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Range of flat ducts, duct end caps, duct connectors, elbow bends , horizontal and vertical bends and a range of other ducting accessories. For technical datasheets, please contact us on 01823 690290.
Range of flat ducts, duct end caps, duct connectors with dampers, elbow bends , horizontal and vertical bends and a range of other ducting accessories. For technical datasheets, please contact us on 01823 690290.


FirmPlay (firmplay.com) is launching a new employee referrals solution that instantly sources top talent from 100% of your employees' networks, instead of the 3% that your employees can remember when making a referral. As a result, cut time-to-hire in half and grow referrals to over 50% of hires, all while boosting diversity and retention.
How does it work? In just a few minutes, your employees upload their contacts to FirmPlay, which then does the heavy lifting of sourcing referrals by matching those contacts to your open jobs. FirmPlay even gets your recruiters a warm intro to matches from the employees who know them the best.


A California native and exclusively found at CannaCruz, Gorilla Glue 5 (AKA GG5) by GG Strains is a powerful cross between GG1 and GG4, making this the next of kin in a long line of other stellar GG strains. More than just a clever name, this strain will have you glued to your pillow in a state of utter relaxation.
This 70/30 indica-dominant blend offers up a walloping 28% THC that will have consumers couch locked and hazy in a few short puffs. This bud has a strong diesel smell and is not for the faint of heart in either aroma nor effects. The spicy undertones are often overpowered by the strong diesel flavor on the palette and though the light minty color would fool you into believing that it may have a refreshing aftertaste, you'd be wrong. That pungent odor and flavor stay with you long after the smoke has dissipated. The saving grace is the brightly colored orange trichomes and amber hairs that frost the otherwise unattractive nugs.
Don't let the harsh description fool you, as there is a time and place for even the dankest and most pungent of buds. For those who want a full on locked down high that will have you feeling weighed down and hungry, this is absolutely the bud you want to reach for. The effects are far more powerful than its parents and give you an initial rush of excitement and giggles while the creeping body effects make their way through your bloodstream. As the waves begin you'll feel heavier and heavier and less and less motivated. The blissful feeling of relaxation will replace any plans you may have thought you wanted to keep before smoking.
Anyone looking for relief from insomnia has come to the right place. The overtone of this weed is that it will have you out like a light in a short time, while first bringing your spirits up and relaxing your mind. These awesome effects are also beneficial to those who are treating symptoms of pain, depression, stress, or anxiety. Because it is also used as a stimulant, GG5 is great for lack of appetite, eating disorders, and aiding in digestion. Novice users are not recommended to partake of this strain as it can become overwhelming and induce or agitate anxiety in inexperienced smokers.
GG5 Seeds are not easy to get ahold of and are typically grown by experienced, if not professional, cultivators. You can find more information on how to acquire and grow your own plant from CannaCruz directly.
Whether you want to treat yourself with a joint, a vape, or a good old-fashioned blunt, be ready for a strong high that was designed to glue you to the table. This is not a motivational high, but rather a demotivational high that is meant to wind you down after a long day. Enjoy this in front of a good movie with your favorite snacks and a big soft pillow for a killer night of rest you'll be begging for again and again.
Just smoked my first joint (7pm) of #GG5, absolute beauty of a strain.. Sweet smells of chocolate, strong taste of diesel....been 7mins since smoking it and can feel it rushing throughout entire body slowly starting to feel heavy, can honestly say 2 decent joints of #GG5 an I will be in full couch lock....had 2nd smoke (9pm) and the rush just intensified by 100 had a sudden rush of energy and serious case of munchies (mangos are best munchies for weed) 10:02pm stuck to couch with no intentions of making an effort to move..... been smoking weed for 19 years and this is by far one of the nicest smokes I've ever tried.
Just got my hands on some GG5 and its the bees knees. Great for relaxing and sleep. The munchies are ferocious though.


Being on a gigantic inflatable standup paddle board isn't all about goofing around with your friends, but an opportunity to compete with them. It is important not only to hold the balance of your paddle, but also maintaining the right speed and direction while rowing. The inflatable paddle can hold up to 8 people at a time. It is a fun and engaging attraction for the whole team.
Dimensions: 5,5 x 2 x 0,2 (m).
Safety: forbidden to use when: raining; blowing strong winds; stormy.
We provide: inflatable paddle boards, paddles, safety jackets + full service (setup, supervision, take-down).


technique, confidence and love for swimming grow. I have Red cross WSI certifications and have over 2 years of experience teaching and empowering people of all age groups and swimming abilities. My service stands out because I constantly find unique ways to engage swimmers minds as well as body, nip fear in the bud, implement new excercises and drills to challenge swimmers to learn and change the way fearful, first-time swimmers approach the water. With my teaching method I ensure the overall experience, is positive, safe, fun and informative. I also posess a photographic eye for swimming and can give valuable insight and critique to help improve stroke mechanics for those swimmers who would like to either improve their technique and speed. I am open, adaptable and experienced in teaching private or group lessons to all age groups, abilities, or goals. I also offer water fitness classes upon request.


"Excellent notifications of jobs and was able to be hired by two schools. Thank you for all your help to a gal who is new in Maine."
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"I was hired as an ELL teacher. This is my first full-time teaching position and I am so excited! Thank you SchoolSpring!"
"Great site, easy to navigate with up to date listings. So happy I found SchoolSpring.com and my new job!"
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"I am pleased to say that I have been hired to be the next teacher in a multi-age one-room schoolhouse. This is my dream job and definitely worth all the job hunting these past two years!"
"Thank you SchoolSpring for helping me as an educator find a place for me."
"I applied for quite a few positions through SchoolSpring. It was such a smooth and clear process! SchoolSpring is such an amazing way to apply for jobs in education and really helps to get the ball rolling. Thank you so much!"
"I LOVE my job and I thank SchoolSpring for posting it and leading me to it."
"SchoolSpring is the best way to find a job. People are very polite, friendly and precise in helping you all the way through finding work. I would recommend SchoolSpring to anyone looking for a job!"
"Using SchoolSpring was a very easy way to apply for jobs and set up interviews, once I got my account set up. The account set up took a good week to complete but it was worth it."
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"I was offered and have accepted a 2/3 multi grade classroom position. The SchoolSpring application process was great and so easy to use :)"
"Thanks for the e-book. I hope to use SchoolSpring in the future even though my new job was not found through this site, I do think it is a great system."
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"I loved getting the emails from SchoolSpring with new job listings and I also enjoyed being able to track when my application was being reviewed! Once the initial process of getting my information online was complete, applying for jobs on SchoolSpring was great because it was fast and simple! Thanks for making the job application process easier and less painful!"
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"Excellent experience. Great communication and follow-up. Well worth the effort."
"I applied on SchoolSpring because I had recently moved to the area and within a few tries I landed the job of my dreams. I am now an ED-Tech at [my new employer] and I love the hours, the people, and the closeness to home. I am so thankful for this job and website!!!!"
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"I got a temporary job as a teacher in a psychiatric hospital. That job became permanent when I signed my very first teacher contract over the summer! I LOVE my job! I like to keep getting the SchoolSpring job alert emails just to help my friends find jobs so they can be as happy as I am!"
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Home » Project Reports & Profiles » Rubber & Plastic Industries, FRP Products, Polymers, PET, PVC, LDPE, HDPE, Polypropylene, Acrylic and Polyutherthane Projects
Rubber & Plastic Industries, FRP Products, Polymers, PET, PVC, LDPE, HDPE, Polypropylene, Acrylic and Polyutherthane Projects
Rubber and plastics are two very different, important materials which are used a great deal in our everyday life, both in indoors and outdoors. The usage of the materials is increasing day by day and it has become an integral part in our surroundings. India, being the fourth largest producer of natural rubber in world, is considered to be one of the key players in the global rubber business. Rubber is a versatile product with multiple usages. It is grown in various countries worldwide and plays a crucial role in the Indian economy too. India is one of the leading rubber producers in the world.
The use of rubber is widespread, ranging from household to industrial products, entering the production stream at the intermediate stage or as final products. Tyre and tubes are the largest consumers of rubber. The remaining 44% is taken up by the general rubber goods sector, which includes all products, except tyres and tubes. Synthetic rubber is mainly used for the production of auto tyres and tubes, cycle tyres and tubes and footwear. Other applications for the synthetic variety are camel back, belts and hoses. The market segmentation includes Auto tyres and tubes 56%, Bicycle tyres and tubes 9%, Footwear 18%, Latex goods 8%, Belts and hoses 4%, Camelback 5%.
The rubber industry is expected to grow at over 8 per cent per annum this decade, as the per capita consumption of rubber is 0.8 kg against 14 kg in the developed world. There exists a huge scope for expansion causing import of machinery, technology and raw materials and export of rubber goods.
Plastics, the material of the new generation, have been catching up faster than was expected since the 1980s. With restrictions on the use of wood to conserve forests, its importance has grown phenomenally. Because of its light weight, ease in maintenance and natural sparkle, it is substituting not only wood but also metal and glass. The automobile industry, the white and brown goods and the packaging industries, all offer expanding prospects.
Plastic polymers are classified into thermoplastics and thermosettings. Thermoplastics include elastomers (unvulcanised), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), polyurethane (PU) and other resins. Thermosettings include elastomers (vulcanized), polyethylene (crosslinked), phenolics, alkyds, polyesters. The product variation includes PVC 21%, HDPE 25%, LDPE 5%, PS 5%, PP 33%, LLDPE 8% and ABS 3%.
Major Players in this sector includes Reliance 32%, IPCL 22%, DCM Sriram 4%, Finolex 5%, Chemplast 3%, DCW 3%, etc.
The industry has expanded along with expansion of diverse applications, such as packaging, extrusions, blow mouldings and industrial mouldings for automobiles, telecommunications, and white goods. User segments are electrical appliances, domestic ware, leatherite, decorative laminates, fittings and fixtures, extrusions for construction industry, automobile components, machinery and equipment, water tanks, pipes and fittings, drink bottles, medical appliances, weather protection. The opportunities are also opening up with the expansion and sophistication of food processing, automobiles, entertainment electronics and appliances. Besides these, industry's contributions have been vital in areas of rural electrification, telecommunication, horticulture, medicare, apart from a perceptible change in living styles and standards.
Polymers have found uses in all spheres of life with demand for better materials, greater functional use, more economical packaging and versatile and durable all-weather products. The per capita consumption of polymers in India is around 5 kg. The average per capita global consumption of polymers is estimated to be about 17 kg. The plastic and polymer industry has been expanding at a rate of 11% a year. Presently the consumption/demand is estimated at around 5.5 million tonnes. The demand estimates for all polymers including engineering polymers is envisaged to increase from 1.8 million tonnes in 1995-96 to 7.5 million tonnes in 2006-07 and to 9.5 million tonnes in 2009-10. It is projected at close to 14 million tonnes in 2014-15. India is one of the fastest growing polymer market in the world, and is expected to become the world's third largest polymers market, after the US and China, within a decade. The significant domestic demand growth is expected from the user industries such as telecom, food and beverages, packaging, transportation and consumer durables, and from continued substitution of traditional materials like wood, metal, glass.
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RUBBER POWDER FROM WASTE TYRES - Manufacturing Plant, Detailed Project Report, Profile, Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Survey, Manufacturing Process, Machinery, Raw Materials, Feasibility Study, Investment Opportunities, Cost and Revenue
Profile Rubber powder is one of the major byproduct of waste tyre recycling. Rubber powder has large number of use in the different section of the industry. Rubber tyres are reused, reprocessed or hand crafted into new products, the end result is that there is less waste and less environmental degradation as a result. Rubber powder is manufactured by using double-toothed roll, cyclone separator and sieves. Waste tyre recycling technology is very cost effective and performs 100% wastage tyre recycling (No churn left after the process). Raw material (wastage tyre) is cheap and easily available, Generate economically valuable products out of waste tyres and products have good market value and demand. Also each recycled ton of tyres preserves 10 tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) that is a major green house gas. Properties of Rubber Powder • It is fine powder of size of 5 meshes to 200 meshes. • It is insoluble in water. • It does not react with alkali or normal acid. • Bulk density of rubber powder 0.85 - 0.90. Uses & Applications Rubber powder has many applications like: Shoes factories, Tyres factories, Rubber connections factories, Oil seals factories, Hoses factories etc. Rubber powder could be also used in Oil factories, Vehicles factories, Brake pads factories, Roads paving, Stadiums flooring etc. Sometimes the rubber powder is used as a fuel in cement factories where one ton of tyres equal 700 kg of normal fuel, Or 4 tyres equal one barrel of fuel. Market Scenario Rubber powder has large number of use in different section of the industry. Rubber powder has large number of use in different section of industry. Rubber powder is manufactured by using double toothed roll, cyclone separator and sieves. Grading of rubber powder is done according to powder size. It is packed in the paper bags or plastic bag. The widening gap between demand and supply has pushed up rubber price which have ruled steady in anticipation of a bullish demand from the automobile industry.
Plant capacity: 18 MT/day Plant & machinery: 50 Lakh
Working capital: - T.C.I: 710 Lakh
ETHYLENE PROPYLENE RUBBER - Manufacturing Plant, Detailed Project Report, Profile, Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Survey, Manufacturing Process, Machinery, Raw Materials, Feasibility Study, Investment Opportunities, Cost and Revenue
Ethylene propylene rubber (EPR) is an elastomer and has useful chemical and physical properties; it is resistant to heat, oxidation, ozone and the weather and it is also not susceptible to colour loss. Ethylene-propylene rubbers are valuable for their excellent resistance to heat, oxidation, ozone and weather aging due to their stable, saturated polymer backbone structure. Properly pigmented black and non-black compounds are color stable. As non polar elastomers, they have good electrical resistivity, as well as resistance to polar solvents, such as water, acids, alkalies, phosphate esters and many ketones and alcohols. Amorphous or low crystalline grades have excellent low temperature flexibility with glass transition points of about minus 60°C. Applications: Ethylene-propylene rubbers use the same chemical building blocks or monomers as polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) thermoplastic polymers. These ethylene (C2) and propylene (C3) monomers are combined in a random manner to produce rubbery and stable polymers. A wide family of ethylene-propylene elastomers can be produced ranging from amorphous, non-crystalline to semi-crystalline structures depending on polymer composition and how the monomers are combined. Because ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR) features excellent resistance to ozone, aging, chemicals & steam, excellent electrical insulation properties and cheap and easily available monomers, it is used for automotive parts, waterproofing membranes, wire and cable sheathings, heat-resistant hoses, belts, car seals, lubricant additives and polyolefins modification. Market Scenario:Ethylene-propylene elastomers are one of the most versatile, fastest growing and interesting synthetic rubber polymers. Excellent resistance to heat, oxidation, ozone and weather aging are expected to provide continued value in demanding automotive, construction, and mechanical goods applications. Current and emerging advanced polymerization and catalyst technologies also provide the ability to design polymers to meet application and processing needs that are important to meeting the ever-increasing demands for product quality, uniformity and performance.
Plant capacity: - Plant & machinery: -
Return: 0.01% Break even: N/A
AUTOMOBILE TYRES for Trucks, Buses and Lorries - Manufacturing Plant, Detailed Project Report, Profile, Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Survey, Manufacturing Process, Machinery, Raw Materials, Feasibility Study, Investment Opportunities
Advances in tyre materials, tyre constructions and tyre manufacturing technology have led to new types of products and the development of new market segments. Tyre manufacturing technology has progressed in parallel with tyre construction technology so that tyre is now designed not only to meet specific performance targets, but also to enable improved 'manufacturability', i.e., more efficient, lower cost and more uniform production. The tyre and tubes are very important rubber products and widely used everywhere in the world. Now there is a great change in the raw materials consumption which varies according to the tyre and tube application such as tractor tyre, truck and Airoplane tyre. There are used in vehicles for comfortable side and low power consumption. Various types of tyre are available namely pneumatic solid tyre. Uses and Applications High performance tyres are designed for use at higher speeds, and more often, a more "sporty" driving style. They feature a softer rubber compound for improved traction, especially on high speed cornering. Tyre are used in large numbers on automobiles, truks, aircraft and bicycle.End-of-life tyre in whole, cut or stamped form can be used in many environmentally sound applications to take advantage of their shape, sound and impact absorption properties and/or material characteristics. As a particular example, whole tyres are used frequently in coastal protection projects. Whole tyres have been used with considerable success to create artificial reefs and erosion barriers, sea-walls and off-coast breakwaters. In both sea and fresh water harbours, tyres are used as boat fenders, absorbing the shock from moving boats to protect the hulls and sea walls, particularly during storms.Cut, chunked and shredded tyre also used as a principal material on building riverbank protections, reversing and preventing erosion particularly in swift water areas. Market Survey The Indian tyre industry has come of age with the manufacture of almost all types of tyres. The truck and bus segment is a major constituent (by value) of the tyre industry, accounting for over two-third of the total value of the industry. The upsurge in demand has generally helped the performance of tyre majors such as MRF, Apollo Tyres and Ceat. The industry has, in the recent years, been quick in absorbing and adapting the cross-ply technology as well. The conventional bias technology is almost out globally and even earlier version of cross-ply is becoming obsolete. Although the global majors had operated for a long time, their upgraded technological capabilities ceased to flow to the Indian industry. In the recent years, the tyre industry has been witnessing structural changes. Global majors like Bridgestone have commissioned production facilities in India. Continental has taken equity stake in an existing Indian major thus making a direct entry into the market - a shift from being only a technology supplier so far. Present Manufacturers Apollo Tyres Ltd. Balkrishna Industries Ltd. Bridgestone India Pvt. Ltd. Ceat Ltd. Dunlop India Ltd. Falcon Tyres Ltd. Goodyear India Ltd. Goodyear South Asia Tyres Pvt. Ltd. Govind Rubber Ltd. J K Tyre & Inds. Ltd. Kesoram Industries Ltd. M R F Ltd. Malhotra Rubbers Ltd. Metro Tyres Ltd. Modi Tyres Co. Ltd. Modistone Ltd. Monotona Tyres Ltd. Pavan Tyres Ltd. [Merged] Poddar Tyres Ltd. Raam Tyres Ltd. Rado Tyres Ltd. Ralson (India) Ltd. Ralson Industries Ltd. S Kumars Tyre Mfg. Co. Ltd. Suntec Tyres Ltd. T V S Srichakra Ltd. Tariq Development & Leasing Pvt. Ltd. Vikrant Tyres Ltd. [Merged]
Plant capacity: 1600 Nos./ day Plant & machinery: Rs.204 Lakhs
Working capital: - T.C.I: Rs.8174 Lakhs
Rubber Compounding for Automobile Industry - Manufacturing Plant, Detailed Project Report, Profile, Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Survey, Manufacturing Process, Machinery, Raw Materials, Feasibility Study, Investment Opportunities
Compounding, a term that has evolved within the tire and rubber industry, is the materials science of modifying a rubber or elastomeric or a blend of polymers and other materials to optimize properties to meet a given service application or set of performance parameters. Compounding is therefore a complex multidisciplinary science necessitating knowledge of materials physics, organic and polymer chemistry, inorganic chemistry, and chemical reaction kinetics. compounding consists of specifying the type and amount of the various ingredients in a mixture, the manner of mixing processing of the finished mix and the method of vulcanization and the requirement of end product. The primary requirement of adding different compounding ingredients to develop a technical rubber compound is to meet different service needs at an economic price and to provide certain desired physical properties. Uses and Applications Rubber Compounding for automobile is used for making Tyres for Aircrafts, Buses, cars, bicycles etc. Rubber compounds are use in car industry for manufacturing various items such as seals, diaphragms, sleeves, bellows, grommets, sealing profiles, pedals, hoses, transmission belts, etc. Beside its use in automobile industry other uses of Rubber Compounds include: in manufacturing of tubes, in oil resistance, used in house hold appliances. Some examples of rubber products are seals, diaphragms, grommets, shock absorbers, sleeves, hoses, outlets, in offering resistance against abrasion and toughness etc. Market Survey Following the liberalisation of the Indian economy in early 1990s and particularly after the opening up of the auto sector to the global players, the end of the decade presented a vastly transformed scenario for the industry. The industry has witnessed technology and product upgradation to world-class standards accompanied by intensive competition. India is striving to emerge as a substantial exporter of vehicles. Currently, exports make up for 10% of overall sales. With the waning of interest by industrial countries in auto industry, conditions are propitious for the shift of production bases to countries like India. It is believed that for all auto majors, India is ideally positioned to become a major production base for the ASEAN region. Present Manufacturers Andhra Polymers Pvt. Ltd. Elgi Rubber Co. Ltd. Magnus Rubber Inds. Ltd. Precision Seals Mfg. Ltd. Sundaram Industries Ltd. Swastik Rubber Products Ltd. Thejo Engineering Ltd.
Plant capacity: 32 MT/ day Plant & machinery: Rs.52 Lakhs
Rubber Floor Mats - Manufacturing Plant, Detailed Project Report, Profile, Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Survey, Manufacturing Process, Machinery, Raw Materials, Feasibility Study, Investment Opportunities, Cost and Revenue
A rubber mat is a generic term for a piece of flat rubber, generally placed on a floor or other flat surface, which serves a range of purposes including: providing a regular or flat surface, such as a mousepad protecting that which is beneath the mat, such as a place mat or the matting used in archival framing and preservation of documents and paintings, protecting that which is above the mat, such as a wrestling or gymnastics mat, or an anti-vibration mat, changing the state of that which passes above it, such as a doormat attracting dirt from shoes. Using rubber mats for flooring and matting provide the benefits of safety, being environmentally friendly, and comfort. .It is non-corrosive, non-conductor, easy handling material. It is not effected by water. It is flamable and heat sensitive. It can be easily cut out by using sharp edge knife. It is easily deformable. It can be stored at room temperature. The drainage mats are anti-microbial treated to guard against degradation from micro-organisms and minimizes the mats from being a source of odors. These rainage Rubber Mats are ideal for: entrances, kitchens/food processing areas, work stations, walk-in refrigerators, suanas and locker rooms. Uses and Applications Rubber floor mat is very much used for automobiles. e.g. cars, trucks, buses, scooters, etc. for serving as floor mat. Rubber floor mat is also used in the automatic detector centre. Rubber mat also used as insulator in the high voltage floor section or lab. Rubber mat or rubber sheet is also used for making rubber roll. Rubber mat also used in the printing roll section. Rubber mat also used in the manufacturing of machinery in the compression machinery. It is used in the airports, halls and auditorium. It is used in the hospitals, computer rooms, assembly workshop. Rubber matting is becoming increasingly popular as a form of bedding or a bedding base.
Plant capacity: 2 MT/ day Plant & machinery: Rs.27 Lakhs
Working capital: - T.C.I: Rs.389 Lakhs
Rubber Compound Toys (using Plaster of Paris) - Manufacturing Plant, Detailed Project Report, Profile, Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Survey, Manufacturing Process, Machinery, Raw Materials, Feasibility Study, Investment Opportunities
Rubber toys are one of the cheaper and best substitutes of electronic toys, plastic toy and other type of toys. Two types of hollow rubber toys of various sizes can be made by plaster casting process depending on the type of rubber used viz. Hard and soft. The rubber toys are flexible in nature. So it does not break even in fall sown on the floor. Rattlers, pull carts, dolls, stackers, building blocks, stuffed toys, train sets and various toys are the child's best friend during the long, hot and dreary summer break. Interestingly these products have varied range of traditional Indian toys that are slowly coming back into vogue, courtesy a makeover. The elasticity and resilience of our natural and synthetic rubber products make them ideal for use in toys, sports and fitness applications. . A simplest rubber compound contains: Rubber, Curing agent (Sulphur), Activator, Accelerator and Compounding Ingredients. Market Survey The Indian toy industry is estimated at about 850 million US dollars and until now has generated only 0.5 per cent of the global market. The growth of around 15 per cent promises to rapidly raise this figure, especially in the context of the growing middle class and the increasing willingness to spend money on luxury goods. Indian Toy industry is large and growing which needs more organized approach to face the challenges of factor distribution & marketing. Many of these toys are usually imported through Dubai & Malaysia. The Chinese toy market is also flooding the domestic market but Indian markets still have design or modification to some games that reflect Indian taste in them which is absolutely true. Social relevance is majorly used as a factor that is being used. B Since the last four or five years the Indian Toy Industry has shown a healthy growth rate. The market is growing at 15% to 20% per annum, which is a sound situation and it is further is estimated to grow for least five or six years. As Indian market is highly price sensitive, the reduction in prices of the products would contribute to increase in the sales. Present Manufacturers Andhra Polymers Pvt. Ltd. Elgi Rubber Co. Ltd. Magnus Rubber Inds. Ltd. Precision Seals Mfg. Ltd. Sundaram Industries Ltd. Swastik Rubber Products Ltd. Thejo Engineering Ltd.
Plant capacity: 500 Pcs./ day Plant & machinery: Rs.42 Lakhs
TYRES for Truck, Lorry, Bus,Car & Cycle - Manufacturing Plant, Detailed Project Report, Profile, Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Survey, Manufacturing Process, Machinery, Raw Materials, Feasibility Study, Investment Opportunities
The tyre industry is the largest part of the rubber manufacturing industry, infact it is so large that it is often classed as an industry in its own right. It absorbs well over two thirds of all natural rubber production and almost as large a proportion of synthetic rubber manufacture. In much of the innovation in the wider rubber industry both in terms of material and in terms of manufacturing emanates from the tyre industry. Light vehicle tyre and heavy truck and machinery tyre are both part of the tyre market but differ in their composition and manufacturing process. Hence light vehicle tyres are particularly passenger's car tyre. Advances in tyre materials, tyre constructions and tyre manufacturing technology have led to new types of products and the development of new market segments. Tyre manufacturing technology has progressed in parallel with tyre construction technology so that tyres are now designed not only to meet specific performance targets, but also to enable improved 'manufacturability', i.e., more efficient, lower cost and more uniform production. Uses and Applications High performance tyres are designed for use at higher speeds, and more often, a more "sporty" driving style. They feature a softer rubber compound for improved traction, especially on high speed cornering. Tyres are used in large numbers on automobiles, truks, aircraft and bicycle. . Whole tyres have been used with considerable success to create artificial reefs and erosion barriers, sea-walls and off-coast breakwaters. In both sea and fresh water harbours, tyres are used as boat fenders, absorbing the shock from moving boats to protect the hulls and sea walls, particularly during storms. The use of whole, shredded, or granulated tyres in construction projects including the manufacture of noise absorbers for tram or rail lines, underlayments for roads, drainage areas, porous asphalt mix, among others. • All-terrain tyres are typically used on SUVs and for light trucks . Used tyres can be incinerated; they are an efficient fuel source for steam in the generation of electricity. High temperature burning means no black smoke, but keep in mind that some sulfur goes into a tyre rubber compound. It is converted to sulfur dioxide during incineration. Scrubbers are available for removal of this gas. Market Survey The Indian tyre industry has come of age with the manufacture of almost all types of tyres. The industry has an estimated turnover of close to Rs 200 bn. It is made up of 40 players with an installed capacity of 57.3 mn tyres. The industry claims a perceptible export market. The truck and bus segment is a major constituent (by value) of the tyre industry, accounting for over two-third of the total value of the industry. The upsurge in demand has generally helped the performance of tyre majors such as MRF, Apollo Tyres and Ceat. About two-thirds of the demand for truck tyres flows from the replacement market. The demand of tyres flows from three segments-original equipment manufacturers, re-placements and exports. Of the three, the replacement market is the primary source of demand, followed by the equipment manufacturers (OEM) segment and exports. The persistent pressure on the public transport system and an ever-growing urban middle class has resulted in a steady demand for two-wheelers and passenger cars. The motor cycle tyres increased by over 20%, while the tyres for scooters and mopeds witnessed a fall in production despite an increase in the production of scooters. Present Manufacturers Apollo Tyres Ltd. Balkrishna Industries Ltd. Bridgestone India Pvt. Ltd. Ceat Ltd. Dunlop India Ltd. Falcon Tyres Ltd. Goodyear India Ltd. Goodyear South Asia Tyres Pvt. Ltd. Govind Rubber Ltd. J K Tyre & Inds. Ltd. Kesoram Industries Ltd. M R F Ltd. Malhotra Rubbers Ltd. Metro Tyres Ltd. Modi Tyres Co. Ltd. Modistone Ltd. Monotona Tyres Ltd. Pavan Tyres Ltd. [Merged] Poddar Tyres Ltd. Raam Tyres Ltd. Rado Tyres Ltd. Ralson (India) Ltd. Ralson Industries Ltd. S Kumars Tyre Mfg. Co. Ltd. Suntec Tyres Ltd. T V S Srichakra Ltd. Tariq Development & Leasing Pvt. Ltd. Vikrant Tyres Ltd. [Merged]
Plant capacity: 13475 Nos./ day Plant & machinery: Rs.409 Lakhs
Working capital: N/A T.C.I: Rs.17073 Lakhs
Rubber Gaskets - Manufacturing Plant, Detailed Project Report, Profile, Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Survey, Manufacturing Process, Machinery, Raw Materials, Feasibility Study, Investment Opportunities, Cost and Revenue, Plant Economic
A gasket (correct terminology is a joint made from jointing material) is a mechanical seal which fills the space between two or more mating surfaces, generally to prevent leakage from or into the joined objects while under compression. It is usually desirable that the gasket be made from a material that is to some degree yielding such that it is able to deform and tightly fills the space it is designed for, including any slight irregularities. A few gaskets require an application of sealant directly to the gasket surface to function properly. Rubber seal materials are normally chosen on the basis of chemical compatibility with the fluid being transferred, but even if seal and fluid are chemically compatible, they can still interact physically, leading to leakage. Fluid sealing technology is based on principles as diverse as lubrication, friction, wear, properties of materials, mechanical design, fluid mechanics and heat transfer. All of these factors are to be considered and studied in depth in designing different types of rubber seals, seal materials and sealing applications. Uses and Applications It is mainly used between the pipe line to make leak proof alignment or joint. It is also widely used in automobiles. Fluid Restriction, Weather Insulation, Vibration Dampening, Electrical Absorption, Noise Reduction, Packaging and Cushioning. Market Survey Rebounds in construction expenditures and motor vehicle production, as well as positive outlooks for capital spending and machinery production, will benefit gasket and seal manufacturers. Increased use of better performing gaskets and seals made from advanced materials, which offer improved lifespans over traditional sealing materials, will also stimulate dollar growth. However, in the longer term this will have a mixed effect on the market, as initial value gains will be somewhat offset by decreased aftermarket sales opportunities. Among all gasket and sealing products, compression packings, body seals and expanded graphite gaskets will register the strongest growth through 2016. However, because of their much larger shares of overall demand, the motor vehicle and machinery industries will record much stronger increases in dollar terms. A rebound in motor vehicle production and a rise in the number of motor vehicles in use will fuel sales of related gasket and sealing products. In addition, the growing use of better performing, higher-priced gaskets and seals will further drive value gains. Increases in machinery gasket and seal demand will be supported by the existence of a large aftermarket, reflecting the harsh conditions that many machinery products operate in, and an increase in machinery outputs as capital expenditures rise. Present Manufacturers Banco Products (India) Ltd. Crown Gaskets (India) Ltd. Eagleburgmann India Pvt. Ltd. Perfect Circle Victor Exports Ltd. Talbros Automotive Components Ltd. Victor Gaskets India Ltd.
Plant capacity: 200 kgs/ day Plant & machinery: Rs.29 Lakhs
Latex (Rubber) Foam Product - Manufacturing Plant, Detailed Project Report, Profile, Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Survey, Manufacturing Process, Machinery, Raw Materials, Feasibility Study, Investment Opportunities, Cost and Revenue
Latex foam rubber derives its physical performance properties from the vulcanization process that creates long molecular chains with strong cross linked bonds. The ability of NR latex foam to recover from deformation opens up a possibility for new applications of latex foam based on products made from this NR latex foam type. For example, this NR latex foam can be employed in orthopedic applications, which usually utilize synthetic memory foam, for which this memory characteristic will allow the release of surface pressure by contouring to the shape of the body. Latex foam rubber generally has a relatively high density and is soft, thus latex foam rubber can only be used in limited amounts in the production of bonded carpet cushion. • Latex Foam Producers has a high level of grip, some others are designed to offer maximum durability. The ability of Natural Rubber latex foam to recover from deformation opens up a possibility for new applications of latex foam based on products made from this NR latex foam type. For example, this NR latex foam can be employed in orthopedic applications, which usually utilize synthetic memory foam, for which this memory characteristic will allow the release of surface pressure by contouring to the shape of the body. Uses and Applications The rubber latex pillows, mattresses, cushions, bedding etc. are used in luxury purposes. The latex foam mattresses are used for manufacturing of sheets in automobiles, cars, tempos, buses, jeeps, aero plane, etc. In hotel some time the floor mat are also used. The market for latex foam materials has grown tremendously in recent years. Foam rubber has had wide application in the bedding, furniture, and automotive fields especially. In Bed Pillows this item has been widely accepted. They are produced by a large number of the accepted shape used for feather or down pillows, they are generally very soft, but not flabby, retain their shape without "fluffing," and are particularly advantageous for allergy sufferers. The cushion of foam rubber are used in chairs, pillows, beddings, automobile furnitures etc. for luxurious living. Decorative Pillows are comparatively new application for foam, but is being received enthusiastically by the buying public. Decorative pillows have the same characteristics as bed pillows, but are made in a wide variety of sizes and shapes including square, round, rectangular, and triangular. Market Survey In India major consumers of foams are automobile industries for seat cushioning furniture, bedding pillow, cycle seat manufacturers and industrial insulation making industries. Therefore around 40-50 indigenous manufacturer of polyurethane foams in the country. It is observed that out of all products, demand of polyurethane flexible foam is around 84 % of the total demand. Polymerization of urethane and foaming is done indigenously where as major raw material is polyols and isocynate and to some extent urethane are being imported. Major demand for (flexible) is from furniture and automobile industries. Besides these sectors, there is demand for flexible foam for footwear lining, packaging, carpet backing etc. There is no data available for sector wise demand. However, a total estimated demand of main raw material consumption on end use pattern is available. Present Manufactureres Duroflex Exports Pvt. Ltd. Karnataka Consumer Products Ltd. Kurlon Ltd. Shroff Textiles Ltd. Tirupati Foam Ltd.
Latex Rubber Threads - Manufacturing Plant, Detailed Project Report, Profile, Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Survey, Manufacturing Process, Machinery, Raw Materials, Feasibility Study, Investment Opportunities, Cost and Revenue
Latex rubber thread is one of the product amongst various process obtained from Rubber Processing. It is produced by extruding compounded latex through capillaries into a bath of coagulant, and the coagulated wet filament is then washed, dried and vulcanized to produce an elastic thread. Latex is a milky sap that comes from the rubber tree. The sap is used to make products such as balloons, gloves and pacifiers. To manufacture rubber goods from latex component, it is necessary to convert the compounds into solids of the desired form. The latex producer generally stabilizes latex compounds before transporting to the rubber goods manufacturing facility. It is observed that the extent of pre-vulcanization affects the aged and un-aged physical properties of latex threads. Super heat resistant threads are developed to withstand high processing temperatures. Super heat resistant threads retain at least 80% of the modulus after exposure to dry heat of 150 degree centigrade for 2 hours while the normal threads retain only 50% modulus. Uses and Applications The main uses of rubber thread are in combination with textiles. The thread is normally covered with textile fibers of various types in special covering machines. The covered threads are then woven into foundation garments, other forms of wearing apparel. It can be used in the Toys Industries to make many enjoyable items. It can be use in the Garment Industries. Rubber threads are also used to make fishing baits and in Pole fishing. Polyester Elastic Thread are used for Shoe Cover. Rubber elastic bandage is made of the finest quality textile fabrics, reinforced with natural rubber thread. Used for elastic band, sofa elastic webbing, headwear, socks, gloves etc. Colored rubber threads are also used for making toys like koosh balls and doll hair etc. Heat Resistant Latex Rubber Threads are used to manufacture elastic tapes used in the final products. These are also used in shoe uppers, headbands and wristbands and travel goods. Rubber thread coated with talcum and rubber thread coated with polymer, both of which are ideal for textile industry that requires softness and swiftness and is also ideal for all types of machinery. Latex thread is used in the manufacture of elastic tapes used in foundation garments (such as panties), skirts. Sport wear, diapers etc. Market Survey The market size for Rubber Thread in India is estimated at 1200 MT/ month & the cumulative factual production of all rubber thread manufacturer's put together in India is not more then 550-600 MT/month. Latex Rubber threads have wide are of applications. On the whole, Rubber thread industry consists of personal clothing, consumer rubber products and sports equipment manufacturing. Like foam industry, rubber thread industry also directly affected by general market environment. With India's growing role in the world economy, the Indian rubber industry has also been gaining global acceptance. India today is looked upon as world's largest producer and third largest consumer of natural rubber. Likewise, large scale production of automobiles in India also led to the further growth of this sector. The global market for industrial rubber products is projected to increase 5.8 percent per year to $139.8 billion, accelerating from the growth rate. The Asia/Pacific region, which represented 44 percent of the global market for industrial rubber products, is forecast to post the fastest gains of any region in near future.
Plant capacity: 10 MT/ day Plant & machinery: Rs.4400 Lakhs

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From the April 1981 Issue Subscribe
Passing On
Cathy and Linda were the same age, grew up in the same place, and could have been girlhood chums. Instead, they met when Linda was terminally ill and Cathy, a hospice nurse, was assigned to ease her final days.
By Dick Reavis
On November 18, 1980, Linda Mihlan, a 29-year-old mother and housewife in Mesquite, died of cancer of the cervix. She died in her living room, sitting next to her husband, Chuck.
At the moment of Linda's death, Chuck was talking on the phone to Cathy Little, who is a hospice nurse. Her job is a fairly new one in the world of health care. She looks after people who are dying, who are beyond medical help. Cathy has chosen to spend her life making other people's deaths slightly more bearable—an ever-larger calling in America, one that sometimes attracts mystics and kooks and one that utterly fails to satisfy a constant demand on modern medicine—that it offer hope of recovery. And yet, for Linda and Chuck Mihlan, it undeniably eased the pain.
Linda's mother was already dying of lung cancer when Chuck and Linda began dating. In Chuck, Linda's mother saw a chance of security for her daughter: he had a kind voice, temperate habits, and the prospect of a good job. He was the sort of man, she believed, who would make a good father to the three children from Linda's first marriage.
Linda's life had always been a cause for worry. Reared in lower-middle-class poverty in the Garland-Mesquite-Balch Springs area, she had quit school after the ninth grade and married young. She worked as a waitress and bore three boys to her first husband, a hard-drinking, fast-driving man. Now the children were a burden to support. When Chuck came into Linda's life, Linda's mother asked them from her deathbed to marry before she passed away.
Chuck did not want to marry until he had known Linda for a full year, but he didn't want to frustrate a dying woman's wish, either. In November 1975, five months after he met Linda and only weeks before her mother died, Chuck and Linda were wed at her mother's home in Mesquite. They moved into a Dallas apartment. Linda stayed home with the kids, and Chuck took himself off every day to his new job as a hydraulics mechanic at an oil field supply plant.
Linda's health had never been good, and it did not improve after her marriage. Within three years she had her appendix removed, was diagnosed as diabetic, and had a benign tumor removed from her breast. In order to understand these and many other, minor ailments, Linda sometimes paged through a set of medical encyclopedias inherited from her mother, the sort of books sold in grocery stores. But not until the fall of 1979, four years after her mother's death, could Linda read the chapters on cancer.
For more than a year Linda had been bothered by a vaginal discharge, especially on nights when she and Chuck made love. On two brief pages of The New Illustrated Medical Encyclopedia for Home Use she found such a discharge described as symptomatic of cervical cancer. Once she had diagnosed herself, Linda lost no time. She asked Chuck to accompany her to the doctor's office, and while she was being examined, he sat in the waiting room, ill-humored at having given up a day's work to placate his wife's insatiable obsession with illnesses. Half an hour later, when Chuck was called in, Linda was crying. "Your wife has cancer of the cervix, but she has a good chance of surviving," the physician told Chuck. But Chuck was distressed. After all, cancer is cancer, isn't it?
Tumors of the female organs, which thirty years ago accounted for 1 in 5 cancer deaths, account for only 1 in 10 today. In Texas deaths due to uterine cancer have declined from about 750 a year in 1950 to about 580 today, and across the nation, some 78 per cent of women stricken with cancer of the cervix live for five years or more if diagnosis is early. In other words, a diagnosis of cervical cancer no longer means probable death, even in cases like Linda's where diagnosis comes late. Her doctor was within the statistical bounds of reason when he counseled hope and speed.
The doctor had scheduled further tests for Linda at Pleasant Grove Hospital the following Monday. After the tests Linda asked Chuck to see a lawyer about adopting the children, so that they would be his if she should die. She then called the children together so Chuck could tell them what was wrong. "Linda has cancer," Chuck said. "Do any of you guys know what that means?"
"Yes," blurted six-year-old Jimmy, "it means that Mommy is going to die!" Despite assurances that death was neither imminent nor certain, the boys wept. That Christmas Chuck and Linda gave the children everything they asked for. Under the tree the boys found a stereo set, racing cars, and a dozen lesser goodies.
But Linda's condition did not improve. At Easter she was in the Baylor University Medical Center hospital for a hysterectomy, which was followed by a brief and futile regimen of chemotherapy. By June her weight loss was noticeable, her strength was fading, and she was in pain. Unable to manage her responsibilities, she agreed to place the boys in the Buckner Baptist Children's Home in Dallas. They did not want to leave her, but Linda was in the hospital as much as she was home now, Chuck had an obligation to work, and there was no one to care for them.
Money was scarcer than it had ever been. Chuck had medical insurance for his family through his employer, but it paid an annual maximum of $10,000 per beneficiary. That amount was exhausted by the time summer began, as were the couple's savings. Because Linda could no longer drive, Chuck had to miss work in order to accompany her to hospitals and clinics; because there was no money, he had to go into debt to keep her out of pain. Even with the kids at Buckner, Chuck had more work at home than one man could handle.
Sympathetic hospital personnel advised Chuck to call upon the Home Hospice Program. The Dallas Visiting Nurse Association (VNA) hospice, established in 1978, is one of the nation's largest home care programs for terminally ill patients. At any given time VNA Home Hospice nurses, aides, and social workers are providing advice, treatment, and household help for one hundred terminal patients, most of them cancer victims.
The term "hospice," which denotes a place of shelter, has for three decades been used in Britain as a name for hospital wards devoted to the care of the terminally ill. The first modern hospice, St. Christopher's in London, opened in 1948 and set a standard for similar institutions. Hospices, wherever they are, provide staple medical services like oxygen administration and intravenous feeding, but because treatment in terminal cases is largely palliative, they specialize in pain control. Programs built on the British model also offer patients and their families a variety of counseling services, including advice on wills, funerals, and pensions. They deliver services to the patient through teams composed of doctors, nurses, social workers, and volunteers, many of whom are the survivors of former hospice patients. Hospices bring experienced personnel to the assistance of dying patients, but as Chuck Mihlan would learn, they cannot resolve all, or even the most painful, problems associated with death. In hospice theory, and in ordinary practice, the team members function as aides to the patient's family—upon whom final responsibility rests.
Last July—about the time Linda came into the Home Hospice Program—it and 25 similar projects across the nation were released from the Medicare system's restrictions on the type and number of visits that would be reimbursed. That federal endowment, though it did not directly affect Linda, did lessen the hospice's dependence on funds donated by survivors of former patients.
The hospice did not charge Linda and Chuck for hospice visits to their home. The VNA also used privately donated funds to hire household help for them for four hours a day. It dispatched David Overton, a bearded 27-year-old social worker, to assist the couple in facing the traumas of impending death and to help in maintaining contact with the three children in Buckner. The VNA hospice also assigned 26-year-old Cathy Little to visit Linda's bedside. Cathy had been a hospice nurse for less than a week when she drew the assignment. It proved to be a good test of her preparedness for the new job.
In many ways Cathy fit the profile of nurses whom hospice work attracts. She had not been a traditional nursing school student. Throughout her formal education she had enjoyed literature more than math or science, and in her personal and political views she was trendy and liberal, not staid or traditional. She was convinced that the hospital setting discouraged warmth and closeness. But Cathy pursued nursing anyway, because the work itself appealed to her. Times were changing, women's liberation was making inroads everywhere, nursing was winning a new dignity—and a new clout—and in that ambience Cathy hoped she could find a place for herself.
For three years after graduation Cathy shifted from job to job, looking for professional contentment. She worked for an oncology, or tumor, hospital; on a cardiac intensive care unit; and on a neurosurgical intensive care unit, all in the Dallas area. She was not favorably impressed. Hospitals were hurried, businesslike institutions, she thought—and working in them was like working in a factory or store. Her patients on the intensive care unit reminded her of greenhouse plants: silent, unmoving, and artificially maintained. Cathy wanted to get away from the chilly atmosphere of organized medicine.
Her superiors in the hospice program hired her because she had technical expertise, because she was experienced with terminal patients, and because she was reasonably well insulated against a common hazard of hospice work, career burnout: her boyfriend of three years, she said in a job interview, would know how to comfort her when the strain of working with dying people gave her doubts about her job. Though it meant a pay cut of $150 a month, Cathy was delighted to be hired by the hospice. No longer would she have to work under a regime of medical spit and polish. Now she would be a member of an irregular, or guerrilla, corps.
For all practical purposes, the American hospice movement dates to 1969 and the publication of On Death and Dying, a manual by Swiss-born psychiatrist Elisabeth Kübler-Ross. For several years Kübler-Ross was an associate professor at the University of Chicago and a staff psychiatrist at its Billings Hospital, where she talked with hundreds of terminal patients. Ultimately she turned her findings into a theory of death psychology. A patient facing death proceeds through five stages, she said: denial, during which he refuses to acknowledge his diagnosis; anger, a phase characterized by blaming survivors for his impending death; depression; bargaining, or the attempt to prolong life by promises, often to deities; and finally, acceptance, the tranquil resignation to fate. In seminars and books, Kübler-Ross advocated training programs to enable lay and medical personnel to act as guides through these stages of the mind. By the time the first American hospice opened in 1974, Kübler-Ross had become a pop saint. She was given keys to the city in half a dozen locales, and she received eighteen honorary degrees in five years.
In actual practice, the five stages Kübler-Ross outlined turned out not to be stages at all, and even their formulator now waffles over the term. Most dying patients do experience denial, anger, depression, bargaining, and acceptance, but not in any sequence. The stages might more accurately be termed moods, because most patients experience them in an unpatterned way. Kübler-Ross's credibility was further damaged by accounts published in the late seventies of her participation in séances in which widows purportedly achieved sexual union with the spirits of their husbands by coupling with a middle-aged guru named Jay Barham. The Barham scandal would perhaps have finished off Kübler-Ross as an influential figure had the hospices she advocated not been so useful to terminal patients and their families.
Kübler-Ross followed On Death and Dying with more books, and death became a much-published topic: more than four hundred popular works about death were in print in 1980, compared to less than one hundred ten years before. Along with discussion of death came hospices.
Two types of institutions had been developed by the British: freestanding hospices, where all patients are terminally ill, and hospital-based hospices, usually wards of an ordinary hospital reserved for terminal care. But Kübler-Ross noted that most terminal patients she spoke to expressed a desire to die at home, and she called for the creation of home care hospice services. The idea has caught on like wildfire, but probably not as a response to the wishes of the dying. In the U.S. the expense of hospital care—more than $400 a day for cancer patients at Houston's M.D. Anderson Hospital, for example—is not borne by a program of national health insurance as it is in Great Britain. Some government and private insurance plans deny reimbursement for hospital care not aimed at healing the patient, and physicians are reluctant to authorize hospital admission for patients nearing death. In many cases terminal care may be most cheaply administered outside a hospital setting. The American medical tradition includes visiting nurse associations—the Dallas VNA was established in 1934—that have provided terminal care, if not the whole range of hospice services, for decades. The development of hospice care through VNAs was a logical step for both historical and fiscal reasons.
Logical or not, that development was viewed with suspicion in many quarters of the medical community. Two recent studies by the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston show that the hospice concept has won no great favor with Texas physicians. In both studies—one of UT Medical Branch staff, the other of practicing physicians across the state—only two of every five doctors interviewed expressed a desire for additional resources in matters related to death and dying.
One reason physicians have not taken up the hospice cause is that the very notion of terminal illness runs counter to their training and practice. For the best of reasons, physicians are sworn and accustomed to direct their efforts toward saving life. They are reluctant to prognosticate death, because even cases of advanced cancer are sometimes subject to spontaneous remission and there is almost always a method or medication or procedure that has not yet been fully explored. For the physician, the dying patient is not a financial burden—or a beloved relative.
Some of the medical establishment's distrust arose from more mundane concerns, however. In the absence of both clear standards defining hospice care and any licensing or legislative requirements, the field was ripe for experimentation and abuse. Nursing homes have in some cases merely restyled themselves as hospices without expanding their services. Nobody knows how many projects calling themselves hospices exist in the U.S., and even the fledgling National Hospice Organization (NHO) is unable to give an account of its membership. Many of the organizations affiliated with the NHO have not established hospice operations yet, and some existing programs may not measure up to the NHO's standards.
For their part, most hospice advocates are quick to point out that hospital and physician care is characterized by the commitment of expertise only. Medicine, in pursuit of technological miracles, has lost its human face, they say. Hospice programs aim to restore warmth, as well as familial and financial considerations, to the bedside manner of medical workers, and that's why hospice programs, generally speaking, are hotbeds of scorn for the medical establishment. Nurses like Cathy Little see themselves as leading a movement for the reform of not only terminal treatment but the whole medical profession. The typical hospice worker is part scientific provider—nurse or doctor or social worker—part chaplain, psychologist, or consoler, and part agitator or visionary.
Cathy Little took two six-packs of Ensure from the room where donated supplies were stored and carried them downstairs to her maroon Pontiac Phoenix. She put the squatty orange-and-white cans onto the back seat, between her briefcase and the catheters in plastic packages, above the bags of Chux pads on the floor. Then she drove northeast, toward the suburban territory she works for the Home Hospice Program. Cathy was taking the Ensure, a milkshake dietary supplement, to Linda Mihlan.
Ensure would improve Linda's life in two ways. She didn't like the taste of her methadone, a bitter narcotic, even though it came with a grape syrup additive, and Ensure would give the drug a more palatable chocolate flavor. It would also give her concentrated nutrients. Nothing could keep Linda, who was already using a walker, from growing even thinner and weaker, but Ensure might slow down the process.
As Cathy drove, she mapped out the day ahead of her. She would give the Ensure to Linda that afternoon. Other patients in Garland would come first, and then patients in Mesquite and Balch Springs. Six weeks earlier, when all twenty of Cathy's patients had been alive, Cathy sometimes had not returned home until nightfall. But even then she had planned her visits to Linda for late in the afternoon, in order to spend as much time there as Linda wanted. Linda was a special patient because she put Cathy to the test, not only as a nurse in a blue-and-white uniform but as a creature of empathy. Dying of cancer is not always painful, but Cathy knew that Linda Mihlan, with or without Ensure, was likely to suffer great misery. Cancer sometimes does not yield to even the best or most innovative interventions of the medical profession.
Cathy's task as Linda's nurse was essentially to supervise a regimen of pain control. After a month-long summer hospitalization Linda had been prescribed Dilaudid capsules and injections of Demerol, a painkiller, with Thorazine, a calmative. Pain control is controversial among doctors and patients alike, and the results in Linda's case show why. Most physicians prescribe barbiturates with a sparing hand, lest patients develop dependencies, and many patients, believing that agony is preferable to addiction, hold themselves back from the medicine bottle. Linda had reached a point where relief came only when she was stuporous from high doses of her painkillers. When her injections were delayed she suffered both the psychic and the physical pain of withdrawal. In October, at Cathy's request, Linda's doctor began prescribing methadone for her.
Methadone is synthetic morphine, as potent as any painkiller available. Its euphoric effects have made it an alternative to heroin in medical therapy as well as on the black market. In the beginning it stupefies its users, and it is a powerful addictive agent even though, like any pain remedy, it is not effective for all patients or at all times. Linda's body usually responded well to the drug, and it enabled her to resume some of those activities that pain had taken away. She entertained her children on weekends and, supported by a walker, helped in the kitchen on weeknights. Sometimes, in the wheelchair that substituted for muscle strength, she went with Chuck to modest restaurants or to flea market sales.
But even methadone is not infallible. It did not end Linda Mihlan's—or Cathy's—suffering. The crisis for Cathy came one afternoon in October when she made a scheduled visit to Linda's home. Cathy's ring at the door was answered by the household aide, who, before Cathy crossed the threshold, warned that Linda's pain was out of control.
When Cathy walked in, Linda, at 29 just three years older than Cathy, was lying in a pink nylon gown atop an artificial sheepskin on the old green couch in her living room. On a coffee table at her side lay her usual appurtenances: a photo album, a Bible, and a bottle of diet Dr Pepper. The patient, now weighing less than one hundred pounds, barely noticed when Cathy approached and inquired about her condition in a quiet, tentative voice.
Linda didn't hear because she was moaning. "What is happening to me? Why do I hurt? Somebody please help me, tell me why I hurt."
"Linda, Linda," Cathy said, kneeling beside the couch, "why do you think you are in pain?"
But Linda continued her pleading. "Can't you give me a shot? Call the doctor! Do anything!"
There was no question, by that time, of giving Linda any injections. That route had already been tried and had lost its effectiveness. All that remained was to administer methadone. Cathy rose, measured the dose, mixed it with Ensure, as she had for weeks, and spooned it into Linda's mouth. Then, kneeling, she checked her patient's blood pressure and pulse, busying herself and comforting Linda while she waited for the drug to take effect.
But the drug did not take effect. Half an hour later, Linda's emaciated frame was still curled with pain, her mouth still strained. She begged for a mercy that, she knew, would not be forthcoming.
"Linda, there's nothing more I can do except just hold you," Cathy told her patient, trembling herself. She encircled Linda with her arms and in a quiet voice told her to breathe slowly, ever so slowly. Linda complied, and as her respiration rate slowed she nodded faintly and hummed or snored. In a few minutes she fell into an uneasy sleep. Cathy carefully slipped out of the house, late for her team conference meeting at the hospice.
As the other nurses, social workers, volunteers, and household aides compared notes and discussed treatments for patients, Cathy kept silent, offering no advice and asking none. When her turn came to report, conference leader Charles Kemp asked about Linda's condition. Cathy blurted out something about intractable pain, then broke into sobs.
Kemp, who sat on Cathy's left, put his arms around her, as did the nurse on her right. Rather than admonishing her to stop crying, both encouraged her to express herself. Phrase by phrase, Cathy explained her difficulties with Linda's pain control program. She also talked about how Linda's impending death frightened her. After all, Linda Mihlan was in many ways her double: they were the same age, they had both been born and raised in the Dallas area and spoke with the same accent, and, as her hospice co-workers had noted, they were both women of a somewhat serious disposition, friendly but sometimes somber. Before the discussion of Linda's status was over, half a dozen people were crying with Cathy. It was the sort of mutual support meeting that hospice workers claim they must have in order to face their jobs. They must give strength to families facing death, and in the course of their work they themselves often need emotional bolstering.
The Texas hospice movement's leading visionary was nurse Charles Kemp, 36, a tall, thin, bass-voiced, black-bearded man. Kemp was a Marine machine gunner during the Viet Nam War, and he returned home disillusioned and frightened. He became a counter-culturist, and even today he neither blinks nor grins when he cites Dr. Timothy Leary as an authority on matters of metaphysics. Like Kübler-Ross and other hospice pioneers, Kemp has unorthodox ideas about the afterlife, and though these views do not enter into his hospice or nursing work, they were in part responsible for his interest in the crises of dying patients. Kemp graduated from nursing school in 1975, with some help from the GI Bill, and three years later completed a master's degree at the University of Texas at Austin. He went home to Dallas, where he and a handful of associates began providing ad hoc hospice care to terminal patients, sometimes on a voluntary basis.
His efforts won approval in the nursing community, and in the fall of 1978, at the request of the VNA, he put together a hospice program. Though the project grew—it now has a paid staff of fifty and a $1.5 million annual budget—late last year Charles Kemp resigned as director and was replaced by a licensed nursing home administrator whose background was entirely orthodox and bureaucratic. Kemp had become a victim of career burnout. His new occupation, however temporary, is as a yardman and gardener. "I just got sick and tired of death," he says. But Charles Kemp was there when Cathy wept at the hospice meeting, and he, more than anyone, gave her the resolve to go on. Though he ultimately gave up himself, Kemp brought dozens of new hospice workers into the program and steeled them.
Linda's condition improved in early November, and once again she was able to venture out in her wheelchair. One of the few wishes she expressed was to visit a simple seafood restaurant on Buckner Boulevard; methadone allowed her its fulfillment. Though she was weak and by then weighed not more than ninety pounds, she and Chuck also went one Friday night to dinner at a Bonanza steakhouse in Mesquite, at the invitation of a co-worker of her husband's. That dinner was her last meal.
Over the weekend Linda weakened rapidly. She refused food and on Monday laid her cigarettes aside. She could no longer rise from bed and slip into her wheelchair; Chuck now carried her from room to room. Her complexion grew pale, her body turned cold, and her breathing became labored. On Monday, when Cathy Little visited the home, Linda's blood pressure was abnormally low. On Tuesday both Cathy and Chuck knew that she would not live long.
Chuck called Cathy outside the front door of his house. "I don't know, Cathy," he said, "but Linda is getting weak pretty fast. I don't see how she can make it another week."
"I think you're right," Cathy told him, reaching for his hand.
Chuck braced himself, as he had for months, in the belief that harsh news hurts less on a stiff backbone.
Some premonition told Cathy to give Chuck her home telephone number. She wrote it out on a slip of paper and, as she left, told Chuck to call her if he had any problems that night.
Linda lay on the old couch in the living room that evening, sometimes whimpering, sometimes wailing with pain that not even methadone could hold down. She hurt, as she had for days, in her right thigh, and she hurt in her bowels as well, for that evening diarrhea had come upon her. About ten o'clock her multiple pains were severe enough that she began imploring Chuck to call an ambulance. She wanted to go to a hospital.
"Linda, we've discussed it before, and you know there's nothing they can do for you in a hospital," Chuck told his wife.
But Linda would not be content. She told Chuck that she loved him and repeated her plea for an ambulance.
By ten-thirty Chuck was perplexed and afraid. He sat down in the overstuffed chair next to the couch where Linda lay and picked up the telephone. He dialed Cathy's number. "I don't know what to do. Linda's in awful pain and she wants an ambulance," Chuck told Cathy.
Cathy made several inquiries about Linda's condition, then counseled Chuck to fend off the requests until the pain subsided, as it always had before.
"Just a minute," Chuck interrupted, turning his head toward his wife. Linda had moved one foot onto the floor and attempted to pull her torso erect, as if to rise up from the couch. Now she sat in that position, stiff, with eyes and mouth wide open.
Chuck laid the receiver on the floor, then checked his wife's respiration and pulse and looked into her eyes for dilation, as Cathy had taught him to do. In seconds, he knew that Linda was dead.
He picked up the receiver again. "Cathy, she's gone. It's all over now."
Cathy counseled him to accept what he had known was inevitable.
"I'll tell you what," Chuck said. "You go to your icebox and get a beer, and I'm going to get some margarita mix we've got here, so I can get drunk."
After Chuck had mixed his drink, he continued his conversation with Cathy. They planned out the steps that were required that night: telephone calls to a funeral home, to Chuck's best friend, to Linda's family. They hung up, and after he had made the phone calls, Chuck turned to look at the woman who only minutes before had been his wife.
"It's hard to say how I felt, but I felt so, so alone," he recalls. "I didn't know what to do, so I tried to close her eyelids. I couldn't get them closed, though, and I just sat there, not knowing what to do. Finally, about the time her family came in, I went into the bedroom and sat down and played the stereo with my headphones. It was a hard thing to handle."
With Dave, the hospice social worker, Chuck visited the funeral home the following day. He selected a modest casket and looked at Linda.
"I wanted to make sure that she didn't look worse than when she died, or else I wouldn't have let her have an open-casket funeral," Chuck says. "It was a good job they did. They stuffed her cheeks with something, so that she didn't look so thin. She looked better than she had in months."
After approving the morticians' work Chuck went to the Buckner Baptist Childrens' Home. The three boys were called into the chaplain's office, where Chuck told them their mother was dead. All three wept, and one of them, who at times had beaten his mother about the waist, later blurted out, "It's my fault, it's my fault."
Two days later the children were out in their Sunday best to attend Linda's funeral, held on the fifth anniversary of her marriage to Chuck. The funeral was Baptist, simple, and well attended, like most services for the young. But it fell short, in some ways, of what Linda had wanted. She had requested that a popular country-and-western song, "I'll Go to My Grave Loving You," be sung at her service. Chuck could not arrange for it. Nor could he afford to give Linda's grave a headstone.
Wearing a sport coat of his own and a pair of pants borrowed from his father-in-law, Chuck showed up at the funeral to perform the tasks the widower's role required of him. But he was not comforted there. As soon as Linda was in the ground, he slunk off with Cathy, Dave, and a hospice volunteer—the people who he believed understood him best—for drinks in a Dallas restaurant where he and Linda had often dined. The four sat together for about two hours, reviewing the events that had brought them, a group of strangers, into familylike intimacy in the past weeks. By the time they left, all four were as clouded, and as comforted, as well-wishers at any whiskey wake.
Cathy Little, who had spent weeks preparing for Linda's death, found that the memory of her patient was, in many ways, a personal one. "Linda had always wanted to go to Colorado, and Chuck always said that if there had been any way he could have afforded it, even after Linda got sick, he would have taken her," Cathy says. "Well, after she died, I began to have the strangest new desire. I wanted to go to Colorado myself, as if for her, in her place. I haven't gone yet, but I will."
Chuck Mihlan has found solace hard to come by. For a few weeks after Linda's death he turned to drinking—hard. At Christmas he carried a small tree with an ornament on top to her grave. There he broke down and cried for the first time since hearing Linda's diagnosis. Social worker Dave Overton's objective advice to Chuck was to seek out the company of new women, but Chuck spurned that counsel. Instead, he turned for consolation to the Pentecostal faith of his adolescence. In a world where youth, family, medical science—and even the specialized services of a hospice—are not as extensive or protective as we would like, Chuck Mihlan is finding a way to cope with Linda's death: "You put your faith in God, you stay close to the one you love, and when she is gone, you pray that she is not alone."
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