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With a ban on burning, incorporating rice straw into soil may become disposal option for growers
Steven C. Blank , UC Davis
Karen M. Jetter, UC Davis
Carl M. Wick
John F. Williams
S. C. Blank is Extension Economist Research Assistant, Department of Agricultural Economics, UC Davis; K. Jetter is Research Assistant, Department of Agricultural Economics, UC Davis; C. M. Wick are Farm Advisors, Butte and Sutter-Yuba counties, respectively; J. F. Williams are Farm Advisors, Butte and Sutter-Yuba counties, respectively.
The traditional burning of rice straw, after harvesting rice, is being phased out in California's Sacramento Valley under a 1991 state law, and rice growers are faced with seeking other ways of disposal. One option, incorporating rice straw into the soll, will require farmers to carefully evaluate the methods available to them, given their equipment holdings. In general, growers will incur much higher costs to incorporate rice straw, compared with burning it.
[View Enlargement]
Sacramento Valley rice harvest residue can be seen in foreground.
California's rice growers have three methods for disposing of the straw and stubble residue remaining in their fields after harvest: burn it, bury it or bale it. Burning, the principal disposal method for most of the industry's 80-year history, is efficient, effective and cheap, but it is being phased out in the Sacramento Valley under the Rice Straw Burning Reduction Act of 1991 (AB1378). Beginning with a 10% reduction in 1992, rice straw burning will be banned by the year 2000. A "safe harbor" clause allows burning of up to 25% of the acreage after the year 2000, if it can be demonstrated that disease harbored in the rice straw is causing crop loss.
Theoretically, rice straw can be used for many products, but today few markets are available to use it. Therefore, as burning phases out, California rice growers are likely to find as their main alternative soil incorporation, utilizing current farm implements and, as necessary, new ones to bury this high-volume, fibrous crop residue.
This article compares the costs of rice straw incorporation with burning. Only costs associated with field processing and/or disposal of straw are presented. Costs of harvesting and soil preparation, for example, are not included. Once costs have been explained, impacts of the various methods of soil incorporation are discussed, along with ideas on the methods most viable for farmers, economically and agronomically.
Rice straw management
Various choices exist among the three methods for disposing rice straw. Which is most advantageous depends on the time of year disposal occurs, the weather, the condition of soil and straw, and equipment availability and ownership. The "best" approach will depend on several factors.
Burning takes place in fall or spring. In fall, the fuel usually carries the flame better, resulting in more complete burns. Stubble does not burn completely if the burn occurs before a frost. In spring, the fuel is packed against the soil. Burning takes more time and labor, and is often incomplete. It can be carried out by workers, on foot or in vehicles, using a simple hand-held torch. Torches may also be mounted on wheels and pulled behind a vehicle. Levees may be mowed, if weed growth is tall and green, so that the flame carries over and consumes the growth. In most counties, permits are required at a small cost. Fire safety equipment is usually kept nearby.
Straw removal can involve raking loose straw, baling it in small bales and roadsiding the bales, or custom hiring the entire operation. For example, straw cut low from the combine and left in a windrow may simply be baled and hauled. However, some growers may choose to swath the stubble, thus generating more tonnage of baled straw but at a higher total cost (for removal and storage). More complexity in removal methods will evolve as the bale format (round, square, large or small, etc.) is determined by end use.
In the future, straw removal costs may be offset by revenues received from sale of the straw. Possible uses of rice straw range from bedding in horse stalls and chicken coops to serving as an ingredient in bricks, wallboard and other building materials.
Soil incorporation
Two major approaches to mixing rice straw into the soil are evolving. In the first, the straw is mixed into relatively dry soil with conventional plows, discs and tillers. In the second, the straw is pressed and poked into wet soil using specialized "cage rollers." Although they differ, these systems share common management principles. For example, fall incorporation is better than spring because more time is available for straw to break down. Also, in each system thorough mixing of soil and straw is essential, uniform spreading helps avoid fouling of tillage equipment and improves results, and chopping the straw makes other operations easier and more effective.
On as much as 70% of California's rice acreage, rice is produced in the same field year after year. Changing this continuous production system presents special difficulties for farmers incorporating straw, who must cover the cost of incorporation with another wet-soil, short-season, high-volume, low-intensity crop. Crop rotation, where it is economically attractive, offers more flexibility in straw management than does rice monoculture and may become more common.
The cost study
California rice growers need basic information to estimate the costs of straw incorporation. In the "Results" section that follows, estimates are presented for six incorporation options to illustrate the range of costs. For each option the costs of using different combinations of equipment to perform various tasks are presented.
To calculate the cost of incorporating rice straw, many variables were considered, including the time of incorporation (spring or fall), the equipment likely to be owned by a rice farmer and information on how incorporation would fit into a year-round farming system.
Costs per acre to operate different pieces of equipment for each option were calculated with "Budget Planner," a computer program designed by and available from the University of California's Cooperative Extension Service at Davis. (Contact Dr. Karen Klonsky at 916-752-3563 or at Agricultural Ecoomics Department, University of California, Davis, California 95616.) Budget Planner calculates costs based upon 1990 standards set by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. The practices described are based on observations and ongoing research by county farm advisors in Northern California's rice-growing regions. Sample costs given for labor, materials, equipment and contract services are based on 1992 figures. The range of options available to rice farmers may not be applicable to every farm situation. Assumptions and data used to determine the costs per acre are outlined below.
Farm characteristics
In this study, cost comparisons were based on a 400-acre rice farm that used a rice/rice cropping system and incorporated rice straw in the fall immediately after harvest. No other crops were grown. This assumption led to results typical for the majority of rice growers in Northern California; the cost basis was different for smaller versus larger farms.
Table 1 presents the costs per acre to complete each operation necessary. It is assumed that some equipment is new and some is used to represent the mixture found on most rice farms. In estimating equipment costs per acre, the following calculations were made: (1) Original cost of equipment is the cost of the new equipment plus sales tax. (2) Depreciation is straight-line with a 10% salvage value. (3) Interest on investment is calculated as the average value per acre of the equipment (the total value of equipment used divided by the number of acres) during its useful life, multiplied by a real interest rate of 4%. (4) The actual hours used represent only those hours devoted to rice straw incorporation. Allocation of costs, however, was based on the total number of hours the equipment is used all year.
TABLE 1. Operating and equipment costs per acre to process rice straw
Basic hourly cost for farm machine operators and field workers was calculated at $7.46 an hour. Adding 34% for Social Security insurance and other benefits increased the labor rates shown to $10 an hour for machine operators and field workers. Labor hours for operations involving machinery are estimated to be 10% higher than machine hours to account for extra labor involved in setting up equipment, moving it, maintenance and repair.
Fuel and repair
The fuel and repair cost per acre for each operation were determined by multiplying the total hourly operating cost for each piece of equipment by the number of hours per acre for the operation. Prices for on-farm delivery of diesel and gasoline were 71 and 98 cents per gallon, respectively.
Growers are presently field testing and evaluating alternative straw management practices. In this section, estimated costs are the focus, yet some of the long-term agronomic impacts of straw incorporation may partially offset these costs, as explained in the last section of this article.
Sample rice straw disposal costs
Table 2 presents total (fixed and variable) cost estimates for the three different methods available to farmers to dispose of rice straw. In the first method, the straw is incorporated into the soil; table 2 shows six options for incorporating rice straw. The first four options are for use in dry fields; the last two are for wet fields. The first column presents each option and the equipment required to complete each operation. Each option presented is a complete and separate procedure. For example, Option 2 is to chop the straw and disc the field; Option 3 is to chop the straw, disc the field and then plow it. Cost per acre for Option 3 includes the costs per acre for Option 2 plus the additional costs of plowing. Columns 2 through 6 contain the costs per acre to complete each operation. The final column shows the total cost to complete each procedure.
The total costs per acre to complete each operation are the sum of all equipment ownership and operating costs (table 1, last column), except for the costs of using the combine-mounted chopper. Since the rice would be harvested and the straw chopped at the same time, only the additional costs of using the chopper are presented. The cost of the chopper was calculated by multiplying the total costs per hour to use the rice chopper by the number of hours needed to harvest 1 acre (table 1, first column).
TABLE 2. Examples of total costs to process rice straw
To compare, for example, the cost of chopping rice straw using a combinemounted chopper and discing it into the field with a stubble disc versus the cost of chopping the straw using a combinemounted chopper and tilling it into the field with a Dyna Drive tiller, see Option 2-A-1 and Option 4-A-2. Option 2-A-1 costs are $3.50 to chop the straw plus $8.54 to stubble disc the field; total cost per acre is $12.04. Option 4-A-2 costs are $3.50 to chop the straw plus $15.18 to till the field; total cost per acre is $18.68.
To place incorporation costs into context, table 2 also shows the costs of rice burning and removal. The net costs of straw removal will be lower than reported here if a market for rice straw develops; revenues received would offset costs and could possibly generate a positive cash flow for growers. Although some reports of rice straw sales have been circulated, it is premature to judge whether a stable market will develop and at what price levels.
In the first incorporation method the straw is chopped and left to decompose on the ground. The straw can be chopped by a rice straw chopper attached to the rice combine so that harvesting and chopping can occur at the same time or, after harvesting, the straw can be chopped with a flail or forage chopper. In the case of the combinemounted chopper, only the additional cost of the chopper is presented.
The cost study looks at incorporation in both dry and wet fields. Under dry field conditions, which occur after harvest but before rains flood the field, there can still be residual moisture in the soil. Wet field conditions exist when rain or irrigation water is standing in the field, and the only chopping of straw possible occurs while the grain is harvested, because it is assumed that farmers tend to cut down on the amount of equipment they pull through flooded fields.
The additional costs for field flooding after the straw has been incorporated have not been included for two reasons: (1) Water costs in rice-growing areas vary considerably, from a low of $2.85 per acre-foot to a high of $75 per acre-foot, depending on the district supplying the water and whether a farmer uses pumped water. (2) For an individual farmer, flooding costs are a constant additional cost and are not influenced by the incorporation or burning of rice straw. This study seeks to examine the variations in costs to dispose of rice straw only. However, field flooding is an additional option available to farmers to facilitate rice straw decomposition.
In this study it is assumed that custom harvesters would be hired to remove straw from the field, if the third straw disposal method is chosen. This reflects the facts that presently there are few options for disposing of rice straw and farmers have not invested in the specialized equipment needed for straw removal. Costs for removing rice straw include swathing, raking, baling and removing the bales from fields for roadside pickup.
Agronomic effects of incorporation
The four goals of rice straw incorporation are to (1) minimize net costs, (2) maximize decomposition during winter, (3) minimize disease risk and (4) avoid yield loss the following growing season. Each incorporation option can lead to differences in agronomic effects on net costs; thus, it is not appropriate to assume that more costly incorporation options are inferior to less costly approaches. It is possible that more costly incorporation options have more beneficial agronomic effects than less costly options and, therefore, may have a higher net profit. As shown in table 2, incorporation costs vary greatly, depending on how the rice straw is processed and the equipment used.
In this study, costs for rice straw incorporation go from a low of $3.50 per acre to a high of $80.60, depending upon the amount of labor and equipment used. Costs for burning rice straw are about $3 per acre. The cost to remove rice straw is between $58 and $75 per acre (ignoring revenues that may be received from sales of straw).
The decision concerning the method to use depends on agronomic, as well as economic, considerations. For example, in deciding which implement to use to incorporate the straw, field and soil conditions influence the choice. Options involving discing, plowing and tilling should be used under dry field conditions; options involving rolling should be used in wet fields. Therefore, while rolling a field with a cage roller is approximately $7.21 per acre and discing the field with a stubble disc is approximately $12.04 per acre, rolling the field while it is dry will not efficiently incorporate the straw. Conversely, discing a wet field is impossible. Also, the long-run agronomic effects must be considered. As one grower explained, he did not favor "wet" methods because "mixing straw and mud is the recipe for adobe bricks" and he questioned the effects on soil condition over time.
With few exceptions, rice straw burning will be banned by the year 2000.
Another critical agronomic consideration is to choose a method for chopping straw that will result in spreading the straw as uniformly as possible. One major problem associated with rice straw incorporation is that insufficient decomposition of the straw before planting of the spring crop can produce gases toxic to the plants and can cause problems later with nitrogen use by the plants.
Finally, decomposition is aided by obtaining as much contact between the straw and the soil as possible. The more the field is cultivated in the fall, the greater the degree of straw decomposition that will occur by spring. However, as shown in table 2, the more a field is cultivated, the higher the costs.
Agronomic factors have economic effects that determine the incorporation methods selected; these, in turn, influence the season's total cultivation costs. For example, research shows that when straw is completely decomposed in the soil, nitrogen is released and this can result in lower fertilizer costs the following spring. This type of effect is not included in the results presented in table 2. Also, to the extent that a particular incorporation procedure leads to a lower (or higher) yield per acre of rice in the following crop season, compared with the yield expected had the straw been burned, the lost (increased) revenues from that rice crop must be added to (subtracted from) the cost-per-acre estimate reported here for that procedure. Therefore, after agronomic effects are considered, the net cost for each incorporation method could be higher or lower than the estimate here; however, until all relevant agronomic research is completed, the exact costs of particular incorporation procedures can only be estimated.
This article reports the costs associated with different methods of disposing of field residue, using rice straw as a case study. Producers of other crops can follow these procedures to perform their own analysis and/or use the cost estimates presented here.
For rice growers, the decision concerning which soil incorporation method to use depends on agronomic and economic considerations. In general, rice growers incur much higher costs when incorporating their straw, compared with burning it. However, the U.S. Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service has a program (Special Practice 56 — Rice Residue Management) offering $25 per acre to participating farmers who do not burn their straw. Thus, the short-term effects on net profits can be reduced for program participants. Also, the significant differences in cost per acre among specific methods of straw incorporation should be viewed as an incentive for farmers to evaluate carefully the methods available to them, given their equipment holdings.
In the long term, growers may be able to further reduce and possibly eliminate net residue disposal costs by developing markets for the residue. If rice straw, for example, proves to have uses on or off the farm, growers will view the straw as a valuable by-product of rice production, rather than as the source of additional production expenses.
Blank S, Jetter K, Wick C, Williams J. 1993. With a ban on burning, incorporating rice straw into soil may become disposal option for growers. Calif Agr 47(4):8-12.
Steven C. Blank, Karen M. Jetter, Carl M. Wick, John F. Williams


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What do I need to do to collect my BRP card from the University?
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Malaysia and Singapore Political Geography >
Sabah sä´bä [key], state (1991 pop. 1,736,902), 28,417 sq mi (73,600 sq km), Malaysia, N Borneo, on the South China and Sulu seas. It is bordered on the south by Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo). The capital is Kota Kinabalu; other significant towns are Sandakan and Victoria. The terrain is densely forested and mountainous; Mt. Kinabalu, Malaysia's highest peak, is 13,455 ft (4,101 m) high. Forest products, petroleum, rubber, and copra are exported. A majority of the indigenous tribes are Roman Catholic.
Formerly called North Borneo or British North Borneo, the region was ruled by Brunei but was ceded to the Sultanate of Sulu (see Sulu Archipelago) in the mid-17th cent. Leased by the British North Borneo Company in 1878, the area became a British protectorate in 1882. In 1963 it joined the Federation of Malaysia and assumed its present name. The Philippines have also claimed Sabah, based on Sulu's objection (as a breach of the lease) to the transfer of the territory to Malaysia. Filipino supporters of one of the sultan of Sulu claimants occupied locations in E Sabah beginning in Feb., 2013, leading to fighting with Malaysian security forces.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Malaysia and Singapore Political Geography

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Probe Launched into Discovery of Bullet Lodged in Window at Trinidad Express.
Crime scene investigators are today investigating the discovery of a bullet at Express House on Monday.
Reports indicate that investigators were called out to the Express House, along Independence Square, Port of Spain, on Monday, after information was received that a bullet had been found in the window of the building.
The bullet was said to have been lodged in the window, which is behind the chair of Head of Programming For Promotions and Traffic, Lisa Gobin.
The discovery was said to have been made at Gobin's third-floor office, at about 8:00 am on Monday according to Loop TT.
Police were told that when Gobin had last secured her office on Friday evening, the damage was not there, leading officers to believe that the building was shot at some time over the weekend.
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Top ultra-Orthodox rabbis recommend community vaccinate against COVID-19
Announcement comes amid fears health officials will face uphill battle to convince Haredi community to inoculate
By TOI staff	15 December 2020, 11:13 pm 1 Edit
Rabbi Chaim Kanievsky (front R) and Rabbi Gershon Edelstein (Front C) attend a rally of the UTJ party to support the candidacy of Moshe Lion ahead of the Jerusalem municipal elections, on October 25, 2018. (Aharon Krohn/Flash90)
Top ultra-Orthodox Rabbis Chaim Kanievsky, Gershon Edelstein and Shalom Cohen have recommended that their communities vaccinate against the coronavirus.
The three spiritual leaders asked for a medical opinion on the matter from Rabbi Elimelech Firer, who heads a prominent charitable medical organization. That opinion was released on Tuesday in the names of Kanievsky, Edelstein and Shalom, who conclude that "anyone who has the option of getting the vaccine should do it," saying the shot has been proven safe under standard, accepted scientific methods.
Firer recommends in the medical opinion that those with allergies consult with their doctors before vaccinating, and cautions against inoculating children under 16 years old, since the vaccine hasn't yet been tested on them.
The medical opinion will be published on Wednesday in the major Haredi newspapers in an effort to reach as many members of the ultra-Orthodox public as possible.
Kanievsky — who at 92 recovered from the coronavirus — and Edelstein are leaders of the Lithuanian (non-Hasidic) stream of ultra-Orthodoxy, while Cohen is the leading Sephardic authority of the community and member of the religious council advising the Shas party. It's unclear whether Hasidic leaders will advise their followers to get the vaccine.
Screen capture from video of a meeting between health officials and lead ultra-Orthodox rabbis in the city of Bnei Brak aimed at encouraging coronavirus vaccination in the local community. (YouTube)
Israel is gearing up to begin a mass vaccination program next week, but health officials are concerned about public hesitance to be immunized.
The issue is particularly sensitive in the ultra-Orthodox community, where rabbinic leaders govern public attitudes. Adding to the problem has been the recent appearance in ultra-Orthodox areas of unsigned posters urging against taking the vaccine.
An initial virus outbreak earlier this year hit the community — especially Bnei Brak — hard after top rabbis advised against adopting Health Ministry orders that were aimed at curbing the virus spread but would have disrupted ultra-Orthodox community life. Pushback against some Health Ministry directives continues in some parts of the community.
On Sunday, top health officials held a meeting with leading rabbis in the largely ultra-Orthodox city of Bnei Brak in an effort to convince them to publicly back the national coronavirus vaccination program, but failed to get the support they wanted.
The face-to-face Sunday meeting was attended by Health Ministry Director-General Chezy Levy and national coronavirus czar Nachman Ash, who faced, among others, the city's Chief Rabbi Shevach Tzvi Rosenblatt and the head of a prominent rabbinical court, Rabbi Yehudah Silman.
Video from the gathering, broadcast by the Walla news site and the Kan public broadcaster, showed Levy and Ash sitting at a table but separated from the rabbis by clear plastic dividers as a precaution against the virus' spread.
Health Ministry Director-General Chezy Levy in a press conference Thursday, December 3, 2020. (Screengrab: Mako)
Levy explained that the coronavirus is more harmful than influenza, and that the process of recovery, even for young patients, is much longer.
The coronavirus vaccine Israel will begin using works on the same principle as that of the flu inoculation, he told them.
While the rabbis backed the overall idea of vaccination, they also expressed some concerns, in particular that the trial period for available vaccines was too short to rule out long-term effects and any future problems that may arise.
Polls have shown that 50 to 75 percent of Israelis are leery of getting the coronavirus vaccine shot, apparently out of fears that the rush to produce an inoculation may have compromised its safety.
Israel is taking delivery of millions of vaccine shots, beginning with the Pfizer inoculation, which has been approved for use in the US by the FDA.
The Health Ministry on Monday told health maintenance organizations that Israel's COVID-19 vaccination drive will kick off next week, with members of the general public to begin receiving vaccinations on December 23.
Nachman Ash
Chezy Levy
Yehuda Silman
ultra-Orthodox
Top rabbi Chaim Kanievsky reportedly approves move amid soaring virus case numbers and deaths; more institutions said likely to join in coming days
Liora Lurie
Vaccine Part One


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Bob Robinson (left) presented Ron Bowman with the Outstanding Service Award for his over 25 years as the county ag agent representative to the KPPA executive board.
Ron Bowman is the recipient of the 2017 Kentucky Pork Producers Outstanding Service Award.
Bowman retired in January from his long held position as the University of Kentucky Extension Agent for Agriculture in Nelson County.
Bowman first became involved with the KPPA board in the 1980's as a representative from the Kentucky Association of County Agriculture Agents, the professional association for ag agents. For over 25 years he has served as the representative to the KPPA and helped facilitate cooperation between pork producers and the extension service.
Bowman has also been very involved in youth swine events such as the swine shows at the Kentucky State Fair and the North American International Livestock Expo. He says that he always tried to reach out to new agents and help them get involved with the KPPA and swine events.
"It started at home with the local group, they have always supported anything I asked them for… but more than that they are friends," said Bowman.
Bowman says the "good people" were found statewide.
"Getting to work with folks like Mike Ovesen and Bonnie Jolly has been a true pleasure," said Bowman.
When presented with his award, Bowman reminded the audience that even though he was retiring and would no longer be serving in the same capacity, he would still be a part of KPPA activities.
"Cindy and I have enjoyed our relationship with this group and look forward to continuing in the future," said Bowman.
Whitney Carman, agriculture agent from Grayson County, will be serving as the new KPPA representative from the Kentucky Association of County Agriculture Agents. Bowman says he personally recruited Carman and feels confident that she will carry on the many years of cooperation between the extension service and KPPA.
©2019 Kentucky Pork Producers, Elizabethtown, KY, USA.


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This week's visit of Pope Francis to the Arabian peninsula, the birthplace of Islam, is certainly a historic first. It symbolizes two faiths, Christian and Muslim, trying to build bridges. Yet the trip was far more than symbolic.


As part of the centralized online system for the admission of new recruits in the courses that come under the Industrial Training Institute (ITIs) grouping for the Andaman & Nicobar Islands, the territory's Industrial Training Institute is the governing body. The aspirants can visit the official website, http://labour.and.nic.in/ITI.html, for detailed information on the admission process.
The various ITI trades for which technical training is imparted in Andaman & Nicobar are electrician, surveyor, fitter, welder, and draughtsman (civil) – to list a few. Also, the various courses vary with respect to their eligibility norms. Thus, the candidates must check the eligibility criteria; and apply only if they fulfill the given requirements.
The applicants are required to have cleared their 10th or 12 standard exams to apply for the respective ITI courses in Andaman & Nicobar. They can submit their applications via the official website. For applying, they have to fill the application form, upload the required documents, and pay the application fee.
The ITI authorities will accept all applications within the stipulated deadline, following which they will prepare the merit list that is based on the candidates' scores in the qualifying examinations.
The candidates who appear in the merit list are invited for counseling. During the counseling sessions, the colleges are allotted to the applicants as per their given choices. Upon receiving the allotment letters, the aspirants have to visit the respective ITI centers for the rest of the admission procedure.
The official website is constantly updated with new notifications. The candidates are advised to check for the latest updates periodically during the admission period to remain informed.
Andaman & Nicobar Islands are comprised of 2 groups of islands namely, the Andaman Islands and the Nicobar islands. The group of islands are counted amongst the seven union territories of India; and found along the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. Port Blair is the territory's largest city and capital as well.
At Andaman & Nicobar Islands, there are primary and secondary schools, the majority of which are affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) board.
Moreover, the islands contain a number of colleges that have courses in streams such as arts and science; many of them are run by the Union Government of India. Also, there are other educational centers that hold courses in vocational training, polytechnics, distance learning, and teacher's training.
In Andaman & Nicobar Islands, the colleges are affiliated to either Pondicherry University or Madras University. However, the polytechnic programs and ITI centers have affiliation with the Delhi University.
How to Check Andaman Nicobar ITI Merit list?


Much of the literature on trauma-informed schools has sought to frame students' experiences of trauma as external to the school environment. In doing so, the role of schools in developing traumatizing school cultures remains fairly absent from literary discourse. This article will add to the existing literature on trauma-informed schools by situating trauma in schools. The authors provide a review of the literature on trauma in schooling practices along with a discussion regarding the importance of Professional School Counselors as mitigates of trauma practices in schools. Recommendations for future research and scholarship are provided.
Students encounter experiences of trauma more frequently than many adults realize. In fact, trauma is often misunderstood to be singularly related to catastrophic occurrences, whereas the manifestation of actual traumatic stress includes exposure to prolonged, situational adversity (Dutro & Bien, 2014; Jaycox et al., 2010; Walkley & Cox, 2013). Thus, students who experience chronic adversity such as abuse of any type, chronic neglect, exposure to violence, substance abuse, or poverty are particularly vulnerable to traumatic stress (Caruth, 1996; Quiros & Berger, 2015). In consideration of this, the role of a safe and caring adult to shield the student from the severity of traumatic stress cannot be overshadowed. Unfortunately, many students lack a safe and caring adult to mediate traumatic stress on their behalf (Anderson, Christenson, Sinclair, & Lehir, 2004; Ludy-Dobson & Perry, 2010). Moreover, students whose traumatic experiences are situated in the school environment are particularly vulnerable to the consequences of not having an adult buffer (Walkley & Cox, 2013; Wiest-Stevenson & Lee, 2016).
While much of the literature on trauma-informed schools has sought to frame students' experiences of trauma as external to the school environment, this article seeks to explore the nature of trauma as a result of schooling practices. From this perspective, frequent or prolonged adversity occurs in the context of schools and schooling, and the role of the caring adult must be assumed by a member of the school community (Anderson, Christenson, Sinclair, & Lehr, 2004; Martin et al., 2017; Wiest-Stevenson & Lee, 2016). In the next section of this article, we provide an overview of the literature on trauma within a schooling context. A discussion on the role of Professional School Counselors will follow. The article will conclude with recommendations for research and scholarship in the area of trauma in schools.
Much of the literature addressing trauma-informed approaches in schools takes a particular orientation toward trauma that is rooted in a medical model of mental health and wellness, most notably through assessing directly or otherwise relating to the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACES) scale (Iachini, Petiwala, & Dehart, 2016; Porche, Costello, Rosen-Reynoso, 2016; Walkey & Cox, 2013). Significantly, this literature draws on an "academic lineage" (Annamma, Ferri, & Connor, 2018, p. 46) in Psychology, Social Work, and Medicine that has, in some ways, direct implications for a research-to-policy-to practice track (Anderson, Christenons, Sinclair, & Lehr, 2004; Chafouleas, Johnson, Overstreet, & Santos, 2015; Iachini, Petiwala, & Dehart, 2016; Porche, Costello, Rosen-Reynoso, 2016; Wade, Seha, Rubin, & Wood, 2015; Wiest-Stevenson & Lee, 2016).
Examining trauma-informed approaches in schools tends to take two contexts: a.) conceptualizing trauma as a medical condition, diagnosable through methods historically linked to medicine and psychiatry (Iachini, Petiwala, & DeHart, 2016; Walkley & Cox, 2013) and b.) as a barrier to student achievement within schools (Chafouleas, Johnson, & Overstreet, 2015; Wiest-Stevenson & Lee, 2016; National Child Traumatic Stress Network, 2008). Even though the practical literature proposing frameworks for implementing trauma-informed approaches in schools implicates more compassionate, culturally relevant, and responsive school personnel (Anderson, Christenson, Sinclari, & Lehr, 2004; Crosby, 2015; Martin et al., 2017; Ludy-Dobson & Perry, 2010; Wolpow, Johnson, Hertel, & Kincaid, 2009; West, Day, Somers, & Baroni, 2014; Wade, Seha, Rubin, & Wood, 2014), there does not seem to be much in the canon that implicates the school's responsibility in remediating the historical and institutional trauma that schools have imposed through practices and policies that have marginalized students for generations, such as disproportionate punishment of students of color, microaggressions, deficit orientations toward students, and under-resourced schools (Allen, Scott, & Lewis, 2013; Constantine, 2006; Crosby, 2015; Blitz, Anderson, & Saastamoinen, 2016; Shirley & Cornell, 2011).
Marginalization as perceived by students of color within schools has important implications for considering trauma-informed approaches. In a recent study, Wade, Seha, Rubin, & Wood (2014) interviewed urban youth living in poverty to understand participants' descriptions of stress. Study participants identified multiple stressors, notably including school. Specifically, participants cited "poor quality schools, lack of school safety, and academic struggles" (p. 17) as stressors. Interestingly, research on safe and inclusive schools propounds within educational research literature, academic discourse, and school policy (Allen, Grigsby, & Peters, 2015; McCarley, Peters, & Decman, 2016). Voight (2013) found that even in districts which prioritize improving school climate, "students of color experience school climate more negatively than their peers" (Voight, 2013). Furthermore, Shirley and Cornell (2011) discuss the ways in which disproportionate punishment of African American youth affect the ways in which students experience school climate.
Even as trauma-informed schooling literature asserts that trauma can have a profound effect on the ways in which students participate in school (Chafouleas, Johnson, & Overstreet, 2015; Weist-Stevenson & Lee, 2016; NCTN, 2008), the literature does not address the relationship between microaggressions in school and trauma. Allen, Scott, & Lewis (2013) found that microaggressions contribute to the ways in which children of color experience school policies such as "zero-tolerance policies, academic tracking policies, and hegemonic curriculum" (p.120). Sue et al. (2007) examined the long-term health impact that microaggressions have on a person's health. Nadal (2010) expands on this research, asserting that "microaggressions may lead to mental health problems, including depression, anxiety, trauma, or issues with self-esteem" (p. 123).
Drawing attention to the larger context of relationship, Crosby (2015) applies an ecological approach to examining the relationship between teachers and students at a systems-level. As research proposes that healthy relationships and caring adults can act as a protective factor in mitigating long-term effects of trauma, (Anderson, Christenson, Sinclari, & Lehr, 2004; Ludy-Dobson & Perry, 2010; Martin et al., 2017; West, Day, Somers, & Baroni, 2014; Wolpow, Johnson, Hertel, & Kincaid, 2009) it is important to consider the ways in which teacher-student relationships are contextualized in schools and ultimately enacted through teachers and other school personnel. In considering the current literature and rationale for trauma-informed approaches, as well as contemporary frameworks for policy and practice (Chafouleas, Johnson, Overstreet, & Santos, 2015), there is an implication for further examinations into culturally responsive trauma-informed responses (Blitz, Anderson, & Saastamoinen, 2016) that challenge the multiple ways in which trauma can be reinstated within the school itself. Next, the authors discuss the role of Professional School Counselors in traumatizing school environments.
Students of color and students from working class families are particularly vulnerable to the traumatizing culture of schools. Challenging the narrative that trauma as incidents that occur outside of school, contextually isolated from sociocultural and sociopolitical histories of marginalization is of necessity. Without proper contextualization of trauma-informed programs in schools it is possible that schools can institute trauma. Research on trauma-inducing schooling practices is necessary to inform best practice for school personnel. Furthermore, literature on the subjects of trauma in schools as distinct from school-based intervention for trauma that occurs external to the school environment is needed. Literature that includes case study examples of traumatizing schooling practices can be valuable in illustrating the dynamics of trauma. Finally, an evidenced-based model for recognizing and mitigating trauma in school practices can provide meaningful program development and personnel intervention to alleviate school-based trauma.
Allen, N.; Grigsby, B.; Peters, M.L. (2015). Does leadership matter? Examining the relationship among transformational leadership, school climate, and student achievement. International Journal of Educational Leadership Preparation,10 (2). 1-22.
Allen, A., Scott, L. M., & Lewis, C. W. (2013). Racial microaggressions and African American and Hispanic students in urban schools: A call for culturally affirming education. Interdisciplinary Journal of Teaching and Learning, 3(2), 117–129.
Anderson, A. R., Christenson, S. L., Sinclair, M. F., & Lehr, C. A. (2004). Check & connect: The importance of relationships for promoting engagement with school. Journal of School Psychology, 42(2), 95–113.
Blitz, L.V., Anderson, E.M., & Saastamoinen, M. (2016). Assessing perceptions of culture and trauma in an elementary school: Informing a model for culturally responsive trauma-informed schools. Urban Review, 48, 520-542.
Caruth, C. (1996). Unclaimed experience: Trauma, narrative, and history. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Chafouleas, S.M., Johnson, A.H., Overstreet, S., & Santos, N.M. (2015). Toward a blueprint for trauma-informed service delivery in schools. School Mental Health, 8(1), 144-162.
Constantine, M. G. (2006). Institutional racism against African Americans: Physical and mental health implications. In M. G. Constantine & D. W. Sue (Eds.), Addressing racism: Facilitating cultural competence in mental health and educational settings (pp. 33-41). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Crosby, S. (2015. An ecological perspective on emerging trauma-informed teaching practices. Children & Schools, 37(4), 223-230.
Dutro, E., & Bien, A. (2014). Listening to the "speaking wound": A trauma studies perspective on student positioning in schools. American Educational Research Journal, 51(1), 7 – 35.
Iachini, A.L., Petiwala, A.F., DeHart, D.D. (2016). Examining adverse childhood experiences among students repeating the ninth grade: Implications for school dropout prevention. Children & Schools, 38(4), 218-227.
Jaycox, L. H., Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., Walker, D. W., Langley, A. K., Gegenheimer, K. L., Scott, M. and Schonlau, M. (2010). Children's mental health care following Hurricane Katrina: A field trial of trauma‐focused psychotherapies. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23, 223-231.
Ludy-Dobson, C. & Perry, B. (2010). The role of healthy relational interactions in buffering the impact of childhood trauma. In Gil, E (Ed.), Working with children to heal interpersonal trauma: the power of play (pp. 26-43) NY: Guildford.
Martin. S.L., Ashley, O.S., White, L., Axelson, S., Clark, M., & Burrus, B. (2017). Incorporating trauma-informed care into school-based programs. Journal of School Health, 87 (12), 958-967.
Nadal, K. L. (2010). Gender microaggressions: Implications for mental health. In M. A. Paludi (Ed.), Feminism and women's rights worldwide (Vol. 2): Mental and physical health (pp. 155-175). Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.
Porche, M.V., Costello, D.M., & Rosen-Reynoso, M. (2016). Adverse family experiences, child mental health, and educational outcomes for a national sample of students. School Mental health, 8(1), 44-60.
Quiros L, Berger R. (2015). Responding to the Sociopolitical Complexity of Trauma: An Integration of Theory and Practice. Journal of Loss & Trauma, 20(2), 149-159.
Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A. M. B., Nadal, K. L., Esquilin, M. (2007). Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist, 62(4), 271–286.
Voight, A., Hanson, T., O'Malley, M., & Adekanye, L. (2015). The racial school-climate gap: Within-school disparities in students' experiences of safety, support, and connectedness. American Journal of Community Psychology, 56(3-4), 252-267.
Wade, R, Jr., Shea, J. A., Rubin, D., & Wood, J. (2014). Adverse childhood experiences of low-income urban youth. Pediatrics, 134(1), e13–e20.
Walkley M, Cox T. (2013). Building Trauma-Informed Schools and Communities. Children & Schools, 35(2), 123-126.
West, S.D., Day, A.G., Somers, C.L., Baroni, B.A. (2014). Student perspetives on how trauma experiences manifest in the classroom: Engaging court-involved youth in the development of a trauma-informed teaching curriculum. Children and Youth Services Review, 38, 58065.
Wiest-Stevenson C, Lee C. Trauma-Informed Schools (2016). Journal of Evidence-Informed Social Work, 13(5), 498-503.


These are just a few of ocularist John Hadlock's tiny, usable pieces of art. Each fake eye takes about 30 hours to construct, paint and fit.
Odd Jobs is a series that looks at the surprising jobs people carve out for themselves — and why they're so necessary.
It goes without saying that just about everything in this modern world is mass-produced. But there are a few exceptions: homemade cookies, artisanal cheese and – as it turns out – eyeballs.
John Hadlock is an ocularist, which means he makes his living recreating eyes that others have lost. He's the only board-certified one in the state, and one of fewer than 200 in the country. So, he's pretty much busy all the time. The other morning, he was looking through a magnifying glass at his office in Mesa. Using a bright light, he stared into a blue, 81-year-old eye. Hadlock was taking stock of the color changes, the veining, everything that makes this eye unique.
Here at his business, Eye Concern, he's got his tools laid out in front of him: paint he mixed himself, fast-drying liquid, a tiny brush. Then there's that blank, acrylic eyeball, perfectly molded to fit the pink, empty socket in front of him.
It belongs to Mary Ellen VanDeWyngard.
VanDeWyngard has needed one since she was 4, when an accident damaged her eye beyond repair. In the years since, she's gone through many prosthetics as her body grew. In the beginning, they were made of blown glass.
Hadlock remembers the old days of fake eyes, too— and not fondly. Decades ago, his sister lost an eye. His family couldn't find someone to fit her with a prosthetic.
In another room, employee Sherry Brown flipped through a binder full of faces. She pointed out babies, senior citizens, teenagers, all of whom with an eye replaced.
"And it's very hard to tell which is which," Brown said.
She has worked here more than a decade and explained that ocularists really serve two functions. One is very nuts and bolts: If someone loses an eye, that socket needs to be filled with something, or the face might get deformed. Plus, there's the vanity aspect.
Some patients even have fun with their new eyes, she added. She remembers one teenage football player who had his school mascot painted onto his iris, just to freak out his opponents on the field.
But the majority of patients just want to blend in. Like Mary Ellen VanDeWyngard, who got her last fake eye from Hadlock 13 years ago. As she held her good eye open wide, Hadlock compared his half-done prosthesis.
Between slow, additional layers of paint, Hadlock was popping the fake eye into into VanDeWyngard's socket – and then out again, as he compared. The process usually takes about three hours, but VanDeWyngard didn't mind. She said she likes chatting with Hadlock, not to mention watching him work.
Hadlock smiled at the comparison. He has painted portraits and landscapes in the past. But he says this work is something else entirely.
These handcrafted eyeballs are not about him, he insisted. They're a service, often for people who desperately need it.
John Hadlock began his practice after his sister lost an eye. His family couldn't find someone to make a replacement for more than a decade.
Hadlock pops a prosthetic eye into Mary Ellen VanDeWyngard's socket. Hadlock will then add coloring, veining and other touches to make the eye look real.
Hadlock's tools include tiny brushes, acrylic medium and powered pigment. He'll also use thread to make tiny veins to match his patients' existing eyes.
Hadlock spends hours painting with layers of subtle strokes.
VanDeWyngard is 81 and has needed a fake eye since she was 4. She says prosthetics have improved greatly in the last 70 years.
VanDeWyngard's last replacement eye, also Hadlock's handiwork.


The plantosaurus dinosaur planter is a herbivore so it will not terrorise your plants. It's the perfect home for all your succulents and cacti. With a glazed interior to keep all the moisture in, it will help your plants avoid extinction.


Too many patients - particularly those from disadvantaged backgrounds - are being diagnosed with cancer as medical emergencies, say researchers. This means that their chances of successful treatment are greatly reduced.
In an article in the journal Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, a team of researchers jointly led by the University of Cambridge and University College London reviewed current evidence from 26 peer-reviewed studies and 6 online reports from 7 countries. The evidence indicates that emergency diagnosis of cancer is a universal problem, challenging previous assumptions regarding this issue being a particular problem only in the UK.
Looking at prognosis alone, the researchers reviewed evidence that showed that patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer at emergency presentation had a 50% one year survival rate, compared to 82% for patients diagnosed electively - in other words, following a GP referral to a specialist. Similarly, for lung cancer the respective survival rates were 12% versus 40%. This was in part because cancer diagnosed at emergency care was more likely to be at an advanced stage. However, this was not the full story: even when patients presented with tumours of the same disease stage they still had a worse prognosis if they were diagnosed in emergency care, possibly because of problems in the quality of their management out-of-hours, or because they have more aggressive disease on a stage-for-stage basis.
In the UK, about three in 10 emergency presenters are referred to hospital emergency services by their family doctors, but others self-present to accident and emergency departments. Patients at both ends of the age spectrum - the youngest and the oldest - were most likely to have their cancer diagnosed in emergency contexts. Differences between genders were unclear - and vary for different types of cancer.
However, the review found particular inequalities between socioeconomic groups. Although the evidence came only from studies looking at colorectal and lung cancer, it found that people from more deprived backgrounds were at a greater risk of being diagnosed at emergency care. The same was true for people of Asian ethnicity in the UK and African-Americans in the USA.
First author Dr Yin Zhou from the Primary Care Unit at the University of Cambridge, who led the study, says: "The earlier an individual can get a diagnosis of cancer, the better the prognosis and the options for treatment. When the first time their cancer is identified is when it becomes an emergency, the prognosis is much worse."
Dr Georgios Lyratzopoulos, who instigated and coordinated the collaboration, based at the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London adds: "A substantial minority of cancer patients who are diagnosed as emergencies do not seem to have had prior contact with the formal healthcare system; we need to find out why they are not seeking medical help sooner. Is it because they are unaware of any symptoms until too late, or is it because they do not think the symptoms are a sign of a more serious problem?"
The researchers found that the evidence points towards developing new screening methods and improving participation in existing screening programme as one possible way to reduce emergency presentations in the medium to longer term. For example, based on indirect evidence in one geographical region in the UK, the introduction of faecal occult blood test in the UK is likely to have reduced the proportion of patients with colorectal cancer diagnosed as emergencies by half between 1999 and 2004.
"What was clear from our review," adds Dr Zhou, "is how little data there is available about emergency diagnoses. What little data there is suggests that we're only seeing the tip of the iceberg and that this could be a much bigger problem, particularly in low and middle income countries."
Major part of the global evidence on emergency presentations (in terms of patient numbers) relates to English patients - thanks to the pioneering Routes to Diagnosis project and population-based data collected by the National Cancer Registration and Analysis Services of Public Health England.


SALEM, Ohio, Jan. 11, 2013 -- Witmer's Inc., a leading supplier of farm equipment, sales and service as well as commercial, industrial, and agricultural construction, is proud to announce its annual Winter Machinery and Consignment Auction. The auction will include everything from tractors, farm equipment, trucks, and lawn/garden equipment as well as construction and agricultural equipment.
Founded in 1937 as the Minneapolis Farm Equipment Dealership, Witmer's Inc. specializes in farm equipment sales and service as well as commercial, industrial, and agricultural construction. With over 40 employees and serving three locations throughout Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia, Witmer's Inc. remains a family owned business, with three generations of the Witmer family currently involved in the day-to-day operation of the company.
Auction Game Sales (Popularity: ): A Tennessee, USA based auction company which hold monthly coin machine consignment auctions.
Naples Winter Wine Festival (Popularity: ): Annual two-day event featuring California wines and an auction by Sotheby's to benefit local children's charities.
Baldwin County Auction Center (Popularity: ): Full service professional auction company specializing in horse and tack, consignment, tools, antiques, and real estate. Also offers estate settlement and business asset liquidation services.
Indiana Realty and Auction (Popularity: ): Auction Services, Estates, Commercial and Residential, Bank Owned Assets, Public Auto (First Tuesday of Every Month), Weekly Consignment (Every Tuesday), Benefits, Farms and Farm Equipment, Land, Personal Property Appraisal.
Fur Harvesters Auction Inc. (Popularity: ): Only trapper-owned auction house in North America, dealing in raw fur pelts on consignment. Includes sales information, market updates, conservation information, and links to other trapping organizations. North Bay, Ontario, Canada.
Machinery Network (Popularity: ): Sells broad range of used CNC machinery and accessories. Details provided by database searchable by machine type. Services include consignment, liquidation, auctions, and appraisals.
Kinston Winter Bluegrass Festival (Popularity: ): Annual indoor winter event in eastern North Carolina. Schedule, photos, directions, advance ticket ordering, accommodations, and band links.
Hawkins Quarter Horse and Paint Auction (Popularity: ): Included catalog and consignment information for sale located in Edinburgh, Indiana.
Collage Designer Consignment (Popularity: ): Voted "Best Consignment Shop" and "Best Women's Boutique" by readers of Birmingham Magazine. For 17 years, Collage Designer Consignment has outfitted some of the best dressed women in Alabama. You'll find designer handbags, a special jewelry selection, and women's designer consignment (incuding plus sizes) coupled with personal attention at all 3 locations of Collage.
Fareena Corporation (Popularity: ): Fareena Corporation is an authorized member of all kinds of vehicles used cars and Construction Machinery Auction houses in Japan. We take pride to inform you that we are a competent source that allows our clients access to over 180,000 vehicles every week through these Auction Sites. Construction machinery, used cars and used trucks in Japan.


Who said political figures can't drop some rhymes?
First Lady Michelle Obama has teamed up with hilarious comedian Jay Pharoah for a brand new rap song that encourages teens to attend college. Whether kids know exactly what they want to do in life, it all starts with attending college in the FLOTUS' mind. And Michelle drops some epic rhymes in the process!
The First Lady spits, "Southside Chicago, we all know, we had to do overtime every night to make it tomorrow!" Take notes, rappers — the FLOTUS could teach a thing or two.
Enjoy the hilarious, but well-intended rap video below and kids, if you're watching, do your best to make it to college one day. It'll be worth it!


text:
Canadian HDD contractor in the running for Ultimate Crew honours
A Canadian horizontal directional drilling contractor has made the short list of a competition by Vermeer to determine the winner of the Ultimate Crew contest.
Coquitlam-based Ulmer Contracting was part of a narrowed field of eight contestants announced by Pella, Iowa-based Vermeer back in May.
The company owns and operates 2 Vermeer horizontal directional drills. The two self-contained rigs come configured as 24x40 or 16x20, each capable of bore lengths of all sizes up to 1,000 feet of 10- inch-diameter HDPE pipe.
Ulmer Contracting has several civil construction contracts in place, including a five-year contract with the City of Richmond, and a contract with the B.C. Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure at Howe Sound, B.C.
Contest participants were asked to submit essays explaining what made their HDD operator, locator, mud technician and supervisor the Ultimate Crew. The essays were reviewed by a panel of five independent judges — each an industry expert in his or her own right — who narrowed the field to eight semifinalists.
Video interviews with each crew were posted on NavigatorNation.com on June 1. Industry peers are asked to vote for their favorite crew through August 31, 2015. The four crews with the most votes will be invited to participate in the Underground Showdown HDD skill competition held at ICUEE in Louisville, Kentucky, in October. The crew that performs the most accurate bore on the course carefully designed by Vermeer will be named the Ultimate Crew.
The grand prize package includes the use of a Vermeer D24x40 Series II Navigator® horizontal directional drill for 12 months and the chance to be featured in future Vermeer marketing efforts.
After the Ultimate Crew has been selected at ICUEE, they will be highlighted in Vermeer advertising running in key underground publications. In addition, they will participate in a "Behind the Job" Web series. Each episode will focus on the challenges faced on HDD jobsites, how the crew works together to complete a job, as well as how they are using technology to succeed and stay productive. The Web series will be hosted on NavigatorNation.com and YouTube.
Vote for the Ultimate Crew semifinalists through August 31 at NavigatorNation.com.
Ulmer Contracting Crew
The Utility Expo
6737 West Washington Street, Suite 2400
US, 53214-5647
icuee.com
Sellick Equipment co-founders to retire after 53 years of leadership
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Let us consider the following problem: it is necessary to find the shape of the body with fixed mass and density which at large distances compared with its characteristic dimensions would give the greatest deviations from the strength of the gravitational field of the material point with the same mass placed in the center of the mass of the object. I understand that in this case the dipole moment is zero and it is necessary to maximize all the components of the quadruple moment tensor of the object. It is naturally that it is necessary to use a variation calculus. But I can't make specific calculations. Please, help me with a solution to this problem.
The biggest part of your problem is finding out the right formulation. I formulate it like this: let there be a body of mass $M$, volume $V$, and a constant density $\rho = M/V$ that is within a ball $B_R$ of radius $R$ around its center of mass. What shape, holding the parameters above fixed, maximizes the mass quadrupole $Q$ of the body?
where I have cancelled the factor $\rho$ in both the expressions but let the geometric factors uncancelled for better transparency.
Technically, I do not immediately see how to make a tidy expression $\delta Q/ \delta V$ while keeping the body within $B_R$, but I know the solution to the problem because it is obvious from the structure of the extrema of the harmonic $r^2(3 \cos^2 \vartheta-1)/2$. The extrema do not exist within the domain of finite volumes $V$. However, there are two asymptotic extrema corresponding to an extremely prolate ($Q>0$) and extremely oblate ($Q<0$) body. They are respectively the infinitesimal volumes around two points at the poles $\vartheta = 0,\pi$ at a distance $R$ from the center, and an infinitely thin ring at $\vartheta=\pi/2$ of radius $R$.
Dear Dr. Void! Thank you so much for your very elegant solution to this problem. I guessed about these asymptotic cases, since I know that the field strength at the center of the ring is zero and that binary stars have a large quadrupole moment. But what can you say about an infinitely thin rod with a length equal to twice the radius of the sphere?
@reterty No need for the titles, we are not at a university here :) I believe the rod of the same mass would have a three times smaller quadrupole then the two point masses. This is because of the $r^2$ factor in the harmonic and it integrating out to $R^3/3$ along the rod.
The formula above (Q/M) is just a number. In order to figure our the body shape, one has to admit a variable density (from zero to infinity) in the integrand: $\rho=\rho(r,\theta,\varphi)$.
Not really infinity since a dot shape is excluded and density is always positive. I agree with Vladimir that the spherical density has a meaning here. I upvoted the above answer elegance. However, it is not very physical in the strict conditions of the question.
The alternative reterty answer with many bodies doesn't correspond to the question: 1 body, 1 density without pressure consideration and explicitely, since it is related to a cosmic observation, stability. The interesting question is, given a matter resistance and a density, what is the biggest body able to be stable without sphericity. Don't forget the 3D-pressure.


The cold continues here in Minnesota, so I'm going to post a few more tracks from the warm climate of Venezuela. It's nice to see so many tracks found in their big stadiums. Today it's the one found at Estadio Olímpico Hermanos Ghersi Páez. This stadium opened in 1979, and has a seating capacity of 16,000. Renovations were started a few years ago, but they halted in 2008 and hove not yet been resumed. The track is a synthetic surface with eight lanes. Field events except for the horizontal jumps are located inside the track.


Rising insurance premiums is a concern for many Iowans. Those buying insurance through the workplace have noticed significant increases. It is even worse for Iowans buying insurance plans on the individual market as they are experiencing out of control premium increases.
Because Iowans buying plans on the individual market have fewer options due to Affordable Care Act requirements, it is resulting in monthly premiums exceeding that of a car payment, mortgage payment, and in some cases those two expenditures combined.
Under the ACA, Iowa's individual market is in a state of collapse due to skyrocketing premiums and available options. As more Iowans lose access to the existing plans, they have made repeated pleas for the Legislature to create new access to health insurance.
While waiting for the federal government to address defects in the ACA and out of control premiums, Senate Republicans developed two plans to help Iowans in the event Congress was unable to come to a resolution. We rolled out our affordable access to health care plans shortly after gaveling in for the 2018 session. That vision is one step closer to becoming reality this week as we passed both bills. They are now being considered in the Iowa House.
Senate Files 2329 and 2349 are aimed at Iowans who may not qualify for ACA subsidies or cannot afford their existing premiums.
Senate 2329 is a bill creating, in essence, a pilot project in which Farm Bureau would offer a health benefit plan administered through Wellmark. Since this is considered a benefit plan, and not an insurance plan, it is not subject to ACA requirements. Therefore, Iowans would have access to an affordable health care plan. Under this bill, independent insurance agents also could offer this benefit plan.
Senate File 2349 provides the option for small businesses and sole proprietors to work together to purchase a group health insurance plan instead of having to rely on the individual and small group markets. This bill could yield positive results in job creation and growing our economy. Rising health care costs have stymied entrepreneurs from following through with starting a new endeavor as well as hindered existing business owners from expanding their operations.
Health insurance should never be unattainable or unaffordable. These bills are a significant first step in easing the burdens many Iowans experience daily due to the collapse of the ACA.


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[Charles Babbage, 'the father of the computer'.] Autograph Letter in the third person to 'Mr MacKinnon' [William Alexander Mackinnon, MP for Rye], expressing regret at not being able to call on him.
Charles Babbage (1791-1871), 'the father of the computer', mathematician, inventor and mechanical engineer who originated the concept of a digital programmable computer [William Alexander Mackinnon]
Dorset Street, Manchester Square [London]. 1 July 1864.
1p, 12mo. In fair condition, lightly aged. Tipped-in onto a piece of paper cut from an album compiled by Lady Ann Cullum (1807-1875) of Hardwick House. Reads: 'Mr Babbage much regrets that he was unable to have the pleasure of waiting on Mr MacKinnon on Wednesday last.' Babbage's correspondence identifies the recipient as William Alexander Mackinnon (1789-1870), Member of Parliament for Rye, Fellow of the Royal Society and the Society of Antiquaries.


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Merri Mkrtchian
Merri Mkrtchian Still from the film 'Yerevanian Illness'
Against the poignant context of the Armenia-Azerbaijan border crisis, Merri Mkrtchian focuses on the young generation and the underground culture emerging in Yerevan.
Yerevanian Illness is an experimental documentary film through which Mkrtchian travels to different events and places within the city. She uses flickering images, stroboscopic lights, and a heavy bass to provide the viewers with a glimpse of what it is like to experience post-war Yerevan. Assuming different roles—director, cinematographer, and subject—she offers a distorted portrait of herself, while also deliberately keeping certain aspects concealed.
The recorded texts that Mkrtchian carefully attaches to the film have been collected for a few years. They consist of poetic outbursts, random conversations with friends and strangers, and noisy city soundscapes. These texts express the delusion of a city entrenched in trauma. On the screen, the viewer sees young people who turn to alcohol, drugs, and parties in a bid to escape the reality around them. At the same time, the film speaks of hope, reflected in the laughter and affection of the youth, a testament to the fact that even in the most hopeless situations, they still have each other.
Mkrtchian creates a perceptive mix of sound, image, and text to build a space that can trigger personal insights, scrutinizing one's relation to a city as a place of distress, but also as a place in which one can feel embraced by the like-minded.
The work of Merri Mkrtchian is part of the group exhibition Space to Breathe, curated by Newsha Tavakolian and on display in the Grote Kerk Breda.
Merri Mkrtchian (b. 1995, Yerevan, Armenia) is an Armenian visual artist and writer. She graduated from Yerevan State Institute of Theatre and Cinematography with a BA in film directing. Currently, she lives and works in Armenia, and works with different media productions as a film director.
Location: Grote Kerk


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Find a Chamber of Commerce member by searching the online directory
Downtown Partners Welcomes State Historical Museum of Iowa's Mobile Museum to Burlington
Take free tours of "Iowa History 101" to see artifacts and learn about Iowa history
Burlington, Iowa – If you can't make it to the State Historical Museum of Iowa in Des Moines, why not let it come to Burlington?
That's the idea behind the State Historical Society of Iowa's "Iowa History 101" mobile museum, a bright blue, custom-built Winnebago that travels the state's highways and back roads to share stories from the past. The museum on wheels currently houses a 300-square-foot exhibition called "Iowa History 101" and is filled with artifacts from the State Historical Society's collection.
The mobile museum will visit downtown Burlington and offer free tours from 4 to 6 PM at Third and Jefferson during Downtown Trick or Treat on Friday, October 25. More information is available by contacting Downtown Partners at 319-752-6365.
"This exhibition shares some of the essential stories that every Iowan should know about who we are and what we've achieved since Iowa became a state more than 170 years ago," State Historical Society of Iowa Administrator Susan Kloewer said. "So, we're delighted to bring this traveling exhibition to Burlington, and we encourage all Iowans to learn about our state's rich heritage."
Like a visit to your grandparents' attic, the exhibition unpacks stories of Iowa's past with nearly 50 artifacts, including:
A battered hat from a coal miner in Marion County
A 1917 prototype of the state flag designed by Dixie Cornell Gebhardt of Knoxville
The pen Gov. William Harding used to sign the 19th Amendment, giving women the right to vote
A basketball jersey Lynne Lorenzen wore during her glory days at Ventura High School
An Olympic medal from sprinter Natasha Kaiser-Brown of Des Moines
A patch from a spacesuit worn by astronaut Peggy Whitson of Beaconsfield
As a bonus, Mike Wolfe, the creator and star of the hit television series "American Pickers," lent his voice and video talents to the exhibition's multimedia elements. A native of Le Claire, Wolfe has a long-standing interest in history and a knack for using artifacts to unlock its stories.
The idea for the mobile museum emerged in 2014 from a series of community conversations organized by the Iowa Department of Cultural Affairs, which oversees the State Historical Society. Iowans who care deeply about history made it clear that they wanted new ways to access the State Historical Museum's resources even if they couldn't visit Des Moines in person.
Accordingly, the 38-foot Winnebago will visit all 99 Iowa counties over the course of three years, from 2017 through 2019, with stops at schools, libraries, local museums, community festivals, county fairs and other places where Iowans gather. Anyone who would like to request a visit can find the details online at iowaculture.gov, along with an updated schedule. (Follow the RV's statewide journey on Facebook at facebook.com/IowaHistory.)
The traveling exhibition -- which is sponsored by EMC Insurance Companies, Casey's General Stores and Iowa State University Extension and Outreach -- is one of a trio of "Iowa History 101" shows. Visitors to the State Historical Museum in Des Moines can find both a traditional museum exhibition, plus an interactive Hands-On History gallery designed especially for children.
More information is available at iowaculture.gov or 515-281-5111.
The Iowa Department of Cultural Affairs and its three divisions – the State Historical Society of Iowa, the Iowa Arts Council and Produce Iowa, the State Office of Media Production – empower Iowa to build and sustain culturally vibrant communities by connecting Iowans to the people, places and points of pride that define our state. The department's work enables Iowans to foster creativity and serves as a catalyst for innovation where the stories of Iowa are preserved and communicated to connect past, present and future generations. iowaculture.gov
Contact: Downtown Partners, Inc., sfrevert@greaterburlington.com, 319-752-6365


Jose Mourinho, the renowned manager of the soon to be crowned English Premier League champions, Chelsea FC of London, will look to strengthen his side  ahead of the 2015/2016 football season.
However, any bid to add quality to a squad that looks all conquering in the current football campaign will come with some 'plus and minus' as players have to be moved to accommodate new ones in line with football governing body Financial Fair Play (FFP) rule.
With reports emerging lately of Mourinho's keen interest in landing former Tottenham Spurs prodigy, Gareth Bale, filtering the air ahead of the soon to kick start summer transfer market, one player is likely to kiss goodbye to Stamford Bridge.
Mohamed Salah, currently starring on loan for Fiorentina in the Serie 'A', may be sacrificed for Bale who has 28 goals in 52(3) appearances under his belt for the Spanish giants, Real Madrid.
Although, a staggering £75m is quoted to be a stumbling block in the potential bid to land the mercurial winger, who once dazzled the EPL with his skills and precision, the Blues, bankrolled by Russian billionaire, Abramovich, can afford to prise Bale away from the Santiago Bernabeu.
It is understood that any deal to part with Salah, the Egyptian winger, will fetch Mourinho a chunk of the fee to get the world's most expensive footballer.
Recall that Salah has been on impressive form for Fiorentina scoring the brace against Juventus in the Copper Italia first leg in March 2015.


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Wamba Technologies Contracts Rainbow Six's Brian Upton to New eSports Project
Wamba Technologies has contracted Brian Upton (Tom Clancy: Ghost Recon, Tom Clancy: Rainbow Six, Warhawk) to work on their up and coming eSports platform. Wamba Technologies is developing an eSports platform and expects a running beta version by the 4th quarter of 2018.
Phoenix, United States - January 22, 2018 /NewsNetwork/ —
Wamba Technologies has officially contracted Brian Upton (Tom Clancy: Ghost Recon, Tom Clancy: Rainbow Six, Warhawk) to work on the development of their up and coming eSports platform.
Regarding bringing Upton onto the Wamba Technologies team, CEO Gary Denham said, "I honestly feel blessed and lucky to have retained someone of Brian's caliber to be working on this project with us. The Tom Clancy franchises generated into the billions of dollars for Ubisoft. Not only is Brian a part of our team, but he has skin in the game as well. I think that says more about our future than any words could possibly give justice to."
Wamba Technologies is presently developing an eSports platform unlike anything else presently available in the video game marketplace and is expected to have a beta version up and running by the 4th quarter of 2018.
Wamba Technologies recently contracted renowned game designer Andy Ashcraft (God of War 2, God of War 3, Cars 2, and more) to the position of Chief Designer on the very same eSports Platform shortly after former Fortune CEO Paul Bolotin signed on board as Vice President of Operations. Bolotin formerly operated as CEO of MCRB, a subsidiary of Fortune company Dart Industries that is well known for a merger with Kraft Foods. Paul received accolades for taking MCRB into record profits and sustaining those profits for a full decade from 1980-1990. Following his success with MCRB, Paul was party to a number of successful ventures including supplying music to The Oprah Winfrey Show during its heyday.
When asked his opinion on having two power players like Upton and Ashcraft on the same team, Bolotin responded by saying: "Either one of these very talented individuals would make a strong case for a successful launch, but, to have both together on this project is really indicative of how revolutionary what we are building actually is. We aren't trying to reinvent the wheel here, but we feel that we are about to launch a product that is truly a quality product."
Mr. Bolotin continued, "In the current eSports craze, it seems that there are only two options for players who want to earn money by competing online. Either the opportunities are unavailable or unfair to the average Joe, or they are poorly put together as if someone just slapped a site together and called it eSports. I think the market is ready for a real quality piece of software in an age where fewer and fewer people seem to care about quality.
We aren't just building to meet today's demand, but are also asking ourselves constantly 'where will this be in 5 years and 10 years from now?'. We want players to be able to come to our site, select their game, pay an entry fee, and be able to compete to win $20K, $50K, or more. With these kinds of opportunities for players, it's just a matter of time before they come to know that Wamba Technologies is the place to be… and once they experience what we are building, we are confident that they won't want to compete professionally anywhere else."
While still playing things close to the vest, one thing is for certain: Wamba Technologies is beginning to look like a company worth keeping an eye on.
For more information on Wamba Technologies, contact our Press Relations here.
Name: Ben Willardson
Organization: Wamba Technologies
Address: 5800 North 19th Avenue, Wuite 204, Phoenix, AZ 85015, United States
Source: NewsNetwork
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Olivia Newton-John's final 'Grease' ensemble fetches $405K
BEVERLY HILLS, Calif. — Two collectors said you're the one that I want to Olivia Newton-John's iconic "Grease" leather jacket and skintight pants at an auction Saturday in Beverly Hills. Julien's Auctions says the combined ensemble, which Newton-John's character Sandy wears in the closing number of the 1978 film, fetched $405,700 total. The leather jacket sold for $243,200 and the pants, which Newton-John famously had to be sewn into, went for $162,500. Other "Grease" memorabilia included a Pink Ladies jacket that went for $50,000 and a poster signed by Newton-John, John Travolta, director Randal Kleiser and producer and songwriter John...
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NEW YORK — They come into the room not like the moveable Mount Rushmore that they are but like three old friends, energized by being in each other's company. They are chatting about movies. Martin Scorsese comes first, then Al Pacino, then Robert De Niro. They're trailed by a small army of publicists and assistants that quickly recedes out of the room. Constant through the momentary commotion is Scorsese enthusiastically remembering Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger's "A Matter of Life and Death," and quoting its lines to a rapt Pacino. Their movie, "The Irishman," also deals majestically with matters of...


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Joe Grillo (b. 1980 Meteor City, AZ) is an American visual artist based in Virginia Beach, VA. He was briefly a member of the artist collective Paper Rad, before splintering off to found the artist collective Dearraindrop with siblings Laura Grant and Billy Grant in 2003. His graphic work was published in the underground comics newspaper Paper Rodeo and Kramers Ergot. He has exhibited internationally as a solo artist at Nordiska Akvarellmuseet Museum in Skarhamn, Loyal Gallery in Sweden, and The Hole in New York City.

His artwork has been described by Roberta Smith of The New York Times as "raucous, densely composed works... crowded with apparent pop-culture figures and motifs that are nearly all invented. Rendered in saturated colors outlined in black, they operate in an area bounded by painting, cartooning, graffiti and perhaps video games... a crazed retinal overload tends to distinguish Mr. Grillo's works from those of his predecessors."

Music has been an important influence on Grillo, and references to rock bands can be found throughout his work. His art has been featured on Bill Callahan's Woke on a Whaleheart and Awesome Color's self titled debut. His record designs for Dearraindrop's Asid Rain and Flaspar's Quadrupletrouble were featured in Taschen's Art Record Covers Book in 2017 alongside record designs by Andy Warhol, Jean-Michel Basquiat, and Damien Hirst.

Selected work

Music
 Dearraindrop: Asid Rain (2005)
 Dearraindrop: (Spinning Silver) Sarcophagus (2006)

Books
 Kramers Ergot 3 (Avodah Books, 2002)
 Kramers Ergot 4 (Avodah Books, 2003)
 Miles of Slime and Smiles (Neoglyphic Media, 2023)
 ALIVE OUTSIDE (Neoglyphic Media, 2023)

References

American artists

1980 births
Living people

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia