Cassandra Trezise is a vibrant, game-changing , mum and entrepreneur. Her zest for life and positive attitude is contagious and she would love nothing more than for you to feel incredible. Throughout her life Cassandra has always had goals and big dreams. Her previous career in the travel industry saw her reach desired milestones but after sitting comfortably in the "dream job" for 5 years and having lost her sense of self in the vortex of parenthood ( 3 little baby boys later ), Cassandra realized life needed to change. A fire was lit and curiosity set in. She wanted to step out of the stigma of mum / wife and to challenge the ideals of "having it all". She wanted it all, the money, the time, and the confidence. The balance of a rewarding & creative career without losing the precious time with her family & friends. September 2017 me 11 After finding her passion as a Wellness & Lifestyle Ambassador 4 years ago, Cassandra shares her personal experiences and journey. Challenging the stigma of alternative health & wellness being for "stinky hippes" she does her life green and with style !! Her passion is to empower women to change the way they think about themselves, take them out of their comfort zone and prove that there is more than one way to do anything. She encourages healthy thoughtful living for all members of the family. Most mornings she wakes up and pinches herself as to how incredible her life is, but Cassandra is also acutely aware and honest about the bumps and tumbles along the way. In between being an entrepreneur & social butterfly, Cassandra is mum to 3 small boys and husband to Clint and would not have life any other way.


"Free" two-day shipping is starting to look like less of an incredible deal: During a call with investors, Amazon announced it is raising the price of a Prime membership to $119 annually. The cost of a student membership will increase $10, to $59 per year. The changes will go into effect on May 11 for new members, and on June 16 for existing members.
Last week, Jeff Bezos revealed that Amazon Prime has over 100 million members: This means the price hike could mean as much as an extra $2 billion dollars for the company every year.
This is the second big price hike Amazon has introduced since launching Prime in 2005, at $79 per year. The upcoming $20 jump corresponds with the increase that occurred in 2014, when the cost rose to $99 per year. This January, Amazon raised the price of a monthly Prime membership from $10.99 to $12.99. The annual membership is still a more appealing option than the monthly, which would add up to $155.88 a year. Still, if Amazon continues increasing its annual membership by 20% every few years, this gap could be closing.
I only got prime for the free 2day shipping, but nothing comes in only 2 days. Cant justify the cost increase. I'm out.
The company has attributed continuing increases to the cost of new services provided to Prime members, which have far surpassed the original two-day shipping deal. Among the over 25 benefits listed on Amazon's "About Prime" page are unlimited streaming of Prime Video, which includes Amazon originals, and Prime Music. That's not to mention access to Prime Day, which has become the Black Friday of the summertime.
Still, it's sad to see Prime's membership fee go above $100. The additional $20 per year is money you could have put towards a new inflatable T-Rex costume or a second emoji gumball machine.


text:
Q: perform math on multiple SELECT results in SQL Similar to this question How does one perform math on multiple SELECT results?
Cant make mine work.
I want to determine the % of Shipments that are were sent on time.
To do so, I know I have to:
1) Select the total shipments sent.
Select COUNT(*) AS TotalShipments From tbl_LISC

2) Select the total shipments sent OnTime
Select COUNT(*) AS TotalOnTime From tbl_LISC WHERE tbl_LISC.LISC = 100

3) Divide the 2 results and multiply by 100 ( (TotalOnTime/TotalShipments)*100 )
Following the answer of the thread as an example I tried
SELECT TotalShipped, TotalOnTime, TotalShipped/TotalOnTime as LISC
FROM (SELECT COUNT(Select *From tbl_LISC) AS TotalShipped,
             COUNT(*) as TotalOnTime
          FROM tbl_LISC
          WHERE LISC = 0)

A: Your real problem is integer versus floating point math. When both numbers of the expression are integers, the result will also be an integer:
select 2/3 -- 0

So, in order to preserve decimal precision, simply make one of the numbers in the expression a decimal/float value:
select 2.0/3 -- 0.666666

So, try this on for size:
select
 sum(iif(tbl_LISC.LISC = 100, 1, 0)) as OnTime
,count(*) as Total
,sum(iif(tbl_LISC.LISC = 100, 1.0, 0.0)) / nullif(count(*), 0) as Percentage
from tbl_LISC as l

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Sea view & tasty foodGreat food and views at a great price!
A lovely location overlooking the Gulf of Thailand. The food is very good! The staff are excellent. I would definitely do it again.
Staff is friendly and food comes quickly. The pizza was really good! Nice view to the ocean. Will come back here if I travel to Hua Hin again.
Table on a wooden deck, with a sea breeze and nice view.
Very nice place in the terrace, we try the "Paella" with seafood it was just excellent! The service is very good, we'll be back for try another food.
Returned to Hua Hin and our favourite restaurant. As good as ever. If in Hua Hin you must visit this restaurant.
Had a very nice sundowner at the La Terrasse - had NO food. Delicious Caipirinha, fair price, nice and relaxing location.
How much are main courses?
About 10 €. Pretty expensive for a thai restaurant.


Reality series The Ridges follows the lives of socialite and interior designer Sally Ridge and her daughter Jaime. Sally and 19-year-old Jaime face the challenge of moving into and renovating a rundown 13 bedroom Auckland villa. Meanwhile Jaime trains hard for a charity boxing match with another reality TV personality, Rosanna Arkle from The GC. The six-part series ran on TV3 for one season. The first episode features the much remembered moment where Sally and Jaime encountered a mouse. Jaime was the only one of her three siblings to feature in the show.


text:
Samantha Langley Turnbaugh, PhD
Vice Provost for Graduate Education,
Research & Outreach,
Dr. Samantha Langley-Turnbaugh currently serves as Vice Provost for Graduate Education, Research and Outreach at Northern Kentucky University.
As vice provost, Dr. Langley-Turnbaugh is instrumental in the implementation of the NKU strategic plan, including overseeing transformational initiatives across the university and the region. She leads the Office of Graduate Education, the Office of Research, Grants, and Contracts, the Institute for Student Research and Creative Activity, the Scripps Howard Center for Civic Engagement, and the Center for Environmental Restoration. She also leads NKU's on-line education efforts and chairs the NKU Research Foundation, which promotes the development, implementation, and coordination of externally sponsored and foundation-supported programs involving research, instruction, and public service.
Prior to joining NKU, Dr. Langley-Turnbaugh was associate provost for research and graduate education at the University of Southern Maine. Prior to her role as associate provost, she was a professor of environmental science and chair of the Department of Environmental Science. She has a PhD in Forest Soils from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, an MS in Soil Science from the University of New Hampshire, and a BS in Forest Engineering from the University of Maine.
Robert Beitle
Emma Fernandez-Repollet
Kenira Thompson
Sandra Pedraza
David Gulley
Kaitlyn Crobar
Takita Sumter
Chris Gesswein
Godwin Mbamalu
Wesley Gray
Patrick Reed
James Zanewicz
Almesha Campbell
Allyson Best
Kevin W. Sexton
Cynthia Sides
Amy Melton
Bruce Schulte
Samantha Langley Turnbaugh
Robert Pervine
Darlene Allen
Tom Martin
Jessica Sharon
Ian McClure
Erienne Olesh

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Users alpha test the Climate Data Store toolbox
The Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) was organising a two-day workshop on 7-8 November in Reading for Alpha testing the Climate Data Store (CDS) Toolbox. The Toolbox is an important component of the cloud-based Climate Data Store that is currently being developed by the Copernicus Climate Change Service.
The purpose of this workshop was to introduce the alpha-release of the Toolbox to a selected group of users who are willing to provide constructive feedback to the developers. The feedback will be used to finalise the first release and to guide implementation of future features.
The Toolbox has been designed to make it easy for users to create workflows and interactive web applications. Applications are made available to users via the web portal, allowing them to perform computations on the data and products in the CDS and to visualise and/or download their results.
The CDS is designed to meet the needs of different users, including developers, expert users and a wide range of other users, who can interact with the CDS at different levels.
Users can enter the CDS infrastructure through the web portal to browse and process data and products provided by data suppliers. All content is freely available and the data can be easily displayed in graphical form. The web portal allows users to perform data retrievals, invoke tools from the toolbox and visualise or download the results. As the Climate Data Store provides information about the past, present and future climate in terms of Essential Climate Variables (ECVs), climate analyses, projections and indicators at different temporal and spatial scales, it functions as a one-stop shop for users to explore climate data.
The toolbox provides advanced data analysis functions that operate on the content and can be parameterised by the user through workflows. For instance, users can select a geographical area of interest to gain access to all kinds of data from the store through the combination of different applications. The search facility can be used to search across news articles, the product catalogue and the toolbox in one single go.
User engagement has been key to the development of both the CDS infrastructure and the toolbox. The cloud-based infrastructure will continuously be further developed to cater for changing user requirements. As users of the climate and weather services are already familiar with the scientific libraries used in the toolbox that provide the necessary algorithms to perform the data manipulation and back-end it will be easier for them to contribute to its development.
More information about the Climate Data Store and its Toolbox is available from the Spring 2017 issue of the ECMWF Newsletter No.151.
Watch also our short video about how it happened.


text:
\section{Introduction}
\setcounter{equation}{0}
\renewcommand{\theequation}{1.\arabic{equation}}

When in a first-order phase transition a thermodynamic phase turns
metastable, it may remain stuck
for long in a state of apparent equilibrium until a favorable fluctuation
triggers the formation of the truly stable phase. Nucleation concerns the
early stages of the phase transformation, which initially occurs as
an activated process~\cite{Kashchiev}. Despite many attempts to
formulate a quantitatively accurate theory of homogeneous nucleation,
the important problem of relating the nucleation rate (the main
experimentally accessible quantity) to the microscopic features of the
system still remains open. A less ambitious program is
to find a simple statistical model where a number of nucleation-related
issues can find at least a partial answer. In a pair of recent
papers~\cite{Prestipino1,Prestipino2}, we focused on a mesoscopic scale
model of this sort, in the form of a field theory in the surface of the
nucleating cluster. While the classical nucleation theory (CNT) envisages
the cluster surface as sharp and spherical with the same interface
free energy as the bulk-coexistence interface, the cluster of our
theory can make excursions around a reference shape, with a cost expressed
in terms of the parameters of a Landau free energy. Within this theory, two
main results were obtained: i) The cluster formation energy shows, in
addition to Landau-type corrections reflecting the finite width of the cluster
interface~\cite{Fisher}, a term logarithmic in the cluster volume $V$,
with a numerical prefactor whose magnitude {\it and sign} are
only sensitive to the extent of interface anisotropy;
ii) The subleading corrections to the CNT free energy can so
much affect the steady-state nucleation rate that the customary way of
extracting the interface tension from it, based on the standard CNT
recipe may easily lead to wrong results.

Here we pose another question, and give a detailed answer still in terms
of our theory,
concerning the role of the {\it area} $A$ of the nucleation cluster.
A central assumption in CNT is that a single reaction coordinate
(the cluster size or volume) is sufficient to describe the nucleation cluster.
This is so frequently and commonly adopted
that it is not always appreciated
that such a hypothesis is actually only a convenient
approximation. To be sure, there exist many notable exceptions.
In Refs.\,\cite{Pan,Moroni,Trudu,Peters,Zykova-Timan,Lechner,Russo}
microscopic attempts were
described that go beyond a single reaction coordinate, with important
additional insights into the actual mechanism of nucleation.
In atomistic simulations in particular,
nucleation can be monitored by means of convenient order parameters
and the nucleation landscape can be
mapped out in terms of these variables. A general finding
is the extreme irregularity of cluster shapes which, generally far from
spherical, are neither compact nor necessarily one-phase
objects. However, atomistic studies are numerical in nature,
and therefore intrinsically system-specific.

In this paper, we base on a generic field theory description
a study of the modifications in the energetics of nucleation
when, besides the cluster volume, the surface area is introduced
as a reaction variable.
Notwithstanding the simpler and necessarily more abstract nature
of our approach compared with atomistic ones, we show that this
additional variable, the area, is in many cases irrelevant
for the nucleation process, but becomes important when
the activation barrier to nucleation is small.
The instantaneous and average surface area of the nucleus are
significantly larger than that of the sphere of same volume. Moreover,
the free-energy barrier corresponding to the nucleation process
is systematically underestimated if one considers only
the volume as
a reaction variable. We also provide a quantitative estimate of these effects
as a function of the model parameters, and inquire whether the standard
CNT procedure of extracting the interface free energy
from the logarithm of the nucleation rate is going to be affected by
an average cluster area larger than spherical.

The paper is organized as follows. In Sections II and III we briefly
recollect the features and main results of the field theory at the basis of
our calculations. Next, in Section IV we present data for the nucleation
landscape as a function of volume and area of the cluster. The dependence
of the critical size and the barrier height on the model parameters are
investigated in detail. In Section V, we address
the issue how to extract the
interface tension from the measured nucleation rate in the light of
our new results. Final remarks and conclusions are given in Section VI.

\section{Review of the model}
\setcounter{equation}{0}
\renewcommand{\theequation}{2.\arabic{equation}}

In Refs.\,\cite{Prestipino1,Prestipino2} we introduced a
model description of the free energy of a homogeneous nucleation
cluster as a function of the cluster volume $V$.
The theory goes beyond CNT, in that it allows for
fluctuations of the cluster surface $\Sigma$ around its mean shape.
Two cases were considered, both amenable to
analytic treatment.
A quasispherical cluster, corresponding to an isotropic interface, and a
cuboidal cluster, addressing the opposite limit
of strongly anisotropic interface tension.
We make use of the same theory here, to address the area dependence
of the cluster-free energy cost of a nearly-spherical cluster.

We first introduce the relevant thermodynamic framework,
slightly deviating from the notation used in \cite{Prestipino1,Prestipino2}.
Let the metastable and stable phases be called, respectively, 1 and
2 (for instance, supercooled liquid and solid close to melting).
If the basic variable, or reaction coordinate, is chosen to be the
volume $\cal V$ of the phase 2 cluster, then the
external control parameters are the temperature $T$,
the volume $V_{\rm tot}$ of the vessel, and the chemical potential $\mu$.
Let further $P_1$ and $P_2$ be the equilibrium
pressure values in the two infinite
phases for the given $T$ and $\mu$ values. For example, slightly below
the coexistence temperature $T_m$ and for $\mu=\mu_m$,
the chemical potential value at coexistence,
$\Delta P\equiv P_2-P_1$ is roughly equal to
$-L_m/(V_{\rm tot}T_m)\Delta T$, where $\Delta T=T-T_m$ and $L_m$ is
the heat of fusion. In a long-lived metastable 1 state not far from
coexistence, shape fluctuations of the 1-2 interface in a cluster of phase 2
occur with a weight proportional to the Boltzmann factor relative to a
coarse-grained Hamiltonian ${\cal H}[\Sigma]$ (here, a Landau grand
potential), given by
\begin{equation}
{\cal H}[\Sigma]=-P_1(V_{\rm tot}-{\cal V}[\Sigma])-P_2{\cal V}[\Sigma]+{\cal H}_s[\Sigma]\,,
\label{2-1}
\end{equation}
where ${\cal V}[\Sigma]$ is the cluster volume enclosed by $\Sigma$ and
${\cal H}_s[\Sigma]$ is the free-energy functional accounting for the cost
of the interface (note that, at this level of generality, it is not even
necessary that $\Sigma$ be a connected surface).

For the ${\cal H}_s[\Sigma]$ in Eq.\,(\ref{2-1}) we assume a Canham-Helfrich
form, containing spontaneous-curvature and bending-energy terms in
addition to interface tension, with parameters derived from a more
fundamental Landau free energy. In detail, denoting by $H$ the
mean curvature of the surface $\Sigma$ of the cluster, the interface
free-energy functional reads
\begin{equation}
{\cal H}_s[\Sigma]=\int_\Sigma{\rm d}S\,\left(\sigma_m-2\sigma_m\delta_m H+2\lambda H^2\right)\,,
\label{2-2}
\end{equation}
where the system-specific quantities $\sigma_m,\delta_m$, and
$\lambda$ would generally depend on the local surface orientation (see the
form of these coefficients in \cite{Prestipino2}).

As mentioned above, two limiting cases of Eq.\,(\ref{2-2}) can be studied
analytically, those of isotropic and of extremely anisotropic interfaces.
In the isotropic case, $\sigma_m,\delta_m$, and $\lambda$ are constant
parameters and the shape of the cluster is on average spherical. Although
the solid-liquid interface is notoriously anisotropic, in many cases (hard
spheres, Lennard-Jones fluid, etc.) the anisotropy is small enough to be
neglected as a first step. When deviations from sphericity
are small, the equation for $\Sigma$ can be expressed in spherical
coordinates as $R(\theta,\phi)=R_0[1+\epsilon(\theta,\phi)]$ with
$\epsilon(\theta,\phi)\ll 1$. Denoting by $x_{l,m}$ the Fourier coefficients
of $\epsilon(\theta,\phi)$ on the basis of real spherical harmonics, and
discarding terms of order higher than the second in these coefficients, the
functional ${\cal H}_s$ takes the explicit form~\cite{Prestipino2}:
\begin{eqnarray}
&& {\cal H}_s=4\pi\sigma_m R_0^2+\frac{\sigma_m R_0^2}{2}\sum_{l>0,m}(l^2+l+2)x_{l,m}^2-8\pi\sigma_m\delta_m R_0
\nonumber \\
&& -\sigma_m\delta_m R_0\sum_{l>0,m}l(l+1)x_{l,m}^2+8\pi\lambda+\frac{\lambda}{2}\sum_{l>1,m}l(l+1)(l-1)(l+2)x_{l,m}^2\,.
\label{2-3}
\end{eqnarray}

\section{Nucleation cluster of volume V and area A: the restricted grand potential}
\setcounter{equation}{0}
\renewcommand{\theequation}{3.\arabic{equation}}

The model described by Eqs.\,(\ref{2-1}) and (\ref{2-2}) assumes
that the relevant collective variable (CV) for describing the process is
the volume $V$ of the nascent cluster.
Under this assumption, the relevant thermodynamic potential is the restricted
grand potential for a predominantly $1$ system with an inclusion of phase 2 of
arbitrary shape but fixed volume $V$:
\begin{equation}
\Omega_{1+2}(V)=-\frac{1}{\beta}\ln\left\{a^3\int{\cal D}\Sigma\,\delta({\cal V}[\Sigma]-V)e^{-\beta{\cal H}[\Sigma]}\right\}\,,
\label{3-1}
\end{equation}
where, on the right-hand side, $\beta=(k_BT)^{-1}$. In Eq.\,(\ref{3-1}), $a$ is
a microscopic length and ${\cal D}\Sigma$ is a dimensionless integral
measure. For the same choice of eigenfunctions as in Eq.\,(\ref{2-3})
the integral measure reads~\cite{Prestipino2}
\begin{equation}
\int{\cal D}\Sigma=\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}\prod_{l>0,m}\left(\frac{S}{s}\,{\rm d}x_{l,m}\right)\int_0^{+\infty}\frac{{\rm d}R_0}{a}\,,
\label{3-2}
\end{equation}
where $S=(36\pi)^{1/3}V^{2/3}$ is the area of the spherical surface of
volume $V$ and $s=4\pi a^2$. We emphasize that, due to the existence
of a lower cutoff of $a$ on interparticle distances, a $l$ upper cutoff of
$l_{\rm max}=\sqrt{S}/a-1$ is implicit in Eq.\,(\ref{3-2}).
Hence, $V$ cannot take any values but only those related to
$l_{\rm max}$ via
\begin{equation}
(36\pi)^{1/3}V^{2/3}=S=(l_{\rm max}+1)^2a^2\,,\,\,\,\,\,\,l_{\rm max}=2,3,4,\ldots
\label{3-3}
\end{equation}

The grand potential of $1$ is
simply $\Omega_1=-P_1 V_{\rm tot}$, although a different but
equivalent expression is also possible, considering that, by its very
nature, phase 1 contains small clusters of phase 2 in its interior.
Denoting $V_{\rm max}$ the maximum volume an inclusion of 2
can have without altering the nature of 1, we can also write
\begin{equation}
\Omega_1=-\frac{1}{\beta}\ln\int_{{\cal V}[\Sigma]<V_{\rm max}}{\cal D}\Sigma\,e^{-\beta{\cal H}[\Sigma]}
\label{3-4}
\end{equation}
(the value of $V_{\rm max}$ is close above the critical volume $V^*$,
i.e., the volume in the transition state).

The grand-potential excess $\Delta\Omega(V)$, providing the
reversible/minimum work needed to form
a 2-phase inclusion of volume $V$ within 1, is evaluated as
\begin{eqnarray}
\Delta\Omega(V)\equiv\Omega_{1+2}(V)-\Omega_1 &=& (P_1-P_2)V-\frac{1}{\beta}\ln\left\{a^3\int{\cal D}\Sigma\,\delta({\cal V}[\Sigma]-V)e^{-\beta{\cal H}_s[\Sigma]}\right\}
\nonumber \\
&\equiv& -V\Delta P+F_s(V)\,,
\label{3-5}
\end{eqnarray}
$F_s(V)$ being the surface free energy. Equation (\ref{3-5}) resembles
the free-energy barrier of CNT, with the key difference that the CNT cost
for the surface is only the leading term in $F_s(V)$. Finally, there is a
simple relation between $\Delta\Omega(V)$ and the probability density of
volume, defined as
\begin{equation}
\rho(V)\equiv\frac{\int{\cal D}\Sigma\,\delta({\cal V}[\Sigma]-V)\exp\{-\beta{\cal H}[\Sigma]\}}{\int_{{\cal V}[\Sigma]<V_{\rm max}}{\cal D}\Sigma\,\exp\{-\beta{\cal H}[\Sigma]\}}\,.
\label{3-6}
\end{equation}
Using Eqs.\,(\ref{3-1}) and (\ref{3-4}), it promptly follows that
\begin{equation}
-\frac{1}{\beta}\ln\left\{\rho(V)a^3\right\}=\Delta\Omega(V)\,,
\label{3-7}
\end{equation}
which provides a way to calculate $\Delta\Omega$
numerically~\cite{tenWolde,Bowles,Maibaum}. Simulations show that,
unless $V$ is very small, an overwhelming fraction of 2 particles
is gathered in a single cluster, as indeed expected from the arguments in
\cite{tenWolde2}. A connected 2-phase inclusion within 1 is also a
leading assumption of the theory of Refs.\,\cite{Prestipino1,Prestipino2}.

With these stipulations,
the free-energy cost of cluster formation for large $V$ turns out to be
\begin{equation}
\Delta\Omega(V)=-V\Delta P+\widetilde{A}\,V^{2/3}+\widetilde{B}\,V^{1/3}+\widetilde{C}-\frac{7}{9}k_BT\ln\frac{V}{a^3}\,,
\label{3-8}
\end{equation}
with $\widetilde{A},\widetilde{B},\widetilde{C}$ explicit functions of
$\sigma_m,\delta_m$, and $\lambda$ given in Ref~\cite{Prestipino2}.
Equation (\ref{3-8}) represents a step forward from CNT, as confirmed by
explicit simulations in the Ising model~\cite{Prestipino1,Prestipino2}.

Here we proceed to characterize the quasispherical cluster
by means of a coarse-grained
free energy function where, besides the volume,
we use the area $A$ of the cluster surface as a second CV:
\begin{eqnarray}
\Delta\Omega(V,A) &=& -k_BT\ln\left\{a^5\int{\cal D}\Sigma\,\delta({\cal V}[\Sigma]-V)\delta({\cal A}[\Sigma]-A)e^{-\beta{\cal H}[\Sigma]}\right\}
\nonumber \\
&\equiv& -V\Delta P+F_s(V,A)\,.
\label{3-9}
\end{eqnarray}
The meaning of $\Delta\Omega(V,A)$ is the cost of forming a solid cluster
of area $A$ and volume $V$ out of the liquid. The last term in (\ref{3-9})
(i.e., the surface free energy) is given by:
\begin{equation}
e^{-\beta F_s(V,A)}=a^5\int{\cal D}\Sigma\,\delta({\cal V}[\Sigma]-V)\delta({\cal A}[\Sigma]-A)e^{-\beta{\cal H}_s}\,,
\label{3-10}
\end{equation}
and the following sum rule holds:
\begin{equation}
\int_0^{+\infty}\frac{{\rm d}A}{a^2}\,e^{-\beta\Delta\Omega(V,A)}=e^{-\beta\Delta\Omega(V)}\,,
\label{3-11}
\end{equation}
which provides a useful consistency check of the calculation.

We proceed as for the earlier computation of $\Delta\Omega(V)$ in
\cite{Prestipino2}, by first carrying out the trivial integral over $R_0$.
The result is:
\begin{eqnarray}
&& e^{-\beta F_s(V,A)}=(36\pi)^{-2/3}\left(\frac{V}{a^3}\right)^{-4/3}e^{-8\pi\beta\lambda}e^{8\pi\beta\sigma_m\delta_m\left(3V/(4\pi)\right)^{1/3}}e^{-\beta\sigma_m A}
\nonumber \\
&\times& \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}\prod_{l>0,m}\left(\frac{S}{s}{\rm d}x_{l,m}\right)
\exp\left(-\frac{1}{4\pi}\sum_{l>0,m}x_{l,m}^2\right)
\nonumber \\
&& \times\exp\left(-\frac{\beta\lambda}{2}\sum_{l>1,m}l(l+1)(l-1)(l+2)x_{l,m}^2\right)
\nonumber \\
&& \times\exp\left(\beta\sigma_m\delta_m\left(\frac{S}{4\pi}\right)^{1/2}\sum_{l>1,m}(l^2+l-2)x_{l,m}^2\right)
\nonumber \\
&& \times\delta\left(1+\frac{1}{8\pi}\sum_{l>1,m}(l^2+l-2)x_{l,m}^2-(36\pi)^{-1/3}V^{-2/3}A\right)\,.
\label{3-12}
\end{eqnarray}
Note that the delta-function argument is strictly positive for
$A<(36\pi)^{1/3}V^{2/3}$, yielding in this case $F_s(V,A)=+\infty$.
This just expresses the well-known fact that the sphere has the smallest
surface area among all surfaces enclosing a given volume. Hence, we
take $A>(36\pi)^{1/3}V^{2/3}$ in the following and define the
deviation from sphericity as
\begin{equation}
\alpha\equiv(36\pi)^{-1/3}V^{-2/3}A-1>0\,.
\label{3-13}
\end{equation}
Using the integral representation of the delta function, we obtain:
\begin{eqnarray}
&& e^{-\beta F_s(V,A)}=(36\pi)^{-2/3}\left(\frac{V}{a^3}\right)^{-4/3}e^{-8\pi\beta\lambda}e^{8\pi\beta\sigma_m\delta_m\left(3V/(4\pi)\right)^{1/3}}e^{-\beta\sigma_m A}\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}{\rm d}k\,e^{-i\alpha k}
\nonumber \\
&\times& \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}\prod_{l>0,m}\left(\frac{S}{s}{\rm d}x_{l,m}\right)\exp\left\{-\frac{1}{4\pi}\sum_{l>0,m}\left[1+2\pi\beta\lambda\,l(l+1)(l-1)(l+2)\right.\right.
\nonumber \\
&& \left.\left.-4\pi\beta\sigma_m\delta_m\left(\frac{S}{4\pi}\right)^{1/2}(l^2+l-2)
-\frac{i}{2}(l^2+l-2)k\right]x_{l,m}^2\right\}
\nonumber \\
&=& (36\pi)^{-2/3}\left(\frac{V}{a^3}\right)^{-4/3}e^{-8\pi\beta\lambda}e^{8\pi\beta\sigma_m\delta_m\left(3V/(4\pi)\right)^{1/3}}e^{-\beta\sigma_m A}\left(\frac{2\pi S}{s}\right)^{\sum_{l=1}^{l_{\rm max}}(2l+1)}
\nonumber \\
&\times& \frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}{\rm d}x\,\frac{e^{-i\alpha x}}{\prod_{l=2}^{l_{\rm max}}\left\{c_l(S)-\frac{i}{2}(l^2+l-2)x\right\}^{(2l+1)/2}}\,,
\label{3-14}
\end{eqnarray}
where
\begin{equation}
c_l(S)=1+2\pi\beta\lambda\,l(l+1)(l-1)(l+2)-4\pi\beta\sigma_m\delta_m(l^2+l-2)\left(\frac{S}{4\pi}\right)^{1/2}\,.
\label{3-15}
\end{equation}
The last step in (3.14) is only justified when all $c_l(S)>0$.
A problem then occurs for $\delta_m>0$ since, above a certain value
of the volume, $c_2(S)$ becomes negative and $F_s(V,A)$
ceases to be defined.
For $l_{\rm max}=2$, the integral in (\ref{3-14}) can be evaluated
analytically (see appendix A). In the other cases, this integral is best
converted into a real integral,
\begin{eqnarray}
&& \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}{\rm d}x\,\frac{e^{-i\alpha x}}{\prod_{l=2}^{l_{\rm max}}\left\{
c_l(S)-\frac{i}{2}(l^2+l-2)x\right\}^{(2l+1)/2}}
\nonumber \\
&=& 2\prod_{l=2}^{l_{\rm max}}c_l(S)^{-(2l+1)/2}\int_0^{+\infty}{\rm d}x\,\frac{\cos\left[\alpha x-\sum_{l=2}^{l_{\rm max}}\frac{2l+1}{2}\arctan\left(\frac{l^2+l-2}{2}\frac{x}{c_l(S)}\right)\right]}{\prod_{l=2}^{l_{\rm max}}\left[1+\left(\frac{l^2+l-2}{2}\frac{x}{c_l(S)}\right)^2\right]^{(2l+1)/4}}\,,
\label{3-16}
\end{eqnarray}
which is easier to compute numerically. We used Eq.\,(\ref{3-16})
to evaluate $\Delta\Omega(V,A)$ up to $l_{\rm max}=14$ for a number
of combinations of the model parameters.

\section{Results}
\setcounter{equation}{0}
\renewcommand{\theequation}{4.\arabic{equation}}

In Fig.\,1 we plot the contour lines of $\Delta\Omega(V,A)$ in the
$(V,\alpha)$ plane for a specific yet arbitrary choice of model parameters.
A clear saddle point is seen on the free-energy surface, marked by an
asterisk in the lower panel of Fig.\,1. The transition state for nucleation
is nothing but this free-energy saddle, which is the
``mountain pass'' separating the basin of attraction of the liquid ($V=0$)
from the region of $(V,A)$ points which, under the system
dynamics, would flow downhill to the ``solid'' sink at $V=+\infty$.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=11cm]{figura1}
\caption{(Color online). Quasispherical cluster: $\Delta\Omega(V)$ (top)
and $\Delta\Omega(V,A)$ (bottom) in units of $k_BT$, for a specific set
of model parameters
($\beta\Delta P\,a^3=1,\beta\sigma_ma^2=1,\delta_m=0.2\,a$, and
$\beta\lambda=0.2$). For these as well as other values of the parameters
we have checked by visual inspection that $\Delta\Omega(V,A)$ is indeed a
concave function of $V$ and a convex function of $A$ (and of $\alpha$ as well).
To have a better view of the figure, the two-dimensional nucleation landscape
has been represented through the contour lines of $\Delta\Omega(V,A)$ in the
$(V,\alpha)$ plane.
The green solid line in the bottom panel marks the minimum-free-energy
path $\alpha_{\rm min}(V)$.
The red asterisk marks the position of the saddle point of $\Delta\Omega(V,A)$
as computed through the interpolation procedure outlined in the text.
In the case considered, the critical volume increases by roughly
$3\%$ when the second collective variable $A$
is introduced, whereas the barrier height changes
from 17.368 to 19.343 ($+11\%$).
We checked numerically for $l_{\rm max}=3,4,5$ that
Eq.\,(\ref{3-11}) is exactly fulfilled (for $l_{\rm max}=2$ this
is done analytically in appendix A).}
\label{fig1}
\end{figure}

When averaged over many different dynamical trajectories, the nucleation
process can be described as following the lowest-free-energy route since
the Boltzmann weight is highest at the bottom of the free-energy valley.
However, due to the statistical nature of nucleation, individual
nucleation events also involve
some excursions up the walls of the valley, which are more frequent on
the high-$\alpha$ side because of the far more numerous shapes
available there for the cluster. In particular, uphill excursions on the
free-energy surface away from the saddle point along the $A$ direction
provide the cost of fluctuations of the nucleus about its mean shape.
Clearly, both the most favorable
nucleation pathway as well as the extent of corrugations of the nucleus
surface above its mean shape vary with the theory parameters. For
the case reported in Fig.\,1 (and in many other cases as well) the value
of $\alpha$ along the minimum-free-energy path increases
very slowly with $V$, apparently approaching a finite value at infinity.

A non-zero saddle-point value of $\alpha$ implies that the nucleus
-- which is spherical only on average -- has ripples in its surface.
This is not particularly surprising, considering that it is convenient
for the cluster to deviate from perfect sphericity in order to gain entropy
from shape fluctuations -- a finite-size roughening.
The perfect sphere exerts an entropic
repulsion on the cluster shape, which is similar to the mechanism at the
origin of the free wandering of an interface away from an attractive hard
wall above the depinning temperature~\cite{Burkhardt}.

In order to calculate the saddle-point coordinates $(V^*,\alpha^*)$
for given values of the
parameters, we first computed the minimum of $\Delta\Omega$ as a function
of $\alpha$ for each $l_{\rm max}$; then, after extending $l_{\rm max}$
to a continuous variable, we maximized $\Delta\Omega$ along
the lowest-free-energy route just determined
and eventually converted the
result in $V$ units. In a few cases, including the example in Fig.\,1,
we checked that this procedure gives exactly the same saddle
point as revealed by the contour plot.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=11cm]{figura2}
\caption{(Color online).
Top: ratio between values of the critical volume $V^*$ obtained
with $(V,A)$ as collective variables and those obtained with $V$ only,
plotted as a function of the three model parameters $\delta_m,\lambda$,
and $\Delta P$ -- one at a time. Bottom: same ratio, now between
values of the barrier height $\Delta\Omega^*$. The critical volume and
the barrier height are both systematically larger in the $(V,A)$ case.
Observe that, for $\beta\lambda=0.2$ and $\delta_m=0.3\,a$ ($0.4\,a$),
the maximum value of $l_{\rm max}$ for which the integral in (3.14) still
converges is 6 (respectively, 4), i.e., too low to identify a saddle point on
$\Delta\Omega(V,A)$.
}
\label{fig2}
\end{figure}

The main message from Fig.\,1 is that the critical volume $V^*$ is larger
when allowing for two CVs, $(V,A)$, than for $V$ only.
The same holds for $\Delta\Omega^*$. The latter result
is true in general as is seen in Fig.\,2,
which reports one- and two-CV values of $V^*$ and $\Delta\Omega^*$
in a wide range of $\delta_m,\lambda$, and $\Delta P$.
The underlying reason is that the non-linear procedure of obtaining
$\Delta\Omega(V)$ from
$\Delta\Omega(V,A)$ by integrating out the $A$ variable (Eq.\,(\ref{3-11}))
unavoidably corrupts the critical volume and the barrier height
causing both to appear artificially smaller than their true value,
unless the minimum free-energy path were exceptionally
parallel to the $V$ axis.
The impact on $V^*$ and $\Delta\Omega^*$ of
treating area as a collective variable
besides volume is stronger when the barrier is low,
leading to barrier-height increases as large as $15\%$
in the cases plotted (but twice as that for e.g.
$\delta_m=0.1\,a,\beta\lambda=0.1$, and $\beta\Delta Pa^ 3=1.5$).
On the other hand, in most cases
the relative changes of $V^*$ and $\Delta\Omega^*$ are only a few
percent. This could explain why, in simulations of the
Ising model~\cite{Pan}, cluster area was found to play only a minor role
in the dynamics of nucleation.
As a side note, we observe that the $\Delta P$ value at which
$\Delta\Omega^*$ would extrapolate to zero is larger in the
two-CV case. This suggests that the spinodal threshold is
always underestimated in a treatment where only one reaction
variable ($V$) is considered.

Looking at Fig.\,2, we see that the behavior of $V^*$ and
$\Delta\Omega^*$ is similar. They both increase with reducing $\delta_m$
and with increasing $\lambda$, as may be expected from the form
(\ref{2-2}) of the interface free-energy functional, which shows that
in general a larger cost should be paid for the interface when
$-\delta_m$ and $\lambda$ are larger.

As coexistence is approached, the nucleus becomes effectively
flatter, since the mean radial amplitude of the surface ripples,
growing as $\sqrt{\ln(V^*/a^3)}$ as expected for a thermodynamically
rough interface, becomes negligible in comparison with the
nucleus radius. Despite that, it is not a priori clear what the
critical area ratio $\alpha^*$ should do in the coexistence limit,
where the critical nucleus volume diverges. Upon plotting
$\alpha^*$ as a function of supersaturation for fixed values of the
other parameters, we see that $\alpha^*$ increases slowly as $\Delta P$
is reduced (see Fig.\,3), apparently saturating to approach
a finite value at
coexistence. Hence, we conclude that the weak -- even if unlimited --
growth of the interface width with volume yields a quantitatively
modest residual corrugation of the nucleation cluster which is unable
to change the scaling of cluster area from $V^{2/3}$ to a higher power,
and apparently
even to a marginally faster increase such as $V^{2/3}\ln(V/a^3)$.
This expectation finds a confirmation in appendix B, where the mean area
of a quasispherical cluster of fixed volume is shown to scale exactly
as $V^{2/3}$. Since $\alpha^*$ is roughly equal to the value of
$\langle{\cal A}\rangle_V/S-1$ for $V=V^*$, we expect the same
asymptotic behavior for both quantities.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=11cm]{figura3}
\caption{(Color online). Quasispherical cluster: saddle-point value of
$\alpha$, plotted as a function of supersaturation, for
$\beta\sigma_m a^2=1$ and $\beta\lambda=0.2$
(blue crosses: $\delta_m=0.1\,a$; red triangles: $\delta_m=-0.1\,a$).
Approaching coexistence, where surface roughening ripples diverge,
the ratio of the area of critical clusters to that of the equivalent sphere
remains finite ($\approx 1.25$).}
\label{fig3}
\end{figure}

\section{Extracting the interface tension from the nucleation rate}

Finally we consider whether employing one ($V$) or two CVs
($V$ and $A$) could affect the time-honored CNT extraction procedure
of the interface tension at coexistence, $\sigma_\infty$,
from the rate of nucleation $I$. Assuming the standard transition-state-theory
(Arrhenius-like) expression of $I$ for all supersaturations, i.e.,
$I=I_0\exp\{-\beta\Delta\Omega^*\}$, the most important source of
$I$ dependence on $\Delta P$ is the exponent, $-\beta\Delta\Omega^*$.
The latter quantity is plotted in Fig.\,4 for both one- and
two-CV cases, and for two different choices of parameters.
We point out that the near-coexistence slope of $-\beta\Delta\Omega^*$
is expected to be the same for both one- and two-dimensional surface free
energy, see our argument in appendix C.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=11cm]{figura4}
\caption{(Color online).
Quasispherical cluster for $\beta\sigma_ma^2=1$ and $\beta\lambda=0.2$,
and for two opposite values of $\delta_m$. We plot $-\beta\Delta\Omega^*$
as a function of $(\Delta P)^{-2}$, which represents the leading $\Delta P$
dependence of $\ln I$ (blue squares: one-CV case; red dots: two-CV case).
The slope of $\ln(I/I_0)$
is nearly constant (i.e., CNT-like) only for very low supersaturations.
In this limit the slope of $\ln(I/I_0)$ appears to be the same for both
one- and two-CV cases (see text and appendix C, where a proof of
this equivalence is provided).
We observe that the direction of bending of $\ln I$ as a function of
$(\Delta P)^{-2}$ is a reliable marker of the sign of the Tolman length.}
\label{fig4}
\end{figure}

According to CNT, $\ln(I/I_0)$ should be a linear function of
$(\Delta P)^{-2}$, with a slope proportional to $\sigma_\infty^3$.
In the fluctuating-shape cluster model instead, $\ln(I/I_0)$ is a
concave function of $(\Delta P)^{-2}$ ($\delta_m>0$) or a convex
one ($\delta_m<0$), with the latter case apparently
applying for colloids (see e.g. Fig.\,7(b) of Ref.\,\cite{Franke}).
Hence, as was underlined in Ref.\,\cite{Prestipino1}, the correct
procedure of extracting the interface tension at
coexistence entails by necessity an extrapolation of the slope of
$\ln(I/I_0)$ at vanishing undercooling,
independently of whether we consider only $V$ or $(V, A)$ as CVs.

Quantitatively, the rate of nucleation is sensitive to the number of CVs
employed in the calculation: with two variables instead of one, $I$
is reduced by a few orders of magnitude for low supersaturations.

Since the limiting slope of $\ln I$ is the same for both one and two CVs,
a one-CV description of nucleation is sufficient
when the only objective is to get $\sigma_\infty$ out of a model of the
nucleation cluster. It is useful here to restate that the ``thermodynamical''
(i.e., dressed by thermal fluctuations)
surface tension $\sigma_\infty$, rather than the ``mechanical'' surface
tension $\tau$ (see appendix B), is what one obtains from a
measurement of the nucleation rate.

\section{Conclusions}

In nucleation, the minimum free-energy cost $\Delta\Omega$ for
making a cluster of the stable phase (e.g. solid) out of the metastable
parent phase (e.g. liquid) is the sum of two terms: a negative volume
term, representing the benefit for switching a region from liquid to solid,
and a positive surface term, $F_s$, which is the cost for creating
the interface. A crucial assumption of standard nucleation theories
is that the surface free energy $F_s$ only depends on $V$, the cluster
volume; at the critical size,
the reversible work of cluster formation reaches a maximum value,
which in turn determines the steady-state nucleation rate for low
enough undercooling.

Refining the standard description of the free energy of nucleation,
we have extended the theory of Refs.\,\cite{Prestipino1,Prestipino2}
using the area $A$ of the cluster surface as a second collective
variable besides volume $V$. The transition state is now a saddle point
in the two-dimensional free-energy surface, and the shape of the nucleus
is that of a corrugated sphere whose area relative to the equivalent sphere
depends upon
the model parameters. We found that the inclusion of area systematically
corrects the barrier height upwards by a few $k_BT$, which in relative
terms may be important especially for low barriers.
Otherwise, the extrapolation procedure towards coexistence required
to extract the interface tension from the nucleation rate remains exactly
the same as for the volume-only case. In closing, we also
speculate that the effective rugosity, here signaled by the parameter $\alpha$,
might be expected to play a role in modifying the effective Stokes
frictional force felt, e.g., by a solid nucleation cluster drifting in a fluid flow.

\section*{Acknowledgements}

This project was co-sponsored by
the Italian Ministry of Education and Research through
Contract PRIN/COFIN 2010LLKJBX\_004, and by ERC Advanced Grant
320796 MODPHYSFRICT. It also benefitted from the research environment
and stimulus provided by SNF Sinergia Contract CRSII2 136287.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Q: Quotation issues reading data into R I have some data from and I am trying to load it into R.  It is in .csv files and I can view the data in both Excel and OpenOffice.  (If you are curious, it is the 2011 poll results data from Elections Canada data available here).
The data is coded in an unusual manner.  A typical line is:
12002,Central Nova","Nova-Centre"," 1","River John",N,N,"",1,299,"Chisholm","","Matthew","Green Party","Parti Vert",N,N,11

There is a " on the end of the Central-Nova but not at the beginning.  So in order to read in the data, I suppressed the quotes, which worked fine for the first few files. ie.
test<-read.csv("pollresults_resultatsbureau11001.csv",header = TRUE,sep=",",fileEncoding="latin1",as.is=TRUE,quote="")

Now here is the problem: in another file (eg. pollresults_resultatsbureau12002.csv), there is a line of data like this:
12002,Central Nova","Nova-Centre"," 6-1","Pictou, Subd. A",N,N,"",0,168,"Parker","","David K.","NDP-New Democratic Party","NPD-Nouveau Parti democratique",N,N,28

Because I need to suppress the quotes, the entry "Pictou, Subd. A" makes R wants to split this into 2 variables. The data can't be read in since it wants to add a column half way through constructing the dataframe.
Excel and OpenOffice both can open these files no problem.  Somehow, Excel and OpenOffice know that quotation marks only matter if they are at the beginning of a variable entry.
Do you know what option I need to enable on R to get this data in?  I have >300 files that I need to load (each with ~1000 rows each) so a manual fix is not an option...
I have looked all over the place for a solution but can't find one.

A: This answer is mainly to @AnandaMahto (see comments to the original question).
First, it helps to set some options globally because of the french accents in the data:
options(encoding="latin1")

Next, read in the data verbatim using readLines():
temp <- readLines("pollresults_resultatsbureau13001.csv")
Following this, simply replace the first comma in each line of data with a comma+quotation.  This works because the first field is always 5 characters long.  Note that it leaves the header untouched.
temp[-1] <- gsub('^(.{6})(.*)$', '\\1\\"\\2', temp[-1])
Penultimately, write over the original file.
fileConn<-file("pollresults_resultatsbureau13001.csv")
writeLines(temp,fileConn)
close(fileConn)
Finally, simply read the data back into R:
data<-read.csv(file="pollresults_resultatsbureau13001.csv",header = TRUE,sep=",")
There is probably a more parsimonious way to do this (and one that can be iterated more easily) but this process made sense to me.

A: Building on my comments, here is a solution that would read all the CSV files into a single list.
# Deal with French properly
options(encoding="latin1")

# Set your working directory to where you have
#   unzipped all of your 308 CSV files
setwd("path/to/unzipped/files")

# Get the file names
temp <- list.files()

# Extract the 5-digit code which we can use as names
Codes <- gsub("pollresults_resultatsbureau|.csv", "", temp)

# Read all the files into a single list named "pollResults"
pollResults <- lapply(seq_along(temp), function(x) {
  T0 <- readLines(temp[x])
  T0[-1] <- gsub('^(.{6})(.*)$', '\\1\\"\\2', T0[-1])
  final <- read.csv(text = T0, header = TRUE)
  final
})
names(pollResults) <- Codes

You can easily work with this list in different ways. If you wanted to just see the 90th data.frame you can access it by using pollResults[[90]] or by using pollResults[["24058"]] (in other words, either by index number or by district number).
Having the data in this format means you can also do a lot of other convenient things. For instance, if you wanted to fix all 308 of the CSVs in one go, you can use the following code, which will create new CSVs with the file name prefixed with "Corrected_".
invisible(lapply(seq_along(pollResults), function(x) {
  NewFilename <- paste("Corrected", temp[x], sep = "_")
  write.csv(pollResults[[x]], file = NewFilename,
            quote = TRUE, row.names = FALSE)
}))

Hope this helps!


text:
The Great War centenary
Long Long Trail
Legal Information and Privacy Policy
IWM & Peter Jackson Restore Film Footage - They Shall Not Grow Old
Remembered Today:
By Derek Black, 22 January , 2018 in The Great War centenary
simond9x
Old Sweats
Posted 15 November , 2018
1 hour ago, slick63 said:
I was glued to the tv for the whole programme, must be the first time in a long time that the box has had me that enthralled. One part that caught my eye was the chaps walking past what looked like a destroyed bunker, one of the chaps was tapping the one in front on his steel helmet with a long stick as they walked along. It was so unexpected that it gave me a chuckle.
Yes, I'd seen that footage before in B&W but not noticed that he was doing that. Ditto the two birds that get shoo'd away from the men at rest. There are also some scenes where you can see 100s of men advancing (?) in the far distance, detail that again I hadn't noticed before.
Madmeg
The interview with Peter J that was shown in NZ he said that the journalists were far less controlled - at least in the early years. And so men with cameras just rocked up to the battlezone and filmed whatever took their fancy. The men they were filming would be chatting and laughing with the cameraman but of course it was all silent. So much of the footage was the behind the scenes of the war "here's are boys at the front" type of thing to be shown to the families back home. Obviously cinema was quite a novel technology in those days.
There has been a lot of interest over here what with Sir PJ being one of our own- but... obviously the Beeb commissioned it and are hanging on to it :-(
seaJane
Lieut-General
Location:Somerset or Hampshire depending
Interests:The West Africa squadron in the 1840s; naval medicine; First World War, especially in poetry, art and fiction
8 hours ago, Stuart T said:
Jane, agreed about the Navy but it's Palestine I'm really hankering after.
There was a programme about the Australian Horse that featured Palestine - it was repeated at eek! o'clock this morning but still on iPlayer:
https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b094f4tl/great-war-horses
Zilch about Mesopotamia that I have noticed. Or RND on the Western Front. Indeed, there could be a fascinating programme/series simply about what those who came back from Scott's and Shackleton's Antarctic expeditions did in the war - Atkinson, Levick, Crean ...
Stuart T
Location:Northampton
I'll look at that, thanks. My grandad was a little further west, just south of Gaza for a short while. There were some RND men credited at the end of Jackson's film.
There was a programme about the Australian Horse that featured Palestine.
Zilch about Mesopotamia that I have noticed.
44 minutes ago, Stuart T said:
There were some RND men credited at the end of Jackson's film.
So there were! Some RNAS, too.
Sorry about that - editing fingers fail
Dai Bach y Sowldiwr
Major-General
Posted 16 November , 2018 (edited)
Don't know if it's already been covered, but at 43:55 is a clip from a rugby match.
There's no mistaking the team wearing All Black.
Familiar Silver Fern, although you will note that it's tip is pointing slightly down and to the wearer's left.
Broad white collars, and two white hoops at the top end of each sock.
These are I think a New Zealand Army team from early 1917, nicknamed the Trench All Blacks, or the Trench Blacks.
An interesting clip, which shows (I think) Reg Taylor standing at the back of a lineout (far right of screen).
Killed in action at Messines June 20th 1917.
Maybe also Ranji Wilson ain middle of line.
Any NZ experts out there seen it?
http://rugbymuseum.co.nz/tdih-april-8-1917-trench-blacks-vs-france/
Edited 16 November , 2018 by Dai Bach y Sowldiwr
Location:Wirral
It's harder than it looks
credit New Zealand Rugby Museum
The Trench Blacks. Standing: Lt-Col. Arthur Plugge, William Bright (reserve), Reg Taylor, Jim Moffitt, Ranji Wilson, Dick Fogarty, George Murray (captain), Les Cockroft, Tom French, Charles King, Edmond Ryan, Bert Adams, Capt. Tom Lawless. Seated: Norman Stead, John McIntyre, George Owles, Charles Brown, Billy Wilson (reserve), Torp Whittington, Arthur Wilson (Assistant manager).
Arthur plugge - http://ndhadeliver.natlib.govt.nz/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?dps_pid=IE10546049
James Moffitt- http://ndhadeliver.natlib.govt.nz/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?dps_pid=IE10846008
Richard Fogarty- http://ndhadeliver.natlib.govt.nz/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?dps_pid=IE19399329
George Owles- http://ndhadeliver.natlib.govt.nz/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?dps_pid=IE17203744
?Edmond Ryan- http://ndhadeliver.natlib.govt.nz/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?dps_pid=IE19356297
"Ranji" Wilson- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranji_Wilson https://www.bdmhistoricalrecords.dia.govt.nz/Search/Search?Path=querySubmit.m%3fReportName%3dBirthSearch%26recordsPP%3d30#SearchResults
Norman farrell Stead- http://ndhadeliver.natlib.govt.nz/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?dps_pid=IE20104250
The others should also be on Archway but there are several entries under common names - "Torp" is obviously a nickname....
Edited 17 November , 2018 by Madmeg
for those that want more on the Trench blacks...
https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=11833922
https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/great-war-stories-ranji-wilson-2016
Aneurin
Old Sweat
The very brief rugby clip was taken from a film of a match played by the New Zealand Divisional Representative Trench Team against the 38th (Welsh) Division on 15 March 1917. The New Zealanders won 18-3, though a replay shortly afterwards was much closer when they won 3-0.
Revealing how much care was taken with the colourisation of the film, I was contacted by one of the producers earlier in the year who asked about the colour of the shorts worn by the Welsh Division team that day. If you look closely, you can see a red dragon on the white jerseys of the Welsh players.
Details of the Welsh team are unknown, though it is believed the international wing, Major Brinley Lewis (Swansea and Cambridge University) played in one or both matches. He was killed in action serving in the RFA very shortly afterwards.
The New Zealand Division XV was: G. Scott, E Ryan, G Murray, H Adams, J McIntyre, S Cameron, C Brown, R Casey, R Fogerty, A (Ranji) Wilson, L Cockcroft, J Moffitt, C King, W Bell, K Taylor.
Thanks for all your replies.
For anyone interested, there are a couple of minutes of the original footage here, from about 13.44 - https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/1060022696
Edited 17 November , 2018 by IPT
According to a couple of reviewers on Amazon, the film will be released only in 2D on DVD and Bluray. Somewhat disappointing - I've seen both versions and the subtle use of 3D definitely added to the feeling of 'being there'.
Simon_Fielding
Brigadier-General
Location:Glos
Interests:Worcestershire Regiment, Birmingham Pals, Worcestershire Yeomanry at Qatia, 23rd April 1916, School of Musketry, Pachmarhi,India, HMS Viknor
Has there been any attempt to identify time and place and even individuals in the film, as in 'Ghosts of the Somme'? I would love to know who the soldier playing the bottle was...were the soldiers with the child Gloucestershire Regiment? Perhaps we could 'crowd source' it scene by scene when the DVD comes out...
Clear Bell
I watched on iplayer - and recognised the footage of the soldier playing a beer bottle and the men singing along to an accordion immediately. It is an excerpt from IWM held footage of the The Buffs (east Kent Regiment. The short film it comes from is one I've watched many, many times. In my view it's just utterly rivetting despite it being mostly soldiers marching. Somewhere else on the GWF I had wondered whether PJ and his digital artists would look at the passage of the film with a group of officers standing alongside each other chatting away. It's so frustrating not being able to work out what they are saying - any lip readers out there? It's about 2.33 mins in:
https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/1060022865
Hope you like it as much as I do..
Does the footage show the entire regiment or certain battalions? Any way of telling?
ShirlD
Lieut-Colonel
Location:perth wa
Just returned from seeing this in the cinema at Piccadilly Circus - beautifully executed, thought provoking, horrifying and utterly moving as you remind yourself this is exactly how it was. The stark line at the end 'filmed on location in Europe 1914-1918' made me catch my breath. Don't know that I could watch it again .
Open Bolt
One of the voices used was Douglas Wimberley (later CO 51st Division in the Second World War) - contrast this to the ...erm.. very down to earth actor's voice supplied for him in the BBC's 100 Days to Victory.
Gunner Bailey
Location:Kent, England, UK, Earth
Interests:WW1 ordnance mainly hand and rifle grenades.
On 12/11/2018 at 18:30, johnboy said:
I thought it was very good, was so engrosed I did not have time to note any faults|
I tend to agree. I saw it for the first time a couple of days ago. The only error I perceived was the seeming mix up with commentary and footage which mixed the tanks at Cambrai (numbers) with the Somme in 1916.
Other than that I found it hypnotic.
With regards to teeth, I was amazed to see officers with appalling mouthfuls of teeth. I sort of expected it for the soldiers but not officers as well.
They must have just smiled at the Germans to get them to surrender.
Anneca
Location:County Down, Northern Ireland
Interests:Family History, The Great War, Writing, Classical Music
Absolutely amazing!! About the teeth in the last post, I was amazed to see many so young with so few teeth. On reflection I reckon if they had toothache in those days fillings were not available and as a result every tooth causing pain was just yanked out.
4thGordons
Interests:(longterm) 4th Gordon Highlanders.(more recently) 33rd "Prairie Division" AEF and American Field Service 1917-18
Just bought tickets for a showing here in the US on Dec 17th. There are only two days it is being shown(17th and 27th) and 2 showing times each day.
When I was going to the website to purchase the tickets I ran across this (apparently new) longer trailer....
https://taskandpurpose.com/new-trailer-for-they-shall-not-grow-old-is-epic/
Now I am really looking forward to it.
Edited 27 November , 2018 by 4thGordons
Location:Ye Olde England
Interests:Collecting Great War memoirs of service on the Western Front . The B.E.F in 1914 .
59 minutes ago, Anneca said:
I was reading an officer's memoir recently where he visited a dentist in France and had a filling . I think this is the only time I've heard of this , usually
in the other books I've read the offending tooth / teeth were , like you say , just removed . I remember reading somewhere that around this period a
young person would have all their teeth removed as a twenty first birthday present .
Captain RHW
Interests:Members of the Savage Club who served in the Great War. I have recently written a book on the subject (http://jamesrjw.wixsite.com/jamesrjwilson/noble-savages). It was published on 2 November 2018.
In the late 1920s George Bernard Shaw was head of the BBC pronunciation committee. He insisted on the modern pronunciation of "canine" ie cay-nine, not can-in as was the general useage, since his dentist said cay-nine. "Good lord, Shaw, is your dentist American?" asked one of the committee. "Of course", Shaw replied, "why do you think I still have all my teeth?"
20 hours ago, Gunner Bailey said:
Of course by later in the war there would have been more men commissioned from the ranks.
Imagine having tootthache to add to all the other troubles of the trenches!
a link on another thread just sent me here- the second postermade me giggle....
https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/11-amazing-first-world-war-recruitment-posters
The Great War Forum Limited Powered by Invision Community


text:
International Beer Garden
Arcata, CA, United States map
The Landlady
Cavern >
Dog Log
This 18-and-over show was Phish's 1st gig in Humboldt County. Small Fish was the opening band. The venue was a dance hall that was formerly the Arcata Bowl, so the dance floor was original hardwood with bowling alley markings still visible. Trey teased The Man Who Stepped Into Yesterday during Divided Sky. This show featured the breakout of Dog Log, which had not been played in more than a year (since 3/9/90). Makisupa Policeman and Yield Not To Temptation were teased during Possum, which also included Charlie Chan, Oom Pah Pah and Random Note secret language. After this show, the band and crew traveled 200 miles to Ashland, OR.


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After the Windows 10 system enter sleep mode, the keyboard and mouse can't wake up the system, you can hearing the computer are running but the screen remain black. You can only press the power button to force shutdown the computer.


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The mama of this family is a talented wedding photographer based out of Fort Collins (check her out at Sarah Christine Photography). She was kind enough to volunteer her family as models for me when I needed to test out a new lens this summer. With two busy little girls and two puppies, they were just the family I needed to make sure my new lens would have what it takes to capture great photos for young, active families! I loved getting to spend some time with Sarah and her family, and the new lens turned out to be great!


Small Kitchen Remodel Ideas On A Budget - Nice Small Kitchen Remodel Ideas for Your Inspiration. remodel. kitchen. storage.
Kitchen. Published at Saturday, March 02nd 2019, 16:11:36 PM by Cynthia J..
Bathroom. Published at Saturday, March 02nd 2019, 16:11:35 PM by Cynthia J..


Tell room service to keep it quiet when they deliver coffee. Or if you are feeling ambitious, go to Al's Breakfast in Dinkytown (413 14th Avenue SE; 612-331-9991), hard by the east bank campus of the University of Minnesota. Wait against the wall for one of 14 stools, while eyeing the food of the patron whose stool you are coveting. Minnesota is a friendly place, but don't ask for a bite of his blueberry pancakes.
I have never waited longer for greasier food, nor loved the whole thing more than at Al's Breakfast.


A VOLCANO on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi erupted on Wednesday, just days after a devastating earthquake and tsunami struck the island, killing over 1,400.
After months of increased activity, Mount Soputan erupted just before 9am local time, sending an ash cloud estimated to be almost 4,000 metres high into the sky.
Just hours before the eruption, a statement from MAGMA Indonesia (Multiplatform Application for Geohazard Mitigation and Assessment) detailed how both thermal and seismic activity at the volcano had increased in recent weeks.
Seismic activity reportedly increased from two events per day in September to over 100 recorded quakes on Tuesday. The statement warned an eruption could be imminent.
This the third natural disaster to strike Sulawesi in under a week.
On Friday, a 7.5-magnitude earthquake, followed by a tsunami, brought devastation to the city of Palu and surrounding areas.
At the time of writing, the official death count is over 1,400 but this is expected to rise as rescue teams work to sift through the rubble.
According to Science Alert, authorities are warning people to stay outside of a 4 kilometre exclusion zone around Mount Soputan. Those in the region to the immediate southwest of the summit are instructed to remain 6.5 km away from due to risks associated with the ash cloud and potential lava flows.
Those in the area are advised to wear protective breathing gear, such as face masks, to cover their mouth and nose.
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Consider including a boundary shelf-or use the boxing from pipes-to hold twinkling tea lights, making a snug cocoon.


text:
Q: continuity of martingales given by conditional expectations Fix a finite time horizon $T>0$ and consider a probability space $(\Omega,\mathcal{F},(\mathcal{F}_t),\mathbb{P})$  where the filtration is assumed to satisfy the usual conditions, and an integrable random variable $V$. For any adapted process $X$, we define a martingale by
$$
Y_t = \mathbb{E}(V|\mathcal{F}_t^X), \quad 0\leq t\leq T.
$$
We can without loss of generality assume that it is right continuous (by taking the right continuous modification, for example). I am interested in knowing what condition on $X$ can guarantee continuity of $Y$. I know if $X$ is left continuous, then the filtration generated by it, $(\mathcal{F}_t^X)$, will be left continuous. In this case, we obtain continuity of $Y$ through simple martingale convergence theorem.
Are there any conditions weaker than left-continuity that will work? I think predictability will not be sufficient...Thanks!


Guidance about how to get started on DSE's online courses.
Guidance on how to order places on DSE's online courses.
What are the technical requirements for accessing online courses?
Our online courses are accessible via the Internet using any modern web browser on a variety of devices, including computers and tablets.


It is a variable which is used in a world of cryptocurrency in which variable has been associated with a public key or algorithm to encrypt or decrypt code known as a private key. Fundamentally, this private key is a part of a bitcoin and outcomes with the help of which their owner can identify their digitized currency.
There are a many of different alphanumeric characters comprised of a private key which is difficult to disclose or break. Private keys play an important role in the execution of different identification for owners.Private Key is associated with the digitized money for the assurance of security for their customers. It is also known as secret key. It can be made through different numerical calculations for a general public.


What is the Ground Team Academy?
The Ground Team Academy (GTA) was created in 2007 to standardize ground team training across Minnesota Wing and give all members an opportunity to get qualified in one level of ground team qualification during an extended weekend. Since the success of the first GTA, it has turned into an annual event. It is open to all members with at least a General ES Qualification who have completed FEMA's IS 100 and IS 700. Personnel from other SAR agencies are welcome to attend as well as students or staff.
The goal of the school is to get each person complete with one level of ES training by the end of the weekend. If you come in with a General ES qualification, you should get everything you need for GTM3 by the end of the activity, if you come in with GTM3 qualification, you should be able to get GTM2, and if you come in with GTM2, you should be able to get everything you need for GTM1 and/or GTL.
Objective: To ensure all entry level ground team personnel have the required training to be able to participate in missing person and ELT searches.
Minimum Requirements: General ES Qualified, FEMA IS 100 and 700 complete.
Training: Basic Communications User Training, First Aid, Ground Team Equipment, Hot/Cold Weather Injuries, Fatigue, Compass Use, Phone Alerts, ELT Search, Basic Map Reading and Natural Hazards.
Objective: To train personnel to be self sufficient during search operations and to become more proficient in navigation skills.
Minimum Requirements: Ground Team Member Level 3 qualified, FEMA IS 100 and 700 complete.
Training: Shelter Building, Survival Skills, Land Navigation, and Canine Operations.
Objective: To train personnel with the required skills to become ground team leaders and assistant ground team leaders.
Minimum Requirements: Ground Team Member Level 3 qualified and Age 18 to train as a GTL, Ground Team Member Level 2 Qualified to train for GTM1, ICS 100 and 700 complete, ICS 200 required for GTL qualification.
Training: ICS, Team Management, Field Leadership, Scene Management, Communications, Map Reading/Land Navigation, ELT Searches, CISM, Team Paperwork.
Since members on Emergency Services Missions need to learn to be self-sufficient on real missions, participants will be largely responsible for themselves at this activity. Members will be responsible for their own medications. Please notify the staff of any medical conditions, but be prepared to administer your own medications. Any medications you may need urgently (Inhalers, EpiPens, etc.) should be kept on your person at all times, even if you don't think you'll need them for this activity.
A funded training mission number will be issued. The mission number is TBD.
Participants should plan to arrive no earlier than 1800 on Thursday evening and no later than 0800 on Friday morning. If you must arrive earlier, please notify the staff. Plan on eating dinner before you arrive, if you arrive on Thursday. Breakfast will be served between 0700 and 0745 on Friday morning. We would prefer if students arrive Thursday night to make it easier for us to get started on Friday morning. The school will complete at approximately 1400 on Sunday afternoon. We will be in building 7-135 on Camp Ripley. A map is located below.
Obey all speed limits on Camp Ripley as they are strictly enforced. Cell phone use (including hands free devices) while driving is strictly prohibited on military facilities.
Uniform for the weekend is BDUs or ABUs for Ground Team Personnel or any appropriate CAP uniform for those doing mission base work. We will be staying in barracks at Camp Ripley.
All meals will be provided but bring snacks for consumption when in the field.
CAPF 161 - Required for all CAP members attending.
CAPF 163 - Required for all CAP cadets under age 18.
CAPF 60-80 - Required for all CAP cadets with all signatures.
Towel/Washcloth - Showers will be available.
Ground and Urban DF Team Task Guide (PDF Document). - Also available from Vanguard for $10.05 in a much more portable size. Click here to go directly to that item on their website.
72 hour pack items are highly recommended.
All Ground Team Participants may be spending one night in the woods using nothing but their 24 hour packs and what they have on them. Be prepared for this and bring appropriate gear.
The deadline for staff applications 24 June 2018.
Prerequisites: We require that all staff applicants be GTM1 or GTL qualified. If you have not achieved one of these qualifications yet, we highly encourage you to participate as a student and earn this qualification before serving on staff.
Direct any staff application related questions to Lt Col Joel Stepanek at at jmstep0075@comcast.net or 612-221-4503.
You must have completed General Emergency Services, FEMA IS-100 and IS-700 before applying and have these completions recorded in Operations Qualifications as complete before you will be allowed to apply for any of these courses. Please ask your Unit Commander or Emergency Services officer if you are unsure of how to complete or record these.
The application consists of two parts. Part one is the online application and payment. Part two are the forms that need to be hand carried to the activity. Non-CAP members who are participating do not need to bring the signature form. Online payments are the preferred method. You can pay via Credit Card.
Direct any student application related questions to Lt Col Joel Stepanek at jmstep0075@comcast.net or 612-221-4503.


recently i'm into the world of gamelan music again.. as far as my sandy brain can rememember, there was some talk in a Steve Roach newsletter about a new upcoming full-lenght by Loren Nerell.. i would say, exciting though!
can you tell us something about it, Loren..?
i also saw an upcoming re-issue of TERRAFORM on Projekt, which i always enjoy quite a lot.
Yep, all true and more. Terraform is being re-released on Projekt, probably this summer. This time in a regular jewel case and not the expanded DVD style packaging.
The new full length is not entirely new, its going to be an expanded version of The Venerable Dark Cloud. It will have all the original tracks from the original Amplexus release but with three out takes from the original session and three new tracks. In total it will be about three times the length of the original mini CD. The newer tracks will be intertwined with the old ones, for one long continuous play much like the original release, and will be mastered by Steve Roach probably this summer if all goes according to plan.
I also have a nearly completed 60+ minute drone piece that just needs a few touch ups. The label that was going to release it sort of went away on an extended leave, so I'm looking for a label for that one if anyone is interested . . . .
Also the disc with A Produce is still in the works and is making slow progress. Barry and I got together just yesterday for the first time in about two months and did a bit of work on one track. We are probably a couple tracks away from completing that one, of course we then have to mix and master it.
I have all the Amplexus series and I love The Venerable Dark Cloud. Will be interesting to hear the new disc when it comes out.
that's good news Loren! i hope things will go smootlhy finding a proper label for the right exposure. i guess the extended Amplexus version will be released on Steve's own Timeroom label..
i'm anxious to hear that longform piece after the excellent TAKSU.
keep us updated with more news!
The venerable dark cloud is one of my most beloved pearls from the Amplexus mcd necklace, along with Steve Roach, Robert Rich & Temps perdu ?.
I like the vocal parts on the first track and the whole ambience developed on this mcd.
It would be interesting to listen the previous versions and some tracks from that time.
Besides, I do expect the collaborative work with A produce. The samples are really appealing !
Just thought I'd finally do an update to this thread, it's been close to two years since the last post and a lot has been going on. First the non CD related stuff.
On to music, and a surprise. My first album that I released on cassette back in the early 1980s is going to be re-released on vinyl. For those of you who don't know it's called Point of Arrival and is more in the old Berlin school vain then my more recent stuff. It will be a limited edition on the Forced Nostalgia label. No bonus tracks, just the original material. I'll post more info when I have it.
The album I did with A Produce called Intangible is in Mike's hands and is waiting for final approval of the artwork. I don't know when it will be out, but I think it's on the short list for release.
The Venerable Dark Cloud reissue has taken a back seat to all the other things I've been doing. I need to add a track or two and then it should be done. I'll probably get back to work on this after the dance project is complete.
I have another album in the can ready for release that I have been calling Mod Phase, but I am thinking about calling it Lambat Dream. Lambat literally means 'slow,' so you can probably guess what it's like. I've been talking with Soleilmoon about a limited edition release.
Lastly, I received a recording of my set at SoundQuest Fest and have been wondering what to do with it. I'm not sure if it merits a CD release or not. I've been thinking maybe a download only release? Give me some feedback and tell me what you think.
Intangible won't be long. I'd say it should go to the manufacturing stage within a few weeks.
Wow, that's a lot of activity! I look forward to any and all releases you have coming. I will be getting your Soundquest set in whichever format you release it in.


There is no point in keeping alive directories with .git sub directories, since when dealing with submodules there might be branches that add a new submodule that is not present in another one, and when building accross them, submodule garbage will be left out.
Closing this as a duplicate of JENKINS-29893 and JENKINS-39111. The comments in those bug reports provide a good summary of the many different use cases which would be broken if the extra "force" option were added unconditionally.
Pull requests have been submitted proposing to optionally allow clean with the extra force option, and to allow clean with the extra force option and exclusion lists.
I'd love to have help from others evaluating if those pull requests meet your needs as well.
Mark Waite added a comment - 2017-07-22 22:40 Closing this as a duplicate of JENKINS-29893 and JENKINS-39111 . The comments in those bug reports provide a good summary of the many different use cases which would be broken if the extra "force" option were added unconditionally. Pull requests have been submitted proposing to optionally allow clean with the extra force option , and to allow clean with the extra force option and exclusion lists . I'd love to have help from others evaluating if those pull requests meet your needs as well.
I don't understand, if you add an option to *clean* the repository, how are you expecting for some files not to be cleaned? I can understand an option to add inclusions would be useful for some, but having an action that is call "clean workspace" that is not really cleaning the workspace seems broken.
Leandro Lucarella added a comment - 2017-07-24 08:00 I don't understand, if you add an option to * clean * the repository, how are you expecting for some files not to be cleaned? I can understand an option to add inclusions would be useful for some, but having an action that is call "clean workspace" that is not really cleaning the workspace seems broken.
In any case, I will comment on the PRs, at least the one adding the option to force clean would work for me to fix this, but I think it's backwards, you should have options to "not really clean the repository" if you add an action called "clean the repository".
Leandro Lucarella added a comment - 2017-07-24 08:02 In any case, I will comment on the PRs, at least the one adding the option to force clean would work for me to fix this, but I think it's backwards, you should have options to "not really clean the repository" if you add an action called "clean the repository".
Also, just by the fact that some PR will tangentially fix this too, it doesn't mean it isn't a different issue. The other issues are about exclusions and timeouts, not about not a broken "clean repo" implementation.
Leandro Lucarella added a comment - 2017-07-24 08:04 Also, just by the fact that some PR will tangentially fix this too, it doesn't mean it isn't a different issue. The other issues are about exclusions and timeouts, not about not a broken "clean repo" implementation.
At least this should be marked as resolved when it is really resolved. If the other 2 issues get fixed, this issue could still be open unless the `--force` option is added too, which is not really addressed in those issues.
If you mark this issue as resolved, I have no way to track if/when it is really fixed, as watching the other 2 issues doesn't guarantee this will be fixed if they are fixed.
Please keep this issue open until the underlying problem (clean not really cleaning everything) is resolved.
Leandro Lucarella added a comment - 2017-07-24 08:07 At least this should be marked as resolved when it is really resolved. If the other 2 issues get fixed, this issue could still be open unless the `--force` option is added too, which is not really addressed in those issues. If you mark this issue as resolved, I have no way to track if/when it is really fixed, as watching the other 2 issues doesn't guarantee this will be fixed if they are fixed. Please keep this issue open until the underlying problem (clean not really cleaning everything) is resolved. Thanks!
OK, this is a real duplicate of JENKINS-26660.
Leandro Lucarella added a comment - 2017-07-27 10:24 OK, this is a real duplicate of JENKINS-26660 .


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Crunchy kunafa cones filled with alternating layers of Nutella and whipped cream then sprinkled with your favorite topping. YUM!
Just when you thought I'd let this Ramadan slip without a dosage of Nutella, this post is here to tell you…forget it! MWAHAHAHAAAAAA!!!!
Not because we're doing Middle Eastern around here this month, means we can't get our chocolate fix.
So how did these crunchy, chocolate cones of goodness come to life?
Just about the same time last year, I was surprised with the sweetest little gift from my lovely cousin's wife, Salma Koueider. It wasn't so little actually. It was a dangerous box chockfull of Nutella Kunafa Cones, almost identical to the ones you see before your eyes.
She personally delivered them right to my doorstep, baked fresh, straight from her family's famous pastry shop Mandarine Koueider.
If you're not from Egypt, or you are but having been living under a rock, Mandarine Koueider is one of Egypt's top dessert shops, specializing in Oriental delicacies and ice cream. Pass by anytime of the year and you're likely to find a cue of dessert lovers lining outside the store. Dare to pass by during Ramadan and consider yourself blessed from above, if you were lucky to find a crumb of basbousa that hasn't sold out.
Yes! Their stuff is that good!
Before Salma's delicious gift to me, I had only seen Nutella Kunafas made the classic, pan-style way, but I had never met one that's shaped into a charming little cone and tastes like I've died and gone to chocolate heaven.
I couldn't contain my excitement over them and felt a strong obligation to share with the world. You know…people needed to know that something this dreamy existed in real life.
So I posted a photo of them on Instagram and people went bonkers over them! I also got a lot of requests to make a homemade version. Understandable…not everyone has a Mandarine Koueider around the corner. So for you guys, and for everyone who likes a little tasty project in the kitchen…I am finally here to deliver.
Mandarine Koueider fills their cones with alternating layers of whipped cream and Nutella then tops them off with whole hazelnuts. So we're doing just that here, only we're using chopped hazelnuts instead of whole (for no justifiable reason) and we're also using other nuts like pistachios! Because how can I resist that vibrant green color?
And I just couldn't say no to sprinkles. They were begging to be used.
I did go through quite a bit of research to figure out exactly how to make them.
What type of kunafa do I use? How do I shape it like a cone? How do I roll up the kunafa without having it unravel? Do I bake or fry them? How can I use whipping cream in the filling and be able to keep it at room temperature? These were all questions I was asking myself and now that I know, I'm here to share with you ALL the answers.
So what type of kunafa do we use?
The answer to that is straight up FRESH Kunafa that comes in long, organized strands. It is known in Egypt as Kunafa Torah/Tora7 and it is sold at the Kanafany (Kunafa-maker). Tangled up kunafa won't do, because you need long, neat strands. Frozen kunafa is not a really good idea either because it has the tendency to break as you roll it.
You're going to take about a (3/4″/ 2cm) thick strand of kunafa and rewrap the rest to prevent from drying out.
Roll the kunafa strand around the cone form. Start by placing one end of the strand in the middle of the cone, then beginning from the tiny, closed end of the form, tightly wrap the remaining strand over the end and up until you almost reach the wide opening of the form. Leave a small piece of the metal form showing; this will later make it easier to grab onto while removing the baked cones. Make sure that the kunafa is wrapped as tightly as possible without tearing, and that there are no gaps showing. To make the kunafa stick to itself and prevent unrolling, dampen your hand with a little bit of water, then use this hand to apply pressure on the wrapped kunafa until its stable and all the stray strands are stuck. Don't get it too wet; just damp enough to stick the kunafa to itself. Repeat with the remaining kunafa.Make sure that the kunafa you're not working with is covered at all times. You don't want it to dry out on you.
How do we shape the kunafa into a cone?
You're gonna need oven-safe metal cone forms, also known as Cream Horn Molds. They can be found at baking supply stores.
How do we roll up the kunafa without having it unravel?
You're gonna start by placing one end of the strand in the middle of the cone, then beginning from the tiny, closed end of the form, tightly wrap the remaining strand over the end and overlapping that middle piece and up until you almost reach the wide opening of the form. Leave a small piece of the metal form showing; this will later make it easier to grab onto while removing the baked cones. Make sure that the kunafa is wrapped as tightly as possible without tearing, and that there are no gaps showing. To make the kunafa stick to itself and prevent unrolling, dampen your hands with a little bit of water, then use them to apply pressure on the wrapped kunafa, pressing tightly on it until its stable and all the stray strands are stuck. Don't get it too wet; just damp enough to stick the kunafa to itself.
You're then gonna lay down the wrapped cones and forget about them for at least 3 hours. Better overnight. You need to let the kunafa air dry until its kinda hard. This trick will ensure that they keep their shape as they bake.
IMPORTANT: When ready to bake, loosen the hardened kunafa from the metal form quite a bit so its not stuck to it anymore This will make it easier to later remove the kunafa from the form without breaking. If you don't do that, you'll have a very hard time removing the baked kunafa from the form. Trust me, I forgot to do this and had a few nervous breakdowns taking them out.
Now you're gonna dip and roll the kunafa cones into the ghee to saturate. Allow excess ghee to drip back into the bowl.
Now place these greasy guys onto a baking sheet. Don't worry all the excess grease will ooze out as the cones bake.
Now how do I know that they should be baked, not fried?
Now bake the cones, flipping them on a different side every 5 minutes to ensure even browning until the kunafa turns golden brown in color, 15 to 20 minutes. In case you're curious, I did try baking them standing upside down to try and get away from all the flipping action, but I ended up with unevenly baked cones. (Refer to photo of the single hazelnut topped cone above for evidence). See how its almost burnt on top and very light in the middle? Moral of the story: Flip the cones every 5 minutes will ya?
Now immediately transfer the cones to a clean pan and drizzle the piping hot kunafa with cooled thick syrup. Move the kunafa around to coat with the syrup.
Then transfer the cones standing upside down to a wire rack that has been lined with a sheet of foil to cool completely and allow to drip all the excess syrup and ghee.
Once cooled, carefully twist the kunafa cones to remove from the form. If you remembered to loosen up the kunafa from the forms before baking, then taking them out should be a breeze. If you're having a hard time removing it, place in the freezer to cool further then try again. It helps!
Now let's fill 'em up!
How can I use whipping cream in the filling and be able to keep it at room temperature?
The answer is stabilized whipped cream baby! The easy, not so tasty answer would be to use non-dairy whipped cream but I couldn't find that, so that's where cornstarch-stabilized whipped cream cones in.
Cornstarch thickens the whipped cream a bit so it has the consistency of fluffy frosting and makes it stand up so much better without weeping or softening up.
Time to top 'em off!
So what are you gonna choose?
Pistachios, hazelnuts, sprinkles and Plain Jane?
I say go for ALL of them!
Don't forget hop over Instagram or Facebook to see the short video I created for these cones!
Crunchy kunafa cones filled with alternating layers of Nutella and whipped cream then sprinkled with your favorite topping. PLAN AHEAD! The rolled kunafa cones need 3 hours to overnight to dry before baking. So better make them the day before.
Bring to a rolling boil, then immediately reduce the heat to low and let it simmer for 15 minutes. Set a timer! The syrup will thicken, and have a consistency similar to corn syrup. It should be slightly thicker than the average simple syrup used for the classic pan kunafa.
Remove from heat. Transfer to a liquid measuring cup or gravy boat and allow to cool to room temperature before using.
Unwrap the kunafa from its paper. Take about a (3/4"/ 2cm) thick strand of kunafa and rewrap the rest to prevent from drying out.
Roll the kunafa strand around the cone form (as shown in the photos of the post). Start by placing one end of the strand in the middle of the cone, then beginning from the tiny, closed end of the form, tightly wrap the remaining strand over the end and overlapping that middle piece and up until you almost reach the wide opening of the form. Leave a small piece of the metal form showing; this will later make it easier to grab onto while removing the baked cones. Make sure that the kunafa is wrapped as tightly as possible without tearing, and that there are no gaps showing. To make the kunafa stick to itself and prevent unrolling, dampen your hands with a little bit of water, then use them to apply pressure on the wrapped kunafa, pressing tightly on it until its stable and all the stray strands are stuck. Don't get it too wet; just damp enough to stick the kunafa to itself. Repeat with the remaining kunafa.
Place the wrapped kunafa cones on a baking sheet, cover loosely with a sheet pf foil or parchment paper and leave to air dry until the kunafa feel hard to the touch; 3 hours to overnight.
When ready to bake, adjust oven rack to middle position and preheat the oven 200C/ 392F.
IMPORTANT: Loosen the hardened kunafa from the metal form quite bit so its not so stuck to it anymore, but do not remove completely. This will make it easier to later remove the kunafa from the form without breaking. If you don't do that, you'll have a very hard time removing the baked kunafa from the form.
Pour the melted ghee (or clarified butter) into a shallow bowl. Dip and roll the kunafa cones into the ghee to saturate. Allow excess ghee to drip back into the bowl.
Place the ghee dipped kunafa cones on their sides onto a baking sheet. Bake the cones, flipping them every 5 minutes on a different side to ensure even browning until the kunafa turns golden brown in color, 15 to 20 minutes.
Remove from the oven, then immediately transfer the cones to a clean pan. Drizzle the piping hot kunafa with the cooled syrup. Move the kunafa around to coat with the syrup.
Transfer the cones to a wire rack that has been lined with a sheet of foil. Place the cones standing upside down over the wire rack to cool completely and allow to drip all the excess syrup and ghee.
Once cooled, carefully twist the kunafa cones to remove from the form. If you're having a hard time removing it, place in the freezer to cool further then try again. It helps! Now its time to prepare the fillings.
In a small saucepan, combine the powdered sugar and cornstarch. Gradually stir in 1/4 cup (50ml) of the cream. Bring the mixture to a boil to activate the cornstarch, stirring constantly, and simmer for a few seconds just until thickened. Be sure not to let it simmer beyond a few seconds or the mixture will get too thick. Scrape the mixture into a small bowl and allow to cool just to room temperature. Stir in the vanilla.
In a chilled mixing bowl, beat the remaining cream just until traces of the beater marks begin to appear. Add the cooled cornstarch mixture in a steady stream, whipping constantly. Whip just until stiff peaks form when the beaters are raised. Do not overbeat or it will curdle and possibly turn to butter.
Transfer the stabilized whipped cream and chocolate hazelnut spread to 2 separate piping bags and snip the ends off.
Place the tip of the whipped cream piping bag all the way inside a kunafa cone and pipe a small amount. Follow that with piping a small amount of chocolate hazelnut spread in the same matter. Continue with piping alternate layers of whipped cream and chocolate hazelnut spread, ending with the chocolate hazelnut spread. Repeat with the remaining cones.
Sprinkle the top of the cones with your topping of choice then serve and enjoy:) These are best eaten the same day they're made so the whipped cream doesn't go bad. If you happen to have leftovers, refrigerate then bring back to room temperature before eating.
Please note that only FRESH kunafa that comes in long strands will work for this recipe. This kind is known as Kunafa Torah (tora7) and is sold in Middle Eastern countries at the Kanafani (the konafa maker). Frozen kunafa has the tendency to break as you roll them, so they are not recommended. Make sure to always keep the kunafa covered to prevent from drying out.
Going through the process of stabilizing the whipped cream here in essential so don't be tempted to skip it. The stabilization increases the shelf life of the whipped cream as it stays out at room temperature.
Stabilized whipped cream recipe adapted from The Baking Bible by Rose Levy Beranbaum.
Hahahaaaaa😄 Esraa! Thank you sweetie.
I was waiting for your nutella recipe this month and OMG did you deliver!! If Egypt has a cooking channel they need to get you on it. Pronto!
Iram! Now that you mentioned it, Nutella Recipe of the Month should totally be a thing around here😄 Thank you always for your kind words.
Wow! You need to publish a cookbook.
That would be a dream come true Lina!
Never tried kunafa, but DANG to I want to now! These seriously look incredible! I've gotta try 'em!
I KNEW this was coming……….
Oh! boy (…girl) you are a total baking GENIUS .
Thank you Miss Muss! I'm so excited that you like this!
I'm planning on sharing an amaaaaaaaazing recipe for kahk this Eid!!! Can't wait!
Wow! What a beautifully informative blog! I love your recipes and how detailed they are! Thank you so much!
Thank you so much! I'm so happy you like it over here!


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