Free lunch, first come first served!
This event is part of the "Monumental Architecture Week" organized by Stylos, the student association of the Architecture Faculty, as part of their 120th anniversary celebrations.
Please visit the Stylos website for up to date information on this event.
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Fraud Fighter – 'Thinking Thief' with Checkout.com
Stefania Bonà, Data Science Product Manager at Checkout.com, revealed her insights from the world of payments.
Following their $450 million Series C funding round, Checkout.com has solidified its position as one of the world's most innovative and most valuable fintech unicorns.
In order to become a leading payment service provider, the importance of leveraging market knowledge data to amplify product development is vital; however, the threat from fraudsters is always present.
SEON CCO, Jimmy Fong sat down with fellow University of Edinburgh alumni Stefania Bonà (Data Science Product Manager at Checkout.com) to discuss the delicate balancing act of juggling security, friction, and usability every day.
Inside the Mind of a Cybercriminal
With a Master of Science in Cybercrime and International Law as well as experience at one of the world's leading retailers, Stefania possesses an understanding of risk that fraudsters should be scared of!
"I did not realize that what I started already at university could have been used in real life with real applications. I learned this job at one of the most famous online retailers these days. Starting exactly as an operational analyst and then working my way up into owning my own program around gift vouchers and setting up fraud for detection programs across multiple business lines in Europe. I was seeing risk from every side – from the buyer's side, the merchant, if you're selling online and then also money laundering, KYC."
The combination of cybercrime academia and career progression in risk has made Stefania become incredibly well versed in the world of fraud.
"One thing that I really made mine after the master's degree was the mentality of 'thinking thief.' You always have to think ahead. So what are cybercriminals going to do next? Are our systems good enough? Are our policies good enough to stop crime and fraud, and you always have to think a step ahead."
Fraud is a Constant Conflict
Now working on the product management side of things, Stefania credits her background to be instrumental in any decision-making.
However, Stefania's dissertation topic immediately presents the analytical mind necessary to understand the manipulative mind of a fraudster.
"Since the course was completely new, some criminology theories were trying to be applied in the cyber world. One of the theories was what's called situational crime prevention. I argued in my dissertation that you can put bigger locks and bigger hurdles, but the cybercriminal is not going to give up. They will always try to find a way around that obstacle, to cheat and to have and to gain an advantage."
Thus came the idea of 'thinking thief', a concept that Stefania keeps in mind every single day…
"I think that's where it comes to the mentality of, okay, let's think thief and let's make sure that we plan ahead."
"We don't want fraudsters to go around our hurdles and that's also what keeps me up on my toes, why we have to deploy models on a very regular basis, because fraud is always changing. You need to be a step ahead to stop that." Click To Tweet
Every department of a business has its own goals but two collective goals that every company will have are to ensure that no fraudsters manage to abuse your company's products and to continue generating revenue but at what cost?
"As I grew within my career you understand that, you don't want rules or models that are very restrictive, that then you're not going to have conversion and you're not going to make money on. You don't want to put too much friction to discourage your customers. It's always, what's the balance and how we can use data to make sure that we have a very low touch, frictionless experience. But at the same time, we don't encourage fraud. Of course, I don't have the magic wand, but it's always like, okay, let's try to find that balance so we can at least try to make everyone happy."
FaaS – Fraud as a Service?
With the pandemic giving people more time than ever, Stefania raised an interesting point that fraudsters are now offering people to hire them for their skills.
"You find people committing crime because cybercrime has become a service. So if you want to, for example, carry out a denial service attack, and would like to try all that out, there's someone online that sells you that as a service. Definitely cybercrime is hardly enforced and then it has also become a service."
Yet despite the increase in activity over the past year, Stefania did point out that many techniques have not developed so the fight continues.
"Frauds have not become more complicated or more complex, but there's definitely a tonne more, which means it's good news because if the fraudster is not at the top end of their capabilities – it's going to still be fairly easy to catch but just the amount of fraud, it's definitely increased. Though you see people that you wouldn't expect committing cybercrime because they decided to become software as a service pretty much."
Key Takeaways – Understand the Fraudster, Understand the Game
We named the podcast after the renowned colloquial 'Cat and Mouse' because risk management is a constant power struggle shifting between the criminal and the fraud fighter.
The importance of understanding the motives for those against you, learning whenever they do succeed and communicating with all key stakeholders is the only way we keep the advantage on our side.
As fraudsters become more sophisticated and tailored with their offerings, we fraud fighters have to keep on our toes to ensure consumer protection and encourage collaboration at every opportunity.
SEON: Ecommerce Fraud Detection & Prevention
SEON: How to Improve Gift Card Fraud Prevention
SEON: How to Fight Return Fraud
SEON: Friendly Fraud: How to Mitigate Chargeback Risk More Effectively
SEON: 10 Tips to Prevent Card Not Present (CNP) Fraud
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Jimmy Fong
Jimmy Fong is the Chief Commercial Officer of SEON. His expertise in payments saw him supervise the acquisitions of companies by Ingenico, Visa and American Express. Jimmy's enthusiasm for transparent sales and Product-Led-Growth companies drives SEON's global expansion strategy, and he interviews both fraud managers and darknet fraudsters in our podcast to stay on top of the latest risk trends. Yes, it's also him wearing the bear suit on our YouTube channel.
cat and mouse checkout cybercriminal fraud as a service podcast

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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A culture is built by leaders
Meet our leaders: a conversation with Hilda Wong
Hilda Wong is Senior Vice President and General Counsel for First National. Her role is to oversee all aspects of our legal affairs. In this interview, we ask Hilda about her responsibilities, which include customer privacy and regulatory compliance, and the contributions our legal team makes to the success of our business.
Hilda, please tell us about yourself.
I spent two years in undergraduate studies at the University of Toronto and then went to U of T law school. After graduation, I articled and was hired at a Bay Street law firm as an associate. Around the 4-year mark, I saw an ad in a legal publication for a job at a Canadian law firm operating in Hong Kong and Singapore and jumped at the chance to try something new. Long story short, I arrived in Hong Kong right around the time it was handed back to China and spent two years there working on interesting deals and travelling around the region. This experience really helped me to mature as a lawyer. When I came back to Canada I joined another Bay Street law firm working in real estates and financing, worked my way up to partner level and then, about 10 years ago, I chose to join First National because it offered a new challenge that aligned with my priorities and professional goals.
Tell us about your team.
When I joined First National, there was a part-time general counsel and one other full-time lawyer. Today, I'm a full-time general counsel and we have three other full-time lawyers, a law clerk and a legal assistant. The growth of our department reflects the success of First National. We've had to increase our numbers to support the growth of the business. However, we have taken a measured approach to our growth. We continue to refine our delivery of legal services to increase our efficiency and value to the business lines.
What's the role of the legal department?
We play various roles within First National. We oversee legal and regulatory matters, we're a service provider to the business, part of risk management and protector of the brand.
Is compliance about going above and beyond what's required?
In some cases, yes. A good example is our anti-money laundering program. First National is not directly subject to AML legislation but we determined several years ago that this would become an important compliance issue for many of our OSFI regulated investors. We built a program in anticipation of this and when our investors started to ask about AML policies and procedures, we were able to demonstrate that a sound program was in place. We have received positive responses to our program, which has been fulfilling considering we work with some of Canada's largest and most respected financial institutions, insurance companies and wealth managers.
How do you contribute to first national's culture of compliance?
Legal obviously plays an important role in creating and promoting a culture of compliance. Our approach is to frame compliance in business terms. In other words, we try to make the connection between compliance and business success. We take a practical view of the topic and consider both the legal requirements and the views of the business lines in developing policies and procedures. Compliance success is a group effort and we are fortunate to enjoy management buy-in and support.
Please talk about your other areas of responsibility.
I'm the Chief Privacy Officer responsible for execution of our privacy program which protects the personal information of our customers and employees and the Chief Anti-Money Laundering Officer is responsible for execution of our anti-money laundering program. In both these roles, I am supported by talented teams. I also assist our Board of Directors on governance and other matters.
Let's talk about privacy.
As a mortgage lender, we regularly collect sensitive personal financial information from clients and safeguarding that information is something we take very seriously. We are also caretakers of the personal information of our employees. Every employee, including our CEO, completes annual training on security, privacy and anti-money laundering topics. Privacy is also important to our clients and investors and our training programs and IT security systems reflect this.
What do you see ahead for legal affairs?
Continued growth. The compliance environment in Canada is expanding and becoming more complex so I anticipate that an increasing percentage of our work will be directed this way. We will also continue to evolve as First National's legal needs change and grow.
Any final thoughts?
Working at First National is very rewarding. It is a highly respected company with a culture of excellence, innovation and discipline. I appreciate that Legal is treated as a valued partner to our business teams. Professionally speaking, it's a great place to be.
First National Leaders
Stephen Smith, Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and Co-Founder
Moray Tawse, Executive Vice President and Co-Founder
Jason Ellis, President and Chief Operating Officer
Robert Inglis, Chief Financial Officer
Scott McKenzie, Senior Vice President, Residential Mortgages
Jeremy Wedgbury, Senior Vice President, Commercial Mortgages
Wendy Burkin, Vice President, Human Resources
Peter Jaeggin, Vice President, Information Technology
Explore our current opportunities


