltd/newsdetails.htm?newsid=197
Pha Tang tunnel No. 1 with the distance of 1276 meter done at 9 AM of 14 October 2019
Ban Xok Xay tunnel No. 2 with the distance of 1872 meters done at 10 AM of 13 October 2019
Steven-fan liked this post
December 28th, 2019, 04:48 AM #256
China-Laos railway's longest tunnel holed
VIENTIANE, Dec. 27 (Xinhua) -- China-Laos railway tunnels' construction has made a decisive breakthrough, with its longest tunnel drilled through on Friday morning in the tropical mountains of northern Laos.
Seven months ahead of the planned timetable, the Chinese engineering companies, namely PowerChina Sinohydro Bureau 3 Co., LTD (Sinohydro 3) and Sinohydro 14, on Friday bored the 9,384-meter-long Ban Sen No.2 Tunnel, south to the ancient Lao capital of Luang Prabang, some 170 km north of capital Vientiane.
This marks an important milestone in the construction of the China-Laos railway, as the engineering work enters the ending-up phase, and the railing work and construction of the railway stations are soon to be kicked off.
The Ban Sen No. 2 Tunnel crosses the provincial border of Luang Prabang and Vientiane in the tropical mountains, with steep terrain, complex geology, abundant groundwater, and difficult construction and transportation conditions.
According to a mobilizing meeting for the dry season's work held in Vientiane in October, by the Laos-China Railway Co. Ltd (LCRC), which is in charge of the railway's construction and operation project, 79 percent of the civil engineering work contract volume has been completed till then, while breakthroughs have been made in lots of key and bottle-neck projects, especially for the tunnel construction.
The China-Laos railway has holed through around 50 tunnels so far out of its 76 tunnels with a total length of 198 km.
Magman liked this post
January 2nd, 2020, 09:03 AM #257
Chinese companies on Friday marked the completion of the excavation and construction of a tunnel ( Ban Sen No.2 Tunnel) through Phoupha-ngarm Mountain - the longest on the Laos-China railway.
The 9,384 metre-long tunnel was built by Sinohydro 3 and Sinohydro 14 between Luang Prabang and Vientiane provinces and has been hailed as a major milestone in the project.
Sinohydro Corporation Limited and Power China are international business leaders in the management of international hydropower development, construction, and various fields of infrastructure.
Excavation of the Phoupha-ngarm tunnel began on March 15, 2017, and was completed seven months ahead of schedule.
High-quality technologies have been applied in the construction of the tunnel, Chairman of the Laos-China Railway Co., Ltd., Mr Ju Guojiang told Lao media.
He added that early completion of the tunnel reflected the hard work of the company's staff which had made it possible, and it was a great milestone in the construction of the railway.
The Laos-China railway is part of China's Belt and Road Initiative and will boost the Lao government's efforts to turn the nation from landlocked into a land-linked country.
The 414-km railway will carry trains that can travel at up to 160km/hour and link Vientiane to the Chinese border.
Lao and Chinese authorities have agreed to accelerate work to finish the railway in time to mark the 46th anniversary of the founding of the Lao People's Democratic Republic on December 2, 2021.
About 95 percent of the total land required for the railway has been handed over to Chinese contractors.
The railway slices through the provinces of Luang Namtha, Oudomxay, Luang Prabang and Vientiane as well as the capital and has 75 tunnels with a combined length of 197.83km.
The track will form part of the planned regional rail route linking China's Yunnan province to Singapore via Laos, Thailand and Malaysia.
As of November this year, 80 percent of the structural engineering work was complete, according to project officials.
By Times Reporters
(Latest Update December 31, 2019)
http://vientianetimes.org.la/freeCon...en_Chinese.php
January 9th, 2020, 07:23 AM #258
Lao - China Railway Bridge across Highway No. 13 at Ban Songkhouakangsain Village, Naxaithong District, Vientiane Capital (18.1602278 north,102.5014307 East) as report by Lao Economic Daily
https://www.facebook.com/Laoedaily/p...939?__tn__=H-R
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Last edited by Wisarut; January 9th, 2020 at 07:58 AM. Reason: Addendum


text:
Hristofor Jefarovitch (en  ; en , ), né en 1690 à Doïran (actuelle Macédoine du Nord) et mort le  à Moscou, est un moine, peintre, graveur, illustrateur et écrivain slave méridional, connu pour avoir prôné l'unité des peuples slaves d'Europe du Sud.

