FAAM's health and safety policy follows that of its primary funder – NERC.
NERC's policy lays down the intent, organisation and arrangements that are in place to ensure health and safety within the organisation and for other parties who might be affected by its activities. NERC's policy applies to all activities undertaken by FAAM and details of NERC's procedures can be found in their Health and Safety Policy. FAAM also have local policies specific to working at FAAM, both on the ground and in the air. You can access more information about our policies by navigating the drop-down items below.
Local FAAM Safety Procedures FAAM's local procedures and guidance supplement NERC's own set of procedure documents. Both staff and visitors must be be familiar with the relevant practices, these apply when working at FAAM's home base, on the aircraft, and on deployments away from base.
For an overview of procedures at our ground-based facility, please refer to our safety guide.
Visitor Induction and Registration Users visiting FAAM who wish to work partially unescorted at the ground facility will be asked to attend a short facility induction describing safe working practices. This is updated regularly via the FAAM safety guide. We encourage visitors to view our up-to-date induction presentation, and read through our safety guide.
Reporting an Accident, Incident or Near Miss FAAM is committed to the safety of it's facility, users and staff. We strongly advocate recording any health and safety issues that may arise during the course of our work so that we can refine our procedures and promote the safest working practices. To report an incident FAAM staff should use the NERC AINM system. Visitors who cannot access the AINM system should contact a member of FAAM staff or the facility administrator, Susannah Rastall, and describe the issue. Susannah will be able to submit a system report on your behalf.


text:
Nicki Minaj Scolds LeBron James For Choosing Future Over Her On Mt. Rushmore
#NICKIMINAJ #LeBronJames #Future Script: Mark Elibert
Voiceover: Pro https://www.instagram.com/jaysnprolifiq/
Video Edit: CT https://www.instagram.com/goodluckct/
Video Manager: Jeremy Hecht
http://www.instagram.com/jeremy_hecht
Executive Producer: Sharath Cherian Subscribe to HipHopDX on Youtube:
http://instagram.com/hiphopdx For over 17 years, HipHopDX has been at the forefront of Hip Hop culture online, featuring over 2.7 million readers per month. As one of the longest-standing Hip Hop websites, DX not only stays current on Hip Hop culture, but continues to influence it, encourage it, and simultaneously reflect on its past. Our insightful, honest editorials, unbiased reviews, premier audio and video sections, and original video content, draws one of the most loyal followings online. Check us out at http://www.hiphopdx.com Source https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J_wu-1_NOzA

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Attendance at Burning Man is up to nearly 70,000 people.
Burning Man 2016 officially started on Sunday.
Even as photos of this year's festival have started trickling onto social media, many are still baffled by what exactly goes on at the week-long event.
Three years ago, I went to Burning Man for the first time. Last year, I returned for round two.
While I had attended many different festivals previously, Burning Man was unlike anything I had ever seen.
Burning Man, as the website proclaims, is "an annual art event and temporary community based on radical self expression and self-reliance in the Black Rock Desert of Nevada."
The festival is a choose your own adventure of early morning meditation, late nights lit up by neon and pulsating music, art installations, bicycle adventures, and much more.
The first year I attended in 2013, so did more than 61,000 other people. By the time I went back in 2015, attendance had grown to nearly 70,000 participants.
Here's what happens inside the wild world of Burning Man.
It all started with this: a cheap leopard suitcase I purchased on the streets of New York City. Everything you bring to Burning Man is at risk of getting seriously dirty or of disappearing. I felt OK sacrificing this.
I packed it full with costumes, sunscreen, sunglasses, flashlights, food, and other items on the official checklist. Everything is in plastic bags to keep it clean from the impending desert dust.
Upon arrival in Reno, Nevada, the closest airport, I hit a Walmart to grab last-minute necessities such as jugs of water. Walmart was clearly prepared for all of the "Burners" driving from Reno.
Just two days after the festival started, shelves were incredibly picked over.
Or there was simply nothing left at all. But I managed to get what I needed.
After a two-hour drive, I approached "The Playa" — what people call the land where Burning Man is held.
I was greeted by veteran burners. Being a "burn virgin" myself, I had to get out of the car and roll around in the dust, as is customary for all first-timers.
Everyone stays in tents or RVs.
I stayed in a small RV, but this is what the inside of many tents looked like.
There was a communal tent filled with pillows, blowup couches, and chairs where everyone could hang out together.
My camp was part of a larger camp that offered two large meals a day in exchange for kitchen duties like cooking and cleaning.
There was food for hundreds. Check out the massive pot of scrambled eggs being made.
One of my duties was to "massage" this salad before lunch.
And then came dish duty.
It was pretty gross. Everything you bring into the desert, you have to take back out — including dirty dish water.
Ornately decorated bikes are used to get everywhere.
Each bike has to be covered in el wire, which lights up at night so people don't run into you.
It's useful in the middle of desert dust storms.
Bikes are by far the most common mode of transportation around the playa.
But there are a few other ways of getting around, including Segway scooters.
The first place I checked out was Distrikt, a Vegas-like outdoor club pumping music between the mountains. The bar was open, but you had to provide your own glass.
It was beautiful at sunset.
I found that rather than barter, most people give things out free.
Like this man who traveled from Mexico to pour pickleback shots.
This booth offered free bad advice. Thanks!
Money is no good here, but stupid human tricks are. I don't have any, so I had to do a cartwheel in exchange for sending a postcard from the working post office.
This camp offered free fried chicken and watermelon. And they delivered!
There was a free wine tasting.
And free coffee from New Orleans' famous Café Du Monde.
Inside, people read the paper as if nothing crazy were going on in the desert around them.
Pretty much anything you wanted, you could find.
Some camps set up fun activities like zip lines.
This bicyclist carried around a massage table for strangers.
The "Duck Pond" camp had a great viewing point for sunsets and sunrises.
Medical services for both physical and mental troubles.
And there were tons of wedding ceremonies taking place all over.
Including this fire-breathing octopus art car, where the bride and groom's rings were made of duct tape.
Art cars, such as this piñata-themed vehicle, are a huge thing at the festival, and people spend all year putting them together.
This lizard car was made of all metal.
This incredible idea was a car that supported hammock chairs.
The parties continued even through the dust storms.
I noticed this parked art car from a distance because of the loud music it was blasting.
This guy inside the car shot people below with a hose to cool them down. It was nearly 100 degrees every day. Nights were cooler.
On the outside of the car there was an open bar, where people filled their Camelbaks — intended for water — with alcohol.
The festival, and this car, cater to all ages. Here is someone's dad taking a little break.
This art car filled with Barbies looked fun.
But it was pretty disturbing upon closer inspection.
This fish car was creative.
And there was a cool bumblebee car.
The cars take you out to "deep playa," miles away from the main camps, where random things like this open bar are set up.
People hang out in booths just like in real bars — except you're in the middle of nowhere.
Some people set up badminton.
This fence is the very end of the playa, where burners aren't allowed to go past.
Around this area, I spotted a movie theater. It was fully functioning with a generator, playing films like "The Wizard of Oz," and offering snacks at a concession stand.
There was all kinds of art.
Like this toilet brush cleaner statue, located conveniently near a line of porta-pottys.
A giant disco ball that lit up and glowed neon purple at night.
At night everything lit up, which is amazing considering there is no power grid.
Even the art cars light up.
I spotted this cart, which had two sinks and was handing out free toothbrushes. Notice the glowing tooth on the top!
At night there were wild dance parties played by DJs such as Paul Oakenfold and Major Lazer.
The entire fake city was aglow as soon as the sun went down.
This glowing-woman statue by artist Marco Cochrane was a 2013 favorite.
Here is the woman sculpture from afar during the daylight.
The structure of "the man" is burned at the end of the week.
You can go inside the man and slide down. This is the view from inside looking out onto the playa.
On Saturday, the man is burned to the ground as people gather around and watch.
By the end of it, I was tired, covered in dust, and ready for a shower.
But overall, it was a great experience that I would highly recommend to anyone up for the adventure. High-fives all around!


This is not done give me some time. I have only put Starfleet characters on this list. In other-words they must have worn a Starfleet uniform on a Starleet mission. This means characters like the Maquis who served aboard Voyager would count.
I would have added Vorik and characters from the Enterprise series but, they don't have character pages yet. There is not much of an order yet either,but they are in somewhat of an order. I have been really going thought the Star Trek Comics and entering the great ones as I notice they are missing. I will go back and put them in better order later.
When the list is done it will be a top 100 but there is only 102 on comicvine so far. This will change as I edit all the Star Trek books that have almost no information.
Data is my favorite character. I love the actor who plays the character. Brent Spiner is a genius.
The good Doctor. The only thing I didn't like about this character was his lack of name. He is awesome. Hilarious and great. He was much like Data in his character role but it is mainly because of the actor who played him Robert Picardo. Picardo is awesome in everything I have ever seen.
I know what you are thinking but Neelix was on two Starfleet missions were he wore an away uniform and it was not an alternate timeline. Neelix was a character I hated at first but really grew to love. It took awhile to get past his rooter hair, split nose and bizarre skin mottleing.


text:
package com.github.rubensousa.gravitysnaphelper;

import android.support.annotation.NonNull;
import android.support.annotation.Nullable;
import android.support.v7.widget.LinearLayoutManager;
import android.support.v7.widget.LinearSnapHelper;
import android.support.v7.widget.OrientationHelper;
import android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView;
import android.view.Gravity;
import android.view.View;

public class GravitySnapHelper extends LinearSnapHelper {

    private GravityDelegate delegate;

    public GravitySnapHelper(int gravity) {
        this(gravity, false, null);
    }

    public GravitySnapHelper(int gravity, boolean enableSnapLastItem) {
        this(gravity, enableSnapLastItem, null);
    }

    public GravitySnapHelper(int gravity, boolean enableSnapLastItem, SnapListener snapListener) {
        delegate = new GravityDelegate(gravity, enableSnapLastItem, snapListener);
    }

    @Override
    public void attachToRecyclerView(@Nullable RecyclerView recyclerView)
            throws IllegalStateException {
        delegate.attachToRecyclerView(recyclerView);
        super.attachToRecyclerView(recyclerView);
    }

    @Override
    public int[] calculateDistanceToFinalSnap(@NonNull RecyclerView.LayoutManager layoutManager,
                                              @NonNull View targetView) {
        return delegate.calculateDistanceToFinalSnap(layoutManager, targetView);
    }

    @Override
    public View findSnapView(RecyclerView.LayoutManager layoutManager) {
        return delegate.findSnapView(layoutManager);
    }

    /**
     * Enable snapping of the last item that's snappable.
     * The default value is false, because you can't see the last item completely
     * if this is enabled.
     *
     * @param snap true if you want to enable snapping of the last snappable item
     */
    public void enableLastItemSnap(boolean snap) {
        delegate.enableLastItemSnap(snap);
    }

    public interface SnapListener {
        void onSnap(int position);
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
PAAIA Distressed over Supreme Court Decision to Uphold Travel Ban
Washington, DC – PAAIA is deeply disturbed with yesterday's Supreme Court decision in Trump v. Hawaii, allowing the latest version of the Travel Ban to continue being implemented.
The Court's 5-4 decision essentially prevents nationals from Iran, Libya, North Korea, Somalia, Syria, Venezuela, and Yemen from entering the United States. PAAIA—in collaboration with IABA and Pars Equality Center—has actively worked to protect the Iranian American community from the unjust effects of the Ban since its inception, filing legal challenges to all three iterations of the Travel Ban, working with senators to obtain information on the Ban's ineffective waiver provisions, and filing an amicus brief in support of Hawaii in this Supreme Court case.
During the oral arguments, our amicus brief was cited at length and referenced by name multiple times. It was used to demonstrate the Ban's human impact on U.S. citizens and their friends and family as well as to highlight concerns about the ineffective implementation of the Ban's waiver provisions. These arguments were referenced by Justices Breyer, Sotomayor, and Ginsburg in today's dissenting opinions.
"[The Iranian American coalition amicus brief] identified 1,000 individuals—including parents and children of U.S. citizens—who sought and were denied entry under the Proclamation, hundreds of whom seem to meet the waiver criteria," wrote Justice Breyer. "Denying visas to Muslims who meet the Proclamation's own security terms would support the view that the Government excludes them for reasons based upon their religion."
Iranians and Iranian Americans are especially impacted by the Travel Ban because Iranian nationals make up the largest number of immigrants or non-immigrant visitors among the countries listed in the Ban. Unfairly targeting the Iranian people undermines the solidarity between the peoples of both countries and overlooks the countless contributions Iranian Americans have made to the security and economic prosperity of the United States.
In our brief, we highlighted many stories of Iranian Americans who have been impacted by the Ban, including that of Mania Aghdasi. After the death of her mother and brother, Aghdasi wanted to bring her grieving father to the United States to take care of him. It took 16 months to find out that he was ultimately denied a waiver, but by that time he had already passed away. With thousands of similar heartbreaking stories, the results of yesterday's decision will only serve to galvanize the Iranian American community to defend our rights.
Yesterday, the Supreme Court decided not to stand up for the rights of Muslims, immigrants, and valuable members of American society, voting instead to legitimize this prejudiced policy and setting a precedent for future discrimination based on nationalities and religion.
Despite this decision, PAAIA will continue to contest the Travel Ban in court and advocate for its ultimate rejection in the halls of Congress, but we need your help! Click here to tell your senators and representatives to support legislation that would block the Travel Ban.


text:
Das Konstanzer Tal (allgäuerisch nur Dahl) ist ein morphologisch sehr ausgeprägtes offenes Tal der Konstanzer Ach im Landkreis Oberallgäu in Bayern. Da der Große Alpsee östlich im Tal liegt, wird das Tal außerhalb der Region auch als Alpseetal bezeichnet.

Geographie
Das Tal liegt in den Gemarkungen des Marktes Oberstaufen und der Stadt Immenstadt im Allgäu. Es ist ein sehr breites Tal mit bis zu einem Kilometer Breite und einer flachen Sohle. Das Tal zieht sich vom Großen Alpsee bis zum Staufen mit einer Länge von etwa zwölf Kilometern. Im Norden des Tals verläuft mit der Salmaser Höhe der südlichste Kamm des Zentralteils der Nagelfluhhöhen und Senken zwischen Bodensee und Wertach und im Süden verlaufen die Allgäuer Nagelfluh-Schichtkämme mit dem Prodel-Schichtkamm.

Im Tal liegen die Oberstaufener Ortsteile Hinterstaufen und Thalkirchdorf mit seinen zugehörigen Dörfern Knechtenhofen, Salmas, Lamprechts, Wiedemannsdorf, Konstanzer und Osterdorf sowie die Ortsteile Ratholz, Gschwend und der Luftkurort Bühl am Alpsee in der Gemarkung der Stadt Immenstadt. Der Geograph Dongus gliedert auch noch den mittelalterlichen Altstadtteil von Immenstadt mit in das Gebiet des Tals. Rund um den Alpsee liegen außerdem die Dörfer Rieder und See, der Weiler Trieblings sowie die Einöde Alpseewies im Tal.

Neben dem großen und kleinen Alpsee liegt auch der Teufelssee im Tal. Die namensgebende Konstanzer Ach mündet über den Alpsee in die obere Iller. Im Gebiet sind die Konstanzer sowie die Osterdorfer Wasserfälle zu sehen. Es liegen zwei Landschaftsschutzgebiete im Tal (Landschaftsschutzgebiet Großer Alpsee sowie Kleiner Alpsee in Immenstadt).

Geologie
Die das Tal begleitenden Bergrücken bestehen aus Gesteinen der Unteren Süßwassermolasse, gemischt mit wenig Jungmoräne aus der Würm-Kaltzeit. Den Talgrund nimmt eine jungholozäne Füllung aus Mergel, Lehm, Sand, Kies, zum Teil auch Torf mit verschiedener Herkunft und Genese ein.

Geschichte
Im Tal lassen sich Richtung Oberstaufen Erdrutschungen von Molassegesteinen größeren Ausmaßes nachweisen, die aus dem Post- bzw. Spätglazialem Eiszerfall (19250 bis 17550 v. Chr.) stammen. Im Tal flossen Iller- und Rheingletscher zusammen, sodass nach Abschmelzen des Eises die Gesteinsmassen leicht hinab rutschen konnten.

Lange Zeit ging man davon aus, dass 250 v. Chr. die Römerstraße Via Decia durch das Tal nach Bregenz führte. Jedoch gilt diese aufgrund eines bei Zirl vorgefundenen Meilensteins postulierte Via Decia inzwischen als widerlegt, nachdem durch den Fund gleichartiger Meilensteine, dieser eindeutig der Via Raetia zuzuordnen ist.

Eine wirtschaftlich bedeutende Salzstraße von Bad Reichenhall über München zum Bodensee führte ab dem 14. Jahrhundert durch das Tal.

Tourismus & Verkehr

Aufgrund der Lage des Großen Alpsees im Tal, ist er wegen der guten Windverhältnisse ein geeignetes Segel- und Surfrevier. Der Segelclub Alpsee-Immenstadt hat sein Revier am Ostufer. Das Museum AlpSeeHaus in Bühl gilt als Eingangstor zum Naturpark Nagelfluhkette.

In Ratholz ist in der Alpsee Bergwelt eine der größten Sommerrodelbahnen Deutschlands, auf der man mit dem Schlitten ins Tal fahren kann. Im Winter kann man dort auch zusätzlich auf zwei Naturrodelbahnen Schlitten fahren.

Im Skigebiet Hündle-Thalkirchdorf kann man im Winter auf über 20 Pisten ins Konstanzer Tal fahren. Zudem liegt zum Skilanglauf die Konstanzer Loipe im Tal.

Durch das Tal führen die Bundesstraße 308 und die Bahnstrecke Buchloe–Lindau. Bis Anfang der 1980er Jahre gab es im Tal mit Haltestationen unter anderem in Thalkirchdorf und Ratholz mehrere Anschlüsse an die Bahnstrecke. Heute verkehrt lediglich ein Bus (Linie 39) durch das Tal.

Weblinks

Literatur
 Bundesanstalt für Landeskunde, die behandelte Einheit:

 022'

Einzelnachweise

Geographie (Oberstaufen)
Geographie (Immenstadt im Allgäu)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
US6058138A - Radio reception system providing improved transmission quality - Google Patents
Radio reception system providing improved transmission quality Download PDF
equalized
demodulated signals
Hidenobu Fukumasa
Yasuyuki Oishi
Kazuo Nagatani
Hajime Hamada
Fujitsu Ltd
1997-06-06 Application filed by Fujitsu Ltd filed Critical Fujitsu Ltd
1997-06-06 Assigned to FUJITSU LIMITED reassignment FUJITSU LIMITED ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: FUKUMASA, HIDENOBU, HAMAIDA, HAJIME, NAGATANI, KAZUO, OISHI, YASUYUKI
238000004422 calculation algorithm Methods 0 abstract claims description 4
230000001976 improved Effects 0 description title 10
230000000051 modifying Effects 0 claims description 25
230000001186 cumulative Effects 0 claims description 15
230000001721 combination Effects 0 claims description 2
230000003044 adaptive Effects 0 description 25
238000010295 mobile communication Methods 0 description 3
239000004452 animal feeding substances Substances 0 description 2
230000035611 feeding Effects 0 description 2
239000006185 dispersions Substances 0 description 1
H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
H04B1/69—Spread spectrum techniques
H04B1/707—Spread spectrum techniques using direct sequence modulation
H04B1/7097—Interference-related aspects
H04B1/711—Interference-related aspects the interference being multi-path interference
H04B1/7115—Constructive combining of multi-path signals, i.e. RAKE receivers
H04B7/08—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the receiving station
H04B7/0837—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the receiving station using pre-detection combining
H04B7/0842—Weighted combining
H04B7/0848—Joint weighting
H04B7/0854—Joint weighting using error minimizing algorithms, e.g. minimum mean squared error [MMSE], "cross-correlation" or matrix inversion
H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
H04L1/02—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by diversity reception
H04L1/06—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by diversity reception using space diversity
H04B1/709—Correlator structure
A radio receiver includes a plurality of demodulating units for demodulating a received radio wave received via a plurality of paths so as to produce respective demodulated signals, and combining units for executing a combination process of synchronizing and combining the demodulated signals produced by the plurality of demodulating units, the combining units correlating the demodulated signals produced by the plurality of demodulating units and excluding from a combination process a demodulated signal that meets a predetermined condition based on a predetermined algorithm.
The present invention generally relates to radio receivers and more particularly, to a radio receiver which improves transmission quality by compensating for channel distortion in a radio wave received via a plurality of branches and paths and combining compensated signals.
Recently, the number of people subscribing to a radio communication system is increasing with the advancement in the liberatization of the market. Intensive studies are being undertaken to develop code division multiple access (CDMA) characterized by a high efficiency in using radio frequencies.
In a reception system in which CDMA is introduced, a high transmission quality is obtained by dividing and despreading a received wave arriving over a time longer than a time commensurate with a reciprocal of a signal band, compensating for a channel distortion (which occurs as a result of a variation in the amplitude and a phase rotation) in individual waves thus processed, and subjecting the waves to a predetermined combination process. A RAKE receiver is most suitably used in such a system.
FIG. 1 shows a construction of a RAKE receiver according to the related art.
Referring to FIG. 1, a power feed end of an antenna 61-1 is connected to inputs of despreaders 63-11, 63-12, 63-13 via a demodulator 62-1. Likewise, a power feed end of an antenna 61-2 is connected to inputs of despreaders 63-21, 63-22, 63-23 via a demodulator 62-2. Outputs of the despreaders 63-11, 63-12, 63-13 are connected to corresponding inputs of a combination processor 65 via channel distortion compensation units 64-11, 64-12, 64-13. Likewise, outputs of the despreaders 63-21, 63-22, 63-23 are connected to corresponding inputs of the combination processor 65 via channel distortion compensation units 64-21, 64-22, 64-23. A base band signal subject to signal detection is obtained at an output of the combination processor 65.
The channel distortion compensator unit 64-11 is constructed of a channel estimation unit 66-11, a delay unit 67-11 and a multiplier 68-11, outputs of the channel estimation unit 66-11 and the delay unit 67-11 being connected to an input of the multiplier 68-11 and an output of the multiplier 68-11 being connected to a corresponding input of the combination processor 65.
The channel distortion compensation units 64-11, 64-12, 64-13, 64-21, 64-22, 64-23 are constructed similarly. Therefore, suffixes 12, 13, 21, 22, 23 are used to designated those components in the channel distortion compensation units 64-12, 64-13, 64-21, 64-22, 64-23, respectively, that correspond to the channel estimation unit 66-11, the delay unit 67-11 and the multiplier 68-11. The description and illustration of those components are omitted.
According to the construction shown in FIG. 1, a radio wave arriving at the antennas 61-1, 61-2 is demodulated by the demodulators 62-1, 62-2, respectively, and subject to despreading process by a group of the despreaders 63-11, 63-12, 63-13 and a group of the despreaders 63-21, 63-22, 63-23, respectively, in accordance with the same spreading code. Thus, the received radio wave is separated into individual waves corresponding to respective paths formed in a radio transmission route.
A received radio wave will hereinafter be denoted by Yk,n, where n indicates a time series and k (which ranges between 1 and 6(=K)) indicates a number associated with one of the fingers formed by each of the despreaders 63-11, 63-12, 63-13, 63-21, 63-22, 63-23.
Each of the channel estimation units 66-11, 66-12, 66-13, 66-21, 66-22, 66-23 of the channel distortion compensation units 64-11, 64-12, 64-13, 64-21, 64-22, 64-23 respectively, retrieves a pilot signal contained in the divided received wave in a predetermined format so as to estimate a channel characteristic gk,n of the associated path by detecting an error of a signal point for the pilot signal.
Each of the multipliers 68-11, 68-12, 68-13, 68-21, 68-22, 68-23 carries out an arithmetic operation
Z.sub.k,n =g.sub.k,n *·Y.sub.k,n
where gk,n * is a complex conjugate of the channel characteristic.
The combination processor 65 obtains a base band signal by carrying out an arithmetic operation ##EQU1## on the results of the arithmetic operation by the multipliers 68-11, 68-12, 68-13, 68-21, 68-22, 68-23.
Since the channel distortion compensation is applied to individual paths, the base band signal Zn is given as a result of a maximum ratio combination of received signal dividends weighted in accordance with a S/N ratio. Such a base band signal has a maximum S/N and is fit for signal detection.
A description will now be given of a problem with the reception according to the related art.
Referring to FIG. 1, even when the spreading codes used by the despreaders 63-11, 63-12, 63-13, 63-21, 63-22, 63-23 in the despreading process are perfectly synchronized with the received wave, the channel characteristic gk,n of a lower power component in the received wave arriving on a path characterized by a significantly large propagation loss is estimated by the channel estimation units 66-11, 66-12, 66-13, 66-21, 66-22, 66-23 with a significantly low precision.
In a mobile communication system, the channel characteristic varies constantly as a mobile station moves between areas of different geographical conditions and different distributions of buildings, trees etc. It is also to be noted that a variety of multipaths are created in the mobile communication system. Therefore, the aforementioned low power component could occur relatively frequently.
It is thus likely that a noise is superimposed on the base band signal obtained at the output of the combination processor 65 due to an error in the estimation process. When the noise is superimposed, the precision of the subsequent signal detection is also lowered, thus causing the quality of communication to be degraded significantly.
Accordingly, a general object of the present invention is to provide a radio receiver in which the aforementioned problems are eliminated.
Another and more specific object of the present invention is to provide a radio receiver adapted for transmission routes occurring in a variety of transmission schemes and capable of ensuring a high precision in signal detection without requiring a significant modification in a reception system.
An overview of the present invention will now be presented with reference to FIG. 2.
FIG. 2 shows an operating principle of the present invention.
Referring to FIG. 2, a radio receiver according to the present invention includes a plurality of demodulating means 11-1˜11-N for demodulating a received radio wave received via a plurality of paths so as to produce respective demodulated signals; and combining means 13 for executing a combination process of synchronizing and combining the demodulated signals produced by the plurality of demodulating means 11-1˜11-N. The combining means 13 correlates the demodulated signals produced by the plurality of demodulating means 11-1˜11-N and excludes from a combination process a demodulated signal that meets a predetermined condition based on a predetermined algorithm.
Such an algorithm ensures that the demodulated signal associated with a path characterized by a large propagation loss and a large propagation delay is excluded from the combination process. Thus, the path that would provide a noise due to its large propagation loss and a large propagation delay is excluded from the combination process and the transmission quality is prevented from being degraded.
The received radio wave could be modulated using a pilot signal including a known symbol, and the combining means could exclude a demodulated signal from the combination process depending on whether an SN ratio is below a predetermined threshold value, the SN ratio corresponding to a ratio between a signal position indicating the known symbol and an error of the demodulated signal position with respect the pilot signal position in a signal space.
According to this aspect of the present invention, only the demodulated signal that has a desired correlation between a level or a phase and an S/N ratio is subject to the combination process. Therefore, the maximum ratio combination is approximately possible.
Referring to FIG. 2, the aforementioned objects of the present invention can also be achieved by a radio receiver comprising: a plurality of demodulator means 21-1˜21-N for demodulating in parallel a received radio wave modulated using a pilot signal of a predetermined format and arriving via a respective one of a plurality of branches, so as to obtain a plurality of demodulated signals corresponding to the plurality of branches; a plurality of channel characteristic estimation means 22-1˜22-N for retrieving, from the plurality of demodulated signals obtained by the plurality of demodulator means 21-1˜21-N, the pilot signal for individual paths formed by the plurality of branches, in accordance with the predetermined format, and for estimating a channel characteristic based on an error of a pilot signal position; a plurality of equalizing means 23-1˜23-N for applying an equalization process, adapted for the channel characteristic determined by the plurality of channel characteristic estimation means 22-1˜22-N, on the plurality of demodulated signals obtained by the plurality of demodulator means 21-1˜21-N, so as to obtain equalized demodulated signals corresponding to the plurality of branches; and combining means 24 for executing a combination process of combining the equalized demodulated signals obtained by the plurality of equalizing means 23-1˜23-N so as to produce a received signal.
The combining means could cross-correlate the equalized modulated signals obtained by the plurality of equalizing means and exclude from the combination process the equalized demodulated signal when a cross-correlation value of the equalized demodulated signal rated against one of a maximum cross-correlation value, a cumulative cross-correlation value and an average cross-correlation value is below a predetermined threshold value.
The demodulated signal associated with a path characterized by a large propagation loss and a large propagation delay is removed from the combination process. A degradation in the transmission quality that occurs in the receiver of the related art due to a degradation in the channel characteristic estimated by the channel characteristic estimation means 22-1˜22-N is prevented.
The radio receiver could further comprise signal pre-detection means for applying a first signal detection process on the equalized demodulated signal obtained by the plurality of equalizing means so as to obtain a plurality of non-combined detection results, and for obtaining a combined detection result by applying a second signal detection process on the received signal produced by the combining means; wherein the combining means receives the plurality of non-combined detection results and the combined detection result obtained by the signal pre-detection means, correlates each of the plurality of non-combined detection results with the combined detection result, and excludes from the combination process the equalized demodulated signal when a cross-correlation value of the equalized demodulated signal rated against one of a maximum cross-correlation value, a cumulative cross-correlation value and an average cross-correlation value is below a predetermined threshold value.
According to this aspect of the present invention, the equalized demodulated signal associated with a path characterized by a large propagation loss and a large propagation delay is determined with reference to the combined detection result and is excluded from the combination process. Therefore, degradation in the transmission quality of the combined signal that occurs in the receiver of the related art is properly prevented.
The radio receiver could further comprise signal pre-detection means for obtaining a plurality of non-combined constant-amplitude signals by applying a limiter function process on the equalized demodulated signals obtained by the plurality of equalizing means, and for obtaining a combined constant-amplitude signal by applying a limiter function process on the received signal produced by the combining means; wherein the combining means receives the plurality of non-combined constant-amplitude signals and the combined constant-amplitude signal obtained by the signal pre-detection means, correlates a phase component of each of the plurality of non-combined constant-amplitude signals with a phase component of the combined constant-amplitude signal, and excludes from the combination process the equalized demodulated signal when a cross-correlation value of the equalized demodulated signal rated against one of a maximum cross-correlation value, a cumulative cross-correlation value and an average cross-correlation value is below a predetermined threshold value.
According to this aspect of the present invention, operations for determining a cross-correlation are performed only on the phase component of the non-combined constant-amplitude signal and the combined constant-amplitude signal. Therefore, the operations are simplified and the equalized demodulated signal associated with a path characterized by a large propagation delay is properly excluded from the combination process.
The combining means could cross-correlate the equalized modulated signals obtained by the plurality of equalizing means, determine an autocorrelation value of each of the equalized modulated signals, and exclude from the combination process the equalized demodulated signal when a cross-correlation value and an autocorrelation value of the equalized demodulated signal rated against one of a maximum cross-correlation value, a cumulative cross-correlation value and an average cross-correlation value are below a predetermined threshold value.
According to this aspect of the present invention, the equalized demodulated signal to be excluded from the combination process is determined without omitting the process for calculating the autocorrelation. That is, repetition of similar operations ensures that the necessary determination is made. Hence, the efficiency of the operations is improved.
The combining means could determine an autocorrelation value of each of the equalized modulated signals and exclude from the combination process the equalized demodulated signal when a cross-correlation value and an autocorrelation value of the equalized demodulated signal rated against one of a maximum cross-correlation value, a cumulative cross-correlation value and an average cross-correlation value is below a predetermined threshold value.
The combining means could determines a level of each of the equalized modulated signals obtained by the plurality of equalizing means and exclude from the combination process the equalized demodulated signal when the level of the equalized demodulated signal rated against one of a maximum level, a cumulative level and an average level is below a predetermined threshold value.
According to this aspect of the present invention, it is possible to determine the equalized demodulated signal to be excluded from the combination by a simple procedure involving calculations of sums of squares or sums of squares of absolute values. Therefore, the operations are simplified and the equalized demodulated signal associated with a path characterized by a large propagation delay is properly excluded from the combination process.
The combining means could exclude from the combination process the equalized demodulated signal when one of a first average value and a second average value rated against one of a maximum value of one of the first and second average values, a cumulative value of one of the first and second average values and an average value of one of the first and second average values is below a predetermined threshold value. Here, the first average value is an average value of instantaneous values of the equalized demodulated signals, and the second average value is an average value of absolute values of the instantaneous values.
According to this aspect of the present invention, it is possible to determine the equalized demodulated signal to be excluded from the combination process by a simple procedure in which the operation necessary to calculate the sum of the squares is omitted. Therefore, the operations are simplified.
The combining means could determine a correlation value including an autocorrelation value for all combinations of the equalized demodulated signals and obtain a cross-correlation value by subtracting the autocorrelation value from the correlation value.
According to this aspect of the present invention, the efficiency of the operations is improved.
The radio receiver may further comprise: signal pre-detection means for performing a signal detection on a sum of the equalized demodulated signals obtained by the plurality of equalizing means, so as to obtain a signal point indicated by the sum; signal level calculating means for normalizing each of the equalized demodulated signals obtained by the plurality of equalizing means with respect to a signal point obtained by the signal pre-detection means, so as to obtain a level of a signal component; interference level calculating means for calculating a difference between a level of each of the equalized demodulated signals and the level obtained by the signal level calculating means, so as to obtain a level of an interference component; wherein the combining means performs the combination process by multiplying each of the equalized demodulated signals by a weight equal to a ratio between the level of the signal component determined by the signal level calculating means and the level of the interference determined by the interference level calculating means.
According to this aspect of the present invention, it is possible to perform the maximum ratio combination with an improved precision since the equalized demodulated signal associated with a path characterized by a large propagation loss and a large propagation delay is included in the combination process by being given a weight corresponding to a S/N ratio.
Other objects and further features of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 shows a construction of a RAKE receiver according to the related art;
FIG. 2 shows an operating principle of the present invention;
FIG. 3 shows a radio receiver according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4A is a table listing received waves via respective paths; and
FIG. 4B shows how the transmission quality is improved according to the present invention.
FIG. 3 shows a radio receiver according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Those components that correspond to the components of FIG. 1 are designated by the same reference numerals and the description thereof is omitted.
The radio receiver of FIG. 3 differs from that of the related art in that an adaptive combination processor 51 is provided in place of the combination processor 65.
The demodulator 62-1 and the despreaders 63-11, 63-12, 63-13 correspond to the demodulator means 21-1, the demodulator 62-2 and the despreaders 63-21, 63-22, 63-23 correspond to the demodulator means 21-2, etc. The channel estimation units 66-11, 66-12, 66-13 correspond to the channel characteristic estimation means 22-1, and the channel estimation units 66-21, 66-22, 66-23 correspond to the channel characteristic estimation means 22-2, etc. The delay units 67-11, 67-12, 67-13 and the multipliers 68-11, 68-12, 68-13 correspond to the equalizing means 23-1, the delay units 67-21, 67-22, 67-23 and the multipliers 68-21, 68-22, 68-23 correspond to the equalizing means 23-2, etc. The adaptive combination processor 51 corresponds to the combining means 13, 24.
A description will now be given of a first mode of operation of the radio receiver according to the embodiment of the present invention.
The antennas 61-1, 61-2, the demodulators 62-1, 62-2, the despreaders 63-11, 63-12, 63-13, 63-21, 63-22, 63-23 and the channel distortion compensation units 64-11, 64-12, 64-13, 64-21, 64-22, 64-23 operate in the same manner as in the radio receiver of FIG. 1, so that the description of the operation of these components is omitted.
The results Zk,n of the operation by the multipliers 68-11, 68-12, 68-13, 68-21, 68-22, 68-23 included in the channel distortion compensation units 64-11, 64-12, 64-13, 64-21, 64-22, 64-23, respectively, are fed parallel to the adaptive combination processor 51. The adaptive combination processor 51 carries out an arithmetic operation ##EQU2## in order to determine a cross-correlation Θk, where i is a number indicating one of the finger numbers k ranging from 1 to 6(=K), and N is a block length of transmitted information. In this way, the multiplication results provided by the multipliers 68-11, 68-12, 68-13, 68-21, 68-22, 68-23 are cross-correlated.
The adaptive combination processor 51 determines a maximum value max(Θi) of the cross correlation results e.sub.Θ1 -ΘK. The adaptive combination processor 51 determines a coefficient Ωk which is at "1" when the ratio of the correlation result with respect to the maximum value is equal to or greater than a threshold value Θth (for example, 0.1), and which is at "0" when the ratio is below the threshold value. The coefficients Ωk corresponding for all the fingers k ranging from 1 to K are determined.
The adaptive combination processor 51 performs a combination process by carrying out an arithmetic operation ##EQU3## instead of the arithmetic operation of (1) performed in the related art.
In such a combination process, the cross correlation result Θk shown in the equation (2) indicates the accuracy (reliability) of the multiplication result associated with the finger k ranging from 1 to K. If the reliability is lower than the threshold value Θth, the coefficient Ωk is at "0" so that the associated correlation result is excluded from the combination process.
Thus, according to the embodiment of the present invention, the output of the finger that would cause a noise in the receiver of the related art superimposed on the base band signal is not subject to the combination process. Hence, the transmission quality is improved.
As shown in FIG. 4B, an improvement of 0.32 dB in the transmission quality results at a bit error rate of 10-3, assuming a CDMA communication system wherein a rate 1/3 convolution encoder is employed, a direct sequence spread spectrum system with a spreading ratio of 64 is employed, four paths shown in FIG. 4A exist in the communication line, and a total of eight fingers are provided via two antennas.
Such an improvement in the transmission quality means that it is possible to reduce the transmitting power of a transmitter (for example, a terminal accessing a mobile communication system) by 0.32 dB. Assuming the number of terminals remain unchanged, the interference is reduced by about 7.1% such that
10.sup.-0.32/10 =0.929=1/1.076
If the number of subscribers is increased at a rate lower than 7.6%, the interference could be maintained lower than 7.6%.
A description will now be given of a second mode of operation of the radio receiver according to the embodiment of the present invention.
A difference between the first and second modes of operation is that different procedures are used to perform the arithmetic operation for calculating the correlation.
According to the second mode of operation, the results Zk,n of the arithmetic operation by the multipliers 68-11, 68-12, 68-13, 68-21, 68-22, 68-23 are fed parallel to the adaptive combination processor 51. The adaptive combination processor 51 obtains signal detection results (hereinafter, referred to as individual detection results) f(Zk,n) by carrying out signal detection on these results Zk,n.
Further, the adaptive combination processor 51 obtains a signal detection result (hereinafter, referred to as a combined detection result) given by ##EQU4## by summing the multiplication results individually obtained for each of the finger numbers i ranging from 1 to 6(=K).
The adaptive combination processor 51 cross-correlates the individual detection results with the combined detection result by performing an arithmetic operation ##EQU5##
Similarly to the first mode of operation, the adaptive combination processor 51 determines a coefficient Ωk for each of the fingers ranging from 1 to K, based on the correlation results Θ1 -ΘK, and executes a combination process by carrying out the arithmetic operation shown in the equation (3).
The correlation results Θ1 -ΘK are calculated by the operation on the values given as results (the individual detection results and the combined detection result) of the signal detection. Therefore, the correlation can be determined with better precision and efficiency as when the equation of (2) is employed.
Accordingly, the second mode of operation provides an improved response and a stable high transmission quality.
A description will now be given, with reference to FIG. 3, of a third mode of operation.
A difference between the first mode of operation and the third mode of operation is that different procedures are used to perform the arithmetic operation for calculating the correlation.
According to the third operation, the results Zk,n of the arithmetic operation by the multipliers 68-11, 68-12, 68-13, 68-21, 68-22, 68-23 are fed parallel to the adaptive combination processor 51. A phase component (hereinafter, referred to as an individual phase component) g(Zk,n) is obtained by carrying out an arithmetic operation ##EQU6## for the individual finger numbers k ranging from 1 to 6(=K).
Further, the adaptive combination processor 51 carries out a similar arithmetic operation on multiplication results Zk,n obtained on individual finger numbers k ranging from 1 to 6(=K) so as to obtain the signal detection result (hereinafter, referred to as a combined phase component) given by ##EQU7##
The adaptive combination processor 51 cross-correlates the individual phase components with the combined phase component by performing an arithmetic operation ##EQU8## instead of the operation shown in the equation (2).
Further, the adaptive combination processor 51 determines a coefficient Ωk for each of the fingers ranging from 1 to K, based on the correlation results Θ1 -ΘK, and executes a combination process by carrying out the arithmetic operation shown in the equation (3).
The correlation results Θ1 -ΘK are calculated by the operation on the values of the individual phase components and the combined phase component which do not include an amplitude component. Therefore, the correlation can be determined with better precision and efficiency as when the equation of (2) is employed.
Accordingly, the third mode of operation provides an improved response and a stable high transmission quality.
A description will now be given, with reference to FIG. 3, of a fourth mode of operation.
A difference between the first mode of operation and the fourth mode of operation is that different procedures are used to perform the arithmetic operation for calculating the correlation.
According to the fourth mode of operation, the cross-correlation results (including the autocorrelation) Θ1 -Θn are obtained by carrying out an arithmetic operation given by ##EQU9##
In this arithmetic operation, the autocorrelation values and the cross-correlation values for the multiplication results Zk,n for each of the finger numbers ranging from 1 to K are calculated. Since the autocorrelation values do not indicate fingers that should be excluded from the combination process, the procedure of the arithmetic operation is significantly simplified.
The sums Θ1 -Θn of the autocorrelation values and the cross-correlation values may be obtained using the equation ##EQU10## instead of the equation (4).
Alternatively, the sums Θ1 -Θn may be obtained using the equation ##EQU11## instead of the equation (5).
The sums Θ1 -Θn may be obtained using the equation ##EQU12## instead of the equation (2). In this way, the sums of the autocorrelation values and the cross-correlation values are obtained, whereupon the autocorrelation value is subtracted therefrom. According to this procedure, the arithmetic operation is significantly simplified without sacrificing the precision of the operation.
A description will now be given, with reference to FIG. 3, of a fifth mode of operation according to the present invention.
A difference between the first mode of operation and the fifth mode of operation is that different procedures are used to perform the arithmetic operation for calculating the correlation.
According to the fifth mode of operation, the results Zk,n of the arithmetic operation by the multipliers 68-11, 68-12, 68-13, 68-21, 68-22, 68-23 are fed parallel to the adaptive combination processor 51. The adaptive combination processor 51 then carries out the arithmetic operation given by ##EQU13##
The values Θ1 -ΘK obtained as a result of the above arithmetic operation are equal to an average power of the multiplication results Zk,n obtained using the individual fingers. Therefore, the values Θ1 -ΘK varies monotonously in correspondence with the level of the noise superimposed on the multiplication results.
That is, like the values Θ1 -ΘK obtained in the first through fourth modes of operation, the values Θ1 -ΘK obtained in the fifth mode of operation may be regarded to indicate the reliability of the multiplication results Zk,n obtained for the individual fingers.
Therefore, according to the fifth mode of operation, the target of combination process is selected with a high precision and the transmission quality is improved, based on a simple arithmetic operation of summing the squares of the absolute values as shown in the equation (7).
While it is assumed in the fifth embodiment that the average power of the multiplication results Zk,n for the individual fingers is determined by calculating the sum of the squares of the absolute values, an approximate arithmetic operation ##EQU14## may be carried out instead of the equation (7). In this way, the number of multiplications is significantly reduced.
A description will now be given of a sixth mode of operation of the present invention. A difference between the first mode of operation and the sixth mode of operation is that different procedures are used to perform the arithmetic operation for calculating the correlation. In the following description, it is assumed that BPSK is employed as a modulation technique.
According to the sixth mode of operation, the results Zk,n of the arithmetic operation by the multipliers 68-11, 68-12, 68-13, 68-21, 68-22, 68-23 are fed parallel to the adaptive combination processor 51. The adaptive combination processor 51 combines the multiplication results in time series for signal detection. In this way, the signal detection result dn ("1" or "-1") is obtained.
The adaptive combination processor 51 carries out arithmetic operations ##EQU15## so as to determine the power Sk of a signal component (hereinafter, referred to as a signal component power) and the power Ik of an interference component (hereinafter, referred to as an interference component power).
The adaptive combination processor 51 executes a combination process by carrying out an arithmetic operation ##EQU16##
According to the arrangement described above, the combination process is executed based on the weighting of the values corresponding to the ratio between the signal component power and the interference component power. No selection is made as to which result is to be included in the combination process. For example, the same level of improvement in the transmission quality as that provided by the maximum ratio combination is performed is obtained even if gains differ from branch to branch as when AGC is applied.
While it is assumed that the BPSK modulation technique is applied in the second and sixth operations described above, the present invention may equally be applied to other modulation techniques and signal placements.
In the embodiment of FIG. 3 described above, three fingers are formed of the despreaders 63-11, 63-12, 63-13 in a branch formed of the antenna 61-1. Likewise, three fingers are formed of the despreaders 63-21, 63-22, 63-23 in a branch formed of the antenna 61-2. However, only one finger may be formed in each of the branches. Moreover, only one branch or more than three branches may be provided.
While the construction of the adaptive combination processor 51 is not illustrated, the adaptive combination processor 51 may be formed of a single DSP as long as it is capable of processing the operations described above with a desired precision. Alternatively, the adaptive combination processor 51 may be formed of dedicated hardware.
While it is assumed in the foregoing description that the present invention is applied to the direct sequence spread spectrum CDMA communication system, the present invention may also be applied to any multiple access system.
While no specific description is given in the above of the transmission scheme and the format of a pilot signal which the channel estimation units 66-11, 66-12, 66-13, 66-21, 66-22, 66-23 use for estimation of a channel, many known techniques for channel estimation are available. It is also to be noted that the present invention could be applied to any transmission scheme and format of the pilot signal given that the precision of estimation is degraded due to a weakness of a received signal divided into respective paths.
While it is assumed that the threshold value is a constant in the embodiment described above, the threshold value may be modified depending on the radio channel setting control sequence or the condition of the radio transmission route.
While the combination process in the second through sixth modes of operation is substantially identical to the maximum ratio combination, other combination schemes could also be employed. For example, in-band combination, minimum in-band dispersion combination or other combination schemes may be employed if it is required to maximize the level or obtain the best band characteristic so as to adapt for the transmission scheme (the modulation scheme employed) applied to the radio transmission.
While it is assumed that the threshold value is fixed in the embodiment described above, the threshold value may be varied so as to adapt for the sequence of the radio channel setting control or the condition of the radio transmission route.
1. A radio receiver comprising:
a plurality of demodulating means for demodulating a received radio wave received via a plurality of paths so as to produce respective demodulated signals; and
combining means for executing a combination process of synchronizing and combining the demodulated signals produced by said plurality of demodulating means; wherein
said combining means correlates each demodulated signal with the demodulating signals produced by the plurality of demodulating means and excludes from the combination process a demodulated signal that meets a predetermined condition based on a predetermined algorithm.
2. The radio receiver as claimed in claim 1, wherein the received radio wave is modulated using a pilot signal including a known symbol, and said combining means excludes a demodulated signal from the combination process depending on whether a SN ratio is below a predetermined threshold value, the SN ratio corresponding to a ratio between a signal position indicating the known symbol and an error of the demodulated signal position with respect the pilot signal position in a signal space.
a plurality of demodulating means for demodulating in parallel a received radio wave modulated using a pilot signal of a predetermined format and arriving via a respective one of a plurality of branches, so as to obtain a plurality of demodulated signals corresponding to the plurality of branches;
a plurality of channel characteristic estimation means for retrieving, from the plurality of demodulated signals obtained by the plurality of demodulating means, the pilot signal for individual paths formed by the plurality of branches, in accordance with the predetermined format, and for estimating a channel characteristic based on an error of a pilot signal point;
a plurality of equalizing means for applying an equalization process, adapted for the channel characteristic determined by said plurality of channel characteristic estimation means, on the plurality of demodulated signals obtained by said plurality of demodulating means, so as to obtain equalized demodulated signals corresponding to the plurality of branches; and
combining means for executing a combination process of combining the equalized demodulated signals obtained by said plurality of equalizing means so as to produce a received signal, wherein
said combining means correlates each equalized demodulated signal with others obtained by said plurality of equalizing means and excludes an equalized demodulated signal whose correlation value rated against one of a maximum correlation value, a cumulative correlation value and an average correlation value is bellow a predetermined threshold value.
a plurality of equalizing means for applying an equalization process, adapted for the channel characteristic determined by said plurality of channel characteristic estimation means, on the plurality of demodulated signals obtained by said plurality of demodulating means, so as to obtain equalized demodulated signals corresponding to the plurality of branches;
combining means for executing a combination process of combining the equalized demodulated signals obtained by said plurality of equalizing means so as to produce a received signal; and
signal pre-detection means for applying a first signal detection process on the equalized demodulated signal obtained by the plurality of equalizing means so as to obtain a plurality of non-combined detection results, and for obtaining a combined detection result by applying a second signal detection process on the received signal produced by said combining means; wherein
said combining means receives the plurality of non-combined detection results and the combined detection result obtained by the signal pre-detection means, correlates each of the plurality of non-combined detection results with the combined detection result, and excludes from the combination process the equalized demodulated signal when a cross-correlation value of the equalized demodulated signal rated against one of a maximum cross-correlation value, a cumulative cross-correlation value and an average cross-correlation value is below a predetermined threshold value.
signal pre-detection means for obtaining a plurality of non-combined constant-amplitude signals by applying a limiter function process on the equalized demodulated signals obtained by said plurality of equalizing means, and for obtaining a combined constant-amplitude signal by applying a limiter function process on the received signals produced by the combining means, wherein:
said combining means receives the plurality of non-combined constant-amplitude signals and the combined constant-amplitude signal obtained by the signal pre-detection means, correlates a phase component of each of the plurality of non-combined constant-amplitude signals with a phase component of the combined constant-amplitude signal, and excludes from the combination process the equalized demodulated signal when a cross-correlation value of the equalized demodulated signal rated against one of a maximum cross-correlation value, a cumulative cross-correlation value and an average cross-correlation value is below a predetermined threshold value.
combining means for executing a combination process of combining the equalized demodulated signals obtained by said plurality of equalizing means so as to produce a received signal,
wherein said combining means cross-correlates the equalized modulated signals obtained by said plurality of equalizing means and excludes from the combination process the equalized demodulated signal when a cross-correlation value of the equalized demodulated signal rated against one of a maximum cross-correlation value, a cumulative cross-correlation value and an average cross-correlation value is below a predetermined threshold value, and
wherein said combining means cross-correlates the equalized modulated signals obtained by said plurality of equalizing means, determines an autocorrelation value of each of the equalized modulated signals, and excludes from the combination process the equalized demodulated signal when a cross-correlation value and an autocorrelation value of the equalized demodulated signal rated against one of a maximum cross-correlation value, a cumulative cross-correlation value and an average cross-correlation value are below a predetermined threshold value.
7. The radio receiver as claimed in claim 4, wherein said combining means determines an autocorrelation value of each of the equalized modulated signals and excludes from the combination process the equalized demodulated signal when a cross-correlation value and an autocorrelation value of the equalized demodulated signal rated against one of a maximum cross-correlation value, a cumulative cross-correlation value and an average cross-correlation value is below a predetermined threshold value.
wherein said combining means excludes from the combination process the equalized demodulated signal when one of a first average value and a second average value rated against one of a maximum value of one of the first and second average values, a cumulative value of one of the first and second average values and an average value of one of the first and second average values is below a predetermined threshold value, the first average value being an average value of instantaneous values of the equalized demodulated signals, and the second average value being an average value of absolute values of the instantaneous values.
wherein said combining means cross-correlates the equalized modulated signals obtained by said plurality of equalizing means, determines an autocorrelation value of each of the equalized modulated signals, and excludes from the combination process the equalized demodulated signal when a cross-correlation value and an autocorrelation value of the equalized demodulated signal rated against one of a maximum cross-correlation value, a cumulative cross-correlation value and an average cross-correlation value are below a predetermined threshold value, and
wherein said combining means determines a correlation value including an autocorrelation value for all combinations of the equalized demodulated signals and obtains a cross-correlation value by subtracting the autocorrelation value from the correlation value.
10. A radio receiver comprising:
combining means for executing a combination process of combining the equalized demodulated signals obtained by said plurality of equalizing means so as to produce a received signal;
signal pre-detection means for performing a signal detection on a sum of the equalized demodulated signals obtained by said plurality of equalizing means, so as to obtain a signal point indicated by the sum;
signal level calculating means for normalizing each of the equalized demodulated signals obtained by said plurality of equalizing means with respect to a signal point obtained by said signal pre-detection means, so as to obtain a level of a signal component; and
interference level calculating means for calculating a difference between a level of each of the equalized demodulated signals and the level obtained by the signal level calculating means, so as to obtain a level of an interference component;
wherein said combining means performs the combination process by multiplying each of the equalized demodulated signals by a weight equal to a ratio between the level of the signal component determined by said signal level calculating means and the level of the interference determined by said interference level calculating means.
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US5764690A (en) 1998-06-09 Apparatus for despreading and demodulating a burst CDMA signal
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EP1160981A2 (en) 2001-12-05 Method and arrangement for reducing frequency offset in a radio receiver
Owner name: FUJITSU LIMITED, JAPAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:FUKUMASA, HIDENOBU;OISHI, YASUYUKI;NAGATANI, KAZUO;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:008611/0346


text:
package com.gk969.Utils;

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.IOException;

import android.app.ActivityManager;
import android.content.Context;
import android.os.Debug;
import android.util.Log;

/**
 * operate memory information
 */
public class MemoryInfo {

    private static final String TAG = MemoryInfo.class.getSimpleName();

    public static int getTotalMemInMb() {

        String memInfoPath = "/proc/meminfo";
        String readTemp = "";
        String memTotal = "";
        long memory = 0;
        try {
            FileReader fr = new FileReader(memInfoPath);
            BufferedReader localBufferedReader = new BufferedReader(fr, 8192);
            while((readTemp = localBufferedReader.readLine()) != null) {
                if(readTemp.contains("MemTotal")) {
                    String[] total = readTemp.split(":");
                    memTotal = total[1].trim();
                }
            }
            localBufferedReader.close();
            String[] memKb = memTotal.split(" ");
            memTotal = memKb[0].trim();
            //Log.d(TAG, "memTotal: " + memTotal);
            memory = Long.parseLong(memTotal);
        } catch(IOException e) {
            Log.e(TAG, "IOException: " + e.getMessage());
        }
        return (int)(memory >> 10);
    }

    /**
     * get free memory.
     *
     * @return free memory of device
     */
    public static long getFreeMemInMb(Context context) {
        ActivityManager.MemoryInfo outInfo = new ActivityManager.MemoryInfo();
        ActivityManager am = (ActivityManager) context.getSystemService(Context.ACTIVITY_SERVICE);
        am.getMemoryInfo(outInfo);
        long avaliMem = outInfo.availMem;
        return avaliMem >> 20;
    }

    /**
     * get the memory of process with certain pid.
     *
     * @param pid     pid of process
     * @param context context of certain activity
     * @return memory usage of certain process
     */
    public static int getPidMemorySize(int pid, Context context) {
        ActivityManager am = (ActivityManager) context
                .getSystemService(Context.ACTIVITY_SERVICE);
        int[] myMempid = new int[]{pid};
        Debug.MemoryInfo[] memoryInfo = am.getProcessMemoryInfo(myMempid);
        memoryInfo[0].getTotalSharedDirty();
        int memSize = memoryInfo[0].getTotalPss();
        return memSize;
    }
}


Just click on the link and fill out the form. There's no reason not to.
I've tossed that link to some people I know over the last couple of days. But still no form letters from politicians in response for me.
I'm not expecting any, but I figure it's a wall of sound to keep 'em honest.


View More In Luggage Racks.
NOTE: The XT250 side racks are intended to work hand in hand with our ENDURO Series rear rack. If you plan on installing the side racks without our rear rack, you will need the bracket relocation kit, which we will send to you at no extra cost. Please send us a message at the time of order to specify whether or not you already have the rear rack. PMR side utility racks are great for strapping down your soft luggage and keeping it off the rear plastics and exhaust pipe, while adding plenty of new tie down points for any luggage you have on your seat or tail section. They also add an enhanced level of security and strength to the rear end of your motorcycle in the event of a tip over or crash. Sold as a pair. Listing is for side racks only. Rear rack not included. Rear rack is available on our other listing.
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text:
Soutěžní ročník Serie C1 1993/94 byl 16. ročník třetí nejvyšší italské fotbalové ligy. Soutěž začala 12. září 1993 a skončila 22. června 1994. Účastnilo se jí celkem 36 týmů rozdělené do dvou skupin po 18 klubech. Z každé skupiny postoupil vítěz přímo do druhé ligy, druhý postupující se probojoval přes play off.

Od této sezóny byly za vítězství 3 body, play-off (ve kterém se týmy umístily od 2. do 5. místa v každé skupině) a play-out (ve kterém se týmy umístily od 14. do 17. místa v každé skupině). Jenže po sezoně byli pro některé kluby bankroty.

Pro následující sezonu nebyly přijaty tyto kluby:

 Vis Pesaro Calcio: v minulé sezóně se umístil na 14. místě ve skupině A, kvůli finančním problémům hrál v regionální lize.
 US Casertana: v minulé sezóně na 6. místě ve skupině B, kvůli finančním problémům hrál v regionální lize.
 Calcio Catania: v minulé sezóně na 8. místě ve skupině B, kvůli finančním problémům hrál v regionální lize.
 ACR Messina: v minulé sezóně na 12. místě ve skupině B, kvůli finančním problémům hrál v regionální lize.
 Taranto FC: v minulé sezóně na 19. místě, kvůli finančním problémům hrál v regionální lize.
 PC Ternana: v minulé sezóně na 20. místě, kvůli finančním problémům hrál v regionální lize.
Místo těchto klubů hráli v sezoně tyto kluby : byly vyloveny Casarano Calcio, AS Siracusa, AS Ischia Isolaverde, AC Siena a AC Carpi, které byly součástí minulé sezóny a  klub Matera Sport která postoupila ze 3. místa ze čtvrté ligy.

Skupina A

Poznámky
 Z = Odehrané zápasy; V = Vítězství; R = Remízy; P = Prohry; VG = Vstřelené góly; OG = Obdržené góly; B = Body
 za výhru 3 body, za remízu 1 bod, za prohru 0 bodů.
  1  AC Mantova byla po sezoně vyloučena za nesrovnalosti.
  2  AC Spezia a AC Palazzolo zůstali v soutěži.

Play off
Boj o postupující místo do Serie B.

Semifinále

Bologna FC 1909 – SPAL 0:2, 1:0
Como Calcio – AC Mantova 2:1, 0:0

Finále

Como Calcio – SPAL 2:1

Postup do Serie B 1994/95 vyhrál tým Como Calcio.

Play out
Boj o udržení v Serie C1.

Empoli FC – US Alessandria Calcio 1:0, 0:0
AC Spezia – US Massese 0:0, 0:1

Sestup do Serie C2 1994/95 měli kluby US Alessandria Calcio a AC Spezia. Jenže po bankrotech některých klubů tak zůstali v soutěži.

Skupina B

Poznámky
 Z = Odehrané zápasy; V = Vítězství; R = Remízy; P = Prohry; VG = Vstřelené góly; OG = Obdržené góly; B = Body
 za výhru 3 body, za remízu 1 bod, za prohru 0 bodů.
  1  Matera Sport byla po sezoně vyloučena za nesrovnalosti.
  2  Chieti Calcio, AS Siracusa a SS Nola zůstali v soutěži.

Play off
Boj o postupující místo do Serie B.

Semifinále

SS Juventus Stabia – Reggina Calcio 2:0, 2:3 v (prodl.)
AS Lodigiani – Salernitana Sport 1:1, 0:4

Finále

Salernitana Sport – SS Juventus Stabia 3:0

Postup do Serie B 1994/95 vyhrál tým Salernitana Sport.

Play out
Boj o udržení v Serie C1.

Chieti Calcio – Leonzio 1909 0:0, 0:1
SS Nola – AS Siracusa 2:1, 0:2

Sestup do Serie C2 1994/95 měli kluby Chieti Calcio a SS Nola. Jenže po bankrotech některých klubů tak zůstali v soutěži.

Reference

Související články
 Serie A
 Serie B

Serie C
Fotbal v Itálii v roce 1993
Fotbal v Itálii v roce 1994


text:
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Symbolized by the Bull, Taureans possess extreme determination and a will to succeed. As a result, their stubborn attitude may alienate them from others. Nonetheless, to their friends, they are extremely loyal and reliable. Self-indulgent, the Taurus revels in fine food, drink, and lavish surroundings. With a materialistic bent, the finer things in life take precedent in a Taurean's eye. Usually good natured and slow to anger, they make for faithful spouses and loving parents. Taurus can benefit from curbing its obstinate nature and realizing that those with the most toys don't always win.
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 The city of Lugansk started in 1795 when a wealthy British industrialist built a metal factory on the grounds. This relatively small push from an outsider helped create an industrial center that continues to thrive to this very day. In 1882 Lugansk finally received the official status of being a city and was heavily utilized by the Soviets for its industrial capabilities.
 Though primarily a working-class city, Lugansk has much to offer for the casual visitor. Philip's Cathedral is one such place to visit. This is the place where Philip of Luhansk is said to have seen the Virgin Mary and found inspiration in the vision to go out and heal the sick. Lugansk also has a very entertaining circus where audience interaction is key to the enjoyment of the show. Visitors are also encouraged to visit the May Day Park, where one can ride the giant Ferris Wheel and take in an amazing view of the entire city. For those who are looking for a more lively atmosphere there are also numerous cafes and restaurants to chose from while walking the city streets.
 Lugansk is a wonderful city full of vibrant, beautiful ladies. Those who take a little time to prepare for the trip will most certainly not be disappointed.

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text:
Air France/KLM Bailout
by David Hopwood | Apr 25, 2020 | News | 0 comments
After weeks of negotiation Air France and KLM will receive at least €9 billion (£7.9 billion) in bailouts from their respective governments.
© Flickr Commons
The group had previously said that they expect their joint traffic to be down by at least 90% for the foreseeable future and are literally in danger of running out of cash. The French government has said that Air France will receive €3 billion in state loans and €4 billion in state-guaranteed bank loans. The Dutch government loan would be at least €2 billion and potentially as much as €4 billion, structured in a similar way.
Both the French and Dutch Finance Ministers, Messrs Le Maire and Hoekstra have effectively said that their respective airlines could not be allowed to fail; Minister Hoekstra pointing out the domino effect on Schiphol airport and the economic ecosystem related to KLM.
Air France-KLM Chief Executive Ben Smith was delighted with the 'unparalleled vote of confidence.'
However, both arrangements are not free of obligation to the airlines. Hoekstra pointed out that loans were tax money and he would expect a quid pro quo, while Minister Le Maire required conditions of future profitability and environmental sustainability. CEO Smith said that the Group would need to rethink its business model once more air travel was acceptable. Neither government was considering nationalisation.
This content was provided to MentourPilot by provider, Travel Radar Media. Travel Radar offers high quality content in partnership with Mentour


A superb, thumbnail rhodochrosite twin from the Poudrette Quarry, at Mont St Hilaire, in Quebec, Canada! This flattened rhodochrosite crystal exhibits wonderful twinning, is very gemmy, and has a nice red-orange color. A beautiful example of this classic material!


text:
Q: How to accept table-like data in Symfony 3 Form Component I want to achieve a form using Symfony's form component that will allow the submission of rows of related data. Each row will contain individual fields that are related to the other fields in that row.
The resultant HTML would look something like

   <input type="text" name="somefield[]"/>
   <input type="text" name="someotherfield[]"/>
   <input type="text" name="somemorefield[]"/>

   <input type="text" name="somefield[]"/>
   <input type="text" name="someotherfield[]"/>
   <input type="text" name="somemorefield[]"/>

My current strategy is to create a custom field type similar to the DateTimeType in Symfony and then add multiples of that to a CollectionType.
However I notice on submission the DateTimeType concatenates the day/month/year + time parts into one string, which isn't what I want.
It seems as though there should be an easier way to accomplish this without creating custom types.

A: I was able to solve this doing essentially what I said in the question, using a custom FormType extended from AbstractType and a CollectionType, in the end it was not much work but it was definitely not an intuitive process.
First, create the Custom Form Type by extending AbstractType and specifying FormType as the parent, this is necessary because our Custom Type will use multiple fields:
class MyCustomType extends AbstractType
{
    public function buildForm(FormBuilderInterface $builder, array $options)
    {
        $builder->add('one', TextType::class);
        $builder->add('two', TextType::class);
        $builder->add('three', TextType::class);
    }

    public function configureOptions(OptionsResolver $resolver)
    {

    }

    public function getParent()
    {
        return FormType::class;
    }
}

A form fragment will then be needed for the new custom type:
{# app/Resources/views/form/fields.html.twig #}
{% block my_custom_widget %}
    {% spaceless %}
        {% for child in form %}

                {{ form_widget(child) }}
                {{ form_label(child) }}

        {% endfor %}
    {% endspaceless %}
{% endblock %}

This will loop through all of the items 'one', 'two', 'three' created in the builder.
Then, create a form that uses a CollectionType to list multiples of your MyCustomType:
class MyForm extends AbstractType
{
    public function buildForm(FormBuilderInterface $builder, array $options)
    {
        $builder->add('testing', CollectionType::class,
            array(
                'entry_type' => MyCustomType::class,
                'allow_add' => true
            )
        );
    }
}

Finally, create the form. You will need to load the data in using the second param of the createForm() method to get the fields to show. If you don't have initial data, then you will need to modify this to show a blank MyCustomType to begin with:
(Thanks to this question for this: Symfony2 multiple Entities of same class in one Form (SOLVED))
public function indexAction(Request $request)
{
    $form = $this->createForm(MyForm::class, array('testing' => array(
        array('one' => 'hello', 'two' => 'hi', 'three' => 'goodbye'),
        array('one' => 'hello', 'two' => 'hi', 'three' => 'goodbye')
    )));

    if($form->handleRequest($request))
    {
        $result = $form->getData();
    }

    return array('form' => $form->createView(), 'result' => print_r($result, true));
}

The submitted data will look like this:
Array ( [testing] => Array ( [0] => Array ( [one] => [two] => hi123 [three] => goodbye123 ) [1] => Array ( [one] => [two] => hi [three] => goodbye ) ) )

If you want to concatenate or do something else with the data instead, you can use a Data Transformer to do that: http://symfony.com/doc/current/form/data_transformers.html

A: Toby, regarding your DateTimeType questions (in your question you actually have multiple questions), you could use the DateType Field instead.
In one of my forms I have a date of birth field, and here is a sample:
->add('dob', null, array(
        'format' => 'dd MMM y',
        'label' => 'Birthdate:',
        'years' => range(2000,1960,1),
))

I checked in MySQL, and it uses date type, and the format is YYYY-MM-DD. So that might help you with that part of your question(s).

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text:
De lege lata (podle platného zákona) označuje pozitivní právo, právo, které v daný okamžik platí. Lze tak i označit představy či znalosti o něm v rámci právního vědomí. Opakem je pak právo teprve zamýšlené (de lege ferenda).

Reference

Latinské právnické výrazy


Home The Thompson Photograph Collection University of Tennessee Chemical Club, 1922.
University of Tennessee Chemical Club, 1922.
Title University of Tennessee Chemical Club, 1922.
Description University of Tennessee Chemical Club standing on steps of brick building. Ordered by U.T. Volunteer 1922. January 9, 1922.