text:
\section{Introduction}

Dark energy remains one of the deepest mysteries of cosmology today. Even though it has been fifteen years since the discovery of dark energy \citep{bib:riess,bib:perlmutter}, its fundamental nature remains unknown. Adding a cosmological constant ($\Lambda$) to Einstein's general relativity is the simplest way to account for this observation, and leads to remarkable agreement with all cosmological data so far (see e.g. \cite{bib:planck}). However, the cosmological constant requires considerable fine-tuning to explain current observations and motivates the quest for alternative explanations of the nature of dark energy.

Modified gravity models aim to provide such an explanation. The Galileon theory, first proposed by \cite{bib:nicolis} involves a scalar field, hereafter called $\pi$, whose equation of motion must be of second order and invariant under a Galilean shift symmetry $\partial_\mu \pi \rightarrow \partial_\mu \pi + b_\mu$, where $b_\mu$ is a constant vector. This symmetry was first identified as an interesting property in the DGP model \citep{bib:dgp}. \cite{bib:nicolis} derived the five possible Lagrangian terms for the field $\pi$,  which were then formulated in a covariant formalism by \cite{bib:deffayet} and \cite{bib:deffayetb}.

This model forms a subclass of general tensor-scalar theories involving only up to second-order derivatives originally found by Horndeski \citep{bib:horndeski}. Later, Galileon theory was also found to be the non-relativistic limit of numerous broader theories, such as massive gravity \citep{bib:deRhamMasGra} or brane constructions \citep{bib:deRhamDBI,bib:hinterbichler,bib:acoleyen}. Braneworld approaches give a deeper theoretical basis to Galileon theories. The usual and simple construction involves a 3+1 dimensional brane, our Universe, embedded in a higher dimensional bulk. The Galileon field $\pi$ can be interpreted as the brane transverse position in the bulk, and the Galilean symmetry appears naturally as a remnant of the broken space-time symmetries of the bulk \citep{bib:hinterbichler}. The Galilean symmetry is then no longer imposed as a principle of construction, but is a consequence of space-time geometry.

Models that modify general relativity have to alter gravity only at cosmological scales in order to agree with the solar system tests of gravity (see e.g. \cite{bib:will}).
The Galileon field can be coupled to matter either explicitly or through a coupling induced by its temporal variation \citep{bib:babichev13}. This leads to a so-called fifth force that by definition modifies gravity around massive objects like the Sun. But the non-linear Lagrangians of the Galileon theory ensure that this fifth force is screened near massive objects in case of an explicit coupling of the form $c_0 \pi T^\mu_{\ \mu}/M_P$ (where $T^\mu_{\ \mu}$ is the trace of the matter energy-momentum tensor, $c_0$ a dimensionless parameter, and $M_P$ the Planck mass) or in the case of an induced coupling. This is called the Vainshtein effect (\cite{bib:vainshtein} and \cite{bib:babichev13b} for a modern introduction). The fifth force is thus negligible with respect to general relativity within a certain radius from a massive object, that depends on the object mass and Galileon parameters \citep{bib:vainshtein,bib:nicolis,bib:brax11}.

Braneworld constructions and massive gravity models give rise to an explicit disformal coupling to matter of the form $\sim \partial_\mu \pi \partial_\nu \pi T^{\mu\nu}$. As shown, for example, in \cite{bib:brax12b}, this coupling does not induce a fifth force on massive objects since it does not apply to non-relativistic objects when the scalar field is static. In a cosmological context, the scalar field $\pi$ evolves with time but the fifth force introduced by the disformal coupling to matter can be masked thanks to a new screening mechanism \citep{bib:koivisto,bib:zumalacarregui}. However, the disformal coupling still plays a role in the field cosmological evolution, which makes this kind of Galileon model interesting to compare with cosmological data. The action of the model is
\begin{equation}\label{eq:action}
S=\int d^4x \sqrt{-g}\left( \frac{M_P^2R}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \sum_{i=1}^{5} c_i L_i - L_m - L_G\right),
\end{equation}
with $L_m$ the matter Lagrangian, $R$ the Ricci scalar, and $g$ the determinant of the metric.
The $c_i$s are the Galileon model dimensionless parameters weighting different covariant Galileon Lagrangians $L_i$ \citep{bib:deffayet}:
\begin{align}
L_1 = & M^3\pi,\quad L_2=\pi_{;\mu}\pi^{;\mu},\quad
L_3=(\pi_{;\mu}\pi^{;\mu})(\square \pi)/M^3, \notag \\
L_4 = & (\pi_{;\mu}\pi^{;\mu})\left[ 2(\square \pi)^2 - 2 \pi_{;\mu\nu}\pi^{;\mu\nu} - R(\pi_{;\mu}\pi^{;\mu})/2 \right]/M^6, \notag \\
L_5 = & (\pi_{;\mu}\pi^{;\mu})
\left[ (\square \pi)^3 - 3(\square \pi) \pi_{;\mu\nu}\pi^{;\mu\nu} +2\pi_{;\mu}\ ^{;\nu}\pi_{;\nu}^{\ ;\rho}\pi_{;\rho}^{\ ;\mu} \right. \notag \\ & \left. -6 \pi_{;\mu}\pi^{;\mu\nu}\pi^{;\rho}G_{\nu\rho}\right]/M^9,
\end{align}
where $M$ is a mass parameter defined as $M^3=H_0^2M_P$ with $H_0$ the Hubble parameter current value. $L_G$ is the disformal coupling to matter:
\begin{equation}
L_G=\frac{c_G}{M_P M^3}\partial_\mu \pi \partial_\nu \pi T^{\mu\nu},
\end{equation}
where $c_G$ is dimensionless. Interestingly, \cite{bib:babichev} showed that $c_0\lesssim 10^{-2}$ by comparing local time variation measurements of the Newton constant $G_N$ in the Lunar Laser Ranging experiments, to predictions derived in the Galileon theory with the Vainshtein mechanism accounted for and boundary conditions set by the cosmological evolution.
In the more general context of scalar field theories, the disformal coupling has been recently constrained in particle physics using Large Hadron Collider data \citep{bib:brax14,bib:monophoton}.
Thus the disformal coupling should be the first explicit Galileon coupling to look at considering the actual existing constraints.

The uncoupled Galileon model ($c_G=0$) has already been constrained by observational cosmological data in \citet{bib:appleby2}, \citet{bib:okada}, \citet{bib:nesseris}, and more recently in \cite{bib:neveu} (hereafter \citetalias{bib:neveu}) and \cite{bib:barreira13} (hereafter \citetalias{bib:barreira13}). In \citetalias{bib:neveu}, we introduced a new parametrisation of the model and developed a likelihood analysis method to constrain the Galileon parameters independently of initial conditions on the $\pi$ field. The unknown initial condition for the Galileon field was absorbed into the original $c_i$ parameters to form new parameters $\bar c_i$ defined by $\bar c_i = c_i x_0^i$, where $x_0$ encodes the initial condition for the Galileon field. The same methodology was adopted here, and we refer the interested reader to \citetalias{bib:neveu} for more details.

Same datasets were used
for baryonic acoustic oscillations (BAO) \citep{bib:beutler,bib:padmanabhan,bib:sanchez}, and for growth of structure joint measurements\footnote{In order to ensure that the measurements do not depend of a fiducial cosmology.} of $f\sigma_8(z)$ and the Alcock-Paczynski parameter $F(z)$, mainly from \cite{bib:percival04,bib:blake11b,bib:beutler12,
bib:samushia12a,bib:reid}. For the cosmic microwave background (CMB), we updated our analysis
  to use the WMAP9 distance priors \citep{bib:wmap9} instead of the
  WMAP7 ones \citep{bib:komatsu11}. Concerning type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia), we also updated our sample from the high-quality data of the SuperNova Legacy Survey (SNLS) collaboration  \citep{bib:guy2010,bib:conley,bib:sullivan} to the recent sample published jointly by the SNLS and Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) collaborations \citep{bib:jla}, which we will refer to as the Joint Light-curve Analysis (JLA) sample in the following.

Interesting constraints on the uncoupled Galileon model using the full CMB power spectrum were published in \citetalias{bib:barreira13}, with a different methodology. In the following, we show that the results from both studies agree. However, in our study we used growth data, despite our using a
  linearised version of the theory, while \citetalias{bib:barreira13} preferred not to use those data until the Galileon non-linearities responsible for the Vainshtein effect are precisely studied. We include a discussion on that important point in this paper

Section~\ref{sec:data} describes our updated datasets. Section~\ref{sec:uncoupled} provides an update of the constraints on the uncoupled Galileon model, using WMAP9 and JLA data, and a comparison with \citetalias{bib:barreira13} results. Section~\ref{sec:coupled} gives constraints on the disformally coupled Galileon model derived from the same dataset. Section~\ref{sec:disc} discusses these results and their implications, as well as the state of the art of growth rate of structure modelling in Galileon theory. We conclude in Section~\ref{sec:concl}.

\section{Updated datasets}\label{sec:data}

\subsection{Updated CMB data}

\begin{table}[h!]
\caption[]{WMAP distance priors.}
\label{tab:wmap}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{ccc} \hline \hline \\ [-1ex]
   & WMAP7 & WMAP9 \\  [1ex] \hline \\ [-1ex]
$R$  & $1.725\pm0.018$ & $1.725\pm0.018$ \\ [1ex]  \hline \\ [-1ex]
$l_a$  & $302.09\pm0.76$  & $302.40\pm0.69$ \\ [1ex]  \hline \\ [-1ex]
$z_*$  & $1091.3\pm0.91$ & $1090.88\pm1.00$ \\ [1ex]  \hline \\ [-1ex]
\end{tabular}
\tablefoot{The uncertainties are computed using all terms of the inverse covariance matrices published in \cite{bib:komatsu11} and \cite{bib:wmap9}.}
\end{center}
\end{table}

The new CMB distance priors and their covariance matrix from WMAP9 (\cite{bib:wmap9}) were used as CMB constraints (see Table~\ref{tab:wmap}). No major improvements are expected as the distance priors uncertainties are not significantly decreased in the WMAP9 release. Planck results would be very competitive but the Planck collaboration did not publish similar distance priors independent of the $\Lambda$CDM model\footnote{Note however that recently an independent group proposed a derivation of the distance priors from the Planck+WP+lensing power spectrum \citep{bib:wang}.}.

In \citetalias{bib:neveu} as well as in this work, we followed the prescriptions of \cite{bib:komatsu09} for the use of WMAP distance priors to derive cosmological constraints. In particular, they recommend a minimisation procedure of the $h$ value when comparing predictions to observables. Because of the rich Galileon phase space to explore, we added in \citetalias{bib:neveu} a Gaussian prior on $H_0$ to help the program converge, centred on the \cite{bib:riess11} measurement. Since then, the Planck collaboration published their results and showed a disagreement between their $\Lambda$CDM fit and the \cite{bib:riess11} measurement for $H_0$. In order to measure the impact of that measurement on our results, we repeated
the study without the $H_0$ prior. Results on e.g. $\Omega_m^0$ and $\bar c_2$ are presented in Table~\ref{tab:h0}. When removing the $H_0$ prior, best-fit values and the minimised $h$ value do not change drastically.
The $\chi^2$ at the marginalised values decreased from 2.1 to 0.7, indicating that there is a small tension between the WMAP9 distance priors and $H_0$ measurement. The check was also performed in the disformally coupled Galileon and $\Lambda$CDM models, and led to similar results. As a consequence, we decided to remove the $H_0$ prior in the following.

\begin{table}[htb]
\caption[]{Impact of the $H_0$ Gaussian prior on constraints on two of the uncoupled Galileon model parameters using BAO+WMAP9 data.}
\label{tab:h0}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{ccccc} \hline \hline \\ [-1ex]
 $H_0$ (km/s/Mpc)  & $\Omega^0_m$ & $\bar c_2$ & $h$ & $\chi^2$  \\  [1ex] \hline \\ [-1ex]
$73.8\pm2.4$  & $0.270^{+0.014}_{-0.009}$ & $-5.614^{+1.970}_{-2.650}$ & $0.714$ & 2.1 \\ [1ex]  \hline \\ [-1ex]
No prior  & $0.274^{+0.015}_{-0.009}$ & $-5.467^{+1.962}_{-2.659}$ & $0.704$ & 0.7 \\ [1ex]  \hline \\ [-1ex]
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table}
\vspace*{-1cm}

\subsection{Updated SN Ia sample}

\begin{figure}[hbtp]
\begin{center}
\epsfig{figure=gal_syst_jla_theocombi_subplot.eps, width=\columnwidth}
\caption[]{Experimental constraints on $\Omega_m^0$ and $\bar c_2$ parameters of the uncoupled Galileon model from SNLS3 data (dashed purple contours) and JLA data (filled blue contours). $\alpha$ and $\beta$ were fixed to their $\Lambda$CDM best-fit values, and we marginalised over the remaining fitted parameters. The filled dark, medium, and light-blue contours enclose 68.3, 95.4, and 99.7\% of the probability, respectively. The contours include statistical and all identified systematic uncertainties. The dark dotted regions correspond to scenarios rejected by theoretical constraints.}
\label{fig:snls}
\end{center}
\vspace*{-1cm}
\end{figure}

\begin{table*}[htbp]
\caption[]{Cosmological constraints on the uncoupled Galileon model from the SNLS3 and JLA samples.}
\label{tab:snls}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{cccccccccc} \hline \hline \\ [-1ex]
Sample & $\Omega_m^0$ & $\bar c_2$ & $\bar c_3$ & $\bar c_4$ & $\alpha$ & $\beta$ & $\mathcal{M}_B^1$ & $\mathcal{M}_B^2$ & $\chi^2$ \\  [1ex] \hline \\ [-1ex]
SNLS3 Stat+sys & $0.273^{+0.054}_{-0.042}$ & $-5.240^{+1.880}_{-2.802}$ & $-1.781^{+1.071}_{-1.426}$ & $-0.588^{+0.516}_{-0.348}$ & 1.428 & 3.263 & 23.997 & 23.950 & 415.4 \\ [1ex] \hline \\ [-1ex]
JLA Stat+sys & $0.328^{+0.055}_{-0.047}$ & $-4.175^{+1.726}_{-3.027}$ & $-1.345^{+0.968}_{-1.542}$ & $-0.475^{+0.464}_{-0.349}$ & 0.141 & 3.101 & 24.072 & 24.081 & 692.8\\ [1ex]  \hline \\ [-1ex]
\end{tabular}
\tablefoot{Results were computed using statistical and systematic uncertainties combined. $\alpha$ and $\beta$ were kept fixed to their marginalised values. No errors are given on $\mathcal{M}_B^1$ and $\mathcal{M}_B^2$ because they were analytically marginalised over (see \cite{bib:conley}).}
\end{center}
\end{table*}

In \citetalias{bib:neveu}, the SNLS3 sample from \cite{bib:conley} was used. The JLA sample recently released by the SNLS and SDSS collaborations benefit from reduced calibration systematic uncertainties and combine the full SDSS-II spectroscopically-confirmed SN Ia sample with the SNLS3 sample. While the SNLS3 sample contain 472 supernovae whose parameters were determined using a combination of the SALT2 and SiFTO light-curve fitters, 740 supernovae are present in the final JLA sample, measured using SALT2 only. The impact of the new calibration and change in the light-curve fitter shifted the best fit $\Omega_m^0$ value for a flat $\Lambda$CDM model from $0.228 \pm 0.038$ to $0.295\pm0.034$ ($1.8\sigma$ drift, see \cite{bib:betoule13} and section 6.4 of \cite{bib:jla} for more details). This new value is now more consistent with the Planck measurement \citep{bib:planck}.

Both samples were used to derive constraints on the Galileon model parameters. Results are presented in Table~\ref{tab:snls} and illustrated in Figure~\ref{fig:snls}.
Usually, one should fit and marginalise over the two nuisance parameters $\alpha$ and $\beta$, which describe the SN~Ia variability in stretch and colour \citep{bib:astier,bib:guy2010,bib:conley}. However, in \citetalias{bib:neveu} it was shown that for the Galileon model we can keep $\alpha$ and $\beta$ fixed to their marginalised values in the $\Lambda$CDM model. In this study, we thus took directly the fitted $\alpha$ and $\beta$ value from \citetalias{bib:neveu} for the SNLS3 sample and from \cite{bib:jla} for the JLA sample\footnote{The difference in $\alpha$ between the SNLS3 and JLA samples is due to different parametrisation of light-curves shapes: while for the SNLS3 sample, a stretch parameter $s$ is reported, the JLA sample uses the SALT2 $X_1$ parameter which is roughly $10\times(s-1)$.}.

Using the new JLA sample, we observe a $1\sigma$ increase of the best fit $\Omega_m^0$ value, as expected when considering the reported drift for the $\Lambda$CDM model in \cite{bib:jla}. Smaller changes are observed for the $\bar c_i$ parameters.

\subsection{Updated growth data computation}

From the Planck collaboration, we used the new value $\sigma_8^{\mathrm{Planck}}(z=0)=0.829\pm0.012$  \citep{bib:planck} to normalise our growth rate predictions, as we are able to remove the $\Lambda$CDM dependence for that observable. We recall that to compute $f\sigma_8(z)$ predictions in the Galileon model we assume that the value of $\sigma_8$ is equal in the Galileon and $\Lambda$CDM models at the decoupling redshift $z_*$. This is a reasonable assumption as we showed in our previous paper that the Galileon energy density is very subdominant at that time for most of the allowed set of parameters. The uncertainty on $\sigma_8^{\mathrm{Planck}}(z=0)$ was propagated in our error budget. We still used growth data with the same caveats as mentioned in \citetalias{bib:neveu} and \citetalias{bib:barreira13}, which we discuss further in Section~\ref{sec:disc}.

\begin{figure*}[hbtp]
\begin{center}
\epsfig{figure=gal_gof_fs8F_jlabaowmap9_s8planck_nomin.eps, width=0.95\textwidth}
\caption[]{Experimental constraints on the uncoupled Galileon model from growth data (red) and from JLA+WMAP9+BAO combined constraints (dashed). The filled dark, medium and light coloured contours enclose 68.3, 95.4 and 99.7\% of the probability, respectively. Dark dotted regions correspond to scenarios rejected by theoretical constraints.}
\label{fig:gof_snlsbaowmap9}
\end{center}
\end{figure*}

\section{Uncoupled Galileon model}\label{sec:uncoupled}

In this section, we derived new experimental constraints on the $\bar c_i$ parameters of the uncoupled Galileon model following the same methodology as in \citetalias{bib:neveu} with updated data.

\subsection{New experimental constraints}

\begin{table*}[htb]
\caption[]{Uncoupled Galileon model best-fit values from different data samples}
\label{tab:results}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{cccccccc} \hline \hline \\ [-1ex]
Probe & $\Omega_m^0$ & $\bar c_2$ & $\bar c_3$ & $\bar c_4$ & $h$ & $\Omega_b^0h^2$ & $ \chi^2$ \\  [1ex] \hline \\ [-1ex]
Growth data & $0.205^{+0.046}_{-0.046}$ & $-5.337^{+0.883}_{-1.293}$ & $-1.721^{+0.299}_{-0.732}$ & $-0.628^{+0.221}_{-0.189}$ & - & - & 20.1\\ [1ex]  \hline \\ [-1ex]
BAO+WMAP9 & $0.274^{+0.015}_{-0.009}$ & $-5.467^{+1.962}_{-2.659}$ & $-1.896^{+0.996}_{-1.403}$ & $-0.622^{+0.462}_{-0.327}$ & 0.704 & 0.0226 & 0.7 \\ [1ex]  \hline \\ [-1ex]
SNLS3+BAO+WMAP9 & $0.274^{+0.014}_{-0.009}$ & $-5.463^{+1.952}_{-2.650}$ & $-1.892^{+0.992}_{-1.399}$ & $-0.621^{+0.462}_{-0.327}$ & 0.704 & 0.0226 & 422.1 \\ [1ex] \hline \\ [-1ex]
JLA+BAO+WMAP9 & $0.275^{+0.014}_{-0.009}$ & $-5.269^{+1.832}_{-2.726}$ & $-1.837^{+0.924}_{-1.408}$ & $-0.630^{+0.461}_{-0.304}$ & 0.701 & 0.0227 & 692.5 \\ [1ex] \hline  \hline \\ [-1ex]

All (with SNLS3) & $0.270^{+0.013}_{-0.008}$ & $-4.315^{+0.525}_{-1.308}$ & $-1.568^{+0.201}_{-0.808}$ & $-0.759^{+0.101}_{-0.068}$ & 0.733 & 0.0220 & 449.9 \\ [1ex] \hline \\ [-1ex]
All \citepalias{bib:neveu} & $0.271^{+0.013}_{-0.008}$ & $-4.352^{+0.518}_{-1.220}$ & $-1.597^{+0.203}_{-0.726}$ & $-0.771^{+0.098}_{-0.061}$ & 0.735 & 0.0220 & 450.4 \\ [1ex]  \hline \hline \\ [-1ex]
All (with JLA) & $0.276^{+0.014}_{-0.009}$ & $-4.278^{+0.484}_{-1.097}$ & $-1.580^{+0.194}_{-0.597}$ & $-0.772^{+0.102}_{-0.058}$ & 0.726 & 0.0219 & 720.9\\ [1ex] \hline
\end{tabular}
\tablefoot{SNLS3 and JLA with systematics included, $\alpha$ and $\beta$ fixed to their marginalised values. $h$ and $\Omega_b^0h^2$ have been minimized so no uncertainties are provided.}
\end{center}
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[htb]
\caption[]{Uncoupled Galileon model best-fit values compared with \citetalias{bib:barreira13} best-fit values, using SNLS3+WMAP9+BAO constraints.}
\label{tab:comparison}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{ccccc} \hline \hline \\ [-1ex]
 & $\Omega_m^0$ & $\bar c_2/\bar c_3^{2/3}$ & $\bar c_4/\bar c_3^{4/3}$ & $\bar c_5/\bar c_3^{5/3}$\\  [1ex] \hline \\ [-1ex]
This work & $0.274^{+0.014}_{-0.009}$ & $-3.57^{+1.79}_{-2.47}$ & $-0.27^{+0.27}_{-0.24}$ & $0.12^{+0.23}_{-0.39}$  \\ [1ex]  \hline \\ [-1ex]
\citetalias{bib:barreira13}  & $0.273\pm0.010$ & $-4.04^{+0.35}_{-0.34}$ & $-0.171^{+0.035}_{-0.032}$ & $0.046^{+0.014}_{-0.017}$ \\ [1ex]  \hline \\ [-1ex]
\end{tabular}
\tablefoot{$\bar c_5$ is computed using equation (29) from \citetalias{bib:neveu}. The agreement between the best-fit values is better than 0.3$\sigma$ for all parameters.}
\end{center}
\end{table*}

Results using all probes are presented in Fig.~\ref{fig:gof_snlsbaowmap9}, and Table~\ref{tab:results}. With the SNLS3 data, the updated WMAP9 priors and the Planck $\sigma_8$ value improved only marginally the constraints and $\chi^2$ values of the Galileon model compared to our previous results using WMAP7 (see lines 5 and 6 in Table~\ref{tab:results}).
However, because this dataset is now more consistent with that used in \citetalias{bib:barreira13}, we can compare our two sets of results, obtained with different methodologies, which we do in the next section.

Finally, using the JLA sample does not improve the $\Omega_m^0$ uncertainty but decreases our uncertainties on the $\bar c_i$ Galileon parameters. This sample will be used to constrain the disformally coupled model in Section~\ref{sec:coupled}

\subsection{Comparison with \citetalias{bib:barreira13}}

\citetalias{bib:barreira13} recently provided constraints on the Galileon parameters, using the full WMAP9 CMB power spectrum whereas we used only distance priors. The rest of their dataset is identical to ours (except for one BAO measurement, which should not impact the result).

They used a different method to get rid of the degeneracies inherent to the original $c_i$ parametrisation, and derived constraints on $c_i/c_3^{i/3}$ ratios. Their method of computing the initial conditions is also different and more complex. Despite the different methodologies and parametrisations, the comparison of parameter ratios is possible as we have
\begin{equation}
\frac{\bar c_i}{\bar c_3^{i/3}}=\frac{c_i}{c_3^{i/3}}.
\end{equation}

This can give an interesting insight into the impact of the use of the full CMB power spectrum, and of different methodologies. Results using SNe~Ia, CMB and BAO data (no growth data) in both works are compared in Table~\ref{tab:comparison}. Both results are fully compatible even if our methodologies are different. Our $\Omega_m^0$ values and uncertainties are comparable, but the \citetalias{bib:barreira13} best-fit $c_i/c_3^{i/3}$ uncertainties are about ten times smaller than ours thanks to the use of the full CMB spectrum.

This can be understood as follows. Distance priors are derived from the first acoustic peak only, which are measurements at the decoupling redshift where the Galileon field is subdominant.
But, as shown in \cite{bib:barreira}, in the Galileon theory the low-$l$ CMB power spectrum is very sensitive to the model parameters, because this part of the spectrum is affected by late-time dark energy through the integrated Sachs-Wolfe (ISW) effect. The Galileon model is thus severely constrained by this part of the spectrum, and can even provide a better fit to the CMB power spectrum than the $\Lambda$CDM model thanks to a better agreement in the low-$l$ region \citepalias{bib:barreira13}.

\begin{figure*}[hbtp]
\begin{center}
\epsfig{figure=gal_all_jla_s8planck_noH0prior_combined.eps, width=\textwidth}
\caption[]{Combined constraints on the disformally coupled Galileon model from growth data combined with JLA+BAO+WMAP9 data. The filled dark, medium and light yellow contours enclose 68.3, 95.4 and 99.7\% of the probability, respectively. Dark dotted regions correspond to scenarios rejected by theoretical constraints.}
\label{fig:gof_all_combined_cg}
\end{center}
\end{figure*}

\section{Galileon model disformally coupled to matter}\label{sec:coupled}

\subsection{Hypothesis}

In \cite{bib:appleby}, a disformal coupling $L_G$ between the matter and the Galileon field was proposed, motivated by extra-dimension considerations. $L_G$ introduces a new parameter to constrain, $c_G$. This kind of coupling naturally arises in the decoupling limit of massive gravity (see \cite{bib:deRhamMasGra2}). It also automatically arises when dealing with a fluctuating 3+1 brane in a $D=4+n$ dimensional bulk, when matter lives exclusively in the brane. This disformal coupling has already been studied in scalar field theories other than the Galileon model as reported in \cite{bib:brax12b}.

In particular, \cite{bib:brax12b} and \cite{bib:andrews} showed that this kind of coupling has no gravitational effect on massive objects, and thus fulfils the Solar System gravity tests. However, it couples to photons and can play a role in gravitational lensing (see \cite{bib:wyman}).

In this work, as in \citetalias{bib:neveu}, we used the same cosmological and perturbation equations as in \cite{bib:appleby}, but the $c_G$  parameter was renormalised as
\begin{equation}
\bar c_G = c_G x_0^2,
\end{equation}
with $x_0$ defined in \citetalias{bib:neveu}.

Introducing this coupling did not require us to modify the methodology of \citetalias{bib:neveu}, but we had to assume that this coupling between matter and the Galileon field did not change the thermodynamics of the primordial plasma before decoupling. Indeed, if such a coupling is assumed, energy transfers should happen between the scalar field and the primordial plasma. In particular the disformal term leads to interactions between photons and the $\pi$ field. However, as shown in \citetalias{bib:neveu}, the uncoupled Galileon field is negligible during the radiation era in most scenarios, which limits the potential impact of the Galileon before the decoupling. We assumed that this is also the case here, in order to give a first glance at this interesting coupling.

\subsection{Results}

\begin{table*}[htb]
\caption[]{Disformally coupled Galileon model best-fit values from  growth rate measurements combined with JLA+BAO+WMAP9 data.}
\label{tab:resultscG}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{ccccccccc} \hline \hline \\ [-1ex]
Probe & $\Omega_m^0$ & $\bar c_2$ & $\bar c_3$ & $\bar c_4$ & $\bar c_G$ & $h$ & $\Omega_b^0h^2$ & $ \chi^2$ \\  [1ex] \hline \\ [-1ex]

JLA+BAO+WMAP9 & $0.282^{+0.015}_{-0.009}$ & $-4.811^{+1.427}_{-1.990}$ & $-1.525^{+0.637}_{-1.073}$ & $-0.531^{+0.209}_{-0.275}$ & $0.183^{+0.188}_{-0.133}$ & 0.689 & 0.0228 & 693.2 \\ [1ex]  \hline\\ [-1ex]

All & $0.279^{+0.013}_{-0.008}$ & $-3.401^{+0.315}_{-0.565}$ & $-1.043^{+0.195}_{-0.252}$ & $-0.614^{+0.087}_{-0.076}$ & $0.147^{+0.077}_{-0.060}$ & 0.719 & 0.0220 & 714.8 \\ [1ex]  \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table*}

\begin{figure}[hbtp]
\begin{center}
\epsfig{figure=gal_all_jla_s8planck_combined_pdf_cgonly_bars.eps, width=\columnwidth}
\caption[]{$\bar c_G$ probability density function obtained using all datasets, and marginalising over all the other parameters.}
\label{fig:gof_all_combined_cg_pdf_cgonly}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

The results using type Ia SNe, CMB, BAO measurements and growth data are presented in Fig.~\ref{fig:gof_all_combined_cg}, Fig.~\ref{fig:gof_all_combined_cg_pdf_cgonly}, and Table~\ref{tab:resultscG}.

As in the uncoupled case, the $\Omega_m^0$ best fit lies around 0.27. The $\bar c_2$ and $\bar c_3$ best fit values changed slightly, but are still compatible at one sigma with their best fit values in the uncoupled case, which is not the case for $\bar c_4$. As shown in Table~\ref{tab:resultscG}, $\bar c_G=0$ is excluded at the $2.5\sigma$ level, and as a consequence, the final $\chi^2$ is better than in the coupled case.

The probability density function obtained for $\bar c_G$ (Fig.~\ref{fig:gof_all_combined_cg_pdf_cgonly}) shows clearly that a non-zero best fit value is preferred for this parameter, at the $2.5\sigma$ level. Note that when using distances only, this result still holds but at the $1.4\sigma$ level. The disformally coupled Galileon model appears thus in better agreement with data than the uncoupled model.
This may support an extra-dimension origin for the Galileon theory as this coupling is unavoidable in such constructions.

\subsection{Implications beyond cosmology}

The parameter space explored in this work was defined by theoretical conditions that ensure that our cosmological solution is free of ghosts and instability problems (see section 2.5 of \citetalias{bib:neveu}).

Recently, \cite{bib:berezhiani} and \cite{bib:koyama} pointed out that some Galileon-like theories may lead to ghost instabilities in solutions inside massive objects, when a disformal coupling is involved. One should note, however, that our model does not fall exactly in their discussion. However, following a reasoning similar to that in \cite{bib:berezhiani}, we checked that our model may avoid the ghost problem thanks to a compensation between the fifth Lagrangian term $L_5$ and $L_G$. Thus, our best-fit result is likely to be valid also inside massive objects, but deriving an explicit no-ghost condition to ensure that this is indeed the case is beyond the scope of this paper, since we restricted to cosmological solutions only.

\section{Discussion}\label{sec:disc}

\begin{figure*}[hbtp]
\begin{center}
\epsfig{figure=omega_jla_noH0prior_lcdm.eps, width=1.05\columnwidth}
\epsfig{figure=w_jla_noH0prior_errors_1.eps, width=0.95\columnwidth}
\caption[]{Evolution of the $\Omega_i(z)$ (left) and of $w(z)$ (right, solid curve) for the best-fit disformally coupled Galileon model from all data (last row of Table~\ref{tab:resultscG}). In the left plot, dashed lines correspond to our $\Lambda$CDM best-fit values. Differences in the radiation era are only due to different best-fit values of $h$. In the right plot, the shaded area was obtained varying the $\bar c_i$ parameters within their $1\sigma$ uncertainties, taking their correlations into account.}
\label{fig:omega}
\end{center}
\end{figure*}
\subsection{Non-linearities in the Galileon model}

In \citetalias{bib:neveu}, we provided some caveats about the use of growth data when comparing with predictions of a linearised Galileon model. In particular, we stressed that:
\begin{itemize}
\item non-linear models of growth of structures were used to extract measurements from data, whereas here only the linear perturbation theory was used to describe matter perturbation evolution,
\item the non-linearities of the Galileon field itself were also neglected in the perturbed equations while they play a key role in the Vainshtein effect, in particular to restore general relativity close to massive objects.
\end{itemize}
In particular for the latter point, below a certain distance from a massive object, called the Vainshtein radius, Galileon gravity is supposed to vanish with respect to general relativity. At small scales, the growth of structures is then identical in both models. But the Vainshtein radius depends on the Galileon parameters and on the massive object properties, and hence it is difficult to know which scales are affected by Galileon gravity in general.

However, recent progress on the inclusion of non-linearities (both from the Galileon field and from matter evolution) has been made using N-body simulations of structure evolution in Galileon gravity \citep{bib:barreira13b,bib:li13,bib:barreira13c}. Matter power spectra were computed at the non-linear level for different Galileon models. In \cite{bib:barreira13b}, the cubic Galileon model (i.e. with $c_4=c_5=0$) was studied. It was shown that, for scales $k$ between $0.1$ and $0.4\ h$Mpc$^{-1}$ (the ones encompassed in our growth data measurements), the deviation between a linear and a non-linear Galileon model is at most of $\approx 5$\%, and only at redshifts below 0.2.  The authors then studied a quartic Galileon model in \cite{bib:li13}. Important deviations appear between the linear and the non-linear model for the velocity divergence power spectrum (the one of interest for redshift space distortions), but the authors recommended more precise simulations before drawing firm conclusions on that point. Finally, \cite{bib:barreira13c} showed that the quintic Galileon model (the one we are using) has non-physical solutions in high matter density regions and that prevented them from doing simulations in that case. According to the authors, these non-physical solutions are either inherent to the Galileon model itself, or due to the approximations made in their non-linear computations. Further work has to be done on the non-linear modelling of the quintic Galileon gravity to make reliable predictions for the growth of structures.

\subsection{Comparison with the $\Lambda$CDM model}

\begin{figure}[hbtp]
\begin{center}
\epsfig{figure=lcdm_wmap9_jla_all_s8planck_noH0prior_combined.eps, width=\columnwidth}
\caption{Experimental constraints on the $\Lambda$CDM model from JLA data (blue), growth  data (red), BAO+WMAP9 data (green), and all data combined (yellow). Purple dashed contours stand for the $\Lambda$CDM constraints using SNLS3 data only (combining SIFTO and SALT2 supernova parameters). The black dashed line indicates the flatness condition $\Omega_m+\Omega_\Lambda=1$.}
\label{fig:lcdm}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{table}[htb]
\caption[]{$\chi^2$s at marginalised values for different models and different datasets.}
\label{tab:chi2}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{ccc} \hline \hline \\ [-1ex]
 Probes  &  JLA+BAO+WMAP9 & All \\  [1ex] \hline \\ [-1ex]
$\Lambda$CDM & 693.0 & 705.5 \\ [1ex]  \hline \\ [-1ex]
Uncoupled Gal. & 692.5 & 720.9 \\ [1ex]  \hline \\ [-1ex]
Coupled Gal. & 693.2 & 714.8 \\ [1ex]  \hline \\ [-1ex]
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table}

The best-fit coupled Galileon scenario still mimics a $\Lambda$CDM model with the three periods of radiation, matter, and dark energy domination, with an evolving dark energy equation of state parameter $w(z)$ (see Fig.~\ref{fig:omega}). This feature is not different from what we obtained in the uncoupled case.

Table~\ref{tab:chi2} presents the $\chi^2$ values of the two Galileon models and the $\Lambda$CDM one (see also Fig.~\ref{fig:lcdm}). With only distances, the three models reach the same level of agreement with data. When adding growth data, the increase in $\chi^2$ is higher for the Galileon models, as a result of a higher tension between growth and distance probes (see also Fig.~\ref{fig:gof_snlsbaowmap9} and \ref{fig:lcdm}). But the difference in $\chi^2$ with respect to the $\Lambda$CDM model is not stringent. As in our previous work, we can conclude that the Galileon model is not significantly disfavoured by current data compared to the $\Lambda$CDM model, and is a good alternative to model dark energy.

\section{Conclusion}\label{sec:concl}

We have compared the uncoupled and disformally coupled Galileon models to the most recent cosmological data, using the methodology from our previous work \citepalias{bib:neveu}.
An update of the uncoupled Galileon model experimental constraints using WMAP9 $\left\lbrace l_a,R,z_* \right\rbrace$ constraints was derived jointly with the new JLA SN~Ia sample, BAO measurements, and growth data with the Alcock-Paczynski effect taken into account. The $\sigma_8(z=0)$ value used to compute the growth of structure observable was also updated to the \cite{bib:planck} value. The JLA sample allowed us to derive better constraints on the $\bar c_i$ parameters. When we kept the SNLS3 sample, our constraints did not change significantly, but led to an interesting comparison with the Galileon best-fit values published in \citetalias{bib:barreira13}. They used the full WMAP9 power spectrum to derive their constraints, and thus brought tighter constraints, but both best-fit scenarios agree. This validates both methodologies despite their differences. As expected,  WMAP9 distance priors are less constraining than the full CMB spectrum but provide a simpler and faster way to derive constraints on the Galileon model.

We provided the first experimental constraints on the disformal coupling parameter in the framework of the Galileon model. This coupling between matter and the Galileon field is natural when building the theory from massive gravity or extra-dimension considerations. Our final $\chi^2$'s are comparable to the one obtained for the $\Lambda$CDM model. Galileon theories are thus competitive to explain the nature of dark energy.
We also showed that a null disformal coupling to matter is excluded at the $2.5\sigma$ level when using growth data, and at the 1.4$\sigma$ level when using distances only.
This gives some interesting clues, from experimental data, on the possible extra-dimension origin of Galileon theories.

Better constraints would be possible including the ISW effect as shown in \citetalias{bib:barreira13}. The galaxy velocity field could also be a decisive probe to test modified gravity theories, as advocated in \citep{bib:zu,bib:hellwing}. However, this probe would require to have a correct modelling of the Galileon model non-linearities.
Interestingly, the disformal coupling couples to light and thus can have an impact on gravitational lensing \citep{bib:wyman}. Lensing experiments such as LSST \citep{bib:lsst}
or the future satellite Euclid \citep{bib:euclid}, or laboratory tests with light shining through a wall experiments \citep{bib:brax12b} can provide more data to constrain this interesting coupling. CMB spectral distortion studies \citep{bib:brax13} will also give further insight into the braneworld origin of the Galileon theory.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Darlas Rai
Scott Innes
Inside New Orleans Radio Show with Eric Asher
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Current Contest Rules
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zKriLekFPwg
UNO Basketball 2020-2021 Season
The 2020-21 squad is poised to return to the Southland Championship game for the third time in five seasons. Head coach Mark Slessinger is in his 10th season at the helm of the Privateers. UNO was picked to finish eighth in the league and Troy Green was tabbed preseason All-Southland Conference. Take a look below at this year's schedule. …… More
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We know, now more than ever, that you need to get your message out. If you own a small business, work in a restaurant or know someone who needs our help….WE ARE HERE FOR YOU. Send us your information and we can help you share your story. It's a small way we can give back…… More
Crescent City Sports x NASH Icon 106.1: Official Home of New Orleans Athletics
NASH Icon 106.1 is now the place for New Orleans High School Sports courtesy of Crescent City Sports. We are also the official home of New Orleans Athletics. See below for replays of your favorite high school sports game commentary and UNO game commentary. For more information on UNO game schedules, visit unoprivateers.com …… More
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LDH confirms COVID-19 outbreak connected to wrestling tournament in Gonzales
The Louisiana Department of Health has confirmed an outbreak of COVID-19 connected to the Louisiana Classic Wrestling Tournament held in Gonzales.Officials say the department has received more than 20 reports of athletes, staff and attendees testing positive for COVID-19 at the event held at the Lamar Dixon Expo Center on January 15-16, 2021. According to…… More
NOPD investigating double shooting on Bourbon Street Saturday morning
Two people were shot early Saturday on Bourbon Street, according to the New Orleans Police Department.Officials say the shooting occurred around 2:06 a.m. in the 100 block of Bourbon Street.According to initial reports, two suspects opened fire on each other, striking two victims who were in the area.The victims were reported as an 18-year-old woman…… More
Man dies after being found in vehicle with gunshot wound in Metairie, JPSO investigating
A man has died after being found in a vehicle in Metairie with a gunshot wound, the Jefferson Parish Sheriff's Office said.According to Sheriff Joseph Lopinto, officials are investigating a homicide in the 3100 block of Houma Boulevard.Deputies were dispatched around 12:30 p.m. to a business in the area in reference to a suspicious vehicle,…… More
Woman killed after hit-and-run in New Orleans East
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Gov. John Bel Edwards responded to thousands of people having issues with their unemployment benefits. This comes as many viewers have told us it is getting harder and harder to get by. Lorraine Hatton said "It really makes you not want to get up and start the next day. Without nothing for this long? With…… More
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Tim McGraw & Trisha Yearwood Share Memories of Hank Aaron
Legendary Major League Baseball figure Henry Louis Aaron, also known as Hammerin' Hank, has died at the age of 86. Hank Aaron started his MLB career in 1954 with the Braves baseball team when they were located in Milwaukee. When the Braves moved to Atlanta in 1966, Hank went with them. With already a spectacular…… More
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Lady A was taping their performance for the upcoming NBC special, Grand Ole Opry: 95 Years of Country Music when Opry member Darius Rucker surprised them by extending an invite to the trio to become the newest Opry members! Watch the moment they are asked unfold right here… After the invite, an emotional Hillary Scott shared, "This is…… More
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
class Iterator {

public:
	virtual bool HasMore() = 0;
	virtual void* Current() = 0;
	virtual void Next() = 0;

};

#endif // ITERATOR_H

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


and 1-2 tablespoon of cold water.
Kundyubki or kundyums or bear's ears it's a traditional old russian dish, it's dumplings with mushroom filling. However, from ordinary dumplings they differ not only in special filling. The dough for Bear's Ears is kneaded in vegetable oil (poppy or sunflower) and hot water and is a combination of extract and brew dough. The filling is prepared from both fresh and dried mushrooms and can be combined with rice or buckwheat. And finally, the main difference from ordinary dumplings is that Kundyubki do not boil and at the beginning they are baked and then is cooked in the oven.
Stew mushrooms for 15-20 minutes in saucepan with tightly fitting lid. Then chop finely and fry in butter and sour cream with boiled rice.
Roll out dough in a thin layer and cut in squares. Put a little filling on each square and pinch the edges together to form a triangle. Then pinch together the ends of the long side of the triangle to make a point. This and the other point will give the impression of "bear's ears".
Fry, then transfer to a casserole, add mushroom stock and simmer in the oven for 15 minutes.


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text:
Lee Seung Gi Talks About Conveying Beauty In His Kiss Scene With Shim Eun Kyung
Lee Seung Gi and the cast of "Princess and the Matchmaker" attended the advanced movie screening on February 21 at CGV in Yongsan.
"Princess and the Matchmaker" tells the story of Princess Songhwa (Shim Eun Kyung) who refuses to get married to her chosen suitor and a genius fortune teller named Seo Do Yoon (Lee Seung Gi) who tests her compatibility of with other suitors, which will change the future of Joseon Dynasty.
During the press conference, it was revealed that Lee Seung Gi and Shim Eun Kyung filmed a kiss scene for the scene when their characters first meet.
Lee Seung Gi said, "The thing about a kiss scene is that if you approach it headfirst with only emotions to portray it well, which is what many people think is what you should do, then it may not come across as beautiful. So, I paid attention and was more sensitive so that it would look beautiful when others watch it."
He continued, "I fully understood the scenes of their first meeting. It was a collision and an accidental lip bump, but I think that kind of scene sets the identity of the film 'Princess and the Matchmaker.'"
The actor concluded, "We slaved over the scene and filmed a lot. I tried to capture shocked feelings and beauty. Director Hong Chang Pyo was fixated on melodrama at the time. We worked hard on it and filmed it for a while."
"Princess and the Matchmaker" will premiere in theaters in Korea on February 28.
Shim Eun Kyung
Princess and the Matchmaker


text:
PTI Insights Jun 8, 2020, 2:42 pm
UK's 14-day quarantine rule for travelers in force amid airline anger
The UK's compulsory 14-day quarantine for inbound travelers, by air, rail or ferries, came into force on the country's borders from Monday amid protests from the airline industry.
As part of a phase by phase easing of the coronavirus lockdown within the country, all passengers except a small number of exemptions for essential workers will have to fill out an online locator form giving their contact and travel details and the address of where they will self-isolate for two weeks.
Regulations for England include fixed penalty notices of GBP 1,000 (USD 1,268) or prosecution for anyone who breaches the rules, with police being allowed to use "reasonable force" to make sure people comply.
British Airways has begun legal proceedings after sending a pre-action letter to ministers on Friday. Backed by Ryanair and EasyJet, it released a joint statement to urge the government to rethink the measures.
"These measures are disproportionate and unfair on British citizens as well as international visitors arriving in the UK, the statement reads.
"We urge the UK govt to remove this ineffective visitor quarantine which will have a devastating effect on UK's tourism industry and will destroy (even more) thousands of jobs in this unprecedented crisis," it said.
UK Border Force officers will carry out checks at the border and may refuse entry to a non-resident foreign national who refuses to comply with the regulations. However, officers have expressed concerns that they have not had enough time to familiarise themselves with the new requirements.
UK Home Secretary Priti Patel has insisted the 14-day quarantine rule is "backed by the science" and is "essential" to save lives.
"We know they will present difficulties for the tourism industry, but that's why we have an unprecedented package of support, the most comprehensive in the world, for both employees and businesses," the Indian-origin Cabinet minister said.
"But we will all suffer if we get this wrong. That's why it's crucial that we introduce these measures now," she said.
She had tabled the rules in the House of Commons last week and set a June 28 date for the first review of the measures.
The British government is considering international travel corridors, or so-called air bridges, to allow future quarantine-free travel from destinations deemed safe in terms of the level of coronavirus infections, which has claimed over 40,000 lives in the UK.
Meanwhile, Britain remains in the early stages of lockdown easing, with the guidance for people to continue to avoid non-essential travel. The next stage of a further lifting of restrictions, including for retail and other shops under COVID-secure conditions, is expected from next Monday.
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Wash the shirt in hot water, along with chlorine bleach. Check the shirt before your dry it. If the stain remains, the heat from the dryer will set it, making it more difficult to remove. If the stain persists, follow the procedures again until it is gone.
Work carefully to make sure you don't spread the chocolate to clean parts of the clothing. If the chocolate has already dried and hardened onto the fabric, it can be tricky to peel away without damaging the fibers of the fabric. Use your best judgment, but if it seems like it is doing more harm than good, do not peel or scrape away dried chocolate.


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There is no Mickey's Very Merry Christmas Party during Thanksgiving week because the parks are very busy and they do not want to have to close parks early (7PM to start the party) when it is that crowded already with guests. The parks and resorts are still all decked out for the holidays which, in and of itself, makes the visit during this time of year a bit more special. Entertainment offerings are typically what you would find pre-holiday.


text:
Oil falls to lowest since '09 as saudis signal continuity
Oil fell to the lowest in almost six years on speculation the death of King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia won't signal any change in strategy for the world's largest crude exporter. US benchmark oil futures slid 1.6%t, reversing an initial gain of as much as 3.1%. Salman Bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, who succeeds Abdullah on the throne, said he would maintain his predecessor's policies.
by Niamh Burns
Oil fell to the lowest in almost six years on speculation the death of King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia won't signal any change in strategy for the world's largest crude exporter.
US benchmark oil futures slid 1.6%t, reversing an initial gain of as much as 3.1%.
Salman Bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, who succeeds Abdullah on the throne, said he would maintain his predecessor's policies.
The kingdom will not cut production to boost prices because other producers would fill in the gap, Saudi Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Al Saud said.
US crude inventories rose the most since 2001 last week, according to a government report on Thursday.
"There already has been a pretty well established succession plan so it's not a big deal," said Kyle Cooper, director of commodities research at IAF Advisors in Houston.
"Supply has been very stout and demand's not been what people had expected. It highlights the bearish sentiment in the market."
Oil has slumped about 36% since the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries' November 27 accord to maintain production at 30 million barrels a day amid a glut caused in part by the fastest US output in three decades.
Saudi Arabia's oil strategy is likely to remain unchanged as King Salman assumes power, Fatih Birol, chief economist at the International Energy Agency, said at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland.
West Texas Intermediate crude for March delivery fell 72 cents to end at $45.59 a barrel on the New York Mercantile Exchange, the lowest settlement since March 11, 2009. Futures fell 6.4% this week.
The volume of all futures was about 13% above the 100-day average.
Brent crude for March settlement advanced 27 cents, or 0.6 percent, to $48.79 a barrel on the ICE Futures Europe exchange after climbing to $49.80.
Volume was 2% above the 100-day average. Brent, used to price more than half the world's oil, ended at a premium of $3.20 to WTI on the ICE, compared with $1.04 on January 16.
The euro dropped to the lowest level in more than 11 years versus the dollar as the European Central Bank widened its stimulus program.
A stronger dollar reduced oil's investment appeal.
Saudi Oil Minister Ali Al-Naimi, who led OPEC's November decision to defend market share against surging US shale supplies, remains in his post, according to state-run Saudi Press Agency.
"The mild market reaction is pretty rational," said Michael Lynch, president of Strategic Energy & Economic Research in Winchester, Massachusetts. "It's highly unlikely that you are going to see any major change in oil policy."
Oil won't return to $100 a barrel and global oil supply will be affected by the price slump, Alwaleed said in an interview.
"If we reduce our production some other countries will fill that gap," he said. Saudi Arabia isn't happy with low prices, "but it's something you have to face head on without hesitation."
Saudi Arabia's stance of maintaining output levels will remain unchanged, said Commerzbank AG, BNP Paribas SA and Bank of America Corp.
"The new king will stick with the same oil policy — it doesn't make sense to change it," Eugen Weinberg, Frankfurt-based head of commodities research at Commerzbank, said by phone.
King Abdullah oversaw a fivefold expansion in the size of the Arab world's biggest economy and met the Arab Spring with a mixture of force and largesse. He died after almost a decade on the throne.
He was born in 1924.
The royal court said Salman, 79, was named king and Prince Muqrin, 69, another half-brother, has been chosen as Crown Prince.
Salman appointed Prince Mohammed bin Nayef, the country's Interior Minister, as deputy crown prince and his son Mohammed bin Salman as defense minister, Saudi State Television reported.
"The transition has been smooth," Mike Wittner, head of oil research at Societe Generale SA in New York, said by phone. "All signs point to stability. All ministers are to continue at their post, including al-Naimi."
Oil Minister Al-Naimi, who has driven decision-making at the ministry since 1995 and turns 80 this year, has said he'd like to devote more time to his other job, chairman of the science and technology university named after the late sovereign.
US crude inventories rose 10.1 million barrels in the week ended January 16, the biggest gain since March 2001, the Energy Information Administration said Thursday. The gain left crude supplies at 397.9 million barrels last week, the highest level since May.
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IEA cuts oil demand forecast as new lockdowns temper recovery


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Probe Reveals New Black Panther Ties to Hezbollah
NM Ranked First In Solar Power Per Capita
Marathon Runner Micah True Found Dead
The "Luevano Incident"
Only One Blasting Cap Away From Tyranny
Posted by Rachel Pulaski on Saturday, March 31, 2012
Labels: National News 0 comments
From examiner.com - Two separate investigations into the New Black Panthers have been conducted this month, one in response to charges of homegrown terrorism and the other in response to the group's placing a bounty on the head of George Zimmerman, the alleged shooter of Florida teenager Trayvon Martin. The results of the twofold probe, one of which was released yesterday, reveals New Black Panther ties to the Middle East terrorist group Hezbollah. Congressman Peter King, R-NY, has been investigating Hezbollah's activities within the United States as part of a Congressional probe into homegrown terrorism. King is Chairman of the House Committee on Homeland Security. Part of the results of his investigation can be read here. On the heels of King's report came another significant development yesterday as a researcher who works with retired General Paul Vallely, a former Fox News analyst, issued a separate report, published here, which exposes significant collaboration between Hezbollah and the New Black Panthers.
Posted by Rachel Pulaski
Labels: Energy, New Mexico News 0 comments
From bizjournals.com - The national Solar Energy Industries Association has ranked New Mexico No. 1 in the nation for installed solar power per state resident in 2011. The association's annual Solar Market Insight report, released in mid-March, said New Mexico installed 116 megawatts of solar photovoltaic capacity last year, the fourth highest amount among all U.S. states. The report says New Mexico has reached a total of 166.9 megawatts of cumulative installed solar generation, equal to 77.3 watts of solar power per capita. That makes New Mexico No. 1 in the U.S. for solar per person, and No. 1 in per capita additions in 2011, said SEIA President and CEO Rhone Resch. More News New Mexico
Labels: New Mexico News 0 comments
From nytimes.com -The ultra-marathon runner Micah True, missing for four days in the rugged wilderness of New Mexico, was found dead on Saturday, the police said. True, 58, was found in the early evening in the mountainous Gila National Forest in southwest New Mexico, near the Arizona border, said Tom Bemis, incident commander with the New Mexico State Police. Nicknamed Caballo Blanco, or White Horse, True became a celebrity after he was featured in the best-selling book "Born to Run" by Christopher McDougall. More News New Mexcio
Posted by Jim Spence
Labels: Spence Columns 0 comments
Life for active duty military servants is complicated. The words "permanent" and "residency" can never be used with any certainty.
Consider N.M. House District # 16 candidate Johnny Luevano who just finished a twenty year career in the U.S. Marine Corps. In doing so, he, like all others who serve in the military, essentially surrendered his freedom of movement. It was up to his commanding officers in the Marines to decide where his temporary residences would be. Whenever and wherever the Marines wanted Luevano to go, it was his sworn duty to go there.
Several years ago Luevano could see the end of his military career approaching. Accordingly, he purchased a building lot in House District # 16 in Albuquerque. In recent years, while paying taxes on his permanent residential lot, he made plans to build his post military career residence there. Construction of the new home began in 2011.
Luevano voted his entire active duty career as a New Mexico resident. Recently he was stationed in Tucson, Arizona. On January 1, 2012, Luevano's retirement from active duty became official. And also early in 2012, the Luevano family began the joyful process of packing their belongings in anticipation of a move to a long awaited and well-deseved permanent residence. As luck would have it, construction and permitting delays at the city of Albuquerque kept the family move to the permanent residence in limbo until March. And then suddenly, all hell broke loose.
Progress Now New Mexico, a partisan radical fringe group made a huge media splash when it falsely accused Luevano of casting his final active duty vote illegally. Preposterously, the progressives demanded a "criminal" investigation.
Johnny Luevano
Since then the smear of this 20 year Marine veteran has been on. And so far there has been little or no recognition of the implications of Luevano's active duty status in the media. Why would anyone want to smear Luevano and suggest he committed fraud? It is all very simple. He had the gall to run for elected office against one of Progress Now New Mexico's favorite darlings, Representative Antonio "Moe" Maestas.
For his part Maestas, an attorney, has filed a lawsuit to try to have Luevano removed from the ballot. The hearing is set for April 9th. It is simply amazing to contrast this situation with the recent technical flaws in filing documents submitted by elected officials. If that contrast is not enough, consider the circumstances surrounding the candidates in the recent Sunland Park municipal elections.
With the unemployment rate for returning veterans at somewhere between 20 and 30%, and all of the seemingly heartfelt "Support the Troops" efforts made in our society, the "Luevano Incident" seems to have finally put all sense of shame and decency to rest. What people will do now days to hold on to political power is simply remarkable. American citizens who claim to "Support our Troops" should come from all over the nation and defend the rights of Johnny Luevano to serve his country and when he finishes, run for elected office.
Americans fought itself free from England based on a fundamental rejection of the heavy hand of big government. In defining our rights as free human beings, the Bill of Rights was an unambiguous message for all ambitious future government officials. We wanted there to be strict limits on the power of government. And those ten basic principles, written in the clearest possible language, spelled out precisely what sort of RESTRICTIONS we wanted to always be imposed on our government.
More than anything else, the language used in the Bill of Rights provides protection against the worst elements of human nature. In breaking away from King George III, Americans were unwilling to give government an inch, because instinctively our founders knew it would try to take a mile. They knew why they fought and they knew what was won.
The Bill of Rights is supposed to protect us from all human beings who would dare to use government as a tool to deny freedoms. Specifically we are promised free: speech, press, religion, and assembly. We are also guaranteed the right keep and bear arms. Unreasonable searches and seizures by people in the government are prohibited. Our freedom is guaranteed by a due process guarantee in a court of law.
Elena Kagan
And we are also protected from our government through the requirement of speedy hearings, and trials by jury. Excessive bail, fines, or punishments are also prohibited. Most important of all we are provided with the specific guarantee that any authority not explicitly granted to the government, is reserved to us, as individuals. Make no mistake, the Bill of Rights is an irrevocable CAN'T DO list for ambitious elected officials. It is based on the assumption that one of the great failing of all human beings is the tendency to use the machinery of government to dominate life and usurp individual choices.
Let's turn our attention to the legal community. For most of the 225 years since the U.S. Constitution was adopted, a parade of crafty lawyers, acting as wordsmiths, illusionists, and legal magicians, have tried to convince the courts to countermand the fundamental protections of the Constitution. The latest effort came earlier this week when the Obama administrations lawyers tried to convince a majority of Supreme Court justices that the federal government has the authority to require all citizens to enter into private commercial contracts or face fines for not doing so.
The questions offered by some of those lawyer-judges sitting on the Supreme Court shed light on just how precarious our constitutional protections have become. We can assume that as many as four of the nine Supreme Court justices are now ready to provide blasting caps to those who argued that the "mandate" provision contained in the Affordable Health Care Act is constitutional. The Obama administration has already placed legal explosives underneath the constitutional foundation of our country. All this president needs is one more lawyer-judge to give him a perverse "opinion." George III must be smirking somewhere.


text:
"You looked so perfect tonight!" Rico cooed as he and Jeff Hardy retreated to the stylist's hotel room. "I did such a great job on you!" Once the door had closed behind them, he took Jeff's hands, holding the young man's arms away from his body and looking over his handiwork. Jeff was clad in a very tight pale blue shirt and matching, body-hugging pants, a teasing strip of stomach and just a tiny bit of pale blue thong exposed. Jeff had a modest amount of mascara highlighting his long, pretty lashes, a slightly tinted lipstick applied to his lips to make them seem even more lush and firm. Jeff was wearing cute, sexy black boots to complete the outfit.
"Ah, this is such an improvement from those horrid wifebeaters you used with wear. They were far too large for you, and never showed off your body. And really, with a body like yours, you should be showing it off! Now more of that silly baggy clothing."
"I did like the way all the guys were looking at me tonight," Jeff stated with a grin, rubbing a hand over his pale blue hip. "I thought they just didn't want me anymore, because I'm not the baby of the company anymore, and there are so many younger and cuter guys around."
"Younger? Yes. Cuter? Hardly." Rico smiled, taking a seat on the end of the bed, still gazing proudly at his young protégéé. "You have more potential than any of the young men in the locker room, Jeff, you just need to use it. Look how fantastic you look tonight! And once we get your hair longer again, you'll look even better!" He grinned, wiggling his eyebrows at the young man. "A lot of the guys tend to visit the hotel bar after a show, I'd wager most of them should be getting there pretty soon. And after how you looked today, I'm sure you can have your pick of whom you might like to *spend the night with*, if you like. You did tell me you wanted to look sexy so you could take any man you wanted to bed, right? No sense in waiting when you could jump on that immediately!"
"Yeah, I guess." Jeff cleared his throat, hesitantly moving across the room and sinking down onto the bed next to the stylist. "I really would like to hook up with someone tonight."
"I thought so." Rico smiled, patting the young man on the back. "You should head out soon then. Do you want to go alone, or shall I come along? Not that there's any reason for me to come, but if you want I'll be there to give you a nice confidence booster so you can get whatever man you really want."
"Um, well, what if who I really want isn't down at that bar?" Jeff asked, fidgeting nervously as he spoke.
"I'm afraid there's not much we can do about that. But we might as well try, you never know who could decide to come down for a drink," Rico replied. "I do hope it's not someone in a serious relationship you've got your eye on, though. We definitely can't do anything about that."
"Oh no, he's not seeing anyone." Jeff cleared his throat again. "And I know, for a fact, that he's not down at that bar."
"Oh. Well, in that case, there's always tomorrow. Maybe we'll be able to catch him then," Rico told the young Hardy, patting his arm reassuringly. "I'll do everything I can to make sure you get whoever your heart is set on, sweetie. You're such a great young man, you definitely deserve it."
"Um, well I don't think waiting 'til tomorrow will actually make a difference," Jeff stated, biting his lip as he met the stylist's eyes.
"I see. So he's off injured then?" Rico shook his head. "Well I'm afraid there's just nothing we can do about that, then. But whenever he gets back, I'll make sure you get him, honey."
"No, Rico, that's not what I mean!" Jeff took a deep breath, then, hesitantly, he moved his hand forward, setting it on Rico's knee. "I know you probably don't look at me that way, Rico, but I - I really like you." He blushed, biting his lip as he let his words sink in.
"Me?" Rico's eyes widened in shock. "Out of all the men you could choose from on the roster....you want me?"
"Yeah." Jeff blushed a little deeper, a nervous smile on his lips. "You're great Rico. You're stylish, you're really really nice, you're smart, and you're so gorgeous. I really wanna be with you."
"Well." Rico was silent for a moment. "That's so sweet, Jeff, and I'm really flattered, but honey, I'm far too old for you! You're such a young thing, really I think you'd be happier with someone your own age."
"Yeah, you're what, six years older than me?" Jeff snorted. "Like that even makes a difference! It doesn't matter at all to me Rico, I still want you."
"Six years?" Rico chuckled. "Sweetie, try 16!"
"16? Really?" Jeff frowned. "You mean you're like 40?"
"41," Rico informed him.
"Wow. I thought you were, like, 30!" Jeff exclaimed. "You look 30."
"I attribute it to good grooming," Rico replied proudly, raising his hands and smooth back his hair. "But the fact remains, I am 16 years older than you."
"Well, it still doesn't matter!" Jeff stated, squeezing Rico's knee, his fingers daring to move an inch higher on the stylist's leg. "I want you Rico. I want you bad. That's why I came to you in the first place, so I could look sexy for you."
"Jeff - " Rico began, stopping because he truly didn't know what to say. Naturally, he wanted the sweet, sexy young man, but he wasn't sure if that would really be right. He glanced over Jeff's body, licking his lips unconsciously. Turning down such a temptation would definitely be difficult.
"Don't you find me sexy?" Jeff demanded, looking at Rico pleadingly. "You said I could get any man I wanted looking like this, doesn't that include you?"
"Well, I - I suppose so," Rico replied haltingly, still too thrown off by Jeff's revelation to really know what to say. "Jeff, re you sure? I mean, I am so much older than you, and - "
"I don't care," Jeff interrupted. "Rico, I want you, and there's no good reason why I shouldn't be with you. I know I'm just a simple Southern boy who's been letting his sexiness ebb recently, but I really want to be with you." He gulped, his eyes moving to focus on Rico's hand, his hands then following his eyes. He took hold of Rico's hand, slowly moving it to rest on his groin. He bit his lip again, glancing questioning at the stylist. "I want you to touch me like that," he breathed, pressing Rico's palm against himself. "I want you tonight."
"Well, if you're sure," Rico agreed, licking his lips again, his hand gently squeezing. Jeff let out a quiet moan, his eyes filling with passion and need. With no more words, they moved together, Jeff's wrapping his arms around Rico's neck as the stylist kissed him hungrily. Rico had been too busy with his job of late to seek out any sex partners, and he relishing the thought of being with the sexy young Hardy. Jeff's willingness only served to turn him on farther, bringing out his usual aggressive manner in bed. He swiftly rolled Jeff onto his back, pushing them both up until they were lying fully on the mattress, his body between Jeff's legs.
Jeff spread his long legs further, wrapping them around Rico's waist and pulling their hips together. Rico moaned into the young man's mouth, his tongue darting out to touch Jeff's lips. Jeff quickly got the idea, parting his lips and allowing Rico's warm tongue to invade his mouth. He groaned as the stylist's tongue swept over every available surface, his eyes lolling in his head at the pleasure from being explored in such a way.
Rico's hands moved to Jeff's hips as they kissed, sliding the young man's pants down to reveal the small, sexy thong. Jeff let his legs fall away from Rico's hips so the other man could take his pants all the way down, Rico tossing the pretty blue fabric carelessly off the bed once he had removed it. They kissed for a moment more, Rico letting his fingers trail over the edge of Jeff's thong, before Jeff reluctantly pushed the stylist away.
"Why don't you get the lube, and I'll finish undressing?" he purred, flicking his tongue invitingly at the other man.
Rico grinned. "Marvelous idea," he agreed, quickly stepping off the bed and digging through his bag until he located the tube of lube he always kept there, just in case. He grabbed one of his "just in case" condoms too, hurrying back to the bed. Jeff had now shed his clothes and climbed under the covers, everything from his bare waist and up exposed. Rico groaned lustfully at the sight, thinking how much he wanted to be buried in that beautiful young body.
"You better stop staring and undress if you wanna get in bed with me," Jeff chuckled, raising his eyebrows suggestively.
"Right, right of course!" Rico glanced at the lube and condom in his hand, then leaned forward and handed them to Jeff, who took them with a slight blush coloring his fair cheeks. The stylist quickly yanked his shirt up over his head and dropped it, kicking off his boots, then pulling his pants and thong off in one smooth motion. He stood, posing proudly for a second as Jeff's eyes devoured him.
"You are so hot," Jeff breathed, quite unable to stop staring at Rico's perfect body. "You're really 40?"
"I am, but I'm proud to say that I don't look it." Rico grinned, climbing into bed as Jeff scooted over to make room for him.
"So." Jeff bit his lip once again, glancing shyly at the objects in his hand. "You, uh, you want to use this?" he asked hesitantly, indicating the condom.
"Well, I do try to practice safe sex," Rico replied with a shrug.
"I'd rather do it bareback," Jeff stated, shooting Rico a hot look. "I wanna feel you buried inside me directly. I know for a fact that I'm clean, if that's what you're worried about."
"I wasn't really worried about that. I didn't mean any offense to you." Rico took the condom and tossed it off the bed, smiling hungrily at Jeff. "I know I'm clean too. Bareback it is." He leaned forward, meeting Jeff's lips in a scorchingly hot kiss. Jeff kissed back eagerly, the kisses only growing hotter as Rico pulled the young man underneath him and slipped between his willingly parted legs. They both let their hands explore the others' body, enjoying the feeling of soft skin over firm muscle.
After a few minutes of kissing and touching each other, Rico reached for the lube, continuing to kiss Jeff as he spread the lube over his fingers, taking a moment to warm it up, then sliding his hand beneath the covers. Jeff gasped as one of Rico's slick fingers brushed against his entrance, his breath growing shallow as just the tip pushed inside of him. Rico broke away from their kiss, looking right into Jeff's eyes. "You ok?" he whispered.
"Wonderful," Jeff managed to get out, closing his eyes and groaning as Rico pushed his finger in up to the knuckle. "That's...wow."
"If I hurt you, just tell me and I'll try and stop, ok?" Rico smiled, kissing Jeff's forehead gently. "Just relax. I know this can be a little tough if you haven't done it for a while."
"I'll be ok. Just - just go slow, ok." Jeff squirmed, making a pained face as Rico began to push a second finger in. He wasn't able to suppress a whimper, causing Rico to halt for a moment. "Don't stop!" Jeff insisted. "Really I'm ok. I know if only hurts at first, and I really, really want your cock inside me." He took a deep breath, trying to keep control of his breathing as Rico slid the second finger in fully, scissoring his two fingers to prepare Jeff for his far larger manhood. "One more," Jeff whispered after a moment. "It's supposed to be three. Put the third one in." Rico nodded his assent, slowly slipping the third digit through Jeff's entrance. He slid it in slowly, watching Jeff closely for any sign that the young man wanted him to stop.
"Oh god," was all Jeff could say once Rico's three digits were inside of him. "Oh Rico, I'm ready! I'm ready to take it." He took a deep breath, then repeated himself. "I'm ready to take it now! Put it in me!"
"As you wish." Rico withdrew his fingers, barely able to restrain himself and keep his pace slow as he pressed the head of his cock against Jeff's stretched out opening. Slowly, he pushed the tip inside, loving the way Jeff's tender flesh stretched and yielded to him. He slid in inch by inch, moaning in pleasure as Jeff's warm, tight tunnel closed around him. Once he was fully seated, his paused, looking to Jeff to make sure the young man was ready for full-blown sexual intercourse.
"Oh Rico!" Jeff moaned loudly, his legs wrapping around the stylist's waist as his arms wrapped around Rico's back, his nails digging into Rico's skin. "I never knew it would feel this damn good! Oh god. Fuck me, baby, fuck me! I want it! I want it hard and fast and crazy!"
"No problem," Rico growled, his hips drawing back, then thrusting forward powerfully, filling Jeff up to the hilt. He set a fast but deep rhythm, loving the way Jeff was bucking beneath him. The younger Hardy was thrashing his head in ecstasy as Rico drove into him, moans spilling from his mouth. Rico couldn't help moaning right along with his younger lover, and he let himself go, expressing his pleasure just as vocally as Jeff was. The feeling of Jeff surrounding him was fantastic, the young Hardy definitely possessing the sweetest, tightest ass he had ever tapped. Beyond that, the feel of Jeff's soft, smooth skin pressed against his was driving him wild, and Jeff's loud moans of pleasure were only turning him on more.
He tried to hold out as long as possible, but all too soon he felt the familiar feeling building up inside of him. "Jeff...gonna come," he managed to groan. He slid his hand under the covers and grasped Jeff's rock hard member, wanting his young lover to come along with him. The second he touched Jeff, the young man let out a wail of passion, his cock beginning to spurt and his body shivering with orgasm. His walls tightened around Rico, making it impossible for the stylist to hold out for one second longer. Rico groaned as he was engulfed in a wave of pleasure, continuing the thrust into Jeff as he road out of his orgasm.
Rico collapsed onto Jeff's chest as the blinding pleasure faded, his chest heaving from the effort, Jeff's breath equally labored. They lay like that until they began to catch their breath, then Rico rolled off to Jeff's side, snatching a few kleenexes from the nightstand and using them to clean up Jeff's stomach. Jeff sighed contentedly and cuddled up to Rico's chest, smiling when the stylist wrapped him up in his arms.
"That was beautiful," Rico whispered to the young man, holding him tightly and stoking his smooth back.
"It was fantastic," Jeff breathed, sounding a little awed. "Better than I ever imagined! Wow. You are so incredible Rico, you really are." He took a deep breath, nuzzling the stylist's chest affectionately with his nose. "I guess I have something I should tell you. I wanna be with you, not just for sex, but I wanna really be with you."
"And you won't care if people give us funny looks for dating?" Rico asked, loving the intimacy of their current position.
Jeff chuckled. "Rico, come on, people give us funny looks already! I couldn't care less what anyone thinks, I want you to be my man."
"If you're asking me out, then I accept," Rico replied with a grin. "I would love to be your man, beautiful. You're the loveliest, sweetest, most wonderful young man I've ever had the pleasure of meeting, nothing would make me happier."
"Wonderful," Jeff sighed happily, not budging an inch from the warm comfort of Rico's strong arms. "But that wasn't what I have to tell you. I probably should've told you before, but I was afraid you wouldn't want to do this if I had. See, I, uh, I am, well, I was kind of a - a virgin." He glanced up nervously, biting his lip and searching Rico's eyes for the stylist's reaction.
Rico stared at him, shocked for the second time that night. "You're a virgin?" he asked in disbelief. Jeff nodded his head in confirmation. "I never would have guessed," Rico murmured. "You're such a lovely young man, I just assumed that you would have had lovers in the past."
"I was waiting for the right man to come along," Jeff whispered.
"And that was really me? You wanted your first time to be with me?" Rico looked awed, as well as flattered.
"I knew you were the man I wanted to give myself too." Jeff smiled happily, raising a finger and trailing it along one of Rico's sideburns. "I knew I wouldn't be disappointed, and I definitely wasn't! You're incredible, Rico."
"Thank you," Rico whispered, leaning down to capture Jeff's lips in a passionate kiss. "Thank you Jeff. That's not a gift I take lightly, I'll always treasure it."
"Good." Jeff nuzzled against Rico's chest and closed his eyes. "I'm totally exhausted, but damn, that was totally worth it! I hope we can do it a lot more, too."
"Definitely," Rico agreed. "As much as you want."
"Great." Jeff yawned. "Night, lover."
"Night, my beautiful lover." Rico closed his eyes as well, the warm body in his arm putting a huge smile on his face as he drifted off to sleep.
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text:
Q: Case of different directory for translation with angular-translate I have some issues with angular-translate especially with the loading of translation.
I am programming a website in angular for my school project. In this project, we have an association with differents sports sections.
Each section have specifics translations due to sport's language, and a default translation to avoid issues in case of unavailable key.
Your environment

*

*version of angular-translate 2.11.0

*version of angular  1.3.20

translationDir
  |
  |
  |-----default
             | ---i18n_en.json
             | ---i18n_fr.json
  |
  |-----specificSport
              | module1
                     | ---i18n_en.json
                     | ---i18n_fr.json
              | module2
                     | ---i18n_en.json
                     | ---i18n_fr.json

angular.module.config here
$translateProvider.fallbackLanguage('en');
$translateProvider.preferredLanguage('en');
$translateProvider.useCookieStorage();

$translateProvider.useLoader('$translatePartialLoader', {
            urlTemplate: '{part}-i18n_{lang}.json',
            loadFailureHandler: 'translationHandler'
 })

And the factory
factory('translationHandler', function ($q, $log) {
      return function (part, lang, response) {
        $log.error('The "' + part + '/' + lang + '" part was not loaded.');
        return $q.when({});
      };
    })

Actually, if the key is unavailable in section, we load English key of this section.
But this is possible to have unavailable key in English too, due to specific translation (we could include default translation everywhere, but it's bad and ugly).
Have you an idea to fix this please ?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Home > industry-verticals > laboratory-equipment > others > Digital Pathology Market
Digital Pathology Market
SKU: DMLE1019 | Last Updated On: Jan 17 2023 | Available Formats
>Digital Pathology Market CAGR 10.4% during the forecast period 2023-2030
SKU: DMLE1019 | Published On: Jan 17 2023 | Available Formats
Digital Pathology Market is Segmented By Product(Software, Scanners, Storage Systems, Communication Systems), By Application(Drug Discovery, Teleconsultation, Diagnosis, Training & Education), By Type(Human Pathology, Veterinary Pathology), By Technology(Whole Slide Imaging, Telepathology(Static Telepathology, Dynamic Telepathology)), By End-User(Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Companies, Contract Research Organizations, Research & Academic Institutes, Hospital laboratories), and by Region (North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Middle East, and Africa) – Share, Size, Outlook, and Opportunity Analysis,2023-2030.
Digital Pathology Market size was valued at USD 825.43 Mn in 2022, and it is projected to reach USD 1779.37 Mn by the end of 2030, with growth at a CAGR of 10.4% during the forecast period (2023-2030). Digital pathology is a dynamic, image-based environment that is enabled in part by virtual microscopy and that can view, manage and analyze the pathology information generated from a digitized glass slide. Healthcare applications consist of diagnosis, diagnostic consultation, medical training, clinical research, among many other applications. With the introduction of Whole-Slide Imaging, the field of digital pathology is currently regarded as one of the most promising avenues of diagnostic medicine to achieve an even faster and cheaper diagnosis, the prognosis of essential diseases.
As per DataM Intelligence, Digital Pathology Market study analysis offers an in-depth outlook on the market containing quantitative and qualitative data. It gives an outlook and forecast of the global market based on market segmentation. It also provides global Digital Pathology Market size, and growth, along with the latest trends, opportunities, and forecast till 2029 for the global market with esteem to major countries such as the United States, Canada, Brazil, Germany, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom, Russia, European countries, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Japan, China, India, South Korea, Australia, and rest of the countries over the globe.
Among all regions, the North American region is expected to hold the largest share of the global market over the forecast period. Digital Pathology Market in the United States and Canada produces the utmost share. Whereas the European Digital Pathology Market is projected to continue its presence globally during the period of 2023-2030.
By Product, By Application, By Type, By Technology, By End-User, and By Region
Geographically, the global market is divided into North America, Europe, South America, Asia-Pacific and the Middle East and Africa.
North America is the leading revenue contributor to the global market and is followed by Europe. It can be attributed to the rising in acceptance of the digital pathology system in the region and increasing incidents of cancer and chronic diseases. According to the estimates of the American Cancer Society, in 2018, there were 1,735,350 new cancer cases diagnosed, and in 2019, there will be an estimated 1,762,450 new cancer cases diagnosed and 606,880 cancer deaths in the United States.
Other factors such as growing investments in R&D activities, favorable reimbursement policies, supportive government initiatives on the development of technologically advanced systems, and a strong presence of major players in the regions are supplementing the market growth of these regions. For instance, in April 2019, the UK invested $65M to set up five new AI digital pathology and imaging centers. Philips, GE Healthcare, Siemens and Leica are some of the companies that will be leading the new centers, according to the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy.
Asia Pacific is anticipated to exhibit the fastest CAGR 13.1% during the forecast period due to the presence of a large patient population, improving healthcare infrastructure coupled with growing investments in the medical field, and demand for novel treatment options.
Digital Pathology Market Dynamics:
Digital Pathology Market is primarily driven by the rising prevalence of chronic conditions, high adoption of digital pathology systems and its accuracy in the pathological assessment. According to the World Health Organization, The global cancer burden is estimated to have risen to 18.1 million new cases and 9.6 million deaths in 2019. WHO estimated that Infectious diseases kill over 17 million people a year, around the world. Additionally, the rising demand for personalized medicine, its advantage in reducing human error and improve the accuracy of diagnoses, increases the potential for using data for education and consultations and rapid technological advancements in digital pathology are expecting to play a crucial role in the development of the market.
However, lack of reimbursement policies and the high cost of digital pathology systems may hinder the market progress. According to a national survey conducted on behalf of National Cancer Research Institute's CM-Path initiative in UK, 82.5% of respondents agreed that initial financial cost was an obstacle to widespread usage of digital pathology in their institution. On the other hand, only 15% agreed that safety concerns were hampering more widespread use of digital slides.
Market Segmentation Analysis:
By Product, the Global Digital Pathology Market is segmented into Software, Scanners, Storage Systems, and Communication Systems. The software market share is expected to witness the highest growth rate due to the availability of analytical, user-friendly, and advanced functions for pathology diagnosis. Technological advancements and product launches by key players are some factors that are anticipated to amplify the segment growth. For instance, in April 2019, Gestalt Diagnostics announced their development of an artificial intelligence algorithm that identifies and routes more critical cases first to the appropriate pathologist based upon a pathologist's specialty.
By Application, the Global Digital Pathology Market is segmented into Drug Discovery, Teleconsultation, Diagnosis, and Training & Education. The diagnosis sector accounts for a significant market share, in terms of revenue owing to the rising prevalence of diseases such as cancer. Additionally, the increasing attention of manufacturers on developing rapid and accurate diagnostic techniques is likely to encourage the growth of the segment.
By Technology, the Global Digital Pathology Market is segmented into Whole Slide Imaging and Telepathology. Telepathology is sub-segmented into static and dynamic. The Whole Slide Imaging segment dominates the market due to increasing acceptance and adoption of this system for academic research activities and enhanced resolution of the image.
In the Telepathology share, the static system held a significant percentage of the segment owing it to its advantages such as cost-effectiveness, efficiency, and reliability. Though adoption of Telepathology is relatively low increasing R&D on applications of static and dynamic systems is expected to affect the usage rate of this technology positively. For instance, Hybrid Telepathology, which is the combination of static and dynamic telepathology, is expected to gain popularity as it has advantages of both the systems.
By Type, the digital pathology market is bifurcated into human and veterinary pathology. The human pathology segment accounts for the largest share of the market owing to the increasing number of cancer research activities.
Digital Pathology Market Competitive Trends:
Key players are adopting strategies such as mergers and acquisitions, partnerships, and regional expansion to stand out as strong competitors in the market. New product launches and R&D are other ways the leading players improve their market presence.
In April 2019, International medical imaging IT and cybersecurity company Sectra signed a digital pathology contract with the Region of Southern Denmark. The IT solution for handling digital pathology images will enable pathologists at the region's four hospitals to review and collaborate around cases in a way that is not possible with microscopes. This will increase efficiency in primary diagnostics, thereby improving cancer care.
In April 2019, HCG introduced US FDA approved digital pathology solution by Philips Intellisite Pathology Solutions across all its centers in India. This technology marks a step forward in cancer treatment through precision, speed, efficiency, and ease of use with immense potential to provide significant clinical benefits to both the physicians and patients.
In April 2019, Deep Lens Inc., a U.S.-based AI-driven digital pathology company focused on clinical trial recruitment at the time of diagnosis raised $14 million in Series A funding. The Series A round was led by Northpond Ventures with participation from existing investors Rev1 Ventures, Sierra Ventures, and Tamarind-Hill Partners.
In April 2019, Cancer informatics and digital pathology workflow solution provider Inspirata Europe Ltd announced their intention to bring two new artificial intelligence tools for surveillance, structuring, and reporting of pathology diagnoses to the UK and Ireland markets.
In January 2019, Roche announced the launch of its uPath enterprise software for digital pathology. uPath enhances the user experience by drastically decreasing image rendering times, integrating automated image analysis and improving efficiency by enabling an improved workflow for sharing cases between pathologists.
In December 2018, Cancer informatics and digital pathology workflow solution provider Inspirata Europe, Ltd. announced it has entered into a partnership agreement with Hamamatsu Photonics affording shared customers with the ability to view native Hamamatsu .ndpi images within Inspirata's Dynamyx digital pathology software.
What is the Projected CAGR value of the Digital Pathology Market?
Digital Pathology Market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 13.10% during the forecasting period 2022-2029.
North America region Controls the Digital Pathology Market during 2022-2029
Which is the fastest growing region in the Digital Pathology Market?
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