Biographie
Hristofor Jefarovitch naît en 1690 à Doïran, alors sous domination ottomane, dans la famille d'un prêtre bulgare. Embrassant lui aussi une carrière religieuse, il se fait moine itinérant, proposant ses services pour peindre ou illustrer des livres, des icônes et des objets liturgiques. Il séjourne notamment un temps au monastère Saint-Naum à Ohrid. Son nom est mentionné pour la première fois en 1734 à Belgrade, où il se fait connaître par son talent artistique. Ses premières œuvres à traverser le temps sont les fresques des églises du monastère de Bođani à Bač (alors dans la monarchie des Habsbourg, aujourd'hui en Serbie), peintes en 1737, et celles du monastère orthodoxe de Siklós, réalisées à partir de 1739 ; ces dernières seront détruites par un incendie au début du . Il est aussi le créateur de l'iconostase de l'église Saint-Nicolas de Kozáni.

À partir de 1740, il se consacre exclusivement à la gravure sur cuivre et l'illustration d'ouvrages. Il travaille avec Thomas Mesmer et imprime ses estampes d'icônes et de saints slaves dans son atelier de gravure-typographie, à Vienne. Il produit par ailleurs des estampes sur carton pour servir de base à des broderies religieuses. Parmi ses œuvres notables figurent deux estampes de saint Nicolas dans le style byzantin tardif, conservées respectivement dans l'église serbe de Győr et dans l'église orthodoxe grecque de Kecskemét, ainsi qu'une estampe de saint Naum d'Ohrid, dessinée par Jefarovitch et gravée par Mesmer, conservée dans l'église orthodoxe de Miskolc.

Sa collaboration avec l'atelier de Mesmer lui permet également de travailler sur des œuvres promouvant l'illyrisme, mouvement pour l'unité des Slaves méridionaux dont il est un fervent partisan. Son œuvre la plus importante en la matière est sa Stemmatographia, un traité héraldique en slavon d'Église publié en 1741 et librement traduit d'une version antérieure de . L'ouvrage recense  d'États, de régions et de villes,  de souverains et de saints serbes et bulgares, et  de pays slaves et balkaniques accompagnés de quatrains explicatifs. Ces derniers constituent les plus anciens exemples de poésie non religieuse de l'histoire littéraire serbe et bulgare moderne. L'auteur y défend une vision pan-balkanique orthodoxe et prône l'union des Slaves méridionaux avec la Russie sur des bases religieuses, économiques et politiques. La Stemmatographia connaît un grand retentissement et contribue à l'éveil national des Slaves méridionaux, les symboles qu'elle contient  étant réutilisés sur des drapeaux durant les premiers soulèvements serbes du siècle suivant.

.

Son travail est reconnu à travers l'Europe : il devient membre honoraire de l'Académie impériale de Vienne et de l'Académie royale de Munich.

Mu par la prémonition de sa fin prochaine, il repart vers le nord et fait halte à Tokaj pour y écrire son testament et ses dernières volontés, . Il y meurt finalement le .

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Galerie

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en Macédoine du Nord
Naissance dans l'Empire ottoman
Naissance en 1690
Décès à Moscou
Décès en septembre 1753
Militant bulgare
Peintre bulgare
Graveur bulgare
Graveur du XVIIIe siècle
Illustrateur bulgare
Héraldiste
Renaissance bulgare précoce
Récit de pèlerinage
Moine orthodoxe du XVIIIe siècle
Religieux bulgare
Personnalité bulgare du XVIIIe siècle

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia