Follow these instructions to use the Mullvad command line interface (CLI) in your operating system's terminal.
If you haven't already, first download the Mullvad VPN app and install it.
Every time you open a terminal window, you will need to navigate to the folder where the program file is located in order for these commands to work. To avoid having to do so each time, you can create a permanent path. Once you've done this, you can type in commands without having to navigate anywhere.
In the Windows Start menu, search for and open advanced system settings.
In the System Properties window that opens, click on the Environment Variables button.
Under the System variables section, find and double-click on the row called Path.
In the new window that opens, click on New and enter "C:\Program Files\Mullvad VPN\resources\"
You can run commands without creating a path, so you're set!
Replace the number string with your Mullvad account number.
This command will show your account number and the expiration date of your account.
This command displays a list of available countries and cities.
In this example, we are connecting to a server in Sweden (se), in the city of Malmö (mma).
Replace "se" with the country of your choice and, optionally, "mma" with a specific city in that country.
Connect to the location that you selected.
If you want Mullvad to start and connect when you boot up your computer, use this command.


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at the EB House Austria.
The EB House Austria - which opened in November, 2005 - is located as part of the hospital complex of the General Hospital Salzburg and is closely aligned to the Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Department of Dermatology. It is the single point of contact for people who are suffering from Epidermolysis bullosa (EB), a serious and rare skin condition for which there is no cure at present.
The doctors and therapists of the EB Outpatient Unit provide medical care for people who live with EB. Special emphasis is given to wound and pain management as well as the multi-disciplinary treatment of patients of all ages.
Current research at the EB House focuses on gene therapy, detection and treatment of squamous cell carcinoma, and epigenetic regulation in EB skin and EB skin tumours. Our aim is to translate the knowledge gained through research into therapies that alleviate symptoms increasing the quality of life of those living with EB and ultimately cure the disease.
With its training programmes and extensive networking of patients, doctors, therapists, caregivers and research scientists, the EB Academy provides a platform for the active exchange of knowledge. Public relations, fundraising and following up contacts to donors are means of ensuring that the EB House will also be able to operate in the future.
The EB Handbook is directed towards all those who have to deal with all the multiple challenges which are connected with EB. It provides useful information and various practical advice.
This international clinical network of EB Centres and Experts aims to ensure the exchange of knowledge to help providing qualified and professional medical supply worldwide.


Brother MFC 8450 Driver Download – The DCP-L8450CDW not merely incorporates a best-in-class print velocity of 30ppm (color or mono), it is indeed also a lot more inexpensive than most as a result of optional super-high-yield toners, and automatic 2-sided print The enterprise all-in-one, color laser printers, are perfect for the everyday functions and worries within just your place of work or company.
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The Iconic "Fuel Man" from the 70's has been resurrected! In true form, he stands proud and ready to "Serve You" with a glowing white fuel hose and bold red neon letters.
…Always on the lookout for Oil Gal… He just might have a companion soon!


We wanna make sure that you start to work on the basics first things first in correct way, so that you'll focus more on conditioning rather than going straight to strength and resistance. This concept is fundamental in order to let your tendons adapt to the conditions of stress that they are going to face whenever you will start to work on the progressions of the different Calisthenics main skills.
By doing so you will notice how, after working for few months on the basic positions in order to build up the core and adapt to different kind of exercises, you won't feel sore that much because of the previous time you spent for working indeed on conditioning no matter the age you have.
Remember always that is better to train smart than burning the steps just to show that you have great skills despite the fact that maybe, your tendons are already too sore to bear the pain any longer and lack of form (quantity over quality).
Always try, whenever you are performing an exercise, to figure out in your head how you could look while performing that specific movement, feel your body and try to focus on listening to it; in this way you'll get wiser on understanding where you are lacking of form, where you are making mistakes and where you can improve if you're already good at that specific movement.
Now that you have this brief preface on what to keep always in mind before going to set up your routine, we can look further into it and explain how to program it.
Try to work in pairs (of exercises), the total amount of volume should be higher in the beginning as we wanna make sure that we will work on doing more reps per each exercise in order to give the habit to the body to each specific basic movement.
In order to give a sense to the whole thing, I will show you how to set up a routine by following the meso-cycle scheme.
Going now more in depth on how to set up a Calisthenics Beginner routine, consider that most of the exercises that are part of this world have as a solid base the pulling and pushing movements.
This means that, we shall include at the beginning of our routine first of all those exercises that are going to "take" most of our energies so that we can progressively reach the end of our routine without feeling exhausted and sore all over our body.
IMPORTANT: Make sure that, before going to set up your routine, you must take a first session apart in order to understand from where you have to begin.
This means that, in order to decide how many sets, reps and seconds of hold you need to include in your routine, you will have to try out (for every exercise) how many reps, sets and secs you are able to execute and hold in perfect form.
The first element could be made of, for instance, 4 sets of X reps of Pull Ups where X reps should be defined according to which is the total number of repetitions you are able to make without losing the form.
So let's say you are able to complete in correct full form 4 reps, then you could start to work on 4 sets of 2 reps each and then progressively increase the volume by adding one more rep at a time (month by month).
Then we could alternate this first exercise with 4 sets of X reps (following the same principle above) with a pushing exercise so, in the most simple case, we could add the Push Ups.
Next step could be to work on some specific skills, so if we have decided for ex. to start to work on Back Lever and Planche, we could proceed by adding another couple of exercises per each of these skills.
Could be 4 sets of X reps of Skin the cat, that is a propaedeutic exercise very effective to build up the strength in our shoulders and back in order to provide support once we are going to perform the hold exercise such as tuck back lever hold.
Together with it, we can add a basic exercise for the planche like the planche lean that is very useful to build stronger shoulders and be then able to go into the tuck planche hold and all its progressions; to summarize we could consider a 4 sets of X secs of planche lean.
4 sets of X secs of Tuck Back Lever hold (pronated grip) together with 4 sets of X reps of Pseudo Plank Push Ups.
Now that we have set up the main exercises including pull and push, we can go on and add two leg exercises and here you have freedom to choose the most suitable for you.
Keep in mind that, if you are in the gym you can also consider to work on barbell exercises such as Deadlifts (or Romanian, Sumo), Squats (or Regular, Front Squat), dumbbell lunges (front, side to side), weighted Pistol Squats, weighted calf raises and many more.
If instead you are going to train outdoor, here we can go on a different level and include assisted or free pistol squats, Squat jumps, plyometric Squat jumps, lunges, free Squats, calf raises, 180 degree jump Squats, burpees (that works both on chest and legs), frog jumps, squat stance sided walk, jumping lunges and many more.
To close this Calisthenics beginner routine, then I suggest to include as previously anticipated, a couple of core exercises such as dragon flags (advanced tuck, one leg, straddle, full), ab wheel and all the other main core exercises we have enlisted in our article regarding the core (on the bar and on the floor) so I invite you all to take a look back at it!
I used to bodybuild one and a half year back, but it got the best out of my muscles. Now i'm looking at this calisthenics and i'm motivated and ready to go. But there is one thing I'm not getting. With calisthenics do you do cycles of excercises and with every cycle 1-3 minutes of breaks or do you do just do it like body builders one pull up excercise with this many sets and reps then another excercise till you have done the full body?
Welcome to Caliathletics! I do really apologize for my very late reply, but now I'm gonna answer and hopefully fix all your doubts.
Calisthenics, as you have surely understood, is a method that implies, first thing first, the strict use of your own bodyweight.
To master all the main skills of Calisthenics such as Front Lever, Back Lever, Muscle Ups, Planche, Handstand, V-sit and much more, you have to firstly become a master of the basics.
These basics are representing all the main exercises divided in "pushing exercises" and "pulling exercises".
As you already know main pushing basic exercises are push-ups and dips and as main pulling exercises chin-ups and pull-ups.
When you train Calisthenics, somebody likes to adopt a sort of bodybuilding schedule adapted to bodyweight and so never works on full body, but divides into muscle groups his workouts.
In my personal opinion, Calisthenics, being a strict bodyweight discipline should be approached by learning how to distribute correctly the workload throughout every workout so to work all the time in full-body rather than by isolated muscle groups.
According to such method also the total volume, hence sets and reps have to be adjusted depending on which are your initial goals; for instance, for a beginner would be recommended to focus on developing a proper conditioning in tendons and ligaments by performing high volumes in terms of reps per each set (between 10-15) and then later on decrease, but incrementing the difficulty of the exercise.
Since the main skills I spoke about above, require a lot of patience and dedication in order to master them, the approach for training them implies to work on many sets initially for many seconds since most of them are static exercises (isometrics), apart of course Muscle-ups that require instead to develop a fair level of strength and explosiveness to perform them safely.
I hope to have given you a clearer scenario of how Calisthenics works and so of which are the most common methods adopted to train it.
Thank you for all these information. I've always wanted to do Calisthenics but never found which basic exercise were the main. After doing many Australian pull-ups and assisted pull-ups, I'm finally able to do a full pull-up, now I just have to keep working on it to increase the volume :). With your post I know what to focus on now, which is to master push up, dips, pull-ups and chin-ups. Thank you!
Thank u so much for the very important and positive feedback of yours! Keep up with the good work and stay tuned for more interesting topics regarding how to manage the workload in your daily workouts! We wanna make sure you are able to keep progressing towards bigger goals! See ya!


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An underutilized community center in Liberty City that will be enlivened by a stage for children "who otherwise wouldn't have the space to make believe."
These and other wasted and ugly places will be reborn through the vision of local citizens whose projects were selected as winners of the sixth annual Public Space Challenge. The Miami Foundation chose 22 proposals out of more than 500 entries to share $305,000 in seed money.
The goal of the Challenge, which grows in popularity each year, is to fight blight, activate emptiness, knit together fractured communities and enrich residents' quality of life. The projects align with Miami-Dade County's Parks and Open Space Master Plan, which aims to have "a great public space within walking distance of every Miamian."
"Compared to other metropolitan areas, Miami has lagged far behind in park space per capita," said Jordan De Leon, programs associate at the Miami Foundation., which has invested nearly $1.5 million in enhancements since 2013. "The Public Space Challenge empowers Miamians to take control of their own public spaces and have a say in how Miami will look 10 to 20 years from now."
The cities of the world are defined by their public spaces, large and small – New York's sprawling Central Park or congenial Paley Park or repurposed High Line; the banks of Canal Saint-Martin in Paris; the markets of Istanbul; Campo Santa Margherita in Venice; Trafalgar Square in London; Millennium Park in Chicago; Mission Dolores Park in San Francisco; Boston Public Garden and Boston Common, and Plaza Hidalgo in Mexico City. Miami has lots of potential, still unrealized.
The Debris Maze would be sculpted out of trash fished from Biscayne National Park to raise awareness about plastic pollution in oceans. The Miami Foundation
De Leon said the stories behind the people whose initiative drives the Challenge are "just as amazing" as their ingenious ideas.
"These are examples of how residents follow their passions and strengthen the bonds of their communities," he said.
Brownsville residents Iqbal Akhtar and Zafreen Jaffery grow a garden in their backyard that is admired by their neighbors. Their idea is to convert a nearby vacant lot abused as dumping site into a community garden with vegetables, herbs and pollinator flowers.
"Currently and within a 12-block radius of this vacant lot there are no grocers that sell fresh produce," said Akhtar, describing the area as a "food desert."
The garden would teach local adults and kids about urban farming, provide low-cost food to low-income households and promote healthy eating habits, Akhtar and Jaffery said. They'd launch the project with a vegan and soul food cookout.
Zafreen Jaffery, left, and Iqbal Akhtar want to convert a vacant lot and dump site in their Brownsville neighborhood into a community garden. The Miami Foundation
Miami Dade College students came up with "A Forest in the City" – the installation of vertical gardens in solar-powered planters in concrete-blanketed areas of downtown.
Miami Dade College students want to transform this stark space into a lush urban forest with planter towers. The Miami Foundation
Another winner plans to turn the little-used plaza at the Kendale Lakes Library into an outdoor performance space.
"West Kendall has been isolated since its inception with very few opportunities for anything besides shopping," Dori Martin wrote on the Challenge website. "Having a place for families to gather safely, enjoy music and meet neighbors and make friends is truly what a neighborhood should offer."
Vacant land at the Robert Is Here Fruit Stand and Farm in Homestead would become a public art space, starting with a typographical sculpture installation by artist Jessy Nite and the O, Miami, poetry festival.
This bare alley in North Miami would become a "gathering lane" like the 'ruelles' of Montreal with shade trees, murals, seating areas. The Miami Foundation
Other proposals:
▪ Construct and hang artistic birdhouses in a dozen Miami Beach parks, reinforcing the city's role as a bird sanctuary.
▪ Turn beach walkers into trash collectors with conveniently placed "Fill-A-Bag" stations stocked with reusable burlap bags, plastic buckets and compostable garbage bags, starting on Key Biscayne beaches.
Manny Rionda with one of his Fill-A-Bag prototypes for collecting trash on beaches. The Miami Foundation
▪ Aja Monet's "Liberty Speaks: Stories of the City" idea would give children more opportunities to "express their free, theatrical selves."
"The current landscape at the Belafonte Tacolcy Center in Liberty City yearns for activation and reinvention," she said in her proposal. "Currently it is a vapid canvas of land; our idea reimagines this community center as an interactive stage" with sound-responsive pavement.
▪ Install a network of free-standing little libraries designed by local artists in Overtown, Little Haiti, Lemon City and Liberty City so that more families have free access to books.
Mini-libraries would give more families free access to books. The Miami Foundation
▪ In Miami Springs, make the green space and gazebo in the center of the main traffic circle accessible with crosswalks. And revamp an old, unattractive boat ramp on the Miami River into a nice spot to launch your kayak or have a picnic.
▪ In Coconut Grove a "Resilient Living Shoreline Micro Smart Park" would "showcase big solutions" to storm surge and sea rise by replacing the seawall damaged by Hurricane Irma with a stepped design and mangrove planters. And, in another section of the Grove, the green space encompassed by four lots at the intersection of Palmetto and Plaza streets is on its way to becoming a park that is badly needed in the South and West Grove. The adjacent Charlie's Woods is already a neighborly gathering place for potluck dinners and outdoor movies.
▪ In Little Havana, place sidewalk decals that would encourage fitness games such as hopscotch and direct people to the nearest park.
▪ In Miami Gardens, team teenagers with military veterans to create an urban garden and bee-keeping apiary at Trinity Church.
Doral opens new Emergency Operations Center
PAMM's chief curator is resigning. What happens next?
By Rob Wile
Tobias Ostrander, chief curator of the Perez Art Museum of Miami, has resigned.
MORE MIAMI-DADE COUNTY
After visiting kids at Homestead center, Miami-Dade leaders are "pleasantly surprised"
Trump refuses to grant TPS to Venezuelans in U.S., senators say

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


 Miyuki Miyabe « Haikasoru: Space Opera. Dark Fantasy. Hard Science.
PHANTASM JAPAN table of contents revealed!
We're very pleased—we've got New York Times best-seller Zachary Mason; international fan favorite Miyuki Miyabe; horror legends Gary A. Braunbeck and James A. Moore (I wonder if they share the same middle name); the fiction debut of Lauren Naturale; one of the final short stories of Project Itoh; and an extremely surreal "New Weird" novella by Dempow Torishima, illustrated by the author himself.
Phantasm Japan, coming this autumn! Prepare yourself!
Posted in Uncategorized | Comments Off on PHANTASM JAPAN table of contents revealed!


