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Swadesh List for Verb Infinitives?
I was looking through Wikipedia's Swadesh Lists recently and wondered if there was anything like a Swadesh list for verb infinitives, similar to how Spanish verbs work (to be, to want, to eat, to know, to jump, etc.) or verb meanings. Is there one? What verb infinitives does it contain (what number)?
conlang-creation vocabulary verbs
FoxElemental
FoxElementalFoxElemental
Do you mean verb meanings? Having non-finite/infinitive forms is not a necessity for a functioning language. – kaleissin Jun 29 '18 at 19:24
@kaleissin I added that to the question. Thanks for the tip – FoxElemental Jun 29 '18 at 20:25
It's worth noting that there are PLENTY of word frequency lists around, but almost no one ever bothers to even try compiling cross-linguistic ones (for reasons that should be pretty obvious). Lists for English, furthermore, hardly ever even attempt to separate different word categories (again for reasons that ought to be obvious).
The Conlanger Lexipedia is based off a 1500 roots list (with some caveats) compiled from a 1.1 million word corpus of science-fantasy writing. You can count the verbs yourself... once you decide what counts as a verb (the list can't tell apart verb vs. adjective vs. noun uses, and the commoner an English content word, the likelier it is to drift between noun/verb/adjective).
The top 200 words (page 36-37 of the book) have the following roots that are "primarily" verbs:
go, will, know, see, come, like, would, could [end of top 50 words, could is 49] look, give, seem, must, call, think, make, ask, work, run, mean, may, wear, feel, want, stand, hear, open, should, end, keep, sit, need, turn, move, try, begin, place, close, talk, can, get, take, tell, find, speak, might, let, hold, fall, bring
Be mindful of the biases introduced by an English list: the English auxiliary system, in particular, wouldn't be reproduced in any other languages as the past forms (and very often the main forms!) would be regular verbal inflections instead of separate forms. Arguably, I shouldn't have included the auxiliary verbs at all, really:strictly speaking these verb have no infinitive form to begin with.
@Lostinfrance that should've been "try". Fixed it now – Circeus Jul 2 '18 at 15:05
When designing some of my recent attempts at languages, I've used a list of Proto-Indo-European roots (taken from here). Looking at the verbs covered by those roots, you get a good list of verbs which would be important to a pre-literate culture. So while you get verbs like "to paint" (since slapping colour on things is rather old) or "to shop/trade" you don't get verbs like "to write" or "to read".
Obviously this is somewhat culturally biased: someone living in other parts of the world without domesticated animals is unlikely to need a verb for "to domesticate/tame", while the plains/steppe dwelling PIE culture didn't need a verb to describe a long crossing over water ("to sail"), whereas someone from a culture in the South Pacific would. Still, it's a good place to start because it gives you functional verbs that a human society is more than likely to have.
Keith MorrisonKeith Morrison
Welcome to Conlang, Keith, and thanks for the answer! You have my +1 for the point about pre-literate cultures. When you have a moment, please take our tour and visit the help center. You may also find Constructed Languages Meta useful. Have fun! – FoxElemental Jul 9 '18 at 23:52
Note that a break down of concepts according to part-of-speech (like verb, noun, adjective, adverb, etc.) does not generalise well over the languages of the world. The amount of verbs—whatever you define them, anyway—can vary to a large degree in natural languages, and adjectives may be completely absent (their role being taken over either by verbs [like the apple reds] or by nouns [the apple's redness]). So asking for a list of verbs already introduces some bias (wanted or unwanted, depending on your design goals) into your conlang design.
It is therefore quite understandable that such lists don't exist.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged conlang-creation vocabulary verbs or ask your own question.
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Q: TypeError: undefined is not an object (evaluating '_expoConstants.Constants.statusBarHeight') I am trying to use Constants.statusBarHeight to separate the view from the status bar in react-native, i installed Constants using expo install expo-constants
but im getting this error:
TypeError: undefined is not an object (evaluating '_expoConstants.Constants.statusBarHeight')
at node_modules\react-native\Libraries\LogBox\LogBox.js:149:8 in registerError
at node_modules\react-native\Libraries\LogBox\LogBox.js:60:8 in errorImpl
at node_modules\react-native\Libraries\LogBox\LogBox.js:34:4 in console.error
at node_modules\expo\build\environment\react-native-logs.fx.js:27:4 in error
at node_modules\react-native\Libraries\Core\ExceptionsManager.js:104:6 in reportException
at node_modules\react-native\Libraries\Core\ExceptionsManager.js:172:19 in handleException
at node_modules\react-native\Libraries\Core\setUpErrorHandling.js:24:6 in handleError
at node_modules\@react-native\polyfills\error-guard.js:49:36 in ErrorUtils.reportFatalError
at node_modules\metro-runtime\src\polyfills\require.js:204:6 in guardedLoadModule
at http://192.168.1.5:19000/node_modules%5Cexpo%5CAppEntry.bundle?platform=android&dev=true&hot=false&minify=false:137612:3 in global code

this is my source Code:
import React from "react";
import Constants from "expo-constants";
import { StyleSheet, SafeAreaView, View } from "react-native";

function Screen({ children, style }) {
  return (
    <SafeAreaView style={[styles.screen, style]}>
      <View style={style}>{children}</View>
    </SafeAreaView>
  );
}

const styles = StyleSheet.create({
  screen: {
    paddingTop: Constants.statusBarHeight,
    flex: 1,
  },
});

export default Screen;

it seems like Vs code is not able to import Constants.

A: seems like u have imported the expo constants and installed it in the correct manner try the following trick if it works declare variable const barHeight = Constants.statusBarHeight; and use in ur style property

A: Import expo-constants:
import * as Constants from 'expo-constants'

Then style with the following:
const styles = StyleSheet.create({
screen: {
paddingTop: Constants.default.statusBarHeight,
flex: 1,
 },
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Home Agency News Three of a family electrocuted in Gujarat's Tapi
Three of a family electrocuted in Gujarat's Tapi
Three members of a family got electrocuted after coming in contact with a electrified fence around their farm in Mordevi village in Gujarat's Tapi district on Wednesday, police said.
Surat: Three members of a family got electrocuted after coming in contact with a electrified fence around their farm in Mordevi village in Gujarat's Tapi district on Wednesday, police said.
Valod Police Inspector N.J. Panchal told media that Devram Chaudhary, who lived on his farm, found pigs were ruining standing crops, so he erected an electrified iron fence to protect his crops.
However, when he was watering the plants, he accidentally got in contact with the live wire and screamed for help. As his wife Krishna rushed to him, she also got electrocuted as water had spread across the field and when their son Dhirubhai too ran to rescue his parents, he too got electrocuted. All three died on the spot.
The daughter Manisha too attempted to rescue her parents and brother, but she was lucky and had a miraculous escape. Based on her complaint, police have registered a case of accidental death and have started investigations.
Previous ArticlesLucknow to get seven-storey 'Agri Mall' in 2023
Next ArticlesRaj Cong ministers, MLAs to walk 15 km on 28th of each month to reach out to public

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Bands like Amber Pacific
About Amber Pacific
Looking for bands that sound like Amber Pacific? You've come to the right place.
The band Amber Pacific was founded in 2002. Before coming to fame, the band got it's start in Federal Way. Generally, music journalists would define Amber Pacific's style within the genre/s of punk rock, and other rock music.
Bands that sound like Amber Pacific:
The Starting Line
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Hit The Lights
Hit the Lights is an American pop punk band from Lima, Ohio. It is named in allusion to the '80s skateboarding film, Gleaming The Cube, and has sold over 120,000 albums in North America.... [wikipedia]
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Just Surrender
Just Surrender is an American rock band from Dover Plains, New York, formerly known as A Second Chance. Just Surrender was formed by three high school friends from Dover High School in Dover Plains, NY, Jason "Jay" Maffucci, Andy Meunier, and Steve Miller. Voc... [wikipedia]
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New Found Glory (formerly A New Found Glory) is an American rock band from Coral Springs, Florida, formed in 1997. The band currently consists of Jordan Pundik (lead vocals), Ian Grushka (bass guitar), Chad Gilbert (lead guitar, backing vocals), and Cyrus Bol... [wikipedia]
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Yellowcard was an American rock band that formed in Jacksonville, Florida, in 1997 and were based in Los Angeles beginning in 2000. The band is well known for its singles "Ocean Avenue", "Only One", and "Lights and Sounds". The group's music is distinctive wit... [wikipedia]
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Sugarcult
Sugarcult is an American rock band from Santa Barbara, California formed in 1999. The band currently consists of Tim Pagnotta (lead vocals, rhythm guitar), Airin Older (bass guitar, backing vocals), Marko DeSantis (formerly known as "Marko 72") (lead guitar), ... [wikipedia]
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Every Avenue
Every Avenue is an American pop punk band from Marysville, Michigan, formed in 2003. The band consists of David Ryan Strauchman (lead vocals, piano), Joshua Randall Withenshaw (lead guitar), Jimmie Deeghan (rhythm guitar, backing vocals), Matt Black (bass, bac... [wikipedia]
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The Audition is a pop punk band from Chicago, Illinois. The band is composed of singer Danny Stevens, drummer Ryan O'Connor, guitarists Seth Johnson and Timmy Klepek and bassist Joe Lussa. The band's first release was a six track EP titled All In Your Head. In... [wikipedia]
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Mayday Parade
Mayday Parade is an American rock band from Tallahassee, Florida. Their debut EP Tales Told by Dead Friends was released in 2006, and sold over 50,000 copies without any label support. In July 2007, Mayday Parade released their debut album A Lesson in Romantic... [wikipedia]
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Houston Calls
Houston Calls was an American rock band, based in Rockaway, New Jersey, United States. They formed in 2003 and were signed to Drive-Thru Records. On June 9, 2009 they announced their official breakup.... [wikipedia]
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Quietdrive
Quietdrive is an alternative rock band based in Hopkins, Minnesota, USA, that was formed in 2002. Quietdrive released their first album, When All That's Left Is You, on May 30, 2006, on Epic Records. In April 2008, Quietdrive left Epic Records and released an ... [wikipedia]
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Rufio
Rufio was an American rock band from Rancho Cucamonga, California in 2000. During their career, they have released four studio albums: Perhaps, I Suppose (2001), MCMLXXXV (2003), released through Nitro Records, gained moderate airplay with single "White Lights... [wikipedia]
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Brittany Noelle is a certified personal trainer and Tier 3+ Trainer & Master Instructor at Equinox. She has a B.S in Physiological Science from UCLA and is a Bruin student athlete alumni, having competed as a sprinter on their Track & Field team. In addition, Brittany has several certifications including: NASM- CPT (National Counsel of Sports Medicine), NCSF (National Counsel of Strength & Fitness), Kettlebell Athletics Level 1 & 2, TRX, Pre/Post Natal, and Precision Nutrition Level !.
Brittany likes to say that she does "fitness that fits you!" Meaning, she creates personalized workouts tailored to your needs, goals, and unique body structure. She has a passion for helping people reach their goals while staying healthy and injury free. All of her workouts a specially designed with progressions and regressions to make sure there is a safe and effective way to do each exercise no matter what your fitness level.
As a true student of the fitness industry, Brittany utilizes the most updated research in strength and conditioning to create the most effective workout programs to help people reach their fitness goals. She hopes to inspire you to push yourself a little further in each workout to help you keep recreating your best self.


Your item must be in its original unused and unwashed condition to be returned, unless there is a manufacturer defect.
1. Please email scott@nobaddays.com to request a return/refund/exchange.
42255 Baldaray Circle Suite B.
3. Include in your package a signed letter stating the reason for your return and a copy of invoice or receipt.
Merchandise that has been washed, worn, used, or altered will not be accepted for return or exchange.
If purchassed item is in new, unwashed, unaltered condition, you may exchange your clothing item for a different size or color.
You will not be subject to a restocking fee, but you still will have to pay return shipping.
Please note that some orders using 1st Class USPS mail will not have tracking numbers.


Day trips in and around the city are an integral part of the learning experience at Poorna. Visits to the museum, planetarium, zoo, places of cultural and historical importance like Srirangapatna, government offices and police stations, post offices and fire stations, local lakes, gardens and parks provide insight and exposure to students about their environment and surroundings.
All groups visit the local market to purchase ingredients for their community cooking a few times a year, learning to interact with local vendors and shopkeepers, deciding on budgets and making transactions.


HUTCHINSON, Kan. – From the halcyon days of Bob McAdoo – "'Do can do" – to other future NBA standouts such as Rickey Green, Foots Walker, Shawn Marion and Carl Landry to coaching legends such as Allen Bradfield and Dan Sparks, count the current Vincennes University Trailblazers and coach Todd Franklin among the greats in the program's storied history.
Third-seeded Vincennes defeated No. 8 seed Ranger (Texas) 87-77 on Saturday to capture the Blazers' fourth NJCAA men's basketball championship - their first since 1972. Freshman forward Kevin Osawe scored 22 points and had 10 rebounds in earning Tournament Most Valuable Player honors. Sophomore guard Keith Clemons contributed 17 points and seven assists.
It's been a remarkable journey for VU, which surged to a 50-34 halftime lead and withstood Ranger's second-half comeback. Ranked No. 2 in the final national poll, the Blazers were bounced by Kaskaskia 78-76 in the semifinals of the District 16 tourney at Ina, Illinois, but earned an at-large bid to the NJCAA tourney at Hutch.
Michael Rogers II, a 6-foot-4 freshman guard from Harrison High School, was a reserve for Vincennes, which improved to 34-2. The Blazers, who also won NJCAA championships in 1965, 1970 and '72, finished second in '86. Ranger ended 31-4.
VU ousted defending national champion South Plains (Texas) Friday in the semis to advance the title game. The Blazers eliminated three successive Texas teams in three consecutive days to win the title. Franklin, named to the NJCAA Hall of Fame last year, recorded his 600th career victory in a 72-60 decision over Odessa Thursday in the quarterfinals.


In my photographic work I focus on small, seemingly insignificant objects that most people will hardly notice in daily life, in an attempt to raise what is futile to a state of monumentality. What normally remains in the shadows is exactly what I wish to draw into the full light. In this way I try to draw attention to 'the secret life of things' and to advocate a different, more concentrated way of looking. Intense, tranquil and original. In doing so I implicitly comment upon the way we look at our surroundings and the moral judgments that are involved, either consciously or unconsciously.
Although printing technique and size of the final prints are very important, I am concerned with more than just a formal play with scale, colour and form. To me, many objects possess a specific character and emanate a certain feeling, making them more than just lifeless matter. Rather, I see and experience these objects as living creatures. By portraying such objects photographically I try to highlight these qualities. Sometimes the result is a narrative image, while at other times the images may be more iconic in nature, carrying a strong sense of alienation.
Stories, myths and psychological processes play a major part in my personal life, and thus also in how I value and portray certain objects. Therefore a photograph of a headlight or a small cap is always more than just a representation of the object itself, a flower is more than just 'a flower'. The image refers to something that is outside of the represented object and that is often immaterial in nature, transcending the concrete. This to me constitutes the value of much art: to transform what is banal and futile into something universal and timeless.
Two poppy leaves. Within the two poppy leaves life's drama.
The lower leaf is much further along in its dying process. How beautiful its creases and wrinkles are! In despair it reaches for the other leaf that clearly still possesses more tension. There is a special in-between area created in the middle by the yellow-greenish light.


'Through the Keyhole – The Victoria Quarter Conservation Project' Seminar co-hosted by Aura, RICS and IMS was a fantastic success last Thursday with 90+ external delegates who joined us at the Rose Bowl Lecture Theatre at Leeds Beckett University.
The seminar considered the philosophy of conservation through a unique case study approach.
A huge thank you to all who attended and especially the speakers including representatives from Historic England, International Masonry Society, Workman LLP, DLG Architects, Hathern Terracotta, Lucideon and Aura's own Managing Director Craig Liddle.


text:
Dear Friends and Supporters,
Through years of organizing and struggle, the Bowery tenants were finally able to sign an agreement with landlord Joseph Betesh. This is an unprecedented agreement that sets in stone items like: guaranteed deadline of August 31st with penalty on landlord if passed; guaranteed hotel stay paid by the landlord throughout the repair; rent-stabilized leases; compensation for property damages, loss of rooms and lawyer's fee; no rent increase for repairs. It is a stunning accomplishment, and it could have not been achieved without the support of the community, and that includes you. It shows the people united will never be defeated. However, we should not forget the years of suffering the tenants had to go through; it could have been avoided had Mayor Bill de Blasio adopted the Chinatown Working Group rezoning plan to protect the community.
Hunger Strike on City Hall!
HUNGER STRIKE Against De Blasio's Collusion with Landlords & Developers
Launch time: Wednesday 5/30/2018 @ 11am
Location: City Hall entrance (Broadway and Murray St)
The tenants of 85 Bowery–including babies and seniors–were displaced in the cold night of January 18, by their landlord Joseph Betesh in collaboration with City agencies with the excuse of making repairs. Since then, these families have been homeless, forced into cramped conditions. The Bowery tenants' actions to go back home, including a 5-day hunger strike, made the Mayor's Office oversee the repairs. Nevertheless, Mayor de Blasio not only has allowed Betesh to keep delaying the repair process, but also has condoned his most outrageous act–tossing the tenants' belongings into dumpsters!
The mistreatment of the Bowery tenants is shocking but not surprising, as de Blasio has been pushing for pro-developer rezoning plans, while refusing to pass community-led rezoning plans like the Chinatown Working Group plan. He is making NYC a city only for the rich. For a mayor who prides himself on being a protector of working families and immigrant communities, this is shameful.
ENOUGH IS ENOUGH! New Yorkers are fed up with Mayor de Blasio's collusion with landlords and developers that keep tenants out and displace communities across the city. The Bowery tenants are resuming the hunger strike. They are fighting to go back home and are taking the lead to put an end to De Blasio's displacement agenda.
The tenants and supporters demand Mayor de Blasio:
· Guarantee on paper a deadline by which the tenants can return home
· Stop having City agencies evict tenants on behalf of landlords
· End pro-developers displacement agenda; instead, pass community-led rezoning plans like the Chinatown Working Group plan.
Citywide Alliance Against Displacement
Coalition to Protect Chinatown and the LES


J.K. Rowling's international non-profit organisation Lumos has had an incredible year, supporting work to transform children's lives in 21 countries, on four continents; reuniting children with families; saving lives through urgent medical care; protecting children who have been abused or trafficked and helping governments transform their systems of care.
Lumos is not an emergency response organisation, but in the wake of Hurricane Matthew, Lumos did what it could to help. Partnering with local government and NGOs in Haiti, Lumos has reached children in orphanages and vulnerable families affected by the hurricane, providing emergency food, clean water, medical care and protection for more than 1,500 children.
In the desperate struggle for survival, one 14-year-old boy was shot and seriously injured at a food distribution point. Lumos' partners helped get him vital medical care and set about finding his family. He is now in a stable condition and reunited with his mother.
Lumos also had to work quickly to protect vulnerable children. In the immediate aftermath of a natural disaster, the risk of child trafficking increases dramatically, because so many children have been separated from their families. Children in orphanages and hospitals are at increased risk of being taken by organised criminals.
Lumos and partners are documenting every child in 50 of the orphanages most affected by the hurricane to ensure they have the basic care they need and to reduce the risk of the children disappearing.
This would not be possible without the funds raised by the thousands of people who supported the WeAreLumos Worldwide campaign, which launched in September with a special gala performance of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child and a Facebook Live interview with J.K. Rowling. The campaign concluded in November with thousands more supporting an online CrowdRise campaign and a benefit screening of Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them at Carnegie Hall in New York City.


Being away from home with a seriously ill or injured child is difficult and stressful for families. The cost of hotel rooms, long commutes, lengthy hospital stays and being away from family and friends in a strange place takes an enormous emotional and financial toll on families in crisis. That's where we come in.
The new 16,000-square-foot, sixteen bedroom, Ronald McDonald House provides a comfortable environment where families can rest, enjoy home-cooked meals, relax in the spacious living areas, access laundry facilities and most importantly, receive a network of support among other families struggling with similar worries and fears. This stability allows families to focus on being there for their child when it matters most.
We understand that being away from home, and perhaps unable to work, can take a financial toll on families, particularly those dealing with the medical crisis of a child. Therefore, though it costs $75/per family, per night to operate the House program, we only encourage, but never require, families to make a contribution of just $15 per night. However, no family is ever turned away due to their inability to contribute.
The Ronald McDonald House is open to serve families 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, and 365 days a year.
Any family who has a child 21 years of age or younger that is being treated at an area medical facility is eligible to stay at our House. All families must be referred by a healthcare professional involved in the patient's care. Because of the large volume of room requests, the Ronald McDonald House Columbia, SC is unable to accept reservations. If a room is unavailable at the time of the referral, the family will be placed on a waiting list and called as soon as a room becomes available.
If you are a doctor, nurse or social worker, please fax a completed room request application to the Operations Director at 803-254-8688.


Maybe you entered marriage with some pretty high expectations-most couples do. Jonathan and Wynter Pitts did. Until the reality of married life spilled into their expectations.
Emptied is a way of life. It's not about trying harder, it's about thinking differently. Only when you are emptied of your own self-focused motivations can God pour new life into you for the abundant marriage and satisfying relationship you long for. Are you ready to approach your marriage poured out, ready to be filled up?
About "Emptied: Experiencing the Fullness of a Poured-Out Marriage"


Ready & Easy to Hang. Trim to exact size.
Each 183cm (72") Panel fits windows up to 137cm (54") wide.
For wider windows including bay windows, simply add extra panels.
Ready & Easy to Hang. Trim to exact size. Filters light providing privacy with elegance.
Installation: Fix a 1.5" café rod or similar rail, allowing 6cm clearance from the window's frame. Simply slide the blind on the rail to produce the pleated effect. If required, the blind can be easily be trimmed to your exact window size.
To retain the scallop effect, use the bottom of the package card as a template, mark around the scallop, and trim with sharp scissors. You may need to cut each layer using this method however, no sewing is required.
While these blinds are manufactured to the highest standard, if they are being constantly moved and pulled, the weight of heavier blinds might cause the material to fray, especially if the rod/pole is thin, causing a cutting effect.
24", 36", 48", 54", 63", 72", 90"
To wash the blind, dip it in warm water (40oC) in a bowl or bath and if necessary carefully sponge off any marks. Drip dry. Iron if necessary.
DO NOT MACHINE WASH, SPIN OR TUMBLE DRY.
© 2015 Drapes Of Scarborough. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Minister for Finance, National Planning, Public Enterprise, and Sugar Industry Mahendra Pal Chaudhry of Fiji
Chaudhry is also co-chair of the task force focusing on economic growth within the National Council for Building a Better Fiji.
Chaudhry was born in Ba but educated at Tavua Indian School and Shri Vivekanand High School.
In 2004, Chaudhry received the Pravasi Bharatiya Community Service Award, which is granted to members of the Indian diaspora to honour their contributions to the countries of which they are members.
Chaudhry remained active in the Labour Party, and assumed leadership of the party in 1991 from Adi Kuini Bavadra, widow of Timoci Bavadra who had died in 1989.
Chaudhry has since rebuilt the Labour Party, which won several key by-elections throughout 2004.
Following the December 2006 coup that ousted Qarase, Chaudhry accepted the post of Minister of Finance in the interim government formed under Frank Bainimarama in January 2007.
Chaudhry is known for his combative style of leadership, which has won him both admirers and enemies.
Since May and June 2005, Chaudhry has been at the forefront of a campaign against the government's controversial Reconciliation, Tolerance, and Unity Bill, which proposes to establish a Commission with the power, subject to presidential approval, to compensate victims and pardon perpetrators of the 2000 coup.
Chaudhry has also spoken in favour of bringing more ethnic Fijians into the economic mainstream.
Chaudhry has periodically called for Fiji's electoral system to be reformed.
In 1978, Chaudhry was convicted of manslaughter for his involvement in a fatal automobile accident.
Prime Minister Qarase had earlier alleged on 5 December that Chaudhry had been a party to the negotiations, and called on the FLP to reveal whether it was involved with Singh's compensation claim.
Chaudhry was ordered to pay F$750 to Qarase and Fiji Television Limited to cover court costs.
Chaudhry had failed, Gates said, to provide "credible evidence" that Qarase's words were untruthful, and therefore there was no grounds to prohibit their publication.
Chaudhry said most of the inflation was imported and by the end of this year it was anticipated to have fallen from the current seven to four per cent.
As I said most of this is imported, some of it is from high fuel prices but this is a global phenomenon, many countries have inflation rates between six to seven percent and maybe higher but yes it is important to see that inflation does not get out of hand," Chaudhry said in a statement.
Chaudhry said appropriate measures had been put in place to control inflation.
Mr Chaudhry knows that the very same cane farmers who are his power base would turn on him quicker than he can blink his eyes if they found out that Chaudhry held $1.
So Chaudhry turned to another story.
It is well known that Mr Chaudhry had travelled to India in February 2001 and a report carried by an Indian Newspaper states that Mr Chaudhry was to meet Om Prakash Chautala, the Chief Minister of Haryana on February 28.
This proves one thing beyond any doubt: At least one person whose surname starts with a C, likes to dip his hand into the cookie jar when no one is looking, either Chautala or Chaudhry is not telling the whole truth.
Where is this money going to?The Inquiry was a whitewash as by carefully manipulating the Terms of Reference to only look at the tax affairs, MP Chaudhry was cleared.
Mr Chaudhry is no doubt, not only the richest politician in Fiji but one of the richest man in Fiji.
MP Chaudhry is the Mugabe of Fiji.
invited directly by the prime ministers.
last year's elections while Kubuabola's SVT Party won eight "miserable" seats.
Kubuabola, who should be investigated for treason.
Stating that more than 3,000 Indian tourists visited Fiji in 2006-07 and the numbers would increase this year, Mr Chaudhry said Fiji was inviting Indian investors to set up hotels by providing them all facilities, including incentives.
Mahendra Chaudhry was key founder of the Labour Party, with Bavadra, while serving as general secretary of the National Farmers Union.
Chaudhry had been a unionist since the early '60s, and had a reputation as a militant.
Chaudhry was elected to Parliament in April 1987 and was appointed Minister for Finance in the coalition government of FLP leader, Timoci Bavadra.
Chaudhry remained active in the Labour Party and in 1991 succeeded as leader, Adi Kuini Bavadra, widow of Dr Bavadra.
Chaudhry said that Fiji-China relations have witnessed significant developments since the two countries established diplomatic ties.
Chaudhry said that this position will not change.
After 56 days in captivity, Chaudhry was released and subsequently toured the world attempting to rally support for his deposed government.
Chaudhry said the Fijian Labour Party will continue to adhere to one-China policy.
The "Report of Independent Inquiry into the taxation affairs of Mahendra Pal Chaudhry" was prepared by the team that was hastily cobbled together after I disclosed in the Fiji Sun in February 2008 that Chaudhry had been hiding $2million in a secret bank account in Sydney, Australia, and that he had made late lodgement of his 2001, 2002, and 2003 tax returns.
On August 14, a Suva chartered accountancy firm wrote to FIRCA, notifying it that Chaudhry had appointed the firm to act as his tax agent.
It is instructive to recall that FIRCA and Chaudhry had repeatedly taken shelter behind the confidentiality clause in Section 4 of the Tax Act but as I have argued, the Act does not give the taxpayer the luxury and freedom to hide millions from the nation.
On 26 September 2000, Chaudhry had opened an account with ANZ bank in NZ, three months after he was released by George Speight from Parliament.
Chaudhry received interest income of $NZ23,274.
The exact amount of funds Chaudhry had in the bank there is not known, but according to forensic accountants, working backwards from the interest he received it was probably $300,000 to $400,000, raising the question of the original source of the New Zealand funds.
It is time for Fiji's lawmaker Aiyaz Sayed-Khaiyum to confront Chaudhry's bluff and bluster while the FLP leader is going around the country preaching about the People's Charter.
We all know that Chaudhry is a master of guises and is spinning his web right under everyones noses.
Fiji's former interim finance minister, Mahendra Chaudhry remains banned from traveling to New Zealand despite quitting his job last month.
Mahendra Pal Chaudhry is the leader of the Fiji Labour Party.
Mr Chaudhry is familiar with coups … his Labour Government was overthrown by George Speight in 2000, and he was also part of the government which was ousted in the first Fijian coup in 1987.
After 56 days in captivity, Chaudhry was released on 13 July and subsequently embarked on a tour of the world to rally support.
Early life, education and early career Mahendra Chaudhry was born in BaBa District, Fiji Ba is a district situation on the North Western part of the island of Viti Levu in Fiji.
Their elder son, Krishn Gopal Chaudhry remained in Fiji.
Chaudhry has been married to Virmati since 1965; they have three children and several grandchildren.
Chaudhry is an Indo-Fijian lawyer, former civil servant, and potential parliamentary candidate.
In 2004, Chaudhry received the Pravasi Bharatiya Community Service AwardPravasi Bharatiya Community Service Award The Pravasi Bharatiya Community Service Award is an honour granted annually by the Global Organisation of People of Indian O.
Chaudhry was the first Fijian citizen to receive this award.
Leader of Labour Party from 1991 Mahendra Chaudhry remained active in the Labour Party, and assumed leadership of the party in 1991 from Adi Kuini BavadraKuini Speed SummaryAdi Kuini Teimumu Vuikaba Speed was a Fijian chief and politician, who served as Deputy Prime Minister in 1999 and 2000.
Chaudhry was duly appointed Prime Minister on 19 May 1999.
Internal dissent Chaudhry was criticised by some prominent members of the FLP, which included Krishna Dutt and Poseci Bune, for finalising his list of Senate nominees without consulting the Party.
Chaudhry's views and policies Chaudhry is known for his combative style of leadership, which has won him both admirers and enemies.
Brain drain Chaudhry has expressed alarm at the high rate of emigration from Fiji, especially of Fiji-Indians, and also of educated indigenous Fijians.
Reconciliation, Tolerance, and Unity Bill Since May and June 2005, Chaudhry has been at the forefront of a campaign against the government's controversial Reconciliation, Tolerance, and Unity Bill, which proposes to establish a Commission with the power, subject to presidential approval, to compensate victims and pardon perpetrators of the 2000 coup.
Bringing Fijians into the mainstream Chaudhry has also spoken in favour of bringing more ethnic Fijians into the economic mainstream.
Calls for electoral reform Chaudhry has periodically called for Fiji's electoral systemto be reformed.
Gays rights Chaudhry said on 18 October 2005 that he and the FLP would not support Prime Minister Qarase's attempts to close constitutional loopholes that undermine Fiji's anti-gay laws.
Chaudhry said that gays rights were guaranteed by the constitution and must be upheld; the Prime Minister, who needs a two-thirds majority in Parliament to change the constitution, was just wasting his time trying to gain FLP support for the measure, he said.
Controversies Chaudhry has been involved in a number of controversial circumstances over the years, ranging from a manslaughter conviction in 1978 to allegations of misuse of funds as recently as 2005.
Manslaughter conviction In 1978, Chaudhry was convicted of manslaughterManslaughter The law generally differentiates between levels of criminal culpability based on the mens rea, or state of mind.
Addressing the House of Representatives on 23 November 2005, Prime Minister Qarase alleged that Chaudhry had had money raised for him in the Indian state of Haryana, and called on Chaudhry to reveal what had happened to the money since.
Mahendra Pal Chaudhry is as Indian, and Haryanavi, as Sonia Gandhi is Italian.
Even though Mahendra Pal Chaudhry had not been to India since 1979, the feeling that he was `home' was real.
No matter which way it is looked at, Mahendra Pal Chaudhry is a Fijiian by nationality, but sentimentally an Indian.
Speaking to the Department of Information, Mr Chaudhry said that the measures that have been put in place in 2007 budget is bearing results and there is positive signs that the economy will recover.
In addition, Mr Chaudhry said during his trip to India he had fruitful talks with the officials of the Software Technology Park of India and there are plans of setting up an Information Technology (IT) park in Fiji as well.
Mr Chaudhry said that since the emergency regulations have been lifted and advisories have been down scaled, the tourism industry should pick up from the months of July.
Mr Chaudhry has said he won't comment on the man's claim in court.
Chaudhry had pleaded guilty to injuring a man he was staying with an iron rod.
After his acquittal Rajendra Chaudhry was blowing his own trumpet in the media.
But until his experience with FICAC, Rajendra Chaudhry had no consideration for the human rights and dignity of persons who became victims of the regime and its enforcement arms.
Chaudhry said the public had a right to accurate information but the media was withholding information in breach of media ethics.
The National Farmers Union, of which Chaudhry is the general secretary, had orchestrated a harvest boycott demanding a cash grant, which began with a demand for $2000 per farmer and ended with a $2 per tonne grant.
Of course the gullible farmers believed what Chaudhry was showing and telling them.
persuaded him to retreat into obscurity.
but the Government was toppled within a month by a coup by Gen.
Chaudhry said his client was labelled as a traitor to the indigenous community and this was then publicised by the newspaper.
Chaudhry has a pending $1 billion defamation case against The Fiji Times Ltd over a story the newspaper ran, claiming the Labour leader had millions of dollars stashed in foreign bank accounts.
and asked the government to take corrective action with regard to 22 complaints.
The fragile compromise collapsed when Timoci Bavada's Government—in which Indo-Fijians were in a majority and Chaudhry was one of the ministers—came to power in 1987.
Chaudhry was at the Valelevu Police Station today when the police took in the management and staff over the dispute.
Speight worked as general manager in an Indian company in Fiji and when his scam was exposed, Mahendra Chaudhry had him dismissed," said Mahavir Chaudhry who introduced himself as the deposed Fijian leader's brother-in-law.
president's daughter Adi Koila Mara Nailatikau has been taken hostage by Speight's thugs," Mahavir Chaudhry said angrily, trailing off into a stream of unprintables.
He said another allegation against Mahendra Chaudhry was that he was going to extend the lease of cultivable land to people of Indian origin, but "there is nothing wrong in that because these people are hard workers.
ratings show that the economy is on the mend.
Mr Chaudhry is expected to meet President K.


text:
Bohuslav ze Zvole († 31. července 1457) byl olomoucký biskup.

Životopis
Byl synem Markvarta ze Zvole, bratra biskupa Konráda ze Zvole. Od roku 1434 studoval ve Vídni a roku 1442 získal doktorát církevního práva. V roce 1446 se stal olomouckým oficiálem a roku 1447 generálním vikářem. Sepsal čtyřdílný traktát Tractatus scholastici super libros decretalium a také Vocabularium iuris. V roce 1450 byl spolu s kapitulním děkanem Petrem z Račic zvolen správcem olomouckého biskupství, o rok později zvolen prvním prelátem a později jmenován generálním vikářem. Biskupem byl zvolen roku 1455 ve Vratislavi. Avšak již 31. července roku 1457 zemřel, když byl otráven sektářskými bludaři. Byl pohřben v olomouckém dómu.

Literatura
 Milan M. Buben, Encyklopedie českých a moravských sídelních biskupů, Logik s.r.o. Praha, 2000

Externí odkazy

Olomoučtí biskupové
Kanovníci olomoucké kapituly
Muži

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Shiʿite political party in Lebanon.
(with various degrees of explicitness) for the creation of an Islamic republic in Lebanon. In pursuit of this goal, Hizbullah has coordinated its activities closely with the government of Iran and its representatives in the region. For years the party rejected any compromise with the Christians of Lebanon, Israel, and the United States. This hard-line approach appealed to many Shiʿa, who abandoned the AMAL movement to join the Party of God. Those who left AMAL tended to be young, radical, and poor.
Hizbullah is headed by the Consultative Council (Majles al-Shura), which consists of the highest-ranking party officials, some of whom are clerics. Its members' responsibilities include financial, military, judicial, social, and political affairs. The party's operations were geographically organized, with branches in the Biqa Valley, the South, and the southern suburbs of Beirut. In the late 1980s the Politburo was created to handle day-to-day operations.
Hizbullah gained international attention in 1983 when press reports linked it to attacks against U.S., French, and Israeli targets in Lebanon, and to the abduction of Western hostages in Lebanon. The party continues to deny responsibility for some of those acts. Syria let Hizbullah keep its arms because it considered the party to be pursuing a legitimate struggle against Israel's occupation of South Lebanon. The party's armed opposition to Israel's presence resulted in significant confrontations, and Israel's forces killed the party's leader, Abbas al-Musawi, in 1992. In the 1992 election, Hizbullah won eight seats in the parliament; it now participates in the legitimate political arena after years of underground existence. The party has been trying to change its image since 1992 and has entered into dialogue with many of its former enemies, both leftists and Christians. It is now headed by Shaykh Hasan Nasrallah, who has become one of the most popular leaders in Lebanon and in the larger Arab world. The party's standing was dramatically boosted after the withdrawal of Israeli troops from most of South Lebanon in 2000, for the party had led the resistance movement against the Israeli occupation. The party has been identified as "the A-team of terrorism" by the deputy secretary of state in the administration of U.S. president George W. Bush. The party insists that although it supports armed struggle against Israeli occupation, it opposes the terrorism of Osama bin Ladin.
See also amal; berri, nabi; bin ladin, osama; biqa valley; bush, george w.; fadlallah, husayn; majles al-shura; nasrallah, hasan.
Kramer, Martin. The Moral Logic of Hizbullah. Tel Aviv: Shiloah Institute, Tel Aviv University, 1987.
"Hizbullah." Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. . Encyclopedia.com. 24 Apr. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.


text:
Home » Entertainment » Music » Flipp Dinero – "Not Too Many" & "If I Tell You" (Prod. by Tay Keith) [Audio]
Flipp Dinero – "Not Too Many" & "If I Tell You" (Prod. by Tay Keith) [Audio]
I Caught U Slippin Apr 19, 2019
With an appealingly raspy voice and a fierce NYC attitude, Brooklyn's Flipp Dinero is blowing up. Treating his fans to a double dose of high-quality heat, Flipp shares two new singles: "'Not Too Many" and "If I Tell You." A hard-as-nails trap track that shows off Flipp's slick lyricism, "Not Too Many" is a hazy banger produced by Tay Keith, the man behind "Look Alive" and "Sicko Mode." Dominated by cloudy synths and rubbery bass, "Not Too Many" finds Flipp adopting a triplet flow and bragging about his insatiable thirst for success–a quality that sets him apart from his imitators. Flexing his melodic muscles on his second single of the day, Flipp's "If I Tell You" is a sweet and confident love song. The song is buoyed by an iridescent instrumental by Tay Keith and G Koop, who lend swinging trap drums and 8-bit horns to the summer-ready track. "If I Tell You" and "Not Too Many" follow December's insidiously catchy "Feelin Like," which has more than 7 million plays on Spotify, and sustained the momentum from Flipp's Platinum-selling hit "Leave Me Alone." Enjoy this audio stream below after the jump and please share this with friends.
Born and raised in Canarsie in Brooklyn by parents of Haitian descent, Flipp Dinero bubbled up in the NYC rap scene in 2016, catching ears with his unique combo of mean-mugging rhymes and infectious melody. Signed to Cinematic Music Group, the young rapper found a worldwide audience when he released "Leave Me Alone" in March 2018. A teasingly catchy single with a playground chant chorus, an earwormy, flute-filled instrumental, and an achingly relatable central conceit, "Leave Me Alone" started its rapid ascent when it caught the ear of then-New York Giants wide receiver Odell Beckham Jr., who shared a clip of himself dancing to the track. Since then, "Leave Me Alone" has grown into one of the biggest hits in America–generating over 250 million streams on Spotify and 107 million views on YouTube. The song peaked in the top five of the Hip-Hop/R&B airplay charts and reached the Top 20 of the Billboard Hot 100. Flipp performed the track on national television at the BET Hip-Hop Awards and on a January episode of Jimmy Kimmel Live. Stay tuned for a new project from Flipp, the follow-up to 2017's successful The Guala Way EP, coming later in 2019.
Gmbu Throwback: Cigar Talk: Flipp Dinero on studio w/ T-Pain , if 6ix9ine be successful after snitching, Joey Bada$$
Gmbu Throwback: Flipp Dinero Responds to Your Comments on 'Leave Me Alone': The People vs. Flipp Dinero
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Commercial real estate (CRE) loans comprise a major portion of many banks' loan portfolios. Demand for CRE lending—a traditional core business for many community banks—has been very strong in recent years, and a growing number of banks have CRE concentrations that are high by historical standards and rising. Growth in land acquisition, development, and construction (ADC) lending has been especially pronounced. Many de novo banks in areas with significant job and population growth (predominately in East and West Coast states) have used ADC loans as the primary asset class to drive growth and meet pre-opening projections. The rapid growth in CRE exposures in recent years presents additional challenges for bank management as it monitors and controls risks it may not have faced in the past.
In response to rapid growth in CRE loan concentrations and observed weaknesses in risk management practices at some institutions, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (FRB), and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) (collectively, the federal banking agencies) published Joint Guidance on Concentrations in Commercial Real Estate Lending, Sound Risk Management Practices (CRE guidance) in December 2006.1 This article provides additional information and context to some of the topics discussed in the CRE guidance, drawn from the authors' firsthand observation of the risk management practices of both large and small banks. It covers market monitoring and analysis, credit underwriting and administration, portfolio management, credit risk rating and review, and stress testing.
In addition to the changes regarding appraisals, the federal banking agencies, along with the Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS), have established underwriting and risk management requirements.5 A pillar of these requirements is loan-to-value (LTV) limits for different CRE property types. Adhering to these regulatory LTV limits should make institutions less vulnerable to downturns in CRE markets, as borrowers will have more tangible equity in the collateral real estate to cushion against declining values. Conversely, institutions that ignore these LTV limits and have substantial volumes of high LTV loans are more susceptible to the adverse affects of CRE downturns.
CRE loan growth recently prompted regulators to issue guidance to address concerns about CRE concentrations and to provide expectations for managing a concentrated portfolio. The CRE guidance recognizes that diversification can be achieved within CRE portfolios and differentiates risk in different types of CRE loans. The guidance "focuses on those CRE loans for which the cash flow from the real estate is the primary source of repayment rather than loans to a borrower for which real estate collateral is taken as a secondary source of repayment or through abundance of caution."6 The target of the guidance, then, generally would include development and construction loans for which repayment is dependent upon the sale of the property as well as properties for which repayment is dependent upon rental income.
Total CRE loans as defined in the CRE guidance represent 300 percent or more of the institution's total capital, and the outstanding balance of the institution's CRE loan portfolio has increased by 50 percent or more during the prior 36 months.
Portfolio diversification across property types.
Geographic dispersion of CRE loans.
Level of pre-sold units or other types of take-out commitments on construction loans.
These factors could mitigate the risk posed by the concentration. Additionally, banks that have experienced recent, significant growth in CRE lending will receive closer regulatory review than those that have demonstrated a successful track record of managing the risks of CRE concentrations.
The remainder of this article provides context and additional information for some of the topics addressed in the CRE guidance.
A bank's ability to monitor developments in its CRE market area is a critical element of successful CRE lending. Various tools may be available to monitor CRE markets, depending on the size of the market. In many larger metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs), institutions can obtain market data for CRE other than single-family residential properties from national providers such as Property & Portfolio Research, Real Estate Investment Services, and Torto-Wheaton Research. Residential market information is also available from a number of national and regional providers. Outside of large MSAs, vendor data are often unavailable. In these areas, in-house knowledge and communication with local builders, developers, real estate agents, and civic leaders may be the primary tools for gathering information on market activity and gauging market conditions.
The level of CRE monitoring required can differ among institutions depending on exposure level or perceived risk in a product type or geographic area. Institutions involved in construction and development lending have a greater need to monitor CRE markets, as conditions can change dramatically between the time an institution makes a loan commitment and the time a project is completed. Monitoring speculative single-family housing development can be especially challenging. Institutions must have a clear understanding of the demand for housing within geographic areas, submarkets, or specific projects, as well as price points within markets or projects. Institutions should track available inventory and their own levels of exposure at a level of granularity sufficient to allow management to determine if the institution should curtail lending for specific products or in locations of concern, even if other products or locations continue to perform well. The granularity warranted may be product-by-product, location-by-location or some other degree (e.g., price point, speculative versus presold), depending upon the institution's markets and product types.
Markets may be monitored by staff or management, but ultimately both must understand what is being monitored and why. The monitoring function can be organized in a variety of ways. For example, the institution may create a CRE risk management function that is responsible for establishing CRE concentration risk limits (approved by the institution's board) and overseeing compliance with those limits. To ensure that risk management and lending are working in concert, the two functions must communicate. The lending staff must pass along market information to the risk management function. Once risk management has compiled the information, it must deliver its market analysis back to the lending staff. (See Figure 1.) This mechanism ensures that both risk management and the lending staff are in agreement about the marketplace conditions and the lending strategy.
Figure 1. Communication must occur between lending and risk management functions.
Risk management staff should provide its analysis of market data to senior management in a manner they can use to develop a comprehensive lending and risk mitigation strategy. A common delivery method is to provide lenders with a "heat map" that details management's view of the demand for product types in each geographic market and directs lenders' degree of aggressiveness for those products. A heat map can serve as a quick reference to identify whether the strategy for a particular market or product type is to grow, maintain, or reduce exposure. In markets where demand is very strong, management may instruct lending staff to pursue additional opportunities and adjust pricing and other terms to attract additional business. In areas where management deems risks to be higher, lenders may be instructed to curtail or discontinue lending activities altogether.
No matter the form of the market analysis, management must convey its strategy to lending staff in a timely manner and maintain sufficient oversight of lending activity to ensure that the loans being originated are consistent with management's strategy. Reporting systems should be sufficiently detailed to identify situations where the strategy is not being followed.
A CRE concentration increases the importance of sound lending policies. An institution's lending policies should communicate the level of risk acceptable to its board of directors. The policies should provide clear and measurable underwriting standards that enable lending staff to evaluate all relevant credit and market factors. The CRE guidance provides several internal and external factors that should be considered when establishing policies, such as market position, historical experience, present and prospective trade area, probable future loan and funding trends, staff capabilities, and technology resources.
Independent property inspections—There should be initial site visits and ongoing inspections during the construction phase.
Loan disbursement practices—They should be based on engineering or inspection reports, requirements for lien waivers from subcontractors, etc.
Sponsor/developer experience level—Institutions should establish standards to ensure that the sponsor/developer as well as the underlying contractor has a proven track record and sufficient experience in the market and in the property type being developed to complete the proposed project.
Loan agreements, collateral documentation, and appraisal practices—Robust loan agreements and collateral documentation are expected. Plans and budgets are also needed to establish disbursement/draw schedules. Loan agreements should clearly communicate draw schedules, release provisions, and repayment requirements.
Debt service coverage analysis—Debt service coverage thresholds as well as presold or preleased standards are useful tools to control the risks in a CRE transaction.
Sponsor or guarantor financial analysis, if applicable.
An institution's lending policies should permit only limited exceptions to underwriting standards. When an institution permits an exception, it should document how the transaction does not conform to the institution's policy or underwriting standards and why the exception is in the best interest of the bank. The institution should also ensure that appropriate management approvals are obtained. Robust risk management systems can also track the number of exceptions by type and amount to help point out areas of policy that may need permanent amendment or that need to be reinforced by the institution's board of directors.
The bank should have a management information system (MIS) that provides sufficient information to measure, monitor, and control CRE concentration risk. This includes meaningful information on CRE portfolio characteristics relevant to the institution's lending strategy, underwriting standards, and risk tolerances. Many institutions will want to expand the level of information captured to specifically include underwriting characteristics, such as LTVs, debt service coverage levels, speculative versus presold units, etc., to allow for more enhanced reporting and analysis. Information can be captured on mainframe systems or other systems—including the use of simple spreadsheets—but should be retained in a form that can be readily accessed for analysis purposes.
Typical loan production and performance reports by type, region, officer, etc.
Many banks fail to collect the data necessary to produce the reports listed above. They may have separate legacy systems that do not aggregate data efficiently, if at all. In addition, many banks do not have the resources to search hard copy files and backfill data into their systems. Management first needs to identify the drivers that will affect segmentation at origination and then capture those data fields on the system. These drivers could be LTV, rate type (fixed versus floating), debt coverage ratios, or large tenants that could create concentrations when aggregated.
CRE markets are typically cyclical. Strong markets promote additional building, which can result in oversupply followed by weakened market fundamentals. Consequently, the real benefit of implementing systems to identify and control CRE concentrations lies in limiting the level of risk brought on by those concentrations when markets begin to falter. While it may be easy to manage a concentration during the good times, managing one once market demand has slowed is much more challenging.
Loan pricing becomes too thin for the underlying risk (e.g., construction loan pricing has fallen almost 150 basis points in recent years owing to competition).
Underwriting weakens to unreasonable levels or to levels banks previously would not have approved (e.g., deposits for qualifying presold condominium units are reduced by half to entice enough preconstruction buyers to demonstrate demand for a project).
Inventory and planned production are excessive relative to market dynamics (e.g., office space in the pipeline exceeds several years' absorption rate without any significant increase in employment expectations; condominium units in the pipeline exceed the level of several prior years' sales).
Speculators drive prices to unwarranted levels (e.g., home prices increase by 30 percent year-over-year for an extended period, while inventory is expected to grow to unprecedented levels).
The regional or national economy shows signs of stress.
If CRE lending is a substantial source of revenue, the decision to reduce exposure levels will likely be met with significant resistance from managers and loan officers concerned about short-term earnings performance. If CRE lending is the primary earnings driver, the institution should be prepared to diversify into other areas of lending or wait for CRE markets to return. The failure to control exposure levels when warning signs are evident can result in excessive loan losses. The level of losses will generally depend on the quality of loan underwriting and the breadth and depth of the CRE market downturn.
Unfortunately, the importance of CRE portfolio management and appropriate concentration limits becomes most apparent only when the bank's market enters a downturn. As loan quality deteriorates, banks must expend significant resources, both human and monetary, for collection and, in some cases, foreclosure on the underlying collateral. While the direct costs of these actions are apparent, there are often other costs that bear mention. If market conditions deteriorate severely, sponsors or developers may simply abandon a project, especially if they have insufficient capital invested and there is no recourse to the principals. In many instances during the 1980s and early 1990s, developers walked away from partially finished properties, and some lenders were forced to complete projects to salvage their investment. In many of these instances, costs escalated dramatically as lenders were forced to restart projects and remediate shoddy workmanship, adopt engineering and architectural changes to make the project viable, pay off subcontractor liens, and pursue zoning or other legal issues.
Another major expense often overlooked is the opportunity cost of holding a large volume of nonearning assets. Lenders often severely underestimate the length of time necessary for the sale of foreclosed assets in a distressed market. Additional costs accrue during the holding period, including property taxes and the cost of sales, maintenance, and security. Many lenders found during the CRE downturn of the 1980s and early 1990s that the "first loss is the best loss," meaning that it would have been cheaper in the long run to have disposed of distressed CRE assets earlier rather than later.
Risk rating systems can vary greatly between community and large banks. One solution does not and should not fit all banks—the risk rating and review process should be commensurate with the bank's size and complexity. A small, noncomplex bank may need only a one-dimensional rating system with a small number of rating grades, while a large or complex organization may require a rating system with more grades to measure risk levels adequately. Larger banks often use rating systems that assign separate ratings for default risk and loss severity. This type of system has the added benefit of delineating credit risk, which should aid lenders in mitigating those risks.
Transparency is critical for any risk rating system. Account officers, loan review personnel, and regulatory examination staff should be able to review rating guidelines and reach the same conclusion on the rating grade assigned to individual credits. This becomes increasingly important as the bank grows and more people are involved in the risk rating process. Specific, objective rating criteria rather than broad, subjective criteria promote consistency in the rating process. Transparency is generally evaluated by reading the bank's rating policy guidelines and conducting transaction testing. The key is to have someone other than the original credit analyst attempt to come to the same conclusion using the tools provided by policy. If agreement with a high percentage of assigned credit ratings cannot be achieved, the rating guidelines may need further clarification.
Granularity is also necessary to provide an accurate assessment of portfolio risk. At a minimum, the risk rating system should rank order risk in the portfolio and provide enough grades so that the vast majority of loans do not fall into just one grade. A granular rating system that effectively rank orders risk should aid management in identifying the exposures that should be reduced or eliminated if a CRE downturn appears to be on the horizon.
Independence in the validation process is the third leg to any successful rating system. Individuals outside the lending process should evaluate and validate the entire process. Banks with limited staffing resources can use external audit staff or consulting firms to conduct the validation. As banks grow, this process is typically brought in-house. The review and validation personnel will generally be the best resource for identifying problems in the rating system. Credit review personnel should provide the board and senior management with periodic feedback regarding the effectiveness of the rating system and any recommended changes for improving transparency and granularity.
Most geographic locations in the United States have not experienced serious declines in CRE markets for a number of years. Much has changed in CRE lending since the last downturn. Some analysts suggest that a major sea change has occurred in the form of greater transparency and liquidity that acts as a cushion against the deep losses of the 1980s and 1990s. Banks may tend to believe that the losses during that time were much more severe than they would ever again encounter. Yet, while the CRE credit market has been influenced by excess liquidity for a number of years, recent events in the credit markets for housing and leveraged finance demonstrate that liquidity can evaporate quickly if lenders' and investors' perceptions of the level of risk inherent in those loan products change.
In light of the possibility of significant losses in CRE portfolios, banks with concentrations in CRE can use stress testing to assess the extent of their exposure to a downturn in CRE markets. Stress testing can also inform management of the institution's specific vulnerabilities to CRE markets and indicate where actions should be taken to mitigate those risks.
The CRE guidance includes a general expectation that an institution with CRE concentrations will conduct portfolio stress testing consistent with the size, complexity, and risk characteristics of its CRE loan portfolio. However, the guidance does not provide specific minimum expectations. Following are examples of the types of stress tests commonly used in banks.
Most institutions that specialize in CRE lending, and especially ADC lending, are accustomed to running analyses to determine loan and project exposure as part of the underwriting process. Before making a commitment for financing, an institution will analyze sponsor and lender assumptions to determine the degree to which a project can withstand market fluctuations and still repay the loan. Analysis covers testing the common assumptions and combinations of assumptions shown in Table 1.
Given that some of the assumptions interact with other assumptions, a range of outcomes may be used to determine if the loan meets the institution's underwriting criteria and lending standards. Along with project assumptions, loan-specific variables, such as interest rates and LTV ratios inferred from capitalization rates, are commonly analyzed.
Developing sensitivity analysis forecasts, such as increased vacancy rates in the market by product type, slower absorption rates, reduced sales prices, higher capitalization rates, or higher interest rates.
Testing each credit in the portfolio, considering the current status of each project against the impact of the sensitivity analysis forecasts.
Aggregating the impact of each tested credit to determine the vulnerability within the portfolio.
For income-producing properties with long-term, fixed-rate loans and long-term tenants, the analysis may reveal little or no additional exposure unless capitalization rates are expected to increase on the specific property type. However, the analysis of loans granted for speculative lot development projects with slower absorption rates could reveal substantial additional exposure, suggesting that the bank should consider limiting its exposure in certain geographic markets or product types.
Obtain historical loss rates on CRE loans (the "reference portfolio") at the most granular level available. (Available data will often be fairly general in nature—losses on hotels, retail buildings, office buildings, etc.—rather than for more specific product types—suburban hotels versus downtown hotels, multitenant office buildings versus owner-occupied office buildings, etc.) In banks with more limited CRE lending experience, the data may be at higher levels, such as all types of ADC loans or even all CRE loans. Generally, the longer a bank has been a CRE lender, the more granular the loss data.
Identify loss rates that occurred as a result of previous market downturns, generally the highest loss rates experienced in the reference portfolio. Loss rates may lag the downturn by a number of months or years.
Identify the similarities or differences between the bank's current portfolio and the historical reference portfolio, and adjust the loss rates appropriately.
In general, the loss rates from the reference portfolio will be a good starting point. The historical loss rates are applied at the same granular level as the reference portfolio.
Adjustments to the historical loss rates may be necessary to account for differences in the current portfolio. This is especially true if the data for the reference portfolio lack granularity. For example, the ADC loss history on the reference portfolio is for a geographically diverse group of loans, but the current portfolio is largely concentrated in one location. In this case, an upward adjustment in loss rates would seem necessary to address the additional concentration risk.
Calculate the losses that would be expected in a market downturn by applying the adjusted historical loss rates to the current portfolio.
Like an aggregate transactional sensitivity analysis, stressed loss rate testing can provide useful input to a bank's capital, earnings, and liquidity planning. While not providing specific information for managing CRE concentrations, it should inform management of the possible level of the bank's exposure if a CRE downturn were to occur. The usefulness of this type of test relies heavily on the reference portfolio selected to conduct the test. In institutions with limited or only recent experience in CRE lending, the historical perspective required to conduct this sort of stress analysis would be based on external data that may or may not be applicable. In these institutions, the type and level of adjustments to historical loan loss rates are critical elements to developing a useful outcome.
Thus far, the examples cited have not necessarily been related to a particular, perhaps local, event. For risk management purposes, a bank may develop stress scenarios customized to its circumstances to make assumptions about how its CRE portfolio would react. For example, a community bank might assume layoffs at a major employer and measure the anticipated results on new housing demand and other CRE property performance. The trickle-down effect of the layoffs could spread across CRE property types if local businesses' revenues slowed and tenants were unable to make their lease payments.
Another technique used by some banks with larger portfolios and more sophisticated internal data is to stress ratings migrations. This process requires a review of prior years' migrations to determine the typical migration experience. Each year a percentage of credits (obligors in cases of banks with two-dimensional rating systems) improves, remains the same, or declines. If sufficient data exist to capture a CRE downturn, the bank could select the year with the highest percentage of downgrades as the stress year. Alternatively, the bank could develop a relationship between economic variables and ratings migrations. If these data are not available, a bank might choose to apply conservative estimates of migrations to establish a stress year.
The bank would use the results of the stress year migration to move the appropriate volume of exposures in each current rating grade to the grades reflected in the stress year ratings matrix. The new volumes in each grade would then be processed through the bank's allowance for loan and lease loss model to determine what provisions might be needed to value the CRE portfolio and the effect of these provisions on earnings and capital. When compared to the current ratings, the effect of a market downturn could be measured (see Table 2).
History has clearly demonstrated that CRE can experience cyclical changes in which supply and demand get out of balance, resulting in significant losses for financial institutions. To reduce potential losses in the future, banks must have strong board and management oversight as well as robust risk management processes for their CRE loan portfolios to recognize and control risk through all phases of the economic cycle. Bank management should also be willing to forego potential CRE income when the risk exceeds the reward.
A well-diversified bank is, in general, better insulated against market downturns. However, investing in assets that management does not understand can also carry significant risks. When prudent diversification across a variety of asset classes is difficult to achieve, it becomes even more important for management to deploy tools and implement strategies similar to those outlined here to recognize and control the risk taken. The CRE guidance provides a good framework to assist banks in addressing the concentration risk and also helps establish the federal banking agencies' expectations during subsequent risk management examinations.
Regulators and bank management must not become complacent or static in their approach to risk management; they must continually evolve and change as the environment changes and new risks appear. With the risk management tools listed in the CRE guidance and further supported by other regulatory guidance, there is no reason CRE loans cannot continue to be a favored asset class for banks.
To assist and encourage banks to recognize and control CRE lending risks, bank regulators have developed a significant body of regulatory guidance for CRE transactions. Much of this guidance is based on lessons learned in downturns of the past, especially the banking crisis of the late 1980s and the early 1990s.
1 Concentrations in Commercial Real Estate Lending, Sound Risk Management Practices, Federal Register, Vol. 71, No. 238, December 12, 2006, pp. 74580–74588 (CRE Guidance). Also see FDIC FIL-104-2005 at www.fdic.gov/news/news/financial/2006/fil06104.html.
2 See FDIC's History of the Eighties—Lessons for the Future, December 1997, at www.fdic.gov/bank/historical/history/contents.html.
3 The federal bank and thrift regulatory agencies have adopted substantially similar appraisal regulations. See 12 CFR 323 (FDIC); 12 CFR Part 34, subpart C (OCC); 12 CFR 208.18 and 12 CFR 225, subpart G (FRB); and, 12 CFR 564 (OTS).
4 FIL-74-94, Interagency Appraisal and Evaluation Guidelines, November 11, 1994, www.fdic.gov/news/news/financial/2003/fil0384b.html.
5 See Interagency Guidelines for Real Estate Lending Policies: 12 CFR 365 and appendix A (FDIC); 12 CFR 34, subpart D and appendix A (OCC); 12 CFR 208, subpart E and appendix C (FRB); and 12 CFR 545 and 563 (OTS). See also Interagency Guidelines Establishing Standards for Safety and Soundness: 12 CFR 364, appendix A (FDIC); 12 CFR 30, appendix A (OCC); 12 CFR 208, appendix D-1 (FRB); and 12 CFR 570, appendix A (OTS).
6 CRE Guidance, p. 74585.
7 CRE Guidance, p. 74587.
9 See Statistics on Depository Institutions at www2.fdic.gov/sdi/index.asp.


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Home The Latest Hugo Chavez's legacy: a more independent Latin America
Hugo Chavez's legacy: a more independent Latin America
by Teo Ballve
Hugo Chavez proved that Venezuela and the rest of Latin America could chart an independent path in the world.
The Venezuelan leader, who died on March 5, often assumed the role of court jester on the international stage, raising uncomfortable truths by poking fun at the powerful -- namely, the United States.
But, for Chavez, revolutionizing Venezuela's political and economic system was a wholly serious matter.
Before winning office, Venezuela had become a laboratory of U.S.-backed free market orthodoxy ruled by a tiny political elite, which siphoned off the country's enormous oil profits. Despite oil reserves surpassing Saudi Arabia's, almost two-thirds of Venezuelans slid into poverty.
Chavez promised to turn things around -- and he did.
Shortly after his inauguration in 1999, voters approved a new constitution that drastically expanded grassroots citizen participation in government.
After taking control of the oil industry, his government managed to cut the proportion of Venezuelans living in poverty by half, from 60 to 30 percent. Health care and a college education -- once exclusive luxuries of the wealthy -- became widely and freely available. And the country is now practically free of illiteracy.
Chavez branded his vision for Venezuela as "socialism for the 21st century."
His policies drew virulent opposition from the conservative national elite, which staged a short-lived coup in April 2002. Washington tacitly endorsed the power grab, but massive street demonstrations and unanimous condemnation by Latin American leaders returned Chavez to office.
The political tide in Latin America had turned -- in part, thanks to Chavez.
He was the first in a steady stream of left-leaning leaders elected to office in a region that Washington had once claimed as its backyard. Chavez was the most vocal advocate of this growing autonomy.
He considered himself the spiritual heir of South American independence hero Simon Bolivar, who dreamed that a united Latin America would be capable of standing up to Washington and other world powers.
The first major show of unity and defiance came in 2005. At a trade summit in Argentina, Latin American leaders banded together against a U.S.-proposed free trade agreement that would have extended the North American Free Trade Agreement throughout the hemisphere.
Since then, Chavez helped launch a handful of multilateral institutions in the region. These organizations have given Latin American countries the ability to promote regional infrastructure projects, coordinate diplomatic stances and cooperate militarily without meddling from Washington.
The political breathing room enabled other countries to follow in Venezuela's footsteps and take greater control over their own natural resources. The oil and gas reserves of countries like Bolivia and Ecuador, for instance, are now bankrolling Venezuelan-style anti-poverty programs.
Chavez, of course, was not perfect, but he will be remembered in Venezuela and beyond as a fierce defender of Latin America and an outspoken advocate for a more just world economy.
Teo Ballve is a fellow of the Social Science Research Council (SSRC). He can be reached at pmproj@progressive.org.
You can read more pieces from The Progressive Media Project by clicking here.
Foreign Policy Latin America
Wait.....So Chavez wants to
Wait.....So Chavez wants to fight for independence like Simon Bolivar?
Maria Smartkova more than 7 years ago


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ReflexDinobus8 years ago
Thank you for the positive feedback on all of my reviews so far! I'm sorry it's been a while since I posted a review...I've been cutting back on my figure purchases due to financial reasons, but I will try to keep posting reviews whenever possible; for sure when I get a new figure in!
To see all of my reviews click here: profiles.php?us...
For this review it'll actually be of a set of figures. As they are all from the same series; this review will combine them into one. From the game "Ib"; this is Colorfull Collection's Ib Series Set!
For those who haven't played the game yet; this review may contain minor spoilers. Read at your own discretion.
(Each photo can be clicked on to give a full-size view of the image, even if the image itself doesn't display).
Outer box:
To start, it should be noted that Ib is a very odd choice for making figures of. "Ib" is a horror/adventure game created by 'kouri' with the RPG Maker 2000 engine. This is an independent game (not a big company one from Nintendo or such companies); and therefore fairly small and not something that would normally be considered for figure production. However Ib has earned a massive following online (and rightfully so) with it's unique plot, interesting characters and simple-but-elegant design overall. This fanbase and interest is what earned it enough of a calling to have figures made for it, and Movic answered the call with this set of mini-figures.
All 8 figures come in one box, a single box that can be opened in an unique way that allows the top to be folded up and back; allowing the contents on the inside to be displayed. Of course you can open it like a normal box as well; though the first option is almost always used when the box is for sale at retail; as people generally tend to buy one figure at a time if they are not getting the whole box itself.
Back of the box:
This is one of the more common types of boxes within Japan: It's the "blind pack" box. Blind packs are sold usually with smaller figures; the size of gashapons/capsule figures. However, unlike (most) of those where there is a clear bubble that shows the inner figure; these are sold in boxes that are generic; each box is the same no matter what figure is inside and therefore you don't know what figure you're getting until you open it (hence the name, blind pack).
As stated before, these are made by Movic as a part of their Colorfull Collection (for some reason Colorful has 2 L's at the end; that's not a typo); which is a larger multi-series line, much like Nendoroids or Figmas. The outside of the box shows all of the different figures that could be inside the box; in this case 8 of them. Sometimes blind packs feature a 'secret' figure; one that is not shown at all on the box anywhere and is a special surprise figure. However, this series does not have that.
Inner Box:
All 8 of the boxes on the inside look identical; as per the code for blind packs. The price for each, 500 Yen, is on the box. The outer box featured a set of 8 price, 4,000 Yen; which means no discount for getting a set.
The interesting thing about this set is that all of the figures are numbered. Those numbers actually do play a role, surprisingly: That's the order that they are in within the larger, outer display box. Basically, if you start at the front left corner, you can figure out what figure you'll get just by counting (1st, Ib; 2nd, Garry; etc.).
This kind of defeats the purpose of blind packs (i.e. not knowing what figure's inside the box before opening it), but that's only if you know this fact beforehand. But it does help if you only want a specific figure; assuming no one has rearranged them before displaying them for sale at retail, of course.
In package:
Each figure comes packaged the same way (with one exception): Each comes with a plastic bag for the figure and one for the base; and those two bags are sealed inside a larger plastic bag. The two inner bags are not sealed. The exception is with the 3 mannequins, who each have their own bag (a total of 4 bags inside the larger bag, in that case).
The bases on all of the figures are nearly identical with the same 9-tile base. 4 of the figures have pegs holes in their bases and 4 of them don't; however (more on that below). Also the color varies slightly on each base...some of them are lighter and the degree of shading from black to grey varies as well. While the bases don't connect to each other at all, the smooth square sides allow them to be lined up next to each other easily and uniformly; as all of the bases have the same thickness.
All names in the next part will be direct translations from the Japanese text.
#1: Ib:
The first figure in the set is, naturally, Ib herself. Shown as "イヴ" on the box, Ib has her trademark red rose and outfit from the game. She has two pegs on the bottom of her feet (each a different size to identify which hole it goes into on the base) which plug into the base; making her one of the figures with peg-holes in her base.
#2: Garry:
Arguably the 2nd main character of the game, Garry is next in line. "ギャリー" has his blue rose, much like Ib, which he carries in game as well. He also has the same peg design as Ib; varying in size; making him another peg-hole based figure.
#3: Mary:
My personal favorite character from the game and the main antagonist (of sorts)/ tritagonist of the series; Mary / メアリー is next in line. The only other 'human' character in the game outside of Ib's parents; Mary is one of the (sometimes) playable characters in the game...which is about all I can without spoilers. She also has a rose in game, but doesn't have it in her figure form here. Another one of the peg-holed base figures, Mary follows Ib and Garry's peg design as well.
#4: Realization of the spirit:
"Seishin no Gugenka" / "精神の具現化" is the next one in the set. This is the representation of each character's life/soul; a rose (similar to the rose they each carry). For some reason, part of the title is blocked out on the box (shown as "精神の???"), possibly to prevent spoilers. This is one of the figures without peg-holes; this one just free-floats on top of the base and is positioned as best as possible.
#5: No Personality:
The mannequins from the game, "無個性" / "Mukosei" are next. This was the exception to the 3-bag rule from the beginning of this review; as each figure has a different shaped peg to fit into the base (a half-circle, a line and a larger circular shape). They come in three colors: Red, Blue and Yellow. This is also the 4th and last of the peg-holed figures as well.
#6: Blue Doll:
"青い人形" / "Aoi Ningyou" is the next in the set. This is one of the 'creepy' dolls (as Garry calls them) from the game; although it sometimes appears as a bunny (mostly to Ib). This figure free-floats on the base without pegs.
#7: Woman in Red Dress:
One of the artist Guertena's older paintings from in-game, the "赤い服の女" / "Akai Fuku no Onna" is basically a woman in a red dress stuck half-way in a frame. She often crawls around, dragging the frame with her, chasing the main characters. She also does not have peg-holes for her base and simply rests on the base.
#8: World of Deep-Sea:
The last figure in the set is "深海の世" / "Shinkai no Yo"; also known as the Deep Sea Abyss. This is the only other figure in the set who's name is partially censored on the box; called, "深海の?". This is also the last figure without peg-holes on their base.
For such small figures; all of these are really cute, durable, detailed, well-made and well-designed and very affordable! While there aren't a lot of human characters to draw upon from the game; the game does include some of the more interesting side characters as well, making for an interesting line-up. The bases are well made and make for a nice, uniform design when the set is complete, or even when the figures are separate.
The only drawback is that they are blind pack figures...so unless you found someone who opened it up and you know what you're getting; most likely you'll have to buy a lot in order to get the one you want from the set (unless you know that they are in number order beforehand and no one rearranged them).
A great set from an equally great game. Recommended for everyone. No play value; only for display.
Thanks for looking! Feel free to comment and I hope you enjoy the review! Be sure to check out my other reviews here as well: profiles.php?us...
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reropo
The titles with question marks are a reference to certain works' titles containing words that Ib doesn't know. If Garry is not in the party, she reads the rose sculpture's title as "??? of Spirit" and the deep sea painting as "??? of the Deep".
carbon1903
MetalSamamon • 8 years ago • #2244732I know; I don't understand it either! >_< There's no good reason for all the hate Mary gets...it's dumb; really! She's so cute and innocent! Mary may just be a painting, but she genuinely wishes to be good; as shown when she becomes Ib's sister in "Together, Forever"...it's not like she went on a rampage when she got out and burned all the other paintings and killed Ib and her parents or something...
I REALLY wish they would have done an ending with all 3 of them escaping together (Mary, Garry and Ib)! Like they somehow found a way to do it...that would be the best game ending they could have; I feel! I haven't seen the two new endings, but they sound bad for Mary, from what you said...that sucks! I really wanted a good ending for Mary (and everyone, like I said).
I'm glad you're a Mary fan too! You should totally get this figure of her (if not the whole set) because this is really cute and might be the only time Mary'll get a figure. Thanks for the comment, icedblueberry! ^___^
Partner in crime! Comrade! Time to make our own Ib 2!
ReflexDinobus
carbon1903 • 8 years ago • #2244548OMG Ib! That brings back memory xD Moar love for Mary please! >_<
Yes! Poor Mary needs lots more love!! >_<
icedblueberry • 8 years ago • #2244723Thank you so much for being a fan of Mary!!
I just really wanted to say that... My friends all despise her... it makes me really sad because she's probably my favorite game character of all time. I can really understand how the loneliness made her delirious, and how much she probably craves for the outside world. Even though she does questionable things in the game-- I can understand the motive. I would do the same if I were her. I'm amazed she even has the ability to talk to Ib and Garry properly, considering she's been pretty much alone her entire life (besides spending time with other [even more crazy!] works of art). She's one of those characters where I just want to jump through the screen and hug her and tell her it's okay and that I'll be her friend~ ;A;
I mean, not that I don't like Garry or Ib... just... why do people have to hate Mary? I think Garry is also a very lovable guy, and I don't like that he has to die in "Together, Forever". But I feel like "Promise of Reunion" is still a bad ending, because of what had happened to Mary. She didn't deserve to die, either. Yet so many people say things like "haha she deserved that" and are so happy when they watch her burn to death. Ughhh just makes me so angry since I love her so much.
On a side note, I am very upset with Kouri for adding in those two extra endings. I thought they would be happy ends! Nope, just more bad ends... especially that one with Mary all alone... crying out for her friends... nooooooo...
I know; I don't understand it either! >_< There's no good reason for all the hate Mary gets...it's dumb; really! She's so cute and innocent! Mary may just be a painting, but she genuinely wishes to be good; as shown when she becomes Ib's sister in "Together, Forever"...it's not like she went on a rampage when she got out and burned all the other paintings and killed Ib and her parents or something...
icedblueberry Kise Ryouta Fangirl
Thank you so much for being a fan of Mary!!
OMG Ib! That brings back memory xD Moar love for Mary please! >_<
VioMariner • 8 years ago • #2243554Great review and descriptions of the characters! I'm still so happy Ib got figures despite it just being a small indie horror game, though one of the best at that. I don't usually go for small blind box figures but I may have to pick up this set, at the very least Ib, Garry, and Mary.
Thank you! ^^ I couldn't agree more! While I still hope they will someday make bigger figures of the main 3 characters (Ib, Garry and Mary); these are really nice and very worthwhile to get! ^_^
VioMariner PLATINUM Disco~
Great review and descriptions of the characters! I'm still so happy Ib got figures despite it just being a small indie horror game, though one of the best at that. I don't usually go for small blind box figures but I may have to pick up this set, at the very least Ib, Garry, and Mary.
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Related Items8
Ib - Colorfull Collection - Colorfull Collection Ib (Movic)
Ib - Garry - Colorfull Collection - Colorfull Collection Ib (Movic)
Ib - Mary - Colorfull Collection - Colorfull Collection Ib (Movic)
Ib - Akai Fuku no Onna - Colorfull Collection - Colorfull Collection Ib (Movic)
Ib - Mukosei - Colorfull Collection - Colorfull Collection Ib (Movic)
Tags11
akai fuku no onna?
aoi ningyou?
colorfull collection ib?
colorfull collection?
garry?
ib?
mary?
movic?
mukosei?
seishin no gugenka?
shinkai no yo?
Related Clubs2
Guertena's Gallery (Ib fanclub)
RPG Maker Games Fans
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