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The Incredible Shrinking Doctrine of Specific Personal Jurisdiction: The U.S. Supreme Court's Decision In Bristol-Myers Squibb Company v. Superior Court of California
The Supreme Court strikes again. In Bristol-Myers Squibb Company v. Superior Court of California, the Supreme Court addressed the critical question of specific personal jurisdiction: Whether a plaintiff's claims can be said to "arise out of or relate to" a defendant's forum activities if there is no causal connection between the plaintiff's claims and the defendant's activities in the forum state. In an 8-1 decision authored by Justice Alito, the Supreme Court of the United States said no. Reversing the California Supreme Court's "sliding scale" approach, the Supreme Court held that specific jurisdiction required an "adequate link" between the nonresident plaintiff's claims and the forum state of California. Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. v. Superior Court of Cal., No. 16-466 (U.S. June 19, 2017) (slip op., at 8) (emphasis added). In so holding, the Court has effectively established, if not reaffirmed what was already implicitly required, a causation requirement between a plaintiff's claims and the defendant's in-state conduct.
Broadly speaking, personal jurisdiction involves the scope of a court's constitutional authority over an out-of-state defendant under the Due Process Clauses of the Constitution's Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. Personal jurisdiction comes in two forms: general and specific. A court having general or "all-purpose" jurisdiction over an out-of-state defendant can "hear any and all claims against" that defendant, but only if the defendant's affiliations with the forum state "are so constant and pervasive as to render it essentially at home" there. Daimler AG v. Bauman, 134 S. Ct. 746, 751 (2014) (internal quotation marks and brackets omitted). In practice, this means a corporate defendant will be subject to general personal jurisdiction only in its state of incorporation and/or principal place of business. Id.
But specific personal jurisdiction involves a different analysis. Courts may exercise specific or "case-linked" jurisdiction over an out-of-state defendant only when the claims at issue "arise out of or relate to" the "defendant's suit-related conduct," and only when such conduct creates "a substantial connection with the forum state." Walden v. Fiore, 134 S. Ct. 1115, 1121-22 & n.6 (2014); Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown, 564 U.S. 915 (2011); J. McIntyre Machinery, Ltd. v. Nicastro, 564 U.S. 873, 881 (2011) (plurality opinion). As the Court has explained, the "substantial connection" element, or "minimum contacts" inquiry, asks whether the defendant has intentionally acted within the forum state to such a degree that it would have fair notice of being subject to suit in that jurisdiction. Walden, 134 S. Ct. at 1121-23. The Court has refined and clarified that standard in numerous decisions.
There have been fewer opportunities, however, for the Court to define the precise metes and bounds of the "arise out of or relate to" component of specific personal jurisdiction. The Bristol-Myers case was set to provide additional guidance on that issue.
The California State Court Decision
In Bristol-Myers, 678 individual plaintiffs filed suit in California state court against Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS) an out-of-state pharmaceutical manufacturer and its California-based distributor (McKesson) involving an allegedly defective drug (Plavix). Only 86 of the plaintiffs, however, were residents of California. The rest were scattered across 33 other states, including 92 plaintiffs from Texas and 71 from Ohio. BMS argued that, as to the out-of-state plaintiffs, the California court lacked personal jurisdiction over it as a company incorporated in Delaware and headquartered in New York. In particular, BMS contended that it was not subject to specific jurisdiction in California for the nonresident plaintiffs' claims because they were not causally linked to its conduct in the forum state—i.e., the out-of-state claims did not "arise out of or relate to" BMS's activities in California.
In a divided 4-3 opinion, the California Supreme Court rejected BMS's causation-based rule for specific jurisdiction. Instead, the California Court applied a "sliding scale" standard to determine relatedness, under which "the intensity" of a defendant's forum contacts are "inversely related" to their "connection" with the plaintiffs' claims. In other words, the more substantial a defendant's activities are in the forum state, the less they need to be directly related to the plaintiffs' actual suit. Applying that sliding-scale approach, the California Court found that BMS's "nationwide marketing, promotion, and distribution" of the challenged product created a "substantial nexus" between the nonresident plaintiffs' claims and its forum activities given that the suit was "based on the same allegedly defective product and the assertedly misleading marketing and promotion of that product," which led to related litigation in California where personal jurisdiction was not contested. As a result, the California Court held that BMS was subject to specific personal jurisdiction in California state court—even as to nonresident plaintiffs alleging injuries that arose from BMS conduct outside California.
The Supreme Court's Decision
The United States Supreme Court granted certiorari to decide the following question: "Whether a plaintiff's claims arise out of or relate to a defendant's forum activities when there is no causal link between the defendant's forum contacts and the plaintiff's claims." Pet. for Writ of Certiorari at i.
The Supreme Court in Bristol-Myers decided the case in favor of out-of-state defendants. After Bristol-Myers, state courts cannot exercise specific jurisdiction over foreign defendants "where the plaintiff's claims would be exactly the same even if the defendant had no forum contacts." Pet. for Writ of Certiorari at i. The Court stressed that, without a sufficient "connection" or "affiliation between the forum and the underlying controversy … specific jurisdiction is lacking, regardless of the extent of a defendant's unconnected activities in the State." Id. at 7. In so holding, the Court expressly rejected the California court's "sliding scale" approach to specific jurisdiction, which it described as "a loose and spurious form of general jurisdiction." Id. The Court explained that the sliding scale approach allows courts to demand less of a "connection between the forum and the specific claims at issue" when exercising specific jurisdiction "if the defendant has extensive forum contacts that are unrelated to those claims." Id. But the Court made clear that its "cases provide no support for this approach," and it reiterated once more the standard framework for personal jurisdiction. Id.
Applying those settled principles, the Court held that specific jurisdiction was lacking because there was no "adequate link between the State and the nonresidents' claims." Id. at 8. Indeed, the nonresident plaintiffs weren't prescribed Plavix in California, they didn't buy Plavix in California, and their alleged injuries did not stem from actions BMS took. Id. As the Court put it, the "mere fact that other plaintiffs were prescribed, obtained, and ingested Plavix in California—and allegedly sustained the same injuries as did the nonresidents—does not allow the State to assert specific jurisdiction over the nonresidents' claims." Id. Moreover, it was not "even relevant" to specific jurisdiction "that BMS conducted research in California on matters unrelated to Plavix." Id. Likewise, BMS's decision to contract with McKesson for distribution services in California was similarly inadequate, on its own, to change the jurisdictional analysis: the nonresident plaintiffs didn't allege that BMS engaged in relevant acts with McKesson in California; they didn't allege that BMS was derivatively liable for McKesson's conduct in California; and they didn't show that McKesson distributed the Plavix they ingested in their home state. Id. at 11-12. As a result, the Court concluded that California courts were missing a key ingredient for specific jurisdiction: "a connection between the forum and the specific claims at issue." Id. at 8.
The Court also dismissed the nonresident plaintiffs' concern that the Court's decision would impair the aggregation of mass tort actions. Id. at 12. The Court explained that its decision in Bristol-Myers would not prevent the plaintiffs in that case—both in and out of California—from jointly suing BMS where it is "at home" for purposes of general jurisdiction (i.e., New York or Delaware), which BMS conceded. Id. Similarly, the Court noted that plaintiffs from other states were quite numerous (92 from Texas, 71 from Ohio), and that, because their claims likely did arise out of BMS contacts where they resided, those plaintiffs "could probably sue together in their home States." Id. Additionally, the Court limited its decision in Bristol-Myers to due process limitations on state courts under the Fourteenth Amendment, thus leaving unanswered the question whether the Fifth Amendment's due process principles would be less restrictive of federal courts. Id. Accordingly, adherence to the Court's settled framework for personal jurisdiction "will not result in the parade of horribles that respondents conjure up." Id.
A principle motivation for the Court's ruling was federalism. The Court explained that, although personal jurisdiction primarily concerns "the burden on the defendant," any analysis of personal jurisdiction "also encompasses the more abstract matter of submitting to the coercive power of a State that may have little legitimate interest in the claims in question." Slip op., at 6. Indeed, restrictions on personal jurisdiction do not simply shield foreign defendants from inconvenient litigation; they also reinforce the "territorial limitations on the power of the respective States." Id. After all, one state's exercise of sovereignty in trying a case in its courts "implies a limitation on the sovereignty of all its sister States." Id. And that "federalism interest may be decisive" in narrowing the scope of personal jurisdiction—even where the forum state would be the most convenient location for litigating the case, and even where the forum state has a strong interest in adjudicating the controversy. Id. at 6-7. That is because, in addition to ensuring fairness and convenience, the Due Process Clause serves "as an instrument of interstate federalism," which "may sometimes act to divest the State of its power to render a valid judgment." Id. at 7 (quoting World–Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 294 (1980)).
In dissent, Justice Sotomayor reiterated her continuing disagreement with the Court's approach to personal jurisdiction, much of which she aired in a lone dissent a few weeks earlier in BNSF Railway v. Tyrrell. Justice Sotomayor's disagreement with the majority in Bristol-Myers was threefold. Id. at 1-11 (Sotomayor, J., dissenting). First, she argued that the Court's decision will adversely affect plaintiffs and the judicial system overall by making it more difficult for plaintiffs to aggregate claims on a nationwide basis, by encouraging piecemeal litigation, and by prompting the unnecessary bifurcation of claims that could otherwise be joined in one action. Id. at 1. Second, Justice Sotomayor argued that the "core concern" of personal jurisdiction is "fairness," and that, rather than fashion a rigid framework, the Court should instead "measure jurisdiction first and foremost by the yardstick set out in International Shoe—'fair play and substantial justice.'" Id. at 1, 9. Lastly, Justice Sotomayor argued that, even under the majority's framework, specific jurisdiction existed in Bristol-Myers because the nonresident plaintiffs' claims "relate to" BMS's in-state conduct: those claims concern out-of-state "conduct materially identical to acts the company took in California"—i.e., "its marketing and distribution of Plavix, which it undertook on a nationwide basis in all 50 States." Id. at 5-6. Thus, in Justice Sotomayor's view, it did not matter that the nonresident plaintiffs were allegedly injured outside of California; rather, as long as those plaintiffs were injured by the same "nationwide course of conduct," Justice Sotomayor argued that there was a sufficient "connection" between their claims and California. Id.
While there was no express criticism of the forum shopping behind most cases dismissed for lack of personal jurisdiction, the Supreme Court's message in Bristol-Myers and other recent rulings could not be more clear: plaintiffs need to stop filing, and state courts need to stop deciding, cases in the wrong forum. As Bristol-Myers and its many prequels demonstrate, a refusal to follow the basic requirements for personal jurisdiction will not go unnoticed by reviewing courts. After all, this Supreme Court Term has taught us (again) that the test for general personal jurisdiction could not be clearer: file suit where the defendant company is incorporated or has its principal place of business. And after Bristol-Myers, the test for specific personal jurisdiction is equally easy to follow: file suit where the defendant did something significant that caused the claim to arise, even if it is not the court where you prefer the law or the judge. Refusal to heed these recent Supreme Court precedents (8-1 in BNSF, 8-1 in Bristol-Myers) will lead to expired claims when statutes of limitations run, angry clients, and motions seeking to recover the costs of defending against baseless assertions of personal jurisdiction.
Grant J. Esposito
Brian R. Matsui


As a male fetus grows and matures during pregnancy, the testicles develop in the abdomen and then move down into the scrotum through an area called the inguinal canal. Shortly after the baby is born, the inguinal canal closes, preventing the testicles from moving back into the abdomen. If this area does not close completely, a loop of intestine can move into the inguinal canal through the weakened area of the lower abdominal wall, causing a hernia.
Although girls do not have testicles, they do have an inguinal canal, so they can develop hernias in this area as well. Inguinal hernias do not occur as frequently among females as they do in males.
Inguinal hernia. An operation is necessary to treat an inguinal hernia. Generally, it will be surgically repaired soon after it is discovered, since the intestine can become stuck in the inguinal canal. When this happens, the blood supply to the intestine can be cut off, and the intestine can become damaged.
Children who have an inguinal hernia surgically repaired can often go home the same day they have surgery.


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Monita J. Olive, age 67, passed away on April 26, 2018 from cancer in Katy, Texas. Born in Natchitoches, Louisiana on October 20, 1950 to Maxie Welch Jenkins and Harrison Jenkins, she was the middle child to nine brothers and sisters.
Monita was a loving wife, mother, grandmother, and friend. Her consideration and compassion for others were among her many attributes that will be missed. She was known for her thoughtfulness, never missing someone's special moment, and always making it a point to let those for whom she cared know she was thinking of them. Monita lived a very active life and stayed connected with her many friends through Facebook, some dating back to her elementary school days. Her many joys included spending time with her grandchildren, baking, knitting, cookbooks, trips to Alaska, and cuddling her miniature schnauzer, Heidi.
In 1967, Monita married Richard "R.B" Olive, at Hickory Grove Methodist Church. When R.B. asked Monita on a first date, her mother only allowed them to attend church. Their first date in 1966 was at Hickory Grove Methodist Church.
In 2017, Monita retired after 22 years with BP America where she held multiple positions spanning among three states (Alaska, California, and Texas). The most recent role of Associate Director of Civic Affairs in Houston.
Monita is preceded in death by her parents and five siblings – Mar Jo Jenkins Jennings, Joseph Jenkins, LaFaune Jenkins DuBois, Charles Jenkins, and Dawnn Jenkins Jordan.
Monita is survived by her husband of 50 years, Richard "R.B." Olive; her son Vincent Olive, wife Gladys, and grandsons William and Finn (Palmer, Alaska); her daughter Suzanne Olive Salling (Katy, Texas) and granddaughter Madison Salling (Miami, Florida); and her sisters Judy Jenkins Long, Hannah Jenkins LaCour, and Wafa Dean Jenkins Manasco; and many nieces, nephews, and cousins.
Friends are invited to a celebration of Monita's life. Visitation is Friday, May 4, 2018 from 4:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m., and Saturday, May 5, 2018 from 11:00 a.m. until the service at 1:00 p.m. at Hickory Grove Methodist Church, 8673 Highway 6, Robeline, Louisiana 71469. Burial will follow at Beulah Methodist Church, 2279 Highway 487, Marthaville, Louisiana 71450. Family meal will follow at Robeline First Baptist Church, 7739 Oak Street, Robeline, Louisiana 71469.
Pallbearers will be six of her nephews, Harrison Jenkins, Huey Jenkins, Andy Manasco, Caleb Manasco, Tony Jordan, and Michael Green. The service will be led by life-long friend Mary Jennings.


Happy New Year! The grand illusion of New Year's celebrations is that they make us believe that, somehow, the future will be better than the past, that no matter what bad things happened last year, next year will be different. It doesn't often happen that way … but many of us are optimistic and hopeful. The New Year is also the time of resolutions, some of which we may actually keep.
So, in the spirit of optimism that the New Year brings, today at the Thirty, we give each MLB team one resolution for 2019. What went wrong in 2018 might be fixed in 2019, if they can just stick to these resolutions. As with most resolutions, it's easier said than done. But there's nothing wrong with hope.
The Blue Jays have a markedly aged lineup (half of which is over 30) for a team that doesn't have a ton of hope to compete for a title this season. But 2019 will forever be known as "The Year Vladamir Guerrero Jr. Landed in Toronto." It'd be nice to let Vlad Jr. work his way into MLB shape rather than have to feel like the franchise's immediate savior.
The Orioles are starting completely over; it's going to be a while. But not losing a franchise-record number of games seems like a good place to start, right? The Orioles aren't contending this year, but signs of progress would be nice.
With all the smart moves the Rays have made this offseason, and with all the strategic inventiveness they've displayed, it's time to see some results. Steamer has the Rays as the ninth-best team in baseball and the second AL Wild Card team. The Rays have missed the past five postseasons. It's time to shock the world again.
The Red Sox have done just about everything else in the last decade-plus, but there's one thing they haven't done since 1915-16: Win two in a row. The last team to win two World Series in a row was the Yankees. That's a record the Red Sox would love to take away from them.
The match is perfect in every way, both good and bad. Manny has said he's waiting until 2019 to sign. Let's get this done and make the prophecy complete.
Even with the improvements in Minnesota and Chicago, Cleveland is still the class of the division. The Indians need to take advantage by winning enough games to at least have home-field advantage in the first round, if not the entire playoffs. There are many wins to be had in this division. The Indians need to get them.
The Royals are going young and building for the future, but they don't actually have a great farm system set up right now. Brady Singer, No. 60, is the only Top 100 prospect they have right now. This is the year to make sure you get yourself some more.
It has been two full seasons since we saw a healthy, raking Miggy. This is a Hall of Famer right in front of us. It'd be a gift to get to see him be that again.
Signing Nelson Cruz was the perfect move for a team that needs to up its power game. You don't need to squint to see Cruz, Eddie Rosario, Max Kepler and Miguel Sano all hitting 30 or more. If that happens, this is a Wild Card team at the very least.
The phenom prospect should be up by June, at the latest. If he can even approach the freshman season that, say, Ronald Acuna Jr., put up, the White Sox have a cornerstone star for the rest of the prospects to filter in around.
As long as he doesn't have one and he's still in Los Angeles, this is the resolution. Or else he likely won't be there much longer.
At this point, they essentially have everything else.
He's a player you build around, the fans love him and you have a new ballpark you're trying to hype up. Get your budding superstar locked in.
Gallo's a valuable hitter at .206 and .209. Imagine what he'd be if he hit about 10 points higher.
Mike Soroka, Kyle Wright, Touki Toussaint, Luiz Gohara and Bryse Wilson are all top 100 prospects who are close to ready for the big leagues right now. Get three or four of them going at the right time, and watch out for the Braves.
After the initial ugliness of their outfield selloff, Derek Jeter and company have made some quietly rational and smart long-term moves. But no one will believe it until they start to see it on the field.
Guess who Steamer has as the 10th best team in baseball and the second NL Wild Card team? The Mets! If that happens, they may bronze their new GM outside of Citi Field.
All right, so maybe the Nats don't win quite that many games. But if the Nationals are looking for a team to emulate that lost a superstar and rebounded to be even better than before, that's the one.
The Phillies went into the offseason willing to spend "stupid" money, and yet they still don't have any major superstars (with apologies to Andrew McCutchen and Rhys Hoskins). Can they get one if Harper and Machado don't come?
The Brewers won the NL Central last year, even if it still seems like the Cubs won it. If the Brewers win another one, no one will ever be able to dismiss them as a fluke or a result of a Cubs' dropoff: They'll be the new captains now.
No need to overthink this one. The Cardinals have missed the playoffs for three consecutive seasons, the longest stretch for the franchise since 1997-99. They've invested substantially in this year's team. The stakes couldn't be more clear.
One would have thought that bringing a World Series trophy to Wrigley Field would get you a lifetime contract, but there have been clear differences between Maddon and his front office in the last two years. The Cubs will either double down on Maddon after this year, or go another direction entirely.
Jameson Taillon, Chris Archer, Trevor Williams and Keller: Is that potentially the best starting four in the division? Maybe the whole National League?
The rotation is still going to be an issue, but with the lineup additions and a fully healthy Joey Votto, the Reds could potentially get to 800 runs for the first time since 2005.
The D-backs are cleaning house, and the best way to truly clear some payroll and maybe bring in some talent, would be dealing Greinke. If he's old-school Greinke for the season's first three months, some contender will eagerly come calling.
Losing two straight World Series is … not fun. The Dodgers do not want to be baseball's Buffalo Bills.
The Giants won three World Series in five years, giving their fans unbridled joy in the process. Now the bill is coming due. Now is not the time for sentimentality. Zaidi is one of the smartest men in the sport. Let him do what he's here to do.
The Padres are stealthily, studiously building something intriguing out there. But fans -- and the rest of baseball -- need to see some forward movement to start believing. With the D-backs and Giants taking a step back, this would be a terrific season to show it.
He's the face of the franchise and its recent resurgence. Let's get this done.


Invitees: Biology Faculty Contact: Miranda Kearney (mkearney@binghamton.edu) On Monday 29 April from 1:30 - 4:30 pm in the Mandela Room of the Union, the students in BIOL 115 will present their posters displaying the research they did this semester. These students are eager to show what they accomplished in, what is for many, their first biology lab course here. Just as important, is for you to see and hear some of the outcomes of the department's commitment to transforming its traditional introductory laboratory experience to a stand-alone CURE (course-based undergraduate research experience). You can ask students what they learned and what they valued from this intro CURE. BIOL 115 students will also be joined this semester by the students from BIOL 425, who are excited to present their research findings from their upper level CURE.
Limited to EAP registrants only. EAP contact is Mary Ellen Niefer, 7-6650.


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Agency Access Coordinators maintain accurate employee access information for their facilities and collaborate with the Building Access Services office. Any changes to the employee's building access or personal information must be requested by the appropriate Agency Access Coordinator, listed below.
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Library Journal's annual award for the Best Small Library in America, co-sponsored by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, was founded to encourage and showcase the exemplary work of these libraries. Now in its fifth year, the award honors the public library that most profoundly demonstrates outstanding service to populations of 25,000 or less.
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Visit the award website for complete submission guidelines and eligibility requirements. All submissions must be postmarked by November 3, 2008.


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text:
using UnityEngine;
using System.Collections;

public class DeleteLine : MonoBehaviour
{
    /// <summary>
    /// when tip text is tapped, destroy this tip and relative objects.
    /// </summary>
	public void OnSelect()
    {
        var parent = gameObject.transform.parent.gameObject;
        if (parent != null)
        {
            Destroy(parent);
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The UWM App Brewery released a new version of the UWM mobile app at the start of the Fall 2015 semester. The new version features a new events screen that publicizes student events at the UWM Student Union, events sponsored by student organizations, athletics events, and student-focused events sponsored by UWM schools and colleges.
Download the new UWM mobile app for iPhone or Android.
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text:
draft-ietf-ippm-loss-04.txt
Network Working Group G. Almes Network Working Group G. Almes
INTERNET-DRAFT S. Kalidindi INTERNET-DRAFT S. Kalidindi
Expiration Date: March 1999 M. Zekauskas Expiration Date: May 1999 M. Zekauskas
Advanced Network & Services Advanced Network & Services
August 1998 November 1998
A Packet Loss Metric for IPPM A One-way Packet Loss Metric for IPPM
<draft-ietf-ippm-loss-04.txt> <draft-ietf-ippm-loss-05.txt>
1. Status of this Memo 1. Status of this Memo
This document is an Internet-Draft. Internet-Drafts are working This document is an Internet-Draft. Internet-Drafts are working
documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas,
and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet Drafts. working documents as Internet-Drafts.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six
months, and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents months, and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents
at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet- Drafts as at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
To view the entire list of current Internet-Drafts, please check the To view the entire list of current Internet-Drafts, please check the
"1id-abstracts.txt" listing contained in the Internet-Drafts shadow "1id-abstracts.txt" listing contained in the Internet-Drafts shadow
directories on ftp.is.co.za (Africa), nic.nordu.net (Northern directories on ftp.is.co.za (Africa), nic.nordu.net (Northern
Europe), ftp.nis.garr.it (Southern Europe), munnari.oz.au (Pacific Europe), ftp.nis.garr.it (Southern Europe), munnari.oz.au (Pacific
Rim), ftp.ietf.org (US East Coast), or ftp.isi.edu (US West Coast). Rim), ftp.ietf.org (US East Coast), or ftp.isi.edu (US West Coast).
This memo provides information for the Internet community. This memo This memo provides information for the Internet community. This memo
does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of
this memo is unlimited. this memo is unlimited.
This memo defines a metric for packet loss across Internet paths. It This memo defines a metric for one-way packet loss across Internet
builds on notions introduced and discussed in the IPPM Framework paths. It builds on notions introduced and discussed in the IPPM
document, RFC 2330 [1]; the reader is assumed to be familiar with Framework document, RFC 2330 [1]; the reader is assumed to be
that document. familiar with that document.
This memo is intended to be parallel in structure to a companion This memo is intended to be parallel in structure to a companion
document for One-way Delay (currently "A One-way Delay Metric for document for One-way Delay (currently "A One-way Delay Metric for
IPPM" <draft-ietf-ippm-delay-04.txt>) [2]; the reader is assumed to IPPM" <draft-ietf-ippm-delay-05.txt>) [2]; the reader is assumed to
be familiar with that document. be familiar with that document.
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [5].
Although RFC 2119 was written with protocols in mind, the key words
are used in this document for similar reasons. They are used to
ensure the results of measurements from two different implementations
are comparable, and to note instances when an implementation could
perturb the network.
The structure of the memo is as follows: The structure of the memo is as follows:
+ A 'singleton' analytic metric, called Type-P-One-way-Loss, is + A 'singleton' analytic metric, called Type-P-One-way-Loss, is
introduced to measure a single observation of packet transmission introduced to measure a single observation of packet transmission
or loss. or loss.
+ Using this singleton metric, a 'sample', called Type-P-One-way- + Using this singleton metric, a 'sample', called Type-P-One-way-
Loss-Poisson-Stream, is introduced to measure a sequence of Loss-Poisson-Stream, is introduced to measure a sequence of
singleton transmissions and/or losses measured at times taken from singleton transmissions and/or losses measured at times taken from
a Poisson process. a Poisson process.
real-time applications (where the precise threshold of "excessive" real-time applications (where the precise threshold of "excessive"
depends on the application). depends on the application).
+ The larger the value of packet loss, the more difficult it is for + The larger the value of packet loss, the more difficult it is for
transport-layer protocols to sustain high bandwidths. transport-layer protocols to sustain high bandwidths.
+ The sensitivity of real-time applications and of transport-layer + The sensitivity of real-time applications and of transport-layer
protocols to loss become especially important when very large protocols to loss become especially important when very large
delay-bandwidth products must be supported. delay-bandwidth products must be supported.
The measurement of one-way loss instead of round-trip loss is
motivated by the following factors:
+ In today's Internet, the path from a source to a destination may
be different than the path from the destination back to the source
("asymmetric paths"), such that different sequences of routers are
used for the forward and reverse paths. Therefore round-trip
measurements actually measure the performance of two distinct
paths together. Measuring each path independently highlights the
performance difference between the two paths which may traverse
different Internet service providers, and even radically different
types of networks (for example, research versus commodity
networks, or ATM versus packet-over-SONET).
+ Even when the two paths are symmetric, they may have radically
different performance characteristics due to asymmetric queueing.
+ Performance of an application may depend mostly on the performance
in one direction. For example, a file transfer using TCP may
depend more on the performance in the direction that data flows,
rather than the direction in which acknowledgements travel.
+ In quality-of-service (QoS) enabled networks, provisioning in one
direction may be radically different than provisioning in the
reverse direction, and thus the QoS guarantees differ. Measuring
the paths independently allows the verification of both
guarantees.
It is outside the scope of this document to say precisely how loss It is outside the scope of this document to say precisely how loss
metrics would be applied to specific problems. metrics would be applied to specific problems.
2.2. General Issues Regarding Time 2.2. General Issues Regarding Time
Whenever a time (i.e., a moment in history) is mentioned here, it is Whenever a time (i.e., a moment in history) is mentioned here, it is
understood to be measured in seconds (and fractions) relative to UTC. understood to be measured in seconds (and fractions) relative to UTC.
As described more fully in the Framework document, there are four As described more fully in the Framework document, there are four
distinct, but related notions of clock uncertainty: distinct, but related notions of clock uncertainty:
example, the clock on an old Unix host might advance only once example, the clock on an old Unix host might advance only once
every 10 msec, and thus have a resolution of only 10 msec. every 10 msec, and thus have a resolution of only 10 msec.
skew* skew*
Skew measures the change of accuracy, or of synchronization, Skew measures the change of accuracy, or of synchronization,
with time. For example, the clock on a given host might gain with time. For example, the clock on a given host might gain
1.3 msec per hour and thus be 27.1 msec behind UTC at one time 1.3 msec per hour and thus be 27.1 msec behind UTC at one time
and only 25.8 msec an hour later. In this case, we say that the and only 25.8 msec an hour later. In this case, we say that the
clock of the given host has a skew of 1.3 msec per hour relative clock of the given host has a skew of 1.3 msec per hour relative
to UTC, and this threatens accuracy. We might also speak of the to UTC, which threatens accuracy. We might also speak of the
skew of one clock relative to another clock, and this threatens skew of one clock relative to another clock, which threatens
synchronization. synchronization.
3. A Singleton Definition for One-way Packet Loss 3. A Singleton Definition for One-way Packet Loss
3.1. Metric Name: 3.1. Metric Name:
Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss
3.2. Metric Parameters: 3.2. Metric Parameters:
for more details. for more details.
The last source of error, resource limits, cause the packet to be The last source of error, resource limits, cause the packet to be
dropped by the measurement instrument, and counted as lost when in dropped by the measurement instrument, and counted as lost when in
fact the network delivered the packet in reasonable time. fact the network delivered the packet in reasonable time.
The measurement instruments should be calibrated such that the loss The measurement instruments should be calibrated such that the loss
threshold is reasonable for application of the metrics and the clocks threshold is reasonable for application of the metrics and the clocks
are synchronized enough so the loss threshold remains reasonable. are synchronized enough so the loss threshold remains reasonable.
In addition, the instruments should be checked to ensure the In addition, the instruments should be checked to ensure the that the
probability is low that a packet arrives at the network interface, possibility a packet arrives at the network interface, but is lost
but is lost due to congestion on the interface or to other resource due to congestion on the interface or to other resource exhaustion
exhaustion (e.g., buffers) on the instrument. (e.g., buffers) on the instrument is low.
3.8. Reporting the metric: 3.8. Reporting the metric:
The calibration and context in which the metric is measured must be The calibration and context in which the metric is measured MUST be
carefully considered, and should always be reported along with metric carefully considered, and SHOULD always be reported along with metric
results. We now present four items to consider: Type-P of the test results. We now present four items to consider: Type-P of the test
packets, the loss threshold, instrument calibration, and the path packets, the loss threshold, instrument calibration, and the path
traversed by the test packets. This list is not exhaustive; any traversed by the test packets. This list is not exhaustive; any
additional information that could be useful in interpreting additional information that could be useful in interpreting
applications of the metrics should also be reported. applications of the metrics should also be reported.
3.8.1. Type-P 3.8.1. Type-P
As noted in the Framework document [1], the value of the metric may As noted in the Framework document [1], the value of the metric may
depend on the type of IP packets used to make the measurement, or depend on the type of IP packets used to make the measurement, or
"Type-P". The value of Type-P-One-way-Delay could change if the "Type-P". The value of Type-P-One-way-Delay could change if the
protocol (UDP or TCP), port number, size, or arrangement for special protocol (UDP or TCP), port number, size, or arrangement for special
treatment (e.g., IP precedence or RSVP) changes. The exact Type-P treatment (e.g., IP precedence or RSVP) changes. The exact Type-P
used to make the measurements must be accurately reported. used to make the measurements MUST be accurately reported.
3.8.2. Loss threshold 3.8.2. Loss threshold
The threshold (or methodology to distinguish) between a large finite The threshold (or methodology to distinguish) between a large finite
delay and loss should be reported. delay and loss MUST be reported.
3.8.3. Calibration results 3.8.3. Calibration results
The degree of synchronization between the Src and Dst clocks should The degree of synchronization between the Src and Dst clocks MUST be
be reported. If possible, report the probability that a test packet reported. If possible, possibility that a test packet that arrives
that arrives at the Dst network interface is reported as lost due to at the Dst network interface is reported as lost due to resource
resource exhaustion on Dst. exhaustion on Dst SHOULD be reported.
3.8.4. Path 3.8.4. Path
Finally, the path traversed by the packet should be reported, if Finally, the path traversed by the packet SHOULD be reported, if
possible. In general it is impractical to know the precise path a possible. In general it is impractical to know the precise path a
given packet takes through the network. The precise path may be given packet takes through the network. The precise path may be
known for certain Type-P on short or stable paths. If Type-P known for certain Type-P on short or stable paths. If Type-P
includes the record route (or loose-source route) option in the IP includes the record route (or loose-source route) option in the IP
header, and the path is short enough, and all routers* on the path header, and the path is short enough, and all routers* on the path
support record (or loose-source) route, then the path will be support record (or loose-source) route, then the path will be
precisely recorded. This is impractical because the route must be precisely recorded. This is impractical because the route must be
short enough, many routers do not support (or are not configured for) short enough, many routers do not support (or are not configured for)
record route, and use of this feature would often artificially worsen record route, and use of this feature would often artificially worsen
the performance observed by removing the packet from common-case the performance observed by removing the packet from common-case
different backbone networks.} different backbone networks.}
4. A Definition for Samples of One-way Packet Loss 4. A Definition for Samples of One-way Packet Loss
Given the singleton metric Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss, we now define Given the singleton metric Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss, we now define
one particular sample of such singletons. The idea of the sample is one particular sample of such singletons. The idea of the sample is
to select a particular binding of the parameters Src, Dst, and Type- to select a particular binding of the parameters Src, Dst, and Type-
P, then define a sample of values of parameter T. The means for P, then define a sample of values of parameter T. The means for
defining the values of T is to select a beginning time T0, a final defining the values of T is to select a beginning time T0, a final
time Tf, and an average rate lambda, then define a pseudo-random time Tf, and an average rate lambda, then define a pseudo-random
Poisson arrival process of rate lambda, whose values fall between T0 Poisson process of rate lambda, whose values fall between T0 and Tf.
and Tf. The time interval between successive values of T will then The time interval between successive values of T will then average
average 1/lambda. 1/lambda.
{Comment: Note that Poisson sampling is only one way of defining a
sample. Poisson has the advantage of limiting bias, but other
methods of sampling might be appropriate for different situations.
We encourage others who find such appropriate cases to use this
general framework and submit their sampling method for
standardization.}
Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss-Poisson-Stream Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss-Poisson-Stream
+ Src, the IP address of a host + Src, the IP address of a host
+ Dst, the IP address of a host + Dst, the IP address of a host
skipping to change at page 10, line 7
skipping to change at page 10, line 33
beginning at or before T0, with average arrival rate lambda, and beginning at or before T0, with average arrival rate lambda, and
ending at or after Tf. Those time values greater than or equal to T0 ending at or after Tf. Those time values greater than or equal to T0
and less than or equal to Tf are then selected. At each of the times and less than or equal to Tf are then selected. At each of the times
in this process, we obtain the value of Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss at in this process, we obtain the value of Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss at
this time. The value of the sample is the sequence made up of the this time. The value of the sample is the sequence made up of the
resulting <time, loss> pairs. If there are no such pairs, the resulting <time, loss> pairs. If there are no such pairs, the
sequence is of length zero and the sample is said to be empty. sequence is of length zero and the sample is said to be empty.
4.5. Discussion: 4.5. Discussion:
Note first that, since a pseudo-random number sequence is employed, The reader should be familiar with the in-depth discussion of Poisson
the sequence of times, and hence the value of the sample, is not sampling in the Framework document [1], which includes methods to
fully specified. Pseudo-random number generators of good quality compute and verify the pseudo-random Poisson process.
will be needed to achieve the desired qualities.
We specifically do not constrain the value of lambda, except to note
the extremes. If the rate is too large, then the measurement traffic
will perturb the network, and itself cause congestion. If the rate
is too small, then you might not capture interesting network
behavior. {Comment: We expect to document our experiences with, and
suggestions for, lambda elsewhere, culminating in a "best current
practices" document.}
Since a pseudo-random number sequence is employed, the sequence of
times, and hence the value of the sample, is not fully specified.
Pseudo-random number generators of good quality will be needed to
achieve the desired qualities.
The sample is defined in terms of a Poisson process both to avoid the The sample is defined in terms of a Poisson process both to avoid the
effects of self-synchronization and also capture a sample that is effects of self-synchronization and also capture a sample that is
statistically as unbiased as possible. {Comment: there is, of statistically as unbiased as possible. The Poisson process is used
course, no claim that real Internet traffic arrives according to a to schedule the delay measurements. The test packets will generally
Poisson arrival process. not arrive at Dst according to a Poisson distribution, since they are
influenced by the network.
{Comment: there is, of course, no claim that real Internet traffic
arrives according to a Poisson arrival process.
It is important to note that, in contrast to this metric, loss rates It is important to note that, in contrast to this metric, loss rates
observed by transport connections do not reflect unbiased samples. observed by transport connections do not reflect unbiased samples.
For example, TCP transmissions both (1) occur in bursts, which can For example, TCP transmissions both (1) occur in bursts, which can
induce loss due to the burst volume that would not otherwise have induce loss due to the burst volume that would not otherwise have
been observed, and (2) adapt their transmission rate in an attempt to been observed, and (2) adapt their transmission rate in an attempt to
minimize the loss rate observed by the connection.} minimize the loss rate observed by the connection.}
All the singleton Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss metrics in the sequence All the singleton Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss metrics in the sequence
will have the same values of Src, Dst, and Type-P. will have the same values of Src, Dst, and Type-P.
packets; it is possible that the Src could send one test packet at packets; it is possible that the Src could send one test packet at
TS[i], then send a second one (later) at TS[i+1], while the Dst could TS[i], then send a second one (later) at TS[i+1], while the Dst could
receive the second test packet at TR[i+1], and then receive the first receive the second test packet at TR[i+1], and then receive the first
one (later) at TR[i]. one (later) at TR[i].
4.7. Errors and Uncertainties: 4.7. Errors and Uncertainties:
In addition to sources of errors and uncertainties associated with In addition to sources of errors and uncertainties associated with
methods employed to measure the singleton values that make up the methods employed to measure the singleton values that make up the
sample, care must be given to analyze the accuracy of the Poisson sample, care must be given to analyze the accuracy of the Poisson
arrival process of the wire-time of the sending of the test packets. arrival process of the wire-times of the sending of the test packets.
Problems with this process could be caused by several things, Problems with this process could be caused by several things,
including problems with the pseudo-random number techniques used to including problems with the pseudo-random number techniques used to
generate the Poisson arrival process. The Framework document shows generate the Poisson arrival process. The Framework document shows
how to use the Anderson-Darling test to verify the Poisson process. how to use the Anderson-Darling test verify the accuracy of the
Poisson process over small time frames. {Comment: The goal is to
ensure that the test packets are sent "close enough" to a Poisson
schedule, and avoid periodic behavior.}
The calibration and context for the underlying singletons should be The calibration and context for the underlying singletons MUST be
reported along with the stream. (See "Reporting the metric" for reported along with the stream. (See "Reporting the metric" for
Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss.) Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss.)
5. Some Statistics Definitions for One-way Packet Loss 5. Some Statistics Definitions for One-way Packet Loss
Given the sample metric Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss-Poisson-Stream, we Given the sample metric Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss-Poisson-Stream, we
now offer several statistics of that sample. These statistics are now offer several statistics of that sample. These statistics are
offered mostly to be illustrative of what could be done. offered mostly to be illustrative of what could be done.
5.1. Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss-Average 5.1. Type-P-One-way-Packet-Loss-Average
Note that, since healthy Internet paths should be operating at loss Note that, since healthy Internet paths should be operating at loss
rates below 1% (particularly if high delay-bandwidth products are to rates below 1% (particularly if high delay-bandwidth products are to
be sustained), the sample sizes needed might be larger than one would be sustained), the sample sizes needed might be larger than one would
like. Thus, for example, if one wants to discriminate between like. Thus, for example, if one wants to discriminate between
various fractions of 1% over one-minute periods, then several hundred various fractions of 1% over one-minute periods, then several hundred
samples per minute might be needed. This would result in larger samples per minute might be needed. This would result in larger
values of lambda than one would ordinarily want. values of lambda than one would ordinarily want.
Note that although the loss threshold should be set such that any Note that although the loss threshold should be set such that any
errors in loss are not significant, if the probability that a packet errors in loss are not significant, if the possibility that a packet
which arrived is counted as lost due to resource exhaustion is which arrived is counted as lost due to resource exhaustion is
significant compared to the loss rate of interest, Type-P-One-way- significant compared to the loss rate of interest, Type-P-One-way-
Packet-Loss-Average will be meaningless. Packet-Loss-Average will be meaningless.
6. Security Considerations 6. Security Considerations
Conducting Internet measurements raises both security and privacy Conducting Internet measurements raises both security and privacy
concerns. This memo does not specify an implementation of the concerns. This memo does not specify an implementation of the
metrics, so it does not directly affect the security of the Internet metrics, so it does not directly affect the security of the Internet
nor of applications which run on the Internet. However, nor of applications which run on the Internet. However,
implementations of these metrics must be mindful of security and implementations of these metrics must be mindful of security and
privacy concerns. privacy concerns.
There are two types of security concerns: potential harm caused by There are two types of security concerns: potential harm caused by
the measurements, and potential harm to the measurements. The the measurements, and potential harm to the measurements. The
measurements could cause harm because they are active, and inject measurements could cause harm because they are active, and inject
packets into the network. The measurement parameters must be packets into the network. The measurement parameters MUST be
carefully selected so that the measurements inject trivial amounts of carefully selected so that the measurements inject trivial amounts of
additional traffic into the networks they measure. If they inject additional traffic into the networks they measure. If they inject
"too much" traffic, they can skew the results of the measurement, and "too much" traffic, they can skew the results of the measurement, and
in extreme cases cause congestion and denial of service. in extreme cases cause congestion and denial of service.
The measurements themselves could be harmed by routers giving The measurements themselves could be harmed by routers giving
measurement traffic a different priority than "normal" traffic, or by measurement traffic a different priority than "normal" traffic, or by
an attacker injecting artificial measurement traffic. If routers can an attacker injecting artificial measurement traffic. If routers can
recognize measurement traffic and treat it separately, the recognize measurement traffic and treat it separately, the
measurements will not reflect actual user traffic. If an attacker measurements will not reflect actual user traffic. If an attacker
injects artificial traffic that is accepted as legitimate, the loss injects artificial traffic that is accepted as legitimate, the loss
rate will be artificially lowered. Therefore, the measurement rate will be artificially lowered. Therefore, the measurement
methodologies should include appropriate techniques to reduce the methodologies SHOULD include appropriate techniques to reduce the
probability measurement traffic can be distinguished from "normal" probability measurement traffic can be distinguished from "normal"
traffic. Authentication techniques, such as digital signatures, may traffic. Authentication techniques, such as digital signatures, may
be used where appropriate to guard against injected traffic attacks. be used where appropriate to guard against injected traffic attacks.
The privacy concerns of network measurement are limited by the active The privacy concerns of network measurement are limited by the active
measurements described in this memo. Unlike passive measurements, measurements described in this memo. Unlike passive measurements,
there can be no release of existing user data. there can be no release of existing user data.
7. Acknowledgements 7. Acknowledgements
[2] G. Almes, S. Kalidindi, and M. Zekauskas, "A One-way Delay [2] G. Almes, S. Kalidindi, and M. Zekauskas, "A One-way Delay
Metric for IPPM", Internet-Draft <draft-ietf-ippm-delay-04.txt>, Metric for IPPM", Internet-Draft <draft-ietf-ippm-delay-04.txt>,
August 1998. August 1998.
[3] J. Mahdavi and V. Paxson, "IPPM Metrics for Measuring [3] J. Mahdavi and V. Paxson, "IPPM Metrics for Measuring
Connectivity", Internet-Draft <draft-ietf-ippm- Connectivity", Internet-Draft <draft-ietf-ippm-
connectivity-02.txt>, August 1998. connectivity-02.txt>, August 1998.
[4] J. Postel, "Internet Protocol", RFC 791, September 1981. [4] J. Postel, "Internet Protocol", RFC 791, September 1981.
[5] S. Bradner, "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels", RFC 2119, March 1997.
9. Authors' Addresses 9. Authors' Addresses
Guy Almes Guy Almes
Advanced Network & Services, Inc. Advanced Network & Services, Inc.
200 Business Park Drive 200 Business Park Drive
Armonk, NY 10504 Armonk, NY 10504
Phone: +1 914 765 1120 Phone: +1 914 765 1120
EMail: almes@advanced.org EMail: almes@advanced.org
Sunil Kalidindi Sunil Kalidindi
EMail: kalidindi@advanced.org EMail: kalidindi@advanced.org
Matthew J. Zekauskas Matthew J. Zekauskas
200 Buisiness Park Drive 200 Buisiness Park Drive
EMail: matt@advanced.org EMail: matt@advanced.org
Expiration date: March, 1999 Expiration date: May, 1999

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Dept. of Irony: The Heimlich Institute resuscitates itself after I informed them Ohio had terminated their corporate status
About a week ago I reported Ohio Secretary of State (again) cancels existence of Cincinnati's Heimlich Institute; is the organization finally down for the count?
Ironically, as a result of me posing that question to Deaconess Associations (the Cincinnati corporation that wholly owns the Institute), they re-upped with the state.
Here's the August 3 response I got from Jackie Wiesman, assistant to Deaconess chairman Anthony Woods, a Queen City tycoon who who arranged the acquisition of the Institute in 1998:
Peter: Our office address changed and the recertification request that was sent this past month was not forwarded to the new address. It is being reinstated as we speak. Jackie
Per my previous item, the recertification notice from the state was dated March 22, not this past month -- so Ms. Wiesman got that wrong.
On the other hand, the Institute -- a 501(c)(3) nonprofit -- hasn't had any employees since 2005 when it became nothing but a website.
And as of 2015 the organization had zero assets, so presumably no one's minding the store.
Via the Heimlich Institute's most recent annual IRS filing (2015)
In flusher years, the Institute was the focus of investigations by the CDC, FDA, and the Justice Department for overseeing and funding notorious offshore experiments in which US and foreign patients suffering from Lyme Disease and AIDS were infected with malaria.
The "research" was paid for by hundreds of thousands of dollars from funders including director Ron Howard, actors Jack Nicholson and Bette Midler -- and even Muhammad Ali..
During those years, Woods and my brother Phil Heimlich (a former elected official who was tossed from office in 2006 after a bi-partisan landslide) served on the board of the Institute.
As of 2015, they still did.
Despite considerable related reporting (much of it based on research by my wife Karen and me), to my knowledge, neither Woods nor Phil have ever been asked by reporters about their knowledge and roles in the abusive experiments which bioethics experts have called medical "atrocities."
Moving right along, I sent Ms. Wiesman at Deaconess these follow up questions:
1) Are you able to provide me with the current assets of the Heimlich Institute (HI)? Per my blog item, the most recent IRS 990 (2015) shows bupkis.
2) Who are the current members of the HI board?
3) My understanding is that the HI has no employees. Is that accurate? If so, in what year did the organization last have employees?
4) My understanding is that the HI is currently an IRS-approved 501(c)(3) nonprofit. Is that accurate?
Her reply:
Peter: Not at liberty to disclose this information.
Here's another question.
Now that it's a shell of an organization, should the Heimlich Institute still be entitled to 501(c)(3) nonprofit status?
I'll ask the IRS and will report the results.
Labels: aids, bette midler, deaconess associations, e. anthony woods, greg ebel, heimlich institute, henry heimlich, jack nicholson, jackie wiesman, lyme disease, malariotherapy, muhammad ali, phil heimlich, ron howard
Dept. of Irony: The Heimlich Institute resuscitate...
Ohio Secretary of State (again) cancels existence ...


text:
We've been holding back the beers with Simply Red…
Tags: Beerfarm, Flanders Red, Josh Thomas, red ale, Simply Red
Beerfarm
Images by
Many of us can recall the days of cassette tapes and FM radio, and being strapped into the back of our parents car while they blasted whatever cheesy tunes were trending at the time.
Some of us, however, were the ones driving the car… forcing our children to listen to the gloriously gooey love songs of the '80s and '90s, by chart-topping artists such as Simply Red.
How this cheesy, soul-pop sensation crooned its way from broken-hearted ballads and onto a decal at Beerfarm, we'll never know. But with tunes like 'Holding back the beers' and 'If you don't know Flanders Red by now', it was bound to happen sooner or later.
Despite its name, Simply Red was one of the most complex beers our brew crew have ever made. Houseing a mass of bacterias and yeasts which spent the last 12 months ageing in 8 different barrels, our Beerfarmer's had their work cut out from them.
But with a bit of balance, a lot of taste-testing and some 'holding back the beers'… they finally nailed it! We sat down with our very own Beerfarmer Josh Thomas, for a little Q&A on the challenges behind creating this sour-style red ale, and why he believes this super limited release is a real chart-topper.
Simply red wasn't such a simple beer to make, being brewed in separate barrels and not in the brewery. What makes this brew so special?
The Flanders Red style is complex in both flavour and process. Along with aging beer in barrels for 12 months, we are faced with the challenges of balancing a lot of different bacteria and their characteristics that don't come with your day-to-day Pale Ale.
With the unique variety of flavour profiles associated with Lactobacillus and Brettanomyces, we needed to play the balancing act and use the aged red malt base to carry through flavours of plum, raisin and cherry.
To add to this; every barrel is different, so it's a process of elimination when it comes to the blending, another complex piece of the funky puzzle!
Talk us through the barrel process. What's the benefit of leaving yeast and bacteria in barrels for 12 months, and what was the outcome?
Basically, to commence the process of micro-oxidation and to allow enough time for the bacteria to develop and mature. The intensity of flavour changes and increases as time goes on.
With some barrels carrying a bacteria like Acetobacter means it will consume alcohol with oxygen and produces Acetic Acid (Vinegar) in the barrel, so the control is making sure it doesn't turn into 100% vinegar… that wouldn't quite be beer.
We cultured up multiple strains of Brettanomyces and Lactobaccillus as well as some wild yeast in barrels with some last running wort. This ended up evolving into one of the favourites amongst the cultures we had going.
Out of all 8 barrels you aged, can you describe the flavours or aromas you ended up with in each?
Among some of the barrel tasting notes we did throughout the blending exercise, were:
Honey & sherry like characters
Sweet stone fruit aroma, oaky palette
Fairly acetic
Cherry & pepper, clean finish
Sherry like characters, more acidic than most
Bretty woody character, acidity higher
You sourced Cab Merlot barrels from Blind Corner, an organic and biodynamic winery in Margaret River. Out of all the epic wine to choose from in the region, what made Blind Corner stand out?
We have worked with Ben Gould (Owner and Founder of Blind Corner) since the beginning of BeerFarm days, and he has always been a winemaker we converse with a' plenty.
We have served Bens wine alongside our Beers since we opened the venue and often try to wrangle some barrels off him. Being an organic winery it means his wines are a bit more unique and the barrels are free of any sulphur.
What flavours can Flanders fans expect to taste in Simply Red, and does it differ from your normal Flanders red ale?
I think the beauty of this beer is that it doesn't stray too far from what its meant to be and I think that is also part of the success in making one of these beers. I think if anything, we have made it the BeerFarm way and that's easy drinking for such a complex beer. Although we have harnessed in a lot of complex flavours, they're all kept in check and balance each other out nicely.
For the full story go to:https://beerfarm.com.au/news/
PERTH – Liquor Barons Bull Creek, September 24
https://beerfarm.com.au


text:
Lynching Waltz conveys message of hope
9% chance of precipitation
Music Film, TV & Streaming Performing Arts Visual Arts Books
By Leslie Doran Special to the Herald
Thursday, Nov. 3, 2016 11:26 AM
Stephen L. Kanne's second novel, The Lynching Waltz, is historical fiction inspired by a real event that occurred in the author's hometown of Glencoe, Illinois, in 1947.
It was a favorite and cherished tradition for junior high students to participate in a ballroom dancing class called Fortnighty. The incident began when the new teacher sent a letter home saying that black students were no longer allowed to participate. The town came together in a show of unity and brought an end to the class because all students were not welcomed. This ban on dancing sets the stage for the opening of The Lynching Waltz.
It's July 1969 in Glencoe and 12-year-old Jamie has been deposited at his grandparents' home while his mother is away and his father is off somewhere called Vietnam.
He is bored and turns on the television to watch "American Bandstand." His grandmother orders him to turn it off and Jamie objects. It is his grandfather, retired federal judge James Lincoln Washburn Junior, who decides Jamie needs a dose of history to help him understand why there is no dancing in Glencoe.
Thus begins a journey across time and to parts of the United States and Canada where Jamie learns about his family and the struggles endured by African Americans from the beginning of slavery to his current days.
One incident relates the heinous lynching of father and son musicians in 1914 Mississippi at the hands of the infamous KKK. A historical listing of lynchings in this state alone is in the hundreds, with the latest recoded as recently as the late 1950s, even though slavery ended more than 150 years ago.
This fictional event in the story prompts the dancing ban in Glencoe.
Author Kanne weaves in actual historical events into the fictional stories of Jamie's forebearers and puts a human face on the effects of racism.
He begins the Washburn family legacy with the accurate retelling of the 1841 mutiny on the two-masted vessel, Creole, known as a brig.
The ship departed Hampton, Virgina, on its way to New Orleans, but after the ship was taken over by the slaves, it arrived in Nassau, Bahamas, on Nov. 9, where 128 slaves were granted freedom. Many historical sources refer to the mutiny aboard the Creole as "the most successful slave revolt in U.S. history." It is during this event Jamie's ancestor, Isaiah Washburn, is introduced.
Another story shares the birth in 1941 of the "Red Tails," who are better known as the Tuskegee Airmen. This unit, called the 99th Pursuit Squadron, was famous for allowing the first black pilots in the U.S. armed services. Woven into this section of the book is the fact that Eleanor Roosevelt championed the formation of this historical group.
While Jamie's grandfather takes him on this journey through history, Kanne takes readers along for the ride. It is a compelling read, and the language is rough and real. Kanne doesn't mince words: His description of the slaves' living conditions, especially on the slave ships, is appalling.
Kanne is unrelenting in his portrayal of the evils of racism, and he is admittedly on a quest to eradicate it.
He hopes that The Lynching Waltz can do for racism today what Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin did to help promote the anti-slavery movement in 1852.
Another of Kanne's goals is to encourage nationwide recognition and celebration of Juneteenth, which honors the date June 19, 1865, when the last slave was freed in the United States. Currently, Juneteenth is celebrated in 45 states.
These are ambitious goals, and it is depressing to think that in the 60-plus years since the Civil Rights Act was enacted, the United States still experiences the blight of racism.
In The Lynching Waltz, Kanne effectively uses real events woven with one family's story to convey a message of acceptance and hope.
Leslie Doran is a retired teacher, freelance writer and former New Mexican who claims Durango as her forever home.
The Lynching Waltz
The Lynching Waltz, by Stephen L. Kanne, 366 pages, Fireside Publications. To order, visit stephenlkanne.com/01_orderlynching.html.
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This page will list wine-making or wine storage items, or ingredients (grapes, fruits, etc.) which may be of interest to club members. There is no charge for listing. Mention on this page does not constitute an endorsement by the club, and the club makes no guarantee as to the quality or condition of any products listed here.
Various vineyards in Minnesota and Wisconsin may have grapes available in the fall. For Minnesota vineyards, go to: minnesotagrown.com and search for "grapes"
Local winemaking supply stores sometimes bring in pails of juice in the spring (from Chile) and the fall (usually California).
Since the juice pails need to be picked up promptly when they arrive at Midwest, information about them is usually not available online, but is available by phone or at the store.
Several folks associated with the club bring in fresh or frozen grapes or juice. Information about varieties available, prices, timing, etc. is usually available sometime in August or early September.
Information about varieties and prices is usually available sometime in July.
Duane brings in fresh grapes and pails of fresh juice, mainly from central California. These are good, affordable grapes and juice, and generally make very pleasant wines. Grapes normally come in 36# lugs, and usually arrive in late September. Must be pre-ordered; a crusher-destemmer is often available for use at pick-up. Juice pails arrive a few weeks after the fresh grapes, often in early October.
Mike coordinates a group buy of high-quality fresh red grapes from Washington state. These come in 900# pallet-loads; interested folks buy one or more units of 1/5 of a pallet-load of a particular grape (roughly 180 lbs, should make 10 -12 gallons of wine). The grapes normally arrive in one or more shipments in September or October, depending on harvest conditions in Washington.
Wine Grapes Direct sells frozen pails of premium crushed red grapes and white juice, similar to Brehm Vineyards. They have no affiliation with the Purple Foot, but club members have ordered pails from them before, and had good results. Shipping costs may be significant for small purchases.


Why should I buy from The Dancer's Pointe vs. a big discount store?
Which brands of pointe shoes do you carry?
In previous competitions, have any of your costumes won awards?
Do you carry more products than are shown in your online store?
Q. Why should I buy from The Dancer's Pointe versus one of the big discount stores?
A. Many times, large discount dance stores will offer a low price, but will charge excessive shipping to make up the difference. This means you are actually paying more than you will at The Dancer's Pointe.
A. Yes, we do! You can purchase them both online and in the store. You can put any amount on the gift cards and add to them at any point in time.
Q. Which brands of pointe shoes do you carry?
A. We carry Freeds, Capezio, SoDanca, Grishko, Suffolk Solos, and Eva Martins.
A. We offer a store credit, when merchandise is returned.
Q. In previous competitions, have any of your costumes won awards?
A. Yes, in fact they have. They have won numerous awards.
Q. Do you carry more products than are shown in your online store?
A. Yes, we have so many products in our store that we simply could not put them all on our website. All though our website offers a range of our products, you should stop in and see our store or give us a call.


text:
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Pande (auch Ipande) ist eine Bantusprache und wird von circa 9700 Menschen in der Zentralafrikanischen Republik gesprochen.

Sie ist in der Präfektur Mambéré-Kadéï und der Wirtschaftspräfektur Sangha-Mbaéré verbreitet.

Klassifikation
Pande bildet mit den Sprachen Bomitaba, Bongili, Dibole, Mbati und Ngundi die Ngundi-Gruppe. Nach der Einteilung von Malcolm Guthrie gehört Pande zur Guthrie-Zone C20.

Pande hat die Dialekte Ndjeli, Njeli, Linyeli, Linzeli, Ngili und Bogongo (auch Bugongo und Bukongo).

Weblinks
 Ethnologue-Eintrag zu Pande
 Sprachkarte

Einzelsprache
Ngundi-Sprachen

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia