The range of risks facing corporate treasurers in the period since the financial crisis began has not changed. However, the relative importance of those risks – such as liquidity risk, counterparty risk, interest rate risk and foreign exchange risk – has inevitably altered. And the overall importance of risk management to the future stability of corporates has never been greater than it is now.
Before the financial crisis liquidity was easily – and cheaply – available from the debt markets and banks. Now, the changed financial environment has highlighted the importance of using existing cash from the business more effectively. As a consequence, cash forecasting has been a crucial risk management tool: unless treasurers know where cash is, they cannot deploy it effectively.
In addition, corporate treasurers have redoubled their efforts to optimise their liquidity structures, ensuring that their notional pooling and physical sweeping arrangements meet the requirements of the business and the realities of the markets. The goal in liquidity management is always to consolidate cash to as great an extent as possible in order to maximise value.
However, the changed financial environment has altered how corporates try to achieve that goal. For example, whereas before the crisis there was increasing talk of global mandates for treasury services, now the focus is on regional solutions to achieve diversification and limit counterparty risk. Rather than consolidating business to a single provider, an overlay structure is used to ensure that multiple providers (across different regions) deliver the control and visibility that is essential in the current volatile world.
The financial crisis has also increased corporates' eagerness to have greater control over their banking relationships as a way of managing operational risk. Increasingly, companies want to be able to follow the progress of payments or queries without having to telephone a bank contact for an update. Banks such as RBS now offer visibility into their back office processes and a wide range of self-service tools and real-time information.
In contrast, FX risk management has become increasingly important for corporate treasurers as currencies have become more volatile in recent years. All cross-currency payments and collections necessarily generate FX risk. Treasurers are seeking to execute FX for cash and settlement with greater visibility in relation to the price they will pay and the risk they will take on.
Once operational needs are met – and assuming there is surplus cash available – treasurers are relentlessly focused on liquidity and cash preservation for their short-term investment cash. According to the survey published in July by the Association for Financial Professionals, which is funded by RBS and RBS Citizens, short-term corporate cash is increasingly moving towards banks, with bank deposits now accounting for 51per cent of short-term corporate investment balances. Findings from the survey show the highest level in its seven-year lifespan, nine percentage points above last year's findings. As recently as 2006, the average allocation was 2per cent.
In the post crisis-period, the challenge facing corporate treasurers needing to invest short-term cash has grown significantly. There is a decreasing number of counterparties as the financial sector has consolidated while the credit quality of the remaining banks has largely declined. As a consequence, treasury policies set just a few years ago – requiring a minimum AA credit rating, for example – may no longer be relevant. Ratings agencies have announced hundreds of ratings downgrades recently, including for many of the world's largest banks.
At the same time, treasurers have had to contend with an environment in which banks have been flooded by cheap liquidity from central banks, in order to shore up the financial system and try to stimulate economic growth. As a consequence, banks simply do not need to attract additional liquidity and are therefore unwilling to offer attractive yields. The challenge facing corporate treasurers is exacerbated by the scale of the cash they currently hold: it is estimated that European corporates have as much as €1.3 trillion in cash while some US corporates have more cash than many asset managers (Apple is reported to have $100 billion).
While huge sums of cash may be a good problem to have, investing it is genuinely problematic in the current environment. As a result, preservation of principal is the most important priority. Yield is almost insignificant as a consideration: while good yields are available from Italian or Irish banks there is almost no interest from corporates in placing deposits with them. Instead, all attention is focused on a handful of banks deemed to be safe. In addition to the cheap liquidity they can access from central banks, they are consequently also awash with corporate liquidity that they barely have to pay for.
At the same time that some banks are swamped with corporate liquidity – and others are desperate to source it – new regulations such as the individual liquidity adequacy assessment (ILAA) in the UK and Basel III globally are requiring banks to hold larger liquidity buffers. As a consequence, banks have had to become more adept at valuing liquidity from different sources such as financial institutions and corporates.
The new rules mean that the value of a deposit varies considerably depending on the type of entity making it. The regulators' assumption is that corporates move money less frequently than financial institutions and that their deposits are therefore more stable. Moreover, corporates are also likely to have operating accounts with the same bank providers, which reinforces this trend. Consequently, regulators consider corporates less likely to withdraw funds should a bank face problems, which means that their liquidity is valued more highly in terms of liquidity buffers.
However, the importance of corporate liquidity comes with a caveat: it is only valuable to banks if it is on deposit for greater than three months – at which point regulators deem it to be stable and therefore it becomes eligible for preferential treatment as part of a liquidity buffer. Unfortunately, corporates do not typically like to invest short-term cash for over three months; from an accounting perspective, deposits of less than three months can be counted as cash or cash equivalent and are therefore an enhancement to their liquidity.
One solution to this challenge developed by banks is the rolling 95-day notice account. Some companies have been able to account for such deposits as cash equivalent while banks can claim regulatory benefits from them. However, while meeting regulatory requirements, such accounts still present banks with a challenge. In the event of a crisis – such as a several-notch downgrade – a bank would still face an exodus of deposits after 95 days. In an ideal world, banks would like deposits of six months or longer.
Banks such as RBS have been working to develop alternative short-term investment solutions that meet corporates' need for security while offering acceptable yields. One bespoke solution is the use of secured deposits.
Banks necessarily have assets on their books that need funding. By using them as a pool of collateral it is possible to offer depositors greater security than on a regular deposit. Consequently, corporates may be more willing to extend their deposits to six months, providing additional regulatory benefits for banks.
While the deposit is not rated (it carries only the rating of the bank offering the product) and the bank remains the counterparty, the corporate is enabled to access the pool of collateral should anything go wrong at the bank. Consequently, the risk is lower than it would be for an unsecured deposit. Typically, the deposit is overcollateralized based on the risk profile of the assets used: for example, deposits collateralized by government securities might be 101per cent collateralized, whereas those collateralized using asset-backed securities might be 110per cent collateralized. The only disadvantage of secured deposits is that the documentation is more onerous than for a traditional unsecured deposit.
Another alternative solution that might prove sufficiently attractive to corporates to encourage them to deposit cash for six months uses an existing derivatives position to deliver improved returns. If a corporate has a derivatives position, such as an FX or interest rate swap, that is out-of-the-money – they owe the bank on the contract – they can place a deposit (larger than the derivatives position) with that bank. The bank will be willing to pay a higher yield than usual because it already has exposure to the client.
The Royal Bank of Scotland plc. Registered in Scotland No. 90312. Registered Office: 36 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh EH2 2YB. The Royal Bank of Scotland plc is authorised and regulated in the United Kingdom by the Financial Services Authority. The Royal Bank of Scotland N.V. is authorised by De Nederlandsche Bank and regulated by the Autoriteit Financiele Markten (AFM) for the conduct of business in the Netherlands. The Royal Bank of Scotland plc is in certain jurisdictions an authorised agent of The Royal Bank of Scotland N.V. and The Royal Bank of Scotland N.V. is in certain jurisdictions an authorised agent of The Royal Bank of Scotland plc.
Copyright 2012 RBS. All rights reserved. This communication is for the use of intended recipients only and the contents may not be reproduced, redistributed, or copied in whole or in part for any purpose without RBS's prior express consent.


The EARIE Annual Conference provides a yearly platform for delegates and members to present and discuss the latest research in Industrial Economics. The conference attracts more than 400 participants each year from Europe and other parts of the world. EARIE 2017 will take place on the main campus of the Maastricht University School of Business and Economics, located in the city centre of Maastricht.
Maastricht is the capital of the Province of Limburg located in the southeast of the Netherlands and in the centre of the Meuse-Rhine Euregion, a stone's throw from Liège and Aachen. Maastricht developed from a Roman settlement to a Medieval religious centre, a garrison town and an early industrial city. Today, Maastricht is well-regarded as an affluent cultural centre. Maastricht draws many tourists who come to enjoy the city's beauty and history. The city centre is especially attractive, with historical buildings and more than 1,450 listed buildings. Visitors enjoy the relaxed, exuberant atmosphere.


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Culture Monster
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Australian museum holding naked art tours
March 29, 2012 | 7:40 am
Nudity in art is as old as civilization itself. But nudity while viewing art? That requires a bit of an explanation.
Australia's Museum of Contemporary Art in Sydney will be holding tours in which participants are required to shed their clothes and wander the galleries completely naked. The tours, taking place April 27-29, are organized by conceptual artist Stuart Ringholt, who will also be in the buff as he leads participants through the building.
People contemplating the idea of participation don't have to worry about nosy on-lookers or Peeping Toms. The tours, which are adults-only, are held after the museum's regular hours. The museum notes on its website that changing areas are available.
The objective behind requiring viewers to browse art in their birthday suits is manifold. But one of the reasons is to remove any "barriers" between artist and the works of art and to gain a "new perspective" on the current exhibitions, according to the museum.
Ringholt has held his brand of naked tours at other Australian museums, including the Australian Center for Contemporary Art and Museum of Old and New Art in Tasmania.
One account of Ringholt's naked tour at the former institution features some telling details of the care that goes into planning the event. Ringholt informed his participants that they should use the restrooms before getting undressed and that shoes were allowed. No lewd activity was tolerated.
At one point, Ringholt held a discussion with the visitors about their collective and individual experiences touring the galleries naked.
Ringholt's work as an artist has addressed the idea of public embarrassment. His performance pieces have featured him walking with toilet paper stuck to his pants and having phlegm run from his nose.
For France's Marianne, big breasts aren't always better
Larry Clark still causing trouble with racy photography exhibition
Art or obscenity? A nude model is arrested at the Met
-- David Ng
Photo: A detail of Fiona Foley's "Badtjala Woman (Two Sets of Beads)," in the collection of the Museum of Contemporary Art in Sydney, Australia. Credit: Fiona Foley / MCA

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Looking to buy or sell Machine-tools for working any material by removal of material, operated by electro-discharge processes? List your company on Macro Market.
Machine-tools for working any material by removal of material, operated by electro-discharge processes is the 1795th most traded product and the 167th most complex product according to the Product Complexity Index (PCI).
The top exporters of Machine-tools for working any material by removal of material, operated by electro-discharge processes are Japan ($218M), Switzerland ($168M), China ($139M), Thailand ($125M) and Germany ($113M). The top importers are China ($219M), the United States ($152M), Germany ($115M), Italy ($70.3M) and Japan ($47.3M).
Machine-tools for working any material by removal of material, operated by electro-discharge processes is a 6 digit HS07 product.
This treemap shows the share of countries that export Machine-tools for working any material by removal of material, operated by electro-discharge processes.
This treemap shows the share of countries that import Machine-tools for working any material by removal of material, operated by electro-discharge processes.
This visualization shows products that are likely to be exported by countries that export Machine-tools for working any material by removal of material, operated by electro-discharge processes.


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Q: Exclude tables in the Par file during export in oracle I have below export command for exporting the schema and which works fine in command prompt.
exp RATOR_MONITORING/RATOR_MONITORING@10.127.666.777/O2P0RTE PARFILE=exp02_rm.par

The exp02_rm.par file has below information:
OWNER=RATOR_MONITORING
LOG=exp02_rm.log
FILE=exp02_rm.dmp
INDEXES=Y
CONSTRAINTS=Y
GRANTS=Y
COMPRESS=Y
FULL=N
ROWS=Y
CONSISTENT=Y
BUFFER=102035256
FEEDBACK=500

Now i want to exclude few tables i.e KPI_LOGS,ALERT_LOGS which i dont want to export.But really dont know how to do that.

A: I dont know how to excludes the table in the PAR file. But you can use TABLES option in the PAR file and include the name of the tables you can to export.
OWNER=RATOR_MONITORING
LOG=exp02_rm.log
FILE=exp02_rm.dmp
TABLES=KPI_LOGS,ALERT_LOGS
INDEXES=Y
CONSTRAINTS=Y
GRANTS=Y
COMPRESS=Y
FULL=N
ROWS=Y
CONSISTENT=Y
BUFFER=102035256
FEEDBACK=500

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Keyword Analysis & Research: justice appointment definition government
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government 1.18 0.5 8115 33 10
Keyword Research: People who searched justice appointment definition government also searched
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How are judges appointed in the US?
Judgeship Appointments By President. Supreme Court justices, court of appeals judges, and district court judges are nominated by the President and confirmed by the United States Senate, as stated in the Constitution. The names of potential nominees are often recommended by senators or sometimes by members of the House who are...
How are judicial appointments carried out in the UK?
In recent years the UK has moved towards judicial appointments being carried out independently of government and the legal profession by way of judicial appointments boards or panels. Want to thank TFD for its existence?
What is the meaning of appointment?
Our team at The Usage has selected the best planner of 2021. 2 : the act of choosing for a position or office or of being chosen for a position or office She became less popular after her appointment as director. Test your visual vocabulary with our 10-question challenge!
What is Chief Justice?
CHIEF JUSTICE, officer. The president of a supreme court; as the chief justice of the United States, the chief justice of Pennsylvania, and the like. Vide 15 Vin. Ab. 3. A Law Dictionary, Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States.
Search Results related to justice appointment definition government on Search Engine
Judicial appointments legal definition of judicial
https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/judicial+appointments
judicial appointments. the appointment of judges. In recent years the UK has moved towards judicial appointments being carried out independently of government and the legal profession by way of judicial appointments boards or …
Appointment of Supreme Court Justices | Encyclopedia.com
encyclopedia.com
https://www.encyclopedia.com/politics/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/appointment-supreme-court-justices
APPOINTMENT OF SUPREME COURT JUSTICES. Under Article II, section 2, of the Constitution, Supreme Court Justices, like all other federal judges, are nominated and, with the advice and consent of the senate, appointed by the President. No other textual mandate, either procedural or substantive, governs the Chief Executive's selection.
DA: 34 PA: 4 MOZ Rank: 4 Up or Down: Up
Officers of the United States Within the Meaning ... - …
https://www.justice.gov/file/451191/download
Apr 16, 2007 · Meaning of the Appointments Clause . A position to which is delegated by legal authority a portion of the sovereign powers of the federal government and that is "continuing" is a federal office subject to the Constitution's Appointments Clause. A person who would hold such a position must be properly made an "Officer[] of the United
Nomination and confirmation to the Supreme Court of …
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomination_and_confirmation_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States
Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the United States Constitution, known as the Appointments Clause, empowers the president to nominate and, with the confirmation ( advice and consent) of the United States Senate, to appoint public officials, including justices of the Supreme Court.
Judgeship Appointments By President | United States Courts
https://www.uscourts.gov/judges-judgeships/authorized-judgeships/judgeship-appointments-president
Judgeship Appointments By President. Supreme Court justices, court of appeals judges, and district court judges are nominated by the President and confirmed by the United States Senate, as stated in the Constitution. The names of potential nominees are often recommended by senators or sometimes by members of the House who are of the President's political party.
Appointment of Judges | Department of Justice | Ministry
doj.gov.in
https://doj.gov.in/appointment-of-judges/
May 01, 2017 · Department of Justice, Ministry of Law and Justice, is responsible for the administrative functions in relation to the appointment of various judges at various courts in India, maintenance and revision of the conditions and rules of …
Chief justice legal definition of chief justice
https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/chief+justice
n. the presiding judge of any State Supreme Court and the United States Supreme Court. The Chief Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court is appointed by the President and then confirmed (or not) by the U. S. Senate.
Justices Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/justices
1: the process or result of using laws to fairly judge and punish crimes and criminals They received justice in court. the justice system See More Examples the U.S. Department of Justice criminals attempting to escape justice The role of the courts is … justice appointment
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Project FREE preschool in Petoskey, a program of the Women's Resource Center of Northern Michigan, has openings for children who will be 4 years of age by Dec. 1. The program provides students the opportunity to gain social and kindergarten readiness skills through various activities including art, music, dramatic play, computer time, outdoor play and centers.
Project FREE preschool is offered half days, Monday through Thursday, from October through May, and is free to those meeting certain state qualifying criteria. The classroom is located on Porter Street in the Women's Resource Center's administrative office building adjacent to the agency's Children's Learning Center. Parents that require full-day care for their child have access to the Children's Learning Center's licensed child care program.
Project FREE preschool is taught by returning lead teachers, Shelley Troup and Sara McVannel, and teaching assistant Trista Cady. Both lead teachers have elementary education degrees with early childhood endorsements and solid experience in the classroom setting. Teachers connect with students and their families through several home visits, the first of which takes place prior to the start of the school year to answer questions and complete necessary paperwork. Project FREE teachers offer parent-teacher conferences during the school year, as well as individual family counseling at no cost.
"The goal of Project FREE preschool is to make school a positive experience for each student and create a smooth transition into kindergarten," said Troup.
"It also helps give them confidence and lets them know what's expected of them within the structure of the classroom," added McVannel.
For those not eligible for Project FREE preschool, there are other fee-based childcare and preschool services for children age 2 1/2 to 11, available through the Children's Learning Center.
For more information about the either Project FREE or the Children's Learning Center, contact Nicole Wallesverd, children's services program director, at (231) 347-0067.


The seek out the "perfect" college can be quite a very overpowering and scary process, but as long as you enable such. I may be biased, but I really believe the school search process is probably the most fascinating times of your young adult's living! Where will they spend another four decades? What form of fabulous contacts and traditional friendships will they make? Similar to other items in living, there is not any perfect solution to begin apart from just snorkeling in and also believing to find the best.
1) COMMENCE EARLY! My partner and i cannot anxiety this adequate. I believe it makes every one of the difference on earth. Many consumers ask myself how early on is prematurily .. In my opinion, there are usually two forms of college visits you ought to undertake prior to a student's mature year. The initial, merely a trip to notice what college is similar to, how school operates, and to acquire a general sense for school campuses. These form of trips will start very early with all the prime moment for these kinds of visits occurring within a student's in 7th place, 8th, and also 9th level years. The next type regarding visit can be a more precise one together with specific goals at heart. Perhaps you may attend any college excursion, sit in the class, excursion the dorms, take in on campus, show up at a showing off event, or schedule a meeting with a great admissions police officer… These forms of trips to be able to narrow down the faculty playing industry are suitable, in my opinion for the summertime preceding any student's sophomore or perhaps junior yr. The strain of choosing the "perfect school" just isn't as robust, and pupils are fully developed enough to be able to categorize details and activities for upcoming decisions.
•The Princeton Evaluate: The finest 379 Universities (2015). In the event you look about Amazon, you'll find dozens (if not more) regarding college information books. That is hands-down the best. I carry out occasionally view others, but I find myself finding its way back to the particular Princeton Evaluate.
•U. Azines. News School Compass. That is updated annually (using a $30 payment) together with rankings according to tons regarding different classes. I suggest spending the particular yearly fee to have this fantastic information. Gleam free site create by You. S. Media & Planet Report together with great details, albeit not necessarily nearly since detailed.
•The School Board "College Search" loss. This is a superb site regarding students which can be just start their school search.
3) Obtain College Literature. Once you might have narrowed straight down the enjoying field, research your possible colleges and also request details! I love the net and most of its sources, but you'll find nothing quite being a glossy pamphlet or perhaps brochure to aid me love a university.
4) Take another look at Schools. The summertime before any student's mature year, and even the early spring break just before, is an enjoyable experience to revisit the most notable schools over a student's record. This time you should get in to the nitty gritty regarding academic and also campus living! Schedule any tour for certain, request a meeting with a great advisor or perhaps admissions rep, tour people dorm bedrooms, visit any class when allowed, browse the town, QUESTION QUESTIONS.
5) WILL NOT STRESS! To be honest, there in fact is NOT this kind of thing because the "perfect" university. While Harvard could be the proper fit for your guy sitting in front of you inside CHEM II, it may not be the best school to suit your needs. Maybe you might be better fitted to Cornell, NYU, or perhaps Tufts… all nonetheless "perfect" schools should they perfectly fit you. Will not stress. It is a very exciting time in life the location where the road in advance is endless… make the faculty search process a fantastic time at the same time.
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TWO weeks ago we celebrated with great dignity and respect the hundredth anniversary of the signing of the Armistice which saw the end of World War One.
This was the day the guns fell silent and a weary nation was told that at last it was "all over", but sadly for many it wasn't and for some it never would be.
Town March: The picture shows a group of Batley volunteers at the outset of war marching through Dewsbury, probably to the recruiting station in Dewsbury Town Hall. Bickers store is on the left of picture and far right is the Railway Hotel. Picture kindly loaned by Ronnie Ellis.
Thousands of local men were still overseas waiting for demobilisation and would not be reunited with loved ones for some months to come..
Hundreds were also in prison camps waiting to be repatriated with their units, and there were many more still in army hospitals across France.
Back home, however, the mood was jubilant with people taking to the streets, singing and dancing, and church bells, which had been silenced during the war, were ringing out joyfully across the valley.
Bonfires were lit, fireworks displayed, and local farmers provided sheep and oxen to be roasted and shared among the local population at impromptu parties.
But for some this was not how the Armistice should have been celebrated and they were not afraid to speak out against such festivities.
They railed against such scenes of joy and jubilation being expressed so freely, and called for people to be more mindful of those still in deep sorrow.
The critics were mainly members of the old borough council who felt the Armistice should be celebrated decently and with order and not with junketing.
They were happy to contribute £3,000 to celebrating the Armistice but in a way they felt fit and certainly should not include any kind of feasting.
One member, Sir Mark Oldroyd, had been disappointed at the sight of such feasting in the town when there were people still grieving the loss of a child, father, husband, brother.
"We ought to remember at this hour all those hundreds and thousands of people in this town whose rejoicing is tempered with sorrow and sympathy for those who have been bereaved," he said.
It was agreed that a service of thanksgiving should be held and afterwards a public event involving local school children with the emphasis on world peace.
A public holiday was also declared with mill owners and other employees announcing they would not allow their work people to suffer any financial loss by not going into work that day.
Sir Mark, a mill owner himself and a strict teetotaller, trusted that the holiday would be free from all excesses, and that time would be spent in humble acknowledgement of God's goodness to them.
Within days of the Armistice being declared local shops and businesses were quick to capitalise on it with shops urging customers to start spending.
Dewsbury's top departmental store reminded customers that their new range of ladies wear would delight the eye and charm the hearts of the boys coming home.
The military were also quick to recoup some money by selling off surplus army garments no longer necessary now the war was over.
A local auctioneer, acting under instructions from the Ministry of Munitions, offered for sale 11,000 articles of part-worn Army clothing suitable for civilian wear.
Those attending the auction were second-hand clothes dealers, owners of common lodging-houses and other clothes dealers, many from Manchester, Leeds and Barnsley.
In the meantime, thousands of Dewsbury and Batley men were still in uniform in countries throughout the world, wondering if they might be home for Christmas. They were not.
For the demobilisation of millions of men in an orderly and fair way and as speedily as possible, would prove to be a tremendous problem for the military.
Generally, those who had a job waiting for them were allowed to return first, with the release of other men proceeding under a scheme of priority.
Married men were given preference over single, but a certain number of long-serving and pre-war enlisted men, were included in each draft home.
Men who hadn't a job waiting for them, and whose work in civilian life was not of urgent national importance, were formed into "skeleton units" to deal with guns, stores and horses etc.
Prisoners of war, the sick and the wounded in medical care were demobilised once they were physically fit for civilian life.
The concentration camps used by the Germans were put into good use as holding camps for those being demobilised.
Soldiers living in Dewsbury and Batley were sent from their unit to one of these camps which had been set aside for men from the West Riding.
The war was quickly forgotten back home and all the talk now was of peace and re-establishing industries and getting men back working to rebuild the country.
What no one could have foreseen was that 20 years later, many of those demobilised men would be back fighting again, and so would their sons.


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Virreinato de la Nueva España

Pedro de Gante (1480–1572)
Hernando Franco (1532–85)
Juan Navarro Gaditanus.(c. 1550 – c. 1610)
Juan Gutiérrez de Padilla.
Antonio de Salazar.

República

Rodolfo Halffter

See also
List of Mexican composers of classical music

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


There are five even bigger Wall Street banks now, instead of the ten.
Crony capitalism is what happens when government gets so big and so powerful that only the big and the powerful can handle it.
Abortion should not be a government issue.
An algorithmic government would be fairer and more efficient than what we have now.
Is the Joint Resolution vulnerable when considering delegating the power to make the laws to other branches?


The Qlik Sense Proxy Service (QPS) retrieves its settings from the Qlik Sense Repository Service (QRS). The first poll is done at the start-up of the QPS. If the QRS does not respond, the QPS keeps polling the QRS and does not forward any traffic. When the initial poll has been successfully completed, the QPS subscribes to changes to its settings. The QRS notifies the QPS when it is time for a new poll.
Normally, the Qlik Management Console (QMC) is used to manage the QPS settings.


Ai3 has been working with Blessed Sacrament School for many years, assisting them in implementing various strategies for renovation and reuse of their existing building. The most recent project includes the re-design of the existing student center and dining area, along with the associated primary entry lobby. The school wanted to create a more dynamic environment for students, while also creating a much-needed multi-purpose space for presentations, meetings, and school community use. Ai3 worked collaboratively with the school to establish realistic fund-raising goals and to develop projects that matched the available funding and budget.


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Papirio Silvestri (1592–1659) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Macerata e Tolentino (1642–1659).

Biography
Papirio Silvestri was born in Cingoli, Italy in 1592.
On 14 July 1642, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Urban VIII as Bishop of Macerata e Tolentino.
On 3 August 1642, he was consecrated bishop by Girolamo Verospi, Bishop of Osimo, with Giovanni Battista Altieri, Bishop Emeritus of Camerino, and Marco Antonio Coccini, Bishop of Anglona-Tursi, serving as co-consecrators.
He served as Bishop of Macerata e Tolentino until his death in February 1659.

Episcopal succession
While bishop, he was the principal co-consecrator of:

References

External links and additional sources
 (for Chronology of Bishops)
 (for Chronology of Bishops)

17th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops
Bishops appointed by Pope Urban VIII
1592 births
1659 deaths


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Volia adds Discovery's ID Xtra
23rd September 2014 @ 10:43
Ukrainian cable operator Volia has added Discovery's ID Xtra to its programming line-up, marking the debut of the channel in the country.
The female-focused channel will be available via Volia's basic digital packages. Shows to be premiered on the service in Ukraine include Secret Lives of Stepford Wives and Beauty Queen Murders.
Discovery launched discovery in its central and eastern Europe, Middle East and Africa region in April, sitting alongside the existing ID channel.
Tags: Discovery, Discovery ID Extra, ID Extra, Ukraine, Volia
Mediaset launches new offering as ViacomCBS pulls DTT channels
Italian broadcaster Mediaset – now known as MediaForEurope – has launched a new free-to-air movies and series channel, Twenty Seven. The channel, which is now on air, is dedicated to films and international TV series, including US blockbusters aimed at a family audience. Mediaset acquired the channel slot – channel 27 on the digital-terrestrial network […]
New president for Hulu in sweeping changes for Disney's DTC business
Disney has announced the appointment of Joe Earley as the president of streaming service Hulu as part of wider changes to the company's direct-to-consumer business. The company has said that it is creating a new International Content and Operations group under chairman Rebecca Campbell, who is handed an expanded role. She, and the business she […]
NBCUniversal calls for 'declaration of measurement independence' as Nielsen comes under pressure
Allente completes integration of Google's Common Broadcast Stack for Android TV
Liberty Global partners with Plume for intelligent WiFi rollout in Netherlands and Poland
DAZN hit by Serie A problems as Sky, TIM reach agreements on bars


Morecambe Carnival is back thanks to local businessman David Brayshaw.
During a night out with friends in Morecambe, the conversation had inevitably turned to Morecambe's demise as a tourist destination, the closure of pubs and small shops and how sad it was that so many businesses had closed.
David decided that rather than just bemoan the situation, he could do something positive to give the resort a much needed boost.
David was born in 1962 at the Queen Victoria Hospital in Morecambe, David is officially 'sand grown' and whilst he didn't experience Morecambe in its heyday of the post war era, he has fond memories of growing up in Heysham during the 70's and 80's and making use of the wealth of facilities that Morecambe had to offer in those days.
In particular, the Morecambe & Heysham Carnival was a highlight of the summer season and always seem to draw huge crowds, creating a great sense of community spirit.
David runs a local Water Treatment & Swimming Pool company, Aqua Engineering Systems Ltd and feels strongly about both employing local people and wherever possible, doing business with companies from the local area, thus helping to fund the local economy.
He has many friends and business contacts in the area and he felt confident that he could draw on the support of these individuals to support the re-introduction of the Carnival for 2014.
A quick canvass of opinion was unanimously positive and David quickly assembled a committee of like-minded individuals, made up of local business with The Bay Radio on board as the main sponsor.
After several meetings it now seems that this is actually happening!
We hope you will agree that by bringing back the Morecambe Carnival for 2014, we can inject some much needed 'feel good factor' and generate some positive publicity for the resort.
Help us gather support by giving us a Like on Facebook, a Follow on Twitter and by signing up to our newsletter to keep up to date with everything that's happening.
I think it's great to get the Morecambe Carnival going again in 2014 and I wish you very much succes with this project. I was in the Morecambe carnival with my friends in the 60s (can't remember the exact year) and had a great time;..lovely memories. I'm a "sand grown" one too, born in Queen Victoria Hospital and I grew up in Morecambe until I got married and came to live in France. Our daughter too was born in Queen Victoria Hospital. Anyhow, once again all the very best of luck with the 2014 Carnival!!! I'll be following all the news.


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Waltz Tango Foxtrot
A Conversation with Arlene Yu, Blackpool Finalist
by WTF Staff
She steps forward with her head held high, hand in hand with her dance partner, as they stride across the broad expanse of the Blackpool Dance Festival floor, surrounded by legendary ballroom and Latin dancers across generations of the sport. Her eyes are coated in thick glitter and fake lashes, her costume shimmering in gold. Her name is Arlene Yu, and she is a librarian.
In May, Yu took a week-long vacation from her job at the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts and travelled to Blackpool, England, to attend the largest ballroom and Latin competition in the world, representing the United States, New York City, and every dancer who started dancing later in life. Our magazine recently sat down with the Over 50 Latin Blackpool finalist, to discuss dancing, her career, and how the two often come together in the most interesting ways.
What was it like being in the Blackpool final, representing the United States?
In 2018, when it first happened, we really wanted it but we didn't dare believe that it would actually happen. The entire final was kind of a dream, and I think I actually sort of lost focus because I was so out of it, I was so tired from the entire day. This year, we knew there were people in the field who had beaten us at other competitions, and so, we were kind of prepared to not be in the final. But this year, I really felt like I lived every moment, I was fully there for every single round. It was really indescribable to feel like we actually managed to do this, that last year wasn't a fluke, that we actually are this good. Of course, when I look at the video, it's not necessarily the feeling I get. [laughs]
Just to hear our names called out, to hear that we're representing the United States, and to know that there are people at home watching, to know how difficult it can be for a US couple to compete against European couples.
At Blackpool, the floor is almost twice as long, and they will put 24 couples on the floor at a time. The ceiling is so high, and you don't normally get that in the US. Except for BYU Nationals or USA Dance Nationals, you're dancing in hotel ballrooms with low ceilings.
At Blackpool, you're dancing, and there's Brian Watson watching you dance. The front row is almost all former champions. There's Melia, there's Brian, there's Carmen, and I have to not let that distract me. The music is so different, and you kind of have to throw yourself into this Lawrence Welk-ish atmosphere that you never get in the US at all. It's just a really amazing feeling.
Photo courtesy of DanceFile.eu – Dance Events Photography
How did your ballroom dancing career begin?
I picked up ballet as an adult, but I got a pretty severe back injury, and I wasn't dancing for about six years. I realized I was really bored, and so I started social dancing first, as a way to get back into a form of dance that was less physically demanding. I believed that I would not be competing — I recognize that I'm very competitive, and I'm very type A, so I wanted dancing to be this space that was not like that.
Fairly early on, I was talked into competing by my coach, and I danced Pro-Am, though I could never really afford to do more than a few competitions a year. Then I was approached by an amateur who asked if I was interested in dancing Am-Am. I was like, "Well, I've never done that, and it sounds interesting." Eventually, I realized I did want to take my dancing in that direction.
In what ways does your ballroom world interact with your professional world?
When I first started dancing, both ballet and ballroom, I never wanted to call myself a dancer. I didn't feel legitimate. There wasn't a moment when I suddenly felt like I could call myself a dancer, I just realized how much of it I do, how of it is in my life, how much space I make for it, and how I think about it all the time, and that's when I started claiming it. But it took years, and years, and years, maybe 12 or 15 years of saying, "Oh, well I just take dance class," or "Oh, well, you know, I just compete sometimes."
I had always separated dance from my professional life. Every time I talked about, or someone heard about it at work, I felt a bit like an animal in a zoo. They'd start asking questions, and they would get this look on their faces, where I just sort of felt exoticized, made other, made different, in an uncomfortable way. It's hard enough being a woman of color in the workplace.
I think it wasn't until I decided to go to library school, that I explicitly wrote in my application that I wanted to work as a dance archivist, that I sort of put it out there that I wanted to work with something I cared deeply about. That's when I began to integrate the two pieces of my life. It's been very gratifying — I mean, it's still a little weird at work because people want me to come in full costume, and I'm like, I'm not getting up four hours early in order to get ready for you! [laughs] At the same time, it really informs my practice. The dancers that I interact with, they understand what I'm saying, and I understand their point of view.
How did you begin your career in archives?
I started training as an archivist when I realized that every job I'd ever held involved the same skill sets, the same things I was always gravitating towards — organization, representation of information, a love of researching.
I had about 15 different careers before this career, because I tried a lot of things on. I worked for affordable housing for New York City for a year, I worked for a record company for a year, I worked for an architecture firm for two years, I worked in investment banking for many many years, but not as an investment banker.
Why do you think collegiate dancers should learn more about archiving?
Dance is such a new subject academically. In some respects, it's one of the oldest art forms, but as a recognized art form in the US, it's extremely new. Having archives, having actual papers and raw materials and primary sources that people can research is a part of what makes dance legitimate. If you are a collegiate dancer, you might want to know where it all came from. There are various articles and blog posts circulating out there, and I don't know if they're true or not. I haven't done the research. But I'd like to see more people doing that and engaging with it, and taking a step back from the industry. I think that will help it grow, and be taken more seriously by our wider society.
What advice do you have for collegiate dancers who worry about starting dance later in life?
I mean, it's not really an interesting question to me, you know, whether you'll ever be at the same level as Yulia. The real interesting question is how good can you be, what you can achieve as an individual. Everyone has to face the slow deterioration of your body as you get older, and it's really more interesting to ask, in the face of that, how good can you actually get? It's a much more fulfilling question. Sometimes you don't realize what you really want to do until later in life, so just be patient with yourself. Keep doing what you want to do. Have faith that something will happen.
When I started really taking dancing seriously, my mother said to me, "I'm really sorry I didn't let you take ballet." But, there's no guarantee that, if I'd begun dancing as a child, that I'd still be dancing today. I could've been severely injured, I could have hated it. I'm dancing now, and that's all that matters.
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Strenuous exercise safe for people at high risk of knee arthritis
People at high risk for knee osteoarthritis (OA) may be nervous and reluctant to participate in strenuous physical activities such as jogging, cycling, singles tennis and skiing. But a new study showed vigorous exercise did not increase their risk of developing OA and may even protect them from it.
Photo by Clem Onojeghuo from Unsplash.com
People at high risk for knee osteoarthritis (OA) may be nervous and reluctant to participate in strenuous physical activities such as jogging, cycling, singles tennis and skiing. But a new Northwestern Medicine study that followed high-risk individuals for 10 years showed vigorous exercise did not increase their risk of developing OA and may even protect them from it.
"Our study findings convey a reassuring message that adults at high risk for knee OA may safely engage in long-term strenuous physical activity at a moderate level to improve their general health and well-being," said Alison Chang, associate professor of physical therapy and human movement sciences at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine.
The study is published in JAMA Network Open.
Osteoarthritis is the most common joint disorder in the United States, affecting an estimated 32.5 million adults, according to the Centers for Disease Control. The knee is the most commonly affected joint. The lifetime risk of developing symptomatic, radiographic knee OA (as diagnosed on an x-ray) is approximately 38% to 45%. The estimated median age of diagnosis is 55 years.
In this observational study of 1,194 persons at high risk for but without radiographic evidence of knee OA who were followed for up to 10 years, long-term participation in strenuous physical activities was not associated with risk of developing radiographic knee OA. In fact, the vigorously exercising individuals in the study were 30% less likely to develop OA, although the number was not considered statistically significant.
The activities included jogging, swimming, cycling, singles tennis, aerobic dance and skiing. Persistent extensive sitting was not associated with either elevated or reduced risk.
Excessive body weight, history of joint injury or surgery, aging and chronic knee symptoms place an individual at elevated risk for developing knee OA. Although regular physical activity and exercise provide multiple health benefits, uncertainty about whether vigorous physical activity participation could cause pain and further tissue damage is a common concern. The researchers' analysis showed nearly 50% of the adults at high risk for this disease did not engage in any strenuous physical activity over eight years.
"People suffering from knee injuries or who had arthroscopic surgical repair of ACL or meniscus are often warned that they are well on the path to develop knee OA," Chang said. "They may be concerned that participating in vigorous activities or exercises could cause pain and further tissue damage. To mitigate this perceived risk, some have cut down or discontinue strenuous physical activities, although these activities are beneficial to physical and mental health."
The study analyzed data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative, a longitudinal observational study of men and women (age range: 45 to 79 years) with or at an increased risk of developing knee OA, recruited from four communities in the U.S. At the study onset and subsequent visits for up to 10 years of follow-up, the participants received X-rays for both knees to determine knee OA disease status and reported their weekly strenuous physical activity participation and sitting patterns.
In 1,194 participants who had no knee OA confirmed by X-ray at the study onset, researchers identified four distinct long-term trajectory patterns of strenuous physical activity participation and three distinct trajectory patterns of extensive sitting over an 8-year period. They then examined if long-term engagement of strenuous physical activity or extensive sitting behavior were each associated with risk of developing knee OA.
"Adults at high risk for knee OA may safely engage in long-term strenuous physical activity at a moderate level," Chang said. "Health care providers may consider incorporating physical activity counselling as part of the standard care for high-risk individuals at an early stage when physical activity engagement is more attainable."
Other Northwestern authors include Dr. Leena Sharma, Julia Lee, Joan Chmiel, Orit Almagor and Jing Song.
Related Topics:arthritisexercisemental exercisesenior caresenior healthseniorstummy exercise
Santé Barley TriTeam represents biggest Phl team contingent at Vega IRONMAN World Championship
Spending time in the garden linked to better health and wellbeing
New research highlights power of life long exercise to keep muscles healthy
Older people in good shape have fitter brains
Now, as social restrictions ease, you may find yourself stepping up your workouts, whether you're training for an event or working to improve your game in a recreational league.
In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, many Americans are more aware of their health and wellness. Now, as social restrictions ease, you may find yourself stepping up your workouts, whether you're training for an event or working to improve your game in a recreational league.
Sprains, strains and injuries can happen to even the most seasoned athletes. When you're testing your limits, even a minor injury can alter your performance. Consider products and supports like these from the CURAD Performance Series product line, available at Walmart and Amazon, to help you get back in the game quickly and safely.
Find more resources to support your fitness journey at CURAD.com.
Keep Dirt and Germs Away
The more active you are, the harder it can be to find a bandage that stays with you all day or all game long.
Spray Away Sore Spots
Controlling mild pain can help keep you at the top of your game, and a topical analgesic works fast to heal common pain brought on by fitness and exercise, such as pain in knees, feet, shoulders and backs.
Put Pain in the Past
When recovery becomes the name of the game and pain relief is needed after daily workouts or bodily injuries. Cold packs work to heal bruises, reduce swelling and relieve headaches and general pain points while microwavable heat packs provide satisfying heat therapy to address sore and stiff joints, muscle cramps and tension.
Reduce Impact of Knee Strain
Weak, injured or arthritic knees can come from many sources, including tendonitis and a wide range of conditions that result in strain or overuse. An adjustable band can provide support for on-field sports and during workouts or everyday activities.
Manage Pain and Relieve Pressure
If you participate in endurance and strength exercises or certain sports, you may ask a lot of your joints. Kinesiology tape can be configured a multitude of ways to help reduce pain and improve blood circulation, as well as relieve tension and pressure.
Control Back Strain
When your back is strained, your body and performance can suffer. A mild or moderate sprain can benefit from strong support and compression.
A significant increase in tear secretion and tear film stability after participating in aerobic exercise can be another remedy for relieving dry, itchy eyes.
Photo by Quinten de Graaf from Unsplash.com
A team led by researchers from the University of Waterloo discovered that a significant increase in tear secretion and tear film stability after participating in aerobic exercise can be another remedy for relieving dry, itchy eyes.
Every time we blink, our eyes are covered in tear film—an essential protective coating necessary for maintaining healthy ocular function. Healthy tear film comprises three layers–oil, water, and mucin–that work together to hydrate the ocular surface and protect against infection-causing irritants like dust or dirt.
When any part of the tear film becomes unstable, the ocular surface can develop dry spots, causing eye symptoms like itchiness or stinging and burning sensations.
"With so much of our activity tied to screen usage, dry eye symptoms are becoming increasingly common," said Heinz Otchere, a PhD candidate in vision science at Waterloo. "Instead of having to use eye drops or other alternative treatments, our study aimed to determine if remaining physically active can be an effective preventative measure against dryness."
Fifty-two participants were divided into two groups—athlete and non-athlete—to participate in an exercise session. Participants in the athlete group exercised at least five times per week, while non-athlete participants exercised no more than once per week. Researchers, which included experts from the University of Cape Coast in Ghana, performed visual examinations before and five minutes after each exercise session, where tear secretion and tear break-up time were assessed.
While participants in the athlete group showed the largest increase, Otchere says all participants experienced a meaningful boost in tear quantity and tear film stability after the exercise session.
"It can be challenging for people to regularly exercise when the demand is there to work increasingly longer hours in front of screens," Otchere said. "However, our findings show physical activity can be really important for not just our overall well-being, but for our ocular health too."
The study, Differential effect of maximal incremental treadmill exercise on tear secretion and tear film stability in athletes and non-athletes, was co-authored by Otchere, the University of Cape Coast's Samuel Abokyi, Sekyere Nyamaah, and Michael Ntodie, and Ghana's Our Lady of Grace Hospital's Yaw Osei Akoto. It was recently published in the Experimental Eye Research journal.
Late-life exercise mitigates skeletal muscle epigenetic aging.
Photo by Caley Vanular from Unsplash.com
For people who hate exercising, here comes some more bad news: it may also keep you younger. Not just looking younger, but actually younger, on an epigenetic level. By now, the benefits of exercise have been well established, including increased strength of bones and muscles, improved mobility and endurance, and lower risk of heart disease, diabetes and high blood pressure.
But younger?
A study recently published in Aging Cell, "Late-life exercise mitigates skeletal muscle epigenetic aging," suggests this could be the case. The paper was written by a team of seven researchers across three institutions, including Kevin Murach, an assistant professor in the Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation at the U of A. Murach's grant from the National Institute of Health funded the study, and he was one of three co-first authors.
Bootcamp for Mice
While the paper is dense with data, reflecting the use of several analytic tools, the experiment that generated the data was relatively straightforward. Lab mice nearing the end of their natural lifespan, at 22 months, were allowed access to a weighted exercise wheel. Generally, mice require no coercion to run and will do so voluntarily. Older mice will run anywhere from six to eight kilometers a day, mostly in spurts, while younger mice may run up to 10-12 kilometers. The weighted wheel ensured they built muscle. While there isn't a direct analogue to most human exercise routines, Murach likened it to "a soldier carrying a heavy backpack many miles."
When the mice were studied after two months of progressive weighted wheel running, it was determined that they were the epigenetic age of mice eight weeks younger than sedentary mice of the same age — 24 months. Murach noted that while the specific strain of mice and their housing conditions can impact lifespans, "historically, they start dropping off after 24 months at a significant rate." Needless to say, when your lifespan is measured in months, an extra eight weeks — roughly 10 percent of that lifespan — is a noteworthy gain.
Methylation, My Dear Watson
The science behind this, while complicated, hinges largely on a biological process known as DNA methylation. A recent New York Times article discussing Murach's work on muscle memory described methylation "as a process in which clusters of atoms, called methyl groups, attach themselves to the outside of genes like minuscule barnacles, making the genes more or less likely to turn on and produce particular proteins."
As the body ages, there tends to be increased DNA methylation, or even hypermethylation, at promoter sites on genes in muscle. "DNA methylation changes in a lifespan tend to happen in a somewhat systematic fashion," Murach explained, "to the point you can look at someone's DNA from a given tissue sample and with a fair degree of accuracy predict their chronological age." Due to this, researchers can use one of a number of "methylation clocks" to determine the age of a DNA sample.
DNA Methylation, Aging and Exercise
While the paper strengthens the case for exercise, there is still much that needs to be learned. Though the connection between methylation and aging is clear, the connection between methylation and muscle function is less clear. Murach is not yet prepared to say that the reversal of methylation with exercise is causative for improved muscle health. "That's not what the study was set up to do," he explained. However, he intends to pursue future studies to determine if "changes in methylation result in altered muscle function."
"If so, what are the consequences of this?" he continued. "Do changes on these very specific methylation sites have an actual phenotype that emerges from that? Is it what's causing aging or is it just associated with it? Is it just something that happens in concert with a variety of other things that are happening during the aging process? So that's what we don't know."


Crosby House is a residential care home for older people located in the Ashgrove area of Aberdeen. Crosby House has 39 spacious individual rooms with en-suite toilet and wash hand basin, and provides 24-hour-long term care and support to residents over the age of 55.
I like the fact that we are all encouraged to be involved in Crosby House, both residents and relatives. I feel comfortable discussing things with the staff and have never been made to feel it's an inconvenience for them.
Please take time to have a look at our most recent Care Inspectorate Report.
Learn more about Crosby House.


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National Occupational Standards for Credit Management
The revised National Occupational Standards are accurate reflections of the operational role within credit management and provide a sound basis for user-friendly specifications that could apply to job roles within different organisations.
In April 2008 we became the Sector Skills Council responsible for accountancy and related occupations, taking over from the Accountancy Occupational Standards Group, the former Standards Setting Body.
As part of this role we are now responsible for the National Occupational Standards for Credit Management. These had last been approved in 2005, although only minor wording changes had been made at that time to the version which had been approved in 2002.
The National Occupational Standards
A major review of these NOS was launched in December 2008, intended to bring the Standards up-to-date in terms of practice and presentation. The final output is designed to be used with the NOS for Accountancy & Finance to form a wide suite to cover accountancy and related occupations.
We consulted on the draft NOS across the UK via a questionnaire which appeared on our website and by focus group events and a series of telephone interviews. We are grateful to all respondents, and we would also like to acknowledge the help of the Institute of Credit Management in this project.
The National Occupational Standards for Credit Management can be downloaded below.
NOS for Credit Management (pdf)
The units can also be downloaded individually from the NOS Directory, at
http://ukstandards.org.uk/Find_Occupational_Standards.aspx?NosFindID=4&SuiteID=1981.
For further information about these NOS, please contact the NOS team by emailing [email protected] or calling 0845 618 2379.
We welcome feedback on the National Occupational Standards which we have produced. If you would like to comment on the NOS for Credit Management, please complete and return the feedback form (which can be downloaded below) to [email protected].
NOS Feedback Form (MS Word)


Samuel "Skip" E. Vichness, Senior Partner of Quality Camping Properties and Managing Partner of GreyPine LLC, received the American Jewish Distinguished Service Award from Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion (HUC-JIR) at Graduation in New York on Thursday, May 5, 2011 at Congregation Emanu-El of the City of New York, 10 East 66th Street, New York City.
Vichness received the B.A. from Randolph Macon College (1969), and the Ph.D. from Florida State University (1975). He previously served as Director of Harbor Hills Day Camp (1983-2004) and Associate Director of Camp Raman in the Berkshires (1979-83).
Dr. Vichness is the Chair of the Foundation for Jewish Camp and Past Chair of the National Ramah Commission. He is a member of the New York Advisory Board of Facing History, Facing Ourselves, past President of Solomon Schechter of Essex and Union Counties, Founding Chair of the Ben Appelbaum Foundation, past President of the American Camp Association – New York Section, and a member of the Board of Trustees of Randolph Macon College.


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The Better Angels
Your Brother in Arms
The Backchat Blog
Author Robert C. Plumb has created this blog to share information, opinions, and ideas about the subject of the American Civil War. All segments of coverage about the War – academic treatise, "popular history," and fictional accounts – will be included if they merit coverage and discussion. After reading this blog if you are informed, enlightened, or encouraged to discover more, the author will consider that this blog is accomplishing what he intended.
The Union "Apple Jack Raid" — December 1864
by Robert Plumb | Jan 4, 2022
In the closing months of 1864, General Ulysses S. Grant was eager to put pressure on the Confederate supply and communication lines that he thought were vulnerable. He wanted to choke off Robert E. Lee's source of men, equipment, and food once and for all. Key...
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Copyright 2020 Robert Plumb


text:
Ecology, Biogeography & Conservation Article
by James M. Ko
This article provides general observations of habitats where Jackson's chameleons dwell on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. I do not impart specific details on the exact locations where Jacksoni can be found. Collectors with an understanding of life in the field will find enough information to help you (should you decide to visit and collect samples of Jacksoni for your private collection).
It has been nearly 30 years since the Jackson's chameleon were first released into the hills of the Ko'olau. During this time, I have been fortunate to gain knowledge of the animal and its characteristics in nature, and to learn about the biome which supports the Jackson's chameleon's life style. Through this, I have gained a greater appreciation for the natural sciences of the earth and an even greater appreciation for natural life as it occurs in Hawaii. The past two decades have seen dramatic changes in both the popularity of Jackson's chameleons as a "pet trade item" and the populations of Jackson's chameleons that have established themselves throughout Hawaii. I am constantly mindful of what I have seen, and accept the fact that it is within human nature to:
Be self-serving and/or greedy.
Haul animals out by the droves.
Ruin habitat for other wildlife.
Sell animals to the uneducated, thereby causing the death of the animals.
Break the law.
It would be simplistic to explain that Hawaii is a "tropical paradise" which provides all the requirements to sustain the Jackson's lifestyle. But if one truly wants to learn why or where Jackson's chameleons have managed to establish themselves, success comes with understanding the precursors of Hawaiiana from an ecological perspective.
Unlike many areas of the continental United States, the climate in the Hawaiian Islands can be uniquely variable from one location to the next. At the same time, weather conditions will remain consistent to each particular area, year round. To put this statement into perspective, consider that the lower Manoa valley received an annual precipitation of 68.9 inches during 1997. A five minute drive by car to the upper Manoa valley, with an annual precipitation of 162.7 inches in 1997, reveals how two locations in close proximity to each other can differ in climate, yet maintain its own stable weather patterns during any given period (see Precipitation Table).
To help understand why this occurs, one must understand the pivotal connection between Oahu's high mountain range (Ko'olau) and Oahu's abundant rainfall. The crest of the central Ko'olau range overlooks the island of Oahu and receives over 250 inches of rainfall annually.
Moisture from the ocean is driven up against the mountains, where it rises, cools, forms clouds, and then, falls as rain. It is estimated that an average of about two billion gallons of rain fall on Oahu during a typical year. As rain soaks into the slopes of the Ko'olau and slowly makes its way down through the porous volcanic rock, it ends up deep within the basal aquifer system of Oahu. It is within this relationship that various ecological niches develop and diverse life forms evolve and flourish.
The Hawaiian Islands were initially formed when shield volcanoes rose up from the ocean floor and created gently sloping, symmetrical mountains.
These mountains slope into numerous valleys, and have been shaped by millions of years of erosion. In general, the deepest valleys begin where rainfall is heaviest. The wettest areas of Hawaii are often teeming with vegetation, and in some areas, overgrowth of the topography, as well as weather conditions make it inaccessible to man.
Below the crest of the volcanic mountain, many of the valleys slope into rainforest entrenchments which support unique microclimates and ecosystems. These elevations can range from 1,200 & 2,000 feet depending upon the location, with temperature conditions 2-4 degrees F cooler than lower level areas. Moisture and vegetation also differ greatly as you ascend from lower to higher areas; from thorny shrubs, kiawe (Prosopis pallida) and kukui (candle nut tree), to acacia, eucalyptus, coffee, strawberry guava (Psidium cattleianum), and carpeted by dense, ferns, vines, etc.
The amount of rainfall in an area varies dramatically depending on which side of a mountain one happens to be. In general, trade winds blow from the northeast, carrying moisture to the windward slopes and travel over the Ko'olau range to the rest of the island of Oahu. Among some of the trails leading to the rainforest, hau, ohia ai, guava trees, and bamboo are common. Nocturnal temperatures can drop 4-8 degrees F depending on location and time of year. As a general rule of thumb, hikers can experience temperature changes between 3-5 degrees Fahrenheit for every 1,000 feet of elevation.
Jacksoni found in the rainforest areas appear to be larger, healthier, and more robust compared to those found in lower levels of the valley basin. A number of factors contributing to this differential growth will be described later in this article. In general, the coloration and markings appear to be influenced by the flora/fauna, food source, and sunlight surrounding them. Young adult animals from the rainforest habitats tend to be lighter in color (bright yellow/blue, green) compared to animals found in the basin, which have darker markings (dark green, brown, red, etc.).
High Elevation
Young Female from Rainforest
Yearling Male
From Rainforest
Trail in Valley Basin
Large Mature Female
from Basin
Large Male from Valley Basin
One interesting physical observation of "some" Jacksoni subtly appears in the dorsal area. Picture 1 depicts a "double ridge" in the dorsal crest of one male Jacksoni, versus a common single ridge found on most animals in picture 2. There is not enough evidence to suggest that this is "area specific" or whether it might be due to directional selection or genetic drift.
Double Ridge
Single Ridge
Additional observation by some Jacksoni collectors in Hawaii finds adult animals in the rainforest habitats to be reticent in personality. If confirmed, this difference may be due to less frequent visits by man to the higher elevations as compared to lower elevation areas where trails are more readily accessible to the casual hiker, mountain bicyclist etc. In general, personal observations of jacksonii dwelling in thick, dense habitats, have found them to be shier than those found in less abundant foliage, regardless of habitat elevation.
Many of the rainforest habitats are actually protected by broad State laws, which prohibit the removal or harm of the natural flora/fauna etc. Thus, simply trekking through a rainforest with a machete to find Jackson's chameleons (regardless of whether one has a permit) may be illegal. Interestingly, during earlier years, when Jackson's chameleons had not yet been acknowledged by the State of Hawaii (pre -1990), it was illegal for anyone to own these animals locally.
Valley Basin
The basin areas are generally more accessible for collecting Jackson's chameleons, regardless of the valley (i.e. Kaneohe/Kailua, Kahaluu, Nuuanu, Tantalus, Kalihi, Palolo, Moanalua, Aiea, and the Leeward areas etc.). During the mid - late 1980's, basin animals were very robust and plentiful. This was, in part, due to seeding efforts by local herpers and black market entrepreneurs in the late 1970's to early 1980's, and more importantly, a demand for jacksonii, which had not yet peaked.
While early generations of jacksonii populations became established and colonized many new basin habitats, changes in topography and the demand for Jacksoni over the years, have impeded their genetic diversity. Residential development, construction to prevent rockslides, completion of the H2 and H3 freeway, clearing of fauna by municipal govt., and leptospirosis in certain natural streams, were some of the significant changes, which adversely affected the food sources for jacksonii in a number of habitat areas.
In addition to changes in the topography, competition with other species that were affected and/or displaced with jacksonii further complicated the original niche of the ecosystem. During the early 1990's, it was easy to find jacksonii in numerous basin areas (in part, due to their displacement) and it fashioned the perception that there was an over abundance of jacksonii.
As perception of the over abundance circulated, some of the most vocal chameleon enthusiasts on the Internet were raising issue with the impact that jacksonii were having on the environment. This erroneous perception only supported the increasing demand for Jackson's chameleons during the 1990's and encouraged a new breed of entrepreneur whose only "cause" was to meet market demand. The sight of off-road vehicles tearing up the street with fog lights and stereos blasting, shining small craft spotlights up into the trees, seemed to become commonplace in many areas.
The result of these changes has affected the genetic diversity of lower basin jacksonii, and legitimate reductions are reported in a number of Oahu's basin areas. In addition, smaller pockets of "young populations" seem more frequent as opposed to mature populations in well-established areas. This is reminiscent of early-seeding years when local herpers began introducing jacksonii to other areas of the island. This is also true of some of the outer island populations which are Òless matureÓ and which were founded by a very small breeding population which lacked genetic diversity. These young populations need time to increase their genetic variability and adapt to the different environmental schemes that have been forced into their ecosystem.
There are noticeable differences between young jacksonii populations compared to those found in more mature-established areas (indicative of the upper rainforest). Jacksoni from young populations tend to display weaker physical characteristics (e.g. poor horn/skeletal development, narrower helmet crests, slighter built limbs and muscularity, and gaunt hip development).
With the recent advent of the DLNR's export curtailment, populations of jacksonii found in lower basin areas will receive a reprieve. However, considering the disturbances imposed upon the ecosystem, the rate of population increase may not be as prolific as it once was over a decade ago in the 1980s. The DLNR's decision to eliminate further introduction of illegal species to Hawaii by prohibiting export of established animals raises some degree of uncertainty. Discouraging legitimate avenues of revenue instead of supporting a viable industry may actually perpetuate black market activity in an already confused market.
Range Dwelling
"Look to the biome, understand its process of life, and use this knowledge to your advantage." JP
While reports of fewer jacksonii are substantiated in a number of basin areas, many of Oahu's other basins still support liberal populations. I can't begin to count the number of times I have been asked to share specific locations where jacksonii can be found. Hence, in this section, a brief narrative will aid in your quest to find jacksonii on the island of Oahu.
If one considers the process of life as it occurs in nature, and understands the basic principles of food and shelter as requisites for all life forms, prudent thought will lead to finding jacksonii during any given period in a calendar year.
Unlike some previous observations of Jackson's chameleons which suggest that they normally remain within the same tree/shrub, etc., observations in Hawaii indicate that they actually maintain a "home range" amidst flora which support their diverse behavioral requirements. In many areas of the Hawaiian habitat (regardless of rainforest or basin), a single tree does not provide enough diversity to meet the needs of a Jackson's chameleon's lifestyle. During the course of a year, and depending upon the location, Jacksoni often maintain patterns of "range dwelling" (for the lack of a better term), relocating from one tree/area to another, and then back again etc. This range dwelling appears to be influenced by such factors as the quality or density in the habitat, immediacy of the food source, reproduction habits, and weather conditions.
For example, during certain times of the year, when various species of insects such as the katydids are plentiful, it is not uncommon to observe jacksonii residing in structures that are closer to the biome floor. Vine-like flora such as Koali 'awa (morning glory)", aka 'awa, or thick-stemmed plants which grow out from the sides of trees, such as large monsteras, are a few examples of flora that grow near these areas.
During periods of inclement weather, such as a heavy rainstorm, nighttime observations of adult jacksonii find them sleeping deep in dense foliage. Yet, on warm, muggy evenings, when humidity is trapped within the valley, they tend to migrate to more "spatial and leafy" flora, and are often found higher up in the tree, closer to the night air.
It is not uncommon for male jacksonii to leave their immediate flora habitat in favor of breeding with a female sighted in another area. Upon completion of copulation, the male may stake claim to the habitat, defending his territory against other rogue jacksonii. Should the incumbent lose during ritual battles of horn locking, the male often returns to the initial flora habitat from which he came.
In many instances, it is the female jacksonii that actually leave the habitat upon completion of copulation. Observations of pregnant females (ready to drop) find them frequently favoring flora structures that are dense and weedy (Lantana, Kiawe, and various creepers which extend from branches of large trees). In general, the warmer months of Oahu tend to produce the largest brood sizes and females tend to gravitate towards lower levels of the arboreal habitat to give birth. Following parturition, the female jacksonii will then migrate back to the higher levels in the flora structure.
Neonates and young juveniles are often found in areas much similar to that of pregnant females. These young tend to remain in lower structures due to proximity of food, as well as protection from predation by larger species (including other jacksonii). When deciduous fruit trees are abundant, the young jacksonii can often be observed in flora surrounding the perimeter of a tree, feeding on insects that are attracted by fruit-fallings on the forest floor. Nocturnal observations also find young jacksonii favoring dense overgrowth (i.e. Lilikoi, Koa Haole) around the perimeter of the main stem where much larger species dwell.
As the young jacksonii mature, they may migrate to habitats that are not as dense in flora, but provide enough plant life to afford vantage points to feed upon their prey. For example, in some areas of Oahu's topography, valley walls gently slope to form cul-de-sacs, where small trees grow on the sides of the mountain. Young Jacksoni favor these areas as they overlook vegetation in the cul-de-sac floor, permitting accessibility to food and water and shelter away from much larger species in their bionetwork.
As chameleon enthusiasts, we have learned to embrace the science of chameleon husbandry, largely due to the unselfish work of many individuals. Scientific investigation, naturalistic observation, creative husbandry practices, and even failures, have all contributed to the growing body of knowledge necessary for successful care of captive chameleons. Thoughts into a chameleon's propensity for "wanderlust" seem to support the observations of range dwelling, in which jacksonii seek out new areas to support their biological needs (food, shelter, or propagation).
I recognize that the brief narrative of range dwelling "might" increase the animal's susceptibility to human exploitation. But to the more seasoned Jackson's chameleon collectors in Hawaii, I propose that the years of exploitation we have already seen should encourage us to help educate others and establish principles for the collection of animals from the field.
Responsible field management is a global problem. To continue to guard our "understanding" of the Jacksoni in Hawaii is akin to holding back the wealth of knowledge which we have already accumulated. It has been my privilege to help disseminate some of this knowledge and I thank you for the opportunity.
Field considerations:
Acquire the DLNR permit and check with authorities for proper transport.
Safety first. Stay on the trail if you are unfamiliar with the area.
Leave hapai (pregnant) females in the field.
Leave keiki (young) neonates and sub-adult animals or anything under 3 inches svl
Chameleons have scales, but they don't have gills and fins — what's with the net?
Paul Bunyon was a big guy — that doesn't mean you have to chop down the tree.
Remember Smokey the Bear? Take your butts, bottles, and garbage somewhere else.
Keep the market clean.
Best Wishes and Aloha,
James M. Ko (JP)
Precipitation Table
Credits, Acknowledgements, and Thanks to:
Messieurs Don Wells, Ed Pollak, Bill Strand, Kyle Chang, and Ms. Susan James who honored me by asking me to write this article.
The members of the ADCHAM list, for the knowledge and wealth of exchange.
Mr. Jerry Tresser for his confirmation.
Aloha to Bonnie Keller and the rest of PCF.
Messieurs Aaron Miyamoto and Al Balderama, for their friendship, skill, and appreciation of herps in Hawaii.
Hawaii Herpetological Society É may you rise again like the phoenix.
The Gornichec family (Mrs. G., Frank, Bob), and Buddy of Modern Pet Center, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Randy, Darrin, and Daryl, who wish to remain anonymous.
Ms. Gina Wong (State of Hawaii Department of Agriculture, Statistician).
Dr. Eric Ako, DVM.
Mrs. Margaret Lee, FattyMoKo, and the staff of Playmate Kindergarten, DCC & Grade School, Ltd.
I dedicate this article to the memory of my sister, Monica, who will always be with us.
References available upon request.
This page last updated on: Sunday, April 7, 2002
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