text:
<?php

require_once '../proxy/class.databaseproxy.php';

$column_brand_serial = DatabaseProxy::DB_COLUMN_BRAND_SERIAL;
$column_brand = DatabaseProxy::DB_COLUMN_BRAND;

$column_model_serial = DatabaseProxy::DB_COLUMN_MODEL_SERIAL;
$column_model = DatabaseProxy::DB_COLUMN_MODEL;

$column_province_serial = DatabaseProxy::DB_COLUMN_PROVINCE_SERIAL;
$column_province = DatabaseProxy::DB_COLUMN_PROVINCE;

$column_city_serial = DatabaseProxy::DB_COLUMN_CITY_SERIAL;
$column_city = DatabaseProxy::DB_COLUMN_CITY;

require_once '../utilities/class.brandmanager.php';
$mgr = new BrandManager();
$brands = $mgr->getBrands();

require_once '../utilities/class.modelmanager.php';
$modelManager = new ModelManager();
$models = $modelManager->getModelByBrand(0);
$model_names = $modelManager->getModelNames();

require_once '../utilities/class.provincemanager.php';
$provinceMgr = new ProvinceManager();
$provinces = $provinceMgr->getProvinces();

require_once '../utilities/class.citymanager.php';
$cityMgr = new CityManager();
$cities = $cityMgr->getCities();

$today = date("Y-m-d");
if (empty($_SESSION["date_start"])){
	$date_start = $today;
}
else{
	$date_start = $_SESSION["date_start"];
}
if (empty($_SESSION["date_end"])){
	$date_end = $today;
}
else{
	$date_end = $_SESSION["date_end"];
}

if (empty($_SESSION["date_end"])){
	$date_end = date("Y-m-d");
}
else{
	$date_end = $_SESSION["date_end"];
}

if (empty($_SESSION["brand_selected"])){
	$brand_selected = 0;
}
else{
	$brand_selected = $_SESSION["brand_selected"];
}

if (empty($_SESSION["brand_selected_serial"])){
	$brand_selected_serial = 0;
}
else{
	$brand_selected_serial = $_SESSION["brand_selected_serial"];
}

if (empty($_SESSION["model_selected"])){
	$model_selected = 0;
}
else{
	$model_selected = $_SESSION["model_selected"];
}

if (empty($_SESSION["model_selected_serial"])){
	$model_selected_serial = 0;
}
else{
	$model_selected_serial = $_SESSION["model_selected_serial"];
}

if (empty($_SESSION["province_selected"])){
	$province_selected = 0;
}
else{
	$province_selected = $_SESSION["province_selected"];
}

if (empty($_SESSION["province_selected_serial"])){
	$province_selected_serial = 0;
}
else{
	$province_selected_serial = $_SESSION["province_selected_serial"];
}

if (empty($_SESSION["city_selected"])){
	$city_selected = 0;
}
else{
	$city_selected = $_SESSION["city_selected"];
}

if (empty($_SESSION["city_selected_serial"])){
	$city_selected_serial = 0;
}
else{
	$city_selected_serial = $_SESSION["city_selected_serial"];
}

if (empty($_SESSION["period_selected"])){
	$period_selected = 1;
}
else{
	$period_selected = $_SESSION["period_selected"];
}

if (isset ( $_POST ['query'] )){

	$_SESSION["date_start"] = $_POST['date_start'];
	$_SESSION["date_end"] = $_POST['date_end'];
	$_SESSION["brand_selected"] = $_POST['brand_select']+0;
	$_SESSION["model_selected"] = $_POST['model_select']+0;
	$_SESSION["province_selected"] = $_POST['province_select']+0;
	$_SESSION["city_selected"] = $_POST['city_select']+0;
	$_SESSION["period_selected"] = $_POST['period_select']+0;

	$date_start = $_SESSION["date_start"];
	$date_end = $_SESSION["date_end"];

	$brand_selected = $_SESSION["brand_selected"];
	$model_selected = $_SESSION["model_selected"];
	$province_selected = $_SESSION["province_selected"];
	$city_selected = $_SESSION["city_selected"];
	$period_selected = $_SESSION["period_selected"];

}
	if (strtotime($date_end)>strtotime($today)) {
		$date_end = $today;
	}
	if (strtotime($date_start)>strtotime($date_end)) {
		$date_start = $date_end;
	}

	require_once '../utilities/class.utilities.php';
	$util = new Utilities();
	$period_array = $util->getPeriodArray($period_selected, $date_start, $date_end);

	if($brand_selected>0){
		$brand_selected_serial = $brands[$brand_selected-1]["$column_brand_serial"];
	}
	else{
		$brand_selected_serial = 0;
	}

	if($model_selected>0){
		$model_selected_serial = $models[$model_selected-1]["$column_model_serial"];
	}
	else{
		$model_selected_serial = 0;
	}

	$_SESSION["brand_selected_serial"] = $brand_selected_serial;

	$_SESSION["model_selected_serial"] = $model_selected_serial;

	$model_array = FALSE;
	if($model_selected_serial==0){
		if($brand_selected_serial>0){
			$i=0;
			for($j=0; $j<count($models);$j++){
				if ($models[$j]["$column_brand_serial"]+0==$brand_selected_serial) {
					$model_array[$i] = $models[$j]["$column_model_serial"];
					$i++;
				}
			}
		}
	}
	else{
		$model_array[0] = $model_selected_serial;
	}

	if($province_selected>0){
		$province_selected_serial = $provinces[$province_selected-1]["$column_province_serial"];
	}
	else{
		$province_selected_serial = 0;
	}

	if($city_selected>0){
		$city_selected_serial = $cities[$city_selected-1]["$column_city_serial"];
	}
	else{
		$city_selected_serial = 0;
	}

	$_SESSION["province_selected_serial"] = $province_selected_serial;

	$_SESSION["city_selected_serial"] = $city_selected_serial;

	$city_array = FALSE;
	if($city_selected_serial==0){
		if($province_selected_serial>0){
			$i=0;
			for($j=0; $j<count($provinces);$j++){
				if ($cities[$j]["$column_province_serial"]+0==$province_selected_serial) {
					$city_array[$i] = $cities[$j]["$column_city"];
					$i++;
				}
			}
		}
	}
	else{
		$city_array[0] = $cities[$city_selected-1]["$column_city"];;
	}

?>

<form name="form_date_model" enctype="multipart/form-data" method="post" action="<?php echo $_SERVER ['PHP_SELF']; ?>">

				按
				<select name="period_select" >
					<option value="3"
						<?php
						if($period_selected==3){
							echo 'selected="selected"';
						}
						?>
					>日</option>
					<option value="2"
						<?php
						if($period_selected==2){
							echo 'selected="selected"';
						}
						?>
					>周</option>
					<option value="1"
						<?php
						if($period_selected==1){
							echo 'selected="selected"';
						}
						?>
					>月</option>
					<option value="0"
						<?php
						if($period_selected==0){
							echo 'selected="selected"';
						}
						?>
					>年</option>
				</select>
				统计

				起始日期
				<input name="date_start" type="text" id="date_start" onclick="new Calendar(2012, 2025).show(this);" value="<?php echo $date_start?>" size="10" maxlength="10" readonly="readonly" />

				 截止日期
				<input name="date_end" type="text" id="date_end" onclick="new Calendar(2012, 2025).show(this);" value="<?php echo $date_end?>" size="10" maxlength="10" readonly="readonly" />

				品牌
				<select name="brand_select" onChange="resetModel(this.selectedIndex)"></select>

				机型
				<select name="model_select"></select>

				省区
				<select name="province_select" onChange="resetCity(this.selectedIndex)"></select>

				城市
				<select name="city_select"></select>

				<input name="query" type="submit" id="query" value="查询" />

</form>

<?php
echo '';

//echo "brand_selected:".$brand_selected;
//echo "model_selected:".$model_selected;
//echo "brand_serial:".$brand_selected_serial;
//echo "model_serial:".$model_selected_serial;

?>

<?php
echo '';

//echo "province_selected:".$province_selected;
//echo "city_selected:".$city_selected;
//echo "brand_serial:".$province_selected_serial;
//echo "model_serial:".$city_selected_serial;

?>

<?php
//echo json_encode($period_array);
?>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Just look around the room and you will see lots of the square shape: square books, calendars with squares, floor tiles, signs, windows, dice and more. There is a multitude of preschool activities with squares, and you will have fun with all of them.
Now move the strips on the felt board to make it look like the wind is blowing it over. This is a parallelogram not a square.
Squares of construction paper pre-cut by the teacher: Cut in several sizes and several colors. Make sure that you have pairs of each. So, for example, you may have two small red squares, two blue medium squares and two green large squares.
12 pieces of square black construction paper. Leave one side plain. Use six different colors to cut 12 squares–two of each color. Glue one colored square on each of the 10 pieces of black paper. This will be used for a memory game.
1. Put four x's on the floor with masking tape in the shape of a 4' square. Each of four students should stand on an X. Then stretch out their arms to touch the neighbor on their right and left to form a square.
2. Have four students of almost the same height form a square by laying down and positioning themselves correctly on the floor. See if they can do it with minimal teacher direction. This builds problem solving and group cooperation.
4. Pass out the prepared construction paper squares to your students. See how quickly they can "find your partner"- someone with a matching square. When all students have found a partner, each pair must tell the class what they have. For example: "We have small red squares."
5. Sit your students in a circle. Place the prepared black squares face down in the center-3 rows with 4 in each row. Students take turns turning over two squares to find a match. Continue until no squares are remaining.
6. Travel around the school to see how many squares the class can find!
7. Use the memory game black construction paper cards. Face up, place 5 in a row to form a pattern (small red, large green, medium blue, small red, large green, ______) What comes next? This reinforces skills in solving patterns. Repeat with new patterns.
Ask your parent volunteers to help prepare a "Square" meal!
1. Waffles are full of squares!
1.Use the squares of different colors and sizes that you prepared for the "find your partner" activity. Place the squares in a circle on the floor. Have each child stand on one square and face the same direction. Start some music and have the students parade around the circle. When the music stops, each student should stand on a square. Call out a square. For example, you might say, "small red square." The students standing on the small red square must then sit in the middle. Game continues until the last two students are standing.
2. Play checkers! You'll see lots of squares!
Give each student a 10"x10" piece of tag board. Send a letter home with instructions that the family can decorate it whatever way they want. They can use fabric scraps, buttons, photos, etc. Give them a week to prepare it. Then assemble the tag board pieces into a square quilt. You can join them in a few different ways:1) Use tape on the back to tape them together or to hang them using tape on the wall in rows to form a quilt. 2) Use a hole punch to punch several holes on the adjoining sides and lace with yarn to join the pieces. 3) Glue pieces onto a large sheet of bulletin board paper. 4) Staple them to form a quilt on the bulletin board.
As you can see, using preschool activities squares, younot only reinforce identification of the square shape but the activities help achieve other goals as well. Your students will learn to play games that help with problem solving, they will have a fun project with their family, they will do some physical activities and most of all they will love learning!


Thousands of children across West Africa have been left orphaned by the Ebola outbreak, with friends and neighbours too fearful of the disease to take them into their homes.
As the outbreak sweeps across Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea, the children of many of the virus's victims have been left destitute and alone.
Such is the fear of infection in the country's small towns and villages that neighbours are shunning the surviving children of the dead, ignoring the long established African tradition of taking orphan children into your home.
Now charity workers are warning it will take months of care and counselling to rebuild the children's shattered lives and persuade communities to accept them again.
According to teachers and social workers on the ground, the death rate of the current outbreak is being matched by the number of orphans left by the disease, with around 5,000 children robbed of their parents since the outbreak began.
With the number of Ebola cases predicted to climb to 10,000 a week by the World Health Organisation – and with death rates of 70 per cent – growing numbers of children face even harsher prospects than usual in what are already desperately poor countries.
Street Child workers are working to persuade communities that children who have lost parents to Ebola are not necessarily contagious themselves and would be safe to take into their homes after a 21 day quarantine period.
In just one example of the fear created by the Ebola outbreak a street child faced violent hostility from relatives after they feared he would infect them.
The 17-year-old Liberian boy was shot by a stray bullet in August after protesters attempted to break the military-enforced quarantine of Monrovia's Westpoint, the capital's largest slum.
On returning home, the boy, called Titus, was turned away by his family for fear that his injuries may be related to Ebola and put them at risk – the same family with whom Street Child had only recently reunited Titus after years struggling to survive on the streets.
Titus managed to receive the medical attention he needed and, after being found by one of Street Child's social workers, is being looked after until it is safe to return home with their support.
Mr Dannatt said friends and neighbours can be persuaded, with patient efforts by social workers and community leaders, to revert to the tradition of taking in a village's orphans.
But since the Ebola outbreak began last summer it has been forced to suspend its normal operations to concentrate on helping the growing number of orphaned and destitute children.
Street Child is appealing to people in Britain to help its efforts to care for the stricken region's Ebola orphans with donations or even sponsorship of a child. "Ebola is a big scary disease and its easy to despair, but readers of The Telegraph can help," said Mr Dannatt, who set up the charity in 2008 to help the thousands of children living on the streets in countries such as Liberia and Sierra Leone.
Information on how individuals can help Street Child can be found on its website at www.street-child.co.uk.


text:
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text:
Ariel Schudson is the president of the student chapter of the Association of Moving Image Archivists over at UCLA. She is currently in the middle of her studies to become a film archivist at this very moment. She is a huge fan of all forms of cinema and writes about them at her site - Sinamatic-Salve-ation.
She also runs a monthly film series at the New Beverly Cinema called "Something Old, Something New" which I highly recommend you check out!
I believe that the term "bad movie" requires a great deal of unpacking. Tragically, when I was first in film school, * mumblemumble * years ago, it did not. "Bad" simply meant the opposite of good. It meant that you did not like the film. It was a poor choice at the video store or the box office, you wouldn't do it again, you had to go off and knock back a bunch of beers with pals to wash out that "bad movie taste" and that was that. No recommendations for that cinematic failure. The movie sucked.
Somehow, in the last 15 or so years, "bad" has taken on all sorts of different meanings to people. Now we all remember what Michael Jackson meant when he asked, "Who's bad?" but that's not exactly what I mean. Although, in a way, it is. When we go around to look at people's collections at their houses and we agonize that they have the most "amazing VHS collection evAr" because it has a few dozen films starring your favorite wrestling stars, what does that mean? Does it mean those are good films or does it mean those are good films to you? Please note that I do not use the term "bad" here. I do not believe that it comes into play. I absolutely hate when people use the "so bad its good" descriptor. That, to me, is like saying "but he only hits me because he loves me." IT MAKES NO SENSE ON A LOGICAL LEVEL.
So let's get a few things clear right now:
1) There is no such thing as SO BAD IT'S GOOD.
2) Very few films are ever perfect. Sometimes, it is in their imperfections and in their relentless references to time, place and cultural objects that you can find absolute glory.
3) Polarizing terms applied to art (which, by its nature, exists in a gray area) are likely to change in time. How many films can you think of that were once completely shunned and are now considered "masterpieces"? Be careful of hyperbole. It'll bite you in the ass.
All that said, when Jesse Hawthorne Ficks (of the MiDNiTES FOR MANiACS film series at the Castro Theater in San Francisco) came down to L.A. one night to present ROCKULA, he spoke about a thing called neo-sincerity, and that hit home. He said that we don't watch these movies because we want to make fun of them, or because we think that they are stupid or so that we can, somehow, feel more superior by knowing that we dress "better" or some such. We watch these films because something in them actually appeals to us and we do actually dig them. So, with that, I give you a few films that other people may index underneath the genre of "bad movie" but I love the HELL out of.
1) NEVER TOO YOUNG TO DIE – Gil Bettman – 1986 – I found this randomly when I was 19/20 years old, working at my first videostore job. I saw the words: John Stamos, Vanity, Gene Simmons and a picture of Gene Simmons in drag on the back. I WAS SOLD. Years later, I bought the VHS at a Tower outlet and kept forcing people to watch it with me. I bribed them. I may have talked myself out of a few boyfriends that way. "But the guy who plays Freddy Krueger's in it too!" I pleaded, "Vanity gets all sexytime!" It worked…oh…about half the time. Then the wonderful Phil Blankenship came out of the woodwork, bearing a 35mm print like a god on a filmic chariot, and I was gifted the ability to see it on a big screen. YEAH. I like this film. You should too.
2) 1990: THE BRONX WARRIORS – Enzo Castellari – 1982 – This was something I picked up when I was working at Amoeba, I think, and I got the full PAL DVD version, which is totally uncut and includes a really awesome dance number from one of the gangs. I don't remember whether that same bit was in the American version (which I did get a chance to see at the New Beverly on 35mm at one point, I believe) or not but…it stands out. I picked it up because it was a whacked-out, post-apocalyptic version of THE WARRIORS only…done by an Italian. Which makes everything special. Since Castellari has seen some recognition in the last few years, this hasn't really been in the "mistreated" camp, but it wasn't always a loved film and not everybody digs it. But hey- motorcycles, glitter, Fred Williamson- what's not to love?
3) WHERE THE DAY TAKES YOU – Marc Rocco – 1992 – There's nothing kitschy about this movie, nothing that anyone might think was "ironic" or cute. It's not really a fun romp, unless you like downward spiraling tales about Hollywood squatters in the early '90's. Of course, the squatters happen to be Dermot Mulroney, Lara Flynn Boyle, Will Smith and other assorted miscreants. I love this film. I very likely saw it when it came out on Hollywood blvd., since I saw a good chunk of my movies there before they took away the movie theaters. In any case, I remember watching this film a lot in high school and having the dire need to own the Melissa Etheridge songs that went with the saddest parts of the film. I can still sing those songs, word. For. Word.
4) ROCK STAR – Stephen Herek – 2001 – Yeah, I know. Too new, right? Whatever. Everyone seems to hate this movie to death and I adore it. So maybe I hung out on the Sunset Strip when I was 13 years old. What of it? Maybe I've seen Queensryche do the entirety of Operation: Mindcrime live. And maybe someone told me once that Rob Halford auditioned for Judas Priest with a Doris Day song and that endeared him to me even more. I really do love this film. I don't like Jennifer Aniston that much. I think I've like her in three things: this, THE GOOD GIRL (but I kinda dig Miguel Arteta, as uncomfortable as he makes me sometimes), and she was fine in WANDERLUST. But for some reason, this film, with its exploration of rock in its idiocy and splendor, where it goes wrong in gender relations, and how this story just really would never happen…I like the fairy tale. I'm a hook-line-and-sinker chick sometimes (well, most of the time actually, shh, don't tell!). On the other hand, it should be mentioned here that director Stephen Herek had many other things under his belt before arriving at Wahlberg-turned-rocker. Responsible for both Critters (1986) and Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure (1989), Herek did have some flair for the unusual and quirky!
5) SUDDEN DEATH – Peter Hyams – 1995 – Um, I knew that I liked this film until there was a fight scene with the Hockey Team mascot. He doesn't take off the COSTUME. That was when I knew that I loved this film. This is one of the happiest TV accidents I have ever had. I caught it on cable one night, and was mesmerized. At first I thought it was the hockey. I dig Slapshot and I love me some Van Damme, so put 'em together and yeah, baby! But this movie has more to offer. Like, I dunno, Powers Boothe for example? I hope that someday I get to see this on the big screen. I have been lucky enough (again, mostly thanks to the amazing work of Phil Blankenship) to see some great action stuff like this, but I'm still waiting to get to see this on 35mm….
6) ALIEN NATION – Graham Baker – 1988 – So, confession time: I totally watched this after I watched the TV show. I was a huge "Alien Nation" junkie. My two favorite shows when I was a kid came on right after each other on Monday nights- "Misfits of Science" and "Alien Nation." Then "Misfits" got cancelled (suuuuper bummed!), but I never stopped watching "Alien Nation." However, it wasn't until my adult years that I saw the film. It's actually quite good and far more adult and hardcore than the TV show ever got. It's an entirely different thing. I still love it because I still love the TV show (yes, I watch that regularly too). Plus, how can you not love anything that pairs up Mandy mf'n Patinkin with James Caan?? I mean, seriously? 'nuff said.
7) SHANKS – William Castle – 1974 – Apparently there are a good many people out there who consider this film to be bad. I, however, am not within that population. I will admit to being able to find something valuable in every Castle work I have ever seen and I will ready stand amongst the Castle-addicts of the world, but when it comes to SHANKS, I fear that it may also be my adoration of marionette and puppet culture mixed in with my affinity for things of a rather dark nature that makes me love this film. At the end of the day, I actually do love this film an inordinate amount. Marcel Marceau is wonderful in it and I feel lucky that I did get to see it once on a big screen.
8) HOWARD THE DUCK – Willard Huyck – 1986 – Sorry kids, I genuinely like this picture. Or at least I did the last time I saw it, which was on a big screen, in 35mm, at the New Beverly. I know people have really mixed views on it but I get a kick out of it. It's fun. I like the cast. I liked the comic. And, while I know that there was very little adaptation from the comic, I still thought it was fun.
9) JOSIE AND THE PUSSYCATS – Harry Elfont, Deborah Kaplan – 2001 – I love this film, without reservation. I was finishing my first Master's and taking a class on women and music. I was looking to do a paper on rock & roll films. I didn't end up writing about this one, but the self-reflexivity and awareness that may bother some folks really amused the hell out of me. I thought it was one of the first girl-rock films that acknowledged some agency and was very smart about all the things going on, including the falsehoods and corporate nonsense. I still enjoy the film.
10) CLIFFHANGER – Renny Harlin – 1993 – Who knew I could love a film about climbing rocks so damn much?? I guess Phil Blankenship did. Once again, I saw this due to his magical film curation powers, on 35mm. All I can say is that it is tense at just the right moments, it's awesome ALL THE WAY THROUGH (isn't that in Sly's contract or something? The film "must be awesome 100% of the time"?), and has a cast that won't quit. Not only does it feature Michael Rooker (now of Walking Dead-fame but formerly known as, oh, ya know, Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer, stuff like that?) and the indomitably gorgeous Janine Turner (who I will always worship from "Northern Exposure"!!), but, lo and behold, the man who gave Harry of Harry and the Hendersons a whatfor, John Lithgow! This is a great great film. Renny Harlin, a fantastic director in his own right, really rocked my world with this one. Anytime anyone brings this up, I always get so excited that I have actually gotten to see it in a theater on 35mm. One of my favorite experiences!
GHOULIES 2 (1988)
THE TERROR OF TINY TOWN (1938)
PUPPETMASTER (1989)
laird said...
Cool list! I feel the same way about "so bad it's good" and wrote about that in the final paragraphs of my Deadly Prey review here:
http://ourmovieislikethatmovie.blogspot.com/2012/06/deadly-prey.html
I also love this passage from the introduction to the book Sleazoid Express (which if you haven't read, you should):
"A special kind of alchemy happens when unintended effects become aesthetically trasnscendent. Owing to economics, or to an inexperienced yet inventive performer or director, a scene can turn out more hilariously funny or powerfully shocking than if it were made by the best cast and crew money can buy."
Laird-that is a really great passage! Really encapsulates this phenomenon well!
Franco Macabro said...
Cool list in deed, I've been doing a series of articles on "bad movies" but truth is a lot the lot of them, well, most of them anyways. They are fun times in my book. Finally, somebody who appreciates Howard the Duck! So damn quoatable that movie! Also, I also love that Alien Nation movie, it's actually quite good as a cop and fish out of water movie. And an alien invasion flick.
Wonderful list. Thought-provoking preamble.
And, anyone who lists Sudden Death *and* Cliffhanger is a winner in my book.

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US Economy Still a Long Way From Full Employment
Michael J. Bazdarich, PhD
Product Specialist/ Economist
Claims of full employment are at present widely off the mark. Even without taking demographic shifts into consideration, current unemployment rates are still higher than they have been at the peaks of recent expansions.
Once aging of the labor force is accounted for, the difference between current aggregate unemployment rates and those of previous expansions widens by as much as a full percentage point.
Once declines in labor force participation by prime-age young adults are accounted for, underemployment can be seen to be rampant.
To assuage this underemployment, US job growth would have to attain a rate of as much as 260,000 jobs per month for the next four years. Current job growth is nowhere near this rate.
Western Asset's expectation is that Fed rate hikes will continue to be halting and sporadic, thanks in part to the vast underemployment of the population.
Introduction and Summary
With aggregate unemployment below 5%, it is commonly asserted that the US is at or close to full employment. The analysis behind such assertions concedes that sharp declines in labor force participation rates are the primary factor allowing unemployment rates to decline during this expansion, but the declining participation rates are typically attributed to aging of the adult population, specifically the accession of Baby Boomers into post-55 age groups, where participation rates are much lower than for prime working age groups.
In this paper, we take issue with this assertion. While we concede that the greying of the Baby Boomer cohort has worked to lower aggregate participation rates, it is also the case that labor force participation rates among younger workers have dropped precipitously in recent years. This drop cannot be explained by retirement considerations, but seems to reflect a paucity of viable job opportunities.
The drop in participation rates among younger workers serves to distort aggregate unemployment rate data in two ways. First and most obviously, it has worked to reduce aggregate participation rates as much as has the greying of the Baby Boomers. Second, because unemployment rates are generally higher among younger workers than among older workers, pulling large numbers of younger adults out of the labor force serves to reduce the aggregate unemployment rate in addition to the effects on participation rates.
As we'll see, while aggregate unemployment is close to the lows of recent cycles, unemployment rates within individual age groups remain quite high. An inordinately high share of the population in older, lower-unemployment-rate age groups is working to pull down reported aggregate unemployment.
Another new wrinkle of the current expansion is an increase in labor force participation among adults 55 and over. Baby Boomers are delaying retirement longer and more commonly than did their parents and older siblings. This almost surely reflects an inability to sustain a satisfactory lifestyle in retirement given historic saving patterns and concerns over the efficacy of Social Security, etc. If so, this phenomenon is unlikely to reverse, and it is a further argument against current claims of full employment. Higher participation rates among adults over 55 serve to further distort participation rates relative to accepted norms that are based on experience under different demographic conditions.
Those asserting the economy to be near full employment prominently cite the demographic factors pushing down aggregate participation rates, namely the greying of the Baby Boomers. However, there is no recognition of demographic factors working to "understate" aggregate unemployment rates, such as a widespread exodus from the labor force by younger adults or longer work-lives for older ones. Whether or not it is conceded that the exodus of younger adults from the workforce reflects slack in the economy, there is no controverting the fact that the exodus is contributing to diminished US living standards. Working-age adults abnormally eliminated from the workforce reduce per-capita GDP and, eventually, per-capita consumption.
Conservatively applying past 2006-peak participation and unemployment rates for individual age groups to present cohort data, we conclude that "under-employment" in the US currently totals about 5 million workers, 1.8% or more of the adult population and equivalent to about 3% of the current labor force. Allowing for permanently elevated participation rates among seniors and/or 2000 cycle-peak experience pushes this number yet higher. Note that we have not even broached the issue of involuntary part-time employment.
Fedspeak on the US economy has been ebullient, and Federal Reserve (Fed) Chair Yellen herself has recently asserted that the economy is at full employment. However, the Fed's actual policy actions to date suggest an assessment of the economy closer to what we have outlined here. The following analysis supports our expectation that Fed rate hikes will continue to be halting and sporadic, thanks in part to the vast underemployment of the population.
Recent Unemployment Drop Not Driven by Job Gains
While unemployment has fallen sharply during this expansion, employment gains have been more modest. In fact, as seen in Exhibit 1, what we call the "employment rate," known to Fed officials as the civilian employment-population ratio, has barely increased across the expansion, sitting at 59.7% in July 2016, from 59.4% at the recession trough in June 2009. To repeat, the share of the adult population with a job is barely higher now than it was seven years ago.
The Unemployment Rate Versus the Employment Rate
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics. As of 31 Aug 16.
It is clear in Exhibit 1 that between 1980 and 2010, unemployment rates and employment rates moved closely (and inversely) together in both good times and bad. In recoveries prior to 2009, unemployment fell primarily because growth in employment vastly exceeded growth in the adult population, thus pushing the employment rate up about as much as the unemployment rate dropped. However, the two lines have diverged markedly throughout this expansion. (As we'll discuss later, the disparate movement between these lines prior to 1980 reflects the accession of women into full participation in the labor force.)
The series plotted in Exhibit 1 are both ratios, but each sports a different denominator: unemployment divided by the labor force and employment divided by adult population. So, they will diverge when there are significant movements in labor force participation: the ratio of the labor force to the adult population. Indeed, again, participation rates have dropped sharply during this expansion, and Exhibit 1 reflects this.
As mentioned earlier, this decline in participation rates has typically been attributed to the accession of Baby Boomers to over-55 age groups, where participation rates are lower. While participation rates do decline as workers pass age 55, the greying of the very large Baby Boomer cohort explains only a fraction of the observed decline in the participation rate. Meanwhile, that greying also serves to pull down aggregate unemployment rates in a way that is not commonly perceived. To make this point, we need to analyze unemployment across age groups.
Unemployment Varies With Age. Always Has, Always Will
Just as participation rates vary with age, so do unemployment rates. Unemployment is very high among teenagers, and then declines gradually as age increases before finally bottoming out at about age 35. Exhibit 2 makes this point for both men and women individually and for both present experience as well as that of the April 2000 cycle-peak (cycle trough in unemployment).
Unemployment Rates by Age and Sex, 2000 and 2016
And no, the phenomena displayed here are not specific to these points in time, but are instead typical of experience as far back as these data exist. They reflect the economics of matching prospective employee with prospective employer and the effects of age and experience on workers' ability to "attract employment." Since "normal" rates of unemployment unfailingly vary inversely with age and since aggregate unemployment is merely the weighted average of unemployment rates within the various age groups, the implication is that "full employment" unemployment rates will rise when the US adult population gets younger and fall when the population ages.
Baby Boomers are those born between 1947 and 1964. The massive number of births during this period make this cohort the perfect example of the effects of population age on aggregate unemployment. Observe the extremely high unemployment rates among adults 16 to 24, add 18 years onto the 1947 beginning of the Baby Boom, and you immediately understand why unemployment rates began a secular upturn in 1965, as shown in Exhibit 1. Add 18 years onto 1964, the end of the Baby Boom, and you immediately understand why aggregate unemployment began a secular decline in 1982. Observe that the effects of age on unemployment largely peter out by age 35, add 35 years to 1964, and you immediately understand why the secular decline in unemployment hit bottom in 1999.1 Sure, cyclical swings in unemployment occur as well, but the secular swings cited here show up clearly in the historical pattern.
Another demographic phenomenon worth mentioning is the accession of women into the labor force. From 1960 through about 1990, labor force participation rates for women rose steadily. (See Exhibit 5.) Early in that period, jobless rates for women were higher than those for men, but as women's place in the labor force was fully established, women's unemployment rates moved to where they were generally lower than those for men. (See Exhibit 3.) This gender-specific demographic shift also worked to raise unemployment rates in the 1960s and 1970s and to lower them in the 1980s and after.
Unemployment Rates by Age and Sex
The accession of women into the labor force over 1960–80 is the dominant factor raising aggregate employment rates then, even as aggregate unemployment was rising secularly (because of Baby Boomer effects). Once women were fully assimilated into the labor force by 1980, unemployment and employment rates began to cohere closely (and inversely), up until their divergence during the present expansion. This is why the unemployment rate and the employment rate lines diverge over 1947–80 in Exhibit 1 and why the lines converge over 1980–2010. Neither age- nor sex-demographics provides an obvious explanation for the divergence over 2010–2016.
Recent Demographic Shifts
So, with the youngest Baby Boomers having turned 35 in 1999, with women fully assimilated into the labor force since 1980, and with no other age cohort coming close to the "clout" of the Boomers, what demographic shift might have distorted aggregate unemployment rates recently? The answer is the sharp decline in participation rates by younger workers since 2000, especially since 2007. While young adults' share of the population has not been affected by this shift, their share in the labor force has, and with younger age groups having higher unemployment rates, falling shares of young adults in the labor force have pulled down aggregate unemployment more than would otherwise have occurred.
One sees this clearly by looking at unemployment rates by age group over time. As stated earlier, aggregate unemployment is close to its cycle lows of 2000 and 2007. However, as can be seen in Exhibit 2, unemployment rates for both sexes and for all age groups under 75 are much higher now than they were in 2000. Exhibit 3 shows unemployment rates for all age groups over time. As seen there, current unemployment rates within the various age groups are generally higher now than at any preceding cycle trough for unemployment. Again, it is the further elevated share of older adults in the labor force that has pulled aggregate unemployment close to the rates seen at previous cycle peaks (unemployment troughs).
Exhibit 4 is an attempt to estimate the size of these effects. It shows unemployment rates by age and sex presently and at cycle peaks in 1969, 1979, 1989, 2000 and 2007. The aggregate unemployment rates in the second-to-last row are merely the weighted averages of these cohort rates, using the labor force weights in place at the time. The last column in the table shows current labor force weights for each cohort. When these current weights are used in conjunction with past cycle-peak unemployment rates, we get the last row of the table: full employment unemployment rates adjusted for the demographics shifts experienced since these points.
Cycle-Peak Unemployment Rates by Age and Sex, 1969–Present
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics. As of 30 Jun 16.
Adjusting for demographic differences increases the difference between current aggregate unemployment and those of 2000 and 2007 by 0.1 to 0.2 percentage points (pp). For earlier cycle peaks, the effects are larger, nearly a full pp for 1979. If we are going to judge current unemployment rates by the standards of the past, then we should adjust those "standards" downward by as much as a full pp because of changes in labor force age demographics. Again, current commentary frequently cites the importance of demographic shifts in reducing labor force participation rates. The equally important effects of demographic shifts on aggregate unemployment discussed here receive no such popular attention.
Participation Rate Changes
Furthermore, even adjusting full employment unemployment rates for demographic shifts fails to take account of the sharp declines in participation rates among younger adults. The charts in Exhibit 5 detail these declines. As seen there, 2000 was the peak year for labor markets and for participation rates. Participation rates for cohorts under 55 declined some over the course of the 2000–07 business cycle, and they have declined more markedly since the onset of recession in 2007.
By inspecting the scales of the various charts in Exhibit 5, you can see that participation rates for age groups over 55 are markedly lower than for those under 55, so, yes, the accession of Baby Boomers toward seniority has worked to reduce the aggregate participation rate. However, it is clear from the specifics of Exhibit 5 that the meaningful declines in age-specific participation rates have been among younger cohorts, and the effects of these declines on the aggregate participation rate (and aggregate unemployment rate) should not be ignored.
Labor Force Participation Rates by Age and Sex
Employment Rates and Demographic Effects
We would argue that employment rates are the most meaningful measure of the job market. They encompass shifts in both unemployment rates and in participation rates. Also, they reflect the contribution of the population to GDP and, thus, to living standards. (Idleness is not necessarily bad, but it doesn't put any food on the plate.)
Of course, as the amalgam of participation rates and unemployment rates,2 employment rates are just as affected by demographic shifts as are unemployment and participation rates. Earlier, we pointed out that employment rates are little changed now from their levels at the bottom of the recession, but we should examine the influence of demographic shifts on this comparison.
The charts in Exhibit 6 show employment rates for the same age/sex cohorts detailed earlier. As seen there, most cohort employment rates do show some improvement from June 2009 cycle lows (right border of grey area). (The exceptions to this are women aged 45–54 and 55–64.) So, we concede that the greying of Baby Boomers has worked to reduce aggregate employment rates and that labor market conditions have improved more since June 2009 more than is reflected in the aggregate employment rate.
Employment Rates by Age and Sex
Still, it is also clear from these charts—and the earlier ones—that within cohorts, employment statuses have deteriorated markedly on net from their positions at the cycle peak in 2007 and even further from those of the cycle peak of 2000. The sharp drops in employment rates for cohorts under 55 are quite at odds with assertions of full employment.
Current data suggest that younger adults have the "luxury" of dropping out of the labor force now and presumably waiting for better days to come. Those younger adults without such "luxury" are having more trouble finding work, as indicated by higher cohort unemployment rates for younger adults. Older workers, however, do not have such luxury and, faced with inadequate retirement savings, they have postponed retirement and extended their work-lives en masse. As much as employment rates have risen among over-55ers, unemployment rates there are also higher than in 2006/2000 (see Exhibit 3), suggesting that even for these cohorts, labor market recovery is less than complete.
So, let's combine unemployment and participation rate demographic effects to get an estimate of where we stand presently relative to "full employment." Exhibit 7 compares current cohort employment rates to those in place at cycle peaks (for employment rates) in April 2000 and December 2006.3 The second-to-last column shows current weights for each cohort in the total adult population.
Cycle-Peak Employment Rates by Age and Sex, April 2000, December 2006 and Now
The second-to-last row shows aggregate employment rates currently and at the 2000 and 2006 reference points. As seen there, the present aggregate employment rate is 5 pp lower than at cycle peaks 10 and 16 years ago (equivalent to 8% of the current labor force). Now, it is inappropriate to compare the current employment rate directly to those of 2006 or 2000. The population has aged too much. However, adjusting those past employment rates for observed demographic shifts still results in employment rates markedly higher than presently.
The last row of Exhibit 7 show aggregate employment rates when 2000 and 2006 cohort employment rates are weighted by current population demographics (second-to-last column). This calculation attempts to express 2000 and 2006 labor market conditions in a manner consistent with current demographics. Even after this adjustment, the aggregate employment rates of 2006 and 2000 remain 1.6% to 2.1% higher than present experience, equivalent to 2.6% to 3.3% of the current labor force.
In other words, the current employment rate of 59.7% reflects a substantially underemployed labor force. Raising the employment rate today to 61.3%—equivalent to market conditions in 2006—would require average job growth of 240,000 per month for the next four years. Raising it to 61.8%—equivalent to market conditions of 2000—would require average job growth of 265,000 per month.
Finally, note that these calculations assume ALL cohort employment rates return to previous cycle-peak levels. If participation rates and employment rates among over-55 groups are indeed permanently higher due to the need to postpone retirement, then the recent increases in employment rates among these cohorts are likely to be sustained. In that case, previous cycle-peak employment rates should be utilized only for under-55 cohorts, with recent employment rates utilized for cohorts aged 55-and-over.4 The last column posits this combination of cohort employment rates as a possible full employment norm. Given current population weights, that would imply an aggregate employment rate of 61.7%, 2 pp above current levels and requiring 260,000 jobs per month for the next four years in order to be attained.
Assertions that the US is at full employment typically make mention of demographic changes that buttress that argument, but they completely ignore demographic shifts that have the opposite impact. In this analysis, we have incorporated ALL observable demographic changes within the data. We have analyzed participation rates and unemployment rates across all age groups, both for men and women.
Allowing for the observable effects of age-demographics on labor force participation rates, we found that the differences between current unemployment rates and those in place at previous expansion peaks are understated by as much as 0.9 pp by the aging of the labor force that has occurred in recent years. Similarly, we found that while some of the decline in participation rates since 2007 is indeed due to an aging population, much of the observed decline is due to an exodus of below-35 adults from the labor force, an exodus that would seem to reflect a lack of job opportunities rather than demographics. Finally, we also detailed a sustained increase in recent years in participation rates among 55-and-older adults, a change that points to further possible downward potential for aggregate unemployment rates and upward potential for aggregate employment rates.
Together, these effects suggest that underemployment in the US economy at present amounts to between 4.1 million and 5.2 million workers, equivalent to 2.6% to 3.3% of the current labor force. To assuage this underemployment, US job growth would have to attain a rate of as much as 260,000 jobs per months for the next four years. (The peak one-year growth rate for the expansion to date is 251,000 per month in 2014.)
Now, only a small fraction of this shortfall can be attributed to higher rates of unemployment within cohorts. The bulk is due to the cessation of labor force participation by millions of adults aged 20 to 44. It is debatable whether this exodus indeed reflects "slack" in the labor market, as these individuals have voluntarily left the market to return to school, to subsist off government benefits or to live with parents and family. It is not debatable that the absence of these individuals from the labor force and from productive employment is a drag on domestic growth and living standards. And it is plausible that many or most of these disaffected workers would re-enter the labor force were job prospects to improve. It is certainly the case that the vast bulk of these potential workers are nowhere near retirement age.
So, there is ample reason to believe that claims of full employment are at present widely off the mark. Even without allowing for demographic shifts, current unemployment rates are a bit higher now than at the peaks of recent expansions. Upon allowing for the effects of observed demographic shifts, current unemployment rates are even further above previous experience. Once the observed declines in labor force participation by prime-age young adults are accounted for, underemployment can be seen to be rampant. Despite the rhetoric to the contrary, we believe Fed personnel are aware of this underemployment and that it will continue to be a factor retarding their rate-hike actions.
Michael Bazdarich, PhD, is a Product Specialist and Economist at Western Asset. He joined the Firm in 2005 as Product Specialist in the Client Service and Marketing Department of the Pasadena office.
Prior to working at Western Asset, Mr. Bazdarich ran his own consulting firm, MB Economics. In fact, Western Asset was a client of MB Economics, thus establishing Mr. Bazdarich's long-term alliance with the Firm. Mr. Bazdarich was also Director of the UCR Forecasting Center in the Anderson Graduate School of Management at the University of California, Riverside, eventually transferring that practice to UCLA Anderson Forecast. He has worked with United California Bank (later First Interstate Bank of California), the Claremont Economics Institute, and as an Economist in the Research Department of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.
Mr. Bazdarich received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics from Santa Clara University, and a PhD in Economics from the University of Chicago.
Our 1947-64 definition of the Baby Boom coincides with the period when birth rates were actually extraordinarily high. Other time spans for the Boom period coincide with one writer's definition or another, but they don't jibe with the actual demographic experience.
Take the unemployment rate, add one and then multiply that quantity by the participation rate, and you get the employment rate.
And, no, neither of these past peaks would qualify as overheated job markets. The Employment Cost Index for private-sector labor costs rose a mere 3.1% in 2006 and 4.4% in 2000, while PCE deflator inflation was 2.1% in 2006 and 1.8% in 2000.
We might even use yet higher employment rates for over-55 cohorts given that unemployment rates across these cohorts are generally still higher than what was observed in 2000 and 2006, as detailed in Exhibit 2 and Table 1.
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See...what we have here is your Zinda wanting to be a magazne, and your Wilfred wanting to be an editor and your others wanting to be politicians and leaders and hysterians and journalists, and all of them without knowing or risking a goddamn thing.
You can't blame them when someone who really dedicates time and Life to our Heritage comes along and sends them all into a tailspin.
They want it to stay THEIR sandbox, where idiots rule...in their spare time. It'd be like you going to an Assyrian doctor who only had the time and the will and the interest and the ability to learn to do surgery in his spare time...time he rips away from the end of each day at his gas station...or the bank where he works...or the trade school where he teaches.
You go into his garage and he takes a broken coke bottle and operates on you...then he tears up his T shirt and carefully wraps the wound after shoving horseshit into it cause that makes it "glow" so nice after a couple of days.
The fact that you get gangrene the next week and your arm, leg and head have to be amputated... he puts down to a failure on his part to have enough time to do MORE operations like that so he can get "better" at it...though he still expects your praise for trying with all his heart.
: See...what we have here is your Zinda wanting to be a magazne, and your Wilfred wanting to be an editor and your others wanting to be politicians and leaders and hysterians and journalists, and all of them without knowing or risking a goddamn thing. : You can't blame them when someone who really dedicates time and Life to our Heritage comes along and sends them all into a tailspin. : They want it to stay THEIR sandbox, where idiots rule...in their spare time. It'd be like you going to an Assyrian doctor who only had the time and the will and the interest and the ability to learn to do surgery in his spare time...time he rips away from the end of each day at his gas station...or the bank where he works...or the trade school where he teaches. : You go into his garage and he takes a broken coke bottle and operates on you...then he tears up his T shirt and carefully wraps the wound after shoving horseshit into it cause that makes it "glow" so nice after a couple of days. : The fact that you get gangrene the next week and your arm, leg and head have to be amputated... he puts down to a failure on his part to have enough time to do MORE operations like that so he can get "better" at it...though he still expects your praise for trying with all his heart. : Something basic missing there.