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JROTC cadets tackle Raiders event
Merrillville High School Air Force JROTC cadets participated in their first official Raiders event, finishing ninth out of 13 Indiana schools. The team was made up of freshmen, sophomores and one senior!
Major John Robinson, MHS senior aerospace studies instructor, said he was impressed with their performance, considering they don't have a course to train on.
"They really put forth a lot of effort," he said. "It is very physically demanding, but the cadets really enjoyed it. They were all sore and dirty by the end of it."
The Raiders competition, run by the Army JROTC, consists of five events: a 5K run; a rope bridge that the team ties and crosses; and combinations of climbing walls, flipping tires, low crawling, etc.; all while they carry heavy ruck sacks and equipment.
"Each event is very exhausting, so I try to get the cadets into as good of physical shape as I can," Major Robinson said. "We run and do calisthenics. I found two trees to practice for the rope bridge. Since we don't have a wall, we climb on a shipping container that is in the high school parking lot."
He hopes one day the JROTC will have its own training course out by the railroad tracks.
While the cadets participated in an event last spring, it wasn't an official Raiders event, according to Major Robinson.
"That one only had six-person teams, while the official event has 12," he said. "Ten cadets are in each event, which means two can sit out each event. There must be at least four girls in each event."
Major Robinson said there were five girls on the team this year.
"Each team does one event per hour, and there is a rotation schedule so all events are running all the time," he said. "It takes about five hours for the whole thing to be done."
He added that each state has a championship, and the top three teams go to nationals in Georgia. Indiana's state championship is at Camp Atterbury, which is south of Indianapolis.
"I am hoping to grow the team to be more competitive in future years," Major Robinson added.
Click here to watch a video of MHS JROTC cadets in action!


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2. Practice\The Protection of Civilians and Civilian Objects from the Effects of Incendiary Weapons
Practice Relating to Rule 84. The Protection of Civilians and Civilian Objects from the Effects of Incendiary Weapons
Article 4 – Protection of the civilian population
In any city, town, village or other area containing a concentration of civilians, incendiary weapons may be used only provided that combat between ground forces is taking place in that area, or the military objective is clearly separated from the civilian population.
Norway, Draft protocol relative to the prohibition of the use of incendiary weapons submitted to the Ad Hoc Committee on Conventional Weapons established by the CDDH, Official Records, Vol. XVI, CDDH/IV/207 within CDDH/IV/226, 12 May 1976, pp. 567–569.
At the Preparatory Conference for the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in 1978, Denmark and Norway presented a proposal which stated: "It is prohibited to make the civilian population or individual civilians the object of attack by incendiary weapons." It also stated:
It is prohibited to make any military objective located within a concentration of civilians the object of attack by incendiary weapons delivered by aircraft, except when that military objective is clearly separated and distinct from the civilian population.
The final rule contained in the proposal provided:
Whenever an attack is made by incendiary weapons in accordance with the above provisions and other applicable rules of international law, all feasible precautions shall be taken to limit the effects of such attack to the military objective itself with a view to avoiding, and in any event to minimizing, incidental loss of civilian life, injury to civilians and damage to civilian objects.
Denmark and Norway, Draft proposal on incendiary weapons submitted to the Preparatory Conference for the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, UN Doc. A/CONF.95/PREP.CONF./L.12, 13 September 1978.
In 2010, in its objection to the reservation by the United States of America to the 1980 Protocol III to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, Norway stated:
The Government of the Kingdom of Norway has examined the Declaration made by the Government of the United States of America at the time of its consent to be bound by the Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons (Protocol III) to the 1980 UN Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects [in which the United States of America reserves the right to use incendiary weapons against military objectives located in concentrations of civilians where it is judged that such use would cause fewer casualties and/or less collateral damage than alternative weapons, but in so doing will take all feasible precautions with a view to limiting the incendiary effects to the military objective and to avoiding, and in any event to minimizing, incidental loss of civilian life, injury to civilians and damage to civilian objects].
The Government of the Kingdom of Norway considers the declaration made by the Government of the United States of America to be a reservation that seeks to limit the scope of the Protocol on a unilateral basis in a way that is contrary to its object and purpose, namely by limiting the application of the prohibition on the use of incendiary weapons in those situations governed by paragraphs 2 and 3 of its Article 2, to which the declaration refers.
The Government of the Kingdom of Norway recalls that, according to customary international law, as codified in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, a reservation incompatible with the object and purpose of the Protocol shall not be permitted.
The Government of the Kingdom of Norway objects to the aforesaid reservation by the Government of the United States of America to the Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons (Protocol III) to the United Nations Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects. However, this objection shall not preclude the entry into force of the Protocol in its entirety between the two States, without the United States of America benefiting from its reservation.
Norway, Objection to the Reservation by the United States of America to the 1980 Protocol III to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, 2 February 2010.


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Derrick Barnes
I'll Come To You
Get @ Me
My Daddy's Records #5 "Images" The Crusaders-1978
By Derrick Barnes / Sep 30, 2015 / Leave a comment
You may not know this, but I use to be an MC. An 'ill' MC.
My rhymes, my delivery, my wordplay were masterful (I guess back then I would have said funky fresh or dope,right? Educated Negroes…) When I was seventeen, graduated from high school and enrolled in a junior college, I still had my eyes set on becoming a hip hop superstar. A good friend of mine hooked me up with, who I thought at the time, was the best DJ in Kansas City. He was the producer and DJ for a group called the Kool-Aid Crew, DJ Doc Scratch aka Eric Allen. He was five years my senior so I thought I was big time. Hooking up with Doc and becoming a dynamic duo? You couldn't tell me a damn thing!
He had his own make shift studio in the basement, and I'd go over there when I got off of work at 11:30 PM from washing dishes at a nursing home. We'd spend the first two hours of the night just listening to beats he had made or digging in the crates. I LOVED digging in the crates! Going through milk carton after milk carton of classic R&B, gospel, jazz, and pop records was one of my favorite past times. This was when sampling was an art form, a craft; painstakingly listening for snares, high hats, vocal riffs, bass lines, and mellowed horn sections took skill and I took great pride in it.
One of the first songs that I sampled was entitled "Convert Action" from one of the most pioneering jazz collectives of the seventies. The Crusaders. They, along with Herbie Hancock, Grover Washington Jr. and a handful of others did an excellent job of fusing traditional jazz rhythms and the popular funk sound of the time. As you watched Saturday morning cartoons,and your mother hung clothes on the line in the backyard to dry, the Crusaders was the band playing behind Randy Crawford as she told you about the pulse and rhythm of the Street Life. Ironically, in my junior year in college, while working at a Camelot Records store over the summer I met the Crusaders' high school music teacher from Houston. I'll explain what a record store is in another post,kids. (or as Prince called it in 'Under The Cherry Moon', wrecka- stow).
(L to R: Stix Hooper, Wilton Felder, Wayne Henderson, Joe Sample)
I was introduced to their classic albums like Southern Comfort, Unsung Heroes, and The Second Crusade, but the music teacher went on and on about how masterful the album Images was. He was right. Although I love Southern Comfort, Images has been sampled a ton by artist such as A Tribe Called Quest, Big L, Tyrese,etc. And to commemorate the recent passing of brother Wilton Felder (Saxophone player and founding member of the Crusaders), the record were sharing today is my second favorite Crusader joint of all time, and the song that made me a huge fan of the band and Joe Sample (co founder and pianist). My number one Crusader record is A Ballad For Joe Louis from Southern Comfort. You just have to take out an afternoon to peruse their catalog for yourself. Click the pic above of the band to check out Convert Action. Click the pic of the Images cover for another classic joint entitled Marcella's Dream.
Now go buy your mother one of those front loading dryers. A nice one. Nobody hangs clothes on the line in the backyard anymore.


text:
ComEd or Integrys? New calculator helps decide
By Julie Wernau
Chicagoans who are confused over whether to stick with the city's chosen electricity provider, Integrys Energy Services, or to go back to ComEd, now have a free tool to help.
To find out which is a better deal, grab your electricity bill and go to www.ChicagoPowerCalculator.com. You have to enter your name and email address to use the tool.
Chicago-based consumer advocacy group Citizens Utility Board introduced the Chicago Power Deal Calculator in June to help Chicagoans decide if the city's deal with Integrys was the right choice over the summer.
Now Integrys has announced rates for October through May, and CUB has updated its calculator to help Chicagoans determine whether to stay with Integrys or return to ComEd for the remainder of the deal.
Since June, Chicagoans who didn't opt out of the new Integrys supply contract are paying 5.29 cents per kilowatt-hour along with a $22.36 flat monthly charge for single-family homes and a $9.06 charge for units housed in a building of three or more.
With the new billing structure, Integrys said it was aiming to "more fairly allocate," or spread, those capacity charges among its customers.
In September, the company is starting a new system that partly varies those fees according to how much electricity a customer used last year.
Under Integrys' new rate structure, customers living in multifamily units will pay $3.99 per month to $22.36 per month and single-family homes will pay $19.99 to $29.99 per month, depending on their power use.
The new rate structure had made it difficult for Chicagoans to make an apples to apples comparison with ComEd's rates. The calculator should make it easier to compare.
jwernau@tribune.com
Follow @littlewern Follow @chibreakingbiz


text:
Q: Using MySQL: java.sql.SQLException: Incorrect DATETIME value: '2021-08-17T09:22:29+02:00[Europe/Madrid]' I'm trying to query some data from a MySQL database using the following query:
String query = "SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE Timestamp > '" + startDate + "'";

The column Timestamp is DATETIME.
The variable startDate is an object of type ZonedDateTime, obtained as follows:
Date start = ...;
ZonedDateTime startDate= ZonedDateTime.ofInstant(start.toInstant(),ZoneId.of(cachedResource.getHistorizationParameters().getTimeZone()));

This gives me the following ZonedDateTime: 2021-08-17T09:22:29+02:00[Europe/Madrid] , which is making the queries fail when I execute them:
java.sql.SQLException: Incorrect DATETIME value: '2021-08-17T09:22:29+02:00[Europe/Madrid]'

Other ZonedDateTimes have worked in the past, I don't know what is going wrong and I would really appreciate some directions on solving this problem.
Thanks!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Great news for Team IRONMODS. Our very own Cpt.Planet scored a Second Place finish in Gigabyte's Overclocking Contest and takes home some VERY sweet prizes. Please be sure to congratulate Cpt.Planet on the great finish!! Be sure to keep an eye on Team IRONMODS. This benching season is going to be even bigger then last year. Check out below for details of this awesome run!!
This years CES was a blast!!! Shamino and Foxconn invited IRONMODS out to Las Vegas to bench some of the fastest hardware alongside some of the best and legendary overclockers in the world.
Our resident Sub-Zero cooling expert, Cpt.Planet, will be traveling to Las Vegas to overclock with the legendary Shamino at the Foxconn Suite. They will be using the full range of cooling techniques, which include water, cascade, dry ice, and LN2. Stay tuned, we will be posting pictures of the overclocking duo in action.
Cpt.Planet recently tested his new Sumo XL Cpu Pots on LN2.
The name fits these pots very nicely, since they are just massive.
These latest batch of pots are very impressive. Read more to see them in action.
TiTON demonstrates the performance levels that can be achieved by using various types of cooling. He starts off setting a baseline using Future Mark's 3Dmark06, shows the overclocking potential using Air, Water, and Phase Change.
TiTON has achieved a Top 5 Members Hall of Fame ranking in HWBot.


Whether you are currently employed, out of work, or curious about the current job market, finding your next career opportunity can be daunting and time consuming. Let us take that stress away from you so you can enjoy this exciting time in your professional journey!
Our staffing specialists take their time getting to know you – the individual behind the resume – which allows us to better understand your areas of interest and connect you to your next opportunity.
From our initial phone call through to the negotiation stage, we will guide and support you every step of the way.
Put a Face to a Resume – When it comes to who you are, there's more than meets the eye. We want to get to know all of you to help you find the right match. Once you create a profile, our team will contact you within 24 hours to schedule time to meet with us. We know life gets busy, so we're flexible: we can meet in person, via Skype or Facetime at a time that works best for you.
Let's Get the Ball Rollin' – We will help you tweak your resume, send you job listings, and get to work on finding opportunities we know you'll love.
Ace the Interview – From interview prep to negotiating your salary, we'll provide you with proven tips and unparalleled support to make the process enjoyable and stress free. After all, finding your next opportunity should be exciting, not daunting! We'll help with that.


BALKANI publishing house was established in 1991.
Ever since it has supported the Bulgarian culture and values by supporting the beneficial cultural and business cooperation between the neighboring Balkan countries and especially between the Bulgarians and their neighbors.
1. The BALKANS Newspaper, coming out monthly between May 1991 and December 1993 in Bulgarian, English, Turkish and Greek: the first newspaper for business and advertising in the Balkans, distributed mainly in the business circles and helping the neighboring countries get acquainted with Bulgaria's new legislation and regulations.
2. The PLOVDIV FAIR Newspaper, coming out twice a year: focuses on business cooperation between the Balkan countries, distributed at the Plovdiv Fair and other Balkan fairs, as well as aboard airlines.
3. THE BULGARIAN HOLY PLACES IN ISTANBUL by Professor Toncho Zhechev: presents for the first time in English and Bulgaria the Bulgarian holy places in the ancient city, which keeps the memory of the history of the Bulgarian National Revival - essays.
4. BALKANI AUTOGRAPHED BOOK series. (1999) For the first time the most renowned authors, the "living classics", glance back at the decade folloing the events of 1989 in prose and essays.
Radoi Ralin, If I Crow, Whom Shall I Awaken…?
Georgi Grozdev, An Autographed Book , a collection of interviews about the Bulgarian book, Bulgaria, the Balkans and the future century with the authors of the series.
5. BULGARIAN MILITARY GLORY - a collection; the history of the Bulgarian army since the Bulgarian state was founded 1300 years ago until 1945, and especially the history of the last 100 years, is for the first time presented without the prejudice of dogmatic thinking; preface by President of the Republic of Bulgaria Mr. Peter Stoyanov, a chronicle.
6. Interviews series (2000-01): The Literary Fallow by Yordan Radichkov; A Fort for Dignity by Gencho Stoev; Interviews by Vera Mutafchieva; I'm Walking on the Road by Radoy Ralin.
7. Essays series (2000-01): Omen and Sun by Gencho Stoev; Philosophical Miniatures and Fragments by Issak Passy; The Quarreling Balkans by Vera Mutafchieva; My Restitution by Marko Ganchev; Records about the Other by Zlatomir Zlatanov.
8. Stories series (2000-01): Heads or Tails by Deyan Enev; The Blue Ladder by Elena Alexieva; I Passed by Last Night by Georgi Grozdev; Life in Expectation of the Orange Ball by Boris Minkov, stories by Emil Andreev, Zdravka Evtimova. Authors who appeared on the book market after 1989 and who are not connected with the conventionalities of the "cultural policy" of the past. New names who try to find and establish new values in the earthquake zone of the 1990s in the time of constant revaluation.
9. Balkan Library series - For the first time since 1878, authors from all Balkan countries are published without prejudices and hatred of the past. The series is accompanied by LITERARY BALKANS magazine, a bilingual journal in Bulgarian and English oriented towards the writers' communities from Liubljana to Nikosia, as well as to the rest of the world.
10. Hunting in Bulgaria - in German, published 1997, 1998: about the international tourism and natural game reserves in Bulgaria.
Sole proprietor of the publishing house is Georgi Grozdev, 46.
He graduated from St Klimen Ohridski University, Sofia, majoring in journalism.
Yordan Radichkov, Gencho Stoev, Vera Mutafchieva, Ivaylo Petrov, Christos Katsanis, Svetlozar Igov, Ljubisa Georgievski, Dimitar Kirkov, Zdravka Evtimova, Zlatomir Zlatanov, Svetlin Stratiev, Krustina Gecheva, Zdravka Mihailova, Athina Mosarakidou, Vera Samardjieva, Zheliu Zhelev, Antonina Zhelyazkova, Dengis Bektas, Vihren Chernokozhev, Slavko Pregl, Dragoslav Mihajlovich, Besnic Mustafai, Josip Osti, Hristos Hadjipapas, Georgius Moleskis, Vasilka Hadjipapa /the list is being completed at present/.
to develop and expand international cooperation in the field of culture, literature and the Bulgarian language, including with writers and culture figures from Turkey, Greece, Macedonia, Serbia, Romania, Cyprus, Albania, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia and Croatia.


The John Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field had 1,529 employees in 2015 with an average pay (base salary + bonus) of $113,661.65. The most common occupation was aerospace engineering, followed by general engineering. The most common payscale is General Schedule.
The most common payscale is General Schedule, which pays 96.99% of the employees in the John Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field. General Schedule is followed by Senior Executive Service, which pays 1.96% of employees.


text:
The Red Gate Building is one of seven Stalinist skyscrapers, designed by Alexey Dushkin. Its name comes from the Red Gate square.

Features
The 138-metre building consists of a central 24-storey building and two side buildings with a variable number of storeys ranging from 11 to 15. The exterior walls of the skyscraper are clad in natural limestone, while the ground floors are clad in red granite. The interiors of the building are more modest than in other Stalinist skyscrapers. For example, stainless steel was used in the front lobby and there are no expensive materials or picturesque panels.

The central building on the courtyard side had an assembly hall (on the ground floor) and an exhibition hall (on the basement). A tunnel was created along the perimeter of the basement with an entrance from the side of Komsomolskaya Square. It was intended for trucks serving the services of the building. The building was originally built for the needs of the Ministry of Railways. However, by 1951, when the works were completed, a new union agency Mintransstroi existed and it got the offices in the central block of the skyscraper.

All flats had refrigerators, built-in-furniture and sinks with a crusher to destroy large waste in the kitchens. The kitchens also had access to a rubbish chute. In addition to the traditional ventilation system, the house had central air conditioning. For this purpose, outdoor air was filtered and passed through a humidification system before reaching a temperature of +15°C. Then, depending on the season, the air was heated to the right temperature. All high-rise buildings were equipped with a centralised dust extraction system, which consisted of a system of brushes and hoses located in each flat, a system of pipes running along with the building and dust extraction stations installed in the basement. The collected dust was filtered and discharged into the sewage system, and the purified air from the system was discharged into the street. Boilers were installed in the basement to provide heating for the skyscraper.

History
The skyscraper was laid down in 1947 and completed in 1953. The  construction of the tower was complicated by its location near the Moscow Metro tunnels and the Krasnye Vorota station. Dushkin built a second entrance to the station into the ground floor of the tower, which opened on 31 July 1954.

After being the headquarter of the Ministry of Construction of Heavy Industry the administrative part of the skyscraper also hosted the Ministry of Transport Construction. The building is also known as Lermontov Tower from Mikhail Lermontov, who was born on its place, and the Lermontovskaya Square, the name assigned to the Red Gate square between 1962 and 1986.

Notes

External links
 Building data at emporis.com
 Building data at skyscraperpage.com

Buildings and structures built in the Soviet Union
Residential buildings completed in 1953
Government buildings completed in 1953
Stalinist architecture
Seven Sisters (Moscow)
Skyscraper office buildings in Moscow
Residential skyscrapers in Moscow
Cultural heritage monuments of regional significance in Moscow

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
"use strict";
var not_1 = require('../util/not');
var filter_1 = require('./filter');
/**
 * Splits the source Observable into two, one with values that satisfy a
 * predicate, and another with values that don't satisfy the predicate.
 *
 * It's like {@link filter}, but returns two Observables:
 * one like the output of {@link filter}, and the other with values that did not
 * pass the condition.
 *
 *
 *
 * `partition` outputs an array with two Observables that partition the values
 * from the source Observable through the given `predicate` function. The first
 * Observable in that array emits source values for which the predicate argument
 * returns true. The second Observable emits source values for which the
 * predicate returns false. The first behaves like {@link filter} and the second
 * behaves like {@link filter} with the predicate negated.
 *
 * @example
Partition click events into those on DIV elements and those elsewhere

 * var clicks = Rx.Observable.fromEvent(document, 'click');
 * var parts = clicks.partition(ev => ev.target.tagName === 'DIV');
 * var clicksOnDivs = parts[0];
 * var clicksElsewhere = parts[1];
 * clicksOnDivs.subscribe(x => console.log('DIV clicked: ', x));
 * clicksElsewhere.subscribe(x => console.log('Other clicked: ', x));
 *
 * @see {@link filter}
 *
 * @param {function(value: T, index: number): boolean} predicate A function that
 * evaluates each value emitted by the source Observable. If it returns `true`,
 * the value is emitted on the first Observable in the returned array, if
 * `false` the value is emitted on the second Observable in the array. The
 * `index` parameter is the number `i` for the i-th source emission that has
 * happened since the subscription, starting from the number `0`.
 * @param {any} [thisArg] An optional argument to determine the value of `this`
 * in the `predicate` function.
 * @return {[Observable<T>, Observable<T>]} An array with two Observables: one
 * with values that passed the predicate, and another with values that did not
 * pass the predicate.
 * @method partition
 * @owner Observable
 */
function partition(predicate, thisArg) {
    return [
        filter_1.filter.call(this, predicate),
        filter_1.filter.call(this, not_1.not(predicate, thisArg))
    ];
}
exports.partition = partition;
//# sourceMappingURL=partition.js.map

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
VMware's VeloCloud Acquisition: What's Ahead for SD-WAN
Written by James Anderson
November 6, 2017 @ 08:36
… VMware in the emerging 'edge computing' space to leverage general purpose hardware network appliances on the customer premises using network function virtualization (NFV) as a platform," Gintert said. "Of the potential companies we could contemplate picking up VeloCloud, VMware is up there as one of the most exciting for our business and the services we deliver for our clients."
VMware's SD-WAN deal creates another area where it directly competes with Cisco. Toth and other analysts agree that the purchase shares similarities with Cisco's acquisition of Viptela. Toth says Viptela's router-based system fit well with Cisco, whose IWAN offering was insufficient for SD-WAN. Viptela, just like VeloCloud, is a "pure-play" SD-WAN vendor based in California and founded in 2012. Marko notes that Cisco contributed to a $27 million investment in VeloCloud in 2016.
Ripple Effect?
SD-WAN competitors had no choice but to take notice of the VMware-VeloCloud deal. Many analysts, like Marko, expect more M&A in the SD-WAN market. Toth agrees that many companies in the industry see acquisition as an attractive endgame.
"I truly do believe that a lot of these guys started this company with the idea that hopefully they could get bought by a company like Cisco for between $100 million and $1 billion," Toth said.
But that's not the mindset of every SD-WAN company.
Silver Peak's David Hughes
"I do think there are others though that have been doing this a long time. You look at Talari [Networks], for example, which has been doing this for 10 years. You don't necessarily look to them and think to yourself, 'Oh, they're looking for a strategy,'" Toth said. "I think there's so much room for growth in that marketplace that there is enough room for the pure plays. On top of that, I actually believe that innovation is going to be hampered by the organizations that are doing the acquiring."
Silver Peak, which has been around for 14 years, says it is pursuing an independent strategy. Hughes says he and his team are happy to see a larger company absorb their competitor, but that is a luxury Silver Peak can enjoy after growing its customer base for more than a decade.
"We are excited by this because it basically leaves us as the leading independent player in the space," Hughes said. "On the other hand, for some smaller companies, I think it's one less acquirer for them. I think as we move into the next phase of the market, if you haven't already got scale, if you haven't already got hundreds of customers and a growing business, it's going to be really challenging."
Hughes predicts six to 12 months of …
Pages: Previous 1 2 3 Next
Tags: M&A, professional services, SD WAN, Silver Peak, VeloCloud, VMWare
Extreme Networks' Aerohive Acquisition Adds Cloud Clout
Extreme Networks makes $272 million bid for born in the cloud company, Aerohive Networks.
CenturyLink Touts Level 3, Windstream Hypes SD-WAN as Both Profit in Q3
Windstream's enterprise segment saw continued acceleration of SD-WAN and strategic sales.
VMware Embraces Services in Upcoming Channel Program Update
We spoke to VeloCloud about its channel growth.
AT&T-Time Warner Deal Affirmed, but What Does It Have to Do with the Channel?
The channel is also seeing vertical mergers.
Paya Adds Payment Capabilities with FBS Acquisition
RingCentral Adds Cato Networks to Elite SD-WAN Club
Cisco, VeloCloud, Aryaka Headline SD-WAN Leaders in New Study
Dell, Microsoft Collaborate to Deliver Azure VMware Solutions
.@Broadcom, @symantec end #acquisition talks. #cybersecurity dlvr.it/R8SYJt


Last week's episode started out with a bang… a Big Bang. This week we continue our discussion into the beginning of everything. We present three additional lines of evidence that have led astronomers to the conclusion that our Universe started out as a singularity 13.7 billion years ago, and has been expanding ever since.
Check out last week's show for discussion on the Big Bang, and the first lines of evidence supporting it: the cosmic microwave background, and the expansion of the universe.
Fraser Cain: So Pamela, last week we started out with the big bang and discussed the cosmic microwave background radiation. Now, if people still aren't convinced that the universe began as a singularity 13.7 billion years ago, and has been expanding ever since, fine. We've got more evidence: take your pick.
Okay Pamela, continue convincing us!
Dr. Pamela Gay: (laughing) Well, no one should be convinced by one line of evidence. It's sort of like when you go to buy a car, you don't simply trust the one opinion of the salesman who's trying to sell it to you. You always want to get multiple opinions, multiple lines of proof. With the big bang, we've got lots of lines of evidence.
For the most basic, you look out in space and as you look at objects further and further away, they appear to be older and older. This is a function of the fact that light travels at a finite speed. As you look out at different stars and examine them, we find the oldest stars out there have a certain percentage helium and a certain percentage deuterium that was set by the big bang. As you look at the sky at night, you can actually find places in the sky that are dark. Darkness is itself, in part evidence that points toward the big bang. So we have multiple lines of evidence we can discuss in detail.
Fraser: I counted three there.
Pamela: Well, three plus cosmic microwave background gives us four lines of proof.
Fraser: Perfect, four. So let's go back what's your first one?
Pamela: Why don't we start with just the basic idea that things are older as we look at things that are further and further away.
Light travels at a finite speed. This means that were we to turn the entire universe off, then using the big, giant god switch that turns the universe on and off, turn it back on, we'd initially just see ourselves. As time passed, we'd be able to see things further and further away. The first object we might see in the sky is the Moon. It's 1.282 light seconds away – so 1.282 seconds after we turn the universe back on, there's the moon staring back down at us.
Fraser: Okay, that's a relief!
Pamela: It's a relief. The Moon will be there very quickly.
Fraser: There will be no Sun, so we wouldn't see the Moon.
Pamela: The Sun would come in about eight minutes later, so we'd only have to wait a little bit before we got light. The irony here is we wouldn't actually see the Moon until we had the sunlight, because the sunlight needs to come and reflect off the Moon, but in some imaginary universe, where we can see using gravity, we might see the Moon, and then see the Sun eight minutes later.
Pamela: Continue to wait. It's going to be a few years before we start to see the nearest stars. The Alpha Centauri system is 4.26 light years away, which means we'd have to wait 4.26 years before the Sun and the Moon were joined by a star in the sky. So you've got a long wait before you start being able to compare our Sun to other stars.
Now, the thing is, when we do get that light from Alpha Centauri, we're not seeing the way Alpha Centauri looks at the moment we're looking at it. Instead, we're seeing the way Alpha Centauri looked 4.26 years in the past. So if you live someplace where you can go out tonight and see Alpha Centauri, you're not seeing the way it looks tonight. You're seeing the way it looked some night 4.26 years ago.
Then, our galaxy would be a lonely place with no other galaxies to look at, for about 2 million years. The nearest galaxy – the nearest big, giant galaxy – is over 2 million light years away. You'd have to wait over 2 million years before that galaxy would finally become apparent in our skies.
So there's a lot of waiting going on, and a lot of seeing the way things used to look. As we continue to look out across the sky, if we look at an object a billion years in the past, we see an object that isn't exactly identical to the things we necessarily see today. Really big structures take time to form, so a billion years ago is fairly close to the way things are (there's big structures), but as you start to look further and further back in time, the number of big structures goes down. The number of perfectly formed galaxies goes down.
In the Hubble deep field, we're looking way back toward the first few billion years of the universe, we're seeing galaxies that don't look anything like what we see today. They're these weird, mutant structures. There's lots of star formation going on. These early galaxies appear to be very blue because young stars are predominately blue. As we look around galaxies nearest us, we see lots of red galaxies because old stars are predominately red. So the universe even changes colour as we look back in time.
By seeing at greater and greater distances, younger and younger objects, it implies that if you could look back far enough, you'd see a newborn universe. That's sort of what we see with the cosmic microwave background.
Fraser: Right, and that's what we were talking about last week with the cosmic microwave background radiation.
Pamela: So the cosmic microwave background radiation is just the earliest structures in the universe, traced out on a large scale across the sky. As we look in all directions, those small irregularities we see in the temperature, those small irregularities grew up over time to be the largest galaxies and galaxy clusters that we see in our nearby modern universe. As we look back through time, we see the evolution of those structures from the irregularities in the background, to the giant galaxy clusters.
We see the galaxies evolving from these small, blue, mutant things, to the spiral galaxies of today, to the giant red elliptical galaxies of today. It's the growth of the universe, just like as we watch children grow. We see them going from small infant child with wrinkles and not enough or too much hair, to adult to old person, with a different form at each stage. Our universe has had a different form at each stage.
Fraser: So to use another analogy, it's almost like you're standing in the middle of a crowd of people, and everyone around you is old folks, but as you look further back everyone is adults in a ring around you, and if you look even further it's just children and babies until it's nothing.
Fraser: I've got a question for you though. If the cosmic microwave background radiation is the first thing we can see because everything was opaque before then, how much further would you have to be able to see to see the actual big bang itself?
Pamela: The cosmic microwave background formed at roughly 400 thousand years after the big bang. There's 400 thousand light years, but that's a mistaken way, actually, to say it. To see the beginning, you'd have to look back 400 thousand light years, but that's not exactly where the edge is. There was a period during the big bang where everything was expanding apart so fast that the amount of the universe that we can see, the amount of the universe that's held within 13.7 +/- 0.2 billion light years isn't the whole universe. We can only see a few percentage of the whole universe, because when it expanded so quickly, things had a chance to escape to parts of the universe that there light hasn't gotten to us.
Each second we can see a light second further out into space. Each year we can see a light year out further into space, but we can't see all the way out. We can't see everything, because there hasn't been enough time for the light from everything to have gotten to us.
Fraser: Whoa. You just blew my mind.
Pamela: So we can see back to the beginning of time, but we can't see out to the edge. The real mind-numbing part is there really isn't an edge. Our universe just goes on and folds back, just like you can go all the way around the globe – you can go all the way around the universe.
Fraser: So what percentage of the universe do you think we can see?
Pamela: It all depends on what model you look at, and we don't know for certain which model is right. Some of the ones I've looked at most recently were stating on a few percentage of the entire universe is visible.
Fraser: Okay, I think we'll probably save up some of that stuff for some future shows.
So there's some additional evidence: you'd expect to see, as you look away, a younger and younger universe the further back you look. What's next?
Pamela: Then there's this thing called Olbers' Paradox. This is actually the first hint that our universe wasn't infinite in age and infinite in size.
Back, 2 centuries ago, before Einstein, before modern cosmology, people looked up and went, "hmm, it's dark. This must mean something." If you think about it, if our universe is infinite in size and infinite in age, then no matter which direction you look in, if you look far enough, you're eventually going to hit a star. If the universe has been around forever (where forever is defined as an infinite amount of time), the light from those stars (no matter how far away they are) will have had time to get to us. So every direction you're looking in, you're eventually looking at a star. All that light will have had time to reach us, and the entire sky should glow with the light of a million billion stars. It doesn't.
This implies that the universe can't be both infinite in size and infinite in age. We don't know which one, based on the fact that it's dark, is true, but we know that either light from the most distant objects hasn't gotten to us, or that there aren't objects beyond a certain point.
Fraser: Wow. Okay. This is Olber – when did he come up with this?
Pamela: Olber formulated this theory way back in 1823, so this theory's been around a while.
Fraser: Right. Then I guess the big bang was a handy explanation for that problem.
Pamela: It put all the pieces into perspective.
Fraser: It's interesting that people were think gin about it in that respect that long ago.
How does the big bang, as we understand it, match those expectations beyond just saying it isn't infinite in age? Does it make any predictions of how bright the sky should be?
Pamela: The big bang points out to the cosmic microwave background, it gives you a point at which you suspect you should start seeing galaxies. With the Hubble Space Telescope, the Very Large Telescope in South America and some of the other big telescopes, we can actually look for the very faintest, most distant galaxies in the sky. These are actually galaxies that if we were near them would be blazingly bright, but they're the faintest things we can see because they're so far back in time and their light has been travelling for such a distance to reach us.
So we can actually find the first galaxies at the time which corresponds to a distance we expect to see them at. More easily identified are the atomic abundances in the universe.
The big bang says that at a certain moment, roughly 100 seconds after everything got started, the universe was the density and temperature of the inside of a star. The insides of stars are places atomic fusion can take place, and that's exactly what happened in the early universe. You had protons slamming into one another, neutrons being created and decaying (but not decaying fast enough that they didn't necessarily get bound up into things). So a neutron would form, it would pass close enough to a lone proton, they'd bind together and you'd get deuterium. Deuterium doesn't like to be by itself, and will often bond into helium 4, where you have two protons and two neutrons. Then the helium happily exists. Occasionally miracles happen and you get lithium (this is a well described scientific miracle). All of this was raging on for about 200 seconds. The universe is expanding and cooling, expanding and cooling.
About 300 seconds after the universe started to do it's thing, it was cold enough that all these nuclear reactions stopped. It was one of these neat things where it's sort of like watching people play — what's that game where music plays and when the music stops you have to sit in a chair and there's not enough chairs?
Pamela: Yes, musical chairs. Things fall out occasionally! So it was sort of like a game of musical chairs, where the deuterium that hadn't found one another yet were left without a partner, and they were left behind. The rest of the deuterium did have enough time to form helium.
So the length of time that the universe was like a star, defines how much deuterium should be out there, how much helium should be out there, and how much hydrogen should be out there.
Fraser: That's amazing. So there was a moment, right after the big bang (or a period of time), when the size and consistency of the entire universe was like one great, big star, and during that period, a certain amount of that superstar fused into the stuff that we might see in the centre of our own Sun. Then it kept growing, so it cooled, and it was no longer like a star – it was something else, but in that brief moment it was recorded right there.
Pamela: It stopped before the processes had necessarily reached conclusion. Normally we don't get deuterium. Deuterium in stars gets blown apart and turned into helium. You don't build deuterium, normally, but because all of the reactions were just cut off by the change in temperature and pressure, we have residual fossil deuterium.
Fraser: Oh, the transition just happens so quickly that it didn't even get a chance to make that next step to helium.
Pamela: Because it didn't get to make that next step, because the music shut off and there was deuterium left without partners, we were able to get deuterium in our modern universe.
We can see it in ocean water. by looking at ocean water, we can say, "wow, there was a big bang." More importantly, we can look at stars and say, "where is the star with the lowest helium abundance?" (Because helium is created in stars) If we never find a star with a lower helium abundance than what existed in predictions, after big bang nucleosynthesis was complete, then we also have a comparison.
So we can look at two things: deuterium is only destroyed. The maximum amount of deuterium we find in stars should match the amount of deuterium created during the big bang. Helium is created in stars, so the minimum amount of helium we find should match the amount produced in the big bang. Those amounts are 70% hydrogen was left, 25% helium 4 was left, and about 0.01% of the universe (by mass) was deuterium, after the big bang. So those are the percentages we look for in stars.
Fraser: So if we're looking at a really distant star, you would see that star and be able to say it's going to be primordial. It's not going to have a chance to go through several supernovas and get all jumbled up. So you're going to see at least (because it's just the amount of original matter that fell together through gravity), it's going to have that minimum amount of hydrogen and deuterium in it.
On the flip side, the deuterium can't last, it has to be turned into helium in stars, right?
Pamela: The thing is, we don't even have to look for distant stars. Stars live a really long time. In our modern universe, we can look around and find the elderly star that are still hanging around from the second or third generation of star formation, and look at their abundances.
So we look around our own galaxy and find the oldest stars in our own galaxy, and we can prove the big bang locally.
Fraser: So can those stars – can there be stars as old as the big bang?
Pamela: Well, that's one of the problems. We can't find them, if they are there. The original universe was very low in heavy elements (defined as anything not hydrogen). So we had this 25% helium, a little bit of deuterium, trace amounts of lithium and beryllium and nothing else. When you have such a low atomic mass set of elements, stars tend to form really big. There's a lot of complex astronomy and astrophysics behind this, but the end of all these theories is stars that don't have a lot of heavy atoms in them are big, and big stars die quickly.
So the very first generation of stars blew itself apart. The second generation of stars had still very low atomic abundances. It was still a very close match to those original hydrogen, helium, deuterium abundances. Those stars we can find.
There's a man by the name of Tim Biers who's been making this a major part of his work for the last decade. He's looking for those oldest, most low atomic mass stars, and he's able to find things where you can say, "I know how many supernova went into creating this thing, because the ratios of the elements in the star match one supernova of one type, or a mixture of two supernovas of these types." He's able to reverse-engineer what stars are made of.
Fraser: That's amazing. That's really cool. Wow.
Have they tried to do that on our own Sun?
Pamela: Our own Sun has a whole lot of heavy atoms in it. If you look at solar spectra, it looks like someone's been throwing Chevy blazers and nuclear submarines and things like that into its atmosphere. You see titanium lines, you see scandium lines, you see all sorts of metal lines in the atmosphere. It's hard, when you have so many different metals, to reverse engineer what went into forming the Sun, because you start to get multiple things being possible. We can't say exactly how many supernovas of what types led to the creation of our Sun. You have to have simple systems where a supernova affected the star's formation. There was too many generations of stars. It's sort of like if you find your standard American mutt, and ask them what their ethnicity is, they might list off all of Europe.
Fraser: Right. So to re-cap a bit, we've got our four lines of evidence for the big bang: we've got the cosmic microwave background radiation, we've got the fact that as you look further, things look younger, we've got Olbers' Paradox, and we've got the abundances of elements in the universe (hydrogen, helium, lithium and some other trace elements). Are there any other lines of evidence – maybe they aren't as confirmed, but are just sort of theorized?
Pamela: We're always looking for the details that specify this theory with these specific parameters as correct, versus this theory with this slightly different set of parameters as correct. Nowadays, all the cosmological theories have to take into account there was a big bang, you have these set abundances after the big bang, and then you have the cosmic microwave background, and you have to match the details in the cosmic microwave background. It's matching the details in the cosmic microwave background where a lot of really neat stuff is being done nowadays.
The neat thing about the cosmic microwave background is it looks basically the same, no matter what direction you look in. this means that I can look to the left, straight out east, and then (say I'm looking south here), so I look straight out my eastern horizon, straight out across the universe, and I measure the distribution of these temperature irregularities in the cosmic microwave background. I then go 180 degrees to the other side and look straight west across the universe, and measure the temperature irregularities in that direction.
Things are identical in both directions, but there hasn't been enough time for things that happened on the eastern horizon to have affected things on the western horizon. That implies that at some point in the past, those two things were close enough to interact in some way such that they ended up mixed exactly the same way, but they got expanded apart at some speed so great that they were able to get far enough apart that their light can no longer reach one another. To do that, we have to have something called an inflationary epic, during the big bang.
This is probably a discussion for an entire show in itself, but the gist of it is, for a small amount of time, the universe expanded at exponential rates. The separation between things was moving at more than a linear speed. Instead of increasing at like, a gazillion km/s, it was going at a gazillion km/s one second, and 2 gazillion km/s the next second. It was an exponential inflation; an exponential expansion of the universe.
This also had the effect of smoothing out the cosmic microwave background radiation. It's sort of like if you have a piece of silly putty, and you rub it across a comic strip, you can get all the fine details in the comic strip, and have careful edges and sharp corners, but if you then stretch that silly putty, everything gets smoothed out. Everything eventually becomes a blurry blob. When you stretch the universe during inflation, you smooth out all the sharp edges, and you end up with a smooth cosmic microwave background.
It's in trying to design an inflationary period, in trying to design all of the mathematical models for things we can't see, that discoveries are currently being made in the numbers. Those numbers have to eventually build a system that matches all the details in the cosmic microwave background. There's people who are doing that.
Fraser: Right, I bet there's going to be many more Nobel Prizes coming out of the cosmic microwave background.
Pamela: Coming out of the details. All of the interesting stuff hides in the details.
Fraser: Great, thanks a lot Pamela. I think we've got a pretty good foundation for people to wrap their heads around the big bang, if such a thing is possible.
If the big bang really happened then the farther out we look, at some point we should see the big bang, or is it that we just can't see that far yet?
point two thats been on my mind- looking farther out, shouldn't the point of the big bang be funnelled into one place in our sky? if we can look far enough back then more matter should be consolidated in one place in the sky toward the big bang, and I don't hear we are finding that. The farther out and back into time we look, should be able to reveal the point of the big bang and we should actually be able to see if if we are looking far enough out there, right?
I think it more probable that the universe is truely infinate in size and we are from a space in the universe that was created by a black hole releasing it's matter in an explosion creating this portion of the universe. That would explain why the night sky is not all light from distant stars, if portions of it were esencially restarted with black hole explosions.


3.5V Otoscope with Opthalmoscope Head. Size C Batteries. Great Value.
This Oz Diagnostics Otoscope set comes complete with interchangeable handle, Otoscope head and Opthalmoscope Head. Also included are 3 sizes of re-useable specula; 2mm, 3mm and 4mm.
We have also included a disposable specula adaptor which is enables this otoscope to be used in a clinical setting where disposable specula are required.
The professional model opthalmoscope is of excellent quality and gives a very clear picture of the retina. It contains a complete set of lens from -25 to +40 diopters. The lens also contains a polarised filter which reduces corneal reflection.
The Oz Diagnostic Otoscope set comes in a re-useable leatherette pouch for safe and convenient storage.
When ordering this otoscope, please consider if you also require disposable specula as these, in most cases, can be added to your order with no extra shipping charges.
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