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Results for 'Liesbeth Huybrechts'
Children's Application of Theory of Mind in Reasoning and Language.Liesbeth Flobbe, Rineke Verbrugge, Petra Hendriks & Irene Krämer - 2008 - Journal of Logic, Language and Information 17 (4):417-442.details
Many social situations require a mental model of the knowledge, beliefs, goals, and intentions of others: a Theory of Mind (ToM). If a person can reason about other people's beliefs about his own beliefs or intentions, he is demonstrating second-order ToM reasoning. A standard task to test second-order ToM reasoning is the second-order false belief task. A different approach to investigating ToM reasoning is through its application in a strategic game. Another task that is believed to involve the application of (...) second-order ToM is the comprehension of sentences that the hearer can only understand by considering the speaker's alternatives. In this study we tested 40 children between 8 and 10 years old and 27 adult controls on (adaptations of) the three tasks mentioned above: the false belief task, a strategic game, and a sentence comprehension task. The results show interesting differences between adults and children, between the three tasks, and between this study and previous research. (shrink)
Development of Theory of Mind in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
The Dynamics of Fair Trade as a Mixed-Form Market.Leonardo Becchetti & Benjamin Huybrechts - 2008 - Journal of Business Ethics 81 (4):733-750.details
This article analyses the Fair Trade sector as a "mixed-form market," i.e., a market in which different types of players (in this case, nonprofit, co-operative and for-profit organizations) coexist and compete. The purposes of this article are (1) to understand the factors that have led Fair Trade to become a mixed-form market and (2) to propose some trails to understand the market dynamics that result from the interactions between the different types of players. We start by defining briefly Fair Trade, (...) its different dimensions (including the "fair" quality of the products) and its organizational landscape, focusing on the distinction between the pioneer "Alternative Trading Organizations" and the second-mover companies. Then, we recall the theoretical emergence factors for each type of organization (nonprofit, co-operative and for-profit) and apply these emergence factors to the context of Fair Trade. This analysis allows us to capture the specificities of each type of operator with regard to Fair Trade and, thus, to have a better understanding of the dynamics in the sector. Such dynamics includes competition, but also conflict and partnership. Our analysis includes elements on ethical imitation, consumers' behaviors, effects on welfare and the role of the government. (shrink)
Fair Trade in Applied Ethics
Sustaining Inter-Organizational Relationships Across Institutional Logics and Power Asymmetries: The Case of Fair Trade.Alex Nicholls & Benjamin Huybrechts - 2016 - Journal of Business Ethics 135 (4):699-714.details
This paper explores an empirical puzzle, namely, how inter-organizational relationships can be sustained between organizations that draw upon distinctive—and potentially conflicting—institutional logics under conditions of power asymmetry. This research analyses cases of these relationships and suggests some key conditions underlying them. Examining relationships between 'Fair Trade' organizations and corporate retailers, a series of contingent factors behind the dynamic persistence of such relationships are proposed, namely: the presence of pre-existing 'hybrid logics'; the use of boundary-spanning discourses; joint tolerance of conflict; and (...) co-creation of common rules. These four elements are supported by a fifth mediating factor, i.e. the presence and use of a Fair Trade certification system in the collaboration. The latter appears as a central vehicle facilitating cross-logic relationships—it can be seen as a 'boundary object' embodying a series of narratives and discourses that are open to multiple interpretations corresponding to the dominant institutional logics of each partner organization. (shrink)
Fair Trade Organizations in Belgium: Unity in Diversity? [REVIEW]Benjamin Huybrechts - 2010 - Journal of Business Ethics 92 (2):217 - 240.details
This article analyzes the dual process occurring in the field of Fair Trade organizations (FTOs) in Belgium. On the one hand, there has been a gradual diversification of the organizational landscape over time from pioneering volunteer-based non-profit organizations to a broader array including cooperatives, group structures, businesses and individual entrepreneurs exclusively devoted to FT. On the other hand, a process of networking is currently taking place among the various types of FTOs in the context of the creation of a Belgian (...) Fair Trade Federation (BFTF). Drawing on neo-institutional theory, including institutional entrepreneurship, this article examines how and why these two processes have taken place. A qualitative field study in the Belgian FT sector, including interviews with 15 FTOs, offers rich empirical material which illustrates the diverse patterns of these organizations. Based on the observed combinations of different variables among Belgian FTOs, a taxonomy reflecting diverse means of conceiving and organizing FT activity is suggested. The different categories of FTOs and the evolution of these categories over time seem linked to the broader institutional evolutions of FT at the international as well as at the Belgian level. Finally, several factors are reviewed to explain why the diversity among Belgian FTOs has not been an obstacle to their collaboration. (shrink)
Management Ethics in Applied Ethics
Withdraw or Affiliate? The Role of Humiliation During Initiation Rituals.Liesbeth Mann, Allard R. Feddes, Bertjan Doosje & Agneta H. Fischer - 2016 - Cognition and Emotion 30 (1):80-100.details
Emotion and Consciousness in Psychology in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Introduction: "Fair Trade in Different National Contexts". [REVIEW]Benjamin Huybrechts & Darryl Reed - 2010 - Journal of Business Ethics 92 (2):147-150.details
A Theoretical Lens for Revealing the Complexity of Chronic Care.Liesbeth Borgermans, Jan De Maeseneer, Hub Wollersheim & Bert Vrijhoef - 2013 - Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 56 (2):289-299.details
The study of complexity in chronic care is an emergent discipline that has not yet developed a consistent theoretical framework. Thinking in the field of complexity encompasses complexity science and complexity theories, which represent a convergence of different types of ideas and theories that focus on the interactions of individual parts that make up a complex system. In this context, an important distinction is to be made between "complex" and "complicated." If a system—despite the fact that it may consist of (...) a huge number of components— can be given a complete description in terms of its individual constituents, such a system is merely complicated. An example could be computers. In a complex system, on the .. (shrink)
Data Critique and Analytical Opportunities for Very Large Facebook Pages: Lessons Learned From Exploring "We Are All Khaled Said".Liesbeth Zack, Robbert Woltering, Thomas Poell, Rasha Abdulla & Bernhard Rieder - 2015 - Big Data and Society 2 (2).details
This paper discusses the empirical, Application Programming Interface -based analysis of very large Facebook Pages. Looking in detail at the technical characteristics, conventions, and peculiarities of Facebook's architecture and data interface, we argue that such technical fieldwork is essential to data-driven research, both as a crucial form of data critique and as a way to identify analytical opportunities. Using the "We are all Khaled Said" Facebook Page, which hosted the activities of nearly 1.9 million users during the Egyptian Revolution and (...) beyond, as empirical example, we show how Facebook's API raises important questions about data detail, completeness, consistency over time, and architectural complexity. We then outline an exploratory approach and a number of analytical techniques that take the API and its idiosyncrasies as a starting point for the concrete investigation of a large dataset. Our goal is to close the gap between Big Data research and research about Big Data by showing that the critical investigation of technicity is essential for empirical research and that attention to the particularities of empirical work can provide a deeper understanding of the various issues Big Data research is entangled with. (shrink)
Terminale Sedierung im Sinne des niederländischen "Poldermodells".Liesbeth Feikema - 2004 - Ethik in der Medizin 16 (4):392-400.details
In der niederländischen Kultur werden komplexe moralische Probleme oftmals mit einem pragmatischen und prozeduralen Verfahren statt mit einem prinzipiellen Zugang angegangen. Die Debatte um Entscheidungen am Lebensende, die dem Sterbehilfegesetz von 2002 vorausging, ist ein Beispiel für diese Praxis. Auch die Befassung der Niederlande mit der "terminalen Sedierung", die als neue Phase in der Diskussion um Entscheidungen am Lebensende betrachtet werden kann, folgt den Prinzipien des "Poldermodells". Gesellschaftliche und politische Gruppierungen kooperieren, um eine gemeinsame Lösung zu finden angesichts der Tatsache, (...) dass terminale Sedierung unterschiedliche Praktiken und entsprechend unterschiedliche moralische Implikationen beinhaltet. (shrink)
The Productive Body.Liesbeth Schoonheim - 2019 - Philosophy Today 63 (2):471-489.details
This essay aims to correct the widely-held view that Arendt is hostile to the body due to its physical needs. By focusing on two modes of corporeality that are distinguished by the production of bodily substances—the digestive body and the crying body—I argue that Arendt deployed various notions of corporeality that thematize, in different ways, the uncontrollability our bodies; and argues for the affirmation of this unmasterablity because it corresponds to the conditioned nature of human existence. Firstly, Arendt criticized the (...) Greek, narcissistic aspiration toward physical beauty, exemplified in the figure of Achilles, for its attempt to subjugate the digestive body to a preconceived end—a criticism that equally applies to Connolly's plea for strategically altering our affects. Secondly, Arendt's appreciation of Homer's description of a crying Odysseus shows that the acknowledgment of events constitutive of one's life consists in a publicly visible somatic reaction. (shrink)
A Test of the Testing Effect: Acquiring Problem‐Solving Skills From Worked Examples.Tamara van Gog & Liesbeth Kester - 2012 - Cognitive Science 36 (8):1532-1541.details
Gilgamesh and the Power of Narration.Liesbeth Korthals Altes - 2007 - Journal of the American Oriental Society 127 (2):183-193.details
Forme Et Fonction de la Périphérie Gauche Dans Un Corpus Oral Multigenres Annoté.Laurence J. Martin, Liesbeth Degand & Anne-Catherine Simon - 2014 - Corpus 13:243-265.details
When Logic Meets Engineering: Introduction to Logical Issues in the History and Philosophy of Computer Science.Liesbeth De Mol & Giuseppe Primiero - 2015 - History and Philosophy of Logic 36 (3):195-204.details
Logic and Philosophy of Logic, Miscellaneous in Logic and Philosophy of Logic
Insisting on Action in Education: Students are Unique but not Irreplaceable.Liesbeth Noordegraaf-Eelens & Julien Kloeg - 2020 - Studies in Philosophy and Education 39 (5):549-558.details
Biesta distinguishes three functions of education: qualification, socialization and subjectification. We focus on subjectification. When first addressing this concept, Biesta referred to action as defined by Arendt, thereby stressing the importance of 'the question of freedom'. More recently, the question of freedom is replaced by 'the question of responsibility'. For Levinas responsibility is related to irreplaceability. While the concept of responsibility is valuable, we question the call upon irreplaceability in education. Actively taking responsibility where irreplaceability might not be either present (...) or felt should be central to education. Unlike the morally clear examples invoked by Biesta, complex societal issues like the climate and refugee crisis are not accessible as an immediate appeal to a specific subject. Therefore, we propose a return to Arendt and her concept of action. Action allows and requires students to create the world anew, to take a position without pretending that the outcome can be controlled. Biesta refers to this as the impossibility of education. However, rather than repeating the theme of impossibility, we focus on the possibilities of education: there are several ways to create the world anew. (shrink)
Supervised Teaching and Feedback Improve Physiotherapists' Reporting of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health in Physiotherapeutic Electronic Patient Records: A Proof‐of‐Concept Randomized Controlled Trial.Liesbeth Lamsens, Lotte Janssens, Koenraad Peers, Kim Caluwé, Carlotte Kiekens, Johan Van Eldere, Kris Vanhaecht & Luk Bruyneel - 2020 - Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 26 (1):357-363.details
Art Therapy for Psychosocial Problems in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Narrative Review on Art Therapeutic Means and Forms of Expression, Therapist Behavior, and Supposed Mechanisms of Change.Liesbeth Bosgraaf, Marinus Spreen, Kim Pattiselanno & Susan van Hooren - 2020 - Frontiers in Psychology 11.details
A Formal Approach to Vague Expressions with Indexicals.Liesbeth Martens & Giuseppe Primiero - 2012 - In Alastair Butler (ed.), Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop of Logic and Engineering of Natural Language Semantics (LENLS 9). Japan Society for Artificial Intelligence.details
Formal Semantics in Philosophy of Language
Logical Semantics and Logical Truth in Logic and Philosophy of Logic
Ambiguous Authority: Reflections on Hannah Arendt's Concept of Authority in Education.Julien Kloeg & Liesbeth Noordegraaf-Eelens - forthcoming - Educational Philosophy and Theory:1-11.details
Verzet En Rechten : Een Vergelijking van Arendt, Foucault, En Young.Liesbeth Schoonheim - 2020 - Algemeen Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Wijsbegeerte 112 (2):155-175.details
Resistance and Rights. Comparing Arendt, Foucault, and YoungThe question if rights can be used in addressing gender-based oppression is at the center of recent debates in feminist theory. On the one hand, post-structuralist critiques have argued that differentiated rights, aimed at redressing injustices, reify the identity of oppressed groups. On the other hand, proponents of differentiated rights have argued that these should be understood social-phenomenologically, as enabling social agents to counteract their oppression. This paper argues in favor for the latter (...) position while taking seriously the concern with regard to social identity articulated by the former. I do so by comparing Hannah Arendt and Michel Foucault on the relation between resistance and rights. Starting from the observation that Arendt and Foucault agree on the need for a new law that can curtail the destructive dynamics of late-modernity, I argue that their account of resistance ascribes great importance to rights. Discussing the two authors in turn, I focus on two parallel themes. Firstly, confronted with the fight against anti-Semitic persecution and the struggle against governmental techniques, they invoke rights against the near-total domination by late-modern states. Secondly, reflecting on how freedom practices require relationships with others in which one can develop one's individual uniqueness, they hint towards rights that consolidate these relationships, of which friendship is the paradigmatic example. In conclusion, I return to the feminist debate on differential rights to show how Young's model of communicative democracy is influenced by and is an instance of the relational rights that can be found in Arendt and Foucault. (shrink)
De Kansen Op Conflict, Mobilisatie En Actie in Een Separatistisch Proces.Liesbeth Hooghe - 1986 - Res Publica 28 (1):55-73.details
A scheme of analysis for separatism is proposed. Its purpose is twofold: to indicate the essential factors in a separatist process, and to explain the waves of active and « dead » separatist activity.The central idea is the distinction between three dimensions in the separatist process : conflict, mobilization and collective action. Both dimension on its own is determined by certain factors. Conflict depends on contradictions of identity and interest structure between people and nation. Mobilization is primarily a function of (...) the social, economic and political opportunities of the people as against the nation. Collective action is the result of the presence, strength and behaviour of the elite and social movement in people and nation.Evolution from one dimension to the next one depends upon the factors of the dimensions involved and on a) the policy of the nation and b) the societal changes caused by the modernization process.Finally one can explain inactive and active periods by verifying the presence or absence of these nine factors. It seems then that there are false and real « dead » periods, and that some separatist activity has a sound basis white other has not. (shrink)
Nota Over de Herinrichting van de Kiesindeling in Brabant.Liesbeth Hooghe - 1987 - Res Publica 29 (2):259-273.details
Despite major institutional and political changes in the Belgian political system in the last 25 years, the electoral organization has been very stable.The adaptations of the electoral organization have even been less in the province of Brabant, although the politica! developments have caused there additional problems. Brabant's electoral constituencies contain a rather strange mixture of heterogeneous electorates : a constituency, which consists of the bilingual capital Brussels as welt as several Flemish communes, a unilingual Walloon constituency, a unilingual Flemish constituency. (...) The proposed solutions for Brabant's complex situation can be summarized into six alternative systems of electoral organization, concentrating either on the functioning of the system of provincial allotment, or on a radical redrawing of the boundaries of the electoral constituencies.The impact of the six alternatives on the seats distribution among the political parties is rather restricted. The shifts of seats inside the parties are more striking than between the parties. Alternatives IV and VI cause the largest reallocation of seats between the parties, whereas alternatives II, III and V result in only minor changes. (shrink)
Politics and Power. Notes on Lafont's Hermeneutics of Democracy.Liesbeth Schoonheim - 2020 - Krisis 40 (1):126-135.details
This essay is part of a dossier on Cristina Lafont's book Democracy without Shortcuts.
Among Lovers: Love and Personhood in Hannah Arendt.Liesbeth Schoonheim - 2018 - Arendt Studies 2:99-124.details
Both love and politics name relations, according to Arendt, in which a subject is constituted as a unique person. Following up on this suggestion, I explore how love gives rise to a conception of personhood that temporarily suspends the public judgments and social prejudices that reduce the other to their actions or to their social identity. I do so by tracing a similar movement in the various tropes of Arendt's phenomenology of love: the retreat away from the collective world into (...) the intimacy of love, followed by the necessary return to the world and the end of love. This exploration casts a new—and surprisingly positive—light on some key notions in Arendt's thought, such as the body, the will, and life. However, Arendt disregards that love, as De Beauvoir argued, requires a constant effort in restraining our tendency to reduce the lover to their social identity. (shrink)
Aristotle on Emotions in Law and Politics.Nuno Coelho & Liesbeth Huppes-Cluysenaer (eds.) - 2018 - Springer Verlag.details
In this book, experts from the fields of law and philosophy explore the works of Aristotle to illuminate the much-debated and fascinating relationship between emotions and justice. Emotions matter in connection with democracy and equity – they are relevant to the judicial enforcement of rights, legal argumentation, and decision-making processes in legislative bodies and courts. The decisive role that emotions, feelings and passions play in these processes cannot be ignored – not even by those who believe that emotions have no (...) legitimate place in the public sphere. A growing body of literature on these topics recognizes the seminal insights contributed by Aristotle. This book offers a comprehensive analysis of his thinking in this context, as well as proposals for inspiring dialogues between his works and those written by a selection of modern and contemporary thinkers. As such, the book offers a valuable resource for students of law, philosophy, rhetoric, politics, ethics and history, but also for readers interested in the ongoing debate about legal positivism and the relevance of emotions for legal and political life in today's world. (shrink)
From Extreme Emotions to Extreme Actions: Explaining Non-Normative Collective Action and Reconciliation.Allard R. Feddes, Liesbeth Mann & Bertjan Doosje - 2012 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 35 (6):432-433.details
A key argument of Dixon et al. in the target article is that prejudice reduction through intergroup contact and collective action work in opposite ways. We argue for a complementary approach focusing on extreme emotions to understand why people turn to non-normative collective action and to understand when and under what conditions extreme emotions may influence positive effects of contact on reconciliation.
Emotions in Philosophy of Mind
Varieties of Emotion in Philosophy of Mind
The Productive Body in Advance.Liesbeth Schoonheim - forthcoming - Philosophy Today.details
Virtuous Structures.Dirk Vriens, Jan Achterbergh & Liesbeth Gulpers - 2018 - Journal of Business Ethics 150 (3):671-690.details
To discuss moral behavior in organizations, a growing number of authors turn to a 'virtue ethics' approach. Central to this approach is the so-called moral character of individuals in organizations: a well-developed moral character enables organizational members to deal with the specific moral issues they encounter during their work. If a virtue ethics perspective is seen as relevant, one may ask how organizations can facilitate that their members can exercise and develop their moral character. In this paper, we argue that (...) the way tasks are defined and interlinked has a profound influence on "exercising and developing moral character"—it can enhance and frustrate it. In order to show how structures may support organizational members to exercise and develop their moral virtues, the paper first describes what it means to exercise and develop virtues in an organizational setting and what is required for it. Next, the paper sets out to explain how specific values on different structural parameters at different structural levels relate to exercising virtues in organizations. (shrink)
The 'Rightful Place in Man's Enduring Chronicle': Arendt's Benjaminian Historiography.Liesbeth Schoonheim - 2020 - History of European Ideas 46 (6):844-861.details
ABSTRACT The influence by Walter Benjamin on Arendt's notion of narrativity has been firmly established, but little research has been done to contextualize his influence. This paper fill this lacunae by showing how, like Benjamin, Arendt was concerned to deploy a form of writing history that ensures the individuality of its agents, but that as she articulated her notion of the public space, the redemptive, messianic elements in his historiography were replaced with a secular and political mode of remembrance. The (...) notion of the public space and the accompanying secularization of Benjamin's redemptive history should not be understood as the result of a linear development, but rather as responses to contemporary political events, of which I focus on three: her early writings on totalitarianism, in which she tries to come to terms with the Shoah; her reflections on the Greek city state, in which she criticizes the instrumentalization of politics in post-war democracies such as West-Germany; and finally, the court room as a space for storytelling and the contestation over the history of anti-Semitism during the Eichmann trial. (shrink)
Setting-Up Early Computer Programs: D. H. Lehmer's ENIAC Computation. [REVIEW]Maarten Bullynck & Liesbeth De Mol - 2010 - Archive for Mathematical Logic 49 (2):123-146.details
A complete reconstruction of Lehmer's ENIAC set-up for computing the exponents of p modulo two is given. This program served as an early test program for the ENIAC (1946). The reconstruction illustrates the difficulties of early programmers to find a way between a man operated and a machine operated computation. These difficulties concern both the content level (the algorithm) and the formal level (the logic of sequencing operations).
Computationalism in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
'A Pretence of What is Not'? A Study of Simulation(s) From the ENIAC Perspective"A Pretence of What is Not"? Eine Untersuchung von Simulation(En) Aus der ENIAC-Perspektive.Liesbeth De Mol - 2019 - NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin 27 (4):443-478.details
Occupational Activities of Dutch Journalists in a Television Newsroom.Liesbeth Hermans - 2001 - Communications 26 (4):483-498.details
Connecting with Computability. Proceedings of Computability in Europe.Liesbeth De Mol, Andreas Weiermann, Florin Manea & David Fernández-Duque (eds.) - 2021details
Computability in Philosophy of Computing and Information
De kracht en kwetsbaarheid van centrale bank communicatie.Liesbeth Noordegraaf-Eelens - 2011 - Filosofie En Praktijk 32 (2):70.details
Book Review: Liesbeth Degand, Bert Cornillie and Paola Pietrandrea (Eds), Discourse Markers and Modal Particles: Categorization and Description. [REVIEW]Zhongyi Xu - 2015 - Discourse Studies 17 (5):628-629.details
The Influence of Interorganizational Collaboration on Logic Conciliation and Tensions Within Hybrid Organizations: Insights from Social Enterprise–Corporate Collaborations.Claudia Savarese, Benjamin Huybrechts & Marek Hudon - 2021 - Journal of Business Ethics 173 (4):709-721.details
An increasing amount of research has examined the management of competing logics, and possible tensions arising between them, within "hybrid organizations." However, the ways in which the relationships of hybrids with other organizations shape the conciliation of these logics and tensions have received limited attention so far. In this theoretical paper, we examine how hybrid organizations deal with interorganizational collaboration, in particular whether and how their hybridity can be maintained when they partner with "dominant-logic organizations." Drawing on empirical literature on (...) social enterprise–corporate collaborations, we develop a framework and several propositions on how competing logics and their balancing within hybrid organizations may be affected by interactions with organizations underpinned by one dominant logic. We suggest that influences will mostly depend on the type of collaboration pursued. A collaboration based on a lower level of engagement and interaction between the two partners is likely to give precedence to one logic over the other, reducing inter-logic tensions but possibly compromising organizational hybridity. By contrast, a collaboration featuring numerous interactions and mission compatibility may facilitate sustained hybridity if tensions are acknowledged and managed. Our propositions contribute to the literatures on hybrid organizations, interorganizational collaboration, and social enterprise. (shrink)
Facing Computing as Technique: Towards a History and Philosophy of Computing.Liesbeth De Mol & Giuseppe Primiero - 2014 - Philosophy and Technology 27 (3):321-326.details
We present the methodological principles underlying the scientific activities of the DHST Commission on the History and Philosophy of Computing. This volume collects refereed selected papers from the First International Conference organized by the Commission.
Making the History of Computing. The History of Computing in the History of Technology and the History of Mathematics.Liesbeth De Mol & Maarten Bullynck - 2018 - Revue de Synthèse 139 (3-4):361-380.details
A history of writing the history of computing is presented in its relationship to the history of mathematics. As with many historiographies, the initial history of computing was very much an internalistic history. In the late 1970s, the field became more serious and started looking at the histories of mathematics and technology for inspiration. Whereas the history of mathematics was initially quite influential, it is the history of technology that has become the dominant framework for doing history of computing since (...) the 1990s. (shrink)
Programming Systems: In Search of Historical and Philosophical Foundations.Giuseppe Primiero & Liesbeth Mol - 2018 - In Giuseppe Primiero & Liesbeth De Mol (eds.), Reflections on Programming Systems: Historical and Philosophical Aspects. Springer Verlag. pp. 1-12.details
This chapter introduces the topics investigated in this book and it frames them in a broader historical and philosophical analysis of programming and computing technology.
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Reflections on Programming Systems: Historical and Philosophical Aspects.Giuseppe Primiero & Liesbeth De Mol (eds.) - 2018 - Springer Verlag.details
This book presents a historical and philosophical analysis of programming systems, intended as large computational systems like, for instance, operating systems, programmed to control processes. The introduction to the volume emphasizes the contemporary need of providing a foundational analysis of such systems, rooted in a broader historical and philosophical discussion. The different chapters are grouped around three major themes. The first concerns the early history of large systems developed against the background of issues related to the growing semantic gap between (...) hardware and code. The second revisits the fundamental issue of complexity of large systems, dealt with by the use of formal methods and the development of `grand designs' like Unix. Finally, a third part considers several issues related to programming systems in the real world, including chapters on aesthetical, ethical and political issues. This book will interest researchers from a diversity of backgrounds. It will appeal to historians, philosophers, as well as logicians and computer scientists who want to engage with topics relevant to the history and philosophy of programming and more specifically the role of programming systems in the foundations of computing. (shrink)
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Scaling Causal Relations and Connectives in Terms of Speaker Involvement.Henk Pander Maat & Liesbeth Degand - 2002 - Cognitive Linguistics 12 (3).details
Cancer Patients' Perceptions of the Good Nurse: A Literature Review.Leila Rchaidia, Bernadette Dierckx de Casterlé, Liesbeth De Blaeser & Chris Gastmans - 2009 - Nursing Ethics 16 (5):528-542.details
This article discusses findings from a mixed method literature review that investigated cancer patients' perceptions of what constitutes a good nurse. To find pertinent articles, we conducted a systematic key word search of five journal databases (1998—2008). The application of carefully constructed inclusion criteria and critical appraisal identified 12 relevant articles. According to the patients, good nurses were shown to be characterized by specific, but inter-related, attitudes, skills and knowledge; they engage in person-to-person relationships, respect the uniqueness of patients, and (...) provide support. Professional and trained skills as well as broad and specific nursing and non-nursing knowledge are important. The analysis revealed that these characteristics nurtured patient well-being, which manifests as optimism, trust, hope, support, confirmation, safety and comfort. Cancer patients' perceptions of what constitutes a good nurse represent an important source of knowledge that will enable the development of more comprehensive and practice-based views on good nursing care for such patients. These perceptions help us to understand how nurses effectively make a difference in cancer patient care. (shrink)
Nursing Ethics in Applied Ethics
'A Pretence of What is Not'? A Study of Simulation(s) From the ENIAC Perspective.Liesbeth De Mol - 2019 - NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin 27 (4):443-478.details
What is the significance of high-speed computation for the sciences? How far does it result in a practice of simulation which affects the sciences on a very basic level? To offer more historical context to these recurring questions, this paper revisits the roots of computer simulation in the development of the ENIAC computer and the Monte Carlo method.With the aim of identifying more clearly what really changed in the history of science in the 1940s and 1950s due to the computer, (...) I will emphasize the continuities with older practices and develop a two-fold argument. Firstly, one can find a diversity of practices around ENIAC which tends to be ignored if one focuses only on the ENIAC itself as the originator of Monte Carlo simulation. Following from this, I claim, secondly, that there was no simulation around ENIAC. Not only is the term 'simulation' not used within that context, but the analysis also shows how 'simulation' is an effect of three interrelated sets of different practices around the machine: the mathematics which the ENIAC users employed and developed, the programs, the physicality of the machine. I conclude that, in the context discussed, the most important shifts in practice are about rethinking existing computational methods. This was done in view of adapting them to the high-speed and programmability of the new machine. Simulation then is but one facet of this process of adaptation, singled out by posterity to be viewed as its principal aspect. (shrink)
In Medias Res: Peter Sloterdijk's Spherological Poetics of Being.Willem Schinkel & Liesbeth Noordegraaf-Eelens (eds.) - 2012 - Amsterdam University Press.details
This book makes his work accessible to a wider audience by putting it to work in orientation towards current issues.
Martin Heidegger in Continental Philosophy
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Closing the Circle: An Analysis of Emil Post's Early Work.Liesbeth de Mol - 2006 - Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 12 (2):267-289.details
In 1931 Kurt Gödel published his incompleteness results, and some years later Church and Turing showed that the decision problem for certain systems of symbolic logic has a negative solution. However, already in 1921 the young logician Emil Post worked on similar problems which resulted in what he called an "anticipation" of these results. For several reasons though he did not submit these results to a journal until 1941. This failure 'to be the first', did not discourage him: his contributions (...) to mathematical logic and its foundations should not be underestimated. It is the purpose of this article to show that an interest in the early work of Emil Post should be motivated not only by this historical fact, but also by the fact that Post's approach and method differs substantially from those offered by Gödel, Turing and Church. In this paper it will be shown how this method evolved in his early work and how it finally led him to his results. (shrink)
17th/18th Century Logic in 17th/18th Century Philosophy
Mathématiques Et Machines.Liesbeth De Mol, Maarten Bullynck & Marie-José Durand-Richard - 2018 - Revue de Synthèse 139 (3-4):235-239.details
Using Graph Theory to Assess the Interaction Between Cerebral Function, Brain Hemodynamics, and Systemic Variables in Premature Infants.Dries Hendrikx, Liesbeth Thewissen, Anne Smits, Gunnar Naulaers, Karel Allegaert, Sabine Van Huffel & Alexander Caicedo - 2018 - Complexity 2018:1-15.details
RC Hartendorp, Praktisch gesproken, alledaagse civiele rechtspleging als praktische oordeelsvorming.Liesbeth Huppes-Cluysenaer - 2009 - Netherlands Journal of Legal Philosophy 38 (1):72-77.details
Authorship Revisited: Conceptions of Authorship Around 1900 and 2000.G. J. Dorleijn, Ralf Grüttemeier & Liesbeth Korthals Altes (eds.) - 2010 - Peeters.details
How do conceptions of the literary author change throughout history, and how do they function in specific contexts? The present volume aims to investigate debates on the concept of authorship as a struggle of participants - writers, critics, and scholars - over different conceptions of interpretation. In this struggle all kinds of literary and non-literary norms appear to be at stake. The volume compares the time span around 1900 and 2000, and contrasts the French situation with conditions in other cultures (...) and 'minor literatures'. It addresses the following questions: how did the processes of group-constitution, professionalisation, and (de-)autonomisation of authorship around 1900 and 2000 offer new positionings and roles for writers, and affect conceptions of the author? To what extent can such conceptions of authorship - projected or defended by writers as well as by critics and scholars - be analysed as strategies to claim and legitimise a position in the literary field, respectively in the scholarly field? What light does the analysis of debates about authorship shed on how the social, political or moral relevance of both literature and criticism are defined and defended? (shrink)
De Parlementsverkiezingen van 7 november 1971 - Les élections législatives du 7 novembre 1971 : De regerings- en partijaktiviteiten naar de verkiezingen toe (september 1971) - De regering zonder parlement. [REVIEW]M. Claeys-Van Haegendoren, J. Hendrikx, N. Huybrechts, L. Jorissen & F. Martens - 1972 - Res Publica 14 (2):165-182.details


text:
Nuclear war? Yawn, yawn
The current Economist writes about North Korea's nuclear capability. Amidst many worrying facts cited are these:
North Korea is thought to have a stockpile of around 20 devices. Every six weeks or so it adds another. Source
Two engines from Soviet-era R-27 submarine-launched ballistic missiles were coupled together to provide the propulsive power and range for a warhead carried by a KN-08 to hit the east coast of the United States. It is not known how many R-27s North Korea has, but up to 150 went missing from Russia in the post-Soviet 1990s. Source
The R-27, a submarine-launched ballistic missile, has the explosive power of 1 Megaton, or about 50 times that of the bomb that was dropped on Hiroshima.
I have no solution to the problem of nuclear proliferation and its attendant risks of catastrophe. I don't think anyone has, despite valiant efforts by well-meaning people working for governments or international organizations. But what I can offer is a means by which we channel more of our human ingenuity into solving that problem, rather than expending time and energy on activities of very little social value (see here for instance, or here). In other words, a way of motivating more people to put more high-quality effort into reducing the risks of a nuclear catastrophe.
That way entails issuing Social Policy Bonds that target for reduction either man-made conflict, or disasters of any kind. Bonds could be specially issued to target the risk of a nuclear explosion. How would this work? First, funds would be raised from any source - public- or private-sector or both - to back bonds that would be redeemable for a fixed sum only when there has been nuclear peace for a sustained period of, say 30 years. These bonds would be issued on the open market for whatever price they fetch. The goal, being long-term, could mean that the bonds would sell for very little. So any movement to increase the likelihood of sustained nuclear peace would see an improvement in the bonds' value. The bonds would be tradeable, so holders (or their agents) could benefit in the short term by doing things that, in the eyes of the market, bring us closer to our long-term goal. The effect would be to reward people for helping achieving the goal efficiently. Nuclear Peace Bonds would create a protean coalition of people who have a powerful incentive to explore, investigate and implement the most effective (at any given time) array of measures that bring us closer to our goal. With such a big, remote objective, no single approach will work. A bond regime would stimulate diverse, adaptive solutions to the problem of nuclear proliferation.
The current policymaking system can work well when the relationships between cause and effect are readily identifiable. But for problems like the risk of nuclear catastrophe, which are large-scale and have multiple causes, the Social Policy Bond idea offers a better solution. Our nuclear peace goal fulfils other key criteria that point to the advantages of a bond regime :
Current approaches are either ineffectual or inefficient;
A robust and verifiable metric. I suggest 'a nuclear detonation that kills 500 or more people within 24 hours'; and
Financial rewards to those involved in achieving objectives are currently uncorrelated to their effectiveness or efficiency in doing so.
Currently, there's a jarring mismatch between the fears of, and risks to, almost everyone on the planet and the resources devoted to mitigated them. A shift in resources away from ingenious ways of manipulating financial markets, or ingenious commercials for dog-food, would undoubtedly (in my view) be a worthwhile public good. But our current policymaking system doesn't encourage such a re-orientation of priorities. Instead, we have people, many of whom are dedicated and hard working, working through outdated bureaucratic channels to achieve bureaucratic goals in ways that do not reward directly and immediately reward success or deter failure. Nuclear Peace Bonds would be change all that, to the long-term benefit of all of us, including generations yet unborn.
Labels: nuclear peace
Answering the phone quickly is not a health goal
Another story - this from the UK - shows what happens when we have Mickey Mouse micro-objectives rather than broad meaningful goals:
In January 2016, Lincolnshire Police began an investigation after an allegation that staff within the Force Control Room were calling 999 at quiet times, to ensure calls were picked up quickly to improve performance statistics. ... Today [23 May], five Force Control Room staff have been suspended from duty and have been informed they are under investigation. Source
('999' is the emergency phone number in the UK.) I've been inveighing against these micro-goals for years (here's my first blog post on the subject). Their basic problem is that they arise from the narrow, short-term needs of organizations, rather than the people these organizations are supposed to serve. They're too easy to game, and their achievement is - to put it kindly - not inextricably linked to improvements in the well-being of ordinary people.
A Social Policy Bond regime would be different. We'd target for improvement broad, meaningful goals, such as the health of the entire population. Bondholders would benefit by financing projects that accelerate the achievement of society's targeted outcomes, rather than, as so often today, turning up for work and fulfilling some meaningless quota.
Labels: health, metrics
Blockchain could guarantee integrity of redemption terms
I've written before about hidden metrics as applied to Social Policy Bonds. Briefly, the aim is to overcome the sort of gaming that we see nowadays with certain micro-objectives: here, for example. Campbell's Law, if we're not careful, could apply. One answer, as I wrote, would be to target broad outcomes without specifying exactly how we shall determine whether our target has been achieved. So, say, we are aiming for 99 percent literacy of 15-year-olds in a country. We could issue Literacy Bonds, redeemable only when surveys show that that goal has been satisfied. We could say at the outset what the broad outlines of these surveys would look like: say a minimum of 250 boys and 250 girls randomly sampled from another random sample of 10 regions out of 100 regions. The identity of these regions need not be revealed or even determined until the bond market reckons that the literacy target has been achieved. At that point, the regions to be surveyed could be randomly chosen. That would work, provided the randomizing could be seen to be done transparently and fairly.
But the current Economist points to what might be a more elegant solution. It discusses using blockchain technology to distribute public keys to the protocols of the many thousands of medical trials carried out annually to ensure that the pharmaceutical companies sponsoring these trials cannot alter trial protocols. This, the sponsors have been known to do because the drugs being trialed have some positive effects, but not those specified at the outset of the trial. Such 'hidden outcome switching' can exaggerate the value of the drugs being trialed.
The blockchain is a database that acts as a public ledger of all transactions with the currency, and is thought to be almost completely tamper-proof because it is validated and stored independently on thousands of different computers worldwide. This provides a way ... to check that results have not been fudged. Better with bitcoin, the 'Economist', 21 May
Anyone with a copy of the trial protocol could generate the original private key, and check that it generates the same public key when it's decrypted using the same algorithm that encrypted it. 'Public keys for protocols should be uploaded to trial registries ... and included in research papers. Researchers and medical journals could speedily check whether the right results were being reported.'
More important, from the Social Policy Bond point of view, is this possibility, which concludes the Economist article:
Another benefit, paradoxically, is that the protocol for studies could be hidden until completed. This might be useful for commercially sensitive trials of new therapies. As long as the public key was uploaded to a registry when the trial began, the protocol could be verified later without the worry that it had been changed during the study.
If, instead of 'protocol for studies', we substitute 'detailed redemption terms', then we could use the same technology to could guarantee to investors in Social Policy Bonds that the backers of the bonds they own would not attempt to evade their obligations by manipulating the terms under which the targeted goal shall be deemed to have been reached.
Labels: blockchain, literacy
What is government for?
Simon Calder writes about the effects of European Union regulation, EC261, which says that airlines must pay at least €250 to every passenger who arrives three hours or more behind schedule. Mr Calder quotes one senior airline executive:
Of course, if we are approaching a three-hour delay, we may decide to accelerate the turn-round by leaving bags behind. When airlines deliberately leave behind your baggage, Simon Calder, 'the Independent', 21 May
He imagines how passenger would react to this announcement from an airline captain:
Only half the bags have been loaded. We can either set off now, and be two hours 55 minutes behind schedule, or wait for another 10 minutes to load the remainder.
Passengers would vote unanimously to wait another ten minutes. But EC261 makes such an onboard referendum unlikely, stipulating, as it does, "a blunt three-hour boundary between paying out nothing and being exposed to compensation claims amounting to tens of thousands of pounds."
You might think, as I do, that government would do better to leave this sort of micro-management to the market. But every organization, including every government agency, however well-meaning and hard-working, has as its over-arching goal self-perpetuation. Formulating, propagating and enforcing Mickey Mouse micro-objectives like the three-hour deadline doesn't help passengers, still less airlines, but it does promote the unstated (and perhaps even unconscious) goal of government: to expand its role.
A Social Policy Bond regime would be different. it would target broad goals in essential areas, such as health, crime or - at a supra-national level - war. These goals would be meaningful to ordinary people, and the agencies who take on the role of goal-achievement would have a composition and structure that would adapt to changing circumstances and expanding knowledge of the causes and effects of social problems.These organizations would subordinate all their activities to the achievement of society's goals - in stark contrast with our current policymaking system.
Labels: metrics
More regulation, more gaming
The Economist, writing about new vehicle emission testing, is realistic rather than cynical:
Changes to testing regimes are afoot. Japan is likely to review the way its tests are carried out. Europe's system is also being readied for an overhaul. Plans are in place to replace its test cycle with a new one that more closely mimics real-world driving and imposes stricter rules over how cars may be prepared. A system for rechecking NOx emissions from production vehicles on the road is under discussion. That should ensure exhausts are cleaner. But the new test will only be harder, not impossible, to game. Exhaustive analysis, the 'Economist' 30, April
Incentives matter. The incentives faced by car manufacturers under any likely testing regime will, as the Economist says, encourage gaming. It's one chapter in an old and gloomy story: government sees a problem (air pollution in this instance), thinks it knows how best to solve it (by limiting certain vehicle emissions), and legislates its preferred solution. This can still work: where cause and effect are easily identifiable and when society's complexities are not overwhelming. But when it comes to air pollution it fails. It fails because vehicle manufacturers will game the system. And it's likely to fail for other reasons. The government doesn't and cannot know the type and impact on human health of the emissions vehicles produce when, necessarily, only some of the many emitted compounds can be identified and quantified. Regulating carbon dioxide, for instance has led to increases use of diesel engines, which generate different pollutants of unknown impact. Depending on how electricity is generated, even electric cars could have a more severe effect on health than petrol or diesel vehicles. Technology is changing fast, so is our knowledge of the relationships between emissions and health. Regulations cannot keep up with the pace of change.
Here's another suggestion: use the Social Policy Bond principle to target air pollution. Issue bonds that become redeemable only when air pollution targets have been met and sustained. The bonds would then encourage exploration, experimentation and implementation of those ways of reducing air pollution that are most cost-effective. Being tradeable, they could target a long-term goal: investors could profit by making achievement of the goal more likely, then sell their bonds to new holders who would take the necessary next steps toward the goal's achievement. For links to papers on applying the Social Policy Bond principle to the environment see here.
Labels: environment
Terrorism and strokes
The website Think by Numbers looks at US government spending on health:
[W]e spend $500 million for every death from terrorism and only $2,000 for every death resulting from strokes. That means we spend 250,000 times more per death on terrorism. Anti-Terrorism Spending 50,000 Times More Than on Any Other Cause of Death, Mike P Sinn, October 2011
We can quibble a bit about the numbers, but these figures do seem to indicate an inefficient way of improving the health outcomes of American citizens. There would be nothing necessarily wrong with such spending patterns if this disparity were the result of an informed populace deciding for itself where its taxpayer dollars should be channelled. But, this isn't the case, and the Economist this week reminds us that 'defence' - that is to say, the military - is one of those industries notorious for cronyism. (Others identified by that journal include telecoms, natural resources, construction, which all 'involve a lot of interaction with the state, or are licensed by it'.)
Of course, it's unrealistic to ask people exactly how every health dollar should be spent. But we can engage the public in such decisions by focusing not on the pathways to improved health - which are complex and ever-changing - but on the outcomes we should like to see. For instance, we could express health goals in terms of Quality Adjusted Life Years, and then answer questions as to whether some x percent improvement in QALYs should be weighted more heavily than others. If the consensus is 'yes', and we judge terrorist deaths, for example, to be more negative than deaths caused by strokes, then we can allocate spending accordingly. Even then, we're unlikely to see the sort of disparities outlined above, which are more a consequence of emotional reactions to television footage, lobbying and cronyism than rational thinking.
My short piece on applying the Social Policy Bond principle to health goes into more detail.
Blockchain could guarantee integrity of redemption...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Look for magazine articles. Articles written for magazines are chosen because they appeal to a large but focused portion of society. Often you can find a fairly controversial topic that would be great fun to cover in a term paper. Make sure you will be able to locate other literature to support this topic.
Search your textbook and other assigned readings for ideas about a topic. Choosing a topic using your school assigned readings could be really good because it shows your teacher you have a keen interest in something relevant to your field of studies. It would also be something your instructor is likely to know something about, so he could assist you if you run into a snag in the research.
Choose a topic that relates to your life. Think back to an event that happened in your life that had a profound effect on you. Or maybe you question something and have never found a solution to it. Is there something you want to investigate further?
Read some local or international newspapers looking for current local or world events, problems or issues. Current events often make very interesting topics. Even historical events, people or places can create interesting term paper topics. There is always a great deal of global news available for free access on the internet that could be the seed to a great term paper. You can weave a compelling term paper out of almost any international crisis.
Browse the many topic suggestion lists available on the internet. A simple search for term paper topics will generate hundreds of websites offering lists of topic ideas. Many of the websites are university or college sites offering tips for term paper writing.
Should hazing be allowed in schools?
Is random drug testing an effective deterrent to doping in sports?
Are current methods of radioactive waste disposal effective?
Is there a need for Medicare/Medicaid reform?
Should there be a call for change in the media's portrayal of women?
Are students' learning disabilities being properly addressed in the school system?
The key to creating an interesting term paper topic is to choose something you have a passion for and that has not already been written to death. Choose something new or something old with a new twist.


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French Press vs Pour Over: Which One is Better?
Manual coffee brewing has become wildly popular over the last few years, particularly French presses and pour over methods.
It's not just well-heeled gourmets and coffee snobs who use these types of coffee makers -- these days you'll find everyone from college students to busy professionals using French presses and pour over setups at home.
Wondering which one you should try?
Here are the differences between pour over and French press coffee, as well as the benefits of using each method.
Coffee drinkers around the world have been using French presses for over a century, well before it became a trendy thing to do.
The method entails putting coffee grounds into a carafe, pouring in hot water, letting it steep, and then pushing down a plunger to separate the brewed coffee for drinking.
The result is a satisfying and rich taste. The texture and feel of French press coffee in the mouth is much different from pour over coffee, as it's thicker -- this is due to the water staying in contact with the grounds from start to finish.
The amount of oils drawn from the coffee during brewing are more pronounced with a French press, and that's what makes this such a popular method with those who prefer strong brew.
It's not certain just when pour over coffee makers originated, but they've been around in one form or another for hundreds of years.
Modern day versions have been altered to make them super efficient and easy to use, plus they're also fairly inexpensive.
Like the French press, pour over coffee involves manually boiling water, letting it cool a bit, and then pouring it over coffee grounds.
The main difference is that the coffee grounds sit in a filter and don't come into contact with the finished brew.
As a result, pour over coffee isn't typically as strong as French press brew, although it has a great flavor.
The grit issue is another one that makes pour over coffee different.
It's normal for the standard cup of French press coffee to have a bit of grit and be thicker, but pour over coffee has no grit and has a texture that's more akin to what you'd get from an automatic drip machine: smooth and lighter.
If you're wondering whether to go with a French press or pour over coffee maker, it comes down to your lifestyle and personal taste preferences.
Those who want coffee that's strong, rich and bold, don't mind coffee with a thicker texture, and want more flexibility with the types of grounds they can use should go with a French press.
Coffee lovers who prefer java with a more subtle flavor, don't need to brew much at a time, can't stand gritty coffee, or want a coffee maker that cleans up in a snap will be better off with the pour over method.
Since both types of coffee makers are so affordable, it certainly doesn't hurt to have the best of both worlds and get one of each.
Hi, Thanks for stopping by! My name is Rodrigo, and I'm a self-made barista!
I like using my french press because it allows me to have control over all the variables. But I might try the pour over just to see if which one I like the most.
I literally LOL at your comment. Love it!
In the pour over, the trick is in the wrist.
Just purchased a vintage stainless Lifetime dripolator coffee maker, like my mother had in the 60's. Will see if it still makes great coffee and satisfies the coffe snobs in my life.
I found one major merit of French Press method is missing in your article. That is the presence of coffee oil, which attributes to elevated aroma and beneficial nutritional compounds.
Absolutely right! Couldn't agree more.
My french press chipped and I'm looking to either replace it or buy a pour-over. This article was extremely helpful, thank you!
I use both methods. Prefer the brew from French Press but use the Pour Over when I'm in a hurry and don't want to wash up the Press. I use a bit more coffee grounds + add a bit of cinnamon to the cup to enhance flavor when using Pour Over method. Love the flexibility to suit my mood.
Just a thought, some people, one of whom is myself, get major headaches from constant consumption of the oil in coffee. Filters remove the oils, but a French press or other unfiltered method doesn't. Pour over is a great way for me to get a similar strong and smooth flavor without a headache.


There are two distinct nuclei located in the hypothalamus known as the supraoptic nuclei (SON) and the parvaventricular nuclei (PVN). The majority of these neurones travel down from the hypothalamus, through the infundibulum, to the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis). The area of the capillary plexus in the posterior pituitary is known as the pars nervosa. These large neurosecretory nerves are called magnocellular neurones.
Some of the axons originating from the parvaventricular nuclei terminate at different areas other than the pars nervosa in the posterior pituitary. Some of the axons terminate at the median eminence (primary capillary plexus) and, as they are smaller than the magnocellular neurones, they are called parvocellular neurones. Some of the other axons terminate in other areas of the brain including the wall of the third ventricle, the hippocampus, the dorsal nucleus of the vagus and the nucleus tractus solitarius.
vasopressin (also known as anti-diuretic hormone, ADH).


text:
import glob
import numpy as np
import os
import pywt
import scipy.misc
import scipy.spatial
import scipy.sparse
from scipy.fftpack import dct, idct

def decrease_SNR(img, rate=0.05):
    """ Reduces SNR

    :param img: 2d array
        image
    :param rate: float
        rate of noise
    :return: 2d array
        noisy image
    """
    img_n = img.copy().astype(np.float32)
    if np.max(img_n) > 1:
        img_n /= 255
    return img_n + rate * np.random.randn(*img.shape)

def compute_rmse(true_img, rec_img):
    """ Computes rmse for an image regarding its true image

    :param true_img: 2d array of floats or ints
        scale: 0-1 or 0-255
    :param rec_img: 2d array of floats or ints
        scale: 0-1 or 0-255
    :return: float
        rmse
    """
    if np.max(true_img) > 1:
        true_img = true_img.astype(np.float32) / 255
    if np.max(rec_img) > 1:
        rec_img = rec_img.astype(np.float32) / 255
    diff = true_img - rec_img
    return np.sqrt(np.mean(np.power(diff, 2)))

def compute_rmse_folder(folder, start_true="img", start_rec="rec"):
    """ Computes rmse for many images in a folder and outputs them in a file

    :param folder: str
        folder with images
    :param start_true: str
        start of basename of true images
    :param start_rec: str
        start of basename of reconstructed images belonging to the true images
    """
    paths = glob.glob(folder + "/%s*" % start_true)
    best = [1000, ""]
    with open(folder + "/rmse.txt", "w") as f:
        for path in paths:
            rec_path = os.path.dirname(path) + "/%s" % start_rec + \
                       os.path.basename(path)[len(start_true):]
            rmse = compute_rmse(scipy.misc.imread(path),
                                scipy.misc.imread(rec_path))
            f.write("%s: %.6f\n" % (os.path.basename(path)[4:], rmse))

            if rmse < best[0]:
                best[0] = rmse
                best[1] = os.path.basename(path)[4:]

        f.write("\n\nBest:\n--------\n")
        f.write("%s: %.6f\n" % (best[1], best[0]))

def _from_coeffs_to_img(LL, coeffs):
    LH, HL, HH = coeffs
    return np.vstack((np.hstack((LL, LH)), np.hstack((HL, HH))))

def _split_coeffs(Wimg):
    L1, L2 = np.hsplit(Wimg, 2)
    LL, HL = np.vsplit(L1, 2)
    LH, HH = np.vsplit(L2, 2)
    return LL, [LH, HL, HH]

def _from_img_to_coeffs(Wimg, levels=1):
    LL, coeff = _split_coeffs(Wimg)
    coeffs = [coeff]
    for i in range(levels - 1):
        LL, c = _split_coeffs(LL)
        coeffs.insert(0, c)
    coeffs.insert(0, LL)
    return coeffs

def dwt2(img, level=4):
    """ 2d wavelet transformation

    :param img: 2d array
        input image
    :param level: int
        level of wavelet transform - image shape has to be multiples of 2**level
    :return: 2d array
        wavelet coefficients
    """
    coeffs = pywt.wavedec2(img, wavelet='db4', mode='per', level=level)
    Wimg, r = coeffs[0], coeffs[1:]
    for levels in r:
        Wimg = _from_coeffs_to_img(Wimg, levels)
    return Wimg

def idwt2(Wimg, level=4):
    """ inverse 2d wavelet transform

    :param Wimg: 2d array
        wavelet coefficients
    :param level: int
        level of wavelet transform - image shape has to be multiples of 2**level
    :return: 2d array
        image
    """
    coeffs = _from_img_to_coeffs(Wimg, levels=level)
    return pywt.waverec2(coeffs, wavelet='db4', mode='per')

def dct2(img, t=3):
    """ 2d discrete cosine transform

    :param img: 2d array
        image
    :param t: int
        type of dct
    :return: 2d array
        dct coefficients
    """
    return dct(dct(img.T, type=t).T, type=t)

def idct2(Dimg, t=3):
    """ inverse 2d discrete cosine transform

    :param Dimg: 2d array
        dct coefficients
    :param t: int
        type of dct
    :return: 2d array
        image
    """
    return idct(idct(Dimg.T, type=t).T, type=t)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Commercial buildings with large rooftops are well-suited for solar installations because solar requires a decent amount of roof space. A large flat roof provides the structural element to mount the commercial solar panels to and it makes for an easy interconnection into the existing electrical system. And it's the most cost-effective solution to go solar.
Solar carports provide shaded areas to park vehicles under while also producing energy to offset customers' electric bills.
A large parcel of land can be an ideal location for a ground-mounted solar system. Ground-mounted systems can be easily maintained as they are readily accessible. Ground mounts can also allow for design flexibility – maximizing solar production.


Picture: Ik Ogbonna reacts over relationship scandal.
Simi got her Beautiful voice from Breast milk – Mum.
Toyin Lawani Speaks on why she blocked Ex-BBNija housemate Nina on IG in a video interview with LITV.


text:
Q: Recover LVM with software raid I have a Synology NAS using SHR mode, which is basically LVM and Raid 5.  Somehow my LVM volume became corrupted and won't mount anymore. This volume houses over 20TB of data, and most of it is NOT backed up -- a lot of irreplaceable data like baby pics and videos, etc.
When I try to mount the volume manually after doing a fsck.ext4, I get the following error in /var/log/messages:

Aug 11 19:01:28 Uranus kernel: [  816.184841] EXT4-fs (dm-1):
ext4_check_descriptors: Block bitmap for group 163584 not in group
(block 18343897062229723040)!
Aug 11 19:01:28 Uranus kernel: [
816.196072] EXT4-fs (dm-1): group descriptors corrupted!

I just don't know what to do at this point.  I think I would have more options available to me if I moved over the 12 drives to a Linux box but that is just not doable for me right now for obvious reasons.

A: First, get a list of the backup super blocks:

dumpe2fs /dev/YOUR_DEVICE | grep Backup

Then take one super block you just pick and run another fsck:

fsck.ext4 -b YOUR_BACKUP_BLOCK_NUMBER /dev/YOUR_DEVICE

This might do the trick. If not, time for the next step, but only if you are feeling brave:

mkfs.ext4 -S /dev/YOUR_DEVICE

This will rewrite all super blocks and group descriptors only. If you use it wrong changes are high you loose all of your file system contents., so read the man page before!
Oh an another word of advise: a RAID is no backup. Implement some kind of backup strategy after that!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Latisha Fowler, 38, was found with head trauma inside a Kips Bay apartment building, the NYPD said.
The woman died at the scene and the driver wasn't immediately charged, police said.
Ozone Development missed its deadline to pay $4,500 to a Bed-Stuy homeowner after damaging her building.
A Brooklyn councilman says LinkNYC should map bus arrivals for stops without countdown clocks.
Feds recommended he be sentenced to up to two years and three months at his next court date on Monday.
The surge at a Con Ed substation also caused power outages for public housing residents in Red Hook.
The 90-person band Despers practices for Labor Day weekend in an empty lot in Crown Heights.
Following years of deadly violence at the event, the NYPD is locking down the J'Ouvert parade route.


text:
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US tech tumbles, dollar extends rebound
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European equity markets were enjoying a rally earlier today on the back of hopes regarding a vaccine for the coronavirus, but the painful move lower in the US has weighed on indices on this side of the Atlantic.
The Centre for Disease Control (CDC) said the US needs to be ready to deliver a Covid-19 vaccine around the country from early November. Dealers took that as a sign the CDC is hopeful that one of the many pharma companies that are trying to develop a drug to tackle the coronavirus could be successful in the few months. Dr Anthony Fauci, a disease specialist, cast doubt that a vaccine will be developed by the end of October, but said it's not impossible, so that took some of the wind out of the bull's sails. The sharp falls seen in the US have prompted selling in Europe.
Melrose shares are one of the best performers on the FTSE 100 as the company stated that trading during the summer has been at the upper-end of management's expectations. The actual numbers for the first half were disappointing, but dealers took encouragement from the relatively upbeat commentary. The company is a turnaround group, whereby it acquires underperforming companies and whips them into shape. The pandemic impacted the company as it had asset writedowns of £179 million. In excess of 70% of the asset writedowns were attributed to the aerospace sector – it's not surprising that asset values dropped in light of the health emergency. First half revenue and adjusted operating profit dropped by 25% and 89% respectively.
Capita Group has been in focus today on the back of a story that CVC, the private equity firm, is considering launching a takeover bid for the firm. The same newspaper article, claimed that another company might be interested in Capita because of its education business. A few hours into the European trading session, it was reported that CVC is not considering making a play for Capita, but the stock has held onto some of its gains. Year-to-date, the Capita share price has dropped more than 80%, so it is vulnerable in terms of a takeover target. The struggling outsourcing firm is now on the radar, and even if CVC is not keen on making a bid, others might be just because it is in the news.
At the start of the month, Ocado's and Marks & Spencer's partnership began but the service has been suspended due to such high demand levels. No doubt, Ocado will adapt to the new set-up in the months ahead.
Morgan Stanley downgraded Next to underweight from equal-weight.
The NASDAQ 100 so down over 5% as traders are turning their back on tech stocks – which have enjoyed an exceptionally bullish run lately. It appears that profit taking is the name of the game with regards to technology companies, and that has weighed on the S&P 500 and the Dow Jones too
The labour department changed the way it measures the jobless claims report to give a smoother picture of the situation. The new methodology takes into account seasonal adjustments. The jobless reading fell to 881,000 – the lowest reading since the lockdown was imposed. The federal pandemic unemployment assistance programme, which includes people who do not qualify for the mainstream benefit and the self-employed, came in 759,482, up from 607,808 last week. The continued claims reading metric dropped to 13.25 million, undershooting the 14 million consensus estimate.
The US services data was mixed. The final reading of the services PMI for August was 55, a touch higher than the flash reading. The ISM non-manufacturing update slipped to 56.9 from 58.1 in July.
Tesla shares are in the red. The stock closed lower in the past two sessions. It was reported that Baillie Gifford, an investment management group, trimmed their stake to below 5%, from 6.32%. The fund decided to cut its shareholding in the auto-maker because the recent bullish move inflated its exposure to the stock.
Smartsheet shares are offside today in the wake of the earnings miss that was announced last night. The second quarter loss per share was 22 cents, while the consensus estimate was for a loss per share of 16 cents. Revenue jumped by 41% to $91.2 million and that topped the $86.6 million forecast. It is worth noting the stock briefly set an intra-day record high yesterday in advance of the figures, so traders had high hopes ahead of the announcement.
NVIDIA, Intel and Micron are all in the red on the back of the news that China will develop its own semiconductors. The Trump administration is applying pressure to the Chinese government by limiting the access that Chinese companies have to chips, so the Beijing administration is keen to become self-sufficient.
EUR/USD and GBP/USD are in the red because of the push higher in the greenback. The dollar closed up on Tuesday and Wednesday and it is higher again today. Earlier in the week, EUR/USD hit a 28 month high, and the pound hit its highest level versus the dollar since December 2019, so a bit of a pullback is hardly a surprise. The services reports from Spain and Italy were concerning because they showed negative growth – it could be a sign the recovery is running out of steam. The UK services PMI metric for August was 58.8, which was a nice increase on the 56.5 posted in July, but it cooled from the flash reading of 60.1.
The US dollar is also gaining ground versus the Australian dollar and the Canadian dollar as weaker metal and commodity prices are holding back the 'commodity currencies'.
Gold is lower for the second day in a row as the recovery in the US dollar has impacted the metal. The inverse relationship with the greenback has been a common theme in gold's moves recently. When you take into consideration how far gold has fallen in the past two sessions, it is relatively small when compared with other negative swings it has experienced in the past month.
WTI and Brent crude are in the red as there are demand concerns circulating. It is understood that a large number of refineries in the US are due to be closed for maintenance, and that is playing on traders' minds.
UK-EU trade deal uncertainty no barrier to further FTSE gains
The FTSE 100 had another strong day yesterday, outperforming its European counterparts as optimism over vaccine approval and a Brexit deal gave UK assets a lift.
Airbnb IPO finally set to take flight
Markets muted as US jobs report in focus
USD continues to wobble ahead of NFP
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The travel app will make its market debut on 9 December. What will the initial Airbnb share price be? Read our Airbnb IPO preview
It was a mixed bag for European equity markets yesterday as the FTSE 100 closed modestly higher while the indices in mainland Europe posted losses.
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Guava are a tropical food. It has unique flavor and fragrance. It as extraordinary full of with vitamin C and antioxidants which are good for health and skin. Guava has many benefits for health.
Seeds of guava has help to prevent you from constipation. It is full or with fibers. It is very beneficial for diabetic's patients. It helps to reduce the development of diabetes. For healthy and glowing skin you should daily eat guava. It helps to beat toothache because it has antibacterial qualities to fight with infections and killed germs. People who they want to lose weight should eat guava because fibers are present in guava and it also has less sugar then apple and oranges. Guava can also use as snacks, because it satisfies your appetite.
Beets are full of vitamin C, potassium, minerals and essential fibers. You can say that this vegetable has more benefits than others. The fibers in beetroot promotes the improvement in your memory. There are many beetroot benefits for health. Juice of beetroot is fat free and provide energy to your body. It helps to improve your immune system and digestion system. It helps to prevent you from constipation.
For pregnant women's, it is very beneficial, because it contains natural folic acid which helps to reduce the risk of birth defects. The natural vitamins in beetroots are helps to prevent you from skin ageing and cell damages. Daily use of beetroot in your salad bowl keeps your blood pressure and cholesterol level in low state. People who are suffering from acne, should use it because it helps to heal acne smoothly.
The majority of people on earth do not like milk. People are not familiar with health benefits of milk. It promotes glowing skin. Consuming milk on regular basis, makes your skin tone fair and provide softness as well. It helps to give strength to your bones and teeth. It is a rich source of calcium and as you know calcium is very good for bones health. Milk contains proteins, which helps to build your muscle.
Milk is also consider as snack. You can take a glass of milk during your dinner or while you are eating fruits. It also use as good appetizer. Some studies have also suggested that intake of milk also reduces the risk of ovarian cancer. You can also use it for weight loss purpose. You can use skim milk in your diet.
As you hear water is very good for health. Mostly people drink water for weight loss. But warm water has many benefits for health as per simple water. Warm water in empty stomach helps to increase your metabolism and this will promote to burn more calories in whole day. If you are in cold it will help to cure your cold. Women who faces menstrual cramps, should always drink warm water because it has soothing effect on the abdominal muscle.
It helps to clean your body and eliminate the cause of acne infection. It keeps your scalp hydrated and fight against dandruff. People who are worried about constipation always drink warm water, it helps to aid constipation smoothly. It improves your blood circulation. Toxins in body make you age faster. So you need to remove extra toxins from your body. Warm water repair your skin cells and remove extra toxins from your body and keep you healthy and smart.


text:
ICMY: Urban Outfitters Sells (Really Good) Sex Toys—& They're Cute AF
If Urban Outfitters is known for one thing, it's the aesthetic. Every time we browse the store, we're shocked and delighted by the perfectly curated blend of kitsch and style (seriously, who else could revive Polaroids and lava lamps) that feels like we've stepped into our Pinterest inspo boards. It's no wonder that UO has been able to expand seamlessly from clothes and accessories into furniture, home decor, and even beauty. So when we found out that Urban has expanded its off-beat brand into sexual wellness products, it totally made sense. Yes, it's true: Urban Outfitters now sells some of the best sex toys on the market, and, like everything the retailer has to offer, they are cute. From TikTok viral suction vibrators in mint green to artfully chic clitoral stimulators in a rainbow of patterns and colors, UO has stocked the best-of-the-best sex toys from highly-acclaimed brands we love like Unbound Babes, Maude, and Lelo. Not only are the toys all highly rated and best-selling, but the inventory has been expertly curated to give the new line a totally distinct and stylish flair that only Urban can provide.
On top of the cute AF sex toys, the retailer also has a wide array of sex accouterments including lubricants, arousal oils, libido supplements, and everything else under the sun to help make your body feel extra tingly. And like everything at UO, everything is pleasantly affordable. Whether you're brand new to the world of sex toys or a practiced pro, you're going to want to explore this trendy array of colorful sex toys, which look just as good as they feel. Below, explore the seven best sex toys you can grab from Urban Outfitters right now that are totally worth it for the aesthetic.


text:
Q-files
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Age of Dinosaurs
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Living world glossary
You are here: Life > LET'S EXPLORE The living world > What are ecosystems?
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Dung beetles feed on the droppings of large mammals such as camels or elephants. They share the same ecosystem. Many kinds mould the animal droppings into a ball. Then they roll it away—usually travelling backwards—to a safe place for burial. They will then use it as a food store or lay their eggs inside it.
A dung beetle
Animals, plants and other living things have to survive in the wild. They must find food, water and shelter. They must cope with changing conditions, such as weather, climate and seasons. They also depend on one another. For example, meat-eating animals hunt other animals, or some insects feed on the droppings of large mammals. Scientists think of the natural world as being made up of ecosystems. These are areas in which living things survive together in conditions to which they are suited.
A seashore habitat, a rock pool
In any ecosystem, living things that rely on each other for survival form a community. Their natural homes may be small like a garden pond or a rotting log. Or they may be much larger—a lake or forest, for example. These homes are known as habitats. Habitats contain similar kinds of plants and soils. Oak woodland, salt marshes, coral reefs and sand dunes are all examples of habitats.
The world's largest land biome is the taiga. This is the coniferous (or boreal) forest that covers most of Canada, Alaska and Scandinavia, together with a large part of Russia.
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text:
namespace google {
namespace protobuf {
namespace compiler {
namespace j2objc {

string SafeName(const string& name);

string UnderscoresToCamelCase(const string& input, bool cap_next_letter);

// Converts the field's name to camel-case, e.g. "foo_bar_baz" becomes
// "fooBarBaz" or "FooBarBaz", respectively.
string UnderscoresToCamelCase(const FieldDescriptor* field);
string UnderscoresToCapitalizedCamelCase(const FieldDescriptor* field);

inline bool IsMapEntry(const Descriptor* descriptor) {
  return descriptor->options().map_entry();
}

inline bool IsMapField(const FieldDescriptor* descriptor) {
  const Descriptor* message_type = descriptor->message_type();
  return message_type != NULL ? IsMapEntry(message_type) : false;
}

// Returns the file's base name.
string FileBaseName(const FileDescriptor* file);

// Returns the file's parent directory.
string FileParentDir(const FileDescriptor* file);

// Gets the unqualified class name for the file.  Each .proto file becomes a
// single Java class, with all its contents nested in that class.
string FileClassName(const FileDescriptor* file);

// Returns the file's Java package name.
string FileJavaPackage(const FileDescriptor* file);

// Returns output directory for the given package name.
string JavaPackageToDir(string package_name);

// These return the J2ObjC class name corresponding to the given descriptor.
string ClassName(const Descriptor *descriptor);
string ClassName(const EnumDescriptor *descriptor);
string ClassName(const FileDescriptor *descriptor);

string CEnumName(const EnumDescriptor *descriptor);

string EnumValueName(const EnumValueDescriptor *descriptor);

// These return the Java class name corresponding to the given descriptor.
string JavaClassName(const Descriptor *descriptor);
string JavaClassName(const EnumDescriptor *descriptor);
string JavaClassName(const FileDescriptor *descriptor);

// Get the unqualified name that should be used for a field's field
// number constant.
string FieldConstantName(const FieldDescriptor *field);

string GetHeader(const FileDescriptor *descriptor);
string GetHeader(const Descriptor *descriptor);
string GetHeader(const EnumDescriptor *descriptor);

string JoinFlags(const std::vector<string> &flags);
string GetFieldFlags(const FieldDescriptor *field);

enum JavaType {
  JAVATYPE_INT,
  JAVATYPE_LONG,
  JAVATYPE_FLOAT,
  JAVATYPE_DOUBLE,
  JAVATYPE_BOOLEAN,
  JAVATYPE_STRING,
  JAVATYPE_BYTES,
  JAVATYPE_ENUM,
  JAVATYPE_MESSAGE
};

JavaType GetJavaType(const FieldDescriptor* field);

string DefaultValue(const FieldDescriptor *field);
string GetFieldTypeEnumValue(const FieldDescriptor *descriptor);
string GetDefaultValueTypeName(const FieldDescriptor *descriptor);
string GetFieldOptionsData(const FieldDescriptor *descriptor);

void ParsePrefixFile(string prefix_file);

string MappedInputName(const FileDescriptor* file);
string StaticOutputFileName(const FileDescriptor* file, string suffix);
string FileDirMappingOutputName(const FileDescriptor* file);
void GenerateFileDirMapping();
bool IsGenerateFileDirMapping();

}  // namespace j2objc
}  // namespace compiler
}  // namespace protobuf
}  // namespace google

#endif  // GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_COMPILER_J2OBJC_HELPERS_H__


Abelssoft WashAndGo 18.23.04.180 | Free eBooks Download - EBOOKEE!
Posted on 2017-08-19, by BaDshaH786.
WashAndGo removes unnecessary garbage files. WashAndGo cleans your system and increases your performance significantly. The following garbage types are detected by WashAndGo: Unnecessary garbage files, Old log and dump files, Content of temp folders, prefetch files and unnecessary setup cache files, Unused backup files from service pack installations and Content of your own temp folders and may more.
WashAndGo removes internet traces: The Browser-Cache, Cookies, the Browser-History and many more traces of the most common browsers.
WashAndGo is able to detect system errors and correct them. Your PC will become more stable. The following errors can be recognized and corrected: Defective shortcuts, Windows Registry errors, orphaned entries in your Recent Files folder and wrong uninstall entries in Windows.
WashAndGo will only suggest removal of a file or entry if it can be almost 100% certain that it is unnecessary and may be safely deleted. Just in case a problem might arise, WashAndGo does create a security backup which allows you to undo any and all changes for a period of 7 days after cleaning.
WashAndGo can clean your computer automatically: You can schedule when WashAndGo is to clean your System in the background.
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