Community and public healthcare providers' focal point is health advancement and disease prevention, meeting the needs of the community by recognizing health issues and maintaining the well being of individuals in the community. The public and community health system focus is on prevention through community health advancement, those public services and interventions which protect the population from certain disease and illness (Aveling et al., 2017). Public health officials use the data in health records in their attempt to limit disease and monitor the health status of a population. Public health officials can predict and keep up with the current direction of diseases, by recognizing certain occurrence of the disease (McWay, 2014). Electronic medical record (EMR) systems have the potential to help assimilation between primary care and the public health system at the point of care. Administrative and clinical data are two types of data that are used with electronic medical records (McWay, 2014). EClinicalWorks, Allscript and Epic are three EMR systems that are used in the health care profession.
committee is responsible for arranging guidelines for quality of the health records; this includes terminology (McWay, 2014).
The types of data that should be included in electronic medical records and the quality criteria necessary include administrative and clinical data. Administrative data is data received from every patient; this includes simple rapport and financial information. Clinical data is data that is collected, maintained and connected to the patient's health and treatment of care (McWay, 2014). Determining the patients who are due for preventive visits and detecting how patient's measure up to certain variables, such as vaccinations and high blood pressure screenings are all examples of clinical data. By improving overall quality of certain care in a practice, the information stored in electronic medical records is not easily shared with providers outside of a practice (Scheck ; Robbins, 2010). Electronic medical records system manifest in the middle of any computerized health information system. Without electronic medical records other modern technologies such as decisions support system cannot be correctly mixed into routine clinical workflow (Scheck ; Robbins, 2010).
healthcare providers working with the advancing medical technologies, but such is not always the case. The challenges that hospitals face when applying electronic medical record systems are the need to improve usability, ensure interoperability and keep cost affordable (Aveling et al., 2017). This is often not achievable as healthcare institutions, already aiming to afford the care provided and often battle to budget for the large cost of purchasing, implementing and maintaining an electronic medical record system. The cons to this electronic medical record system would be that one has to be careful about protecting the data from unauthorized people. Many clinicians using EMRs sometimes do not enroll safety improvements with new software and EMR implementation scan have unintended consequences, negatively impacting quality and safety. To promote use of such functionalities, the United States government has implemented standards for "meaningful use" (McQuire et al., 2013).
Recommending Epic care for electronic systems seems to be the way to go. This system would be a good choice for the organization of community and public health because it is a solution for large healthcare systems. Epic also provides patients portal and e-prescribing features (Davis & Khansa, 2016). The tool supports telemedicine options that allow doctors to communicate with patients via a video platform and offers mobile and tablet functionality. Patients are allowed to view medical information, message doctors, schedule appointments and manage medical history via a personalized portal with Epic my chart (Davis & Khansa, 2016).. Clinics can streamline their workflows using personalized screens, dashboards and specialty applications with Epic also. The execution module authorizes clinics to track payments, bills and invoices. Increasing electronic medical records use has been looked at as a plan to enhance patient safety.
In conclusion, the community and public healthcare sectors is very important. As a healthcare professional in the community and public healthcare organization, there are many that will be served by electronic medical records. Electronic medical record systems are electronic record of health related information on individuals that can be gathered, managed, created, and advised by authorized clinicians and staff within ones health care organization. Administrative and clinical data should be used and are necessary with electronic medical records. Electronic medical record systems can help health care professionals and institutions organize data and improve workflows. Accuracy, accessibility, comprehensiveness, consistency, currency, granularity, integrity, precision, relevancy and timeliness are characteristics of quality data (McWay, 2014). Epic is one of the best electronic medical record systems and should be recommended and used in the public and community health organization. Electronic medical records goal is to enhance patient care and outcomes, increasing efficiency of lowering cost, improving billing procedures, reducing the amount of lost of records, data and medical errors and providing better access to patient histories.


Day before the CFA exam - what to do to maximize your performance?
A day before the CFA exam is, after the exam day, the most stressful day for the majority of candidates. Of course, it should be different. We will try to explain the logic that will help you calm down and rest on the day before your CFA exam, as well as a few tips on how to relax and focus on the exam day.
If you are an average candidate you have spent past several months of your life preparing your CFA exam. Be sure, you will not learn anything crucial for the exam the day before. Your final effort (especially if overnight) can only ruin your performance on the exam day. Your success on the exam will be the result of months long learning, not the day before the CFA exam reading. On the other hand, it is useful to shortly skim cheat sheets with key formulas and concepts. But don't spend more than 3-4 hours on the materials. Try to relax as much as possible, go for a walk, eat easy food and try to sleep well. If you have to travel to another city, make sure you've reserved your flight/train/bus and booked a hotel (if possible near the testing centre).
Wake up early on the exam day and have a good breakfast but don't eat just before the exam. If possible, walk to the testing centre. Try to arrive at the testing centre earlier. You will have time to locate a cafe and a restaurant for the lunch break, wardrobe and examination hall.
Relax, if you have learned enough you will be successful in remembering all the formulas and concept necessary for passing the exam. Anxiety and nervousness may only ruin your performance. If you haven't learned enough, just focus and try to use everything you can remember, you might still have some luck, but make sure that you take the maximum out of the opportunity.
Remember, you can repeat the exam many times, and the majority of candidates do so, thus don't worry about the exam results. CFA exam is not the most important event in your life, there must be a number of both private and business accomplishments that make you a very successful person, so don't bother yourself with the outcome of the process.


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Better access. Deeper insight. Your teams.
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Cowboys agree to hire Dan Quinn as defensive coordinator
January 11, 2021Updated 11:23 PM UTC
The Cowboys have reached an agreement with former Atlanta Falcons head coach Dan Quinn to be their new defensive coordinator, the team announced Monday.
Quinn, 50, led the Falcons to the Super Bowl during the 2016 season, where they lost to the Patriots. He was fired in October, along with general manager Thomas Dimitroff, after the Falcons started the season 0-5.
Dallas allowed a franchise-record 473 points and 6,183 total yards, the second-highest total in team history. Coordinator Mike Nolan was fired after one season with the team.
In two years (2013-14) as Seahawks defensive coordinator, Quinn's units finished first in scoring and total defense in both seasons. During his tenure in Atlanta, the Falcons had only one season where the defense ranked in the top 10 in either category (2017), and four where it ranked 20th or worse in both categories.
What does Quinn bring to Dallas?
Jon Machota, Cowboys beat writer: He's an experienced head coach and defensive coordinator who has had success in both positions. He should instantly command respect from the players on the roster.
His background is in running a 4-3 base scheme similar to what the Cowboys had been running two years ago under defensive coordinator Rod Marinelli and defensive passing game coordinator/defensive backs coach Kris Richard, who was on Quinn's staff in Seattle. That's the best scheme fit for Dallas' most valuable defender, edge rusher DeMarcus Lawrence.
Last year's scheme showcased more 3-4 looks with Lawrence rushing more often from a stand-up position. Under Quinn, Lawrence should return to more of what he did while making the Pro Bowl in 2017 and 2018.
What does Quinn need to address specifically?
Machota: He needs to get everyone on the same page. There was too much confusion last season. He also needs to get all of the players buying in. There were far too many instances in 2020 where the defensive effort was questioned, especially late in games.
But most importantly, he needs more talent. The current Cowboys roster is loaded on offense, not so much on defense. They need to close that gap, and April's draft will play a major role. If the talent isn't upgraded, it really won't matter who is calling the defense.
Do Cowboys have personnel to run Quinn's defense?
Ted Nguyen, NFL film analyst: The Cowboys defenders reportedly complained Nolan's defense was too complicated, but it feels like the pendulum swung too far in the other direction with the Quinn hire. He runs the old Seattle Cover-3 scheme. Simple, but you have to have blue-chip players at every level to make it work. Quinn hasn't coordinated a good defense since the Legion of Boom.
(Photo: Kim Klement / USA Today)
Deshaun Watson wants out, Doug Pederson gets canned, the "Old Guard" QBs, why teams lost & more playoff talk
Deshaun Watson apparently wants out of Houston. What would our resident GM Randy Mueller do? Mike Sando...
Newsroom Insights
Tori McElhaney
Staff Writer, Falcons
The Falcons defense struggled in the first five games of the season. Perhaps it was because there were too many cooks in the kitchen. Quinn (head coach), Raheem Morris (defensive coordinator) and Jeff Ulbrich (linebackers coach, assistant head coach) all had a role in play calling. Once Quinn was let go, the Falcons defense was more consistent. Most notably: being more aggressive in pass rush.
Mike Nolan fired; 6 candidates to become the Cowboys' new defensive coordinator
Jon Machota
The Cowboys fired DC Mike Nolan after a single disastrous year. From George Edwards to Dan Quinn, we go over potential replacements.
Schultz: Dan Quinn out as Falcons' coach; there's ample evidence why
Jeff Schultz
Nobody with the Falcons is pulling their weight. As a general rule, that falls on the head coach.
Why the Cowboys fired Mike Nolan, challenges next defensive coordinator faces
Bob Sturm
The Cowboys fired Mike Nolan after a horrendous year as defensive coordinator. What went wrong, and how can the next coordinator address it?
'Emotional' Aaron Rodgers, Packers dazzle Lambeau fans, return to NFC title game
James Harden posts triple-double in Nets debut
Pacers' Caris LeVert out; mass found on kidney
Eagles to interview Patriots OC Josh McDaniels: Source
No. 23 Minnesota upsets undefeated No. 7 Michigan
Dana White: Khabib could return if he sees something 'spectacular' at UFC 257

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The Sherlock Holmes Collection
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3,45 22 5 Scritto da: Arthur Conan Doyle Letto da: Stephen Scalon
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Sherlock Holmes is a fictional detective of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, who first appeared in publication in 1887. He is the creation of Scottish born author and physician Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. A brilliant London-based detective, Holmes is famous for his intellectual prowess, and is renowned for his skillful use of deductive reasoning (somewhat mistakenly - see inductive reasoning) and astute observation to solve difficult cases. He is arguably the most famous fictional detective ever created, and is one of the best known and most universally recognizable literary characters in any genre. Conan Doyle wrote four novels and fifty-six short stories that featured Holmes. All but four stories were narrated by Holmes' friend and biographer, Dr. John H. Watson, two having been narrated by Holmes himself, and two others written in the third person. The first two stories, short novels, appeared in Beeton's Christmas Annual for 1887 and Lippincott's Monthly Magazine in 1890. The character grew tremendously in popularity with the beginning of the first series of short stories in The Strand Magazine in 1891; further series of short stories and two serialized novels appeared almost right up to Conan Doyle's death in 1930.
• A Study in Scarlet Starts at Chapter 1
• The Sign of the Four Starts at Chapter 15
• The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes Starts at Chapter 28
• The Memoirs of Sherlock HolmesStarts at Chapter 48
• The Hound of the Baskervilles Starts at Chapter 61
• The Return of Sherlock Holmes Starts at Chapter 76
• The Valley of Fear Starts at Chapter 95
• His Last Bow Starts at Chapter 110
Lingua: Inglese Categoria: Classici Traduttore:
Editore: Page2Page
Pubblicato: 2019-06-28
Durata: 67H 44Min
Editore: Arcturus
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Sherlock Holmes Theatre
His Last Bow
The Return of Sherlock Holmes
Echoes of Sherlock Holmes
A Study In Scarlet
Sherlock Holmes - The Ordeals of Sherlock Holmes
One, Two, Buckle My Shoe
Sherlock Holmes - The Judgement of Sherlock Holmes
Short stories by Anton Chekhov
Mrs. McGinty's Dead
Dark Tower I: The Gunslinger
Sherlock Holmes 1.3 - Holmes and the Ripper
Sherlock Holmes in Japan
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\section{Introduction}

For the 1997 data taking period, the centre-of-mass energy,
$\sqrt{s}$, of the $\EE$ collider LEP at CERN was increased to
$183~\GeV$.  This energy is well above the kinematic threshold of
W-boson pair production, $\EE\!\rightarrow\mathrm{W^+W^-}$.

Analysis of W-pair production yields important knowledge about the
Standard Model of electroweak interactions~\cite{standard_model}
through the measurements of the mass, $\MW$, and the total decay
width, $\GW$, of the W boson~\cite{LEP2YRMW}.  These parameters were
initially measured at $\mathrm{p \bar p}$
colliders~\cite{MWPPBAR,GWPPBAR}.

First direct measurements of $\MW$ in $\EE$ collisions were derived
from total cross section
measurements~\cite{l3-111,l3-120,ALEPH-161-MW,DELPHI-161,OPAL-161-MW},
mainly at the kinematic threshold of the reaction
$\EE\!\rightarrow\mathrm{W^+W^-}$, $\sqrt{s}=161~\GeV$, where the
dependence of the W-pair cross section on the W-boson mass is largest.
At centre-of-mass energies well above the kinematic threshold, the
mass and also the total width of the W boson are determined by
analysing the invariant mass of the W-boson decay
products~\cite{l3-130,ALEPH-172-MW,DELPHI-172-XS+MW,OPAL-172-XS+MW}.

In this letter we report on an improved determination of the mass and
the total width of the W boson.  The analysis is based on the data
sample collected in the year 1997 at an average centre-of-mass energy
of $183~\GeV$, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of
55.5~pb$^{-1}$.  The invariant mass distributions of 588 W-pair events
selected at this energy are analysed to determine $\MW$ and $\GW$.
The results based on the 1997 data are combined with our previously
published measurements based on the 1996 data collected at
centre-of-mass energies of $161~\GeV$ and
$172~\GeV$~\cite{l3-111,l3-120,l3-130}.

\section{Analysis of Four-Fermion Production}

During the 1997 run the L3 detector~\cite{l3-01-new} collected
integrated luminosities of 4.04~pb$^{-1}$, 49.58~pb$^{-1}$ and
1.85~pb$^{-1}$ at centre-of-mass energies of $181.70~\GeV$,
$182.72~\GeV$ and $183.79~\GeV$, respectively, where these
centre-of-mass energies are known to $\pm0.05~\GeV$~\cite{LEPECAL97}.
These data samples are collectively referred to as $183~\GeV$ data in
the following.

The W boson decays into a quark-antiquark pair, such as
$\mathrm{W^-\!\rightarrow\bar u d~or~\bar c s}$, or a
lepton-antilepton pair, $\mathrm{W^-\!\rightarrow\ell^-\bar\nu_\ell}$
($\ell=\e,\mu,\tau$); in the following denoted as $qq$, $\ell\nu$ or
$ff$ in general for both W$^+$ and W$^-$ decays.  Four-fermion final
states expected in W-pair production are $\LNLNG$, $\QQLNG$, and
$\QQQQG$, where $(\gamma)$ indicates the possible presence of
radiative photons.

The following Monte Carlo event generators are used to simulate the
signal and background reactions: KORALW~\cite{KORALW} and
HERWIG~\cite{HERWIG} ($\EEWWFFFFG$); EXCALIBUR~\cite{EXCALIBUR}
($\EEFFFFG$); PYTHIA~\cite{PYTHIA} ($\EEQQG,\mathrm{ZZ}(\gamma)$);
KORALZ~\cite{KORALZ} ($\EEMMG,~\TTG$); BHAGENE3~\cite{BHAGENE},
BHWIDE~\cite{BHWIDE} and TEEGG~\cite{TEEGG} ($\EEEEG$),
DIAG36~\cite{DIAG36} and LEP4F~\cite{LEP4F} (leptonic two-photon
collisions); PHOJET~\cite{PHOJET} (hadronic two-photon collisions).
The response of the L3 detector is modelled with the
GEANT~\cite{xsigel} detector simulation program which includes the
effects of energy loss, multiple scattering and showering in the
detector material.

The selections of the four-fermion final states are described in
detail in References~\citen{l3-111,l3-120} and~\citen{l3-155} for the
data collected at $\sqrt{s}=161~\GeV$, $172~\GeV$ and $183~\GeV$.
These analyses reconstruct the visible fermions in the final state,
\ie, electrons, muons, $\tau$ jets corresponding to the visible $\tau$
decay products, and hadronic jets corresponding to quarks.  In order
to select a pure sample of $\QQQQ$ events, the cut of 0.67 on the
neural-network output described in the $\QQQQ$ cross-section analysis
is applied~\cite{l3-155}.  Kinematic constraints as discussed below
are then imposed to improve the resolution in the measured fermion
energies and angles and to determine those not measured.  The
invariant mass of the W boson is obtained from its decay products.

The mass and the width of the W boson are determined by comparing
samples of Monte Carlo events to the data.  A reweighting procedure is
applied to construct Monte Carlo samples corresponding to different
mass and width values.  Using this method, effects of selection and
resolution are automatically taken into account.

\section{Event Reconstruction imposing Kinematic Constraints}
\label{sec:reco-kf}

The final states $\QQEN$, $\QQMN$ and $\QQQQ$ contain at most one
primary unmeasured neutrino.  For each event a kinematic fit is
performed in order to determine energy, $E_f$, polar angle,
$\theta_f$, and azimuthal angle, $\phi_f$, for all four fermions, $f$,
in the final state.  The kinematic fit adjusts the measurements of
these quantities for the visible fermions according to their
experimental resolutions to satisfy the constraints imposed, thus
improving their resolution.

Four-momentum conservation and equal mass of the two W bosons are
imposed as constraints, allowing the determination of the momentum
vector of the unmeasured neutrino.  For the energy constraint, the
exact centre-of-mass energies as given in the previous section are
used. For hadronic jets, the velocity $\beta_f=|\vec p_f|/E_f$ of the
jet is fixed to its measured value as systematic effects cancel in the
ratio.  For $\QQEN$ and $\QQMN$ events, this yields a two-constraint
(2C) kinematic fit, whereas for $\QQQQ$ events it is a five-constraint
(5C) kinematic fit.

Events with badly reconstructed hadronic jets are rejected by
requiring that the probability of the kinematic fit exceeds 5\%.  The
kinematic fit mainly improves the energy resolution and less the
angular resolution.  The resolutions in average invariant mass,
$\Minv$, typically improve by a factor of four for $\QQEN$ and $\QQMN$
events and a factor of six for $\QQQQ$ events.

For $\QQTN$ events, the decay products of the leptonically decaying W
boson contain at least two unmeasured neutrinos in the final state.
Therefore only the hadronically decaying W boson is used in the
invariant mass reconstruction.  The energies of the two hadronic jets
are rescaled by a common factor so that the sum of their energies
equals half the centre-of-mass energy, thus imposing equal mass of the
two W bosons.  The rescaling improves the resolution in invariant mass
by nearly a factor of four.  Since invariant masses of W bosons in
$\LNLN$ events cannot be reconstructed as the decay of both W bosons
involves neutrinos, $\LNLN$ events are not used in the analysis for W
mass and width.

\section{Fitting Method for Mass and Width}
\label{sec:fit-method}

The fitting procedure uses the maximum likelihood method to extract
values and errors of the W-boson mass $\MW$, and the total width
$\GW$, denoted as $\Psi$ for short in the following.  In fits to
determine $\MW$ only, the Standard Model relation $\GW =
3\GF\MW^3/(2\sqrt{2}\pi)(1+2\aqcd/(3\pi))$~\cite{LEP2YRWW} is imposed.
Otherwise, $\MW$ and $\GW$ are treated as independent quantities.

The kinematic fit imposing the equal-mass constraint determines the
weighted average of the two invariant W masses in an event, $\Minv$,
which is considered in the fit for mass and width.  The total
likelihood is the product of the normalised differential cross
section, $L(\Minv,\Psi)$, evaluated for all data events. For a given
four-fermion final state $i$, one has:
\begin{eqnarray}
L_{i}(\Minv,\Psi) & = &
\frac{1}{f_i(\Psi)\sigma_{i}(\Psi)+\sigma_{i}^{\BG}}
\left[f_i(\Psi)
      \frac{\d\sigma_{i}      (\Minv,\Psi)}{\d\Minv} +
      \frac{\d\sigma_{i}^{\BG}(\Minv)}     {\d\Minv}
\right]
\,,
\end{eqnarray}
where $\sigma_{i}$ and $\sigma_{i}^{\BG}$ are the accepted signal and
background cross sections and $f_i(\Psi)$ a factor calculated such
that the sum of accepted background and reweighted accepted signal
cross section coincides with the measured cross section.  This way
mass and width are determined from the shape of the invariant mass
distribution only.  The total and differential cross sections of the
accepted background are independent of the parameters $\Psi$ of
interest. They are taken from Monte Carlo simulations.

The total and differential signal cross sections depend on $\Psi$.
For values $\Psi_{\fit}$ varied during the fitting procedure, these
cross sections are determined by a reweighting procedure applied to
Monte Carlo events originally generated with parameter values
$\Psi_{\gen}$.  The event weights $R_{i}$ are given by the ratio:
\begin{eqnarray}
R_{i}(p_1,p_2,p_3,p_4,k_{\gamma},\Psi_{\fit},\Psi_{\gen}) & = &
\frac
{\left|{\cal M}^{\mathrm{4F}}_{i}(p_1,p_2,p_3,p_4,k_{\gamma},\Psi_{\fit})\right|^2}
{\left|{\cal M}^{\mathrm{CC03}}_{i}(p_1,p_2,p_3,p_4,k_{\gamma},\Psi_{\gen})\right|^2}\,,
\end{eqnarray}
where ${\cal M}_{i}$ is the matrix element of the four-fermion final
state $i$. The matrix elements are calculated for the generated
four-vectors, $(p_1,p_2,p_3,p_4,k_{\gamma})$, of the four fermions and
any radiative photons in the event.  Since the Monte Carlo sample used
for reweighting is based on the three Feynman graphs in W-pair
production (CC03~\cite{CCNC,LEP2YRWW,LEP2YREG}), the matrix element in
the denominator is calculated using only CC03 graphs.  The matrix
element in the numerator is based on all tree-level graphs
contributing to the four-fermion final state $i$.  The calculation of
matrix elements is done with the EXCALIBUR~\cite{EXCALIBUR} event
generator.

The total accepted signal cross section for a given set of parameters
$\Psi_{\fit}$ is then:
\begin{eqnarray}
  \sigma_{i}(\Psi_{\fit}) & = &
  \frac{\sigma^{\gen}_{i}}{N^{\gen}_{i}} \cdot
  \sum_{j}R_{i}(j,\Psi_{\fit},\Psi_{\gen})\,,
\end{eqnarray}
where $\sigma^{\gen}_{i}$ denotes the cross section corresponding to
the total Monte Carlo sample containing $N^{\gen}_{i}$ events. The sum
extends over all Monte Carlo events $j$ accepted by the event
selection.

Based on the sample of reweighted events, two methods are used to
obtain the accepted differential signal cross section in reconstructed
invariant mass $\Minv$.  Both methods take detector and selection
effects as well as $\Psi$-dependent changes of efficiencies and
purities properly into account.

In the box method~\cite{BOXMETHOD}, the accepted differential cross
section is determined by averaging Monte Carlo events inside a
$\Minv$-bin centred around each data event.
The size of the bin considered is limited by the requirement of
including no more than 1000 Monte Carlo events, yielding bin sizes of
about $\pm35~\MeV$ at the peak of the invariant mass distribution.  In
addition, the bin size must not be larger than $\pm250~\MeV$ around
$\Minv$.

In the spline method, the continuous function describing the accepted
differential cross section is obtained by using a cubic spline to
smooth the binned distribution of reconstructed invariant masses.  At
the kinematic limit of $\sqrt{s}/2$ the value of the spline is fixed
to zero, while at the lower bound of $65~\GeV$ the value of the spline
is fixed to the average over a $2~\GeV$ interval.  The spline contains
25 knots in total.  Four knots are placed at each endpoint with the
remaining knots placed such that an equal number of Monte Carlo events
separates each knot.

Both methods yield identical results within 15\% of the statistical
error.  For the numerical results quoted in the following, the spline
method is used.

The fit procedure described above determines the parameters without
any bias as long as the Monte Carlo describes photon radiation and
detector effects such as resolution and acceptance functions
correctly.  By fitting large Monte Carlo samples, typically a hundred
times the data, the fitting procedure is tested to high accuracy.  The
fits reproduce well the values of the parameters of the large Monte
Carlo samples being fitted.  Also, the fit results do not depend on
the values of the parameters $\Psi_{\gen}$ of the Monte Carlo sample
subject to the reweighting procedure.

The reliability of the errors given by the fit is tested by fitting
for each final state several hundred small Monte Carlo samples, each
the size of the data samples.  The width of the distribution of the
fitted central values agrees well with the mean of the distribution of
the fitted errors.

\section{Mass and Total Width of the W Boson}
\label{sec:fit-mwgw}

Based on the data collected at $172~\GeV$ and at $183~\GeV$, the mass
of the W boson is determined for each of the final states $\QQEN$,
$\QQMN$, $\QQTN$ and $\QQQQ$ in separate maximum likelihood fits.  For
mass fits in the $\QQQQ$ channel, the pairing algorithm to assign jets
to W bosons used in the event selection~\cite{l3-120,l3-155} is
changed.  The pairing yielding the highest likelihood in the 5C
kinematic fit is chosen.  The fraction of correct pairings is reduced
to 60\% for the best combination and it is 25\% for the second best
combination.  However, the signal-to-background ratio in the relevant
signal region around $\Minv\approx80~\GeV$ is improved.  The loss of
correct pairings is recovered by including the pairing with the second
highest likelihood as an additional distribution.  Monte-Carlo studies
show that the two values for $\MW$ obtained from fitting separately
the distributions of the best and the second best pairing have a
correlation of $(-1.3\pm1.0)\%$, which is negligible.

The observed invariant mass distributions together with the fit
results for the semileptonic final states are shown in
Figure~\ref{fig:mw-minv-4}.  The distributions of the first and second
pairing in $\QQQQ$ events are shown in Figure~\ref{fig:mw-minv-2},
while the distribution summed over all final states and both $\QQQQ$
pairings is shown in Figure~\ref{fig:mw-minv-1}.  Combined results are
determined by averaging the results of individual channels taking
statistical and systematic errors into account.  The results of fits
for $\MW$ are summarised in Table~\ref{tab:mw-results-1d}.  The
observed statistical errors agree well with the statistical errors
expected for the size of the data samples used.  The results of fits
for $\MW$ and $\GW$ are summarised in Table~\ref{tab:mw-results-2d}.

\section{Systematic Effects}

The systematic errors on the fitted W mass and width are summarised in
Tables~\ref{tab:mw-syst} and~\ref{tab:gw-syst}.  They arise from
various sources and are divided into systematic errors correlated
between final states and systematic errors uncorrelated between final
states.

\subsection{Correlated Errors}

The beam energy of LEP is known with an accuracy of $25~\MeV$ for the
1997 data and $30~\MeV$ for the 1996 data, where $25~\MeV$ of these
errors are fully correlated~\cite{LEPECAL97}.  The relative error on
$\MW$ is given by the relative error on the LEP beam energy, while the
width is less affected.  The spread in centre-of-mass energy of about
$0.2~\GeV$ adds in quadrature to detector resolution and total width
of the W boson and is thus negligible.

Systematic uncertainties due to incomplete simulations of
initial-state radiation (ISR) are estimated by comparing the Monte
Carlo generators KORALW and EXCALIBUR implementing different QED
radiation schemes. For final-state radiation (FSR), events with FSR
simulation are compared to events without any FSR and a third of the
difference is taken as a systematic error.

The reconstruction of hadronic jets is examined by studying hadronic
$\QQG$ events collected at the Z pole and at $183~\GeV$.  A systematic
error for the jet measurement is assigned from varying the jet energy
scale by $0.2~\GeV$, smearing the jet energies by 5\% and smearing the
jet positions by $0.5^\circ$.  Effects due to fragmentation and
particle decays are determined by comparing signal events simulated
using string fragmentation as implemented in the PYTHIA Monte Carlo
program and cluster fragmentation as implemented in the HERWIG Monte
Carlo program to simulate the hadronisation process.

The fitting method itself is tested by fitting to various Monte Carlo
samples generated with known values for $\MW$ and $\GW$, varying over
a range of $\pm0.5~\GeV$.  The systematic error due to the fitting
method includes the effects due to different procedures for
reweighting and smoothing of the invariant mass distributions and
choice of technical parameters such as spline parameters, box size and
occupancy.

Limited Monte Carlo statistics introduces a tendency of the method to
have a slope of the linear function relating fitted mass to generated
mass less than one.  All Monte Carlo samples, approximately one
million events, are used in the reweighting procedure to minimise this
effect when fitting data.  Fitting several Monte Carlo samples and
using the remaining Monte Carlo as reference the non-linearity is
found to be negligible.

\subsection{Uncorrelated Errors}

The systematic error due to the size of the signal Monte Carlo sample
used for reweighting is estimated by dividing it into N parts of equal
size, N between 2 and 100, and making N fits to the same data sample.
The spread of the fit results, divided by the square root of N-1, is
found to be independent of N and yields the systematic error due to
Monte Carlo statistics.

Selection effects are estimated by varying the cut on the probability
of the kinematic fit and the interval of reconstructed invariant
masses being fitted.  Effects due to background are determined by
varying both the total accepted background cross section within its
error as evaluated for the cross section measurement as well as the
shape of the invariant mass spectrum arising from the background.

For $\QQQQ$ events, strong final state interactions (FSI) between the
hadronic systems of the two decaying W bosons due to effects of
colour-reconnection~\cite{FSI-CR,MC-CR-183-used} or Bose-Einstein
correlations~\cite{FSI-BE,MC-BEC-183-used} may affect the mass
reconstruction.  In both cases, possible effects are estimated by
comparing signal simulations including and excluding the modelling of
such effects and assigning the mass difference found as systematic
error.  In case of colour reconnection, two models, called
superconductor model type I and type II as implemented in PYTHIA~5.7
are studied~\cite{MC-CR-183-used}, adjusted such that they both yield
35\% reconnection probability.  In case of Bose-Einstein correlations,
the simulation of this effect as implemented in PYTHIA~5.7 is
used~\cite{MC-BEC-183-used}.

For $\QQEN$ and $\QQMN$ events, the reconstruction of the lepton
energy and angles also affects the invariant mass reconstruction.  In
analogy to hadronic jets, control samples of $\LLG$ events selected at
the Z pole are used to cross check the reconstruction of leptons.
Energy scales and resolutions are varied within their errors and the
resulting effect on W mass and width is quoted as a systematic error.

\subsection{Z Mass Reconstruction as Consistency Check}

All aspects of the mass measurement, ranging from detector calibration
and jet reconstruction to fitting method are checked using
$\EE\!\rightarrow\QQ\gamma$ events selected at $\sqrt{s}=183~\GeV$.
For such events, the hard initial-state radiative photon reduces the
centre-of-mass energy of the $\EE$ interaction.  The presence of the Z
resonance causes the distribution of the invariant mass of the jet-jet
system to exhibit a peak at the Z mass, as it originates from Z decay,
with a shape similar to the W mass spectrum.

A kinematic fit is used to improve the mass resolution, enforcing
four-momentum conservation in order to improve resolutions in energies
and angles of measured photons and of the two jets and to determine
the energy of one photon or two photons escaping along the beam axis.
For the extraction of the Z mass from the invariant mass spectrum the
same method as for the W mass measurement is applied.  Monte Carlo
events are reweighted according to the ratio:
\begin{eqnarray}
R_\mathrm{Z}(\sqrt{s^\prime},M^\mathrm{Z}_{\fit},M^\mathrm{Z}_{\gen})
& = &
\frac{\frac{\d\sigma}{\d\sqrt{s^\prime}}(\sqrt{s^\prime},M^\mathrm{Z}_{\fit})}
{\frac{\d\sigma}{\d\sqrt{s^\prime}}(\sqrt{s^\prime},M^\mathrm{Z}_{\gen})}\,,
\end{eqnarray}
using the differential cross-section $\d\sigma/\d\sqrt{s^\prime}$
where $\sqrt{s^\prime}$ is the reduced centre-of-mass energy after
initial-state radiation at Monte Carlo generator level.

The reconstructed mass spectrum together with the fit result is shown
in Figure~\ref{fig:mz-minv-1}.  A total of 3351 events are selected in
a mass window ranging from $70~\GeV$ to $110~\GeV$.  The fitted Z-mass
value is $\MZ=91.172\pm0.098~\GeV$, where the error is statistical.
Within this error, the fitted Z mass agrees well with our measurement
of the Z mass derived from cross section measurements at
centre-of-mass energies close to the Z pole,
$\MZ=91.195\pm0.009~\GeV$~\cite{l3-069}.  The good agreement
represents an important test of the complete mass analysis method.

\section{Results}

The results on $\MW$ determined in the $\QQEN$, $\QQMN$, and $\QQTN$
final states are in good agreement with each other, as shown in
Table~\ref{tab:mw-results-1d}.  They are averaged taking statistical
and systematic errors including correlations into account, and
compared to the result on $\MW$ determined in the $\QQQQ$ final state,
also shown in Table~\ref{tab:mw-results-1d}.
The systematic error on the mass derived from $\QQQQ$ events contains
a contribution from possible strong FSI effects.  Within the
statistical accuracy of these measurements there is no significant
difference between $\MW$ as determined in $\QQLN$ and $\QQQQ$ events:
\begin{eqnarray}
\Delta\MW & = & \MW(\QQQQ)-\MW(\QQLN) ~ = ~
                 0.35\pm0.28~(stat.)\pm0.05~(syst.)~\GeV\,.
\end{eqnarray}
For the calculation of the systematic error on the mass difference,
the systematic errors due to strong FSI are not included.

Averaging the results on $\MW$ obtained from the $\QQLN$ and $\QQQQ$
event samples, including also FSI errors, yields:
\begin{eqnarray}
\MW        & = & 80.58\pm0.14~(stat.)\pm0.08~(syst.)~\GeV\,.
\end{eqnarray}
The summed mass distribution is shown in Figure~\ref{fig:mw-minv-1}
and compared to the expectation based on this W-mass value. The good
agreement between the data and the reweighted mass spectrum is
quantified by the $\chi^2$ value of 26 for 30 degrees of freedom which
corresponds to a probability of 66\%.  The mass values obtained in
fits which determine both $\MW$ and $\GW$ are the same as before
within $20~\MeV$ while the error on the mass is unchanged.

Within the statistical error, the width of the W boson determined in
$\QQQQ$ and $\QQLN$ events agree as shown in
Table~\ref{tab:mw-results-2d}.  For all final states combined the
result is:
\begin{eqnarray}
\GW        & = & 1.97\pm0.34~(stat.)\pm0.17~(syst.)~\GeV\,,
\end{eqnarray}
with a correlation coefficient of $+10\%$ between $\MW$ and $\GW$ as
shown in Figure~\ref{fig:mw-gw}.  Our result on $\GW$ is in good
agreement with the indirect measurement at $\mathrm{p \bar p}$
colliders, $2.07\pm0.06~\GeV$~\cite{GWPPBAR}, and measurements at
LEP~\cite{OPAL-172-XS+MW,OPAL-183-MW}.  It also agrees well with the
Standard Model expectation, $2.08~\GeV$, calculated for the current
world-average W mass~\cite{PDG98}.

The results on $\MW$ presented here agree well with our result derived
from the measurements of the total W-pair production cross section,
$\MW =
80.78^{+0.45}_{-0.41}~(exp.)\pm0.03~(\mathrm{LEP})~\GeV$~\cite{l3-120}.
Combining both results yields:
\begin{eqnarray}
  \MW & = & 80.61\pm0.15~\GeV\,.
\end{eqnarray}
This direct determination of $\MW$ is in good agreement with the
direct determination of $\MW$ at $\mathrm{p \bar p}$
colliders~\cite{MWPPBAR} and at LEP at lower centre-of-mass
energies~\cite{ALEPH-161-MW, ALEPH-172-MW, DELPHI-161,
  DELPHI-172-XS+MW, OPAL-161-MW, OPAL-172-XS+MW} and at
$183~\GeV$~\cite{OPAL-183-MW}.  It also agrees with our indirect
determination of $\MW$ at the Z peak,
$\MW=80.22\pm0.22~\GeV$~\cite{l3-069}, testing the Standard Model at
the level of its electroweak corrections.

\section{Acknowledgements}

We wish to congratulate the CERN accelerator divisions for the
successful upgrade of the LEP machine and to express our gratitude for
its good performance. We acknowledge with appreciation the effort of
the engineers, technicians and support staff who have participated in
the construction and maintenance of this experiment.

\clearpage

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\newpage
\input namelist171.tex
\newpage

\clearpage

\begin{table}[p]
\begin{center}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}
\begin{tabular}{|c||cc|c||c|}
\hline
Process &\multicolumn{2}{|c|}{Events} & Mass of the W Boson & Expected Stat. \\
\cline{2-5}
    & $172~\GeV$ & $183~\GeV$ &       $\MW~[\GeV]$   & Error $[\GeV]$   \\
\hline\hline
$\EEQQENG$ &   18 &   95 &       $80.21\pm0.30\pm0.06$  & $\pm0.31$ \\
$\EEQQMNG$ &    9 &   83 &       $80.49\pm0.36\pm0.06$  & $\pm0.34$ \\
$\EEQQTNG$ &   12 &   75 &       $80.89\pm0.56\pm0.08$  & $\pm0.47$ \\
\hline
$\EEQQLNG$ &   39 &  249 &       $80.41\pm0.21\pm0.06$  & $\pm0.21$ \\
\hline
$\EEQQQQG$ &   61 &  339 &       $80.75\pm0.18\pm0.12$  & $\pm0.20$ \\
\hline
$\EEFFFFG$ &   99 &  588 &       $80.58\pm0.14\pm0.08$  & $\pm0.14$ \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\vskip 0.5cm
\caption[]{
  Number of events used in the analysis and results on the mass of the
  W boson, $\MW$, combining the data collected at $172~\GeV$ and at
  $183~\GeV$.  The first error is statistical and the second
  systematic.  Also shown is the statistical error expected for the
  size of the data sample analysed.  }
\label{tab:mw-results-1d}
\end{center}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[p]
\begin{center}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}
\begin{tabular}{|c||c|c|c|}
\hline
Process    & Mass of the W Boson & Total Decay Width & Correlation  \\
           &    $\MW~[\GeV]$     & $\GW~[\GeV]$      & Coefficient  \\
\hline\hline
$\EEQQLNG$ & $80.42\pm0.21\pm0.06$ & $2.44\pm0.59\pm0.13$ & $+0.10$ \\
$\EEQQQQG$ & $80.73\pm0.18\pm0.12$ & $1.69\pm0.42\pm0.22$ & $+0.15$ \\
\hline
$\EEFFFFG$ & $80.58\pm0.14\pm0.08$ & $1.97\pm0.34\pm0.17$ & $+0.10$ \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\vskip 0.5cm
\caption[]{
  Results on the mass of the W boson, $\MW$, and its total decay
  width, $\GW$, combining the data collected at $172~\GeV$ and at
  $183~\GeV$.  The first error is statistical and the second
  systematic.  Also shown is the correlation coefficient between $\MW$
  and $\GW$. }
\label{tab:mw-results-2d}
\end{center}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[p]
\begin{center}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}
\begin{tabular}{|c||c|c|c|c|}
\hline
Systematic Errors  & \multicolumn{4}{|c|}{Final State}\\
\cline{2-5}
 on $\MW~[\MeV]$   & ~$\QQEN$~&~$\QQMN$~&~$\QQTN$ &~$\QQQQ$ \\
\hline
\hline
LEP Energy              &  25 &  25 &  25 &  25 \\
ISR                     &  15 &  15 &  15 &  15 \\
FSR                     &  10 &  10 &  10 &  10 \\
Jet Measurement         &  30 &  30 &  30 &   5 \\
Fragmentation and Decay &  30 &  30 &  30 &  60 \\
Fitting Method          &  15 &  15 &  15 &  15 \\
\hline
Total Correlated        &  55 &  55 &  55 &  69 \\
\hline
\hline
MC Statistics           &  20 &  20 &  50 &  10 \\
Colour Reconnection     & --- & --- & --- &  70 \\
Bose-Einstein Effects   & --- & --- & --- &  60 \\
Selection               &  20 &  20 &  20 &  20 \\
Background              &   5 &  10 &  30 &  10 \\
Lepton Measurement      &  15 &  15 & --- & --- \\
\hline
Total Uncorrelated      &  32 &  34 &  62 &  95 \\
\hline
\hline
Total Systematic        &  63 &  64 &  82 & 118 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\vskip 0.5cm
\caption[]{
  Systematic errors in the determination of $\MW$ for the different
  final states.  The contributions listed in the upper part of the
  table are treated as correlated when combining different final
  states.  The contributions listed in the lower part are treated as
  uncorrelated between channels. Total errors are obtained by adding
  the individual contributions in quadrature.}
\label{tab:mw-syst}
\end{center}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[p]
\begin{center}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}
\begin{tabular}{|c||c|c|}
\hline
Systematic Errors & \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{Final State}\\
\cline{2-3}
 on $\GW~[\MeV]$  &~$~\QQLN~$~&~$~\QQQQ~$~\\
\hline
\hline
LEP Energy              &  15 &  15 \\
ISR                     &  25 &  25 \\
FSR                     &  40 &  40 \\
Jet Measurement         &  80 &  20 \\
Fragmentation and Decay &  60 & 200 \\
Fitting Method          &  25 &  25 \\
\hline
Total Correlated        & 114 & 209 \\
\hline
\hline
MC Statistics           &  40 &  30 \\
Colour Reconnection     & --- &  50 \\
Bose-Einstein Effects   & --- &  10 \\
Selection               &  40 &  40 \\
Background              &  25 &  25 \\
Lepton Measurement      &  30 & --- \\
\hline
Total Uncorrelated      &  69 &  76 \\
\hline
\hline
Total Systematic        & 133 & 222 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\vskip 0.5cm
\caption[]{
  Systematic errors in the determination of $\GW$ in $\QQLN$ and
  $\QQQQ$ production.  The contributions listed in the upper part of
  the table are treated as correlated when combining the two final
  states.  The contributions listed in the lower part are treated as
  uncorrelated between channels. Total errors are obtained by adding
  the individual contributions in quadrature.}
\label{tab:gw-syst}
\end{center}
\end{table}

\clearpage

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{center}
{\epsfig{file=massqqen.eps,width=0.49\linewidth}}
{\epsfig{file=massqqmn.eps,width=0.49\linewidth}}
\vskip -1.0cm
{\epsfig{file=massqqtn.eps,width=0.49\linewidth}}
{\epsfig{file=massqqln.eps,width=0.49\linewidth}}
\vskip -0.5cm
\caption[]{
  Distributions of reconstructed invariant mass, $\Minv$, after
  applying the kinematic fit using the equal-mass constraint for
  events selected in the $183~\GeV$ data: (a) $\QQEN$, (b) $\QQMN$,
  (c) $\QQTN$, (d) $\QQLN$, combining $\QQEN$, $\QQMN$ and $\QQTN$.
  The solid lines show the result of the fits of $\MW$ to the
  indicated final states. The quoted error combines statistical and
  systematic errors in quadrature. }
\label{fig:mw-minv-4}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{center}
{\epsfig{file=massqqq1.eps,width=0.55\linewidth}}
\vskip -1.0cm
{\epsfig{file=massqqq2.eps,width=0.55\linewidth}}
\vskip -0.5cm
\caption[]{
  Distributions of reconstructed invariant mass, $\Minv$, after
  applying the kinematic fit using the equal-mass constraint for
  $\QQQQ$ events selected in the $183~\GeV$ data: (a) first pairing,
  (b) second pairing.  The solid lines show the result of the fit of
  $\MW$ to both pairings. The quoted error combines statistical and
  systematic errors in quadrature.}
\label{fig:mw-minv-2}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{center}
{\epsfig{file=massffff.eps,width=\linewidth}}
\caption[]{
  Distribution of reconstructed invariant mass, $\Minv$, after
  applying the kinematic fit using the equal-mass constraint for all
  W-pair events selected in the $183~\GeV$ data used for the mass
  analysis.  For $\QQQQ$ events, both pairings are included.  The
  solid line shows the result of the fit of $\MW$. The quoted error
  combines statistical and systematic errors in quadrature.}
\label{fig:mw-minv-1}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{center}
  {\epsfig{file=massqqba_183.eps,width=\linewidth}}
\caption[]{
  Distribution of reconstructed invariant mass, $\Minv$, after
  applying the kinematic fit for $\QQ\gamma$ events with hard
  initial-state radiation selected at $183~\GeV$.  Shown is the region
  corresponding to the radiative return to the Z.  The solid line
  shows the result of the fit of $\MZ$. The quoted error is
  statistical. }
\label{fig:mz-minv-1}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{center}
{\epsfig{file=masswidthffff.eps,width=\linewidth}}
\caption[]{
  Contour curves of 68\% and 95\% probability in the $(\MW,\GW)$ plane
  from a fit to the combined $172~\GeV$ data and $183~\GeV$ data
  (statistical errors only).  The point represents the central values
  of the fit.  The Standard Model dependence of $\GW$ on $\MW$ is
  shown as the line. }
\label{fig:mw-gw}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\end{document}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Be bold with the Olympia Sandal from Revere! Featuring a unique elastic upper for comfort and flexibility while complimenting the supple, lustrous leather upper. The hook and loop backstraps on these orthopedic shoes keep your feet secure for all-day comfort.


Oh my goodness...This girl is simply stunning! She probably got tired of hearing me tell her how beautiful she is during her entire session. Kelsey is super athletic and isn't exactly "girly". We were able to reflect this in her simple but yet beautiful poses. Thank you Kelsey for rocking your session and good luck in all of your future endeavours.


How Harmful Are Introduced Species?
An alien species can be an animal, plant or microbe introduced into an environment to which it is not native. Redistribution and colonisation can happen either deliberately or accidentally, and is exacerbated by globalisation. Potential alien species are imported inconspicuously; hidden in plants, stowed away in ships' hulls or ballast water, even attached to travellers' bags and shoes. Their tenacity and ability to thrive in new ecosystems often have devastating impacts on native species and human endeavours. This is why most people would umbrella all non-native organisms as harmful invasive species. However, in some situations, detailed inspection suggests this is not true. In many cases we have judged these migrant species too quickly.
Guam has experienced a dramatic decline in native bird populations due to the accidental introduction of the brown tree snake. Image by USDA via flickr (CC BY 2.0).
There are numerous cases in which the explosion of an invasive species has led to the eradication of natives; the impacts are often most clear on isolated islands. Guam is a small U.S. island territory in Micronesia, in the Western Pacific, which experienced great conflict during World War II. Historically it was home to a diverse population of endemic forest birds found nowhere else on Earth. However, in the 1960s their numbers dramatically declined. Guam had 12 species of native forest birds, of which 10 are now extinct 1 and the others severely threatened. Initially researchers blamed pollutants, rats and habitat loss, but none of these turned out to be the culprit. Eventually, researchers identified the brown tree snake as the reason for the birds' decline. This snake is believed to have hidden in a cargo ship carrying U.S. military equipment from Papua New Guinea to the island at the end of WWII. It had eluded discovery due to its camouflage and nocturnal behaviour. The brown tree snake has significantly reduced Guam's species diversity, which has destabilised the ecosystem 2. This is a situation where the impact of an invasive species has been completely negative. In light of such dramatic cases, it would be easy to pigeon-hole invasive species as purely destructive, but research shows that some invaders have been wrongly vilified.
The plant genus Tamarix contains 54 species, of which Tamarix ramosissima is the most widespread in North America. Commonly known as tamarisk or saltcedar, it was introduced to North America as an ornamental plant from drier parts of Eurasia in the 1800s. There are large efforts to prevent its spread along the Colorado River, where it is accused of consuming large volumes of water and lowering the water table, allowing it to outcompete native species. Tamarisk also increases salinity in the soil, making it uninhabitable for salt-intolerant native plants. Since its introduction it has spread to cover a million acres, and a study in Afton Canyon, California, found that the area native plants occupy has 3. According to the global invasive species database 4, tamarisk is "a rampantly invasive shrub…dominating arid climates". However, is it possible that tamarisk is being wrongly accused for the decline in native species?
The Colorado River has seen a lot of development and human alteration. Extensive dam creation and irrigation for agriculture has altered the water table, and the use of fertilisers and agricultural runoff has increased soil salinity 5. These factors have provided the basis for a new hypothesis — that anthropogenic activities are causing the environment to change and tamarisk is taking advantage of the newly emerged, more arid niche. However, due to a lack of records it would be hard to confirm whether the spread of tamarisk preceded or followed these human activities. Although this doesn't prove that tamarisk is innocent, it doesn't prove it is guilty for the decline in native species either.
A similar scenario is seen with the freshwater zebra mussel currently invading North America. These molluscs were accidentally introduced by ships that had taken on ballast water in Russian lakes. This species allegedly outcompetes native freshwater bivalves and causes infrastructural damage to structures like water intake pipes and turbines. However, studies carried out by the US Corp of Engineers 6 have highlighted several credible benefits of zebra mussel introduction. Due to their filter feeding activities, the water clarity in Lake Erie has increased by 1.8–4m, consequently increasing plant life by 6–30%. These bivalves are also becoming an important food source for diving duck species and other bottom feeders.
The zebra mussel can cause infrastructural damage as shown on this boat turbine. Image by TownePost Network via Flickr (CC BY 2.0).
Much like tamarisk, zebra mussels may be being used as a smokescreen for human activities. The decline of native bivalves 7 started before the introduction of the zebra mussel in the 1980s, and correlates with anthropogenic activity like dam construction, agriculture and pollution. It is becoming clear that there are some environmental benefits from zebra mussels and their full ecological impact is not completely understood. Establishing the complete relationship between invasive species and the native ecosystem can ensure a more effective management programme is implemented.
Non-native species that are wholly beneficial are hard to find, though there are some very important species that many people don't even realise are introduced. For example, the European honey bee was introduced to North America by some of the first pioneers. These insects have become important pollinators for the agricultural industry, so much so that there are large projects for their protection. Similarly, Douglas fir trees have dominated UK coniferous forests since they were first transported from North America in 1827. Ireland's forestry industry oversees 8,750 hectares of Douglas fir 8 and sees it as a valuable resource. Additionally, these trees have become an important refuge for buzzards, red squirrels, capercaillies, wild cats and more. Introduced species are accepted and welcomed when they hold economical significance. Only if their economic benefits are outweighed by their economic consequences are they perceived as invasive species.
From an environmental point of view, non-native species are sometimes negative, sometimes positive, and sometimes both. Invasive species devastating fragile ecosystems are a major threat to local biodiversity, and documenting their relationship with the environment is the first step to their control. However, this process forces us to challenge our preconceptions, allowing us to identify species that we may have misunderstood. This is particularly important as most beneficial invaders are so valuable to society that they are treated with the same conservation efforts as many native species. Understanding whether non-native species are positive or negative overall is fundamental for effective action. A more systematic approach to classifying non-native species is needed, rather than labelling them all harmful invaders. This may pave the way for a better understanding of management methods needed to maintain a healthy, productive ecosystem.
This article was specialist edited by James D. Burgon and copy edited by Nina Divorty.
Rowan is a 20-year-old student studying Zoology at the University of Glasgow.
Previous story Who is your friend – fat or carbohydrate?


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MSF in Haiti
Tag: MSF in Haiti
PORT-AU-PRINCE/NEW YORK/PARIS — As the world marks 10 years since a devastating earthquake struck Haiti, Doctors Without Borders/Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) reflects on our response to the disaster a decade ago and highlights the current deterioration of medical care in the country...
Since its reopening on 27 November 2019, people have been arriving at MSF's hospital in the Tabarre area of Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Specialising in emergency trauma care, the hospital reached its initial capacity of 25 beds in its first two weeks. The medical...
Health needs are immense in Haiti, with a weak health system that was further weakened after the damage caused by Hurricane Matthew at the end of 2016. We continue to respond to urgent needs wherever possible, but greater investment...
AYITI – My first mission as an MSF Doctor – Kalyansundari Gomathinayagam, M.D.
A lot of expectations and excitement, starting right from the Preparation for Primary Departure (or PPD) training course: who is going where, through chitchats and Facebook; anticipating that next it will be my turn; being proposed for the Central African...


text:
Q: Multiple TextChanged and KeyPress event I have a lot of TextBox controls. For every TextBox control I get their text_Changed and key_Press events. Because of this my Form.cs becomes too crowded. My question is this, is it possible to make this more space free? Some events only consist of one function.
Sample Code:
private void txtItem_TextChanged(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    showButtonSave();
}

private void txtItem_KeyPress(object sender, KeyPressEventArgs e)
{
    showButtonSave();
    char ch = e.KeyChar;
    if (ch == (char)Keys.Enter)
    e.Handled = true;
}

private void txtItem2_TextChanged(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    showButtonSave();
}

private void txtItem2_KeyPress(object sender, KeyPressEventArgs e)
{
    showButtonSave();
    char ch = e.KeyChar;
    if (ch == (char)Keys.Enter)
    e.Handled = true;
 }

A: You can create one event for each type(txtItem_TextChanged / txtItem_KeyPress)and map it to all TextBox. With the help of sender you can get the actual control and manipulate as you want.

A: On your txtItem2 you can go to its properties and there where it says ontextchange you should see it is set to txtItem2_KeyPress change that to txtItem_KeyPress then they will both use
private void txtItem_KeyPress(object sender, KeyPressEventArgs e)
{
  showButtonSave();
  char ch = e.KeyChar;
  if (ch == (char)Keys.Enter)
  e.Handled = true;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Last week, the Senate Judiciary Committee approved a resolution calling for a constitutional amendment that would let government limit contributions to candidates and spending by and on behalf of them. The House will take up a similar proposal soon. To see where this amendment would lead if enacted, consider that the law in Citizens United prevented a group from distributing a film that criticized Hillary Clinton during her last presidential bid. During arguments in the case, the government's lawyer admitted that the law could apply to books as well.
Read the whole thing here. And if you agree, make yourself heard and spread the word!


Tyco Security Products has teamed up with SIA Education @ ISC East to offer a free education session for attendees at the ISC East show in New York, November 16-17. The session qualifies for CE hours with many relevant industry bodies.
This will be an informative session to provide a basic understanding of the wireless protocols most commonly used in today's smart buildings and homes. It will focus on the main open protocols and PowerG as an example of a proprietary protocol.
If you'll be at the ISC East show, be sure to join the class and boost your knowledge of wireless protocols.


text:
the coronavirus catastrophe in California's hardest-hit – and poorest – county
Photograph: Reuters
In southern California's Imperial county, the chuff-chuff of spinning helicopter blades has become a familiar noise.
It's the sound of coronavirus patients being airlifted out – 15 to 17 a day, on average. This remote region along the US-Mexico border is under siege from Covid-19, and hospitals are stretched to the brink.
Imperial county, population 181,000, is experiencing California's worst outbreak, according to several public health metrics.
Over the last 14 days, the county's infection rate was more than 588 per 100,000 people – by far the highest in the state. As of Friday, the county had recorded 7,759 coronavirus cases and 132 fatalities.
Adolphe Edward, the CEO for El Centro regional medical center, one of only two hospitals in the county, is reminded of medical operations he has overseen in Turkey, Oman and United Arab Emirates. More than 500 patients have already been transported out of the county to other medical facilities, and still the cases keep coming.
"People are asking, 'What's going on? Is there a war?'" said Edward. "Yes, there is. This is a war on Covid."
'If there was a poster of a place where Covid thrives, this is it'
Imperial county, a rural stretch of California's far south-east, faces a unique set of challenges, including high poverty rates, air pollution and a transitory workforce of farmworkers.
But in many ways it is also a microcosm of the pandemic's toll on communities of color across the state and nation.
Latinos in California are already disproportionately affected by the virus, making up 39% of the population but 55% of coronavirus cases and 42% of deaths. But near the border, the trends are even more pronounced. Latinos in Imperial county make up 85% of the population and a startling 95% of deaths.
Agricultural farm land near the Salton Sea in California's Imperial county. Photograph: Mike Blake/Reuters
Not only has coronavirus infected a disproportionately high number of residents, Imperial county is also the state's poorest. In 2018, 30% of its children lived in poverty, soaring above state and national averages. It comes in dead last on a ranking of county health indicators, which include rates of obesity, access to healthcare, and environmental pollution.
For years, children in Imperial county have suffered alarmingly high rates of childhood asthma, a factor researchers believe could be connected to pollution and harmful, dust-blown particles released by an evaporating Salton Sea.
Luis Olmedo, executive director of Comite Civico del Valle, a non-profit that has been monitoring air quality and pushing the state to address it, said that taken together these factors make the county a Petri dish for disease.
"We're in the middle of a pandemic, but we've been dealing with epidemics of cancer, asthma, and diabetes for a long time. If there was a poster of a place where Covid thrives, this is it," said Olmedo.
Medical professionals treating patients in Imperial county say they are not surprised to see coronavirus disproportionately affect a community dealing with underlying risk factors of poverty and chronic illness.
Related: California sees two deadliest days since pandemic began as Covid-19 cases rise
"We see so many patients with diabetes, asthma, cancer and obesity. This type of co-morbidity compromises health, and by the time you run into Covid, this virus that wants to take you down, it becomes much harder to combat," Edward said.
The doctor said the medical center saw its first case in early March, and by the first week of April cases began to soar. Since May, they have seen a steady flow of 50 to 60 Covid-19-positive patients a day. Medical staff have witnessed at least 26 patients rapidly deteriorate and die within 10 to 15 minutes, Edward said. Patients in need of higher care levels have been transported as far away as San Francisco, 600 miles north.
Equipment and PPE shortages are also a major problem, Edward said. El Centro's medical center has requested 10 additional ventilators from the state to meet demand. "Every county is holding on to every asset they have in case they get a spike," he said.
What's causing the outbreak?
Many in Imperial county have theories about what lies behind the deadly surge. Edward believes residents could be getting infected while visiting nearby Arizona or San Diego, where bars and businesses have reopened.
The remote region has been grappling with a surge in cases, and hospitals are struggling to cope. Photograph: Gregory Bull/AP
Blanca Morales, the CEO of the Calexico Wellness Center, a small community clinic, said the county's proximity to Mexicali – a metropolitan area of more a million on the Mexican side of the border that has been overwhelmed by its own war on Covid – also probably plays a role.
"We see many patients with family in Mexicali," she said. "They come here and they visit family, many of them living in multigenerational homes, and then we see more cases."
While public health officials have not tied case numbers to outbreaks at specific locations, Luis Flores, a Calexico resident and activist with the Imperial Valley Equity and Justice Coalition, said that many infections had happened among farm workers who legally cross the border each day to work in the fields.
"The folks who cross every day, they're our essential workers, but there are a large number of risks. These are people who wait in line to cross the border, then get on a cramped bus without PPE and ride an hour to the field site," Flores said.
Farm workers pick cabbage before dawn in a field outside of Calexico. Photograph: Gregory Bull/AP
Flores said he and his organization had called on county officials to enforce safety guidelines for employers.
"We're hearing stories of bus drivers and field supervisors dying. There's an element of exploitation in this labor market that is also expressing itself in unsafe worker conditions," Flores said.
Imperial county's public health department confirmed that the county has seen cases among individuals working in retail settings, including Walmart, as well as among farm workers and people who are not currently employed, such as retirees, disabled residents and children.
'Toggling back' on reopening
The crisis in Imperial county has highlighted the challenges of reopening California, particularly in a hard-hit region where people are desperate to get back to work.
In late June, as the county was poised to reopen more businesses, California's governor, Gavin Newsom, ordered Imperial county to "toggle back" its plans amid surging cases, a move that Flores and Equity and Justice Coalition supported.
County plans that allowed for in-store retail and indoor religious services were also walked back after the governor threatened to "intervene" if the county did not follow guidance.
The business community, however, pushed back, with the Imperial Valley Business Recovery Task Force calling Newsom's announcement "a devastating turn of events for our businesses who have worked hard over the last several months to implement proper safety precautions for a safe working environment".
Luis Plancarte, the chairman of Imperial county's board of supervisors, said the urge to reopen was especially strong from employees who found themselves out of work due to lockdowns.
Related: Pandemic sidelines more than 1,000 incarcerated wildfire fighters in California
"The pressure came from dishwashers, servers, busboys within the restaurant industry. From retail and hospitality workers. From people who were out of work and already spent their $1,200 stimulus checks and said 'we're running out of money and we need to do something'," Plancarte said.
Unemployment in the county currently stands at nearly 30%, he added.
Meanwhile, the ACLU of San Diego and Imperial Counties has pushed county supervisors to collect and publish additional information on those who have been infected – data on gender, primary language, health insurance coverage and whether they are "essential workers" – with the hopes of gathering knowledge that can help the county fight back.
"If we're going to be serious about tackling this pandemic, we have to have as much information as possible," said David Trujillo, advocacy director for the ACLU of San Diego and Imperial Counties.
"We want to make sure that we meet the needs of the most vulnerable residents. If we do that, then we meet the needs for everyone."
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Crafted from soft, black lambskin, the V Glove was seen on more than a score of looks at the Fall-Winter 2018 show. Signed with an LV Circle in gold-color metal, these statement gloves feature stylish seaming on the backs. The short wrist-length gives them a fashionable, modern allure.


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Category Archives: Paramount
Bob Dylan In In Harm's Way?
From an interview posted on BobDylan.com —
Bill Flanagan: You met John Wayne in 1966. How did you two hit it off?
Bob Dylan: Pretty good, actually. The Duke, I met him on a battleship in Hawaii where he was filming a movie, he and Burgess Meredith. One of my former girlfriends was in the movie, too, and she told me to come over there. She introduced me to him and he asked me to play some folk songs. I played him "Buffalo Skinners," "Raggle Taggle Gypsy," and I think "I'm a Rambler, I'm a Gambler." He told me if I wanted to, I could stick around and be in the movie. He was friendly to me.
Love that poster art by Saul Bass!
Filed under 1965, Bob Dylan, Dana Andrews, Henry Fonda, John Wayne, Kirk Douglas, Paramount, Saul Bass, Slim Pickens
A Million Feet Of Film: The Making Of One-Eyed Jacks.
A Million Feet Of Film: The Making Of One-Eyed Jacks is the story of Marlon Brando's One-Eyed Jacks, his first, and only, time as director and a picture that may be better known for its troubled production than its merits as a film.
More than three years from contracts to premiere. Six months of shooting. Almost 200 miles of negative exposed. A revolving door of personnel, including Rod Serling, Sam Peckinpah and Stanley Kubrick — all gone before the first frame was shot. A budget that ballooned from $1.8 million to $6 million. And the eventual takeover of the film by Paramount. Click the cover to order.
Filed under Ben Johnson, Elisha Cook, Jr., Marlon Brando, Paramount, Rod Serling, Sam Peckinpah, Stanley Kubrick, Timothy Carey
Blu-Ray Review: Jack The Ripper (1959).
Produced, Directed & Photographed by Robert S. Baker & Monty Berman
Screenplay by Jimmy Sangster
Music by Stanley Black (UK); Jimmy McHugh & Pete Rugolo (US)
Film Editor: Peter Bezencenet
Cast: Lee Patterson (Sam Lowry), Eddie Byrne (Inspector O'Neill), Betty McDowall (Anne Ford), Ewen Solon (Sir David Rogers), John Le Mesurier (Dr. Tranter), George Rose (Clarke), Philip Leaver (Music Hall Manager), Barbara Burke (Kitty Knowles), Anne Sharp (Helen), Denis Shaw (Simes), Jack Allen (Assistant Commissioner Hodges), Jane Taylor (Hazel), Dorinda Stevens as (Margaret), Hal Osmond (Snakey), Paul Frees (narrator, US version)
I'm sure I'm not the only kid who caught Jack The Ripper (1959) on TV and has had a fascination with the murders ever since. Back then, researching a subject wasn't as simple as typing a few words into Wikipedia, and I've got a stack of Ripper books to prove it.
Since Jack The Ripper was never caught, a book or movie or whatever can go wherever it wants, presenting its own theory of what happened — or just using the basic story as a springboard for a bit of violence and sex. This movie sticks to the usual path, and its "solution" is in line with some of the common theories from the "experts." The Ripper scenes are very well done, and they do a pretty good job of concealing the fact that they walk along the same Whitechapel street set over and over again — the fog machine guy sure worked overtime.
My favorite Ripper picture is Murder By Decree (1978) and this one comes in second. Its Hammer-ish feel — courtesy of writer Jimmy Sangster and producers/directors Robert S. Baker and Monty Berman, who'd done Blood Of The Vampire the year before — suits the subject matter perfectly.
I've never seen Jack The Ripper look good, so I was really eager to see how the Severin Blu-Ray turned out, knowing they'd gone to great lengths to find some nice material to work with. And I was hoping to get a lesson in how the various versions of the picture came to be. And while this isn't a shining example of everything a Blu-Ray can be, it does show what dedication and hard work can accomplish.
So here's the back story. Joseph E. Levine made a fortune buying foreign films, sprucing them up for American release, and filling theaters through masterful advertising campaigns. Two of his biggest successes were the US versions of Godzilla, King Of The Monsters (1956) and Hercules (1958). Jack The Ripper was given the same treatment.
Wth the Severin Blu-Ray, you get the British cut of the picture, looking pretty good, but cropped to 1.33. Then there's the US version in its proper aspect ratio, transferred from a vintage, well-used print found in the Library Of Congress. (Wow, Congress is good for something!) It's got some lines and splices, and the color insert is there. (I actually like seeing an old movie look like it's been run a few times — that's how they usually looked when I first saw them.) In short, Severin did a very nice job with somewhat compromised material.
Of the two, I prefer the US one. The widescreen framing is a huge plus, it's cool to hear Paul Frees over the Paramount logo, and the music is the score I know from the soundtrack LP.
There was a third version — a cut for the rest of Europe with some extra violence and a bit of nudity tossed in for good measure. Some of those scenes are included in the supplemental stuff. You also get a nice little documentary, the US trailer, an expert interview and a still gallery. A nice package.
But for me, however, the real treat is bringing this Ripper out of the fog after all these years. For that, I'm certainly grateful. Highly recommended.
Filed under 1959, DVD/Blu-ray Reviews, Paramount, Severin Films
DVD/Blu-Ray News #204: Popeye The Sailor: The 1940s, Volume 1.
Well blow me down! The DVD sets of the Fleischer Popeye cartoons have been crown jewels in my DVD collection for years, and I've always wondered if more would ever show up. Our friends at Warner Archive have done it again with their upcoming Popeye the Sailor: The 1940s, Volume 1. And they'll be available on both DVD and Blu-Ray this time around!
Who'd eat any other brand?
By 1943, Max and Dave Fleischer had been forced out of their own cartoon business — 1942's Baby Wants A Bottleship was their last Popeye picture, and their animation studio became Paramount's Famous Studios. The whole Fleischer-Paramount-Famous Studios saga is a tragic mess.
But the Popeye The Sailor series stayed afloat — powered by spinach, no doubt, and the cartoons are wonderful. This set includes shorts produced from 1943 to 1945: Her Honor, The Mare; The Marry-Go-Round; We're On Our Way To Rio; The Anvil Chorus Girl; Spinach Packin' Popeye; Puppet Love; Pitchin' Woo At The Zoo; Moving Aweigh; She-Sick Sailors; Pop-Pie A La Mode; Tops In The Big Top; Shape Ahoy; For Better Or Nurse; and Mess Production.
Warner Archive is promising 4K masters from the original nitrate negatives. These'll look strong to the fin-ich for sure.
Filed under Cartoons, DVD/Blu-ray News, Paramount, Warner Archive
Blu-Ray News #177: Sangaree (1953) In 3-D.
Directed by Edward Ludwig
Starring Fernando Lamas, Arlene Dahl, Patricia Medina, Francis L. Sullivan, Charles Korvin
Kino Lorber Studio Classics and the 3-D Film Archive have announced the upcoming 3-D Blu-Ray release of Sangaree (1953).
Sangaree was to be another Pine-Thomas picture, but Paramount picked it to be their first 3-D production. Shooting was underway when the 3-D decision was made, so some scenes had to be re-shot. Be sure to read all about it here and watch for the Blu-Ray in September.
Filed under 1953, 3-D, DVD/Blu-ray News, Edward Ludwig, Kino Lorber, Paramount, Pine-Thomas
RIP, D.J. Fontana.
Dominic Joseph "D.J." Fontana
(March 15, 1931 – June 13, 2018)
Elvis' drummer D.J. Fontana has passed away at 87. He was the last of the Blue Moon Boys.
Here's (above, L-R) Scotty Moore, D.J., Elvis and Bill Black in Loving You (1957), Elvis' second movie — and certainly one of his best.
To see these guys tearing it up in Technicolor and VistaVision (shot by the great Charles Lang, Jr.) is really something to behold. Elvis even drives a really cool 1929 Ford hot rod (mounted on a '32 frame). This movie's got everything.
Filed under 1957, Elvis Presley, Paramount
Blu-Ray News #151: Jack The Ripper (1958).
Directed by Robert Baker and Monty Berman
Starring Lee Patterson, Eddie Byrne, Betty McDowall
Our friends at Severin Films have put together a killer Blu-Ray edition of the 1959 exploitation classic Jack The Ripper (1959) — that includes three versions of the movie: the British Version from a 1080 telecine, the U.S. Version from a 2K scan of an archival print, and on a bonus DVD, the European Version pieced together from the British Version and the only known tape source of the racier/gorier scenes (the original film elements have evidently been lost).
There's also a slew of extras. Oh, that bonus DVD is part of a limited (1,500 copies) Black Friday edition, so put down the Thanksgiving leftovers, stay away from the mall, and be sure to order one before they're gone. David Gregory has been working on this title for quite a while, and it's gonna be terrific.
Filed under 1959, DVD/Blu-ray News, Paramount, Severin Films