During that time, we published the knowledge base article 127252 as guide on how to manually check the validity of our installer.
In the latest installer for Sophos Central, we have implemented security changes to mitigate this vulnerability. Part of this is to ensure the permissions of several paths are the correct OS default, to prevent this exploit. It will not install if the permissions are not correct as per the table below in the What to Do section.
We have found that DeployStudio, a deployment platform for MacOS, changes the permissions on /Library to 775 root:admin when used. This gives the admin group full write access and will trigger this security block. There are several threads on their forums about this.
DeployStudio is an imaging software and as such is able to make changes to the files before the OS fully loads. Once the OS fully loads, it enabled System Integrity Protection (SIP), which then protects the folders, preventing any changes (See procedure below).
DeployStudio has identified a script that can be added to their actions to prevent further systems from having this problem, and have a beta build that does not have the problem. Please check with DeployStudio for these.
Save the following code to a file, and execute it from terminal on the Mac. It will report the number of directories impacted, and which ones they are.
Note: To allow it to execute, run chmod u+x <filename>, then ./<filename> to run it.


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"Yeah, but …" Arguments for the 2017-18 NBA Playoffs
Such as: KD en route to another Finals MVP? Yeah, but only because he joined the Warriors. LBJ once again ruling the East? Yeah, but the conference is weak.
By Shea Serrano May 9, 2018, 8:25am EDT
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A thing that happens often is someone, either in real life or on the internet, will say nice and good and complimentary words and sentences about LeBron James. This happens because LeBron James, duh, is exceptionally good at basketball, and also it happens because he is doing things right now that make little to no sense. To wit, this is a fun note that a friend of mine pointed out: LeBron was drafted in 2003. And he is in the middle of what may well be the most impressive playoff run he's ever put together. Meanwhile, of the other nine players in that year's first 10 picks: six are retired; Carmelo Anthony just posted the worst statistical year of his career; Dwyane Wade is mulling whether or not his basketball career is over; and Chris Bosh, while not officially retired, hasn't played in the NBA since 2016.
LeBron is eternal, is the point. And truly special, is the point. Truly, truly special, is the point. He is potentially the greatest basketball player who has ever been alive in the entire history of the earth and the solar system and the galaxy and the universe.
AND YET, another thing that happens often is someone, either in real life or on the internet, will say nice and good and complimentary words and sentences about LeBron James, and then someone else will follow it with, "Yeah, but …" and then say words and sentences in an attempt to chip away at the idea of LeBron's greatness. ("Yeah, but he's always played in the East, and everyone knows the East is weak." "Yeah, but he's lost in the Finals five times." "Yeah, but the NBA is built for a player like him to thrive today, not like it was in the '90s when players were allowed to hit Michael Jordan in the head with steel pipes and cinder blocks.") This happens because people, duh, are doofuses, and also it happens because people just like to argue about things, which is fine and occasionally entertaining and only situationally annoying.
Kevin Durant is another extremely "Yeah, but …" player. He is a generational talent (though not on the same tier as LeBron, clearly). And also he's a league MVP and a Finals MVP and an NBA champion. And were I to guess, I'd say he's just a few weeks away from adding a "2x" to the front of the "Finals MVP" label and the "NBA champion" label. And still, no matter what argument you make for him (9x ALL-STAR! 5x ALL-NBA FIRST TEAM! 4x SCORING CHAMPION!), there's the "Yeah, but he had to join the Warriors to win a ring" thing.
What's tricky about that one is that, yes, while it is technically rooted in fact—Kevin Durant had zero championships for the first nine years of his career, and then he went to Golden State and now he has a championship—it's usually being employed to argue something else entirely. (Typically, it's to imply that Durant is some version of a coward.) You say, "Man, Kevin Durant put up 38 tonight and I didn't even realize it. He really is a master on offense," then someone else says, "Yeah, but he had to join the Warriors to win a ring," and it's just like, "... What?" Those two ideas aren't even connected. It's like saying, "Man, I really liked Avengers: Infinity War," and then someone else says, "Yeah, but Paul Rudd is great as Ant-Man." Sure, that's a thing that's true, but it's not a thing that's applicable at this particular moment.
(Another very common one with KD is "Yeah, but KD ruined the league by joining the Warriors," which is ridiculous. He didn't ruin the league by leaving one team and joining another team any more than you ruined the fast food industry by choosing to eat at Arby's instead of Jack in the Box one afternoon. Because, truly, what really changed? How would the NBA be any different right now than it was in 2016 if he'd not left? We already saw that the Thunder couldn't beat the Warriors, so nothing changes there. And the Warriors were the title favorites without him, same as they're the title favorites with him, so nothing changes there. SO WHAT REALLY CHANGES? Nothing, is the answer. Instead, consider this: Without KD leaving, we likely don't get (a) Russell Westbrook's historic triple-double season the following year, which—you can either like it or hate it, but you can't say it wasn't interesting to watch and talk about; or (b) the Russell Westbrook vs. Kevin Durant secret feud that we all love to participate in and speculate about; or (c) the super souped-up version of the Rockets that we have right now who were constructed with the sole purpose of beating the Mega Warriors; or, if you squint, (d) the Victor Oladipo renaissance in Indiana, and you can go all the way to hell if you think we should all live in a universe where Oladipo doesn't get to glow as brightly as possible.)
The "Yeah, but …" thing is fun. We can peek through the playoffs and see plenty more, because it works with basically anything and anyone:
Photo by Gene Sweeney Jr./Getty Images
As in all things, Russ is interesting here because he somehow has multiple good versions and bad versions of the "Yeah, but …" argument. For example: He's one of the most electric basketball players on the planet. "Yeah, but he doesn't make his teammates better." Or: Russell Westbrook is a ball hog. "Yeah, but he leads the league in assists, so how can he be a ball hog?" Or: Russell Westbrook is the only player ever to average a triple-double for two different seasons. "Yeah, but that's only because he's a stat chaser." Or: Russell Westbrook shoots his teams out of games. "Yeah, but maybe his team wouldn't even be in those games if he weren't shooting."
He's the greatest offensive weapon in the NBA today and possibly the best one-on-one player we have ever seen. "Yeah, but all he does is hunt for fouls. It cheapens everything." Or: "Yeah, but it's only because of the system that coach Mike D'Antoni runs, which is perfect for a player like Harden." Or: "Yeah, but I hate to look at his face. It just makes me mad for some reason. I think it's his sleepy elephant eyes." (This last one possibly only applies to me, I'm not above admitting it.) (Also: I 100 percent understand that watching James Harden bait your favorite player into fouling him is frustrating. I get that. I get that. But we can't pretend like it isn't a brilliant tactic.) (My favorite thing is when a person is like, "Winning is the only thing that matters," and then Harden baits someone into fouling him to help his team win and then the person is like, "WAIT, WAIT, WAIT! DON'T WIN THAT WAY, ONLY WIN THE WAY THAT I WANT YOU TO WIN!")
Steph is the greatest shooter in history, and soon enough he's probably going to have three NBA championships. It feels a lot like he's taking big leaps up the Greatest Players of All-Time rankings. "Yeah, but that's only because the NBA doesn't allow hand-checking anymore." (This one is so stupid. You know what I think about every time I hear this one? I think about that ESPN story from 2015 in which the Warriors' director of athletic performance talked about how Steph could deadlift 400 pounds. He's got super strength like how an ant can lift hundreds of times its own body weight. You think a hand check from Jeff Hornacek would keep Steph Curry from running wild in the 1990s? Please.) (Related: This Steph Curry "Yeah, but …" was the foundation of this article.)
Photo by Jason Miller/Getty Images
The Raptors
The Raptors are playing better than they've ever played, and they're the no. 1 seed for the first time in franchise history. "Yeah, but they're still the Raptors, so all that means is there's going to be more noise when they lose to LeBron in the playoffs." (OK, this one was written last week.) (Sometimes a "Yeah, but …" ends up being justified and correct, I suppose.)
He's the most valuable player on the team that has been favored to win the title these past four years, so of course he's an All-Star. "Yeah, but he wouldn't even be a starter on, like, 10 other teams in the league." (This one also gets brought up when you're talking about any player on the Celtics right now, what with them still eating up teams while Kyrie Irving and Gordon Hayward are out.) (It also gets brought up when you talk about how good Clint Capela has been this postseason.) (I love Clint Capela so much.) (I mentioned this on Twitter a couple of days ago, but this clip of James Harden teaching Clint Capela how to roar after Capela gets a block is probably my second-favorite thing that's happened in the playoffs. It's a very good example of why watching what happens in the creases of a basketball game is so much fun.) (My favorite thing, FYI, was Manu Ginobili saving Game 4 for the Spurs during their series against the Warriors in the first round.) (Here's one I think about all the time: The Warriors are the 2017 NBA champions. "Yeah, but they'd have lost to the Spurs last year in the playoffs if Zaza had been in prison where he belongs.")
The conference finals, just days away now, already have a bunch of "Yeah, but …" things baked into them. (If the Cavs win: "Yeah, but the Celtics would've won if they'd have had even just one of their two missing stars." If the Celtics win: "Yeah, but can you even imagine how good the Cavs would be if Brad Stevens were their coach instead of Tyronn Lue?" If the Warriors win: "Yeah, but they'd have lost if Kevin Durant hadn't been such a baby and joined the Warriors." If the Rockets win: "Yeah, but the Rockets are going to blow it in the Finals because they just don't have it in them to win the whole thing.")
And the Finals, just weeks away now, already have a bunch of "Yeah, but …" things baked into them. (If the Cavs win: "Yeah, but LeBron has lost five times in the Finals, so who cares if he's won four of them?" If the Celtics win: "Yeah, but they'd have never won if Marcus Smart hadn't broken into the Warriors' hotel room and hit Steph, Klay, KD, and Draymond across their knees with a crowbar." [That's the only way the Celtics are winning.] If the Warriors win: "Yeah, but who cares? They were supposed to win. Wake me up when something interesting happens." If the Rockets win: "Yeah, but they'll never go back to back. The Rockets aren't built to win more than one.")
And the draft, just months away, already has a bunch of "Yeah, but …" things baked into it.
And the beginning of next season.
And the All-Star break.
And the playoffs again.
Over and over.
Into infinity.
The "Yeah, but …" thing is the only thing that's "Yeah, but …" proof.
Knicks Lose a Nail-Biter, Trivia Q&A w JJ, and Chris Herring on the '90s Knicks
KOC and Nick also debate whether anyone else can win Rookie of the Year besides Evan Mobley and look at who's going to the Finals this season
By Kevin O'Connor


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Get COVID-19 worldwide Insight and make an informed decision. Scientific and non-biased information helps you take control of your life. So, please be informed!
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a myriad of activities among scientists, world health organizations, and researchers. These activities led to evidence-based conclusions and guidelines. The latest is the foundation of informed decision making, surveillance, and better tracking among communities. The guidelines include not only personal hygiene, face covering, and distancing but also infection prevention and control. The information below is a COVID-19 worldwide insight.
All About COVID-19 Worldwide Insight
COVID 19 global measure, update, and health concern. Before starting, let's recap what we know about the novel virus. First, evidence showed that the outbreak started when the novel virus jumped from bats to humans. While other scientists still say the animal that transmitted the virus is still unknown. Second, Researchers unanimously agree that the mode of transmission is humans to humans (after the virus jumped from animals to humans). Third, the novel virus is a respiratory virus, aka the means of transmission, are inhaled droplets from an infected person. Nevertheless, the infected droplets may land on surfaces, then the transmission becomes from surfaces to persons. Hence, rule number 1 is disinfection and adequate personal hygiene.
COVID-19 Global Measures
WHO Update COVID-19, discussed by Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus. Some countries have been experiencing social and economic restrictions since the COVID-19 appearance. Therefore, some are debating when to lift these restrictions and when will be the appropriate time to get the economy work as before the pandemic stroke. Whatever the decision is, it has to be founded on human health and wellbeing. The decision has to be guided on the pathology of the virus and our knowledge about its behavior. Since the beginning of the pandemic, WHO has been focusing on the science behind the novel virus, and they have been taking all decisions accordingly.
Covid-19 Update by WHO
A virus causing a lethal disease is imposing a COVID-19 revenge war on our greedy planet. The earth is sad, and humanity is bleeding. The virus rocked our existence and left us to the shadow of death and sorrow. There is no more sense of safety. We are scared and lonely. The universe is telling us the sad and dark stories of mankind's despair. In my sadness and loneliness, a mini tiny diabolic creature appeared from nowhere to tell me a story about human greed.
Today the media is flooding with highlights, COVID-19 great recession. Bill Gates, in 2018, had predicted a recession-related to viruses. In an interview, in 2018, Bill Gates said: Bill Gates in April 2018: "There is one area, though, where the world isn't making much progress, and that's pandemic preparedness. This should concern us all because if history has taught us anything, it's that there will be another deadly global pandemic." Here we are, two years later, a new virus emerged and a state of a pandemic is declared. The COVID-19 pandemic is claiming thousands of lives and brought economies to a standstill, and put nations in chaos.
COVID-19 economic hardship is a human test. Whereas the novel virus is connected to the seafood or animal market in the Wuhan market, the results are devastating for humanity. A pandemic state was declared. The death toll continues to increase, not to mention the global economic hardship we will be going through.
COVID-19 Hardship Test
The epidemic in China started with a warning. Two months later, governments have been declaring COVID-19 state of emergency. We did not assume the Chinese epidemic will spread globally and the shadow of death will become stronger. The World Health Organization declared a pandemic state. The war with the novel virus is insidious. According to WHO, the coronavirus cases are 402,055 globally, death tolls are 17,507, and recovered cases are 103,820. However, humans still believed they are invincible until the Italien nightmare. A coronavirus explosion in Italy, the cases are skyrocketing, and the deaths are increasing. As per today, Italy has 59,138 confirmed cases and 5476 total deaths.
The clinical coronavirus symptoms and signs of the patients reported in this cluster are mainly fever, with a few patients having difficulty in breathing and chest radiographs showing bilateral lung infiltrates. From the currently available information, preliminary investigation suggests that there is no significant human-to-human transmission, and no infections among health care workers have occurred. More information is required to better understand the mode of transmission and clinical manifestation of this new virus. The source of this new virus is not yet known.
COVID-19 Clinical Symptoms
The news is bombarding us with COVID 19 warning, new cases, deaths, and analysis. People are confused and haunted by fears for their lives and their loved ones. Political manipulations are hype. Some are accusing china of creating the virus, others threw the guilt at the US government. We are left with shadows of death and are lost in chaos and fears about our future and existence. Wherever we are, the fears are similar, and the manipulation is global.
COVID-19 Warning
Do we know COVID-19 truth? How long will it take to introduce a vaccine against COVID-19? Why so many protective measures and guidelines we have to follow? The outlined measures are to slow the novel virus killer until new information regarding the virus is available? Public health entities publish guidance on how to act to be safe. Globally, governments focus on the safety of their citizens. Some countries have more to do to protect their citizens and reluctantly practice social distancing, while others declared a state of emergency even lockdown to protect their citizens.
COVID-19 Truth & Questions
A new type of this virus causing the outbreak is different from the human coronaviruses that have been discovered, and further understanding of the virus requires further scientific research.
What Do Know Coronavirus
Nursing homes in Canada COVID-19 struggling. Since the COVID-19 pandemic, long term care home residents are the most vulnerable to this infection. Many gaps exist in some of the existing 106 homes in Canada. The omitted violations are many and are related to poor management, non-sufficient education of staff, lack of enough spaces for residents' accommodation. Another factor for death is the underlying health conditions those residents have.
Nursing Homes During COVID-19
We all love food, but we are not always aware of the potential harm it can cause when it is contaminated. Foodborne diseases start from the ingestion of contaminated food or water with pathogenic agents – Bacteria, viruses, parasites, and toxins. Many people around the world are affected. Most susceptible to foodborne illnesses are children and the elderly. The information below tends to give some tips to avoid some of the related illnesses to food. The classifications below are for general guidance only
Food Safety & Eat Healthy


During the late 1960's to mid 1970's in England I was very much influenced by the alternative cultures prevalent at the time and became interested in understanding more about traditional Japanese and oriental culture, philosophy and religion as a way to appreciate life and the metaphysical. At the same time in Britain we were seeing evidence of the advances in the industrial technology of Japan through the growing imports of consumer goods.
I visited the Shizuoka Prefecture in March 2008. This was my first visit to Japan and my first trip to Asia. Having toured around an extensive area I decided to concentrate on the industrial and urban areas within the Shizuoka Prefecture. What was striking to me was the Westernisation of the built environment and how the ordered and very structured way of life in Japan is reflected in the landscape.
I was particularly interested by Fuji City as one of the most concentrated industrial urbanised areas I have seen. The spectacle of Mount Fuji is impressive and, when clouds lift, its presence dominates the city and surrounding landscape. It is no wonder that Mount Fuji has become the national symbol of Japan and a significant symbol of the forces of nature on these volcanic islands. Maybe we have seen too many images of this old volcano and over familiarisation can create a cliché where significance is lost. However, I decided to make an additional set of work centered on Mount Fuji, with its ever-changing weather systems, as a backdrop to the industrial and urban reality of the modern Japanese landscape.
My interest in visualising the landscape comes from a desire to understand how the world I occupy is shaped. For 27 years I have engaged in an exploration of the industrial and urban western landscape – as an independent observer to the changes in the built environment. I am interested in the historic, industrial and social layers that can be revealed in the landscape. A landscape shaped by forces that are evident in the remnants and marks of former uses and the impact of people on their environment. I attempt to communicate my findings and conclusions visibly through documentary photographs. I am not really interested in describing what you can see in my images but rather prefer to write about the things that can't be seen.


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Home> CES 2014
Corsair Showcase a Technology Smörgåsbord at CES 2014
by Ian Cutress on January 7, 2014 12:00 PM EST
Corsair at CES 2014: Cases and Cooling Corsair at CES 2014: PSUs and Peripherals
New PSU: Corsair AX1500i Digital ATX PSU
Over recent years Corsair's PSU business has been booming, at least in terms of how often I find them mentioned in new builds in online forums. Newegg and Amazon both have a wealth of reviews showing that Corsair has established itself as one of the main players. In recent quarters the push in the PSU market has been towards the digital – being able to manage and monitor how the power supply responds to load, as well as keeping logs of temperatures and how each rail and voltage line is performing are the new features. In order to bolster their digital AX line, currently occupied by the AX760i, the AX860i and the AX1200i, Corsair is releasing a higher end model – the AX1500i, rated at 1500W for 80 PLUS Platinum:
Corsair claims this is the world's most technologically advanced and efficient PSU for PC enthusiasts, and that the unit will perform beyond the 80 PLUS Platinum standard – stating that if the Titanium standard for 230V (Europe and others) was available for 115V today and this unit was tested for it, it would receive that award instead (the spec is currently being drafted).
1500W is clearly a lot and most builds need not apply. I remember when testing a dual Xeon 32-thread workstation and four 7970s that drew 1550W when overclocked – that is the market that this power supply is aiming for. The AX1500i comes fully modular, and is configurable in both multi-rail and single rail format (users can set their own overcurrent protection limits) via Corsair Link. The PSU also uses a zero RPM fan mode, such that the power supply will not even spin its fan until the power draw exceeds 450W.
Aside from the 150 x 86 x 225mm dimensions and the 7-year warranty, the AX1500i will be available in Q2 at an MSRP of US$450.
New Keyboard and Mouse: Raptor K40 and Raptor M45
Many of the more traditional component manufacturers are coming out with their own line of peripherals – what used to be the home of companies like Logitech are now filled with GIGABYTE and Corsair-like brand wanting a piece of the action. This is all a good thing for consumers – competition breeds innovation, and for gamers, having the right equipment is only one piece of the puzzle. In that gamer element, after the PC, there are several other items that deserve a $50-$200 investment apiece: gaming mice, gaming keyboards, gaming mouse mats, gaming headsets, gaming chairs, gaming glasses, or even more expensive gaming monitors and so on.
To add to their Raptor lines, Corsair is 'unleashing' a new keyboard and mouse at CES.
The Raptor K40 is a non-mechanical (rubber-dome) keyboard with onboard macro storage, full-key rollover on USB, and the main selling point is the 16.8 million color customizable backlighting. This is a whole motherboard backlighting, rather than the per-key backlighting we saw with the Cherry MX RGB which allowed users to customize their gaming experience on a per-game basis. The macro features give six keys on the left hand side of the keyboard and three separate bank keys to adjust as necessary. The WASD and arrow keys are also in grey to differentiate from the rest of the black keys. Corsair are saying the K40 will be available in January with a two-year warranty and an MSRP of $80.
The gaming mouse debate is a long and exhaustive one – wired or wireless, large grip or small grip, adjustable DPI, optical or laser, how many macro keys, and so on. Back when I was clan gaming, I ran a wireless gaming mouse – I could not stand the wire being caught on the side of the table. Each to their own of course and this is why there are plenty of models in the market to cater for everyone: now the M45 from Corsair, continuing on from their M65 and M60, is coming out to play.
Gallery: Corsair Raptor K40 and M45
The right handed M45 starts with a Pixart PMW3310 5000 DPI optical sensor with a high-mass scroll wheel in a soft-touch housing. The rear has large PTFE glide pads and an adjustable weight system in order to get the responsiveness a user needs for their type of gaming. The buttons on the side are macro buttons, configurable through software, and the DPI is adjustable on top. The wired M45 should be available in January with a two-year warranty and an MSRP of $60.
Corsair at CES 2014: Cases and Cooling Corsair at CES 2014: Cases and Cooling Corsair at CES 2014: PSUs and Peripherals
UltraWide - Tuesday, January 7, 2014 - link
Still not using spring-loaded screws... FAIL
JimmaDaRustla - Tuesday, January 7, 2014 - link
I see no spring-loaded screws???
Aikouka - Tuesday, January 7, 2014 - link
As an owner of a 550D, 800D and 900D, the lack of a push-button side panel release on an Obsidian case is kind of odd to me. I'm guessing it's because of space given it requires a metal rail to handle the latching. Although, I have two questions about the 250D:
1) Is there a "hidden" fan mount point on the top of the case? It looks very similar to the 550D's hidden panels that it uses on the top and side panel.
2) What size fans mounts are those above the I/O area? They look a little small, but I'm not sure if they're just 80mm. It's kind of funny because I remember when 80mm used to be normal, but now those look small given the prevalence of 120mm and 140mm fans.
Anyway, I'm curious about both of those because this case looks like it could be decent for an open-air GPU given the open vents on the side right by the GPU (I hope they include a magnetic filter), but you'd probably want some fans to help push out the heat from the GPU. Fans on the top or right by the I/O should help accomplish that.
Frozenlight - Tuesday, January 7, 2014 - link
Sadly, the thing at the top is a window.
Ah... that's a bummer. It didn't look exactly like the 550D's fan covers, but it looked a little too opaque in the photos to be a window.
Dustin Sklavos - Tuesday, January 7, 2014 - link
There are no fan mounts in the top; there are two 80mm fan mounts in the back. Where I think it gets interesting (disclaimer: totally biased, work at Corsair as my day job) is that it supports a 240mm radiator in the side.
extide - Tuesday, January 7, 2014 - link
Note, under the H105 section, you mention the H110 as being a 240mm design, while it is actually a 280mm design.
Kevin G - Tuesday, January 7, 2014 - link
What would be news is Corsair reducing the number of series in their power supply line up. There is AX, AXi, CS, CX, GS, HX, RM, and TX series. Killing off a line or two and simplifying their portfolio would do wonders.
I also want to see more Carbide Air series cases. I really like the look of it and appreciate its design philosophy but there is so much more potential I've been holding off of a purchase. It is soooooooooooo close to exactly what I want it is frustrating.
What is it missing?
A few weeks back, I decided to drop water cooling and just go back to air cooling. I figured that I would give the Carbide Air 540 a shot since it has good reviews on its air cooling potential. However, after using the case, I simply cannot recommend it to anyone.
1) The most egregious problem with the case is that it's way overpriced. The case feels cheap, which most likely stems from a lot of it being built out of molded plastic. What really got to me was that I also own an Obsidian 550D, which has the same MSRP, but it feels like it's leagues above the Air 540 in build quality and features. Also, I found that if you use some of the extra fan mount points on the 550D, the temperature differences are nearly negligible. You may say that the 550D also has a bit of plastic on it too, which is true. However, I think in this case, it's the plastic's shiny texture that's reminiscent of cheap $40 OEM cases and the flimsy side panel that make the Air 540 feel cheaper.
2) There is a serious design flaw in the rear case fan mounting. Now, as much as I dislike the detachable grill, that's not what I'm talking about. The problem is that the area is designed in such a way that you cannot properly use many different aftermarket fans -- including fans from Corsair! I originally ran into this problem because my rear fan came with a bad bearing (quality control has never been a strong suit). So, I went to put an AF140 in its place, but I realized that any fan with something in the area between the mounting holes would never fit because of a lip near the back.
I ended up purchasing a nice and quiet Enermax fan, but that wouldn't work for a completely different reason! It also turns out that you cannot use a fan with a square shape, because that blocks the side panel's top thumb screw from threading in all the way.
3) The 2.5" drive carriage doesn't hold 7mm drives (e.g. Samsung SSDs) well. To be fair, I have other third-party items that hold 2.5" drives that also don't work well with 7mm drives.
4) The placement of the hard drives is not terribly good for proper cooling. It's not much of a surprise that the 3.5" hard drive on the left ran 4-5C hotter than the one on the right.
5) Consider a single male SATA power connector for the two 3.5" drives. Although, a user can simply purchase a Y-cable and do this themselves.
If I had to rate the Corsair cases that I've owned, I would rate them: 550D > 900D > 800D > Air 540. I also think that the first two are leagues better than the latter two.


Plan Hamilton is a comprehensive plan to guide the development of the city for the next fifteen years. Approved in early 2019, this is a "living" plan that will be periodically updated to reflect input from those, like yourself, who have a stake in Hamilton's future.
Time to see for yourself! From here you can go directly to the details of 'The Plan,' or read about 'The Process' of creating it.


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text:
Hockey Legend With Heart Adam Graves Joins 'A Night Of New York Stories'
ON SALE NOW: Click For Special Tickets To Join Adam Graves Live On Aug. 8 July 24, 2017 at 9:07 pm
Filed Under:A Night Of New York Stories, Adam Graves, New Yok Rangers
(NEW YORK/WCBS 880) — Adam Graves played on the ice for the New York Rangers for a decade, hoisting the Stanley Cup in victory, skating in an NHL All-Star Game, and getting to see his jersey number 9 retired.
Earlier this year Graves earned a new distinction: grand storyteller, amid sorrow and honor for one of New York City's finest.
"I know you've all heard a lot over the last few days about how much the New York Rangers meant to Steven McDonald, and we're grateful and humbled by the role our team played in this remarkable man's life," Graves said. "But I'm here to make one thing very, very clear: Steven McDonald meant more to the New York Rangers and our fans than we could ever mean to him."
McDonald, a NYPD detective known for forgiving a gunman who left him paralyzed in 1986, was such a passionate fan of the Blueshirts that the team created the Steven McDonald Extra Effort Award, given annually to the player who goes above and beyond the call of duty both on and off the ice.
"He touched all of us, he changed all of us, and we'll always be in awe of you, Detective McDonald," said Graves at the funeral.
From hockey to heroism, Adam Graves will show off more of his storyteller side at "A Night Of New York Stories," a one-night-only event at the PlayStation Theater on Aug. 8.
TICKETS ON SALE NOW: Click Here To Join Adam Graves Live Aug. 8
Hosted by WCBS Newsradio 880, the star-studded event will also include multiple Grammy Award winner Tony Bennett, bandleader Paul Shaffer, award-winning journalist Lesley Stahl of "60 Minutes," former New York City Police Commissioner Ray Kelly and, from the sports world, Bobby Valentine and George Martin.
Anchors Wayne Cabot and Alex Silverman will host the storytelling event. The night will conclude with Bennett singing a few of his classic hits.
Showtime is set for 8 p.m., but doors will open at 6 p.m. for a meet-and-greet with station personalities, including Joe Connolly, Craig Allen, Tom Kaminski, Steve Scott, Pat Farnack, Marla Diamond, Brad Heller, Todd Glickman, Jeffrey Lyons, Steven Greenberg and more.


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This New 'Legend Of Zelda' Fan Film Is Actually A Spaghetti Western
by: Bea Kaye August 12, 2015
Hang 'Em Hyrule is a new fanvid from Beat Down Boogie that takes all the subtle homages to Westerns in the Zelda game franchise and makes it literal.
In all my years of playing Zelda games, I've never thought: "Wow, Ganon is sort of hot." But here you go, a showdown between a gun-toting Zelda and Link, and a swarthy outlaw Ganondorf.
There are a lot of things I love about this video. The soundtrack by Chris Hurn, which I wish was actually available for download. The costumes by Volante Design, which actually are available for sale on their site (along with a bunch of other beautiful designs).
Unfortunately, that does not include the Triforce holster, which is what I want to own most of all.
I'm not sure what's up with all the crazy contact lenses in this, but everything else is great, and I have no idea how people who aren't getting paid to make splashy videos continue to make expensive-looking fan films. Especially the care and effort it takes to make what's essentially a silent movie, as this one doesn't even have any dialogue.
(Via Kotaku)
Topics: #Cosplay, #ZeldaTags: Beat Down Boogie, COSPLAY, fan film, The Legend of Zelda, WESTERNS, zelda


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text:
/**
 * Created by zhaopengsong on 2016/12/13.
 */
/**
 * Sample React Native App
 * https://github.com/facebook/react-native
 * @flow
 */

import React, { Component } from 'react';
import {
    AppRegistry,
    StyleSheet,
    Text,
    View
} from 'react-native';

var ZPFind = React.createClass({
    render() {
        return (
            <View style={styles.container}>
                <Text style={styles.welcome}>
                    发现1111
                </Text>

            </View>
        );
    },

});

const styles = StyleSheet.create({
    container: {
        flex: 1,
        justifyContent: 'center',
        alignItems: 'center',
        backgroundColor: '#F5FCFF',
    },

});

module.exports = ZPFind;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Submitted by DB Larson on Fri, 12/26/2008 - 17:40
Thinking and Memory
The results of the examination of emotional processes in the preceding chapter were mainly negative. What we were particularly interested in ascertaining was the relevance, if any, of the emotions to the Sector 3 aspects of human life, specifically to the efforts of the Sector 3 control units to divert human activities and aspirations away from the purely survival objective of the biological organism and toward the objectives of Sector 3. Our finding was that emotion, as defined for the purposes of this work, is a purely biological mechanism, a function of the primitive reptilian brain. Suppression of the emotions in favor of the responses to stimuli that are dictated by intelligent reasoning, wherever the two are in conflict, is therefore a prerequisite for progress toward specifically human (as distinguished from animal) standards.
Victory of reason in this contest for dominance over human actions does not guarantee this kind of progress. On the contrary, intelligence, as a more efficient tool than emotion may simply act more effectively toward the same animal goals. There are actually two battles going on: a struggle between reason and emotion for control of the actions of the human organism, and a struggle between the Sector 2 (biological) and Sector 3 (ethical human) control units for the power to establish the objectives of these actions. The second of these conflicts is the one in which we are primarily interested in this work, and the further discussion of the human information handling equipment in this and the following two chapters will be limited to those items which have, or are currently thought to have, relevance to this struggle over objectives.
On this basis, we will have no occasion to inquire further into the mechanism of thinking, or of the advanced form of thinking known as reasoning. The details of the reasoning process are still far from being fully understood, but for the purposes of this work, the exact nature of the thinking mechanism and its operation is irrelevant. The significant point is that reasoning is the most advanced physiological means that the human individual has available for determining the course of action in response to the information that he receives from various sources. As brought out in Chapter 11, it is an activity of the mind, part of what the combination entity, the mind-brain, does, as distinguished from the brain, that which this entity is. The particular function of thinking is to correlate the incoming stream of messages arriving through the various information channels with the relevant knowledge already available, and to arrive at appropriate conclusions.
In order to enable the thinking mechanism to perform this function, the information previously made available to the individual must be so disposed within the mind that it is available for reference. The mental storehouse for this information is known as memory. The term "memory" is also applied to the process of retrieving information from storage, and to the item of information that is recalled. Memories, the discrete items that are stored, are of many different kinds. Some, such as the motor memories that enable us to take the right muscular actions to accomplish our purposes, do not have any perceptible impact on the conscious thought processes. Those that are perceptible may be classified as visual, verbal, auditory, etc., but for present purposes, the significant point is that the great majority of the memories that are taken into the general storehouse are memories of experiences. Every individual undergoes a succession of experiences during all of the waking hours of every day. What he sees in the visual media is mainly a selection of experiences of others. His reading consists largely of narratives; that is, experiences.
The strong predominance of experience memories is somewhat obscured by the fact that the demands upon the memory are largely for items of knowledge rather than for direct recall of experience. By far the greatest amount of this traffic is concerned with language: calling upon memory for the meaning of words seen or heard, and the inverse process, calling upon memory for the words applying to the entities or concepts with which the mind deals. But this is not the form in which entry into the memory storage occurs. We see an animal of a rather distinctive appearance, and we find that it is called an elephant. Or we read or hear about someone else having such an experience. It is this experience or report of experience of seeing the elephant and learning its name that goes into the memory storage. In the memory process, certain information about the elephant, including the name, is abstracted from the experience and retained in condition for retrieval. Those details of the experience which have no continuing significance are then forgotten. Thus the output from storage is largely bits of information, but as we will see later, it is important to realize that the input is in the form of experiences.
Memory is a relatively early evolutionary development. Even the most rudimentary type of emotional mechanism requires the existence of some kind of a memory to enable identification of the situation which calls for an emotional response. We therefore find evidence of memory even in the lower animals. In fact, memory experiments have been performed on such unlikely subjects as cockroaches.228 The operating principle of the memory process is association. The storage is so organized that each item A is associated with certain other items B, C, D, etc. Because of this association, an attempt to recall A may reach B instead. If it can be recognized that B is incorrect, further effort at direct recall may be made, or A may be reached indirectly by first recognizing an association BC and then an association CA. But if the situation is such that the accuracy of the first recall cannot be tested, then the fact that conscious thought and memory utilize very different criteria of close association is very important in some applications, as we will see in Chapter 15.
From the memory standpoint, an idea and its direct opposite are very closely associated, whereas our thought processes place them far apart. Likewise, memory makes little or no distinction between an event in the past and a similar event in the future, whereas there is a very clear line of demarcation between past and future in rational thinking. The difference between thought and action is often disregarded by memory, but to our consciousness it is very important. Memory identifies some persons as individuals, but tends to group the others. The first result of an attempt to recall one member of the group will often be a memory of another. Members of large families frequently call each other by the wrong name, usually, but not always, correcting it immediately. In these cases, memory accepts the first of the names as being close enough, but conscious thought quickly rejects it.
A type of recall from the memory storage that is widely used in clinical and investigative work is called "free association." As defined by Hall, "It consists of letting the mind wander in a completely free and apparently aimless manner."229 Actually, however, completely free recall cannot be obtained as long as the subject is conscious. His thinking mechanism always retains enough control to keep the memory recall rational, to censor objectionable items, and so on. In this present work, we will have occasion to deal with association processes which are free from all control, and which call up memories without the intervention of any thought process. This is the pure memory mechanism, the process that must exist in the lower animals that do not have the ability to think. In order to avoid confusion with psychologists' "free association," we will refer to this completely free association process as uncontrolled association.
If goal-oriented thinking is suspended for any significant length of time, the result is daydreaming or fantasy rather than uncontrolled association. Momentary relaxation of the controls does, however, occur frequently. These are the intervals in which sensory or other stimuli of which one may not even be aware trigger unexpected, and in some cases surprising, recollections. In the ordinary affairs of life, the memories called up by association during these interim periods are usually no more than distractions. However, in those kinds of reasoning or problem solving where some thinking along unconventional lines may be advantageous, a partial relaxation of the controls is often helpful, inasmuch as it gives the association process more leeway.
The number and variety of memories called up during such processes as free association or daydreaming is mainly due to the fact that the memory mechanism has some special provisions for handling what we may call a working supply of information. This transient aspect of memory is not given much, if any, attention in current work in this area, and the information that we need for present purposes is not available from the memory studies that have heretofore been made. We can, however, deduce that, in view of the continual interruption of one's thinking by the stream of messages coming in through the senses, it would not be feasible to carry on any extended program of activity unless there were some special memory mechanism in operation to bring the thought processes back to the task that was under way when an interruption occurred. Otherwise the first foreign thought would divert attention to different channels, and there would be no way of getting back except by accident.
Furthermore, human activities are usually too complex to permit giving undivided attention to one specific line of thought for any extended period of time. Almost always, the task to which thought is being applied has features which require special consideration—safety precautions, for example—and there are always other aspects of life that must be given attention from time to time: personal needs, responsibilities, commitments to other persons, etc. In order to receive attention, these items must have representation in the working memory. Experience indicates that this memory is so organized that each of the items in the working stock returns to the consciousness periodically. For example, if a person has an appointment at a certain time, his working memory periodically reminds him to look at a clock. Meanwhile, this memory will from time to time break in upon his goal-oriented thinking to remind him of other matters that need his attention, either in thought or in action. This observed memory pattern can most appropriately be described by calling it a circulating memory system.
We often hear someone say that he has several things "on his mind." This does not mean that he is continually thinking about all of them. Indeed, he cannot think about any of them while he is actually engaged in disposing of the minute-by-minute items that demand his attention. What he is really expressing by his statement is that his circulating memory system is interrupting his thought processes periodically to remind him that these matters are still outstanding. Most of those who have occasion to deal with complex problems requiring intensive study and analysis tend to develop an ability to shut out sounds and other sense stimuli so that they can concentrate their full attention on their current task. When this preoccupation with the primary thought objective is carried to an extreme, it results in blocking out some or all of the circulating memory as well as the sense signals, producing the condition known as absent-mindedness.
The circulating memory system is no doubt a later evolutionary development than the primitive memory storage, but it must have been present in very early animals. The first requirement for the survival of the small and weak is vigilance, and to be vigilant while keeping one's primary attention on the serious business of getting enough to eat requires constant reminding. Nothing complicated is needed. All that is necessary is to call attention periodically to the general idea of "danger." Once a system capable of accomplishing this purpose was in operation, it was available for extension to other memory items, and in the human mind, the circulating memories cover a wide range of subjects. The evidence which we will examine indicates, however, that the non-specific nature of the circulating memories has been retained, and unlike the memory input into storage, which consists mainly of detailed experiences, most of the circulating memories are merely general ideas or impressions with only a minimum of detail, if any.
The aspects of the thinking and memory processes that we now want to examine are sleep, and the most conspicuous feature of the sleep phenomenon: dreaming. Unlike thinking and memory storage, the functions of which are reasonably well understood, even though many of the details of their operation are still obscure, neither the purpose nor the mechanism of either sleep or dreaming has heretofore been explained on a scientific basis. Where knowledge is lacking, conjecture has free rein, and the number and variety of theories and speculations that have been offered as possible explanations of one or the other of these phenomena have been limited only by the scope of the human imagination. Some of the most widely accepted of these speculative ideas have direct or indirect relevance to the metaphysical subject matter of this volume. "One of the most fascinating questions of all," says William C. Dement, is this: "Is there a supernatural element that determines what we dream about?"230 This issue and related questions, such as the possibility of the existence of a prophetic significance in dreams, have been matters of concern to the human race from the earliest days of which we have knowledge. Since they are clearly germane to our present inquiry, they must have some attention at this point.
Before we can answer these questions, we must have a reasonably good understanding of the way in which the two major components of the mental mechanism, thinking and memory, enter into the sleep situation. But this is something that is not available from the work of previous investigators. Examination of the literature in this area will show that the works dealing with memory make little reference to sleep, while those on sleep and dreaming contain no significant information on memory. It will therefore be necessary to blaze our own trail in the investigation. This involves giving what may seem a disproportionate amount of attention to some of the less important components of the human information handling processes, but the allocation of space in this work necessarily has to be based on the relevance, or possible relevance, of the various items to the general subject of the work, together with whatever additional emphasis may be warranted where the findings of this investigation are entirely new to the branch of thought involved.
The physiological condition known as sleep is a result of the fact that the information storage and processing equipment of the higher forms of life, memory and thinking, is not capable of continuous operation. It must be periodically taken out of service for an interval, which in the human individual characteristically extends for about half of the time of the previous operating period. When this mental equipment is in operation and in contact with the outside world, the individual is conscious. The regular and normal period of unconsciousness in which the mental contact with the environment is inoperative is sleep.
No satisfactory explanation of the need for sleep has ever been derived from conventional theory. As expressed by Dement, "In spite of many heroic efforts, sleep researchers have failed, to date, to define the function of sleep."231 One of the aspects of the situation that has been the most puzzling is the high price that is being paid for whatever benefits are gained. A third of our life is essentially lost, so far as our normal aims and purposes are concerned. In a statement quoted by Dement in this same connection, Allan Rechtschaffen raises the question as to why evolution ever produced such an apparently "useless, maladaptive" process. "If sleep does not serve an absolutely vital function, then it is the biggest mistake the evolutionary process ever made," he contends.
Evolution is a purely mechanical process, and it responds only to existing conditions. It cannot take into account the possibility that those conditions may change. Consequently, when conditions actually do change, some of the forms of life that have evolved may be too specialized to survive in the new environment. In this sense, evolution may be said to make some mistakes. But sleep is not on one of these branches that is susceptible to being lopped off; it is directly in the main line of evolutionary development. It is a behavior characteristic of all of the most advanced forms of life, including the human race, the most adaptable of all biological organisms,232 and it applies under all of the environmental conditions to which these forms of life are subject. It obviously must serve an important and essential purpose. Inverting Rechtschaffen's reasoning, we may say that inasmuch as sleep clearly is not an evolutionary mistake, and costs us a third of our lives, it must "serve an absolutely vital function."
The nature of that function is another of the many long-standing problems that have been resolved by the development of the Reciprocal System of physical theory. As explained in Chapter 6, a biological organism is a material (Sector 1) structure associated with, and under the control of, a unit of the cosmic (Sector 2) type. Inasmuch as Sector 2, the cosmic, or inverse, sector of the physical universe, is the sector of motion in time—that is, motion in which location in time deviates from the clock time of the material sector—the time to which the Sector 2 control unit (the life unit) conforms continually diverges from clock time, the time to which the material structure of the living organism conforms. Sleep is simply a condition in which the control mechanism is periodically disconnected and brought back into synchronization with the material structure. In plants and the lower animals, where the control mechanisms are simple and operate only intermittently, this is accomplished by means of frequent adjustment periods of short duration, but in the higher animals, where the control mechanism is complex and operates continuously, the period of readjustment is distinct and much longer.
One of the most significant features of the Reciprocal System of physical theory is that the explanation which it produces as to what any particular physiological entity is also explains why that entity behaves as it does. For example, the theoretical explanation of the nature of matter leads directly to an explanation of why matter exists in discrete units (atoms and particles), why it gravitates, why there are a specific number of different types of atoms, and so on. Now we find the same situation in biology. The theoretical explanation of the nature of life not only tells us why the life unit is an aggregate of processes, and why it opposes the tendency of inanimate matter toward disorder, but also leads directly to simple explanations of some of the most important features of biological structures, such as the reason why they are composed of cells. Here we derive another significant item of information from the same source. We find that the basic explanation of the nature of life likewise reveals why sleep is an essential accompaniment of biological complexity.
Exact synchronization of the life unit with the material structure is not required, as there is a zone of tolerance within which operation of the control mechanism is not impaired. A cycle of sleeping and waking periods is therefore established within the zone of tolerance on some basis that is in harmony with environmental conditions. The principal governing factor, so far as the human race is concerned, is the rotation of the earth, as the most efficient pattern is one in which sleep is relegated to the time that is the least favorable for purposeful activity.
Abstention from sleep beyond the time when it would normally begin, on the basis of the established pattern, creates what we may call a pressure tending to cause sleep. By a deliberate effort, this pressure can be resisted, and the period of wakefulness can be prolonged quite substantially. Ultimately, however, the limit of the zone of tolerance is reached, and further deprivation of sleep results in disruption of the mental processes. If continued, this disruption may become permanent, and experiments with animals show that it can result in death; that is, complete loss of the Sector 2 control. The time divergence simply becomes too great, and the control mechanism loses touch with the physical body.
We can deduce from theoretical premises that the time correction is accomplished by operating the mental processes in reverse during sleep. On the basis of our normal understanding of the effect of reversals, it would appear that a period of sleep equal in length to the preceding waking period would be required in order to complete the synchronization of an apparatus that operates continuously. Development of the Reciprocal System of theory has revealed, however, that the effective magnitude of all primary physical quantities is the amount by which they deviate from unity, rather than from the mathematical zero. Each such quantity has an initial positive level of one unit which has no physical effect. Reversal of the direction of the mental processes during sleep reverses the initial level of each individual time unit, as well as that unit itself, and the total deviation from the positive unit level during one unit of reverse operation is therefore two units. If the mental process is in full operation when the individual is awake, his sleep periods should theoretically amount to one third of the total time. This is roughly in agreement with human experience.
Physical or mental abnormalities may increase or decrease the sleep time. Incipient mental disturbances, for instance, are often correlated with reduced amounts of sleep, as would be expected if there are significant interruptions in the thought processes which reduce the total operating time. It is also true that there seems to be some variation above and below the theoretical eight hours in the individual requirements for sleep even where no abnormalities are present. But it is doubtful if the apparent variations in average sleep time are real. What appears to be a greater amount of sleep may be due to a number of short intervals during which the individual is actually awake—perhaps in the borderline state known as drowsiness. Similarly, a well-known phenomenon called "microsleep," which involves a succession of short sleep intervals, may well account for the apparently low sleep requirements of other persons.
As already noted, the control mechanism of the higher animals, including man, consists of two distinct parts, the memory apparatus and the thinking apparatus. Both have cosmic (inverse) elements—that is, they operate electrically rather than by means of material forces—and both must therefore undergo periodic synchronization with the material structure. But the memory apparatus is simpler and more primitive than the thinking apparatus. Furthermore, it evidently is not, as a whole, in full operation continuously. It therefore accomplishes the necessary readjustment in less time. In order to allow the synchronization of the thinking apparatus to catch up, the memory apparatus is disconnected from the adjustment process periodically and allowed to operate for a time in its normal manner, except that it remains separated from the motor mechanism and the contact with the outside world. The most striking physiological feature of this phase of the sleep cycle is a rapid movement of the eyes, and for this reason it is called REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. The phase during which the entire mental mechanism is undergoing the synchronization adjustment is non-REM, or NREM, sleep. The three different physiological conditions that have been discussed may be summarized as follows:
Mechanism Thinking
Mechanism Motor
Awake Normal Normal Active
REM sleep Normal Adjusting Inactive
NREM sleep Adjusting Adjusting Inactive
Dement refers to the "difficulty in demonstrating the purpose of REM sleep in adults."233 Luce and Segal report that "many conjectures about the purpose of the REM state are plausible, yet they are not answers and the purpose of the dream state remains a mystery."234 On the basis of the foregoing theoretical explanation, the purpose is simply to prevent overcorrection of the time deviation in the memory apparatus. As in the case of the positive deviation that is corrected by the synchronization process, there is a tolerance in the negative direction, and aside from building up the negative equivalent of sleep pressure that results from sleep deprivation, lack of REM sleep has no important effects within the zone of tolerance. Beyond the limit of this zone, adverse physiological effects begin to develop, similar in some respects, but apparently not as severe as those resulting from complete deprivation of sleep. The less severe reaction is understandable inasmuch as lack of REM sleep affects only the memory system, while total deprivation of sleep affects the entire mental apparatus. A report that is of special interest in view of the theoretical findings with respect to the need for synchronization is that one of the effects of REM sleep deprivation is "time sense distortion."235 When REM sleep is again permitted after a time in which it is inhibited by one means or another, the overcorrection of the time deviation is reversed by a period of abnormally high REM sleep. This is the so-called "rebound."
The pattern of REM sleep in animals indicates that the structural complexity of the thinking apparatus falls off more rapidly than that of the memory apparatus as we follow the evolutionary scale downward—a relationship that is to be expected since memory necessarily precedes thought. We can have memory without thinking, but thinking without memory is not possible. Mammals, as a class, have well-defined REM periods, but the REM sleep of birds has been reported as minimal, while reptiles apparently have none at all, indicating that their memory synchronization time is ample to take care of the needs of their rudimentary thinking apparatus. Very young infants, on the other hand, go to the other extreme and spend half or more of their sleep time in the REM state. This probably indicates that the thinking mechanism develops more rapidly than the memory mechanism in the early stages of the infant's growth. The observed gradual decline to the normal adult REM time then naturally follows.
Theoretical considerations indicate that emotional states have a significant effect on the REM sleep. Emotion and memory are both parts of the old mental equipment, and it is probable that an increase in emotional activity has the same effect on the sleep requirements as more use of the memory. This will have the effect of decreasing the need for REM sleep, and may explain some of the results of drugs and other agencies that affect the emotions. It may also explain why deprivation of REM sleep under experimental conditions can be carried far beyond what seems to be the normal limit; so far as to lead to the assertion by David Foulkes that, "Although there is a need for REM sleep, apparently it is not absolute."236 The REM sleep deprived individuals, both human and animal, are reported to "exhibit undue brain excitement,"237 which may very well be the result of a forced increase in emotional and memory functions to offset the loss of REM sleep time.
During the REM period when the individual is asleep—that is, his thinking mechanism is out of service—but his memory is active, both memory mechanisms (circulating and storage) are operating normally, but have been disconnected from the motor control, and the inflow of sensory stimuli from the environment is almost totally shut off. In the absence of thought and environmental input, the memory apparatus responds only to stimuli from the circulating memory and from internal sensations. If the originating stimulus is physiological, it usually consists only of what we may call a theme—"hunger," for example—without details. As brought out earlier, such abstract themes are not the kind of input with which the memory storage processes are equipped to deal. In order to fit into these processes, the themes must be put into the form of experiences. Memories that are associated with hunger that are already present in storage are therefore drawn upon, and a synthetic hunger experience is built up. The individual becomes aware of this synthetic experience in a manner similar to that in which he becomes aware of real experiences and, with certain qualifications that we will consider later, it appears to him that he is undergoing a real experience. This process is a dream.
The second, and most prolific, source of dream stimuli is the circulating memory system. This system continues to bring one after another of the items that it contains into the position where it makes contact with both the memory storage and the thinking mechanism (inactive in the REM stage). The same process is also in operation during the waking state, but is subject to suppression by the thinking mechanism, and, in any event, is overshadowed by the much greater flow of direct experiences to the memory storage. As each of the items in the circulating memory makes the appropriate contact, it acts in the same manner as a physiological stimulus; that is, it initiates a dream. These items from the circulating memory system contain only a minimum of detail, as the functions of this system do not require detailed elaboration. In fact, an excessive amount of detail would interfere with the primary purpose of this memory system: the reminding function. Like the sensory stimuli, the circulating memories are mainly in the form of abstract themes, although there is a certain amount of elaboration by means of what might be called subsidiary themes.
In a sense, the content of the circulating memories is intermediate between that of physiological sensations, which are simply "hunger," "cold," etc., and the detailed memories of experience that go into the memory storage. We may compare the circulating memory to a language with a limited vocabulary, and the detailed memory of the original experience to a versatile modern language such as English. In the principal memory process, the full account of the experience goes directly to storage. Meanwhile, this account is translated into the limited language of the circulating memory for its purposes. During sleep, when no direct accounts of experience are coming in, the memories in the circulating system are fed one by one into the stream going to storage, and are translated back into the detailed form that is acceptable to the storage facilities. A consideration of the language analogy shows what results can be expected. If a statement made in English is translated into the language of some primitive tribe, and then retranslated back into English by some person who does not have access to the original text, the general idea of the statement will be preserved (if the translators are competent), but there will undoubtedly be significant differences in the details. Similarly, a dream produced by a circulating memory theme will reproduce the theme of the source from which the memory originated, but may alter the details beyond recognition.
On the other hand, there is also a fairly good chance that the details will be reproduced accurately in a certain percentage of the dreams. A memory of the original experience exists in the memory storage, and since, as we will see in Chapter 15, this is usually, perhaps always, a very recent acquisition, it is favorably situated for recall. Thus, the association process may very well reach this memory rather than some other item in storage, and in that case, the result will be that the dream reproduces the original experience with no more than minor variations.
There has been much discussion of what has been interpreted as a "need to dream." Freud, for instance, regarded the dream as a "safety valve" which "relieves the mind"238 of harmful material by allowing it to be expressed during sleep. Our theoretical findings are that what exists is a need for sleep in order to synchronize the processes of the mind with the structure of the brain, and a further need to separate the memory from the thinking mechanism during a portion of the synchronization process in order to allow the thinking mechanism to continue the adjustment process for a time after the synchronization of the memory is complete. Thus the only need for anything other than sleep itself is for the correct proportion of REM sleep to total sleep. The dreams occur not because they are needed but because they are part of the normal physiological activity during the sleep that is needed.
The general nature of the dream process in the NREM state is the same as in REM sleep, but the thinking mechanism and the memory are connected to each other during the NREM dreaming and both are disconnected from the environment. The NREM dreams are therefore subject to control by the thinking process. This supervision eliminates most of the incongruities of the type that is characteristic of the REM dreams, and makes the NREM dreams more like the mental processes during the waking state. Dement describes them as "more plausible" and "more like thinking and less like [REM] dreaming,"239 attributes which can be expected in view of the participation of the thinking mechanism in shaping the dream experience. He also reports that they are "more concerned with contemporary lives," but as we will see in the next chapter, the REM dreams are likewise concerned with contemporary experience. The difference is that the connection between the REM dreams and experience is less obvious.
Another reason for the greater plausibility of the NREM dreams is that more of them are direct recall of experiences. The factors that determine the extent to which direct recall occurs during dreams are the same for both kinds of sleep, and consequently there is no difference in the initial probability of such recall. But since the REM dream is not subject to censorship, the original result of the association process, whatever it may be, has to be accepted. Apparently there is about one chance in five that uncontrolled association will retrieve the actual experience from the memory storage, as studies indicate that not more than 20 percent of the REM dreams are of the direct recall type.240 In the NREM dreams, the thinking process censors the memories produced from storage. If a memory called up by association is incongruous, it is rejected, and another association is called for. In most cases, the direct memory is reached somewhere along the line of this trial and rejection process, and the direct memory content of the NREM dreams has been found to be 80 percent or more.
In this respect, the research findings coincide with the theoretical conclusions. There is less agreement, however, between the theory and the views of the investigators with respect to other aspects of the thinking process during sleep. Calvin S. Hall is probably expressing the general opinion when he says, "All forms of thinking from realistic problem solving to unrealistic fantasy may and do occur during dreaming." The principal difference, he concludes, is that "during sleep the thoughts are projected in the form of images, usually visual in character."229 The conclusion reached from our theoretical development, however, is that the thinking process during sleep is a very limited form of activity because, aside from some physiological sensations and a few outside stimuli that get through the barriers, it has nothing to work with but memories.
Problem solving, one of the forms of thinking mentioned by Hall, is theoretically possible only if all of the necessary components of the solution are present in memories, and the only requirement is to put them together in the proper manner, or to experience one of those "flashes of insight" discussed in Chapter 9. In most cases, all of the necessary information is not present in the memory storage. Furthermore, the thinking during the dream is not able to make full use of the information that actually is contained in the storage, as the many aids to directed thinking that are available in the waking state, such as tabular and graphic representation, are lacking in dreams.
These theoretical results also throw considerable cold water on the idea of the unconscious mind introduced by Freud. The memory storage is outside our consciousness except when we have occasion to recall some item, or when such an item is called up by the association process. It is no doubt possible for long-buried memories which we would not recall in the ordinary course of events to be brought out by association in dreams or under hypnosis. But the idea that these experiences can affect the life of the individual without being called up from storage is hard to reconcile with the theoretical findings. The theoretical analysis indicates that the emotions (or sensations) which disturb the troubled individual are not generated by the forgotten experiences, but by the experiences, or some aspects of the experiences, which he wants to forget, but cannot.
In general, the various devices that the psychoanalysts use to accomplish what they regard as dredging up items from the unconscious—such things as free association, dream interpretation, and hypnotism—can equally well be regarded as means to circumvent the subject's unwillingness to reveal his conscious knowledge of these matters. But it may be that the knowledge of which the subject is conscious is so vague and general that he is unable to reveal it. As noted earlier, experiences are not usually retained in the memory storage in such a way that they are subject to recall in their entirety on demand. Ordinarily, certain features—items of information, mainly—are abstracted and kept available for recall, while the remaining details are gradually forgotten. But the retained features are not necessarily useful items. For example, the original experience may have been accompanied by a feeling of anxiety. In the memory process, an association may be set up between this anxiety and some person or object X that played a part in the experience. Future contacts with X, or something associated with X, may then result in recall of the anxiety sensation without the individual being aware of what has happened. He simply feels anxiety without knowing why. If he is emotionally susceptible, he may prolong the memory by frequent recall even without any additional contact with X.
This view of the situation indicates that the analysts' procedure in attempting to identify the original experience as the first step toward correcting the abnormal mental condition is probably sound. If the association between the anxiety and X can be identified, it can probably be broken by some means, so that the recurring anxiety stimulus is eliminated. But the Freudian belief that the trouble is due to items that are present in an unconscious mind does not agree with our theoretical findings. It is not what has been forgotten, our theory tells us; it is that aspect of the original experience that has not been forgotten. The original circumstances—the experience itself—may have been forgotten, but sensations are remembered as well as experiences, and a certain kind of stimulus may call up a disturbing memory that lingers on as a residue of the forgotten experience.
‹ 13 Emotions up 15 The Stuff of Dreams ›


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