text:
Refugee writes books to help children
A Kittery woman and a refugee who grew up in Portland have collaborated to write a new children's book."A Feast for Joseph" is about a young African refugee named Joseph who has moved to Portland and how he deals with adapting to his new life."He moves to Portland, Maine. He's in Kennedy Park, but even here he's remembering the refugee camp where his grandmother is," co-author Terry Farish said.The authors said despite finding a better life in Maine, Joseph still longs for the family and friends he left behind in a refugee camp in Uganda."He still has good friends there, so he's missing all the people, how they used to cook and the music, and that's what he's homesick for," Farish said.Farish partnered with refugee OD Bonny to write the book, which is meant for elementary school-aged children. Farish and Bonny met in 2013 while Farish was working with Portland's Sudanese community. "I am so overjoyed with this book. It came out way better than I expected it to be," Bonny said.Bonny is not only the co-author of "A Feast for Joseph." He is the inspiration and face behind the book.Bonny now lives in Nebraska, but the book highlights the lessons he learned growing up as a refugee in Portland."Growing up in two different parts of the world is one of the most difficult things, but making friends is also one of the most important things," Bonny said."He wants to bring people together so that they can eat together, and he can have that experience of community like it used to be in Uganda," Farish said.In the book, Joseph makes a great friend and they cook African food together, ultimately enjoying the community experience Joseph longed for."I think friendship is one of the most important things to come from this book, but personally, for me my favorite is tradition and the food," Bonny said.Bonny and Farish hope that as Maine's refugee community continues to grow, there is a lesson in their book for all young people to learn."Sometimes meeting people through a story is a way that can make people feel comfortable with meeting people in real life. It's a way for us to build community around different cultures to have books about the newcomers to Maine," Farish said.
KITTERY, Maine —
A Kittery woman and a refugee who grew up in Portland have collaborated to write a new children's book.
"A Feast for Joseph" is about a young African refugee named Joseph who has moved to Portland and how he deals with adapting to his new life.
"He moves to Portland, Maine. He's in Kennedy Park, but even here he's remembering the refugee camp where his grandmother is," co-author Terry Farish said.
The authors said despite finding a better life in Maine, Joseph still longs for the family and friends he left behind in a refugee camp in Uganda.
"He still has good friends there, so he's missing all the people, how they used to cook and the music, and that's what he's homesick for," Farish said.
Farish partnered with refugee OD Bonny to write the book, which is meant for elementary school-aged children. Farish and Bonny met in 2013 while Farish was working with Portland's Sudanese community.
"I am so overjoyed with this book. It came out way better than I expected it to be," Bonny said.
Bonny is not only the co-author of "A Feast for Joseph." He is the inspiration and face behind the book.
Bonny now lives in Nebraska, but the book highlights the lessons he learned growing up as a refugee in Portland.
"Growing up in two different parts of the world is one of the most difficult things, but making friends is also one of the most important things," Bonny said.
"He wants to bring people together so that they can eat together, and he can have that experience of community like it used to be in Uganda," Farish said.
In the book, Joseph makes a great friend and they cook African food together, ultimately enjoying the community experience Joseph longed for.
"I think friendship is one of the most important things to come from this book, but personally, for me my favorite is tradition and the food," Bonny said.
Bonny and Farish hope that as Maine's refugee community continues to grow, there is a lesson in their book for all young people to learn.
"Sometimes meeting people through a story is a way that can make people feel comfortable with meeting people in real life. It's a way for us to build community around different cultures to have books about the newcomers to Maine," Farish said.
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Hammer Time: Claude H. Nix Construction Takes on Large Commuter Rail Pipe Ramming Project
November 1, 2007 /in Pipe Ramming Job Stories /by TT Technologies
In an ever growing energy conscious America, commuter rail projects are getting serious consideration. Currently, Utah has one of the most aggressive and successful commuter/light rail programs in the country. Studies regarding the viability of light rail began in the early 1990s. With a successful bid for the 2002 Winter Olympics, the Utah Transit Authority's (UTA) light rail program received much attention. And federal grants in the mid 1990s helped bring the program into fruition. According to the UTA's Web site, in December of 1999 the TRAX light rail program began operation with the 15-mile Sandy/Salt Lake line. In 2001, the UTA opened a rote linking the University of Utah to downtown Salt Lake City. An extension including the school's stadium and medical center complex was added in 2003.
Today, the UTA is working on final construction of a 44-mile commuter based rail line connecting Salt Lake City with the communities to its north. While the task of constructing these rail lines includes many forms of above ground construction, trenchless technology is playing a role as well. Claude H. Nix Construction/Jasco, Inc. (C.H. Nix), Ogden Utah, has been called in to complete a complicated series of casing installations under the rail line.
The C.H. Nix ramming project was completed for a commuter rail line involving construction of approximately 45 miles of new track, running from North Ogden, Utah to Salt Lake City, Utah.
According to C.H. Nix Project Manager Jon Nix, the project kind of fell into their lap. He said, "We actually helped the general contractor, Commuter Rail Constructors, with the preliminary budget numbers for the project. When the boring portion of the project was put out to bid, we did not get the bid. The original bore contractor had been on the project for about four months when they were asked to leave, and we were called. It was an emergency situation when the general contractor called, thanks to the efforts of Jim Moore and TT Technologies, we were able to respond to the project, and help them out of a bad situation."
C.H. Nix was called in late January 2006 to rescue an auger bore with a 60-inch steel casing that was stuck 40 feet into a 80-foot storm drain bore. The auger had created a void and subsequent 15-foot diameter sinkhole between two Union Pacific tracks. C.H. Nix brought in an 18-inch Grundoram Goliath pipe rammer from trenchless equipment manufacturer TT Technologies, Aurora, Ill. to complete the bore. Once ground water issues were under control and the pit set up, crews were able to complete the ram in short order.
In addition, a second 60-inch bore at the location had also been started and not completed.
According to Nix, the second casing had been sitting at the 60-foot mark for over three months. Even though the casing had sat idle in the ground for several months, the Nix crew was able to break the casing free with the Goliath rammer and ram the casing an additional 20 LF to complete the
Pipe ramming is a favorite installation method for contractors installing casings under roads and rail lines because the method provides accurate installation in a wide range of soils without surface slump.
alignment.
Nix said, "The most amazing feat for the Goliath Hammer, was when it was able to break free and advance a 60-inch casing that had been 60 feet in the ground for over three months. I was not sure that it would be able to do this, but it did and it did it very well. The Union Pacific railroad and the general contractor were very impressed." From there, CNC became an integral part of the project, as did pneumatic pipe ramming.
Ramming Basics & Benefits
Trenchless pipe installation through ramming is a fairly simple process. A pneumatic hammer is attached to the rear of the casing or pipe. The ramming tool drives the pipe through the ground with repeated percussive blows.
A cutting shoe is often welded to the front of the lead casing to help reduce friction and cut through the soil. Bentonite or polymer lubrication can also be used to help reduce friction during ramming operations.
C.H. Nix crews used a Grundoram Goliath pneumatic pipe rammer from TT Technologies to install numerous casings at different locations along the new rail line.
According to TT Technologies pipe ramming specialist Jim Moore, several options are available for ramming various lengths of pipe. He said, "An entire length of pipe can be installed at once or, for longer runs, one section at a time can be installed. In that case the ramming tool is removed after each section is in place and a new section is welded on to the end of the newly installed section. The ramming tool is connected to the new section and ramming continues. Depending on the size of the installation, spoil from inside the casing can be removed with compressed air, water, an auguring system or other types of earthmoving equipment."
Some casing installation methods are impaired or even rendered inoperable by rock or boulder filled soils. Pipe ramming is different. During pipe ramming, boulders and rocks as large as the casing itself can be "swallowed up" as the casing moves through the soil and can be removed after the installation is complete.
Ramming tools, in general, are capable of installing 4- through 147-inch diameter pipe and steel casings. Ramming requires minimal working depths and has proven effective for horizontal, vertical, and angled applications. Ramming is also ideal for installations
Casing diameters on the project ranged from 20 inches all the way up to 60 inches. Lengths ranged from 140 feet to 225 feet.
under roads and rail lines because it displaces the soil without creating voids or slumps.
Multiple Rams
After freeing and installing the stuck 60-inch casing the crew moved on to the next project site (3rd and 4th crossings) for another storm drain installation. It included two parallel 48-inch steel casings. Difficulties on this site included minimal cover over the casing, less than 18 inches below tracks, very limited muddy access, and proximity to the railroad tracks.
Nix said, "Safety for this entire project is known as 'Form B,' which requires full-time safety personnel on site and work must stop completely when trains are in the vicinity, sometimes for 40 minutes or more. The high water table was again a challenge, but once we got things set up, the 90-foot bores took minimal time to complete. We set a company production record on this alignment; we were able to hammer one 20-ft length of 48-inch casing into the ground in nine minutes."
The third site (5th crossing) was the most difficult. The scope of work included boring under three sets of tracks and into an existing freeway embankment in order to realign an existing pressure irrigation water line. The owner wanted to encase the line in one continuous steel casing across both the freeway and railroad tracks. The existing irrigation line had a horizontal bend in it that needed to be removed and re-aligned.
In several situations the C.H. Nix crew used the Grundoram Goliath in conjunction with a pilot tube boring machine to complete the casing installations. Note the ramming adapter attached to the lead end of the casing.
Prior to construction, no one knew where the end of the existing casing for the irrigation line was located or exactly how deep it was. Nix knew that once they located the existing end of casing, that accuracy in order to line up and bore to the existing end from the opposite side of the tracks would be critical. C.H. Nix crews opted to use an Akkerman pilot tube guided boring system and Goliath pipe rammer to complete this drive.
Nix said, "The pilot tubes would allow us the accuracy, and pipe ramming would assist with the minimal cover, high ground water, and poor soil conditions. To excavate the pit in the embankment, we used soil nails and shotcrete to excavate sequentially down to the existing casing. The casing was about 45 feet deep in the embankment. Once the casing was located, we projected the existing alignment across the tracks and constructed our insertion pit."
C.H. Nix crews were able to push the pilot tubes, and ram the 36-inch casing 200 lf across the tracks with less than a 2-inch deviation between the existing casing and the newly installed casing. The crews were also able to connect the two by splitting and rewelding a piece of 36-inch casing. Construction also included the installation of 30-inch HDPE through the steel casing.
The 6th through the 9th crossings were completed in the Ogden Rail Yard. A 24-inch steel casing, for storm drain, was rammed 200 linear feet across seven sets of tracks. The pilot tube system was also used on this drive for line and grade accuracy.
Nix said, "A 20-inch steel casing, for waterline, was rammed 215 LF using our 12-inch hammer. This alignment was challenging due to the fact that we hooked a "ghost" abandoned steel waterline about 190 Lf into the drive. It was located directly under a set of active tracks. The railroad would not let us dig up the end of casing using an excavator, but agreed to allow us to use a vacuum truck to "daylight" the end of the casing with a 2-foot diameter hole. Once we exposed the end of the casing, about 12 feet deep, we found the steel waterline wrapped over the end of our casing. Our welder built a custom extra long handled cutting torch, reached down into the "key hole" excavation and cut the obstructing pipe out of our alignment. The obstruction held up advancement of the casing for two days, but our hammer was able to get the pipe string moving again, and complete the bore."
The 8th and 9th crossings were parallel 60-inch steel casings, for re-alignment of an existing storm drain box culvert. C.H. Nix crews completed both of these crossings using an Akkerman TBM and series 5000 pipe jacking system. Nix used this method because of the pipe size, minimal grade, and tight alignment. They were able to come in on design line and grade with less than 0.05 feet of deviation.
The 10th crossing included the installation of a 36-inch storm drain culvert crossing. It was similar to the others with minimal cover, poor soil conditions, and high ground water. C.H. Nix crews were able to complete the crossing successfully using pipe ramming.
The 11th crossing was completed for a water transmission re-alignment. Nix said, "We rammed 120 lf of 36-inch casing, and slid 30-inch HDPE through the casing. We then installed 16-inch ductile iron pipe on either side of the tracks and connected it to the 30-inch HDPE. We will be completing the connections of the 16-inch DIP to the existing 16-inch mortar lined steel pipe later in the fall of 2007. Construction was delayed on this portion of work due to a conflicting project in the area."
The final three crossings (12th through 14th) will be constructed early in 2008 in downtown Salt Lake City. They will consist of three 24-inch bores. All three crossings will be completed using pilot tube technology and the Goliath pipe rammer.
Project Review
According to Nix the project provided many challenges and many rewards. He said, "We have never seen so many bores in varying sizes and lengths on one project before. Also the ground conditions varied greatly, from running sands and silt to river bottom cobble to stiff clays. The logistics of getting to the job in a very short time, due to the emergency situation, proved challenging, but we were able to mobilize and be on the job within two weeks of the general contractor calling.
"Equipment was also important. The Goliath rammer allowed us to install various sizes of casing in different conditions. This project has been and still is a source of great opportunity for Claude H. Nix Construction. We feel fortunate to have been a part of it."
Trenchless Technology, November 2007
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Football Terms – Motion
A Man-in-Motion is playing on the offensive football unit who moves prior to the snap laterally along the line of scrimmage from one position on the field to another. Typically, running backs, tight ends and wide receivers are the offensive players who go in motion. This player must come to a rest and be facing the defensive side of the ball — called "being set" — before the snap of the ball.
The man-in-motion has several purposes in football. Deception is a major reason for motion. Because defenses read an offense's alignment and sometimes makes adjustments or audibles, motion gives the defense a different look just prior to the snap of the ball, hopefully too late for the defense to make new changes. The original offensive alignment was an attempt to trick the defense into calling one defensive assignment, which will hopefully cause confusion when a different sort of play is called from the new alignment.
Motion Mismatches – Football Schemes
Man-in-motion also attempts to create mismatches. For instance, if an offense notices that a slow linebacker is the playing following a quicker running back into the slot, then the offense might send the back in motion to create this match-up situation.
Also, sending a man in motion is a way to eliminate extra tacklers from a run situation. For instance, if you intend on running a dive or a draw play, you might send one of your running backs in motion. This will cause a defender to follow the running back out to the wing of the defense. Instead of calling on your fullback to block a linebacker, you might simply have the fullback draw the linebacker out into coverage, where he is effectively out of the running play. This requires judgment, as to whether that is a better match-up than having an extra blocker in the play.
Tight End in Motion
Sending a tight end in motion helps to bring an extra blocker into a running situation at the point of attack, without betraying early on where the run is going to focus. For example, you might line your tight end up on the right side of the line, then send him in motion left. As the tight end reaches the point of attack, he will set and ready to block at that point along the line. This entails bringing an extra defensive player to the point of attack, but this sometimes makes sense in short yardage situations.
Often, tight ends will go in motion in short yardage situations where there are multiple tight ends on the field. In a goal line situation there are often two or three tight ends on the field, and an extra blocking tight end might go in motion to change the direction of the run (or how the defense perceives where the run will be) at the last moment.
Also, a tight end might go in motion, but release from the blocking scheme at the last moment, giving him a chance to get open for a short play-action pass.
Slot Receivers in Motion
Wide receivers are used as a man in motion to create new match-ups and mismatches. Often, an offense will place its best receiver in the slot, then send him in motion to the other side of the field. The defense is likely to have set up an extra safety to help in double coverage against the star receiver, but the defensive alignment might not allow for the same on the other side of the defense. Therefore, sending a receiver in motion might free him from double-coverage into a single-coverage situation.
Joe Gibbs – Motion Scheme
In the past 25 years, motion offenses have become much more standard in the National Football League. Joe Gibbs, an offensive coordinator with the San Diego Chargers and (more famously) the three-time Super Bowl winning head coach with the Washington Redskins, is generally given credit for introducing a greater degree of motion into the NFL.
The Washington Redskins of the 1980′s had trouble blocking Lawrence Taylor of the New York Giants, who was a new kind of pass rushing outside linebacker. Taylor often required double teams in the blocking scheme, but this could become too predictable if it was from the same alignment every play.
Gibbs devised a motion offense where multiple players would go in motion prior to the snap, disguising the Redskins intentions and setting up multiple opportunities to block LT from different angles.
H-Back – Man-in-Motion
Joe Gibbs also invented the H-back position, which is a hybrid of a tight end and a fullback. The H-Back catches more passes than the standard fullback and is closer in size to the traditional tight end, but still often performs the blocking functions of a fullback. This meant that Gibbs got an extra player on the field large enough to block Lawrence Taylor, but trained to go in motion enough that he could attack the defense from several positions along the line of scrimmage.
The H-back would act as a man-in-motion more often than either a tight end or a fullback, and would often be used to either "chip" or double-team LT. Because the H-Back was designed to be a pass catcher, he might be sent into a pattern to either draw Lawrence Taylor from his pass-rushing duties or, once again, block LT and then run a short route — called chipping because it's not a full stay-in-the-pocket block.
Since that 1980′s, most NFL offenses use the man-in-motion from time to time, either for deceptive or mismatch purposes.
Football Terms Starting With "M"


Michele married Robert D. Basta in August of 1967. Michele was very active as a community volunteer. in French and English Literature from the University of Nevada, Reno, Michele developed the first French classes at Western Nevada Community College in the mid to late 1980's. Michele then came back to her alma mater and taught French language and culture from 1989 1992. In 1992 Michele was awarded the Alan Bible Teaching Excellence Award in the College of Arts and Science. Michele then took advantage of an opportunity to study at the Sorbonne University in Paris in 1994 1995. Michele's marriage to Robert Basta ended in 1996. Michele loved recalling their first "date", which was a trip out to Fallon so that Dan could buy hay for his horses as well as go to lunch with Michele's wonderful mother, Hazel. They returned with the hay and with a love that would last a lifetime.


German stollen is dense bread that is traditionally oblong, like a swaddled baby. In this version, from Martha's mother, the dough is braided, letting icing pool in the loaf 's crevices.
1. Whisk together flour, granulated sugar, salt, mace, and nutmeg in a large bowl. Stir in milk and melted butter. Add dissolved yeast and the eggs. Turn out onto a lightly floured surface, and knead until smooth.
2. Drain raisins and currants. Add raisins, currants, almonds, citron, orange peel, apricots, and lemon zest to dough, and continue kneading until incorporated, about 10 minutes. If dough is sticky, knead in more flour.
3. Transfer dough to a lightly oiled bowl. Cover with plastic, and let rise in a warm place until doubled in volume, 1 to 2 hours. Punch down dough, divide into 6 even pieces, and roll each piece into a 15-inch-long log. Braid 3 logs together, and place on a parchment-lined baking sheet. Repeat with remaining 3 logs. Cover with plastic, and let rise until doubled in volume, about 2 hours more.
4. Preheat oven to 350 degrees. Bake stollen until golden brown, 35 to 40 minutes. Let cool completely on a wire rack. Beat together confectioners' sugar and milk. Drizzle stollen with icing just before serving.
Stollen can be stored, wrapped in plastic, at room temperature for up to 3 days.


No I did not use the men's room this morning, but thought the sign was cute and that you might be tired of the triangular female version. Hate to leave this charming resort with its profusion of flowers and Aveda spa.
Forgot to get the name of this restaurant/resort where we had lunch and then began a 6 day bike trip through Puglia. Not crazy about the dried flower arrangement, but if the home style changing table is indicative, I think this will be a friendly part of the country to spend time in. The landscape so far is wonderful.
I promise when I was here in the afternoon for a panel discussion there were no flowers in the restroom. Now that we are all in black Tie for a celebration if the opening of the renovated galleries, all the stops have been pulled out evidently.
I love this bathroom with its abundance of interesting and wryly placed art. Wagner opera poster with dripping sword adjacent to samurai warriors. What fun! Actually the whole house is a visual feast matched by the goodies that come out of the kitchen and those grown in the extensive gardens. I covet every invitation.
The only way to get the floral arrangement am the art work was to shoot into the mirror. Nice place. Good food. Galleries are reopening after Sandy, though many in 24 and 25th street are still drying out.
The cab driver who brought me from the airport said this was the best chocolate shop in Berlin and it is next door to my hotel. So post 21/2 hours touring the city on the circle bus and pre my evening massage, I decided to give it a try. The constructions in the store, like the Reichstag, are amazing. My little chocolate/apricot topped cake was so so. Thought the restroom would have something chocolate themed. Not so. Still very tasteful and I see they stack extra rolls of toilet paper the same way here as in the States.
A simple arrangement of flowers from the garden and a dramatic piece of cloth draped from the window. Reminds me of Swan Lake for some reason. An elegant touch in this rather bare bones, but wonderful center for dance. Saw a performance by a new trouple headed by Jessica Lang... No not THE Jessica Lang of Hollywood fame, but one of the few successful female choreographers. A former member of the "Thwarp" company, she now has her own company. Find a performance and go.
I always love visiting this restroom. The fresh flowers on the sink are such a lovely touch and that old fashioned looking faucet is actually only motion activated, thus a water saver. Wish I could be as enthusiastic about the Carlyle Collection which I came here to view. Managed to find something to buy- a pair of shiny black slacks which were slightly less overpriced than the rest of the stock.


> cvs subprocess spawned by cvsservice.exe.
> Anyway, after installed Visual Studio 6 SP 5, I can debug the subprocess.
bit easier, because you don't have to step out of the DebugBreak() call.
and execute the hardcoded breakpoint.