text:
\section{Introduction}
	Understanding the dynamics and transport of motile particles in a flow is essential for the ecology of aquatic environments. Marine bacteria and phytoplankton live in a world of chemical and physical gradients, and many species actively propel themselves to exploit such heterogeneity \cite{stocker2012marine,Qiu2022}.

	The swimming direction of a micro-organism is influenced by the viscous torque exerted on cells by fluid shear, and by the response to external gradients and biases like gradients of dissolved organic matter and gravity. According to the type of biases, the resulting directed motility is termed chemotaxis \cite{Chakraborty2018}, gyrotaxis \cite{kessler1985hydrodynamic}, and phototaxis \cite{Panda2020,Dervaux2017}.

	In this study, we consider small, elongated, gyrotactic, swimming particles in homogenous isotropic turbulence (HIT). Many motile phytoplankton species are gyrotactic, i.e., their swimming direction results from the competition between shear-induced viscous torque and the stabilizing torque due to bottom-heaviness \cite{pedley1992hydrodynamic}.
	The stabilizing torque biases their swimming in the vertical direction, inducing an accumulation of cells in well-lit regions near the surface during daylight. Moreover, both single phytoplankton cells and multicellular phytoplankton chains can have elongated shapes, which makes the study of gyrotactic active particles with prolate shapes necessary \cite{smayda2010adaptations}.

	The velocity gradients of flows exert viscous torques on microorganisms, which can modify their swimming direction and transportation. Flow can thus affect the spatial distribution of microorganisms, which then determines their encounter rates with prey, predators, and conspecifics \cite{wheeler2019not}. The viscous torques experienced by microorganisms have a shape dependence. While vorticity generates a torque for both spherical and elongated cells, the strain of rate only affects the swimming direction of elongated cells. The additional source in torques for elongated cells causes their different spatial distribution from spherical ones. In laminar flows, spherical cells accumulate in the center of downwelling vertical pipe flows \cite{kessler1985hydrodynamic,Jiang2020}, become trapped in a thin layer of high shear in horizontal shear flows \cite{durham2009disruption,cencini2019gyrotactic}. {Gyrotactic swimmers are found to accumulate due to gravitactic focusing and wall accumulation in channel Poiseuille flows \cite{Wang2021,Wang2022}.}  In turbulent flows, gyrotactic motility can generate small-scale clusters that are dynamically evolving, both when the effect of the fluid acceleration is included or not \cite{durham2013turbulence,de2014turbulent,fouxon2015phytoplankton}. Although both spherical and elongated cells can form clusters in turbulent flows, the extent of the clustering and where cells accumulate in the water column are very different. The clustering of elongated gyrotactic swimmers is shown to be generally weaker than spherical ones, except when the gyrotaxis is very weak \cite{zhan2014accumulation,pujara2018rotations}. While spherical gyrotactic cells collect in downwelling regions \cite{durham2013turbulence}, elongated counterparts preferentially visit either downwelling or upwelling regions, depending on the swimming velocity and the gyrotaxis strength \cite{gustavsson2016preferential,borgnino2018gyrotactic,lovecchio2019chain}. To date, the spatial structures and temporal evolution of clusters of gyrotactic swimmers are still open questions.

	Owing to the incompressibility of the fluid, clusters are formed due to the intrinsic swimming of gyrotactic swimmers, with their swimming direction converging within specific regions of the flow. Therefore, the analysis for the alignment is important, which can also influence ocean light climate by altering light scattering \cite{seymour2011microbial}. To describe the alignment of elongated gyrotactic swimmers, one needs a reference frame. In an Eulerian approach, the alignment with the eigenvectors of the strain rate and the fluid velocity has been studied \cite{zhan2014accumulation,pujara2018rotations,borgnino2019alignment}. It has been found that a simpler picture emerges if one describes the local alignment in the reference formed in the Lagrangian framework \cite{ni2014alignment,hejazi2017emergent,cui_dubey_zhao_mehlig_2020}. The physical image of the Lagrangian reference frame is suggested as below. An infinitesimal, spherical fluid element deforms, over time, into a tri-axial ellipsoid as it is stretched by the turbulent flow, whose dynamic evolution can be naturally described by following its trajectory. After a sphere is distorted into an ellipsoid, the orientations of the three principal axes form an orthogonal coordinate system, which is in accordance with the eigenvectors of the left Cauthy-Green strain tensor \cite{ni2014alignment}. The Lagrangian direction is defined to be the orientation of the longest principal axis of this ellipsoid, implying the strongest stretching along this direction. However, the orientation behavior of active particles with respect to the Lagrangian stretching direction has not been addressed.

	In this study, we focus on the relationship between the clustering of gyrotactic particles and the flow, using the three-dimensional Vorono{\"\i} analysis. The Vorono{\"\i} method allows us to track the concentration of particles in the Lagrangian framework. We examine the p.d.f.s of the Vorono{\"\i} volume, the locations where clusters form, and the lifetime of the clusters. The remaining paper is organized as follows. In Sec.~\ref{sec:method}, we briefly describe the background, explaining the model equations for gyrotactic self-propelled particles and the numerical method we use. The definitions of three-dimensional Vorono{\"\i} tessellation and Lagrangian stretching are also discussed in this section. In Sec.~\ref{sec:results}, we present results on the accumulation and alignment. The conclusions, Sec.~\ref{sec:conclusions}, summarize the main finding of this study.

	\section{Method \label{sec:method}}
	\subsection{Model equations}
	The turbulent flow is governed by the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations (NSE) driven by an external random large-scale statistically homogeneous and isotropic force with constant in-time global energy input:

	\begin{eqnarray}
		\frac{\partial {\boldsymbol u}}{\partial t}  + \boldsymbol{u}\cdot {\nabla}   \boldsymbol{u} &=& -   \rho^{-1}{\nabla} p + \nu\ \nabla^2   \boldsymbol{u} + \boldsymbol{f} , \label{NS}\\
		{\nabla}  \cdot  \boldsymbol{u} &=& 0. \label{Imcompress}
	\end{eqnarray}
	Here, $\boldsymbol{u}(\boldsymbol{x},t)$ is the velocity field, $p(\boldsymbol{x},t)$ is the pressure, $\nu$ is the kinematic viscosity, and $\rho$ is the liquid density. The vector $\boldsymbol{f}$ refers to the external large-scale body force needed to sustain statistically stationary turbulence. {The force $\boldsymbol{f}$ to stir turbulence is modulated by means of a sum of sine waves with small wavenumbers and applied at each position and at each time step. The phases of sine waves are evolved in time by means of a stochastic process to ensure a homogeneous and isotropic stirring \cite{Perlekar2012}.} The turbulent intensity of the flow is characterised by a dimensionless parameter, the Taylor-Reyolds number, $Re_\lambda=u_{rms}\lambda/\nu$, where $u_{rms}=\sqrt{\langle u_iu_i\rangle^{v,t}/3}$ is the root-mean-square (r.m.s.) velocity of the flow ($\langle \ldots \rangle^{v,t}$ denotes here volume and time average), $\lambda=\sqrt{15\nu u_{rms}^2/\epsilon}$ is the Taylor length scale and $\epsilon = (\nu/2) \Sigma_{i,j}\langle(\nabla_i u_j + \nabla_j u_i)^2 \rangle^{v,t}$ is the mean global energy dissipation rate.

	A gyrotactic swimmer is modeled as an axisymmetric ellipsoid that swims along with its long axis direction $\boldsymbol{p}$ with a constant swimming speed $v_s$. The total particle velocity is the sum of the swimming velocity  $v_s\boldsymbol{p}$ and the flow velocity $\boldsymbol{u}$ at the particle location. Assuming the swimmers are small compared to the dissipative scale of the turbulent flow and neutrally-buoyant, particle trajectories, $\boldsymbol{x}(t)$, and swimming directions, $\boldsymbol{p}$ can be integrated using the following equations \cite{Jeffery1922,kessler1985hydrodynamic,pedley1992hydrodynamic}:
	\begin{eqnarray}
		\frac{\mathrm{d}\boldsymbol x}{\mathrm{d} t} &=& \boldsymbol{u}(\boldsymbol{x}(t),t)+v_s\boldsymbol p,\label{motion}\\
		\frac{\mathrm{d} \boldsymbol p}{\mathrm{d} t} &=&\frac{1}{2B}[\boldsymbol{z}-(\boldsymbol{z} \cdot \boldsymbol{p})\boldsymbol{p}]+\boldsymbol{\Omega} \boldsymbol{p} +\Lambda \left( \boldsymbol S\boldsymbol{p} - (\boldsymbol{p}\cdot \boldsymbol S\boldsymbol{p})  \boldsymbol{p} \right),\quad \label{orientation}
	\end{eqnarray}
	In the above equations, $\boldsymbol{z}$ is the vertically upward direction,
	$\boldsymbol{\Omega}=\frac{1}{2}(\nabla \boldsymbol{u}-(\nabla\boldsymbol{u})^\mathrm{ T })$ and $\boldsymbol{S}=\frac{1}{2}(\nabla \boldsymbol{u}+(\nabla\boldsymbol{u})^\mathrm{ T })$ are rotation and strain rate tensor, respectively, $\Lambda=(\alpha^2-1)/(\alpha^2+1)$ is the particle eccentricity, $\alpha$ is the particle aspect ratio, which is defined as the ratio the length $l$ to the diameter $d$ of the particle. {$B$} is the gyrotactic reorientation timescale, which measures how long it takes for a perturbed cell to return to a vertical direction in a quiescent flow. {According to the bottom heaviness, the reorientation time scale can be computed using $B=\nu \alpha_\perp/2gh$, where $\nu$ is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid, $\alpha_\perp$ is a shape-dependent dimensionless coefficient that measures the viscous resistance of the tumbling rotation of a particle, $h$ is the distance between the center of gravity and buoyancy, and $g$ is gravity\cite{lovecchio2019chain, pedley1992hydrodynamic}. Therefore, a strong gravity effect or equivalently a strong bottom-heaviness-induced gravitational torque is corresponding to a small $B$.} The three terms on the right-hand side of (\ref{orientation}) reflect that the tumbling rate of an elongated gyrotactic swimmer is governed by the {gravitational} torque, and the torque of the ambient flow through the fluid's vorticity and strain of rate, respectively. In what follows, only particles with $\alpha=20$ will be considered, corresponding to $\Lambda=0.995$. This choice of particle aspect ratio is based on two considerations. First, the individual cell of many phytoplankton species is elongated, often with large aspect ratios \cite{https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2007.5.396}.    Secondly, the chain formation of phytoplankton when daughter cells remain attached to one another after cell division leads to large aspect ratios. Considering the chain formed by individual spheric particles, $\Lambda$ rapidly saturates with the chain length. Chains of 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 cells are corresponding to $\Lambda=0.600, 0.882, 0.969, 0.992, 0.998$ \cite{lovecchio2019chain}. This large aspect ratio ($\Lambda$ approaches 1) has also been adopted by many previous studies to investigate the clustering behavior of prolate particles \cite{borgnino2018gyrotactic,lovecchio2019chain}. The suspension is assumed to be diluted, so the interactions between particles are neglected. For studies about particle interaction, we refer to Ref.~\onlinecite{Bechinger2016,Benfenati2013,Sun2006}.

	For elongated gyrotactic swimmers herein, two dimensionless parameters control the particle's fate:
	\begin{eqnarray}
		\Phi=v_s/u_{\eta},
		\label{phi}\\
		\Psi=\tau_{\eta}/B.
		\label{psi}
	\end{eqnarray}

	First, the swimming number $\Phi$ in (\ref{phi}) measures the swimming velocity $v_s$ relative to the Kolmogorov velocity $u_{\eta}=(\nu\epsilon)^{1/4}$. Second, the stability number $\Psi$ in (\ref{psi}) is defined to be the ratio of Kolmogorov time $\tau_{\eta}=(\nu/\epsilon)^{1/2}$ to the gyrotactic reorientation time $B$, as a predictor of a particle's ability to maintain vertical migration. A small gyrotactic reorientation times $B$ implies that the particle can quickly orient upward again after a perturbation. Therefore, $\Psi$ parametrizes the importance of directional swimming with respect to the ambient flow overturning. $\Psi\gg1$ means strong stability, producing a swimming direction that is very stable and uniformly upwards. Conversely, $\Psi\ll1$ reflects that the gyrotactic effect is negligible, and the swimming direction is completely determined by the ambient flow.

	\begin{figure}[!ht]
		\begin{center}
			\includegraphics[width=0.8\columnwidth,trim=0 30 0 0,clip]{fig1.pdf}
			\caption{Visualization of a three-dimensional Vorono{\"\i} tessellation. Particles are represented by red points. Each Vorono{\"\i} cell is a polyhedron assigned to a particle at its center.}
			\label{fig:fig1}
		\end{center}
	\end{figure}

	\subsection{Three-dimensional Vorono{\"\i} analysis}

	Previous studies have quantified the clustering of gyrotactic active particles by employing different approaches, such as pair correlation function \cite{zhan2014accumulation}, clustering index \cite{borgnino2018gyrotactic}, and correlation dimension \cite{durham2013turbulence,de2014turbulent}. In the above studies, these methods do not provide information on the exact locations where the strongest clustering occurs or the Lagrangian evolution of the clusters. An alternative mathematical tool, the Vorono{\"\i} tessellation, can be used to study the clustering, which provides more information about the clustering \cite{tagawa2012three}. As shown in Figure \ref{fig:fig1}, the Vorono{\"\i} diagram is a unique decomposition of the three-dimensional space into independent cells associated with each particle. One Vorono{\"\i} cell is defined as the ensemble of points that is the closest to the particle position compared to any other. From the definition of the Vorono{\"\i} diagrams, the volume of a Vorono{\"\i} cell is the inverse of the local particle concentration. Vorono{\"\i} volumes can be used to measure the concentration of each individual particle present in the field, and this feature makes Lagrangian tracking of concentration along particle trajectories possible \cite{Monchaux2012}. \citet{ferenc2007size} have found that a $\Gamma$-distribution can adequately describe the probability density functions (p.d.f.s) of the Vorono{\"\i} volumes normalized by the mean volume for randomly distributed particles. In the three-dimensional case, the $\Gamma$-distribution has the following prefactor and exponent:
	\begin{equation}
		f(x)=\frac{3125}{24}x^4\text{exp}(-5x).
		\label{Gamma}
	\end{equation}
	Here {$x$} is the Vorono{\"\i} volume normalized by the mean volume. Particles that have a p.d.f. that deviates the $\Gamma$-distribution, indicate that the combined effect of flow and characteristics of particles can affect the spatial distribution. For those particles at the border of the domain, there may not be enough other particles surrounding them. These Vorono{\"\i} cells are ill-defined, and thus not considered for the analyses.

	\subsection{Lagrangian stretching direction}
	In this part, we briefly discuss how the Lagrangian stretching direction is obtained. For more details about this Lagrangian reference frame, we refer to Ref.~\onlinecite{chadwick1999continuum,ni2014alignment,cui_dubey_zhao_mehlig_2020}. In order to characterize the deformation experienced by the fluid element, we first define a deformation tensor $\boldsymbol {F}(t)$ as the solution of the differential equation:
	\begin{equation}
		\frac{d}{dt}\boldsymbol{F}(t)=\boldsymbol{A}(\boldsymbol{x},t)\boldsymbol{F}(t).
		\label{deformation}
	\end{equation}
	Here $\boldsymbol{A}(\boldsymbol{x},t)$ is the instantaneous velocity gradient. We obtain $\boldsymbol {F}(t)$ by integrating (\ref{deformation}) using the velocity gradient along the particle trajectories, with initial condition $\boldsymbol{F}(0)=\mathbf{I}$ (identity matrix). For a non-active particle, the particle velocity is always the same as the background fluid velocity at the particle position. In this case, the physical image of $\boldsymbol {F}(t)$ is suggested as below. Consider a fluid element that moves with a non-active particle, and this can be done because they have the same velocity and thus the same trajectory. This infinitesimal initial spherical fluid element is stretched, over time, into an ellipsoid, due to the deformation effect exerted by the fluid velocity gradient. And the deformation tensor characterizes the fluid element deformation in a Lagrangian way \cite{parsa2011rotation,wilkinson2011emergent}.

	The velocity of a motile particle, $\boldsymbol{u}(\boldsymbol{x},t)+v_s\boldsymbol{p}$, is different from the fluid element velocity at the particle position $\boldsymbol{u}(\boldsymbol{x},t)$. We remark that this time there is no real fluid element following a swimming particle. However, by integrating (\ref{deformation}) the velocity gradient $\boldsymbol{A}(\boldsymbol{x},t)$ along a swimmer trajectory, an imaginary initial spherical deformable element is used to follow the swimming particle and record the stretching of the ambient flow. Although there is a slight difference between the meaning of the deformation tensor between non-active and motile particles, in both these two cases, the deformation tensor is a useful intermediate quantity to form a Lagrangian reference frame at the particle position and reflect the accumulative stretching on particles exerted by the ambient flow.

	The left Cauthy-Green tensor $\boldsymbol{C}^{(L)}$ is then obtained from the inner product of $\boldsymbol{F}$ with itself:
	\begin{equation}
		\boldsymbol{C}^{(L)}=\boldsymbol{FF}^T.
	\end{equation}
	The eigenvalues of $\boldsymbol{C}^{(L)}$ are denoted with $\Lambda_i (i=1,2,3)$, and eigenvectors $\boldsymbol{e}_{Li}$ correspondingly.
	In the case of an incompressible flow, $Tr\boldsymbol A = 0$ and the eigenvalues of the left Cauchy–Green tensor satisfy $\Lambda_1(t)\Lambda_2(t)\Lambda_3(t)=1$.
	The largest eigenvalue, $\Lambda_1>1$, indicates extension, and the corresponding eigenvector $\boldsymbol{e}_{L1}$ is called the Lagrangian stretching direction. The smallest eigenvalue, $\Lambda_3<1$, indicates contraction in the $\boldsymbol{e}_{L3}$ direction. As for the intermediate eigenvalue $\Lambda_2$, it can either be greater or less than $1$, reflecting either stretching or compressing in the $\boldsymbol{e}_{L2}$ direction.

	\subsection{Numerical simulations}
	The NSE here is numerically simulated by using a Lattice Boltzmann Method code, the {ch4-project} \cite{calzavarini2019eulerian}, which has been extensively employed in the studies of Lagrangian tracers and point-like particle dynamics in turbulence \cite{jiang2020rotation,Calzavarini2020,Jiang2021}. {More specifically, recent studies of rotational dynamics of inertialess ansiotropic particles \cite{jiang2020rotation} and gyrotactic particles \cite{Jiang2021} in turbulence have validated the particle dynamics model and the code through comparison with experimental results.} This code uses a tri-linear scheme for the Lagrangian-Eulerian frame interpolations.
	We refer to Ref.~\onlinecite{calzavarini2019eulerian} for the details of the numerical method.
	For the present simulations, a resolution of $256^3$ grid is used for the HIT flow at $Re_\lambda\approx60$.
	The boundary conditions are periodic in all directions of the three-dimensional cubic simulation domain. As indicated in Figure \ref{fig:fig2}, a wide range of particle parameters has been explored, with $\Phi=1,~6.3,~\text{and}~16$ and $\Psi\in[0.01, 16]$. For each parameter set, $5\times10^4$ Lagrangian trajectories are
	seeded in the flow and the duration is about 20 large-eddy turnover times. The deformation tensor $\boldsymbol {F}(t)$ is integrated from the DNS data using a fourth-order Runge-Kutta scheme according to (\ref{deformation}). The random initial conditions are adopted for the particle positions and orientations. All analyses are performed after particles have reached a statistically stationary state.

	\begin{figure}
		\begin{center}
			\includegraphics[width=1\columnwidth]{fig2.pdf}
			\caption{Explored parameter space of $\Psi$ and $\Phi$ for our numerical study of gyrotactic swimmers.}
			\label{fig:fig2}
		\end{center}
	\end{figure}

	\section{Results and discussion}\label{sec:results}
	We aim to address the following problems: (i) How the clustering is affected by the swimming number $\Phi$ and the stability number $\Psi$? In particular, how to characterize the extent of clustering based on the three-dimensional Vorono{\"\i} analysis? (ii) How the clustering is related to the flow structures? This question has two perspectives. From the space perspective, what are the regions that particles accumulate in? From the time perspective, how long do particles exist in an aggregated state?

	\subsection{Particle accumulation}\label{sec:particle accumulation}

	\begin{figure}
		\begin{center}
			\includegraphics[width=1\columnwidth]{fig3.pdf}
			\caption{The p.d.f.s for the normalized Vorono{\"\i} cell volumes of fast ($\Phi=16$), moderate ($\Phi=6.3$), and slow swimmers ($\Phi=1.0$) at $\Psi=0.01$, as compared with the distributions obtained from non-active particles (dashed line) and randomly distributed particles (\ref{Gamma}). All three types of motile particles show clustering, whereas non-active particles remain randomly distributed.}
			\label{fig:fig3}
		\end{center}
	\end{figure}

	\begin{figure*}
		\begin{center}
			\includegraphics[width=2\columnwidth]{fig4.pdf}
			\caption{The normalized Vorono{\"\i} volume p.d.f.s for (a) slow swimmers ($\Phi=1.0$), (b) moderate swimmers ($\Phi=6.3$), (c) fast swimmers ($\Phi=16$). The results of different $\Psi$ are plotted for each type of particle.  No preferential concentration is observed in the gravity-dominated case ($\Psi=16$), whereas rod-like slow and moderate swimmers maintain observable clustering even when the gravity effect is nearly negligible ($\Psi=0.01$). At intermediate values of $\Psi$, the clustering is most pronounced.}
			\label{fig:fig4}
		\end{center}
	\end{figure*}

	As shown in Figure \ref{fig:fig3}, the p.d.f.s of the Vorono{\"\i} volume ($\mathscr{V}$) normalized by the global mean value ($\mathscr{\bar{V}}$), $\mathscr{V}/\mathscr{\bar{V}}$, is plotted for particles of different $\Phi$ at $\Psi=0.01$ to investigate the effect of swimming velocity on the clustering. The gyrotactic effect can be considered to be negligible at $\Psi=0.01$.
	For non-active particles ($\Phi=0$), no preferential concentration is expected, with the p.d.f. agreeing well with that of randomly distributed particles.
	In contrast, for active particles, we observe different behavior compared to the randomly distributed particles.
	For all three types of active particles at $\Psi=0.01$, the possibilities of attaining either small or large normalized Vorono{\"\i} volumes are larger than that of randomly distributed particles, which are corresponding to clusters and voids in the domain.
	For slow swimmers, the effect of the swimming velocity on the particle dynamics is not significant, which leads to a slight increase in the probability of small Vorono{\"\i} volumes. However, when the particle dynamics is dominated by the swimming velocity ($\Phi=16$), particle accumulation becomes less evident as the particles may tend not to be trapped due to high swimming velocity. The strongest clustering is observed for moderate swimmers ($\Phi=6.3$). As studied in Ref.~\onlinecite{pujara2018rotations}, anisotropic swimmers without gyrotaxis accumulate in regions of lower fluid vorticity. In the swimming number range they covered, $\Phi\in[0, 5]$, the extent of accumulation monotonically increases with the particle swimming velocity. This is consistent with the variation of the p.d.f.s at $\Psi=0.01$ from $\Phi=1$ to $\Phi=6.3$.

	\begin{figure}
		\begin{center}
			\includegraphics[width=1\columnwidth]{fig5.pdf}
			\caption{
				The normalized standard deviation of Vorono{\"\i} cell volumes, $\sigma/\sigma_\Gamma$, as a function of $\Psi$ at $\Phi$ of 1.0, 6.3, and 16.}
			\label{fig:fig5}
		\end{center}
	\end{figure}

	Figure~\ref{fig:fig4} shows the p.d.f.s of the normalized Vorono{\"\i} volume for different $\Psi$ at $\Phi$ of 1.0, 6.3, and 16.
	The gravity-induced torque further affects the particle dynamic so as to change the particle accumulation.
	It turns that, for all swimming numbers, gyrotaxis enhances the probability of finding either small or large Vorono{\"\i} volumes and the influence becomes highest when the flow time scale and the gyrotactic reorientation time are comparable ($\Psi=1.0$). More importantly, this phenomenon even exists when the swimming velocity is dominated ($\Phi=16$), whereas no particle accumulation is observed for non-gyrotactic fast swimmers as shown in Figure~\ref{fig:fig3}.
	Furthermore, the overall extent of particle accumulation increases with the swimming number. When the gyrotactic effect is dominated ($\Psi=16$), the particles are compelled to point upward, which leads to random distributions similar to $\Gamma$-distribution (\ref{Gamma}).

	\begin{figure*}
		\begin{center}
			\includegraphics[width=1.4\columnwidth,height=6cm,trim=70 0 70 0,clip]{fig6.pdf}
			\caption{Several largest clusters and voids in a snapshot of particles at $\Phi=16$ and $\Psi=0.40$, with the Vorono{\"\i}-cell faces colored uniformly per cluster. The particles outside these clusters and voids have been omitted from the figure. Panel (a) and (b) shows the clusters and voids, respectively.}
			\label{fig:fig6}
		\end{center}
	\end{figure*}

	\begin{figure*}
		\begin{center}
			\includegraphics[width=2\columnwidth]{fig7.pdf}
			\caption{The mean vertical fluid velocity at the positions of (a) overall particles, (b) clusters, (c) voids.
			}
			\label{fig:fig7}
		\end{center}
	\end{figure*}

	The extent of particle accumulation can be further quantified by the standard deviation of normalized Vorono{\"\i} volumes, $\sigma/\sigma_{\Gamma}$, where $\sigma_{\Gamma}$ is the standard deviation of Vorono{\"\i} volumes for randomly distributed particles. This quantity has been adopted by other studies on inertial particle clustering in turbulence \citep{monchaux2010preferential,tagawa2012three}.
	A value of $\sigma/\sigma_{\Gamma}=1$ represents that no clustering can be observed, and high values of this term reveal the existence of high and low concentration events. We remark that $\sigma/\sigma_{\Gamma}$ is dependent on the number of particles in the domain. To test this particle number dependence, we calculated $\sigma/\sigma_{\Gamma}$ for a reduced number of particles by randomly removing some particles. The value of the indicator $\sigma/\sigma_{\Gamma}$ can be biased by this subsampling procedure, and it is reduced by nearly $20\%$ when $80\%$ of the $50000$ particles in total belonging to the group of $\Psi=1$ and $\Phi=16$ are randomly removed from the domain.
	However, $\sigma/\sigma_{\Gamma}$ remains a good indicator for a fixed number of particles, with larger values indicating more clustering. As seen in Figure \ref{fig:fig5}, for the range of explored stability numbers (spanning from 0.01 to 16), the standard deviation of the normalized Vorono{\"\i} volumes of all three types of swimmers shows a non-monotonic trend, with the indicator value peaking at $\Psi=O(1)$. Under the intermediate gyrotaxis, fast swimmers exhibit the strongest clustering, reaching a value of 3.9. The clustering result has a consistent trend with that of Ref.~\onlinecite{zhan2014accumulation}, which evaluated the clustering extent by the slope of the radial distribution function. {Similar clustering extent trend has also been presented through the correlation dimension $D_2$ \cite{borgnino2018gyrotactic}, which rules the small-scale scaling behaviour of the probability to find a pair of cells with distance less than $r$, i.e., $p_2(r)\sim r^{D_2}$ when $r\to 0$.}

	\subsection{Clusters and preferential sampling }\label{sec:flow}

	In this section, we aim to study how the spatial distribution of particles is related to the turbulent structures. The particle parameters affect not only the extent of the clustering but, importantly, also the locations of the clustering. It has been found that rod-like gyrotactic swimmers preferentially visit either downwelling or upwelling regions depending on the $\Psi$ and $\Phi$ \citep{borgnino2018gyrotactic,lovecchio2019chain}. Therefore, we investigate this issue by examing the vertical fluid velocity sampled by particles and their connections with the Vorono{\"\i} cell volumes. In order to identify where clusters and voids form, we denote $\mathscr{V}_f$ as the Vorono{\"\i} volume which a fraction $f$ of Vorono{\"\i} cells are smaller than, i.e. $P(\mathscr{V}<\mathscr{V}_f)=f$. Here, normalized Vorono{\"\i} volumes smaller than $\mathscr{V}_{0.05}$ are defined as belonging to clusters. Equivalently, Vorono{\"\i} cells larger than $\mathscr{V}_{0.95}$ are defined as belonging to voids. In other words, Vorono{\"\i} cells whose volume is below the threshold defined by $\mathscr{V}_{0.05}$ belong to clusters, while Vorono{\"\i} cells above $\mathscr{V}_{0.95}$ belong to voids. Figure \ref{fig:fig6} shows an example of several identified largest clusters and voids in one snapshot from the simulation. It appears that these Vorono{\"\i} cells that possess extreme sizes tend to be connected in groups of various sizes and shapes. The sizes of voids are naturally larger than that of the clusters, due to the larger sizes of connected Vorono{\"\i} cells. And the elongation of the shapes of voids in the vertical direction is observed.
	It is now tempting to ask these questions: where do the overall particles ($\mathscr{V}_0<\mathscr{V}<\mathscr{V}_1$) preferentially sample? where do clusters ($\mathscr{V}<\mathscr{V}_{0.05}$) and voids ($\mathscr{V}>\mathscr{V}_{0.95}$) preferentially form?

	First, we focus on the overall preferential sampling. We use the non-dimensional vertical fluid velocity (normalized by the Kolmogorov velocity) averaged over the positions of all particles, $\left \langle u_z \right \rangle /u_{\eta}$, to show this preferential sampling of fluid velocities, where $\langle \ldots \rangle$ denotes the ensemble average over the locations of overall particles ($\mathscr{V}_0<\mathscr{V}<\mathscr{V}_1$) and over time. Similarly, in what follows, $\langle \ldots \rangle_{c,t}$ and $\langle \ldots \rangle_{v,t}$ denote the time average over the locations of clusters ($\mathscr{V}<\mathscr{V}_{0.05}$) and voids ($\mathscr{V}>\mathscr{V}_{0.95}$) respectively.
	In Figure \ref{fig:fig7}(a), the different curves are plotted for $\left \langle u_z \right \rangle/u_{\eta}$ of three types of swimmers at different values of $\Phi$ as a function of the stability number $\Psi$. There is a clear difference among slow, moderate, and fast swimmers. Slow swimmers, at all $\Psi$ in the range we have covered, tend to stay in the downwelling flow, whereas fast swimmers consistently preferentially visit upwelling regions. Moderate swimmers, preferentially sample regions with a positive vertical velocity at small $\Psi$, but regions with a negative vertical velocity at large $\Psi$. {Field observation shows that the dinoflagellate \textit{Cochlodinium polykrikoides} tends to be in long chain groups of $\ge 6$ cells before sunrise, whereas the reverse is observed after that with the densities of short chain groups of $\le5$ cells increases \cite{JongGyuPark2001}. The study notes that this is a ecological strategy through which the population can use the sufficient propulsion produced by more cells to swim fast to move upward before sunrise. After arrival in the surface layers, the shape of short chain provides a high area-to-volume ratio for them to capture energy efficiently. The tendency of fast swimmers to preferentially sample in upwelling regions in Figure 7(a) implies that a long chain can help the vertical upward migration not only through fast swimming speed but also through a turbulent upwelling water column.}

	Here, we answer the question of where clusters and voids form. Figure \ref{fig:fig7}(b, c) show the average non-dimensional vertical fluid velocity sampled by clusters $\left \langle u_z \right \rangle _{c,t}/u_{\eta}$ and voids $\left \langle u_z \right \rangle _{v,t}/u_{\eta}$ respectively. The curves in Figure \ref{fig:fig7}(b) for clusters roughly show a similar trend with the overall case, reflecting that the cluster locations qualitatively agree with locations that overall particles preferentially visit. The opposite trend is observed for voids in Figure \ref{fig:fig7}(c), reflecting that they form at regions where the overall particles tend to avoid. From a quantitative perspective, the mean velocity sampled by the clusters is larger than that of overall particles for most particle parameters (namely $\Phi$ and $\Psi$). This demonstrates that the clusters preferentially form at higher vertical velocity flow regions compared with the overall preferential sampling. Particles that preferentially sample in upwelling regions or downwelling regions, respectively, form clusters in upflows or downflows with more extreme vertical velocity. The voids also tend to form at higher velocity vertical flows compared with the overall particles, though the vertical flow is in the opposite direction to that of the overall particles.

	\subsection{Vorono{\"\i} Lagrangian autocorrelation} \label{sec:lagcorr}

	\begin{figure}
		\begin{center}
			\includegraphics[width=1\columnwidth]{fig8.pdf}
			\caption{Lagrangian Vorono{\"\i} analysis for fast ($\Phi=16$), moderate ($\Phi=6.3$), slow swimmers ($\Phi=1.0$) and non-active particles (dashed line). (a) Temporal autocorrelation functions of Vorono{\"\i} volumes at $\Psi=1$. (b) Decorrelation time.}
			\label{fig:fig8}
		\end{center}
	\end{figure}

	In this section, we study the temporal evolution of the Vorono{\"\i} volumes. Figure \ref{fig:fig8}(a) shows the temporal autocorrelation function $C_{V}(\tau)$ of the associated Vorono{\"\i} volumes for three types of swimmers at a fixed $\Psi=1$, which is defined in (\ref{AutocorreDef}) as the correlation coefficient between the Vorono{\"\i} volumes at two different time as a function of the time lag $\tau$:
	\begin{equation}
		C_{V}(\tau)=\frac{\left \langle V'(t)V'(t+\tau) \right \rangle_{o}}{\left \{\left \langle V'(t)^2 \right \rangle_{o}\left \langle V'(t+\tau)^2 \right \rangle_{o}\right \}^{1/2}},
		\label{AutocorreDef}
	\end{equation}
	where $\langle \ldots \rangle_{o}$ represents the average taken over for the overall particles at a specified time step. Note that the mean value of the Vorono{\"\i} volumes at the corresponding time have been subtracted, so the fluctuating component of the Vorono{\"\i} volumes $V'=V-\left \langle V \right \rangle_{o}$ is used for the calculation of the temporal autocorrelation function.
	The results for non-active particles are also shown for comparison.
	Compared with the non-active particles, the $C_{V}(\tau)$ of the slow and moderate swimmers decreases relatively slowly, reflecting the trapping of particles by turbulence prolonged the time needed for the decorrelation of the Vorono{\"\i} volumes.
	We observe that, for fast swimmers, $C_V$ decorrelates much slower as compared to the slow swimmers, which is related to the result that fast swimmers have a high possibility to accumulate as shown in Figure~\ref{fig:fig4}.

	Figure \ref{fig:fig8}(b) shows the decorrelation time scales of the Vorono{\"\i} volume ($\tau_V$) as a function of the stability number ($\Psi$) for fast, moderate, slow swimmers and non-active particles.
	The decorrelation time for Vorono{\"\i} volume $\tau_V$ is defined to be the time when the autocorrelation function decreased to 0.5, i.e. $C_V(\tau_V)=0.5$.
	We remark that the spatial distributions of non-active particles are independent of $\Psi$ since they simply follow the fluid velocity at the particle position.
	We observe that $\tau_V$ for all three types of swimmers shows non-monotonic dependence on $\Psi$, with a peak around $\Psi=1\sim2.5$. We remark the decorrelation process is slow at $\Psi=16$, with $\tau_V$ approximating the peak value. The stable upward swimming direction that helps maintain the spatial distribution may partially explain this large $\tau_V$ for particles at large $\Psi$.  Using the results of non-active particles as a baseline, we can study the swimming velocity effects on the decorrelation time. The decorrelation time ($\tau_V$) for fast swimmers is the largest among the three types of swimmers at large $\Psi$, while is the smallest at small $\Psi$. In the gravity torque dominated region ($\Psi\gg1$), the uniformly stable upward swimming direction combined with a larger swimming velocity $\Phi$ (relatively smaller fluid velocity effects) results in a more stable spatial distribution and increasing decorrelation time. In contrast, in the turbulence torque dominated region ($\Psi\ll1$), the random swimming direction combined with a larger swimming velocity $\Phi$ facilitates the change of distance between particles and accelerates the decorrelation process.

	\begin{figure}
		\begin{center}
			\includegraphics[width=1\columnwidth,clip]{fig9.pdf}
			\caption{Alignments of particles with the Lagrangian stretching direction $\boldsymbol{e}_{L1}$ as a function of the stability number $\Psi$ for slow, moderate, and fast swimmers at $\alpha=20$. Particles with greater swimming velocity exhibit stronger alignment when $\Psi\gg1$, whereas the opposite trend is observed when $\Psi\ll1$. }
			\label{fig:fig9}
		\end{center}
	\end{figure}

	\subsection{Alignment with Lagrangian fluid stretching}\label{sec:lag}

	The quantitative measurement of this Lagrangian alignment is obtained via the ensemble and temporal average of the cosine of the angle between the particle swimming direction and the Lagrangian stretching direction, $\left \langle|\boldsymbol{e}_{L1}\cdot \boldsymbol{p}|\right \rangle$.
	$\left \langle|\boldsymbol{e}_{L1}\cdot \boldsymbol{p}|\right \rangle$ takes the value 1 in the case of a perfect parallel alignment along the $\boldsymbol{e}_{L1}$ direction, 0 in the perfect perpendicular case, and 0.5 if the particles point randomly with respect to $\boldsymbol{e}_{L1}$.

	We look at the mean Lagrangian alignment of particles of different stability numbers $\Psi$ for three different swimming numbers $\Phi$. Figure~\ref{fig:fig9} shows the measurements for slow ($\Phi=1$), moderate ($\Phi=6.3$) and fast swimmers ($\Phi=16$). Slow swimmers with weak gyrotaxis ($\Psi\ll1$) approach perfect alignment with the Lagrangian stretching direction, with $\left \langle|\boldsymbol{e}_{L1}\cdot \boldsymbol{p}|\right \rangle$ being close to 1. This strong alignment is consistent with the results of passive rods \cite{ni2014alignment}, reflecting the alignment behavior of slow swimmers shows only small deviations from that of non-active particles.
	In contrast, when $\Psi\gg1$, $\left \langle|\boldsymbol{e}_{L1}\cdot \boldsymbol{p}|\right \rangle$ of slow swimmers reaches 0.5, implying that the particle swimming direction and the Lagrangian stretching direction point randomly relative to each other. This is consistent with our expectations since the influence of fluid stretching is almost negligible compared with the dominated gravity when $\Psi\gg1$. We now consider the effect of the swimming number $\Phi$ on the Lagrangian alignment, using the alignment of slow swimmers as a baseline. The dependence of alignment on $\Phi$ shows opposite trends in the turbulence ($\Psi\ll1$) and the gravity torque ($\Psi\gg1$) dominated regions.
	The alignment decreases with the swimming velocity in the small $\Psi$ regime, whereas it becomes stronger in the large $\Psi$ regime as $\Phi$ increases.

	In order to make sense of the dependence on $\Phi$ when $\Psi\ll1$, we measure the principal axes of length $l_i=\sqrt{\Lambda_i} (i=1, 2, 3)$ of an ellipsoid deformed from a sphere due to Lagrangian stretching.
	We quantitatively measure the Lagrangian stretching strength via the p.d.f.s of the geometrical ratio  $l_1/l_2$ for three types of swimmers, see Figure \ref{fig:fig10}(a). An important feature of the p.d.f. of the slow swimmer is that the highest probability occurs at the largest $l_1/l_2$ among three swimmers. With increasing swimming velocity, the geometrical ratio has a higher probability to be in the small range.
	It has been found that the alignment between $\boldsymbol{p}$ and $\boldsymbol{e}_{L1}$ increases monotonically with the geometrical aspect ratio $l_1/l_2$ from a statistical perspective\cite{ni2014alignment}. Therefore, the geometrical aspect ratio $l_1/l_2$, to some extent, can reflect the strength of this Lagrangian stretching. To understand the weakened Lagrangian stretching due to swimming, we conjecture the following physical image.
	The Lagrangian velocity gradient experienced by particles with a large swimming velocity decorrelates faster than that of non-active particles. As a result, the typical time scale for the process of Lagrangian stretching becomes shorter. Therefore, the alignment with the Lagrangian stretching direction decreases as the swimming velocity increases at $\Psi\ll1$, as shown in Figure~\ref{fig:fig9}.

	\begin{figure}
		\begin{center}
			\includegraphics[width=1\columnwidth]{fig10.pdf}
			\caption{(a) The p.d.f.s of the geometrical ratios $l_1/l_2$ for slow, moderate, and fast swimmers at $\Psi=0.01$. The geometrical ratio p.d.f.s are qualitatively similar for $\Psi$ in the range of [0.01,16], thus only the results at $\Psi=0.01$ are plotted here. For slow swimmers, the geometrical ratio tends to be more extreme, reflecting a stronger Lagrangian stretching effect. (b) The mean of the absolute value of the vertical component of the Lagrangian stretching direction. }
			\label{fig:fig10}
		\end{center}
	\end{figure}

	The analysis above is for $\Psi\ll1$. As we have examined, three swimmers give qualitatively similar geometrical ratio ($l_1/l_2$) p.d.f.s for $\Psi\in[0.01, 16]$. These p.d.f.s for other $\Psi$ are not shown in Figure~\ref{fig:fig10}(a), since these curves nearly collapse with the shown one. Therefore, the conclusion that fast swimmers experience weaker Lagrangian stretching is robust in the large $\Psi$ range. However, we see in Figure \ref{fig:fig9} that fast swimmers under strong gyrotaxis ($\Psi\gg1$) show better alignment than moderate and slow swimmers, although they have encountered weaker fluid stretching. This deviates from the usual expectations. Figure~\ref{fig:fig10}(b) shows the mean of the vertical component of $\boldsymbol{e}_{L1}$, $\left \langle|\boldsymbol{e}_{L1}\cdot \boldsymbol{z}|\right \rangle$, as a function of $\Psi$ for different $\Phi$.
	It turns out that the Lagrangian stretching direction can be biased by gravity. The Lagrangian stretching direction of fast swimmers shows the largest extent to align with the vertical direction. Under the strong gyrotaxis effect, the swimming direction of particles also approaches the vertically upward direction $\boldsymbol{z}$. Thus, the counterintuitive strong alignment for fast swimmers at large $\Psi$ can be understood.
	However, the bias of $\boldsymbol{e}_{L1}$ in the vertical direction is not revealed.
	The Lagrangian stretching direction is obtained by integrating the velocity gradient $\boldsymbol{A}(\boldsymbol{x},t)$ (\ref{deformation}), which does not include the gravity effect explicitly. One possible reason could be the biased sampling of particle positions $\boldsymbol{x}$ in the flow, which was found to be upwelling or downwelling regions \citep{gustavsson2016preferential,lovecchio2019chain}. Even if there is no preferential accumulation when $\Psi\gg1$, the uniformly upward swimming direction of particles may prolong their time staying in structures with large vertical velocity.
	In these regions the flow may tend to stretch particles in the vertical direction, thus causing the bias of $\boldsymbol{e}_{L1}$ in the vertical direction. More studies are needed to fully understand this issue.

	\section{Conclusions\label{sec:conclusions}}
	In this paper, we consider simulations of the dynamics of elongated gyrotactic swimmers in turbulent flows. We carry out the study of clustering of gyrotactic swimmers, using the three-dimensional Vorono{\"\i} analysis. Three different types of swimmers (fast, moderate, and slow) of different $\Psi$ are covered. At small and intermediate $\Psi$, a higher probability of finding depleted regions (large Vorono{\"\i} volumes) and concentrated regions (small Vorono{\"\i} volumes) is identified for active particles, implying the clustering behavior. We use the standard deviations of the normalized Vorono{\"\i} volumes to measure the clustering extent quantitatively. At intermediate $\Psi$, fast swimmers show stronger clustering than the other two types of swimmers, which is consistent with the trend based on the radial distribution function analysis. While the gyrotaxis-dominated ($\Psi\gg1$) swimmers exhibit no clustering, non-gyrotactic particles ($\Psi\ll1$) are amenable to concentrate preferentially, with a non-monotonic dependence on $\Phi$.

	Next, we study the connections between the Vorono{\"\i} volume and the local flow properties from the spatial and time perspective. By comparing the p.d.f. of the overall particles and that of particles belonging to clusters and voids, the locations that overall, aggregated, and sparse particles preferentially sample are further distinguished. Clusters and voids preferentially form at locations with more extreme vertical velocity compared with the overall preferential sampling. The preferential vertical flow regions of clusters and voids are roughly the opposite. From the Lagrangian autocorrelation of the Vorono{\"\i} volumes, the lifetime of the clusters is examined. The clustering of fast swimmers lasts longer than that of moderate and slow swimmers at large $\Psi$, but the opposite dependence on swimming velocity emerges at small $\Psi$. In the future, more insights may be gained by following individual clusters of gyrotactic swimmers, focusing on how they are formed and destroyed by turbulent fluctuations.

	Finally, we study their Lagrangian alignment, focusing on the Lagrangian stretching directions. We have demonstrated how the motility can weaken this alignment, by visualizing stretching as the process of deforming a sphere into an ellipsoid. With faster velocity, the deformation is reduced, reflecting a weakened Lagrangian stretching. However, when gravity effects become more dominated, the Lagrangian alignment shows a counterintuitive increasing trend with a particle moving velocity. We found, under this case, the Lagrangian stretching direction can also be biased by gravity. Gravity biases both the particle swimming direction and the Lagrangian stretching direction in the vertical direction. Therefore, the remarkable alignment trend with the particle moving velocity at large $\Psi$ can be understood.

	\textit{Acknowledgments}
	We thank Enrico Calzavarini and Z. Wang for their comments on the manuscript.
	This work is financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.~11988102, 91852202, the National Training Program of Innovation and Entrepreneurship of China for Undergraduates (202110003017), and Tencent Foundation through the XPLORER PRIZE.

	\nocite{*}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Structure and hydride transfer mechanism of a moderate thermophilic dihydrofolate reductase from Bacillus stearothermophilus and comparison to its mesophilic and hyperthermophilic homologues.
Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) from a moderate thermophilic organism, Bacillus stearothermophilus, has been cloned and expressed. Physical characterization of the protein (BsDHFR) indicates that it is a monomeric protein with a molecular mass of 18,694.6 Da (0.8), coincident with the mass of 18 694.67 Da calculated from the primary sequence. Determination of the X-ray structure of BsDHFR provides the first structure for a monomeric DHFR from a thermophilic organism, indicating a high degree of conservation of structure in relation to all chromosomal DHFRs. Structurally based sequence alignment of DHFRs indicates the following levels of sequence identity and similarity for BsDHFR: 38 and 58% with Escherichia coli, 35 and 56% with Lactobacillus casei, and 23 and 40% with Thermotoga maritima, respectively. Steady state kinetic isotope effect studies indicate an ordered kinetic mechanism at elevated temperatures, with NADPH binding first to the enzyme. This converts to a more random mechanism at reduced temperatures, reflected in a greatly reduced K(m) for dihydrofolate at 20 degrees C in relation to that at 60 degrees C. A reduction in either temperature or pH reduces the degree to which the hydride transfer step is rate-determining for the second-order reaction of DHF with the enzyme-NADPH binary complex. Transient state kinetics have been used to study the temperature dependence of the isotope effect on hydride transfer at pH 9 between 10 and 50 degrees C. The data support rate-limiting hydride transfer with a moderate enthalpy of activation (E(a) = 5.5 kcal/mol) and a somewhat greater temperature dependence for the kinetic isotope effect than predicted from classical behavior [A(H)/A(D) = 0.57 (0.15)]. Comparison of kinetic parameters for BsDHFR to published data for DHFR from E. coli and T. maritima shows a decreasing trend in efficiency of hydride transfer with increasing thermophilicity of the protein. These results are discussed in the context of the capacity of each enzyme to optimize H-tunneling from donor (NADPH) to acceptor (DHF) substrates.
Lee, Seok-Yong
Kim, HS; Damo, SM; Lee, S-Y; Wemmer, D; Klinman, JP
10.1021/bi050630j
Conserved Sequence
Crystallography, X-Ray
Species Specificity
Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Providence Law Asia representing Huang Min against Lim Tean
Providence Law Asia's Lim Mingguan and Bestlyn Loo represent Mr Huang Min, a Chinese national, in reclaiming the money he loaned to former NSP chief Lim Tean amounting to US$150,000.
Following the Writ of Summons filed in December 2017, District Judge Tan May Tee and Deputy Registrar Regina Lim agreed that Mr Huang has established a prima facie case for judgment on his claim for the repayment of the loan and hence delivered a summary judgment in favour of Mr Huang on 22 November 2018.
Mr Lim is appealling against the said judgment in the High Court and the case is still pending.
https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/former-nsp-chief-lim-tean-issued-writ-of-summons-over-unpaid-loan-of-us150000


Another round of fuzzing on an updated version (1.900.5) revealed that the previous issues, reported as CVE-2016-8690, are unfixed.
THE BMP FORMAT IS NOT FULLY SUPPORTED!
THAT IS, THE JASPER SOFTWARE CANNOT DECODE ALL TYPES OF BMP DATA.
TO THE PNM FORMAT, AND USING THIS FORMAT INSTEAD.


At night pirates are returning to their ship. One of the pirates slipped in the bilge water and fell under the rigger, cutting his finger; he's been marked a dead man. A siren's singing can be heard. The pirate tries to run, and vanishes. Hearing sounds from the deck the Captain investigates, and finds the Doctor, Amy and Rory.
The TARDIS has landed below decks. The TARDIS picked up a signal from the pirate ship so the Doctor went to help, though the Captain insists no signal was sent. The first officer thinks they are spirits - how else could they have gotten below decks. The captain raises his gun, calling them stowaways. Amy is taken below, whilst the Doctor and Rory are made to walk the plank.
To delay as long as possible the Doctor asks where the rest of the crew is. It is a big ship for five people. The delay gives Amy time to escape below decks and find a sword. She threatens the Captain and orders the release of the Doctor. Another crew member starts a sword fight. Amy pushes him back, and cuts the arm of a another crew member.
It is only a cut, but the crew member claims Amy has killed him, before a black spot appears on his hand. The Captain explains that it only takes one drop of blood to make the demon appear. Blood is transferred to Rory, and a black spot appears on his hand. In the air singing can be heard, and Rory starts behaving oddly. Out of the ocean a young woman floats in to the air and towards Rory and the injured crew member. When the woman touches the crew member he disappears. Amy and the Doctor manage to get to Rory before the siren does.
Everyone rushes below deck to escape from the siren. There is standing water, and one of the pirates finds a leech on his leg. Despite the solid timber of the ship the siren appears from the water.
The only safe place is somewhere dry, and the only dry place is the magazine - the ship's armoury. It contains gunpowder and must be kept dry. In the armoury there is another stowaway, Toby - the Captain's son. The Captain tells his son that there is a monster on board and that it is not safe. The boy, coughing, shows the Captain a black spot on his hand.
The Doctor realises it is not just the bleeding people the siren is after; she is after any injured person. Leaving everyone else in the armoury the Doctor and the Captain make their way to the TARDIS. The Captain is amazed by the TARDIS, but when the Doctor tries to take off nothing happens. Controls start going mad, and the Doctor and the Captain get out of the TARDIS just before it disappears.
In the armoury the crew are not happy, thinking the Captain has gone soft, and are planning to leave. Toby raises a sword and cuts the first officer, and a black spot appears. As the room is the only safe place there is no way he can leave. Mulligan, the last unaffected pirate, escapes with a crown.
He encounters the Doctor and the Captain, and escapes locks himself it a dark room. He lights a torch, but burns himself. The siren claims him. When the Doctor and the Captain break in to the room it is empty, but there is no water in the room. Looking at the crown the Doctor realises the siren can come from any mirrored surface - still water or a polished metal.
The Captain realises he left a medallion with his son, and rushes back to warn everyone in the armoury. The Doctor gets hold of the medallion, and starts to smash every window and mirror. He then starts to get rid of the treasure. The Captain isn't happy, and whilst the Doctor gets rid of treasure he hides the crown in his jacket.
Heavy winds and rain start, and the Captain orders Amy, Rory and Toby to raise the sails. Toby gets the Captain's coat, and the crown falls out. The siren appears, and takes Toby before the Captain can stop it. In the confusion Rory is knocked overboard. The only person who can save Rory is the siren. The Doctor opens a water barrel, and then the siren appears he points to Rory.
The Doctor wants to reason with the siren, and the only way to do that is to let it take them all. They all prick their fingers and the siren appears.
When the wake they find themselves in a space ship trapped in a temporal rift. The ships are occupying the same space, and from the ship they can see the deck of the pirate ship. In the background they can hear the distress call that the TARDIS picked up. On the ship they find a long dead members of the spaceship crew. Human bacteria killed the crew.
Moving further in to the ship they find the crew of the pirate ship, all alive but unconscious on suspended beds. The siren is keeping them alive, and the black spot is where a tissue sample was taken. The singing acts as an anaesthetic. The Doctor realises the siren is a form of doctor, and the room they are in is an automated sickbay. The siren is keeping the people alive, but does not know how to heal, and won't let people near her patients.
Amy wants to look after her husband, and a ring appears acting as a consent form. When consent is given Rory wakes, but is still on the point of drowning. As a nurse Rory teaches Amy how to resuscitate him.
The Doctor says the ship must be launched. If the Captain returns there is no future for him, or his son, and offers to stay on the ship. As the TARDIS leaves, the Captain, and his revived crew and son, take to the skies in the space ship.


Located along the northern shores of Long Island Sound in southwestern Connecticut, Bridgeport is the largest city in the Constitution State. Although the first settlement in the area was established in 1659, the city was not formally chartered until 1836. With a population of roughly 144,000, Bridgeport is a major economic and transportation center for Fairfield County. The city's restaurant scene reflects Bridgeport's racial and ethnic diversity and includes several restaurants that specialize in fried chicken.
Drumstik Barbeque (no website; 4109 Main St., Bridgeport, CT 06606; 203-374-6151) is a family-owned operation that's been going strong since the mid-1960s. Open daily, Drumstik offers Bridgeport residents and visitors a chance to dig into some authentic Southern-style fried chicken with all the fixings. The menu also includes a number of other Southern favorites, including fried chicken gizzards, chicken wings, barbecued chicken and barbecued pork spare ribs. Sides include deviled eggs and french fries. The restaurant's no-frills interior has limited seating, but the high quality of its food keeps the place crowded every day of the week.
Whether you call it soul food or southern cuisine, Good Cookin' (goodcookinrestaurant.com) has got it. Although fried chicken is at the top of its entree list, the restaurant also offers barbecued ribs, pork chops, baked chicken, fried fish and steak. The restaurant is comfortable but plain, putting its main emphasis on high-quality, home-cooked food. Side dishes include Southern fried corn, mixed greens, candied yams, potato salad, mac and cheese, and turnips. If you have room for dessert, sample some banana pudding, bread pudding or sweet potato pie.
Lima Chicken and Subs (no website; 1375 Madison Ave., Bridgeport, CT 06606; 203-333-3334) lies only 1.5 miles northwest of center-city Bridgeport. In addition to fried chicken, its most popular dish, this no-frills eatery offers submarine sandwiches, wraps and other sandwiches. Lima offers local delivery service.
With more than 20,000 retail outlets around the globe, KFC (kfc.com) bills itself as "the world's most popular chicken restaurant chain." It operates two restaurants in Bridgeport, and another eight KFC outlets lie within a 20-mile radius of the city.
Regional fried chicken chains with branches in Bridgeport include Crown Fried Chicken (no website; 300 Boston Ave., Bridgeport, CT 06610; 203-610-8737) and Royal Fried Chicken (no website; 1010 North Ave., Bridgeport, CT 06606; 203-331-0620).
Amerman, Don. "Fried Chicken Restaurants in Bridgeport, CT." Travel Tips - USA Today, https://traveltips.usatoday.com/fried-chicken-restaurants-bridgeport-ct-101654.html. Accessed 18 April 2019.


text:
CIRCLE report says young voters may have big impact in Georgia
Jeff Plungis
Younger voters in Georgia have registered to vote at a higher rate than in any other state, compared with the last presidential election. That growing voting bloc may help sway the key races for president, two U.S. senators and two seats in the House, according to a new report from the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement at Tufts University.
In 2016, Georgia youth voters picked Democrats by a 30-point margin compared to the overall electorate, according to CIRCLE. And this segment of the population is growing faster in Georgia than anywhere else: among those 18-24, there were 34 percent more registered voters in September 2020 compared to November 2016. That contrasts with another swing state, Ohio, where there are 20 percent fewer youth voters registered this year compared with four years ago.
If they turn out, youth voters also have a chance to add more color to the state's majority white electorate. More than half — 53 percent — of younger people in Georgia are Black or Latino. But there are hurdles for increasing the turnout of younger voters. The state has placed restrictions on voting that are more likely to affect younger voters, CIRCLE says. That includes a "use it or lose it" law that's been used to purge more than 300,000 voters who hadn't voted recently. The state's early voter registration deadline — 29 days before the election — also impacts younger voters more than the general electorate, according to the report.
See the full report here.
Media & the emerging electorate: How can media meet youth where ... ›
Georgia, primary marred by long waits, voting site confusion - The ... ›
Supporting the Youth Vote in 2020 - The Fulcrum ›
We need to engage unenrolled young voters - The Fulcrum ›
200,000 Georgia voters wrongly purged, says lawsuit - The Fulcrum ›
2018 Youth Voter Turnout Increased in Every State | CIRCLE ›
Black Youth Vote! The Next Generation of Black Leadership - NCBCP ›
YouthVote Georgia ›
young voters


No dog training creates dog behavior problems which unfortunately, more times than not, is a key factor to owners surrendering their dogs at shelters. The majority of surrendered dogs have had absolutely no dog training at all.
Ask anyone at a shelter, they will confirm this.
Don't let it get to the point to where "Just like your bratty teen needs some structure and leadership so do dogs." No dog training and no structure means you will eventually wind up with dog behavior problems.
From my perspective as a dog trainer, surrendering your dog to a shelter is very sad and unnecessary when the solution is so simple. Train your dog.
If you do not train your dog to do anything else at least train your dog to sit.
Well, you know what I'm going to do next, right? That's right. I'm going to blow holes in these excuses. Or better phrased, I'll present compelling logic to the contrary. So read on my friends.
Most new dog owners are excited to get their new dog or puppy and begin to interact with him by teaching sit and shake. Free training! It's cool to test your dog's skills and to see how smart he is.
I've gone into many homes with problem dogs and very few say to me, "My dog doesn't know any commands." If they do say that, they usually think I mean more complicated versions of commands like a down/stay or place command.
They have forgotten about teaching their dog sit and shake when they first brought their dog or puppy home. The sit and shake is usually still there. And that's a great starting point – even if their dog's response is selective, you know, when only food treats are involved.
Even if you never taught your dog any other command but "Sit!" that will do just fine.
Now you're thinking–How can I say that?
If you think about it, a well disciplined sit command can fix many dog behavior problems like running out the front door, jumping, dog aggression and often times barking.
And don't forget your dog should sit to earn everything he wants, including your love and affection.
The bottom line is that sit is so simple to teach, most everybody-including kids begin to teach their dog to sit because that's what you know to do with dogs. No cost to teach but a heavy price to pay with no dog training. No excuse.
You got lucky. What else can I say? It's pretty amazing how our previous dogs kind of set the bar for all our future dogs. It's no wonder that new owners begin to think, "I didn't do obedience training with my last dog and he was perfect so naturally I didn't think I had to train my new dog – until now.
You simply can't judge your new dog by the standards of past dogs. You must assume the worst dog behavior and train for the best behavior. If you train from the beginning, the worst dog behavior will never come out.
You should start setting rules and boundaries the day your dog arrives and maintain them. If you slack off after 12-18 months of age your dog may become confused about his sense of place causing stress and behavior problems begin to surface.
Not all dogs are alike. You cannot afford to think that way because not every dog is perfect with no dog training. No excuse.
Training is not a time consuming endeavor – especially if you start on day one when your dog comes home. Consistency, not time, is what is important.
Train your dog for 2 minutes, 3 times a day and you will truly be surprised at the results. If you don't want to teach your dog a lot of commands, just teach him to sit and proof him around all the distractions that are relevant to what you need.
Don't be one of those dog owners that would sooner put up with a dog problem rather than find a solution because everything else with your dog is perfect. Learn how to get the most out of your dog, and teach your dog how to get the most out of you.
So get cracking on the problem. Remember, the problem might not have ever come up if your dog had learned to sit for everything and had been the beneficiary of good exercise on regular walks every day with you.
Your dog is counting on you.
Thanks for letting me share my dog training knowledge with you. Don't be a stranger. I'd love to hear what you think so comment below.
https://www.petiquettedog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Bark-at-door-bigstock_Annoying_Salesman_2173515.jpg 263 178 Jim Burwell http://www.petiquettedog.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/jim_logo_nov2014_gold.png Jim Burwell2013-03-14 04:00:172013-03-30 17:19:04No Dog Training? No Excuse!
Counter Surfing: Or, Where's the Beef?
Dog Training Business: When clients want you to fix dog problems on the ph... Dog Training: Does Your Dog Suffer from Owner Impairment?


New ovens may have a pungent smell on first use. This is not a fault with the oven and is usual because factory residues may need to be cooked off the elements or hot plates.
Before you use your oven for the first time you will need to 'burn off' the 'newness' smell. Open the windows of the room and switch the oven on to full heat and after 30 minutes the smell will disappear.


text:
Q: Recently Viewed Widget - override - Magento 2.4.5 i want recently viewed widget to display bestsellers if there is no recently view products. I tried to create my own recently viewed widget, but all answers and examples use deprecated class:
Magento\Reports\Block\Product\Viewed

So I wanted to copy standard widget and change it, but in Magento widget looks like this:
namespace Magento\Catalog\Block\Widget;

use Magento\Ui\Block\Wrapper;

/**
 * Dynamically creates recently viewed widget ui component, using information
 * from widget instance and Catalog/widget.xml
 */
class RecentlyViewed extends Wrapper implements \Magento\Widget\Block\BlockInterface
{
}

And I dont know how to reach and check returned collection or override this functionality.

A: The block Magento\Reports\Block\Product\Viewed has been deprecated.
That way just possible on magento version 2.3 and earlier but now it has been replace and switch to use the new entity model to reserve data for tracking frontend user action in 2.4.5 version.
According to what I found from the Catalog module in core. Now they use the new entity model : 'Magento\Catalog\Model\ProductFrontendAction' for storing 'recently_viewed' & 'recently_compared' records.
Magento use the class 'Magento\Catalog\Model\Product\ProductFrontendAction\Synchronizer' to load the collection of frontend action entity for each action type.
So what you need is create a collection, then load and filtering item by the current customer_id or visitor_id which can get via the session manager.
Refer to below code:
use Magento\Framework\View\Element\Template;
use Magento\Catalog\Model\ResourceModel\ProductFrontendAction\Collection;
use Magento\Catalog\Model\ResourceModel\ProductFrontendAction\CollectionFactory;
use Magento\Framework\Session\SessionManager;
use Magento\Customer\Model\Session;

class Products extends Template
{
    const RECENTLY_VIEWED_ACTION_TYPE = 'recently_viewed_product';

    protected CollectionFactory $collectionFactory;

    protected ?Collection $recentlyViewedActionCollection = null;

    protected SessionManager $sessionManager;

    protected Session $customerSession;

    public function __construct(
        Template\Context $context,
        CollectionFactory $collectionFactory,
        Session $customerSession,
        array $data = []
    )
    {
        $this->collectionFactory = $collectionFactory;
        $this->customerSession = $customerSession;
        parent::__construct($context, $data);
    }

    public function getRecentlyCollection()
    {
        $customerId = 0;
        $visitorId = 0;
        if ($this->customerSession->isLoggedIn()) {
            $customerId = $this->customerSession->getCustomerId();
        } else {
            $objectManager = \Magento\Framework\App\ObjectManager::getInstance();
            $session = $objectManager->get('\Magento\Framework\Session\SessionManager');
            $sessionData = $session->getData();
            if (array_key_exists('visitor_data', $sessionData)) {
                $visitorId = $sessionData['visitor_data']['visitor_id'];
            }
        }

        if ($customerId || $visitorId) {
            $this->recentlyViewedActionCollection = $this->collectionFactory->create()->addFilterByUserIdentities($customerId, $visitorId)->addFieldToFilter('type_id', self::RECENTLY_VIEWED_ACTION_TYPE)->load();
            $items = $this->recentlyViewedActionCollection->count();
        }
    }
}

Result :

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
Lincoln Airport Receives $415,000 Grant | KLIN – News/Talk 1400
US Senator Deb Fischer (R-NE) announced today that Lincoln Airport is to receive $414,900 to support terminal modernization efforts.
Northwestern vs. Nebraska – Men's College Basketball Game Preview – January 25, 2023
Senator says students become more 'engaged' when involved in school policies, poll work


text:
AFI #95: The Last Picture Show
May 15, 2011 / Len Gutman
I'll say this for 1971's The Last Picture Show — Cybill Shepherd looked hot. As for the film itself, I thought it was as slow and dull as life must have been in Anarene, Texas in the 1950s! I didn't read the book by Larry McMurtry upon which this film was based, but I imagine it was much more detailed about the lives of the characters in this story. I think one of the fatal flaws of most films made from epic novels is that you simply can't get into all the details in two hours so the film is left leaving the viewer wondering why everyone is acting the way they are and why the plot moves in the direction it does. Which is a long winded way to say that I thought the characters in this film were really flat.
The film revolves around a couple of high school friends in a tiny Texas town in the 1950s. The town is decaying and these soon to be graduates are "coming of age" as it were. Sonny Crawford is lonely and bored, and after breaking up with his girlfriend he begins a strange affair with the 40-ish wife of his coach. The wife, played by Cloris Leachman, is a pathetic and unattractive woman, so we can guess young Sonny is sleeping with her out of pure boredom and a teenage desire to get laid (I read that in the book the coach is a closet homosexual, so it would make sense she was unhappy). The other best friend, Duane Jackson, is trying desperately to sleep with the desirable Jacy Farrow (Shepherd), but he's a bit of a loser and she doesn't want to get stuck with him for the rest of her life. Jacy is looking for anything to get her out of the life of her mother, so she gloms on to whatever man she can find, including sleeping with the much older Abilene.
Sex is the common theme in this film — everyone is trying to get it in disturbing ways. Jacy sleeps with everyone. Sonny sleeps with a much older woman (this would be statutory rape by the way). The boys pony up money for the "slow-witted" Billy to get laid by a disgusting prostitute. One of the boys kidnaps a little girl and is caught by police having only "gotten her underwear off." A group of rich teens have a weird ritual where they skinny dip and as an initiation the newbie has to stand on the diving board and get naked while everyone watches. This was quite a depraved town!
I suppose The Last Picture Show was quite bold for its time. My goodness, there were tits on screen. But I am not willing to let the period dictate whether or not I think a film is good. The Last Picture show was nominated for Best Picture in 1972 along with Fiddler on the Roof, A Clockwork Orange, Nicholas and Alexandra and eventual winner The French Connection. I haven't seen Nicholas and Alexandra, but the other three are far superior to The Last Picture Show in my mind. I'm also not sure why all the fuss about director Peter Bogdanovich. Aside from this, and Paper Moon he hardly directed anything worth a shit, and in the past 20 years or so his biggest claim to fame is being an extra on The Sopranos. I'm sensing a theme so far with these AFI reviews — history has a muddy memory. I did not like The Last Picture Show and cannot recommend it.
Next Up: AFI #94 Pulp Fiction
Cybill Shepherd, Peter Bogdanovich, The Last Picture Show
← Enjoying the Classics (or Why I Love Steinbeck)
AFI #94: Pulp Fiction →
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This entry was posted in adoption, adoption reform, adoptive parents, angry adoptee, Dr. Todd Morris, National Adoption Awareness Month, parents, spontaneous combustion, Uncategorized. Bookmark the permalink.
I'm personally partial to his medical history imparting part. That and the violating his privacy.
They make me weak and weary.
Thé issue of access to original birth certificates isn't about an invasion of privacy. It's not really something that should involve the adoptive parents since usually it's an adult adoptee who would get access to their obc.
Further, you might want to face those fears and open your heart to us gorgeous articulate and fabulously fun mothers who can only bring light and wonderfulness to our children't lives. Should your worst fear come true and we do end up having contact with our children…..be welcoming and loving rather than afraid.
Since when does one's adoptive Uncle Bob's cancer history mean medical diddly for an adoptee in the family? Can you imagine telling your doctor that?
I feel like I warped into an alternate universe. Is there any aspirin in this dimension?
Yes Theresa they make me weak too.
Kim Kim, I loved your response. You got right to the heart of it, it could only be fear that would lead to that kind of thinking.
Coco, it's an alternate universe without aspirin or pie. I'm sorry.
Yeah, the medical history thing is really just priceless. Did he really know how much of an idiot he looked like?
I'm too tired to try again right now. Maybe I'll check back again tomorrow.
This stuff makes me want to sleep. A lot.
Ummmmm . . . . never mind.
We have to escape immediately.
Yes, please try to remember what adoption is really about. Giving birth in your heart, like Athena bursting from Zues' skull, sounds painful.
I think by medical history he means the medical issues that he witnessed as a parent, with a big hole in his heart.


Economics are a complex issue. At Merit or Myth, we have found that getting farmers to talk about money can be tricky, so we were particularly grateful to find that Bryan and Nick Jorgensen were willing to talk dollars and cents with us! This is the first in a 5 part series on the money side of soil health and, as all will understand, the particulars will apply to the Jorgensen Land and Cattle operation while the principles can be applied universally. A generation or two ago, the Jorgensen cropping system was conventional till wheat with summer fallow, clearly this has changed and they grow a diverse rotation that includes corn, soybeans, small grains and multiple species cover crops today. Jorgensen land and Cattle is also diversified and their wildlife/hunting component and livestock/grazing component are intimately connected to their cropping component (see the Jorgensen Land and Cattle Partnership logo at http://www.jorgensenfarms.com/ to see that their diverse land ethic is embedded in the logo!). When discussing economics, it is important to provide context and Bryan provides context to the discussion of the next four videos by allowing us to look into the way he and the folks at Jorgensen Land and cattle think. Bryan describes himself as a market maker and not a market taker, and in this video, Bryan alludes to an excellent teacher and indeed, collaborator in the operation, namely the Native Prairie.
Watch this video (just under 3 minutes) where Bryan sets the scene for some of the analyses his son Nick provides us in subsequent videos.


Rodgers sold a majority stake in his construction company after a 1977 heart attack and shifted into real estate development. Projects he developed included Vanderbilt Plaza and the Third National Bank building (which has since been renamed the Fifth Third Center), both in downtown Nashville. He started American Constructors in 1979, which built Nashville's Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum, the Schermerhorn Symphony Center and the Wildhorse Saloon.
Rogers was fundraising co-chair for Fred Thompson's 2008 presidential campaign bid.
Rogers resided in Nashville, Tennessee.
Rodgers died of cancer on February 2, 2009 in Nashville, at age 75. He was survived by his wife, Helen Martin "Honey" Rodgers, to whom he had been married for 52 years, as well as a daughter, a son and eight grandchildren.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Wood, E. Thomas. "Joe M. Rodgers dies at 75", NashvillePost.com, February 2, 2009. Accessed February 4, 2009.
^ Rasky, Susan F. "A FRONT-RUNNER FOR COMMERCE POST", The New York Times, August 1, 1987. Accessed February 4, 2009.
^ via Associated Press. "Joe M. Rodgers", Legacy.com, February 4, 2009. Accessed February 4, 2009.
^ Clarity, James F.; and Weaver, Warren Jr. "Briefing: Mr. Ambassador", The New York Times, September 145, 1985. Accessed February 4, 2009.
^ Lewis, Paul. "FRANCE CELEBRATES MLLE. LIBERTE", The New York Times, June 29, 1986. Accessed February 4, 2009.
^ via Associated press, "D-Day Marked in Normandy", The New York Times, June 7, 1986. Accessed February 4, 2009.
This page was last edited on 24 December 2017, at 00:30 (UTC).


Find Out The World's Best DJ As DJ Mag's World's Top 100 DJs Awards Returns To AMF!
DJ Mag's Top 100 List Has Been Leaked. Who Is Your Number One?
Amsterdam Music Festival Unleash Their Monstrous Line Up!
Audien To Tour India This Month!


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On behalf of Temasek, welcome to our fifth Ecosperity conference.
This year marks the second time we're holding this conference on the United Nations World Environment Day. I see many familiar faces here today; thank you for continuing on this journey with us. We deeply value your continued support.
This year's Ecosperity is our biggest yet. We have more than 600 delegates with us, representing 23 countries. This affirms our belief that sustainability is a vital subject that touches lives all over the world.
Ecosperity is coined from two words: Ecology and Prosperity. The name recognises that growth can, and should, take place in a sustainable manner. We strongly believe that doing good and doing right can, and must, go hand-in-hand with doing well.
When we conceived the conference in 2014, our goal was to rally like-minded leaders to come together, discuss, and spur ideas and solutions to help build a sustainable tomorrow.
Last year, we partnered the Business and Sustainable Development Commission to launch the Asian edition of their report; "Better Markets, Better World". The report identified 5 trillion dollars' worth of economic opportunities in Asia that will support the UN Sustainable Development Goals, or SDGs.
We also introduced the concept of an ABC World – an Active economy, a Beautiful society, and a Clean and cool earth. This framework places each of the 17 SDGs under these three pillars. It highlights the interdependence of the goals, and hopefully makes their purpose easier to recall.
Last year, our focus was the "Active economy" portion of our ABC world. This year, we're putting the spotlight on what we call the 'social' SDGs, or the "Beautiful society" pillar - No Poverty; Zero Hunger; Gender Equality; striving for Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions.
These goals cut to the heart of what's needed to build and maintain sustainable, resilient and 'beautiful' societies.
We will focus on three areas - Healthcare, Food and Education. We have discussed with knowledge partners and stakeholders across public and private sectors.
Today, we are launching the Ecosperity Conversations Report, which highlights key takeaways from discussions conducted throughout the year. One common trend we've observed is that fundamental change is needed to ensure a sustainable business model across many different industries. Taking a "business-as-usual" approach will not work.
Let me share some insights from this research.
First, healthcare. 400 million people worldwide do not have access to essential healthcare services. Without effort and attention, this is a problem that will continue to escalate.
Within developed economies, we are seeing spikes in chronic diseases like diabetes. 422 million people worldwide, or one in every eleven adults, is a diagnosed diabetic.
To compound this problem, we can expect global healthcare spending to increase to 20 trillion US dollars in 2040.
So a "business-as-usual" approach isn't going to work; we need a fundamental shift towards a sustainable healthcare system.
Can recent advances in technology extend healthcare into hard-to-reach areas? Can remote patient monitoring lead to reduced treatment costs? How can genetic testing contribute towards health and wellness? We'll explore these questions today.
Food is our second focus area. A "business-as-usual" approach to tackling the growing demand for food will not work too. Growth rates in agricultural yield have actually fallen. Climate change, environmental degradation and over-fishing make it more difficult for traditional food sources to feed a growing global population with an increasing demand for protein.
We need to relook at how we produce and consume food at a system level. There are acute problems with wastage and loss in our supply chains. A third of the food produced worldwide doesn't even reach our plates.
What can businesses and governments do to create sustainable food systems that can supply safe, affordable and – importantly – nutritious food? What technologies exist to disrupt traditional methods of food production, or even to create new sources of food?
The third focus area for this conference is education. We've come a long way to give our children equal access to education; three quarters of young people in Asia are enrolled in schools today. But is their education sufficient to prepare them for the future?
Because of new technologies, new jobs are created in industries that did not exist just a few years ago, while traditional jobs are disappearing.
Think back to just a decade ago – most of us wouldn't believe that you could earn a living by writing 140-character messages or sharing pictures of yourself! A study by the professional networking platform, LinkedIn, showed that the number of people who list themselves as a "social media professional" grew 200-fold in just five years.
At this rate, two-thirds of our children in primary schools today will eventually take jobs that do not yet exist.
What about those who are already in the workforce? In ageing societies, the retirement age for the average worker is stretching from the sixties to the seventies. We even see the occasional person in his nineties being elected to high office!
How can we enable lifelong learning for a workforce that is expected to live longer and work longer?
I've posed many difficult questions; I don't have answers, but I'm hoping some of you here do. That's our goal with Ecosperity every year – to come together to find the right ideas to put into action, or even sometimes, just start by trying out.
Today's programme features a line-up of distinguished speakers and panelists from both public and private sectors. With their support, I am confident that this year's Ecosperity will inspire us all to take concrete steps towards transforming ideas into impactful solutions and outcomes for our communities. We have some suggestions on how we can work towards a healthier lifestyle with better nutrition and continual learning. Details can be found in your Ecosperity mobile app. I hope that everyone will participate enthusiastically.
The drive to turn ideas into impact is one reason why we're delighted to partner UNLEASH to hold their annual event here in Singapore. UNLEASH is a global innovation workshop focused on getting youths to conceive and deliver solutions that answer the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
You'll have the opportunity to interact with close to 1000 young talents, and their ideas, this afternoon at the UNLEASH Marketplace next door. I hope you'll be able to share your insights and inspire them to take their ideas further, to create real impact.
Again, thank you all for being here today. As I wish you all a very fruitful day of discussions and learning, it is my great pleasure to invite Minister for Trade and Industry, Chan Chun Sing, to deliver the opening address.


text:
Bank of America Chicago Marathon Celebrates Race's Community Impact with New Campaign
  CHICAGO, IL (September 1, 2009)  The Bank of America Chicago Marathon today launched its first-ever digital fundraising program, further extending the race's annual philanthropic impact of generating $10 million for local, national and global charities. The Marathon also introduced new advertising featuring 2009 race participants as well as results of a 2008 event economic impact study.{dybanners}6,x,y,z{/dybanners}
"Our 2009 campaign demonstrates how the Bank of America Chicago Marathon makes a significant impact on not only the individual participants who aspire to achieve their personal best, but also to the more than 120 charities that benefit from the race as well as the economy in the host city of Chicago," said Tim Maloney, Illinois State and Chicago Market President for Bank of America. "It's a source of great pride to know that through our involvement in this event we can continue to contribute to the economic, social and cultural vitality of the city and leave a positive mark on the lives of so many people."
The digital fundraising program and advertising launch this month online, in print and outdoor to celebrate the 32nd running of the Bank of America Chicago Marathon on Sunday, October 11.
Digital Fundraising Program - Footprints for Charity
Beginning today, fans everywhere are invited to customize a digital running shoe tread with a personal image and tailored message at www.chicagomarathon.com/footprint. For each submission, Bank of America will donate $1 to the designer's choice of one of 22 charities, up to a maximum total contribution of $50,000. The completed digital footprints will be viewable on the event site's home page.
On race day, the final results of the fundraising effort will be announced and an additional $10,000 will be awarded by Bank of America to the charity that received the most submissions on its behalf.
Fans interested in creating a digital footprint of their own should visit www.chicagomarathon.com or www.facebook.com/ChicagoMarathon where videos, training tips from elite runners and the latest Bank of America Chicago Marathon news are also available.
Participant-Focused Advertising Campaign
To celebrate the many inspiring stories that come to life on race day, the Bank of America Chicago Marathon is introducing a unique and new advertising campaign for the 2009 event featuring real athletes and spectators, ranging from elite, world-class racers to a mother who spends her days chasing triplets.
The 2009 Bank of America Chicago Marathon campaign, created by BBDO New York, illustrates the theme that every participant and spectator who attend on race day directly contribute to the impact that the race leaves behind.
Seven participants from this year's event are featured in the campaign, and some of the inspiring stories include:
Steven Baskis (Forest Park, Ill.), an U.S. Army infantryman who lost his vision in combat last year in Iraq will prove that limited sight won't stand in the way of achieving his goals
Kurt Fearnley (Australia) will challenge the Paralympic record books - again - as he defends his 2007 and 2008 Chicago titles
Marc Gershman (Scottsdale, Ariz.) will take another step towards completing marathons in all 50 states
Sammy Wanjiru (Kenya), the 22 year-old 2008 Beijing Olympic Games gold medalist will continue his quest to lower his personal best of 2:05:10
To recognize the important role of spectators, Executive Race Director Carey Pinkowski is featured in the campaign, leading the cheering masses as a tribute to his 20th anniversary with the event.
"The energy of Chicago fans is like nothing else in the world - they are a huge part of what makes this race a world class event, and it's an honor to be featured alongside them," said Pinkowski, who has served as Executive Race Director since 1990.
Chicagoans can see the ad campaign in larger-than-life proportions on the famed mural wall along the Kennedy Expressway at North Ave. Designed by Chicago native, 23-year-old Chuck Anderson, the uniquely treated creative illustration depicts participants and spectators in overlapping colorful Nike shoe treads.
Print ads and outdoor elements featuring the participants will appear in the Chicago market during the month of September and early October. For full information on these stories and others featured in the campaign, as well as high resolution images of the creative, visit the online press center at www.chicagomarathon.com.
Race Charitable & Economic Impact Continues to Grow
As a member of the World Marathon Majors, the Bank of America Chicago Marathon draws a substantial international crowd and assists in contributing to the economic vibrancy of the host city and raising money for a number of worthwhile charities.
Approximately 8,000 participants registered in the 2009 Bank of America Chicago Marathon are raising money for 123 charities. The Marathon estimates these runners to collectively raise $10 million this fall for local, national and global causes.
In addition to its philanthropic heritage, the Bank of America Chicago Marathon also makes a significant contribution to the regional economy each year. According to a new University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign's Regional Economics Applications Laboratory (R.E.A.L.) report which studied the 2008 race, the Marathon contributes $143 million in economic impact to greater Chicago. The study used the Chicago Region Econometric Input-Output Model (CREIM) to derive theestimate of the total economic impact of the event, which is largely derived from the tourism industry including hotels, restaurants and entertainment.
According to the report, the Bank of America Chicago Marathon attracts new visitors to Chicago and contributes to improving the image of the city as a tourist destination. In addition, the event takes place during a low tourism period, helping to reduce the negative effect of seasonality in Chicago tourism.
About Bank of America Chicago Marathon
The 32nd 2009 Bank of America Chicago Marathon will start and finish in Chicago's Grant Park beginning at 7:30 a.m. on Sunday, Oct. 11. In advance of the race, a two-day Health & Fitness Expo will be held at McCormick Place on Friday, October 9 and Saturday, October 10. More information on the race and how to get involved is available at the event Web site, chicagomarathon.com.
www.chicagomarathon.com
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