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Please review our new paper on pneumatic variation in sauropod vertebrae!
We've noted many times over the years how inconsistent pneumatic features are in sauropod vertebra. Fossae and formamina vary between individuals of the same species, and along the spinal column, and even between the sides of individual vertebrae. Here's an example that we touched on in Wedel and Taylor (2013), but which is seen in all its glory here:
Taylor and Wedel (2021: Figure 5). Giraffatitan brancai tail MB.R.5000, part of the mounted skeleton at the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin. Caudal vertebrae 24–26 in left lateral view. While caudal 26 has no pneumatic features, caudal 25 has two distinct pneumatic fossae, likely excavated around two distinct vascular foramina carrying an artery and a vein. Caudal 24 is more shallowly excavated than 25, but may also exhibit two separate fossae.
But bone is usually the least variable material in the vertebrate body. Muscles vary more, nerves more again, and blood vessels most of all. So why are the vertebrae of sauropods so much more variable than other bones?
Our new paper, published today (Taylor and Wedel 2021) proposes an answer! Please read it for the details, but here's the summary:
Early in ontogenly, the blood supply to vertebrae comes from arteries that initially served the spinal cord, penetrating the bone of the neural canal.
Later in ontegeny, additional arteries penetrate the centra, leaving vascular foramina (small holes carrying blood vessels).
This hand-off does not always run to completion, due to the variability of blood vessels.
In extant birds, when pneumatic diverticula enter the bone they do so via vascular foramina, alongside blood vessels.
The same was probaby true in sauropods.
So in vertebrae that got all their blood supply from vascular foramina in the neural canal, diverticula were unable to enter the centra from the outside.
So those centra were never pneumatized from the outside, and no externally visible pneumatic cavities were formed.
Somehow that pretty straightforward argument ended up running to eleven pages. I guess that's what you get when you reference your thoughts thoroughly, illustrate them in detail, and discuss the implications. But the heart of the paper is that little bullet-list.
Taylor and Wedel (2021: Figure 6). Domestic duck Anas platyrhynchos, dorsal vertebrae 2–7 in left lateral view. Note that the two anteriormost vertebrae (D2 and D3) each have a shallow pneumatic fossa penetrated by numerous small foramina.
(What is the relevance of these duck dorsals? You will need to read the discussion in the paper to find out!)
Our choice of publication venue
The world moves fast. It's strange to think that only eleven years ago my Brachiosaurus revision (Taylor 2009) was in the Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology, a journal that now feels very retro. Since then, Matt and I have both published several times in PeerJ, which we love. More recently, we've been posting preprints of our papers — and indeed I have three papers stalled in peer-review revisions that are all available as preprints (two Taylor and Wedels and a single sole-authored one). But this time we're pushing on even further into the Shiny Digital Future.
We've published at Qeios. (It's pronounced "chaos", but the site doesn't tell you that; I discovered it on Twitter.) If you've not heard of it — I was only very vaguely aware of it myself until this evening — it runs on the same model as the better known F1000 Research, with this very important difference: it's free. Also, it looks rather slicker.
That model is: publish first, then filter. This is the opposite of the traditional scholarly publishing flow where you filter first — by peer reviewers erecting a series of obstacles to getting your work out — and only after negotiating that course to do get to see your work published. At Qeios, you go right ahead and publish: it's available right off the bat, but clearly marked as awaiting peer-review:
And then it undergoes review. Who reviews it? Anyone! Ideally, of course, people with some expertise in the relevant fields. We can then post any number of revised versions in response to the reviews — each revision having its own DOI and being fixed and permanent.
How will this work out? We don't know. It is, in part, an experiment. What will make it work — what will impute credibility to our paper — is good, solid reviews. So if you have any relevant expertise, we do invite you to get over there and write a review.
And finally …
Matt noted that I first sent him the link to the Qeios site at 7:44 pm my time. I think that was the first time he'd heard of it. He and I had plenty of back and forth on where to publish this paper before I pushed on and did it at Qeios. And I tweeted that our paper was available for review at 8:44 — one hour exactly after Matt learned that the venue existed. Now here we are at 12:04 my time, three hours and 20 minutes later, and it's already been viewed 126 times and downloaded 60 times. I think that's pretty awesome.
Taylor, Michael P. 2009. A re-evaluation of Brachiosaurus altithorax Riggs 1903 (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) and its generic separation from Giraffatitan brancai (Janensch 1914). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29(3):787-806. [PDF]
Taylor, Michael P., and Mathew J. Wedel. 2021. Why is vertebral pneumaticity in sauropod dinosaurs so variable? Qeios 1G6J3Q. doi: 10.32388/1G6J3Q [PDF]
Wedel, Mathew J., and Michael P. Taylor 2013b. Caudal pneumaticity and pneumatic hiatuses in the sauropod dinosaurs Giraffatitan and Apatosaurus. PLOS ONE 8(10):e78213. 14 pages. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078213 [PDF]
Filed in caudal, CC BY, challenge, dorsal, duck, Giraffatitan, help SV-POW!, neural canal, new papers, ontogeny, open access, open authoring, papers by SV-POW!sketeers, Peer review, pneumaticity, Science communication, serial variation, Shiny digital future, skeletochronology, stinkin' crocs, stinkin' reviewers, timely, What counts?, What would happen if I...
Things to Make and Do, Part 25b: what to do with your bird vertebrae
If you followed along with the last post in this series, you now have some bird vertebrae to play with. Here are some things to do with them.
1. Learn the parts of the vertebrae, and compare them with those of other animals
Why are we so excited about bird vertebrae around here? Mostly because birds are reasonably long-necked living dinosaurs, and although their vertebrae differ from those of sauropods in relative proportions, all of the same bits are present in roughly the same places. If you know the parts of a bird vertebra and what each one does, you have a solid foundation for inferring the functions of sauropod vertebrae. Here's a diagram I made for my SVP poster with Kent Sanders way back in 1999. I used an ostrich vertebra here but you should be able to find the same features in a cervical vertebra of just about any bird.
These are both middle cervical vertebrae in right lateral view. A middle cervical vertebra of a big ostrich will be between 3 and 4 inches long (7.5-10 cm), and one from a big brachiosaur like Giraffatitan will be about ten times longer.
I should do a whole post on neck muscles, but for now see this post and this paper.
2. Put the vertebrae in order, and rearticulate them
It is often useful to know where you are in the neck, and the only way to figure that out is to determine the serial position of the vertebrae. Here's an articulated cervical series of a turkey in left lateral view, from Harvey et al. (1968: pl. 65):
Harvey's "dorsal spine" is the neural spine or spinous process, and his "ventral spine" is the carotid process. The "alar process" is a sort of bridge of bone connecting the pre- and postzygapophyses; you can see a complete version in C3 in the photo below, and a partial version in C4.
Speaking of that photo, here's my best attempt at rearticulating the vertebrae from the smoked turkey neck I showed in the previous post, with all of the vertebrae in left dorsolateral view.
These things don't come with labels and it can take a bit of trial and error to get them all correctly in line. C2 is easy, with its odd articular surface for the atlas and narrow centrum with a ventral keel. Past that, C3 and C4 are usually pretty blocky, the mid-cervicals are long and lean, and then the posterior cervicals really bulk out. Because this neck section had been cut before I got it, some of the vertebrae look a little weird. Somehow I'm missing the front half of C6. The back half of C14 is also gone, presumably still stuck to the bird it went with, and C7 and C12 are both sectioned (this will come in handy later). I'm not 100% certain that I have C9 and C10 in the right order. One handy rule: although the length and neural spine height change in different ways along the column, the vertebrae almost always get wider monotonically from front to back.
And here's the duck cervical series, in right lateral view. You can see that although the specific form of each vertebra is different from the equivalent vert in a turkey, the same general rules apply regarding change along the column.
Pro tip: I said above that these things don't come with labels, but you can fix that. Once you have the vertebrae in a satisfactory order, paint a little dot of white-out or gesso on each one, and use a fine-point Sharpie or art pen to write the serial position (bone is porous and the white foundation will keep the ink from possibly making a mess). You may also want to put the vertebrae on a string or a wire to keep them in the correct order, but even so, it's useful to have the serial position written on each vertebra in case you need to unstring them later.
3. Look at the air spaces
One nice thing about birds is that all of the species that are readily commercially available have pneumatic traces on and in their vertebrae, which are broadly comparable to the pneumatic vertebrae of sauropods.
The dorsal vertebrae of birds are even more obviously similar to those of sauropods than are the cervicals. These dorsal vertebrae of a duck (in left lateral view) show a nice variety of pneumatic features: lateral fossae on the centrum (what in sauropods used to be called "pleurocoels"), both with and without foramina, and complexes of fossae and foramina on the neural arches. Several of the vertebrae have small foramina on the centra that I assume are neurovascular. One of the challenges in working with the skeletal material of small birds is that it becomes very difficult to distinguish small pneumatic foramina and spaces from vascular traces. Although these duck vertebrae have small foramina inside some of the lateral fossae, the centra are mostly filled with trabecular, marrow-filled bone. In this, they are pretty similar to the dorsal vertebrae of Haplocanthosaurus, which have fossae on the neural arches and the upper parts of the centra, but for which the ventral half of each centrum is a brick of non-pneumatic bone. For more on distinguishing pneumatic and vascular traces in vertebrae, see O'Connor (2006) and Wedel (2007).
This turkey cervical, in left posterolateral view, shows some pneumatic features to nice advantage. The lateral pneumatic foramina in bird cervicals are often tucked up inside the cervical rib loops where they can be hard to see and even harder to photograph, but this one is out in the open. Also, the cervicals of this particular turkey have a lot of foramina inside the neural canal. In life these foramina are associated with the supramedullary diverticula, a set of air-filled tubes that occupy part of the neural canal in many birds — see Atterholt and Wedel (2018) for more on this unusual anatomical system. The development of foramina inside the neural canal seems to be pretty variable among individuals. In ostriches I've seen individuals in which almost every cervical has foramina inside the canal, and many others with no foramina. For turkeys it's even more lopsided in my experience; this is the first turkey in which I've found really clear pneumatic foramina inside the neural canals. This illustrates one of the most important aspects of pneumaticity: pneumatic foramina and cavities in bones show that air-filled diverticula were present, but the absence of those holes and spaces does not mean that diverticula were absent. Mike and I coined the term "cryptic diverticula" for those that leave no diagnostic traces on the skeleton — for more on that, see the discussion section in Wedel and Taylor (2013b).
Finally, it's worth taking a look at the air spaces inside the vertebrae. Here's a view into C12 of the turkey cervical series shown above. The saw cut that sectioned this neck happened to go through the front end of this vertebra, and with a little clean-up the honeycomb of internal spaces is beautifully displayed. If you are working with an intact vertebra, the easiest way to see this for yourself is to get some sandpaper and sand off the front end of the vertebra. It only takes a few minutes and you'll be less likely to damage the vertebrae or your fingers than if you cut the vertebra with a saw. Similar complexes of small pneumatic cavities are present in the vertebrae of some derived diplodocoids, like Barosaurus (see the lateral view in the middle of this figure), and in most titanosauriforms (for example).
I have one more thing for you to look for in your bird vertebrae, and that will be the subject of the next installment in this series. Stay tuned!
Atterholt, J., and Wedel, M. 2018. A CT-based survey of supramedullary diverticula in extant birds. 66th Symposium on Vertebrate Palaeontology and Comparative Anatomy, Programme and Abstracts, p. 30 / PeerJ Preprints 6:e27201v1
Harvey, E.B., Kaiser, H.E. and Rosenberg, L., 1968. An atlas of the domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). Myology and osteology. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Germantown, Maryland, 247 pp.
O'Connor, P.M. 2006. Postcranial pneumaticity: an evaluation of soft-tissue influences on the postcranial skeleton and the reconstruction of pulmonary anatomy in archosaurs. Journal of Morphology 267:1199-1226.
Wedel, M.J. 2007a. What pneumaticity tells us about 'prosauropods', and vice versa. Special Papers in Palaeontology 77:207-222.
Wedel, Mathew J., and Michael P. Taylor. 2013. Caudal pneumaticity and pneumatic hiatuses in the sauropod dinosaurs Giraffatitan and Apatosaurus.PLOS ONE 8(10):e78213. 14 pages. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078213
Filed in cervical, DIY, dorsal, duck, just freakin' wall-to-wall turkeys everywhere man, necks, pneumaticity, stinkin' theropods, supramedullary diverticula
Necks lie, redux
In a recent post I showed photos of the trachea in a rhea, running not along the ventral surface of the neck but along the right side. I promised to show that this is not uncommon, that the trachea and esophagus of birds are usually free to slide around under the skin and are not constrained to like along the ventral midline of the neck, as they usually are in mammals. Here goes.
Here's figure 5 from van der Leeuw et al. (2001): a lateral x-ray of a duck, reaching up just a bit with its head and neck, possibly to get a bite or just look around. Click through for the unlabeled version.
There's a LOT of stuff going on in this image:
As promised, the trachea (blue lines) is taking a very different path to the head than the vertebrae and skeletal muscles.
As usual for tetrapods, the neck is extended at the base in the caudal half and flexed at the head in the cranial half.
The epaxial (dorsal) muscles at the base of the neck are not tied down to the vertebral column so they are free to bowstring across the U-bend at the base of the neck (black arrow)–this was the point of the figure in the original paper. Although the gross outline of the neck also deviates from the vertebral column on the ventral side near the head, this is caused by the trachea and gullet approaching the pharynx, not because the hypaxial muscles are bowstringed across the curve.
As the post title intimates, this neck lies: the cervical vertebrae are significantly more extended than one would expect based on the external appearance of the neck alone. The red line shows the angle of the most strongly retroverted vertebra, which I measure at 48.5 degrees from vertical (41.5 degrees above horizontal)–slightly closer to horizontal than to vertical! We have seen this before, in most mammals and in a couple of small birds (see this post); here we see it even in a reasonably large, long-necked bird.
Worse, the gross outline of the neck–what one can see from the outside–lines up with nothing on the inside: the trachea is less curved and the vertebral column is more curved.
Same points again, this time in a chicken in an alert posture (Vidal et al. 1986: fig. 7). Here the most strongly retroverted cervical is 36 degrees from vertical (54 degrees above horizontal).
What's all this got to do with sauropods?
First, it shows that even in animals with long, slender necks, it's not enough to show a photo or painting of an extant animal and make assertions about what the cervicals are doing (necks lie, again). It's even less defensible to make the dual assertions that (a) the gross outline of the neck shows the path of the cervicals and (b) the cervicals are in ONP, all based on a photo or painting of a living animal. The first point can only be established by radiography, and the second by manipulation of the skeleton, either physically or digitally. It may seem like I'm tilting at windmills here, but we've seen these very assertions made in conference talks. As always, we'll follow where the evidence leads, but not until we see some actual evidence.
Second, I am increasingly haunted by the idea that we are all waaay too influenced, even (maybe especially) subconsciously, by big mammals when we think about sauropods and their necks. Big mammals–like, say, horses and giraffes–have:
only 7 cervical vertebrae;
lots of big muscles that attach to the thorax and the head and cross the cervical column without attaching to it much or at all;
presacral neural spines that max out, height-wise, over the shoulders, creating withers;
alert neck postures that are elevated (like all tetrapods) but often short of vertical, with the vertebrae often held more-or-less straight through the middle section of the neck (camels are an obvious exception here).
In contrast, birds have:
many cervical vertebrae, from a 12 or so up to 27 or 28;
almost no muscles that span from thorax to skull;
presacral neural spines that rise monotonically to the synsacrum (except–maybe–in Giraffatitan);
alert neck postures that are S-shaped, with the craniocervical joint over or just slightly in front of the cervicodorsal junction.
Which group sauropods had more in common with is left as an exercise for the reader.
van der Leeuw, A.H.J., Bout, R.G., and Zweers, G.A. 2001. Evolutionary morphology of the neck system in ratites, fowl, and waterfowl. Netherlands Journal of Zoology 51(2):243-262.
Vidal, P.P., Graf, W., and Berthoz, A. 1986. The orientation of the cervical vertebral column in unrestrained awake animals. Experimental Brain Research 61: 549-559.
Filed in chicken, duck, lies, necks, other long-necks, stinkin' heads, stinkin' theropods


text:
package org.vudroid.core.utils;

import android.content.ContentResolver;
import android.database.Cursor;
import android.net.Uri;

public class PathFromUri
{
    public static String retrieve(ContentResolver resolver, Uri uri)
    {
        if (uri.getScheme().equals("file"))
        {
            return uri.getPath();
        }
        final Cursor cursor = resolver.query(uri, new String[]{"_data"}, null, null, null);
        if (cursor.moveToFirst())
        {
            return cursor.getString(0);
        }
        throw new RuntimeException("Can't retrieve path from uri: " + uri.toString());
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: My project can't find its libraries when run manually from the terminal I'm creating a library for the first time. So far it's working from the IDE (Qt Creator), but not from the terminal when I run its testing program manually.
There are two parts to my project, the library, and the sandbox for testing it. I've created a project in Qt Creator that includes two subprojects (one to build the lib, and one to build the tester) and both compile without errors. When I run the sandbox from the IDE the library is dynamically linked to the sandbox, the function greeting() is loaded in from it, then called, and prints "Welcome to the library!" to std::cout. However, if I open the build folder in the terminal and run the sandbox directly using ./sandbox I get:
./sandbox: error while loading shared libraries: libengine.so.1: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory

I took this to mean that I needed to properly install my custom library, libengine.so.1. When I looked up how to do that I found that I just needed to copy the library files in to either, /usr/lib or /usr/local/lib, but neither of those worked and I'm still getting the above error. In the past, that simple solution did work for me when compiling a 3rd party library (SDL, I think) and I don't know what I'm missing that would mean it wouldn't work now. So far I haven't yet found any more detailed information and I don't know what I'm doing wrong or have missed.
How do I make my sandbox program see its companion library when I run it directly from the command line?
NOTE: I'm specifically asking about Linux/Ubuntu. If I later run into problems under Windows I'll be back. :-)

A: Short Answer
I ran in to multiple problems all at once.

*

*First problem: Broken symbolic links (they're like shortcuts in Windows).

*Second: My lib needed to be copied in to a different system directory than is generally recommended.

*Third: Qt Creator and QMake made passing custom linker options difficult.

The Details
When Qt Creator compiles my library it automatically creates three symbolic links to it with different layouts of the version numbers.
> ll
lib-engine.so -> lib-engine.so.0.1.0
lib-engine.so.0 -> lib-engine.so.0.1.0
lib-engine.so.0.1 -> lib-engine.so.0.1.0
lib-engine.so.0.1.0 (original library file)

For some reason (I don't know why) each time I moved the links in to a system directory like usr/local/lib the links would break. I didn't notice this at first, or even think to check, because that's never happened to me before. Moving a link has always worked in the past. To get around this I just manually created the links within the directories they would reside in.
Broken links aside, putting the library in to usr/local/lib still didn't work, but usr/lib and /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu (recommended in the blog linked below) did work!
Those fixes actually came after a different fix I looked in to after reading this blog and this article it linked to.
There it said to add -Wl,-rpath,'$ORIGIN/lib' to the gcc build options to embed a library search path in to the application itself. This set of options would allow me to put my library files where ever I wanted (specifically, in a directory called /lib in the application's working directory).
Unfortunately, that had two problems of its own. First, Qt Creator doesn't (from what I can tell) allow you to specify custom build options for individual subprojects through the GUI, so I had to figure out how to add linker options using the project file, assuming that was possible, which it was.
Second, QMake messed up the gcc options, embedding in to my application Library rpath: [RIGIN/lib] instead of Library rpath: [lib] like it's supposed to.
In the end, changing the proposed linker options of...
-Wl,-rpath,'$ORIGIN/lib'

... to the following QMake project file line...
QMAKE_LFLAGS += -Wl,-rpath,'lib'

... work out nicely. Using both fixes I can now either install my library on my system or put it in to a /lib folder and the program will run.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Baroness Verma has just presented a new amendment to the House of Lords that will mean any landlords who are experiencing void periods can install energy efficiency measures into their properties. This will be made available through ECO, the Energy Company Obligation.
Baroness Verma, the parliamentary undersecretary for energy and climate change, wants to "remove the constraints" that landlords are presently facing under the exiting scheme.
Peers were told that she wants to make "complex" retrofits easier to complete this includes solid wall installations.
The Liberal Democrat peer Lord Teverson agreed wholeheartedly to the changes as it makes "common sense" and he welcomed the amendment as landlords should be allowed to install Eco measures if their property was empty.


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outandaboutuae June 13, 2016 Image	Abu Dhabi, Casual Dining, Eat
Rib-tastic adventures with Tony Roma's: Marina Mall, Abu Dhabi
Tony Roma's is the latest American franchise to hit Abu Dhabi. Competing in an oversaturated marketplace with the likes of Chilli's, TGI's, The Cheesecake Factory and countless other American eateries – what makes Tony Roma's different?
Tony Roma's is a well established brand that has more than 150 restaurants located across six continents, that all began with a small opening in Miami, Florida in 1972. The initial restaurant was popular for its relaxed dining atmosphere, reasonable prices and signature ribs, which attracted quite a following. It would seem as though little has changed to this day.
The restaurant in Abu Dhabi's Marina Mall (a place that itself is undergoing a bit of makeover, with numerous new food and beverage outlets on the way) is a small space that is simply furnished and screams casual dining. This is most definitely not a bad thing and we really appreciated the fact that Tony Roma's puts a firm focus on family, with a varied menu that looks to cover all basis.
Our meal began with an introduction to the friendly staff and a welcome from manager Fatima, who led us to a comfy red leather booth. Screens display images from the menu… that seemingly covers everything! With salads, sandwiches, burgers, pastas and an abundance of grilled items on offer… not forgetting those ribs!
The physical menu itself is large and diners are likely to be spoilt for choice. Not usually being a fan of photographs in menus, we found that it really helped in this instance and kudos to the food photographer who has managed to make each every dish look appetising.
We began with a selection of drinks. Strawberry milkshake (sweet and creamy) a cranberry mojito (that tasted more like Cheery Coke, but was delicious all the same) and last but by no means least, the wonderful mango pina swirl. A cool and refreshing beverage that takes a virgin pina colada and adds mango puree and chunks of sweet pineapple.
With retro food posters hanging in frames and entertaining slogans such as "eat, drink, be happy" and "today's special… EVERYTHING" emblazoned across the walls. The decor prepares diners for a sense of casual fun.
Kicking' shrimp
For our starter we couldn't resist the 'kickin shrimp' – Tony Roma's take on the famous 'dynamite shrimp' made famous by P.F. Changs. We adored these tender shrimp, golden fried and mixed into a satisfying creamy sauce, that packs a little bit of a punch. More so for the fact that they were not completely smothered in the sauce, allowing for the flavour of the shrimp themselves to shine through.
Onion loaf
'Tony's Sampler' is a great choice for those looking to share, or if you are undecided on what to order. Combining a trio of the brands most popular dishes into one sharing feast. The onion loaf is of special note and is a feat of foodie engineering. As battered onions are spiralled onto the plate, creating an impressive tower of fried goodness.
Boneless bites
Also included on the sharing platter are tortilla nacho chips and boneless bites, that are slightly on the spicy side, with the juicy chicken chunks being covered in a fiery mix of chilli. You also get salsa, sour cream, BBQ sauce and a surprisingly tasty spinach dip
Grilled hammour, steamed vegetables and loaded potato
With the main courses being heavily focused on steaks and the like. Options for non-fried food are also available. We tried the grilled hammour which had a good flavour and attempted to make healthier choices with the sides. Selecting steamed vegetables, that were thankfully not overcooked (a common problem in the UAE when it comes to veg) and a loaded baked potato. That despite having a great filling, was a little on the dry side.
Rib combo with fried shrimp
Now ribs are the name of the game here and are the dish that has made the brand famous. Having never dined at Tony Roma's, we had heard many great things about the ribs and were hoping for the best. First off, the ribs are gigantic! Partly in fact that ribs used here in the UAE come from cows and even the most seasoned of diners will be shocked by the size of the plate. The meat came of the bone easily and was cooked in a very desirable sweet BBQ sauce. Though a little fatty at times, we did enjoy the ribs, accompanied by fried shrimp, slaw and salted French fries.
When it comes to children's meals, Tony Roma's understand that it is all about keeping it simple (children can be very fussy eaters and very particular about their food). A gloriously cheesy pasta and chicken tenders were the choice for our kids, though looking for something slightly more healthy may come as a bit of a struggle.
The dessert menu on offer is short and sweet, and we sampled two of the five desserts available. The cheesecake was exactly as one would expect and came with an abundance of strawberry sauce that slightly overwhelmed the plate, but tasted good all the same.
The chocolate brownie on the other hand, impressed us with its combination of cream and ice cream. Though we would have liked for it to be served a little warmer.
The company has won numerous awards across the USA and even received national acclaimed industry recognition as "The Best Ribs in America." Tony Roma's are exactly what you would expect from an American influenced restaurant. With an extensive menu, good prices, massive portions and a family friendly vibe. Kids will love it as much as the adults and there is plenty to keep you coming back time and again.
Location: Level 1, Marina Mall, Marina Village, Abu Dhabi
Social: Instagram / Twitter / Facebook
Website: http://www.tonyromas.ae
Hours: 10am – 11pm
We were invited to dine at Tony Roma's though views are our own and all photographs are © Out & About UAE, unless otherwise stated.
Posted in Abu Dhabi, Casual Dining, Eat and tagged Abu Dhabi, Blog, Blogger, Casual Dining, Dining, Eat, Family, Family Dining, Food, Foodie, Marina Mall, Out And About UAE, Restaurant, Restaurant Review, Review, Ribs, Tony Roma's, UAE, UAE Blogger, United Arab Emirates. Bookmark the permalink.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The search box is available for you to learn more about Rehabs. Knowing about companies such as Regional Network of Programs Inc Kinsella Treatment Center MATS can make all the difference in quality and results!
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Four weeks from now, a team from Wheeler will take part in NAMI Connecticut Walk 2015 to benefit NAMI Connecticut and help reduce the stigma associated with mental illness. Learn more.
Bridges, a Community Support System shared a link.
The mom of a Wheeler consumer shares a poignant account of her son's addiction and subsequent recovery through Wheeler's Multidimensional Family Therapy (MDFT) program. Thanks MDFT - Multidimensional Family Therapy for posting this story. Wheeler Clinic shared MDFT - Multidimensional Family Therapy's photo.
The Hartford Dispensary updated their cover photo.


Or 6 payments from $31.33 What's this?
A relaxed, knee length dress in crosshatch linen with superfine, knitted cotton sleeves. Linen neckband detailing with flattering front notch. Softly gathered back neckline for comfort and ease. Knitted back drawstring waistband for an adjustable fit.


In this Podcast episode, we take a look at the popular anime Attack On Titan. and the Attack on Titan fan theory: 'It is a government experiment'. That fan theory is one of many that Joe and Anthony propose in this episode of Abstract Nonsense the Fan Theories and Alternate Readings Podcast.
Is it really just a select few who can turn into Titans, or is it something that almost every human can do (given the right set of circumstances?
China and Japan have very frosty formal relationships, so could Attack on Titan actually be an allegory for Chinese & Japanese relationships?
Joe makes a strong case that Titans in Attack on Titan may actually be made out of yeast, Anthony is sceptical. Hear his case and decide for yourself.
The 2014 film Maze Runner had an ending that amounted to 'it was a government conspiracy, and they were testing to see which boys made great leaders'. This theory suggests that the Attack on Titan walled cities may actually be like the Maze Runner enclosure and that the Titans are actually a government experiment tested on the population.
Email us your thoughts: mail@fantheoriespodcast.com or tell us your thoughts on Facebook.


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Research + Publications
Ayushi Shah
SPI Research Fellow, 2019-2020
Ayushi Shah loves spending time in nature, which led her to pursue a career in environmental sustainability and policy. She graduated from Western University with an HBSc in environmental science and biology. After graduating, she worked for two and a half years, holding environmental policy-related positions at a non-profit organization and at the provincial government. Following this, she pursued a Master's degree in Environmental Sustainability at the University of Ottawa. Here, Ayushi's master's research aims to understand which invasive species pose greatest threats to Canadian species at risk. At the SPI, Ayushi's focused on species at risk research in agriculture, forestry, and conservation finance.
©2021 Smart Prosperity Institute. All rights reserved.
info@smartprosperity.ca | 1 Stewart St (3rd Floor), Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5


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{{DISPLAYTITLE:(17204) 2000 AR75}}

A (17204) 2000 AR75 a Naprendszer kisbolygóövében található aszteroida. A LINEAR projekt keretében fedezték fel 2000. január 5-én.

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To ask the Scottish Government which projects have received support from the Scottish Veterans' Fund, broken down by amount awarded.
I refer the member to the answer to question S5W-04070 on 09 November 2016 and S5W-10372 on 8 August 2017. All answers to written parliamentary questions are available on the Parliament's website, the search facility for which can be found at http://www.parliament.scot/parliamentarybusiness/28877.aspx .
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ARLINGTON, Va., -- According to a first-of-its-kind report released today by the K-12 Cybersecurity Resource Center, The State of K-12 Cybersecurity: 2018 Year in Review, public K-12 education agencies across the country experienced a total of 122 cybersecurity incidents during calendar year 2018. Many of these incidents were significant, resulting in the theft of millions of taxpayer dollars, stolen identities, tax fraud and altered school records. "Public schools are increasingly relying on technology for teaching, learning and school operations," said Douglas A. Levin, president of EdTech Strategies and report author. "It should hardly be surprising, therefore, that they are experiencing the same types of data breaches and cybersecurity incidents that have plagued even the most advanced and well-resourced corporations and government agencies."
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June 17, 2019 Guinevere, Speeches, The Once and Future Queen
Paper: Changing Minds, Changing Role: Guinevere Throughout Literary History
Nicole Evelinaacademic conference, guinevere, paper, Saint Louis University, SLU, speech, Symposium on Medieval and Renaissance Studies, The Once and Future Queen
Today I had the amazing privilege of attending and speaking at my very first academic conference, the Seventh Annual Symposium on Medieval and Renaissance Studies at Saint Louis University (SLU).
As soon as I get my footnotes in proper format, I'm going to upload the paper I gave on academia.edu (great resource for all you researchers out there), so I thought I would share it here as well. It is basically a 20 minute version of the same argument I give in The Once and Future Queen, just WAY pared down. Hope you enjoy!
Changing Minds, Changing Role: Guinevere Throughout Literary History
When you think of Guinevere, chances are good two other names spring to mind: Arthur and Lancelot. For nearly two thousand years, she has been defined by the men in her life and the sin she committed. But the Guinevere of Arthurian literature is so much more. She is a bellwether of society's views toward women, a character that changes over time as history's thoughts on women evolve. She is a representative figure of the fears, hopes, lusts, and dreams of society, a figure ever morphing to meet the needs of her reader.
While a full account of Guinevere's evolution is beyond the scope this presentation, I will endeavor to show through a handful of examples how she has served as both a warning and an aspiration for women over the last two thousand years.
Beginnings and Geoffrey of Monmouth
Guinevere begins her Arthurian journey in Welsh poetry and literature as very much a peripheral character, an object with no real identity or agency outside of her interactions with Arthur. The earliest mention of her is in the story "Culhwch and Olwen," which is part of The Mabinogion, a collection of Welsh tales first written down between 1100-1225, but believed to be much older. Here she is little more than a symbol of Arthur's court and its wealth. This is a silent, objectified role that she will play often in the future, even in the famous Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and is in keeping with the way women were perceived by the Celts.
While Celtic women were better off than their Greek and Roman counterparts, the Celtic world was not a matriarchal utopia, nor did its women have equal rights, as some like to believe. While they had many rights and laws that protected them, Celtic women could not act as witnesses, could not enter into contracts without their husband or father's consent, and had limited rights of property ownership and inheritance. Even "a queen had no official or special legal rights independent of her husband."[1]
Guinevere is also mentioned in four of the famous Welsh Triads, mnemonic devices dating to the ninth century[2] meant to preserve early folklore, mythology, and oral history. Here we find the idea that there may have been two or three Guineveres and the condemnation of Guinevere as one as one of the unfaithful wives of Britain: "One was more faithless than those three: Gwenhywfar, Arthur's wife, since she shamed a better man than any of the others." Some see this as proof that Guinevere had a bad reputation from the beginning, but others believe it was a later addition, written after Geoffrey of Monmouth introduced Guinevere's affair with Mordred into Arthurian legend.
Either way, without Monmouth, there would be no Guinevere as we know her. His pseudo-history The History of the Kings of Britain contains very little information about Guinevere: only her lineage, her betrayal of Arthur with Mordred and her flight to safety in a convent. In fact, she is mentioned only six times and never directly speaks, establishing a tradition of passivity it will take hundreds of years to break, but is perfectly aligned with early medieval views of proper female behavior.
The Middle Ages are widely considered one of the worst times in history to be female. Powerful priests used the Bible—specifically the story of woman being created by Adam's rib and St. Paul's admonition that women should be subservient to men, remain silent, and never teach—to emphasize the superiority of men and sinfulness of women as descendants of an immoral Eve. The Virgin Mary, meek, mild, and completely obedient to God's will, was seen as the paragon of womanly virtue.
Medieval woman were classified according to their sexual status, rather than their occupation: they could be virgins, wives, mothers or widows.[3] Their role was strictly to support the life desired by men. And when they went against societal expectations, like Mary Magdalene, they had to repent. Hence, Geoffrey of Monmouth has Guinevere first join in Mordred's rebellion against Arthur, then flee to a nunnery for protection. There "she took her vows among the nuns, promising to live a chaste life,"[4] silent, submissive and humble, just as a medieval woman was expected to behave.
Chrétien De Troyes
The next major figure to shape the character of Guinevere was Chrétien De Troyes, a twelfth-century poet who invented the love affair between Guinevere and Lancelot as an example of courtly love, likely at the behest of this patroness, Marie de France.
In his tales, Guinevere is a cold, shrew-like character who berates Lancelot as proud because on his way to rescue her, he hesitated a moment before stepping into back of a cart, lest he appear to be a common criminal. While this may seem like odd behavior, both characters are following the rules of courtly love, which insist that the man be almost obsessively in love and willing to do anything, even humiliate himself for his beloved, and that the woman be wanton and jealous and "correct any behavior in her lover that does not follow the rules of courtly love."[5]
In Chrétien's stories, Guinevere and Lancelot's love is one of bliss and joy with no hint of remorse, which is in keeping with Marie de France's ideal of courtly love. Although sexual relations are rarely portrayed as part of courtly love, it is possible that Marie—if she was indeed the source of the affair storyline—may have been using it as a bit of reverse psychology to emphasize the exact opposite of accepted courtly love behavior,[6] which kept love at a safe spiritual distance. In this way, Guinevere and Lancelot served as a warning to the members of her court.
The Vulgate Cycle
Not long after, in early thirteenth century, The Vulgate Cycle (also known as Lancelot-Grail Cycle) was written. Believed to be the work of Cistercian monks and clerics, the Vulgate Cycle is five interconnected tales telling the story of King Arthur from his birth to his death. These stories are the first to associate Guinevere with witchcraft and the Guinevere/Lancelot affair with the need for religious repentance from guilt.
As in earlier stories, Guinevere has no personality of her own, existing solely as an object of affection for the men in her life. Some believe she isn't meant to be seen as a person, but as a symbol of Lancelot's fatal flaw—loving her costs him the Grail and brings about the fall of Camelot. Here again we see her not as a woman in her own right, but as a person beloved by Lancelot, the Eve to his Adam who brings about his downfall.
It very well could be that the monks who penned this version of Guinevere, being chaste and cloistered away from the outside world, simply didn't have the experience with women necessary to craft a convincing female character. Or, it could be that they were more interested in getting across their religious message of the evils of woman and the importance of repentance than in representing Guinevere accurately. Whatever the reason, they cast a long shadow of guilt that become more prominent as the popularity of the Arthurian legend soared at Thomas Malory's hands.
Malory
Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur is one of the most famous works of Arthurian legend. It is the one that firmly placed a Christian King Arthur in the Middle Ages and made Guinevere a main character. In fact, she can even be seen as the prime motivator of the story, as she is the reason Lancelot goes on adventures and demonstrates his skills as the best of knights. Plus, her affair with Lancelot is what ends up allowing Mordred to usurp the throne. [7]
Like the story, Malory's Guinevere is complex, and often contradictory, which can make it difficult to get a handle on exactly who Malory intended her to be. She is hot and cold with Lancelot and changes seemingly without motivation from a noble figure to a conniving adulteress and then again to repentant nun.[8] This is likely the result of the disjunction between Malory's varied source materials and his own views[9] as he grappled with a sin he was forced to include, but then had to find a way to redeem.
Under Malory's pen, Guinevere is symbolic of several things. First, of a woman's role in helping her man attain heavenly perfection.[10] Throughout the tale, Guinevere "tries to repair Lancelot's flaws."[11] This is why she refuses his final kiss; by doing so she is in effect ensuring salvation for them both.
She is also symbolic of an ideal queen, a role at which she both succeeds and fails, and therefore appears contradictory. On one hand, she is a capable supervisor and helpmate to Arthur, yet she fails to produce an heir, which is her most important duty.[12] In succumbing to her feelings for Lancelot, Guinevere also fails in her fidelity to her king, which is the supreme duty of any subject, especially the queen. Later, in becoming a nun, she takes on the role of repentant sinner and acts as the guardian of morality for both the female sex and the court of Camelot, and by extension, as a warning for the women of the Malory's time.
Renaissance and Victorian Eras
After Malory, the Arthurian world—especially in relation to Guinevere—went into something of a drought until the nineteenth century due to shifting morality after the Reformation[13] and the association of James I with King Arthur.[14]
This negative mood reigned until the Victorians revived interest in all things Arthuriana. When Tennyson introduces Guinevere in Idylls of The King, she is already with the nuns at Amesbury, anonymously in hiding because of the affair with Lancelot and the ensuing war. Tennyson is one of the first writers to acknowledge the significance of Guinevere by allotting her an individual idyll."[15] To build her character, he started with the self-absorbed, scheming manipulator[16] of Malory and Chrétien, but made her more well-rounded with clear internal conflicts that give her a life outside of the actions of men around her.
Tennyson's Guinevere is a character torn between her duties to a man she does not love and the love she feels for a man she cannot be with. Arthur is presented as a godlike, perfect figure. Conversely, Guinevere is human and weak. In her affair with Lancelot she "betrayed both her public duty of assisting Arthur in his creation of a moral" kingdom "and her private vows to the husband who deserves her love and fidelity."[17] With sins of this magnitude, her only hope for redemption came in suffering that moved her to sincere and deep remorse.
Like Victorian women, she is "condemned by the very conventions she is forced to enact."[18] To be a woman in the Victorian era was to be subject to contradictions on a daily basis. Women were at once indispensable because they brought forth life, and utterly perplexing in a male-dominated world, especially once they showed a willingness to go against cultural norms and began, for the first time in history, to demand their rights. Guinevere's prime sin, adultery, was decried from the pulpit and the judges' bench, yet was the most rampant open secret of Victorian society – yet it was only acceptable behavior for men.
This hypocrisy was brought about by a flawed model in which women were expected to be submissive examples of physical and spiritual purity,[19] the angels in the house. But because Guinevere refused to conform to the submissive wifely role her husband and her society prescribed, she became not only a threat her marriage, but to social order, and the signifier of all threat to that order.[20]
With apologies to William Morris, T.H. White, and others could be discussed, we will now skip forward in time to the early 1980s, when, with the exception of Marion Zimmer Bradley's "featherhead" Guinevere in The Mists of Avalon, the character began being treated with respect and was equal to King Arthur for the first time. Penned primarily by women, she became a real person who was shaped by her past, with hopes and ambitions of her own. This Guinevere was the embodiment of the modern woman's dream, able to handle anything, to overthrow the patriarchy and finally usher in the elusive era of equality women had been actively campaigning for since they first whispered the notion of suffrage nearly two hundred years before.
The first modern author to show Guinevere as Arthur's equal was Parke Godwin in his early 1980s novels Firelord and Beloved Exile. His Guinevere is a woman with agency, intelligence, and a willingness to act according to her own whims. She is equal to Arthur in education, experience, and will, completely at odds with the meek, jealous, temperamental woman of previous legend. This is a Guinevere for the modern age, one who will rule alongside her husband and claim her worth in her own right rather than allowing others to define it for her. She is a fitting symbol of the time when women were beginning to come into their own as people, both in the workplace and in the home, demanding an end to the sexual harassment that plagued them for so long and speaking up for equal rights.
Beloved Exile was the first story to explore a non-cloistered life for Guinevere after Arthur's death. It is likely not coincidental that in this same period women were beginning to enter the workforce en masse and take responsibility for their place in business and society as well as in the home. Hence, we see writers like Godwin placing additional emphasis on the administrative nature of Guinevere's role as queen.
Another example is Sharan Newman, whose 1981-1985 Guinevere trilogy is still one of the best-known, most studied, works of modern Guinevereian fiction. She was the first to explore Guinevere's youth, but also to give her a clear character arc that spanned the entire trilogy and helped the reader grow attached to her even as she matured. Her books "closely follow Guinevere's voyage from a woman always relying on male wishes, desires, and rescues, to a truly adult woman who makes her own choices and therefore lives independently."[21] This is perhaps best reflected at the end of the second book when Guinevere says to Lancelot, "All my life, I waited patiently for someone to come along and rescue me. But with Mordred, I knew no one could. And I stopped waiting. After all these years, I finally rescued myself."[22]
Guinevere's journey is one many women of the time could relate to. These readers were born in a more father/husband-centric time, and after a few decades of living, woke up to see themselves as individuals who didn't need to depend on the men in their lives to survive, financially or in any other way.
As the 1980s came to an end and the 1990s began, Persia Woolley was penning a completely different take on Guinevere, described by one scholar as "arguably the most outspoken and independent of all the Guineveres written by feminist Arthurian authors."[23]
In Wooley's trilogy, Guinevere is very much Arthur's equal. When she learns that Arthur would like to marry her, she weighs the pros and cons of his proposal with her father, considering first what it would mean for her people, as she views herself as their mother. When she accepts, Arthur takes her as his co-ruler, granting her power and listening to her innovative ideas. This, too, is consistent with the mores of the time, when the idea of the "man of the house" was gradually fading and men were ceding marital power in favor of establishing a more equal married relationship. Women were also holding the offices of mayor, governor, and congresswoman for the first time, so it is not surprising that Woolley allowed Guinevere to rule while Arthur was away, a success he later acknowledges.[24]
With the decline in popularity of feminism at the end of the twentieth century, authors and publishers soured on the idea of Guinevere, no longer seeing her, and the feministic power she represented, as relevant. According to a 2002 study, "no fewer than forty books on Arthurian themes were published in the United States in the year 2000 alone,"[25] but only a handful were written from the female perspective.
Enter self-publishing in the late 2000s. These authors, freed of the constraints of what agents and publishers believed would sell, looked at the market, realized it had been more than a decade since a Guinevere book was published, and took up the call to arms. Nearly a dozen versions of Guinevere's story – from historically accurate historical fiction to paranormal fantasy and romance involving vampires and faerie changelings – have been self-published in the last five to ten years. These Guineveres are a far cry from the character's docile, silent origins; rather, they are heroines for the #Metoo era, women who are strong, intelligent, sexually liberated and in charge of their own fates. Even when their main storylines echo those of Monmouth, Malory and Tennyson, these Guineveres triumph, carrying the Arthurian legend forward and positioning it for future generations.
From a silent object or possession and a living morality tale highlighting the importance of repentance from sin, to a warning of proper Victorian female behavior and an inspiration to second and third wave feminists, the character of Guinevere has undergone massive changes as the role of women in society has evolved. She has reflected the best of womankind as a helpmate and moral guardian, as well as the worst as a shrew and wanton whore, until, finally in the modern era, under the pen of female authors becoming a reflection of their hope for equality. Given this pattern, there is no doubt that Guinevere will continue to change as society does reflecting both our aspirations and fears of female power until the day the war of the sexes comes to an end and Guinevere can finally take her place beside Arthur, ruling Camelot in parity and peace.
[1] Macleod, Sharon Paice, Celtic Myth and Religion: A Study of Traditional Belief (Jefferson:North Carolina, McFarland & Co., Inc., 2012),188.
[2] Fries, Maureen, "The Poem in the Tradition of Arthurian Literature" in The Alliterative Morte Arthure: A Reassessment of the Poem, ed. Karl Heinz Goller (Cambridge: D.S. Brewer), 31.
[3] Leyser, Henrietta, Medieval Women: A Social History of England 450 – 1500 (London: Phoenix Press, 2003), 93.
[4] 101 Monmouth, The History of the Kings of Britain, 259.
[5] Comer, "Behold Thy Doom," 16, 22.
[6] Walters, "Introduction," lxi.
[7] Howey, Ann, "Once and Future Women: Popular Fiction, Feminism and Four Arthurian Rewritings," (PhD thesis, University of Alberta, 1997), 28.
[8] Comer, "Behold Thy Doom," 72.
[9] Ross, "The Sublime to the Ridiculous," 193.
[10] Walters, "Introduction," xxxi.
[11] Wyatt, "Women of Words," 135.
[12] Jillings, L. G., "The Ideal of Queenship in Hartman's Erec," in The Legend of Arthur in the Middle Ages : studies presented to A.H. Diverres by colleagues, pupils, and friends, eds. B. Grout et al. (Cambridge: D.S. Brewer; Torowa N.J., U.S.A.: Biblio Distribution Services, 1983) 123.
[13] Gossedge, Rob and Stephen Knight, "The Arthur of the Sixteenth to Nineteenth Centuries," in The Cambridge Companion to the Arthurian Legend, eds. Elizabeth Archibald and Ad Putte (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2009), 103.
[14] Ross, "The Sublime to the Ridiculous," 32.
[15] Gordon-Wise, The Reclamation of a Queen, 49.
[16] Bonner, "Guinevere as Heroine," 51, Comer, "Behold Thy Doom,"53.
[17] Umland, Rebecca, "The Snake in the Woodpile: Tennyson's Vivien as Victorian Prostitute," in Culture and the King: the Social Implications of the Arthurian Legend, eds. James P Carley, Valerie M Lagorio, and Martin B Shichtman (Albany: New York State U of New York P, 1994), 283.
[18] Comer, "Behold Thy Doom," 65.
[19] Bonner, "Guinevere as Heroine," 8.
[20] 309 Ahern, "Listening to Guinevere," 105-106.
[21] Gordon-Wise, The Reclamation of a Queen, 128.
[22] Newman, Sharan, The Chessboard Queen, 248.
[23] Cooley, "Re-vision from the Mists," 32
[25] Beatie, Bruce A. "The King Arthur Myth in Modern American Literature." Science Fiction Research Association, "SFRA Newsletter 259/260 " (2002). Digital Collection – Science Fiction & Fantasy Publications. Paper 76. Page 35 http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/scifistud_pub/76


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Q: replace dash by space in pytest's report I'm on my way to simplify a set of tests by pytest by stacking parameters
import pytest

@pytest.mark.parametrize("option_a", ["-r", "-s"])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("option_b", ["--alpha", "--beta", "--gamma"])
def test_foo(option_a, option_b):
    assert option_a in ["-r", "-s"]

As anticipated, the above MWE performs an exhaustive permutation:
======================================= test session starts =======================================
platform linux -- Python 3.9.7, pytest-6.2.4, py-1.10.0, pluggy-0.13.1 -- /usr/bin/python3
cachedir: .pytest_cache
rootdir: /home/guest/Desktop/project, configfile: pytest.ini
collected 6 items

test_ping.py::test_foo[--alpha--r] PASSED                                                   [ 16%]
test_ping.py::test_foo[--alpha--s] PASSED                                                   [ 33%]
test_ping.py::test_foo[--beta--r] PASSED                                                    [ 50%]
test_ping.py::test_foo[--beta--s] PASSED                                                    [ 66%]
test_ping.py::test_foo[--gamma--r] PASSED                                                   [ 83%]
test_ping.py::test_foo[--gamma--s] PASSED                                                   [100%]

======================================== 6 passed in 0.02s ========================================

What bothers me a bit is the additional dash trailing the first parameter (--alpha, --beta, --gamma).  Someone not familiar enough with pytest may assume the second parameter tested would be --r (instead of -r), or --s (instead of -s).
Is there a practical approach to substitute this separator by a blank space?  Since this is just an issue how output to the CLI is formatted, I would like to refrain to define multiple fixtures for each test function.

A: To summarize our comments, it's possible to use ids and keep in mind test ordering. pytest is going to use the parameter with the higher number of levels as an outer loop (here: option_b), the one with fewer levels as the inner one (here: option_a). Also, I have added the custom_format function as an example of an approach how to custom a view of a parameter.
import pytest

@pytest.mark.parametrize("option_a", ["-r", "-s"], ids=[" -r", " -s"])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("option_b", ["--alpha", "--beta", "--gamma"], ids=["--alpha ", "--beta ", "--gamma "])
def test_foo(option_a, option_b):
    assert option_a in ["-r", "-s"]

def custom_format(val):
    return f" {val} "

@pytest.mark.parametrize("option_a", ["-r", "-s"], ids=custom_format)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("option_b", ["--alpha", "--beta", "--gamma"], ids=custom_format)
def test_foo_1(option_a, option_b):
    assert option_a in ["-r", "-s"]

It will not remove hyphens between parameters but could decrease confusion.
collected 12 items

test_.py::test_foo[--alpha - -r] PASSED                                                                                [  8%]
test_.py::test_foo[--alpha - -s] PASSED                                                                                [ 16%]
test_.py::test_foo[--beta - -r] PASSED                                                                                [ 25%]
test_.py::test_foo[--beta - -s] PASSED                                                                                [ 33%]
test_.py::test_foo[--gamma - -r] PASSED                                                                                [ 41%]
test_.py::test_foo[--gamma - -s] PASSED                                                                                [ 50%]
test_.py::test_foo_1[ --alpha - -r ] PASSED                                                                                [ 58%]
test_.py::test_foo_1[ --alpha - -s ] PASSED                                                                                [ 66%]
test_.py::test_foo_1[ --beta - -r ] PASSED                                                                                [ 75%]
test_.py::test_foo_1[ --beta - -s ] PASSED                                                                                [ 83%]
test_.py::test_foo_1[ --gamma - -r ] PASSED                                                                                [ 91%]
test_.py::test_foo_1[ --gamma - -s ] PASSED                                                                                [100%]


text:
Filmmaker Lance Oppenheim Joins m ss ng p eces For Spots, Branded Content
Honor Society Adds Director Taylor Cohen To Its Spotmaking Roster
Monday, Apr. 4, 2016
Spring 2016 Director's Profile: Matthew Heineman
There was no way to predict what would come from the documentary that was percolating in Matthew Heineman's mind and heart. For one, who would have thought that Cartel Land would end up landing him the DGA Award in February for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Documentary. ...
Saturday, Dec. 5, 2015
"The Look of Silence" Wins Best Feature Honor At IDA Documentary Awards
Winners in the International Documentary Association's 2015 IDA Documentary Awards were announced on Saturday evening (12/5) at the Paramount Theatre, giving Joshua Oppenheimer's The Look of Silence top honors with the Best Feature Award. This critically...
Tuesday, Dec. 1, 2015
15 Documentary Features In The Running For Oscar
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences has announced that 15 films in the Documentary Feature category will advance in the voting process for the 88th Academy Awards. One hundred twenty-four films were originally submitted in the category.
Thursday, Jul. 2, 2015
Director Heineman Shows Good and Bad Of Vigilantes In "Cartel Land"
The documentary "Cartel Land" opens with chilling night scenes of large-scale methamphetamine cooking in rural Mexico. What viewers later learn is how such drug production became deeply intertwined with the vigilante movement that emerged in 2013 and 2014 to oust the region's main drug cartel....
Thursday, Jan. 29, 2015
Matthew Heineman Returns To Sundance With "Cartel Land"
SHOOT first caught up with documentary filmmaker Matthew Heineman in 2012 when Escape Fire: The Fight to Rescue American Healthcare debuted at the Sundance Film Festival where it earned a nomination for the Documentary Grand Jury Prize. Heineman and Susan Froemke directed and...
Immersive Pavilion
Vincenzo LoRusso
Chair Entertainment
Tim Crean
Preston Garrett
The Last Face
Stephanie Apt


text:
Hepatitis C and Clinical Trials
Peter Jaret
Clinical trials are the means by which new drugs and treatments are tested to determine if they work. They are the engine that drives progress in medicine. For patients who have run out of other options, clinical trials offer a last chance at a potentially effective therapy. In some cases, they provide access to research treatments before they are made widely available.
But it's important to remember that clinical trials often involve unproven therapies. There is no guarantee that the treatments under investigation will work. And there is always a chance that they may cause serious side effects. Still, by participating in clinical trials, patients help advance the science of medicine.
Are there guidelines to participate in a clinical trial?
Yes. If you or someone you know is interested in participating in a clinical trial, there are some important things to remember.
Clinical trials have specific guidelines about participation. To make sure clinical trials are safe and provide reliable scientific information, researchers carefully choose who can -- and who can't -- take part. Clinical trials include "inclusion criteria" (the requirements for participating) and "exclusion criteria" (factors that disallow people from taking part). These are usually spelled out in descriptions of clinical trials made available to the public.
Participants must be informed and give their consent. Doctors and nurses are required to explain the details of the investigation to prospective participants. They also provide an "informed consent" document, with the details of the study explained in writing. Participants are asked to sign the document. Additional information is sometimes provided during the study, as it becomes available.
Participants are always free to withdraw from a study. Even after you sign an informed consent document and join a clinical trial, you can withdraw at any time. Withdrawing can jeopardize research, however. So it's important to learn everything you can before agreeing to join a trial.
Not everyone in a study always receives the active drug or treatment. Some studies test an active drug against a placebo. In blinded studies, neither participants nor researchers are allowed to know who is getting the real drug and who is being given the placebo. (A sealed code is used to keep track for later analysis.) Blinded studies are essential to eliminate bias in interpreting the results. Typically, if a drug appears to be working effectively, researchers will decide to "unblind" the study and offer the new treatment to everyone in the study.
How are clinical trials conducted?
Clinical studies are conducted in four phases. Phase I trials test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people to make sure its safe, to determine a safe dosage range, and to look at side effects. Phase II trials usually include more people and study both whether the drug is safe and whether its effective. Phase III trials include even more participants. They are designed to confirm a treatments effectiveness, monitor its side effects, and sometimes compare it to commonly used treatments. In Phase IV trials, drugs that have already been approved are studied for more information about their benefits, uses, or potential risks.
Investigational drugs are sometimes offered outside of clinical trials. The FDA allows manufacturers of investigational drugs to offer them to people who might benefit but who don't qualify for clinical trials. "Expanded access," as its called, is usually offered to people with a serious or life-threatening illness. The drug must already have been shown to be safe and effective in well-controlled studies.
For more information about clinical trials:
http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov
This site provides detailed information about clinical trials and has a search feature that locates on-going clinical trials.
CenterWatch
http://www.CenterWatch.com
This site includes a listing of clinical trials organized by state.
National Institutes of Health, An Introduction to Clinical Trials: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
Chronic Hepatitis C: Disease Management, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Wellness Library Products Hepatitis C Language Wellness Library Topic Centers Infections: Misc. News types Topics Liver Disease: Misc. Infectious Diseases Cancer: Liver English Feature Article


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Corporate Crime & Investigations Update - 19 October 2018
Insights & briefings
Included in this weeks Corporate Crime & Investigations Update: Ericsson indicates that a fine is likely in FCPA probe; Cybercriminals target Hong Kong banks; Facebook believes that spammers were behind latest data breach and more
Korean Air chairman indicted on embezzlement charges
Korean Air chairman Cho Yang-ho will face trial on charges of alleged embezzlement and breach of trust. Cho is accused of receiving almost 20 billion Won (£13.5 million) in commission from a trading company established to broker aircraft equipment and in-flight duty free goods purchase deals for the airline, resulting in a commercial loss to the airline of the equivalent amount. Cho is the latest head of a chaebol (a large family-run business group) to be targeted on corruption charges since 2017, following the convictions of Lotte Group's Shin Dong-bin and Samsung's Jay Y. Lee.
Reuters, 15 October 2018
Ericsson indicates that a fine is likely in FCPA probe
Swedish telecoms company Ericsson has confirmed in its third quarter results that it is likely to face a fine and other measures in relation to an ongoing FCPA investigation being conducted by the US Department of Justice. Ericsson has been cooperating with the US Securities and Exchange Commission since 2013 and the Department of Justice since 2015 in relation to their investigations. The company did not provide further details on the nature of the investigation or an estimate of penalties, but noted that the level penalty that may be imposed could be material.
Ericsson, 18 October 2018
Former Malaysian deputy prime minister faces corruption charges
The former deputy prime minister of Malaysia, Ahmad Zahid Hamidi, has been charged with 45 criminal offences, including money laundering, breach of trust and abuse of power. Zahid is accused of using his position to receive bribes in exchange for helping companies to win contracts for government projects. He denies all wrongdoing.
Business Insider, 19 October 2018
UK Court of Appeal dismisses appeal from former Nigerian official
The Court of Appeal has dismissed an appeal from a former Nigerian state governor, James Ibori, who was convicted and jailed in the UK in 2012 for laundering around £50 million in public funds through British banks and properties. At the time of his conviction, the case was seen as a milestone in the fight against corruption in Nigeria as well as a clampdown on foreign funds being laundered in the UK.
As a result of the dismissal, UK authorities can resume efforts in confiscating assets owned by Ibori in the UK, including luxury properties, and returning funds to the Nigerian government. Ibori has since completed his sentence in the UK and has returned to Nigeria. He has returned to political activities and has stated that the case against him was politically motivated.
Belgium brings charges in football match-fixing scandal
Belgian prosecutors have charged 19 people with fraud, money laundering and match-fixing offences, including referees, agents and a number of coaches, including Ivan Leko, the Croatian coach of leading team Club Bruges. This followed police raids last week of 44 clubs and residences. Prosecutors believe that coaches colluded with officials and referees, and are also investigating close ties between agents, officials and referees.
KPMG director charged with conspiracy to defraud
Cynthia Holder, a former executive director of accounting firm KPMG pleaded guilty this week before a federal judge in Manhattan to taking part in a scheme which helped the company pass regulatory inspections. Holder, who previously worked for the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), a private sector industry watchdog, moved to KPMG in 2015.
Holder is charged with obtaining confidential information during her time at PCAOB and passing it on to another KPMG partner, Brian Sweet, on joining the firm. Sweet has pleaded guilty to related charges. In total, five KPMG executives and one former PCAOB employee have been charged. Their trial is expected to start in February.
Cybercriminals target Hong Kong banks
It is reported that Hong Kong is experiencing a surge in cyber crime attacks, with a significant increase in fraudulent banking websites and phishing schemes targeting digital banking customers. The Hong Kong Monetary Authority has stated that there were 15 reports of such incidents in August alone, seven in September and eight in October so far. Customers of HSBC, DBS and Dah Sing banks have been among the targets.
Finews.asia, 18 October 2018
Facebook believes that spammers were behind latest data breach
Facebook has tentatively concluded that a group of Facebook and Instagram spammers presenting themselves as a digital marketing company were behind the company's "largest-ever" data theft, which saw data stolen from 29 million accounts. The spammers were known to the Facebook security team and used an automated programme to systematically steal data from user accounts and connected "friend" accounts. The breach has left users more vulnerable to targeted phishing attacks. Facebook is conducting an internal investigation into the incident and is cooperating with the FBI, the US Department of Homeland Security and the Irish Data Protection Authority.
EU adopts new chemical weapons sanctions regime
The European Council has adopted a new sanctions regime targeting persons and entities involved in the development and use of chemical weapons anywhere, regardless of their nationality and location. Persons targeted by the regime will be subject to a travel ban and asset freeze, and EU persons will be prohibited from making funds or economic resources available to them. It is reported that the two Russian individuals suspected of carrying out the Novichok poisoning in Salisbury could be the first persons designated as sanctions targets under the new regime.
EU Council, 15 October 2018
UK to maintain existing sanctions measures in the event of no-deal Brexit
The Foreign and Commonwealth Office has published guidance on UK sanctions policy in the event of a no-deal Brexit scenario. The guidance notes that the UK would implement UN sanctions in domestic law after leaving the EU, and would look to carry over all EU sanctions in place at the time of departure. These measures would be implemented under new legislation that is already in place providing the legal basis for the UK to impose, update and lift sanctions measures. The Government will continue to work with the EU to enforce new sanctions where it is in both parties' mutual interest.
FCO, 12 October 2018
Iranian banks and companies hit by new US sanctions
OFAC has designated 20 entities for providing financial support to part of the Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps. According to the US Treasury, the entities make up a multibillion dollar financial network that funds militia recruits and training, including the recruitment of child soldiers across the region. The designated entities include a number of Iranian banks, including Bank Mellat and Parsian Bank, investment funds and large companies that are significant to Iran's automotive, mining, metals, manufacturing and banking sectors.
US Treasury, 16 October 2018
Turkish oil refiner in talks with US over sanctions waiver
It is reported that Turkey's leading oil refining company, Tupras, is engaged in discussions with US authorities to obtain a waiver that allows it to continue purchasing Iranian oil once US sanctions on Iran are reimposed next month. Turkey is heavily dependent on Iranian oil imports to meet its energy needs. If the company does not receive an exemption from OFAC, it could run the risk of secondary US sanctions and losing access to the US financial system.
US State Department officials have indicated that they are prepared to work with allied countries to find a solution on a case-by-case basis, provided those countries are taking steps to reduce their reliance on Iran.
FCA warns lenders over short-term loans
The Financial Conduct Authority has contacted the chief executives of short-term loan providers in the UK to ask them to confirm whether their creditworthiness assessments are compliant with FCA expectations. The FCA also asked firms to confirm if the cost if reimbursing customers would leave them unable to meet their financial commitments. This follows wider scrutiny of short-term lending practices in light of the collapse of Wonga and an increase in customer complaints about unaffordable lending.
Yorkshire waste criminals ordered to pay back cash
Two individuals have been handed suspended prison sentences and community work orders in respect of money illegally earned through their operation of a waste site in Barnsley without the necessary licences. In February 2012, the defendants' company was served notice by the Environment Agency for the illegal deposit of waste outside the site. The company's environmental permit was revoked, ending the ability to operate the site. Despite this, the defendants continued to operate at the facility. The defendants were found guilty under the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 and also ordered to pay back £276,000 earned illegally while operating the site without the necessary licences.
Environment Agency, 11 October 2018
Cambridgeshire man sentenced to 8 months for illegal waste tyre sites
An individual has been given a suspended prison sentence and community work order for running two illegal waste tyre sites in Cambridgeshire, both of which he abandoned. He was also ordered to pay £12,000 in compensation to the landowners and £1,000 in costs. The individual set up a waste site on the condition that he would shred the tyres and only store a limited number of tyres on site, in order to meet the requirements of an Environment Agency exemption.
Instead, the individual stored far more tyres than were allowed under the exemption, did not shred them and stored them in a way that had no fire breaks. Despite being asked to move the tyres, he made no effort to do so and the landlord ejected him. He later broke into the site to take back equipment belonging to him. At a second location, the individual failed to register an exemption with the Environment Agency, despite the area being listed as a high risk fire site in close proximity to a main trainline
Manufacturers call for the UK to stay in the EU safety regime after Brexit
A survey conducted by manufacturers' organisation EEF and safety specialists Arco reveals that 97% of companies want no immediate change to health and safety regulations after Brexit. The report states that it is "vital" that the British Standards Institutions continues to play a leading role in European standards setting so that UK companies can continue to make products meeting EU standards and regulations. EEF found the industry does not believe in rapid change in regulation post-Brexit, instead asking policymakers to use the report and find opportunity to review and improve the health and safety regulations within the UK.
SHP, 16 October 2018
£200k fine for building products firm after worker is left paralysed
Forterra Building Products Ltd was held to have failed to properly ensure the machines used by workers were always safe after pleading guilty to breaching Sections 2(1) of the Health and Safety at Work act 1974. The company was fined a total of £200,000 plus costs after a worker was injured by a conveyor system.
Nichola Peters
Partner, Head of Global Investigations/Inquiries
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Michelle de Kluyver
Partner, Global Investigations
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Erin Shoesmith
Partner, Health & Safety
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