text:
The Panama Deception (1992) (trailer)
The Panama Deception documents the untold story of the December 1989 U.S. invasion of Panama; the events which led to it; the excessive force used; the enormity of the death and destruction; and the devastating aftermath. The Panama Deception uncovers the real reasons for this internationally condemned attack, presenting a view of the invasion which widely differs from that portrayed by the U.S. media and exposes how the U.S. government and the mainstream media suppressed information about this foreign policy disaster.
www.empowermentproject.org
Added by Dan Weingarten
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Visit Hawai'i - The Occupied State
Documentaries from the Early Days of Films For Action
Walmart: The High Cost of Low Prices (2005)
The Power of Community: How Cuba Survived Peak Oil (2006)
What A Way To Go: Life at the End of Empire (2007)
The Power of Nightmares (2004)
Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media (1992)
Zeitgeist: Addendum (2008)
American Drug War: The Last White Hope (2007)
The Canary Effect: Kill the Indian, Save the Man (2006)
The Crisis of Civilization (2011)
Race: The Power of An Illusion (2003) ($5)
Oil, Smoke & Mirrors (2007)
Indigenous Stories and Perspectives
Digital Wampum: Testimony of the Iroquois | 8-Part Series
The Twelve: A Tale of Wisdom & Unity (2019)
Song From the Forest (2013) ($4)
Ever the Land (2015) ($4)
Island Earth (2017) ($10)
Aluna: A Journey to Save the World (2012)
From the Heart of the World: The Elder Brothers' Warning (1992)
Language Keepers: The Struggle for Indigenous Language Survival in California (2019)
Invasion: In an Era of Reconciliation, Indigenous Land is Being Taken at Gunpoint (2019)
PACHAKUTEC - Time of Change (2011)
Protecting Country (2018)
Re-Learning the Land: a Story of Red Crow College (2015)
Re-Learning Hope: a Story of Unitierra (2016)
Honey At The Top (2016)
Seeds Of Change (2014)
Red Cry (2013)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


On the eve of the latest reconciliation talks in Cairo between Fatah and the Gaza authorities, Oxfam is calling for an end to the restrictions imposed by Palestinian leaders earlier this year, which have seen electricity supplies in Gaza plummet - as well as an end to Israel's decade-long blockade.
All around the world, war, violence, poverty, famine and disasters force ordinary people from their homes every day, as they desperately search for safety and protection. Many have left everything behind and end up living in squalid conditions with not enough food, clean water or proper sanitation. You can help.
Traumatized women and children fleeing Iraq's Tal Afar district have told Oxfam how people died walking for days through the desert in 50C heat to reach safety.
World Humanitarian Day: "I have a passion for humanity."
On World Humanitarian Day, meet Samson, Oxfam humanitarian worker, helping people in Farm Center Camp for internally displaced people, Maiduguri, Nigeria.
The impact of the Gaza electricity crisis on people's access to basic services is as bad as the aftermath of the 2014 war.
Oxfam, CARE International, International Rescue Committee, Norwegian Refugee Council and Save the Children have called for more international action from world leaders meeting in Brussels at a conference to discuss the Syria crisis.


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Kendall Jenner Feels Like The "Nerd" Kardashian
Story from Entertainment
Literal Supermodel Kendall Jenner Has Always Felt Like The Loner "Nerd" In Her Family
PHoto: Christian Vierig/Getty Images.
It's not (always) easy to be a part of the Kardashian empire. The five sisters — Kylie Jenner, Kendall Jenner, Kourtney Kardashian, Kim Kardashian, and Khloé Kardashian — haven't just taken over reality TV, but have come to dominate the fashion, cosmetics, and wellness industries, as well. They are truly the dream team, but in an interview with The Telegraph, Kendall admitted that she sometimes felt she didn't fit in with the rest of her sisters because of their varied body types and different interests.
"My sisters are a lot curvier than me," she told the outlet. "They have boobs and I don't have boobs. Growing up being this little twiggy girl, I saw my sisters and always thought 'Oh no am I supposed to be more sexy like them?' I almost felt like I didn't fit in for a part of my life."
She also told the outlet that she strays from the pack due in her desire to keep private, appearing less than her older sisters on Keeping Up With The Kardashians. She is the self-proclaimed "nerd" of the family, and "not necessarily a lot like them."
While this may have troubled Kendall growing up, she's come to terms with her place in the Kardashian dynasty.
"I like that I have a different vibe to everyone," she admitted. "I like to do different things. And that's okay."
While her sisters also model — Kim most recently appeared on the cover of Vogue — Kendall has made it her full time career. You'll more often see her on a billboard than all over KUWTK.
@revolve #REVOLVEfestival #ad
A post shared by Kendall (@kendalljenner) on Apr 14, 2019 at 6:40pm PDT
All this just leads me to wonder: What family dynamics will the new generation of Kardashians have to unpack in the public eye?
A post shared by Kim Kardashian West (@kimkardashian) on Feb 28, 2019 at 12:29pm PST
Kim Kardashian Wants Kendall To Date A Kennedy
"Cow Nails"Are Trending, & Kendall Jenner Is Proof
Kylie Hints At Makeup Collaboration With Kendall
Kendall Jenner Says She Is Kardashian Family Nerd
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Asia-Pacific Climate Digest Issue #11: Week 4, May 2021
Compiled by Purnima Joshi.
In this issue, we have collated this week's climate change news from around the region - China, India, Korea, Vietnam, Indonesia, Singapore and the ASEAN nations.
The Digest also features articles on the mounting pressure on governments and corporate firms to adopt a climate strategy, and companies such as Nestle, HSBC, BlackRock, Henderson-Massey taking steps to work on climate-change targets and support climate change/sustainable initiatives.
We have a new format this week, and would love to hear your thoughts on it. We welcome suggestions on the content as well.
INDIA & CHINA
Climate financing offers golden opportunity
China Daily, 21 May 2021
The success of the green transition will depend on the availability of financing, along with the entire financial system transitioning toward green finances. However, the efforts across countries are rather scattered right now.
China's electricity grid remains major hurdle in its climate change ambitions
ANI, 20 May 2021
After Beijing's surprise announcement that it would become carbon neutral by 2060, one of the most pressing challenges for China to meet its pledge to pivot towards renewables is overhauling its electricity grid that is the world's largest, say analysts and officials.
[Interview] Bittu Sahgal: "Young people want to protect the environment, but don't have their hands on the wheel"
Mongabay India, 21 May 2021
Bittu Sahgal one of India's pioneering conservation and environment journalists, who was involved with India's tiger conservation efforts in the 1970s holds out hope for the future due to the regenerative power of the environment and the promise that the young people are bringing in.
McKinsey advises Korean firms to embrace net-zero economy
The Korea Times, 27 May 2021
Time is running out for Korea's business leaders who don't have a climate strategy. Korea has joined other leading Asian countries in making a carbon neutral pledge by 2050, and the sooner business leaders develop a plan for competing and winning in a climate economy, the better.
Southeast Asia in the spotlight ahead of international talks on biodiversity
ASEAN Today, 24 May 2021
Negotiations over the future of the international Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) resumed after a yearlong break. The CBD is a treaty approved by 196 countries that provides a framework to promote sustainable development for the benefit of both natural habitats and human societies.
Asean's Covid-19 fiscal policy lacks climate-aligned measures
The Malaysian Reserve , 26 May 2021
THE CIMB Asean Research Institute (CARI) has revealed that climate-aligned measures were found to be lacking in various Asean's fiscal policy responses to the Covid-19 pandemic, which includes stimulus spending, national budgets and taxation policies.
37 green projects to receive $3.7m in funding
The Straits Times, 23rd May 2021
A total of 37 green projects will receive $3.7 million in grants under the SG Eco Fund, which was set up to aid sustainability efforts, Minister for Sustainability and the Environment Grace Fu said yesterday.
Vietnam to plant 1 billion trees — but how?
Eco Business, 24 May 2021
After a string of deadly typhoons in late 2020, Vietnam's prime minister called for the country to plant one billion trees nationwide in developed areas such as cities and industrial zone, to reduce the risk of landslides and flooding.
'Globally significant' 40,000-year-old rock art in Indonesia being destroyed by climate change
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Some of the world's oldest and most significant rock art, created by ancient civilisations in South Sulawesi, is being destroyed at an alarming rate due to the impacts of climate change.
Asia snubs IEA's call to stop new fossil fuel investments
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Asian energy officials on Wednesday disputed the International Energy Agency's (IEA) call for no new oil, natural gas and coal investments for the world to be able to reach net-zero carbon emissions by 2050, viewing that approach as too narrow.
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CORPORATES & CLIMATE CHANGE
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Details here...
Henderson-Massey reveals action plan to fight climate change
Our Auckland, 27 May 2021
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Greta Thunberg aims to change how food is produced
Save big cities in Asia from sinking
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CGM's Asia-Pacific Climate Digest is compiled by communications consultant Purnima Joshi.
With over two decades of experience in corporate communications, Purnima combines her skills in creative and communication along with her passion for working for the community.
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Asia-Pacific Climate Digest: Issue #51 Week 4, June 2022


in Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
In the Indian Sub-Continent, there were some great mystic Iranian figures who have contributed to the promotion of public awareness about the holy religion of Islam.
Allameh Sayed Abolhasan Hafezian helped Kashmirians purely in several aspects, and converted some of Indians to Islam. His good works for them were such as building a mosque in Srinagar of Kashmir, building a platform in Sofipoora to show the people the direction of keblah (Kaaba), encouraging them to learn by bringing paper, note book, pen and pencil, as gifts for their children besides teaching them.
In a visit to Kashmir and Delhi I realized his high status and popularity among those people; I think this was due to comprehensiveness of the principles of his thought including good behavior, commitment and specially his virtue. In this article, I want to show some of his distinctions which have been said in Nahj-al-Balaqe by Imam Ali(a.s).
As supported by the existing works and his poems, Allameh Hafezian was a pious man and God-fearing. He spoke truthfully and rightly. His way of living was based upon moderation, and his way of dealing with other people was founded on goodwill and modesty.
This issue points out his good attention to Nahj-al-Balaqe by thinking deeply and trying to do well according to what Imam Ali(a.s) had described about God-fearing people.
Having read The Preserved Tablet (Lohe Mahfouz), I got to know his great personality and felt enthusiastic towards learning more about his knowledge.
Jonnat-ol-Asma is his other book which he has written on the character and speechesof Imam Ali(a.s).
Key Words: Allameh Hafezian, The pious men, Comparing with Nahj-al-Balaqe.
Surveying the extant works and legacy of late Allameh Sayed Abolhasan Hafezian and studying his life, sayings and poetry reveal that attaining to high spiritual eminence depends on one's efforts and merits. The following verse of the holy Qur'an corroborates thisimportant point: "and that man shall have nothing but what he strives for." This mystic-scholar devoted his whole life to learning, praying and helping people in the best way possible. "I should mention that Mr. Hafezian had attained to high spiritual levels in religious knowledge, truths related to mankind's origin and resurrection as well as noble spiritual revelations, which resulted from his strong spiritual essence and outstanding talent" (Hakimi, 1384, p.275).
The fact that the late Mr. Hafezian grew up in a religious family, well versed in the Qur'an and familiar with mysticism, turned him into a man who, both in his personal and social life, trod the path of human perfection in an exemplary manner, and sincerely sought to please God in everything he did. His sincere devotion to Hazrat Ali ibnMousa Al-Reza (the 8th Shiite Imam) and his efforts in building the Zarih (outer sarcophagus enclosure) of his Holy Shrine; learning mathematics, medicine, astronomy, spherical astronomy (هیئت), morphology and syntax, ethics and Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) from great Masters; learning esoteric sciences with such eminent Masters as Aqa Sheikh Hasan-Ali Isfahani (Nokhodaki), SayedMousaZarabadi andHaj SayedMazharHussein Hindi; companionship with the late Haj Sheikh MojtabaQazvini; immigration to Kashmir and helping the kind people of that region as well as contributing to the spread of Islam in the Subcontinent are among the factors which were significantly effective in promoting the status of AllamehHafezian.
As the main path of wayfarers is the path of God.
Why should I be terrified and afraid?
This is expressly said in our book.
This firm belief in Nabuwwat (Prophethood) and deep love of Wilayat haveput him among God's pious men, whose qualitiesin the noble words of Imam Ali lead us more than before to come to know them. At the beginning of the Khutbah (sermon), Imam Ali talks about their merits to achieve virtues, which he then enumerates one by one: "the pious men have distinctive virtues in the world."AllamehHafezian was a pious scholar and a religious ascetic as well as a mystic with human virtues such as faith in monotheism, having divine moral principles, helping the poor and indifference to the transient world. Observing the zest and enthusiasm of the kind people of the Sofipoora, their nice memories about him and descriptions of his kindness and his services in that region encouraged us to research more about him. As his remaining legacy shows, the manifestations of real faith and sincere piety are evident in every aspect of his life.
Affluent life and prosperous business never interested SayedAbolhasanHafezian. His heartfelt certainty and faith encouraged him to show his indifference to this world both in word and deed. His religious and mystical poems which originate from his heart and are well received in the hearts of his devotees, reveal his belief in the mortality of the world and immortality of mankind.
I am the manifestation of God's names, He is beyond expression.
With permission from my parents.
And be thankful if you are accepted.
And then stay with him as his student.
And may He place him in paradise.
Repeating the same words AllmehHafezian said in praying for his Master, AllamehSayedMousaZarabadi, we pray to God to bless him and grant him an exalted status.
"He had a tall stature and wore a long shirt which was always shining white, and over it a robe (ردا) often without a cloak (Aba), which made him look taller. When somebody said something surprising, he raised his eyebrows while smiling and three times repeated quickly: "there is no God but Allah"; he never laughed out loud (Hafezian 1390, p147).
If you take the first step, God will do the rest.
Imam Ali says about the pious men: "they bear hardships and sufferings as happily as they enjoy comfort and pleasure." And AllamehHafezian bore various sufferings in order to realize his wish in arranging and writing the Preserved Tablet with features that he enumerated, and achieved his goal with the grace of God: "I spent almost five months, day and night, in that desert without thinking about sleeping and eating; my only thought was to accomplish this work (Hafezian, 1386, p.72).
Among the qualities of a pious man are the following: "he is resolute in his religion; he is tender-hearted and discerning; he is certain in his faith; he is thirsty for knowledge; though knowledgeable, he is patient; even when wealthy, his life is based on moderation; in prayer he is modest; even when in poverty, he is neat; he bears sufferings patiently." Being resolute in religion meant avoiding Haram (forbidden things), observing rules of religion, and inviting others to the right path. AllamehHafezian's resoluteness in religion is not only evident from his words and deeds, other people's sayings about him also confirm this point. The late Mr. Hafezian was among the great ascetics who observed religious rules. He was one of the great men of God and a true master of esoteric sciences … He became very dear to his Master, Aqa Sheikh Hasan-Ali Nokhodaki, in a short time because of his outstanding talent, and became distinguished among others. His Master observed the light of sincerity as well as indifference to the world in SayedAbolhasan's visage and confirmed his genius and intelligence. SayedAbolhasan's genius reached high peaks in his youth and the sparkle of mysticism was manifested in him. Morphology and syntax, mathematics, medicine, astronomy, spherical astronomy, Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) and ethics are among sciences which this great man of science, mysticism and ethics learnt from his Masters, and in each of these fields achieved great prominence (Hafezian, 1390, p.15).
Allameh Hafezian was adorned with human virtues, such as belief in Towhid (monotheism), having divine moral principles, and helping God's servants, for which there is ample evidence. Observing the rules of religion, inviting others to the right path, thinking about the Hereafter, and indifference to the transient world, resoluteness in religion, thirst for learning, determined will to accomplish goals and bearing sufferings are among the characteristics which Imam Ali mentions about pious men in the Sermon of the Pious, the sermon No. 193 of Nahj-al-Balaqe, on the insistence of Hammam, one of his faithful companions. In this article, some of the characteristics of the pious were mentioned and the late Mr. Hafezian's way of life was compared to them. Imam Ali's intention in expressing the characteristics of the pious was, without doubt, inviting the meritorious people of the Islamic Ummah (nation) to follow them in daily life, so that everybody could pray and help others sincerely, through purification of the self.
Hafezian, Sayed Abolhasan; The Preserved Tablet, Commentary and Interpretation; 7th ed.; Tehran: Publication and Distribution Organization, 1386 SH.
Hafezian, Sayede Qodsieh (Firouzeh); Gaurdian of Secrets; Tehran: Khatoun-e-Qalam Cultural Institute, 1390 SH.
Hakimi, Muhammad-Reza;The Separation School; 9thed.; Qom: Dalil-e-Ma Publication, 1384 SH.
Imam Ali, NahjulBalagha; translated by Sayed Ali Reza; Kerachi:Ansariyan Publications, 1375 A.H.
Imam Ali;Nahj-al-Balaqe, Translated by Dashti, Muhammad; Qom: Nasim-e-Hayat Publication, 1389 SH.
MousaviMotlaq, Sayed Abbas;Garden of Knowledge; Daneshyaran Iran Publication, 1388 SH.
MousaviMotlaq, Sayed Abbas; The Manifestation of God's Name; Daneshyaran Iran Publication, 1388 SH.
In the middle of the 1330s SH (the years 1337 and 1338), God granted the late Aqa Haj SayedAbolhasanHafezian the grace and chance to refurbish the holy Zarih (outer sarcophagus enclosure) of the 8th Shiite Imam (Hafezian, 1390, Professor MahdaviDamqani's article, p.178).


4:20 A.M. I am awakened by Charlie Maria crying. I haven't had eight straight hours of sleep in over five months.
9:30 A.M. Nanny is 15 minutes late and I have a 10 a.m. sales call. I know the pre-mommy me would not accept that as a viable reason for tardiness.
After getting ready for the day, packing a breast pump. lunch and a gym bag, Arena plays with her baby until the nanny comes. She uses drive time to transistion to CEO mode, where she manages 250 employees, oversees sales, meets with clients and often travels.
9:55 A.M. I arrive at the client meeting and walk confidently into the meeting, forgetting that spit-up may have fallen on my Chanel pumps.
12:50 P.M I have time for one quick story from the nanny about something cute the baby has done since I left this morning. I miss her.
3:00 P.M. I pump while sending documents to the printer for tomorrow's lunch meeting.
"I use the drive home to decompress and make the transition. Then, I change clothes as soon as I get home," says Arena. "It sounds like a simple things, but it is a way to mentally make that transition."
7:00 P.M. I'm home hearing about the baby's day and holding my little girl. When I come home, the nanny and I try to have a 30-minute overlap.
"I may be the final decision maker in my company, but I will seek guidance from the nanny about many aspects of the baby's schedule," says Arena, who also reads the journal her nanny keeps about her baby's daily activities.
7:30 P.M. I realize that I accidentally left the milk that I pumped that day in the refrigerator at work - 10 ounces. That's a lot of work. I can't let that go to waste. So, the baby and I pack up and drive to the office.
In the evening Arena and her baby usually ready books, sing songs and play, talking and laughing. After the baby falls asleep, she gets in a few hours of laptop time until the baby's up for her 11:00 p.m. nursing.


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New World Man
Music by Lee and Lifeson / Lyrics by Peart
He's a rebel and a runner
He's a signal turning green
He's a restless young romantic
Wants to run the big machine
He's got a problem with his poisons
But you know he'll find a cure
He's cleaning up his systems
To keep his nature pure
Learning to match the beat of the Old World man
Learning to catch the heat of the Third World man
He's got to make his own mistakes
And learn to mend the mess he makes
He's old enough to know what's right
But young enough not to choose it
He's noble enough to win the world
But weak enough to lose it -
He's a New World man...
He's a radio receiver
Tuned to factories and farms
He's a writer and arranger
And a young boy bearing arms
He's got a problem with his power
With weapons on patrol
He's got to walk a fine line
And keep his self-control
Trying to save the day for the Old World man
Trying to pave the way for the Third World man
He's not concerned with yesterday
He knows constant change is here today
He's noble enough to know what's right
But weak enough not to choose it
He's wise enough to win the world
But fool enough to lose it -


To be honest, as more of a rockpig enthusiast I feel even more at a disadvantage reviewing DJs than Icelandic rap music. Thankfully one of the people at the door helped with informing me that tonight's music is run by Reyk Veek, a collective of Icelandic techno and house DJs. Let's have a go at doing this shall we?
Upstairs I seemed to have missed Þobbi, but caught Moff and Tarkin and their heavy house sound. It may sound very samey to me, but the crowd are completely into it and at this stage of the evening I'm not going to judge their love for these guys.
Orange Volante then arrives and does mix things up at the start of his set by introducing a nice dub beat, before things blend back into more heavy house. I start to realise that I was missing the electro bands back at Batteríið as there was a much more immediacy and closeness in their music compared to this.
I almost didn't notice that the DJ had changed and Axfjörð was now playing. I'm immediately made aware of his presence by the introduction of a percussion break so good that it literally gives me goosebumps! That certainly was surprising to me. Then it's all back to the trusted Euro techno.
Meanwhile downstairs, we had Óli Ofur, followed by Asli & Siggi Kalli. However due to the tight enclosed space of the basement, all I kept hearing was a continuous wall of "DOOF- DOOF- DOOF" that I've heard in a million other clubs in my lifetime and alas wasn't really able to discern any difference or nuance in their music.
Towards the end of the night, Karíus & Baktus have their hands on the tiller. I thought the place would be more packed that I'm seeing now. But these guys don't seem to mind that much. Their set was a little more varied with a more minimal sound, but soon it all melds back to all heavy bass techno.
I call it a night as I feel I've had my fill of house and techno music. I certainly feel that I've been through the wars sonically and professionally as my carriage takes me into the darkness and blessed silence.


You never know when you will be spot-searched. And after your items are thoroughly dismantled from your bag it's usually not an easy task to get it all back in and zipped up quickly – especially on a return trip home! Pack so that it's easier to put it all back. Rolling clothing is a good technique as it keeps items separate and wrinkling is not an issue, plus it is a great space-saver.


text:
(Re)Creating a Sustainable Resource Base: Advocating for Housing and Neighborhood Sustainability in North Brooklyn
Sam Beck (Cornell University)
This paper focuses on sustaining a self-identifying Latino group in North Brooklyn whose life ways are at a stage of disintegration and whose residential presence in a Brooklyn "neighborhood" is increasingly vulnerable due to factors usually glossed as "gentrification and displacement."
This paper focuses on sustaining a self-identifying Latino group in North Brooklyn whose life ways are at a stage of disintegration and whose residential presence in a Brooklyn "neighborhood" is increasingly vulnerable due to factors usually glossed as "gentrification and displacement." The paper analyzes the tactics employed by local religious and political elites to "divide and conquer" a primarily Latino and Roman Catholic population, whose efforts to unite in the face of rising housing costs and alter the political scene were thwarted; hence the need to reorganize. This paper examines strategies that advocate for affordable housing to maintain a community presence for this cultural group, but also to reproduce the kind of network that a group of progressive priests created between the 1950s and 1990s, namely a resource base that sustains a spiritual, social, cultural and, to a certain extent, economic, unity able to express itself in New York City's political scene to garner resources for community sustainability.
panel PE08
Communities of practice in global sustainability


text:
Home » Daily » Bones & Joints » What Is Osteopenia?
What Is Osteopenia?
Simply put, osteopenia is an early warning sign that you may be at risk for greater bone loss, a condition known as osteoporosis.
By Helen Boehm Johnson, MD • November 3, 2016
Having suffered a fracture after only very mild trauma or having had evidence of a fracture you were not aware of revealed on another test will raise your healthcare provider's suspicion of osteoporosis.
© Frizzantine | Dreamstime.com
Many people are familiar with the term osteoporosis, a disease in which your bones become weak and brittle. But what is osteopenia? Osteopenia is the term used to describe a state of low bone-mineral density that's not as severe as osteoporosis but that can lead to osteoporosis in some people.
The bones in our body are in a continual state of change. Old bone is constantly being reabsorbed and new bone is being created. The balance between the two processes is critical to having strong, healthy bones. When bone reabsorption exceeds the rate of new bone formation, the net effect is bone loss and lower bone density.
What Is Osteopenia? Explaining Bone Density
Osteopenia and osteoporosis guidelines show them to be essentially different stages on a spectrum of bone density, with osteoporosis representing the lowest bone density and osteopenia representing a state between normal bone density and osteoporosis.
It is estimated that approximately 44 percent of American adults have low bone density, and evidence has shown that the risk of suffering a fracture increases as bone mineral density declines.
Osteopenia: Diagnosis and Test Scores
The diagnosis of osteoporosis or osteopenia is most often made by performing a bone mineral density scan or dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). This is generally a very easy, painless outpatient procedure that does not require anesthesia and takes only 10 to 30 minutes.
The primary type of DXA used to evaluate bone mineral density is called a central DXA because it measures bone density in the hip and lower spine, which are in the "center" of the body. You may have a central DXA performed in a radiologist's office or in a rheumatologist or endocrinologist's office.
Do I Need a Bone Density Scan?
The decision to have a bone density scan is one you will make with your healthcare provider based on your risk factors, which can include:
Age: Your risk of osteoporosis increases with age. This is particularly true for women whose risk significantly increases after they go through menopause.
Body frame: Thin men and women generally have less bone mass.
Family history: Having had a parent or sibling with osteoporosis greatly increases your risk, particularly if they suffered a fracture.
Hormonal diseases: Overactive thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands can increase your risk of osteoporosis because of the elevated levels of hormones they produce.
Medications: Individuals who have taken prolonged courses of steroids, aluminum-containing antacids, some chemotherapy drugs, or some seizure medications (such as Dilantin) are at increased risk of osteoporosis.
Eating disorder: People suffering from anorexia who have a long history of insufficient calorie and, therefore, calcium and protein intake are more likely to develop osteoporosis. Many people suffering from anorexia will also develop sex hormone deficiencies, further increasing their risk.
Unexplained fracture: Having suffered a fracture after only very mild trauma or having had evidence of a fracture you were not aware of revealed on another test will raise your healthcare provider's suspicion of osteoporosis.
The National Osteoporosis Foundation recommends bone density measurement for all women 65 and older, women under 65 who have one or more risk factors, and postmenopausal women with a history of fracture.
What Should My Bone Density Be?
Your bone density scan or DXA results will be reported as a T-score and a Z-score. The T-score compares your bone density with that of a young adult of the same gender who has peak bone mass. The Z-score, which is less often used, compares your bone density with that of people your age, gender, and size. T scores have been defined such that:
A T-score above -1 is normal
A T-score between -1 and -2.5 defines osteopenia
A T-score of -2.5 or less defines osteoporosis
While each disease has its own score, it is important to remember that they represent a continuum. Someone with osteoporosis -2.5 may not have significantly different bone density from someone with osteopenia and a T score of -2.4.
There are many official recommendations for the treatment of osteoporosis, but the management of osteopenia can vary. Most experts will recommend that people with osteopenia who have not suffered a fracture and whose T-score is closer to -1 should manage their osteopenia with lifestyle modifications such as dietary changes (to increase calcium and vitamin D intake), regular exercise (particularly weight-bearing exercise), moderation in alcohol consumption, and smoking cessation.
Those individuals who have suffered a fracture or whose T-score is closer to osteoporosis -2.5 should be treated more aggressively. This may include lifestyle modifications as well as medications such as alendronate (Fosamax), risedronate (Actonel), or raloxifene (Evista). Additionally, your healthcare provider will likely want you to have follow up bone density scans every two years to monitor changes in your bone density and to assess your response to treatment.
Originally published in March 2016 and updated.
Tags alcohol, alcohol consumption, anorexia, bone, bone density, bone density measurement, bone density scan, bone loss, bone mass, bone mineral density, calcium, chemotherapy, chemotherapy drugs, diagnosis of osteoporosis, dxa results, exercise, healthy bones, hormone, increases your risk, low bone density, national osteoporosis, national osteoporosis foundation, normal bone density, osteopenia, osteopenia and osteoporosis, osteoporosis, osteoporosis -2.5, osteoporosis foundation, osteoporosis guidelines, peak bone mass, postmenopausal, postmenopausal women, protein, seizure, smoking, t score, thyroid, treatment of osteoporosis, vitamin, vitamin d, what is osteopenia, what should my bone density be, x ray absorptiometry, your bones


When setting up a crib, select a place away from windows, window blinds, and draperies. Babies can strangle on the cords, and mature infants could possibly pull up themselves and fall through the window. If there's a cord on your infant screen, keep it at least 3 feet from the crib.
Babies often spend more time at the crib than anyplace else, so while comfort is important, security is essential. As most kids sleep in a crib till it's time to move to a true bed -- typically between the ages of 2 and 3 -- you'll want a hardy one.
Cribs with drop sides: The principle is simple -- do not use them. The movable railings called fall sides were more common on cribs for decades, but can pose a serious hazard for babies. If the fall side detaches or comes loose, a baby can become entrapped and strangle or suffocate in the distance between the fall side and the crib mattress. Their sale was banned because 2011.
Bumpers: Crib bumpers -- cushioned cushioning that attaches to the inside railings of the crib -- are sometimes still contained in crib bedding collections, but a number of associations, including the AAP, today dissuade them as a SIDS hazard for babies.
Most new cribs on the market comply with the voluntary and mandatory safety standards. Read crib safety tips from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). For starters, be sure yours is properly constructed and structurally sound; the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission reports many cases where Automobiles have come apart. If this happens, a baby's head can get trapped in the areas between the mattress and side rail.
Space savers: Children short on distance could possibly be considering portable or mini-crib possibilities, each of which occupy less space compared to full-size Automobiles. Some fold or collapse for storage; a few have wheels so that they may be rolled around the house.
Security limits: Crib manufacturers advocate discontinuing use (or converting to the product's next stage( for convertible cribs) when your child reaches a specific height, weight, or developmental stage. Height/weight limits are generally much lower on portable or mini-cribs. Read your product manual carefully and follow recommendations.
Full-sized cribs, including convertibles, range from $110 to $800. Portable and mini-cribs price between $100 and $400. Fancier Automobiles can run $800 to $1,000 or a lot more.
Old cribs: Cribs made before 1974, when national crib-safety criteria went into effect, are more likely than newer models to have security issues. Secondhand cribs may also have splinters, lead paint, discontinued (and potentially dangerous) features, or slats that are too far apart. Articles on a crib shouldn't higher than 1/16 of an inch (unless they are over 16 inches high to encourage a canopy); differently, clothing can catch them on and injure or choke a baby. Even models fabricated as recently as 1991 can be unsafe, so if you're borrowing a crib or purchasing a used one, keep an eye out for these risks in addition to for sharp edges, protruding metal, anything that can be broken off and spilled onpeeling paint, along with cutouts along the rail which can trap your child's arm or neck. Check the item recalls by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission to ensure it hasn't been recalled.
Adjustable mattress heightthe majority of Automobiles allow you to alter the height of the crib mattress by simply raising or lowering the mattress support. The opportunity to reduce the mattress is if your child begins sitting up. As kids get more active and move to pulling up and standing, they could climb and fall out of the crib.
Frame size: The crib inside ought to snugly accommodate a standard crib mattress -- at least 51 3/4 inches long by 27 3/8 inches wide. Make sure there is not any distance between the surfaces of the mattress and the crib walls. This poses a significant danger, as infants can get trapped in that area.
Make sure that the crib makeover is comparatively easy to perform (check online reviews from parents) and that you like the look of the new furniture.
Many moms like to have the crib set up a few months before their due date. But do not be concerned if the baby arrives before your crib does; tots do fine in a bassinet, cradle, or sleeper for the first several weeks or perhaps months of their lives.


Material: a 2' x 1' 6" x 1' 6" plastic basket or a container, two bricks or similar size wood blocks, mushroom logs. First, you need to find a temperature stable area in the house. how to grow plants in solocups Shiitake Mushrooms Different types of mushrooms are grown by using different methods and growing Shiitake mushrooms is a little more complicated than growing the Honey Browns.
While there are likely dozens of native gourmet & medicinal mushrooms growing wild wherever you live (and others that will make you sick or kill you), many gourmet fungi are difficult if not impossible to grow at home.
Laurie Lewis is a gardener, consulting rosarian, writer and photographer currently creating a new garden with her husband, 3 cats, 1 dog, 2 beehives and 5 chickens.


You may contact your School Board members, individually or as a group, by e-mail at MySchoolBoard@gwinnett.k12.ga.us. Please note: An individual's residence, not the school attended, is used to determine which School Board member represents a particular resident. Please review the 2012-13 listing of GCPS Schools by Board District for more information.
Board member since January 2005. Mrs. Boyce's district includes all or part of the Archer, Brookwood, Central Gwinnett, Dacula, Grayson, Mill Creek, Mountain View, and South Gwinnett clusters, in addition to Hooper Renwick and Oakland Meadow School. She is the mother of six children. Re-elected in November 2012, her term expires December 2016.
Represents all or part of the Berkmar, Central Gwinnett, Collins Hill, Lanier, Mill Creek, Mountain View, and North Gwinnett clusters. Joined the School Board in January 1995. He is owner and president of Seckinger Homes, Inc. Re-elected in November 2010, his current term expires in December 2014.
Joined the School Board in January 1995. His electoral district includes all or portions of the Berkmar, Brookwood, Grayson, Meadowcreek, Parkview, Shiloh, and South Gwinnett clusters. Dr. McClure, a Lilburn resident, is a physician. Re-elected in November 2010, his current term expires in December 2014.
Took office in January 1997. Dr. Murphy is the Associate Vice President for Institutional Advancement at Morehouse School of Medicine. Re-elected in 2012, she represents all or part of the Collins Hill, Duluth, Lanier, Norcross, North Gwinnett, and Peachtree Ridge clusters, as well as Buice School, Monarch School, and New Life Academy of Excellence in Duluth. Her current term expires December 2016.
A Board member since January 1973, Ms. Radloff represents all or portions of the Berkmar, Duluth, Meadowcreek, and Norcross clusters in addition to GIVE West; Gwinnett School of Mathematics, Science, and Technology; Maxwell HS of Technology; and New Life Academy of Excellence in Norcross. A Norcross resident, she has served as Board Chair eight times. Re-elected in 2012, her term runs through December 2016.


I do not agree with this, especially when it comes to chronic illness. I do not think that time heals fibromyalgia. The wounds or symptoms unfortunately remain. In time though, we learn ways of accepting or dealing with the pain if we actively seek them out.
It would be wonderful if you could share a post this week, if possible, that would help others cope with fibromyalgia pain and other symptoms. Thank you.


2013 MLB All-Star Game logo.
Starting Friday and running through a special postgame show following the All-Star Game, MLB Network Radio will have extensive on-location coverage of MLB All-Star Week.
Listeners can also catch the national broadcast of the All-Star Game and Home Run Derby on XM channel 89.


How does the Learner Profile link to learning?
Reflection - what does it mean to be principled?
How do we develop multiple perspectives?
What are the aims of my subject?
What does it mean to be 'good at' Math, for example? What does it mean to think like a scientist, for example?
An opportunity to go to the heart of each subject in the Diploma Programme through an exploration of subject aims. An activity that asks teachers to identify core concepts and thus gain an understanding of how the Diploma Programme is built on conceptual understanding and is not merely an assessed curriculum.
The page also provides an overview of the IB rubrics surrounding subject choices.
At the heart of each group are subject aims. Every IB teacher should keep these constantly at the forefront of their minds. It is instructive to ensure that students are constantly reminded of these, not least in an age of high stakes assessment when it is tempting to teach to tests and lose sight of the reason for studying the subject discipline.
The IB Diploma Programme is focused on building conceptual understanding. These aims are rich in concepts. The concepts are the building blocks which help a student get inside a subject, develop a deep understanding of how the subject works and work like a scientist, a historian, an economist etc.
It is noticeable how certain leitmotifs occur across subjects, pointing to the trans disciplinary nature of the IB Diploma Programme and the need for horizontal and vertical articulation. This is especially the case in relation to aims which speak about appreciating the international dimension of subjects, the development of intercultural understanding, the development of critical and creative thinking, becoming globally aware and understanding the relationship of one subject with other subjects.
I am grateful to Jim Noble for the ideas in this page on his InThinking Maths Studies site.
Subject briefs can be accessed here.
DP Curriculum model: Standard level and higher level courses can be accessed here.
Guide to curriculum review and development in the DP can be accessed here.
A guide to assessment in the DP can be accessed here.
IB Command Terms can be accessed here.Command words are the words and phrases used in exams and other assessment tasks that tell students how they should answer the question.
Read the aims of your subject group by clicking on the appropriate subject gallery below.
Teachers to work in their subject groups to explore and then present what is at the heart of their subject.
Discuss what it means to be 'good at' your subject. Use the Cover Story protocol to present your case to all of your colleagues in a plenary session.
Use the Heart of the Matter protocol to deconstruct your subject aims by identifying the top concepts at the heart of your subject.
Present your work around the room for all to see. Use a Gallery Walk protocol to identify links between subjects.
The IB approach to learning is very much one of "learning by doing" rather than "learning by receiving". A past Chair of the IB described it this way: "This begins in the Primary Years Programme where students are actively involved in inquiry and continues through to the Diploma Programme where, for example, students practice the arts rather than learn about them, where mathematical investigation is a key part of this subject and where during philosophy classes, students practice philosophical reasoning." (Seefried, M., The IB, educating hearts and minds to meet the challenges of today's world, IBO, 2008).
In his book Making Learning Whole, David Perkins (2009) talks of the tendency of schools to teach a subject in terms of its elements rather than letting students "play the whole game" of science, math, history etc. He calls this tendency "aboutitis": teachers teach 'about' a subject rather than immersing them in the subject. This tendency is exacerbated in schools that feel pressure from high stakes standardized testing, which splits a subject into the bits that have to be learnt.
The IB advocates an opposite approach. Although students are assessed in each of their subjects the IB approach should be to immerse them in the subject, or to use Perkins' analogy to 'play the whole game'. Rather than learning about science students become scientists, rather than learning about literary criticism they become literary critics etc. Understanding a subject means being immersed in its processes and ways of thinking as well as knowing the content of a subject. In his book Creating cultures of thinking Ron Ritchhart explores how teachers can do this by, for example, framing learning objectives. He uses the following example: instead of a science teacher framing the objectives as "Today we are going to learn about chemical reactions" a teacher who is trying to immerse students into scientific process would say, "Today as scientists we are going to be investigating how chemicals react under various circumstances." The student therefore takes on both discipline based roles (artists, historians, scientists etc.) and process-based roles (e.g. thinks, researchers, commentators etc.). Deep understanding of a subjects enables students to effectively communicate (to express, justify and communicate one's thinking and ideas) using the rich vocabulary of the subject.
In subject groups identify what it means to 'play the whole game' of your subject discipline.
Identify key subject discipline roles.
Identify key process-based roles that are integral to your discipline. What types of thinking do you try and make routine in your classrooms? What kinds of thinking will students need to do to build deep understanding?
Refer to the Thinking Routines that Harvard's Project Zero has designed. Go to their webpage by clicking here and here. Find routines that match the kind of thinking you wish to develop in your subject.
Knowing your WHY - What is my subject about?
This idea comes from the American International School of Mozambique where I was privileged to chair their multiprogramme evaluation visit.
A professional day devoted to going to the heart of each subject.
In subject groups write a description of what your academic philosophy is all about - call it a subject philosophy statement.
Post these statements around the room for all to see.
In a gallery walk read each subject groups' statement. Identify (a) the big ideas, (b) what you like, (c) questions you want the subject group to reflect on | wonder about.
Subject groups revise their statement taking into account (a) the big ideas, (b) like and (c) wonder of the previous bullet point.
"Knowing your why is important especially if we want learners to know why they study your subject."
The Handbook of procedures for the Diploma Programme contains lists of all subjects available for examination.
Click here to access a brief overview of the DP.
Diploma candidates may take EITHER 2 Standard Level (SL) subjects + 4 Higher Level (HL) subjects; OR 3 SL + 3HL.
A subject must be selected from each of groups 1 to 5. The sixth subject may be selected from group 6 or from groups 1 to 5 or an interdisciplinary subject (see below). A candidate may offer a second group 1 subject instead of a group 2 subject.
ALL HL + Core must be taught over the two years of programme.
One or two SL subjects can be completed and assessed at the end of the first year. This is not possible, however, for Languages ab initio and pilot subjects. A student may then take a second SL subject and complete it in the second year (excluding Languages ab initio and pilot subjects). If a student is taking 3 SL's one of these must be taught over the two year programme.
Click here to access the IB online page which describes the choices.
Interdisciplinary subjects: These SL subjects meet the requirements for two groups through a single subject. If a student takes one of these interdisciplinary subjects they must then choose a sixth subject from any of the groups in the DP. Currently there are two interdisciplinary subjects: Environmental systems and societies (SL) meeting the requirements of groups 3 and 4. Literature and performance (SL) meeting the requirements of groups 1 and 6.
School-based syllabuses are designed by the school, can only be offered at SL and only in groups 2 to 6. A student can only study one school-based syllabus. The school-based syllabus cannot be part of a bilingual diploma. The IB works with a school or schools on the development of school-based syllabuses.
Pilot subjects are sometimes developed by the IB with a limited number of schools authorized to offer them.
Student gets a grade 3 or higher in two languages selected from group 1.
Student gets a grade 3 or higher in group 1 language and a subject from group 3 or group 4 which is taken in a language that is not the same as the candidate's nominated group 1 language.
Occasionally university entry regulations dictate that a candidate takes a choice of subjects that are not specified by the IB. The school must first consider offering a subject as an additional seventh subject (that does not contribute to the diploma). If this is not possible the school may submit a request to the IB for approval with evidence from the university. The IB may allow a candidate to make a reasonable substitution of a subject where appropriate documentary evidence is presented.
Click here to access the IB site which provides information on which courses are available to be taken online.
IB courses online extend subject choice for students as well as create intercultural classrooms for learning which may not be available in all schools.The IB provides these courses in collaboration with Pamoja Education.
If you are interested in offering online courses you should read Diploma programme courses online: An overview for schools which can be accessed here.
Schools which use such courses need to appoint a site-based coordinator (SBC) who needs to complete training to fulfill their responsibilities. Refer to Diploma programme courses online: An overview for schools for an outline of their responsibilities.


Every marketer's media toolkit contains e-mail. In fact, until social media came along, e-mail was the primary method businesses used to connect with their customers via the Internet. Even though Facebook pages and Twitter feeds have exploded in popularity over the past few years, they still can't hold a candle to e-mail for its ability to push information to an audience, its ubiquitousness (not everyone does social media, but pretty much everyone—including Grandma—has an e-mail account these days), and its fairly low cost.
Just because you send out an e-mail, however, doesn't mean that your targets will actually open it, much less read it. Even with good design in place to catch your reader's eye, you must still pay attention to other factors that strongly influence whether your e-mail gets read—or goes straight into the trash folder.
If your organization hasn't been enjoying the strong e-mail marketing results you anticipated, take a close look at your e-mail practices. If you spot one (or more!) of the following mistakes, it's time to revamp your marketing M.O.
1. Sending at the wrong time of day. E-mail has the highest chance of being opened within one hour after it's sent, so schedule yours for when people tend to clean out their inboxes. Most people work on this task first thing in the morning, right before or right after lunch, and at the end of the day. Keep in mind, though, that at the conclusion of a long day of work most people just want to get out the door and go home; thus end-of-the-day marketing e-mails are rarely opened then. By the time people are back in the office the next morning, their inboxes are teeming with messages from colleagues and clients that clamor for their attention—and any message you sent the previous afternoon or evening is likely to be overlooked completely.
3. Subject lines that fail to pique the audience's interest. No matter how great your content is, it won't reach your targets if they don't actually open the e-mail. Hundreds of other marketers vie for your audience's attention every day, so you definitely need to stand out from the crowd. How do you do that when your e-mail is lined up alongside dozens of others in someone's inbox? Give your e-mail a subject line that makes your reader think "This looks useful" or "I wonder what's in here"—and then gets him or her click on your message.
4. No personalization. Technology makes it incredibly easy to personalize a marketing e-mail. Rather than list the sender as "info@address," for example, you can send from an e-mail address that the recipient recognizes. Similarly, addressing the recipient by name in the body of the e-mail goes a long way toward distinguishing it from spam.
5. A terrible list. My number-one rule of sales and marketing is this: "Know your audience." Don't waste your recipients' time if they're not a fit for your service in the first place. This seems like such a simple concept, but I still see companies use a "spray and pray" approach in which they blast an e-mail out to everyone in their databases. Companies do this because the cost difference between sending 100 e-mails and sending 1,000 e-mails is negligible and because it's easier to export an entire database rather than tag specific contacts based on marketing goals. This scattershot approach devalues any data you receive from a particular e-mail campaign: the thrill of knowing that 200 out of 1000 recipients opened your e-mail pales when you realize that only 20 of those 200 should have actually received it in the first place—and your campaign wasn't nearly as effective as you'd hoped. Remember, the more irrelevant e-mail you send to your targets, the less likely they are to pay attention when you do send something relevant.


text:
Die Frequenzmodulation (FM) ist ein Modulationsverfahren, bei dem die Trägerfrequenz durch das zu übertragende Signal verändert wird. Die Frequenzmodulation ermöglicht gegenüber der Amplitudenmodulation einen höheren Dynamikumfang des Informationssignals. Weiterhin ist sie weniger anfällig gegenüber Störungen. Das Verfahren wurde von John Renshaw Carson schon 1922 mathematisch untersucht und von Edwin Howard Armstrong zuerst praktisch umgesetzt. Die Frequenzmodulation ist eine Winkelmodulation und verwandt mit der Phasenmodulation. Bei beiden wird der Phasenwinkel  beeinflusst.

Nicht zu verwechseln ist sie mit der als digitale Frequenzmodulation oder auch als Miller-Code bezeichneten Kanalcodierung, die beispielsweise bei magnetischen Datenträgern zur Datenaufzeichnung Anwendung findet.

Allgemeines

Modulation
Ein frequenzmoduliertes Signal kann bei hohen Frequenzen mit Hilfe einer Oszillatorschaltung erzeugt werden, deren frequenzbestimmender Schwingkreis eine spannungsabhängige Kapazität, typischerweise eine Kapazitätsdiode, enthält, an welche das Modulationssignal als Signalspannung gelegt wird. Dadurch ändern sich die Kapazität der Diode und damit auch die Resonanzfrequenz des Schwingkreises. FM bei tiefen Frequenzen lässt sich einfacher mit spannungsgesteuerten Oszillatoren erzeugen. Zur digitalen Erzeugung eines frequenzmodulierten Signals lässt sich vorteilhaft eine Direct-Digital-Synthesis-Schaltung (DDS) oder die Quadraturamplitudenmodulation (IQ-Modulation) verwenden.

Demodulation
Vor der Demodulation wird die Amplitude des FM-Signals konstant gehalten ("begrenzt"), um etwaige Amplitudenänderungen, die durch Störungen auf dem Übertragungsweg entstehen können, zu beseitigen. Dieses ist möglich, da in der Amplitude keine Informationen enthalten sind. Üblicherweise verwendet man dafür eine Kette von Differenzverstärkern.

Das empfangene FM-Signal wird selten unmittelbar demoduliert, sondern zuerst nach dem Superhet-Prinzip in eine Zwischenfrequenz versetzt, dieser Vorgang wird als Mischung bezeichnet. Beispielsweise wird der FM-Rundfunk auf der Trägerfrequenz f = 100 MHz mit einem Frequenzhub ΔfT = ± 75 kHz übertragen. Der relative Hub beträgt

und erlaubt keine problemlose Demodulation. Durch Umsetzung auf die bei UKW-Empfängern übliche Zwischenfrequenz von 10,7 MHz wird H etwa verzehnfacht und die Schaltung vereinfacht. Schmalband-FM wie Slow Scan Television ist ohne diese vorgehende Frequenzänderung überhaupt nicht demodulierbar.

Es gibt verschiedene Arten von FM-Demodulatoren. Ein Diskriminator wandelt das FM-Signal zuerst in eine Amplituden- oder Pulsmodulation um. In der Anfangszeit benutzte man dazu einfache Flankengleichrichter, später Ratiodetektoren. Bei dem Koinzidenzdemodulator wird aus dem frequenzmodulierten Signal ein phasenmoduliertes Signal gebildet, das dann demoduliert werden kann. Eine weitere Möglichkeit ist der PLL-Demodulator. Durch Phasenvergleich des modulierten Signals mit dem Signal eines lokalen Oszillators erhält man eine Spannung entsprechend der Abweichung, mit der man den PLL-Oszillator nachregelt. Die Regelspannung ist zugleich das NF-Ausgangssignal. PLL-Demodulation liefert eine hohe Empfangsqualität und -sicherheit, sie war jedoch aufwendig bis zur Verbreitung von speziell dafür entwickelten integrierten Schaltungen.

Aus der Ausgangsspannung des FM-Demodulators gewinnt man häufig gleichzeitig eine Regelspannung, mit der man den Oszillator des Empfängers nachführt (Automatic Frequency Control, kurz AFC), um das Signal in der Mitte des Durchlassbereiches der ZF-Filter und so die Verzerrung gering zu halten.

Kenngrößen der Frequenzmodulation
Man bezeichnet die durch die Modulation verursachte Änderung der Trägerfrequenz mit ΔfT (auch Frequenzhub oder kurz Hub genannt), die Änderung des Phasenwinkels des Trägers mit  und das Verhältnis des Frequenzhubs   zur Modulationsfrequenz  als Modulationsindex η:

wobei  die höchste zu übertragende Nutzsignalfrequenz darstellt (Bandbreite des Nutzsignals).

Für die Bandbreite des frequenzmodulierten Signals gilt näherungsweise die Carson-Formel:

(bei einem Modulationsindex η größer 1).

Hierbei werden alle Spektrallinien bis auf 10 % der Amplitude des Trägers erfasst. Es liegen somit 90 % der Spektrallinien innerhalb der errechneten Bandbreite (Bandbreite mittlerer Übertragungsgüte). Berücksichtigt man Spektrallinien bis auf 1 % der Trägeramplitude, so ergibt sich (ebenfalls als Carson-Formel bezeichnet) die Bandbreite für eine hohe Übertragungsgüte, bei der 99 % der Spektrallinien in der Bandbreite liegen, durch:

(bei einem Modulationsindex η größer 1).

Als konkretes Beispiel für die dargestellten Kenngrößen sei der frequenzmodulierte UKW-Hörfunk angegeben: Dabei wird bei Monoprogrammen mit einem Frequenzhub ΔfT = 75 kHz und einer Grenzfrequenz des Audiosignals von fS = 15 kHz gearbeitet. Damit ergibt sich beim UKW-Hörfunk ein Modulationsindex η = 5 und eine benötigte Bandbreite B10 % = 180 kHz im UKW-Band. Bei UKW-Stereo-Hörfunk inklusive des Datensignals des Radio Data Systems (RDS) liegt die Basisbandbreite bei fS = 60 kHz und die benötigte UKW-Bandbreite bei knapp 400 kHz. Benachbarte UKW-Stereo-Sender müssen daher mindestens um 400 kHz versetzt senden, um sich nicht gegenseitig zu stören.

Unter Schmalband-FM wird eine Frequenzmodulation verstanden, deren Modulationsindex η kleiner als 2 ist, darüber wird als Breitband-FM bezeichnet. Der analoge UKW-Hörfunk zählt zu dem Breitband-FM, Schmalband-FM findet unter anderem im Bereich des Amateurfunks wie im 70-cm-Band Anwendung.

Veranschaulichung der Frequenzmodulation

Das obere Diagramm von Abbildung 1 zeigt ein frequenzmoduliertes Signal sowie gestrichelt das Informationssignal. Der Träger hat im Beispiel die 15-fache Frequenz des Signals, das Signal ist ein einfacher Kosinus. Man erkennt, dass dort, wo der Momentanwert der Spannung des Signals am niedrigsten ist, die Frequenz des modulierten Signals gleichfalls am niedrigsten ist. Während des Nullpunktdurchlaufs des Informationssignals hat der modulierte Träger dieselbe Frequenz wie der unmodulierte Träger. Die Frequenz des Informationssignals ist davon abhängig, wie oft es pro Sekunde zu einer Frequenzänderung des Trägers kommt. Die Amplitude des Signals ist abhängig davon, wie groß die Frequenzänderung (Hub) ist. Je öfter pro Sekunde sich die Frequenz des Trägers ändert, desto größer ist die Frequenz des Informationssignals. Je größer der Hub, desto größer ist die Amplitude des Informationssignals. Je größer die Amplitude oder Frequenz des Informationssignals, desto größer ist die benötigte Bandbreite.

Im mittleren Diagramm von Abbildung 1 ist die Änderung der Frequenz des Trägers in Abhängigkeit von obigem Signal dargestellt, gestrichelt der unmodulierte Träger. Das untere Diagramm  von Abbildung 1 zeigt den Phasenwinkel des Trägers in rad. Gestrichelt ist der unmodulierte Träger dargestellt. Der Phasenzeiger des Trägers dreht sich fortlaufend, deswegen steigt der Graph auch bei unmoduliertem Signal. Die durchgezogene Linie stellt den Phasenwinkel des modulierten Signals dar.  ist jedoch nicht proportional zum Momentanwert der Signalspannung.  und  sind um 90° verschoben.

Frequenzspektrum bei Frequenzmodulation

Bei einem frequenzmodulierten Signal entstehen Seitenschwingungen im Abstand der Signalfrequenz von der Trägerfrequenz. Theoretisch entstehen unendlich viele Seitenschwingungen. Praktisch werden Seitenschwingungen kleiner 10 % der Amplitude des unmodulierten Trägers vernachlässigt, daraus ergibt sich die Carson-Formel für die Bandbreite. Die Höhe der einzelnen Seitenschwingungen und damit die Leistungsverteilung in Abhängigkeit von  ermittelt man anhand eines Besselfunktionsdiagramms mit den Modulationsindizes.

Die Gleichung für die einzelnen Komponenten der Frequenzmodulation lautet:

Die Faktoren  müssen dabei aus dem Bessel-Diagramm bei einem gegebenen  abgelesen werden. Bei bestimmten  können der Träger oder Seitenschwingungspaare verschwinden. Anhand dessen ist auch zu sehen, dass bei  das Leistungsverhältnis zwischen Träger und Seitenschwingungen ungünstig wird.

Da bei Frequenzmodulation aufgrund  bei steigender Signalfrequenz  kleiner wird, lassen sich hohe Frequenzen mit Frequenzmodulation im Gegensatz zur Phasenmodulation schlechter übertragen, da die Seitenschwingungsanteile immer kleiner werden. Häufig wendet man bei FM deshalb vor der Modulation eine Preemphasis auf das Signal an, um die hohen Frequenzen anzuheben, was mit einer Deemphasis im Empfänger wieder rückgängig gemacht wird.

Zusammenhang von Frequenzmodulation und Phasenmodulation
Frequenzmodulation und Phasenmodulation hängen mathematisch eng zusammen. Eine Phasenmodulation eines sinusförmigen Trägers kann man sehr einfach ausdrücken. Zunächst der unmodulierte Träger:

Der Ausdruck  bezeichnet die momentane Phase.  ist die Trägerkreisfrequenz,  ist eine Konstante, die Phase zum Zeitpunkt . Wir können die momentane Phase als Funktion der Zeit schreiben: .

Nun wird die momentane Phase durch Addition eines Modulators verändert, dadurch entsteht der Ausdruck für eine Phasenmodulation:

Dabei bezeichnet  die Modulationsstärke und  die modulierende Funktion oder kurz den Modulator. Entsprechend:
.

Man sieht, dass eine Phasenmodulation mathematisch sehr einfach auszudrücken ist.

Eine Frequenzmodulation setzt aber voraus, dass sich die Frequenz ständig ändert. Dieses lässt sich nicht mehr durch einen Term der Form  ausdrücken, sondern wir müssen den Begriff der momentanen Kreisfrequenz einführen: . Die momentane Frequenz ist also ganz allgemein die zeitliche Ableitung der Phasenfunktion (vgl. in diesem Zusammenhang die Beziehung zwischen Geschwindigkeit und Ort und die Analogie zwischen Phase und Ort bzw. Frequenz und Geschwindigkeit). Dieses ist der Kern des Zusammenhangs zwischen Frequenz- und Phasenmodulation. Betrachten wir unter diesem Gesichtspunkt noch einmal die Phase des unmodulierten Trägers:

Die zeitliche Ableitung ist:
.

Der neueingeführte Begriff der momentanen Frequenz beinhaltet also auch sinnvoll den Fall konstanter Frequenz. Eine Frequenzmodulation fordert nun, dass sich die momentane Frequenz nach der folgenden Vorschrift verhält: . Für die Berechnung der Kurvenform zu jedem Zeitpunkt jedoch benötigen wir nicht die momentane Frequenz, sondern die Phasenfunktion. Wenn die Frequenz die Ableitung der Phase ist, so ist umgekehrt die Phase das Integral der Frequenz:

im Beispiel:

Damit erhält man für die Frequenzmodulation folgenden Ausdruck:

Der direkte Vergleich mit dem Ausdruck für die Phasenmodulation zeigt:

Die Interpretation dieses Sachverhaltes wird in folgendem Beispiel klar. Setze , dann erhält man für die Modulationen:

und
.
Der Phasenhub ist also für die Phasenmodulation immer noch , für die Frequenzmodulation erhält man . Die momentane Frequenz ist für die Phasenmodulation  und für die Frequenzmodulation . In beiden Fällen findet eine Modulation der Phase statt. Allerdings wirkt bei der Frequenzmodulation nicht der Modulator direkt auf die Phase ein, sondern es ist erst das Integral des Modulators zu rechnen. Das Integral hat eine Tiefpasswirkung. Der Phasenhub wird also bei der Frequenzmodulation mit zunehmender Frequenz des Modulators geringer. Umgekehrt wird der Frequenzhub bei der Phasenmodulation mit niedriger werdender Modulatorfrequenz immer geringer.

Bei typischen analogen Oszillatoren mit RC- oder LC-Gliedern treten Differentialgleichungen auf, in denen z. B. Ströme integriert werden. Folglich kommt es mit einfachsten Mitteln immer zu einer Frequenzmodulation. Eine Veränderung der Stellgröße ändert dabei kontrolliert die Frequenz und erst mittelbar die Phase. Eine Phasenmodulation ist dagegen analog sehr schwierig, da meistens kein direkter Zugriff auf die Phasenfunktion möglich ist. Bei digitalen Oszillatoren ist beides in einfacher Weise möglich, denn es besteht direkter Zugriff auf den Phasenzeiger.

Modulationsgewinn, rauschbegrenzte Empfindlichkeit
Gegenüber einer Amplitudendemodulation (AM) hat ein FM-Demodulator einen Modulationsgewinn – er bewertet das Rauschen weniger stark als das Nutzsignal. Bei zu geringem Träger-Rausch-Verhältnis (CNR von engl. Carrier to Noise Ratio) verliert die FM diesen Modulationsgewinn.
Es treten durch Phasensprünge Fehler bei der Bestimmung der Momentanfrequenz auf, die sich in kurzen Nadelimpulsen im Signal äußern. Dieser Verlust des Modulationsgewinnes beginnt unterhalb von 12 dB CNR und führt unterhalb 5,5…9 dB CNR (FM-Schwelle) zu einer starken Verschlechterung des Empfanges.

Die "Fischchenbildung" beim analogen SAT-Empfang ist z. B. auf dieses Problem zurückzuführen.

Anwendung der Frequenzmodulation

Funktechnik
FM ermöglicht eine qualitativ gute, störungsarme drahtlose Übertragung von Hörfunkprogrammen.
Sie wird auch für den Fernsehton und oft auch beim Sprechfunk genutzt.
Während bei AM auch durch einen schmalbandigen Filter das Signal nicht ganz vom Rauschen getrennt werden kann, ist es beim FM-Empfänger trotz des breitbandigen Filters möglich, die Qualität wesentlich zu verbessern:
 der Demodulator (Ratiodetektor, Koinzidenzdemodulator, PLL-Demodulator) wird kaum durch Amplitudenschwankungen beeinflusst
 Amplitudenschwankungen werden zusätzlich durch eine Signalbegrenzung (Begrenzerverstärker) reduziert
 die Sendeleistung ist konstant hoch
 Frequenzgangfehler bei der Demodulation ergeben nur geringe nichtlineare Verzerrungen
 Gleichkanalstörungen – also im gleichen Frequenzbereich – erzeugen geringere NF-Störungen als bei Verwendung von AM
 Schwunderscheinungen haben kaum Einfluss – die Empfangsfeldstärke darf schwanken

Durch die erste Anwendung der FM beim UKW-Hörfunk kam es vor allem im englischsprachigen Bereich zur technisch unkorrekten Gleichsetzung der Begriffe FM und UKW und zur entsprechenden Kennzeichnung auf den Rundfunkgeräten.

Audio/Video-Technik
Das Videosignal und der Ton bei Videorekordern ist frequenzmoduliert aufgezeichnet.
Analoges Satelliten-TV wird ebenfalls frequenzmoduliert.

Messtechnik
Durch periodische Änderung der Frequenz eines Messgenerators (Wobbelgenerator) innerhalb eines bestimmten Bereiches kann die Durchlasskennlinie einer elektrischen Baugruppe (z. B. Bandpass) oder eines ganzen Systems bestimmt werden. Dabei wird der Amplitudengang als Funktion der Frequenz aufgetragen. Dieser Vorgang wird auch als Wobbeln bezeichnet.

Fernsehtechnik
Der Tonkanal wird bei analogen Fernsehsendern immer auf einem eigenen Träger frequenzmoduliert übertragen. Die Trägerfrequenz liegt 5,5 MHz (CCIR) bzw. 6,5 MHz (OIRT) neben der Bildträgerfrequenz. Im Empfänger wird die Differenzfrequenz durch Mischung von Bild- und Tonträgerfrequenz gewonnen und nach Filterung wie beim UKW-Empfang demoduliert. Die Fernsehnorm SECAM verwendet FM zur Übertragung der Farbinformation.

FM-Anlage für schwerhörige Menschen
Zur Tonübertragung von Rundfunk- und Fernsehton sowie in Schulklassen und Konferenzräumen werden spezielle FM-Tonübertragungsanlagen für schwerhörige Menschen verwendet.

Digitaltechnik
Durch Frequenzumtastung und ähnliche Verfahren können binäre Informationen kodiert und über größere Strecken (zum Beispiel über Telefonleitungen) übertragen werden.

Drucktechnik
Frequenzmodulierte Rasterung: Rasterverfahren, das mit sehr kleinen Bildpunkten gleicher Größe arbeitet. Die Bildwiedergabe wird durch unterschiedlich dichte Streuung der Punkte erreicht. Lichte Bildstellen haben wenig Bildpunkte, tiefe Bildstellen mehr. Im Gegensatz dazu steuert das klassische amplitudenmodulierte Raster die Bildwiedergabe durch Variation der Punktgrößen und Rasterwinkel. FM-Raster ermöglichen eine fotorealistische Halbtonwiedergabe und eine detailreichere Wiedergabe, selbst auf Druckern mit geringer Auflösung. Moiré-Effekte werden vermieden. Auch die Auflösung der Vorlagen kann bei vergleichbarer Ausdruckqualität niedriger sein als bei amplitudenmodulierten Rastern. Ein "unruhiges" Bild kann in glatten Flächen, homogenen Rasterflächen oder Verläufen entstehen.

Elektronische Musik
Hauptartikel: FM-Synthese

Frequenzmodulation (FM) ermöglichte schon bei den frühesten analogen Modular-Synthesizern (um 1960) die Erzeugung recht komplexer Klänge. Beim Umstellen auf Digitaltechnik erkannte man, dass es viel günstiger ist, Phasenmodulation (PM) zu verwenden. Das führt zu einem erheblichen klanglichen Unterschied: ein Grund dafür wurde oben schon genannt – es ist der mit steigender Modulatorfrequenz bei FM schwindende Phasenhub, der dagegen bei PM konstant bleibt. Bei PM bleibt also die Stärke der Partialtöne auch bei Änderung der Modulatorfrequenz konstant, das vereinfacht die Handhabung. Die bei FM schwer zu kontrollierenden Frequenzabweichungen treten bei PM nicht auf, da kein direkter Zugriff auf die Frequenz erfolgt. Das macht die Programmierung von Klängen mittels PM verglichen mit FM für den Musiker wesentlich einfacher. Allerdings wird ein mittels PM erzeugtes Vibrato mit sinkender Frequenz schwächer.

Nur aus historischen Gründen wurde die Bezeichnung FM weiterhin verwendet, z. B. bei den Geräten der Firma Yamaha (DX7 usw.).

Frequenzmodulationen in der Akustik
Frequenzmodulation bestimmt oft den Charakter von Klangkörpern und Musikinstrumenten.
Bei Lautsprechern ist sie dagegen unerwünscht.

Klangkörper
Klangkörper, die eine ausgedehnte Fläche haben (z. B. Glocken, Gongs, Röhren, Platten, Bleche), führen oft frequenzmodulierte Eigenschwingungen aus:

Ein Metallblech hat eine gewisse Steifheit, die es dem Versuch, es zu verbiegen, entgegensetzt. Durch Wellenform kann diese Steifheit in einer Richtung vergrößert werden (Wellblech).

Breitet sich eine Biegewelle über ein ebenes Blech aus, entstehen und verschwinden solche Wellen-Strukturen periodisch. Eine senkrecht dazu verlaufende höherfrequente Welle einer (weiteren) Eigenschwingung findet nun genau in diesem Rhythmus ein steiferes oder weicheres Medium vor; die Frequenz dieser Eigenschwingung wird somit aufgrund der daraus resultierenden unterschiedlichen Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit im Rhythmus der Biegewelle moduliert.

Ein Beispiel, an welchem sich dies sowohl statisch als auch dynamisch demonstrieren lässt, ist ein von Hand variabel verbogenes Band aus Federstahl (z. B. ein großes Sägeblatt), welches dabei angeschlagen wird.

Musikinstrumente
Saiten von Saiteninstrumenten werden frequenzmoduliert, indem man ihre Länge oder ihre Spannung ändert. Ersteres wird beim Vibrato und dem Glissando bei Streichinstrumenten und auch der Sitar angewendet, letzteres ebenfalls bei der Sitar, besonders aber bei Gitarren. Die Saitenspannung wird verändert, indem sie auf dem Griffbrett zur Seite gezogen werden oder indem bei elektrischen Gitarren der Saitenhalter bewegt wird (siehe hierzu Tremolo (Gitarre)).

Saiten besitzen darüber hinaus eine amplitudenabhängige Eigenfrequenz, die besonders bei darmbespannten Violinen und Saiteninstrumenten mit geringer Saitenspannung bzw. großer Schwingungsamplitude klanglich zum Tragen kommt.

Unter anderem bei Flöten ist die Tonfrequenz vom Anblasdruck abhängig; dadurch kann ebenfalls eine Frequenzmodulation erzeugt werden, welche allerdings zusätzlich eine Amplitudenmodulation (Tremolo) aufweist.

Lautsprecher
Frequenzmodulation kommt bei Lautsprechern vor, die zugleich hohe Frequenzen und tiefe Frequenzen mit hoher Amplitude wiedergeben; eine Frequenzmodulation der hohen Frequenzen entsteht hierbei durch die sich im Rhythmus der tiefen Frequenz auf den Hörer zu- und wegbewegende Membran (Dopplereffekt). Der Effekt ist unerwünscht und kann durch Zwei- oder Mehrwegeboxen oder durch einen Lautsprecher mit großem Membrandurchmesser vermieden werden.

Kurzbezeichnung von FM-Arten
 F1 – Frequenzmodulation; ein einziger Kanal, der quantisierte oder digitale Information enthält (ohne Verwendung eines modulierenden Hilfsträgers)
 F2 – Frequenzmodulation; ein einziger Kanal, der quantisierte oder digitale Information enthält (unter Verwendung eines modulierenden Hilfsträgers)
 F3 – Frequenzmodulation; ein einziger Kanal, der analoge Information enthält

Literatur
 Jürgen Detlefsen, Uwe Siart: Grundlagen der Hochfrequenztechnik. 2. Auflage, Oldenbourg Verlag, München Wien, 2006, ISBN 3-486-57866-9
 Gregor Häberle, Heinz Häberle, Thomas Kleiber: Fachkunde Radio-, Fernseh- und Funkelektronik. 3. Auflage, Verlag Europa-Lehrmittel, Haan-Gruiten, 1996, ISBN 3-8085-3263-7
 Curt Rint: Handbuch für Hochfrequenz- und Elektro-Techniker Band 2. 13. Auflage, Hüthig und Pflaum Verlag GmbH, Heidelberg, 1981, ISBN 3-7785-0699-4

Weblinks

 Modulationsverfahren zur Sprachübertragung – PDF (186 kB)
 Modulationsverfahren – PDF (328 kB)
 Frequenzmodulation – PDF (827 kB)
 Modulation und Rauschen – PDF (642 kB)
 FM-Demodulation – PDF (708 kB)
 Digitale und Analoge Modulationsverfahren – PDF (282 kB)

Einzelnachweise

Funkmodulation

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: How can i integrate chat feature in my Angular4 application? I want to integrate chatting feature in Angular4 application with text message, smilies, attachment sharing, group chat etc.
Chatting between the users of my application. Users list is available from my database. Want to do chat among them.
Is there any open source frameworks for this?
Please assist

A: You can achieve that by Integrating Web Sockets, Node & Angular

WebSockets is a protocol that provides a bi-directional communication channel. This means that a browser and web server can maintain real-time comms, sending messages back and forth while the connection is open.

here's a full article (tutorial) about how you can create a realtime chat application using node, socket and angular with a working demo: https://medium.com/dailyjs/real-time-apps-with-typescript-integrating-web-sockets-node-angular-e2b57cbd1ec1
of course you can customize the chat by adding icons and attach files ...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
class CreateTreeNode < ActiveRecord::Migration
  def change
    create_table :tree_nodes do |t|
      t.ltree :path
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Beer revolution hits Israel
December 7, 2009, 3:35 pm 0 Edit
TEL AVIV — David Cohen doesn't think Goldstar beer is bad — especially for a macro-brewed, industrial label that is Israel's most popular.
But Cohen's beer of choice comes from The Dancing Camel, the brewing company he started in 2006 at an old grain storage facility in an industrial area of Tel Aviv.
His beers have a distinctively Israeli flavor about them. There's the Carobbean Stout, brewed with the ubiquitous Mediterranean carob; the Six-Thirteen Pomegranate Ale, released for the High Holidays (613 is the number of mitzvahs cited in the Torah); the Golem, a high-alcohol content beer; the Gordon Beach Blond, named for one of Tel Aviv's beaches and spiced with rosemary and local mint; and the 'Trog Wit, brewed after Sukkot and using etrogs.
"It's a fun fruit to work with," Cohen said of the brew, which contains a walnut-sized piece of etrog in every bottle.
A former accountant and New Jersey native, Cohen is one of a growing number of micro-brewers in Israel. Aside from the Dancing Camel, which produces about 7,500 liters of beer per month, there's Haifa's LiBira brewery, the Golan Brewery in the Golan Heights, Canaan Beer from Ma'ale Adumim, in the West Bank, and Malka Beer in the western Galilee — not to mention home breweries throughout the country.
Israeli beer experts say the Jewish state is going through something of a beer awakening. While the average Israeli consumes only 13 liters of beer per year — compared to an estimated 85 liters annually for Americans — beer consumption is growing.
Shachar Hertz, owner of Beer Master, which organizes beer-related events in Israel for beer aficionados, brewers and importers, projects a 50 percent growth in Israeli beer consumption over the coming decade. Hertz and others say beer is following the model of wine in Israel, where the development of unique, local wines fueled significant growth in wine consumption over the past decade. Now it's happening to beer, thanks in part to microbreweries.
"The revolution started exactly as in the wine industry," said Guy Zuckerman, alcohol category manager at Tempo Beverages, which brews Israel's two national beer labels, Goldstar and Maccabee.
Overall, Goldstar remains Israel's beer leader, with 27 percent of market share, according to Zuckerman. Carlsberg is the country's second favorite brand at 19 percent, followed by Maccabee at 13 percent and Heineken at 11 percent.
The emergence of the neighborhood pub over the past few years in urban centers such as Tel Aviv, Haifa and Jerusalem has helped fuel beer consumption, Zuckerman said.
"People moved to these cool, quiet neighborhood bars and drink beer," he said.
The increased interest in hand-crafted brews has benefited Israel's major beer players by promoting beer consumption generally. Tempo even sponsors and mentors some home brewers, and the company runs a competition for them.
A variety of microbrewers showed up at a beer festival held in early October at Kibbutz Ma'abarot's House of Wine.
One was Denny Neilson, an American expatriate who runs a shop for home brewers in the Jerusalem suburb of Mevasseret Zion called The Winemaker. The house line of beers, available in 10 varieties, is called Isra-Ale. It carried top honors at the Ma'abarot festival. Neilson also teaches classes on brewing.
Neilson said one of his main challenges in setting up shop was dealing with the bureaucratic processes he needed to acquire the proper permits. Most home brewers don't bother with permits, he said, making 19-liter batches in their kitchens.
For the time being, microbrews remain a boutique item in Israel. Since they are not pasteurized, they don't travel or store well and tend to be available only at upscale alcohol shops, bars and restaurants.
But it may be only a matter of time before the microbrews go mainstream.
"Eventually," Zuckerman said, "the know-how will catch up."


text:
Trade With Cuba
We work so that your investm
are profitable for boht parties
We work so that your investments
First International Forum Agro industrial -2022
Visit to GEODESIA of GEOCUBA group
Meeting with Pharmaceutical Industry
Visit to GEOCUBA Scientific technical unit. Research and consulting.
Meeting with the core of the Construction
Presentation of Health Services of Chamber of Commerce of Bahamas
Meeting with the GELECT group
Meeting with GEGAN
See the whole Diary
Food Agroindustry Section reviews the work of 2021 and projects actions for the coming year
As part of the assembly process carried out by the Chamber of Commerce and chaired by Antonio Luis Carricarte Corona, its president, the Balance of the Food Agroindustry Section took place this afternoon, that had as central axis the presentation and discussion of the main actions carried out in the year 2021 and the good practices in the work of the Cluster from the experience of the Agricultural Business Group and Labiofam.
The process Assembly of Chamber of Commerce of Holguin Delegation begins
3 de December de 2021
This Wednesday afternoon, Rubén Ramos Arrieta Vice- president of the Chamber of Commerce of the Republic of Cuba chaired the Territorial Assembly of Holguin- Las Tunas Delegation that was held with the satisfactory results in terms of the active participation of companies representative associates of all sectors in the territory and University of Holguin.
A broader, more diverse and innovative Portfolio of Foreign Investment Opportunities
A portfolio articulated with the economic and social development strategy and in tune with the transformations to promote the country's progress was presented during the second day of the II Cuba 2021 Business Forum.
Cuba-Venezuela Bilateral Business Forum
In the context of the Second edition of the Cuba 2021 Business Forum, it was held today the Cuba-Venezuela Bilateral Business Forum, an event chaired by the Venezuelan side for Rander Peña, Vice minister of the Ministry of Popular Power for Foreign Relations; Pilar Fernández, president of the Venezuela-Cuba Binational Chamber, and Guillermo Lara, President of the Foreign Trade Bank (BANCOEX). For the Cuban side chaired Roberto López, Vice minister of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Foreign Investment and Antonio Carricarte, President of the Chamber of Commerce of Cuba.
Business Guide and Cuban Observatory of Economic Sciences were launched
8 de October de 2021
Within the framework of the 2021 Cuba Economic-Productive Conference, the Cuban Observatory of Economic Sciences and the Cuban Business Guide from the Chamber of Commerce of the Republic were submitted this Thursday.
Fevexpo: un paso cubano en el metaverso
22 de September de 2021
Fevexpo es una plataforma destinada a la planificación, ejecución y seguimiento de eventos virtuales. En esta primera etapa nos hemos enfocado en las ferias, pero puede responder a cualquier tipo de evento. Está pensada como Software como Servicio, lo cual evita al cliente que tenga que desarrollarla, desplegarla o subcontratar una tecnología de infraestructura para usarla», aseguró el directivo de Desoft.
Global action plan to enable a post-pandemic recovery "urgently needed", warns global business body
In a statement issued ahead of this week's meeting of G20 Finance Ministers, ICC Secretary General John W.H. Denton AO said: "The finance ministers of the world's richest economies are taking a huge gamble with their domestic economic fortunes if they fail to take concerted action to vaccinate the world. As demand rebounds in many western economies, we're already seeing damaging supply shortages in many important sectors – stunting growth and fueling a worrying spike in domestic inflation.
Claudia Salomon becomes President of ICC Court
Ms Salomon, who takes the reins from former ICC Court President Alexis Mourre, was formally elected on 11 June by ICC's supreme governing body, the World Council. Ms Salomon is supported in her role by the ICC Court – comprising 195 members from 121 countries and including 17 Vice-Presidents – which begins its 2021-2024 mandate under Ms Salomon's leadership today. The new ICC Court includes 68 new members and 12 new Vice-Presidents also elected during the World Council meeting of 11 June.
Soberana
The efficacy of Soberana 02, in its two doses, is 62%, and exceeds the requirements of the World Health Organization (WHO) for a vaccine candidate against Covid-19 to become a vaccine, which is 50%. However, the efficacy of the combination of the two doses of Soberana 02 with one of Soberana Plus, the formulation led by the Finlay Institute of Vaccines (IFV) together with other Cuban scientific institutions, is still to be known, and its results, which will logically be superior, will be available soon.
Commercial relations between Cuba and Egypt are intensifying
The president of the Chamber of Commerce of Cuba, Antonio Carricarte Corona received the Hon. Mr. Maher El-Adawy, Ambassador of the Arab Republic of Egypt in Cuba.
Cuba in Argentina 4th edition
The first working session of the 4th edition of Cuba in Argentina was held today, which was organized by the Cuban Chamber of Commerce, the Argentine Pyme Chamber and the Cuban Embassy. The meeting was presided by: Rubén Ramos, vice president of the Cuban chamber; Juan Amato, president of the Argentine chamber, and the ambassadors of both countries: Hon. Ambassador of Cuba in Argentina, Pedro Pablo Prada and Hon. Ambassador of Argentina in Cuba, Luis Alfredo Ilarregui.
The Associates of the Chamber of Commerce
The associates of the Chamber of Commerce of the Republic of Cuba, both in person and through internet, held their General Assembly last May 20 to analyze what has happened from 2019 to date, as the meeting corresponding to 2020 was not held due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Online business forum for the Health and Biotechnology Cuba-Mongolia
Online business forum for the health and biotechnology sector organized by the Chamber of Commerce of the Republic of Cuba and the National Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Mongolia with the aim of strengthen trade and foreign investment relationships and identify the opportunities for cooperation between both countries in the health and biotechnology sector.
Online Business Forum Cuba-Bulgaria
On the morning of Tuesday, February 11, 2021 was held the online Business Forum organized by the Cuban Chamber of Commerce and the Polish Chamber of Commerce. The vice president of the Cuban Chamber of Commerce Rubén Ramos Arrieta had the opportunity to greet and exchange with Mr. Andrzej Arendarski, president of the Polish Chamber of Commerce.
US blockade affects Cuban foreign trade
The measures related to the United States blockade against Cuba have had a negative impact on the Caribbean island's foreign trade and foreign investment, First Deputy Minister of Foreign Trade and Foreign Investment Ana Teresita Gonzalez stated on Wednesday.
ALBA-TCP recognizes Raul's dedication
The Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America-People's Trade Agreement (ALBA-TCP) paid tribute to Army General Raúl Castro Ruz, as he concluded his work as first secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba Central Committee.
April brings another victory
During these days, when the Bay of Pigs and the 60th anniversary of Fidel's proclamation of the socialist character of the Cuban Revolution, cannot be forgotten, April brings another victory
Presided by Army General Raúl Castro Ruz and José Ramón Machado Ventura, first and second secretaries of the Party Central Committee, respectively, the third day of Congress sessions took place today
The Central Report was presented on April 16, during the first day of the 8th Congress. Presided by Army General Raúl Castro Ruz and José Ramón Machado Ventura, first and second secretaries of the Central Committee of the Party, respectively, in addition to Political Bureau members Miguel Díaz-Canel Bermúdez, President of the Republic, and Esteban Lazo Hernández, President of the National Assembly of People's Power, the third day of Congress sessions took place today.
Central Report Resolution approved by Eighth Party Congress
Presided by Army General Raúl Castro Ruz and José Ramón Machado Ventura, first and second secretaries of the Central Committee of the Party, respectively, in addition to Political Bureau members Miguel Díaz-Canel Bermúdez, President of the Republic, and Esteban Lazo Hernández, President of the National Assembly of People's Power, the third day of Congress sessions took place today.
Forum organized by the Chamber of Commerce of Cuba and the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Bulgaria
8 de April de 2021
Held today Online Business Forum organized by the Chamber of Commerce of Cuba and the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Bulgaria. The vice president of the Cuban Chamber of Commerce Rubén Ramos Arrieta had the opportunity to greet and exchange with Mr. Tsvetan Simeonov, president of the Bulgarian Chamber of Commerce and Industry.
The Cuba and Germany Business Forum: "Possibilities for Cooperation in the Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutical Sector will take place in virtual format."
Ukrainian media discuss possibility of registering Cuban vaccines against coronavirus.
Kiev, March 26, 2021 - Channel Ukraina 24 broadcast a debate about the vaccination process in Ukraine, following the worsening situation with the coronavirus. The Minister of Health, Maxim Stepanov, was attend the meeting.
Buena Fe music group premieres song devoted to Cuban scientists
The premiere of the theme 'La fuerza de un pais' (The Strength of a Country), a tribute to scientists by the Buena Fe music group, took place on Tuesday 23, on Havana Radio Station at 7:00 p.m. local time.
The Chamber of Commerce of Cuba and the Colon Free Zone (CFZ) strengthen Institutional relations
On March 11th, a virtual meeting was held between Mr. Geovani Ferrari, General manager of the CFZ and Dr. Celia Labora Rodríguez, Director of the International Relations Division of the Cuban institution, accompanied by Rosario Ferrer, commercial Vicepresident of the Corporation CIMEX SA
International launch of the VUINEX IT system
From its conception, VUINEX is designed to work on a computer platform, which allows procedures to be carried out virtually, using the benefits of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), as part of the computerization strategy of the country.
Cuba to attend the Latin American Forum on Sustainable Development
Havana, Mar 15 (Prensa Latina) Cuba will be represented at the 4th Forum of Latin America and the Caribbean countries on Sustainable Development, which will be held virtually from Monday 15 to Wednesday 18, an official source reported.
Simply Cuba
Cuba is today making headlines in international media with our five candidate vaccines, a real feat accomplished with no other motivation than to defeat the pandemic, because of an indisputable truth
One year later, we are still alive and intent on winning
One year later, here we are, with a wealth of experience gained, an unparalleled history of solidarity in confronting the health catastrophe around the planet, five candidate vaccines of our own, and a people, a Party and a government, united in our determination to achieve a supreme objective: guarantee life
Cuba-Turkey Business Forum
The Chamber of Commerce of the Republic of Cuba celebrated, the Cuba-Turkey Business Forum to consolidate trade and investment relations between the two countries in strategic sectors
Cuba and Venezuela sign bilateral agreement for food production
The ministries of Agriculture of Cuba and Venezuela yesterday signed, in Havana, an agreement to promote bilateral development in food production from cooperation in the livestock, fish, cereal, legume, tubers and planting areas.
INDER on its 60th anniversary
Congratulations to coaches, athletes, and workers on the 60th anniversary of the founding of INDER
INFORMATIVE NOTE OF THE MINISTRY OF CULTURE. FOR MARTÍ! LONG LIVE CUBA FREE!
The Ministry of Culture of Cuba and its system of cultural institutions has decided to support this February 24 the call of our patriotic artists to take over cultural spaces
Annual work balance of the Chamber of Commerce
The Chamber of Commerce of the Republic of Cuba celebrated its annual work balance on February 15 with the objective of analyzing the results of 2020
GS1 Cuba


卓 is the 1939th most frequent character.
卓 has 2 dictionary entries.
卓 appears as a character in 12 words.
卓 appears as a component in 9 characters.
資 is the 257th most frequent character.
資 has 1 dictionary entry.
資 appears as a character in 58 words.
資 appears as a component in 1 character.
Pronunciation clue for 資 (zi1): The component 次 is pronounced as 'ci4'. It has the same pinyin final.


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