text:
People v. Williams (2002) 28 Cal. 4th 408 (121 Cal.Rptr.2d 854; 49 P.3d 203)
[No. S098552. July 15, 2002.]
THE PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. STEVEN VAUGHN WILLIAMS, Defendant and Appellant.
(Superior Court of Shasta County, No. 97F9335, William Gallagher, Judge.)
(The Court of Appeal, Third Dist., No. C031921, 89 Cal. App. 4th 85.)
(Opinion by Brown, J., expressing the unanimous view of the court.)
Linda J. Zachritz, under appointment by the Supreme Court, for Defendant and Appellant.
Bill Lockyer, Attorney General, David P. Druliner and Robert R. Anderson, Chief Assistant Attorneys General, Jo Graves, Assistant Attorney General, John A. O'Sullivan, J. Robert Jibson and Charles A. French, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
Rockard J. Delgadillo, City Attorney (Los Angeles), Debbie Lew, Assistant City Attorney, and Sunnie Lee Daniels, Deputy City Attorney, for Office of the Los Angeles City Attorney as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Plaintiff and Respondent. [28 Cal. 4th 410]
BROWN, J.-
A jury convicted defendant of driving while under the influence. The People's case included the result of a preliminary alcohol screening (PAS) test showing that defendant's breath registered a blood-alcohol [28 Cal. 4th 411] content of .181 percent. fn. 1 The Court of Appeal held the PAS test result should have been excluded because the California Highway Patrol failed to comply substantially with title 17 of the California Code of Regulations (all references to title 17 are to title 17 of the California Code of Regulations), but deemed the error harmless and affirmed the conviction. We granted review to determine whether the absence of substantial compliance with the regulations justifies a blanket exclusion of PAS results or goes merely to the weight of the evidence.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
On December 27, 1997, Gary Pickle's neighbor, Russell Bailey, hosted a party. While the party was in progress, someone drove a pickup truck into Pickle's driveway, spun a tire-squealing "brodie," and sped away. After the driver repeated this maneuver several times at half-hour intervals, Pickle confronted Bailey and a few of his guests, including defendant, whom Pickle had seen driving the truck on other occasions. Pickle's request that he not be disturbed by late-night driving antics appeared to upset defendant, who was agitated and belligerent. Fifteen minutes later, at approximately 1:45 a.m., Pickle heard the truck in his driveway again and called the police.
At approximately 2:02 a.m., Shasta County Deputy Sheriff Scocca arrived and saw a truck with the lights on idling at the side of the road. When she parked near the truck, the driver--defendant--initially ducked under a blanket but emerged moments later disheveled, smelling of alcohol, and slurring his words. No alcohol containers were found in the truck.
California Highway Patrol (CHP) Officers D'Arcy and Barrett arrived at 2:05 a.m. After defendant performed poorly on two field sobriety tests, he agreed to provide a breath sample by blowing into an Alco Sensor IV, which produced a reading of .181 percent. Officer D'Arcy arrested defendant for driving under the influence of alcohol. Defendant refused Officer D'Arcy's request that he submit to a chemical test as required by California's implied consent law.
The Shasta County District Attorney filed an information charging defendant with driving while under the influence (Veh. Code, § 23152, subd. (a)) and driving with a suspended license (id., § 14601.5, subd. (a)). The information further alleged defendant had suffered three prior driving under the influence violations (see id., § 23175) and two prior convictions within five years for driving with a suspended license (id., § 14601). [28 Cal. 4th 412]
At trial, defendant moved to exclude the PAS result, as the testing procedures did not conform to the requirements of title 17 and the evidence was more prejudicial than probative. (Evid. Code, § 352.) Testimony at an in limine hearing established the following:
The CHP had formally approved the Alco Sensor IV as a device to perform PAS tests. The Alco Sensor IV is readied for use by inserting a clean mouthpiece. The device then shows the date, time, and temperature, and indicates it is either unable (NOGO) or ready to test (TEST). If ready, an air blank then records a .000 percent result. Officer D'Arcy followed this procedure; after he observed defendant for approximately 13 minutes, during which time defendant did not burp, vomit, spit up, or drink any liquids, defendant blew into the mouthpiece.
Officer D'Arcy had used the Alco Sensor IV in the field for more than two years. After participating in an eight-hour training session, he received certification by the state Department of Justice in the use of a similar breath-testing device that was used at the local jail. Officer D'Arcy also received approximately 20 minutes of practical training with the Alco Sensor IV; it produced results consistent with those recorded by the machine on which he was initially trained.
The accuracy of the Alco Sensor IV used to screen defendant was verified by periodic testing with a standard .10 percent alcohol solution. The device was deemed accurate if the test solution produced a reading ranging from .09 to .11 percent; if not, it had to be recalibrated. The machine's first calibration, on January 28, 1997, produced a .11 percent reading. Although within the permissible range, the machine was recalibrated to record an accurate .10 percent result. All 19 tests conducted between January 1997 and February 1998 produced readings within the accepted range of .09 to .11 percent. The eight calibrations immediately prior to defendant's test, including the last test on November 17, 1997, produced readings slightly below .10 percent.
After the in limine hearing, the trial court admitted the evidence. The court found the evidence complied with the foundational requirements described in People v. Adams (1976) 59 Cal. App. 3d 559, 561 (Adams), and People v. Bury (1996) 41 Cal. App. 4th 1194, 1202 (Bury). These cases upheld admission of breath tests measuring blood-alcohol content where (1) the testing device was in proper working order, (2) the test was properly administered, and (3) the operator was competent and qualified. (Bury, supra, at p. 1202; Adams, supra, at p. 561.)
The instant trial court questioned whether there was even substantial compliance with the title 17 regulations. Nevertheless, the testing satisfied [28 Cal. 4th 413] the Adams/Bury foundational prerequisites. The court observed (1) the device had been calibrated frequently; (2) it had worked properly on many occasions and would not produce a result if improperly administered; and (3) the officer was qualified and competent to administer the test. The trial court therefore concluded the PAS evidence was more probative than prejudicial. The court observed defendant's refusal to submit to the required chemical test rendered the preliminary test even more probative than otherwise. The court confirmed its ruling when defendant raised an Evidence Code section 352 objection after trial.
I. THE COURT OF APPEAL OPINION
The Court of Appeal found the admission of the PAS results erroneous, though harmless. The Court of Appeal, contrasting the administrative regulations governing PAS tests with the validation methods used in this case and the test administered to defendant, concluded these actions failed to substantially comply with the regulations and ruled the test results were inadmissible. The discrepancies cited by the Court of Appeal included (1) the failure to test the instrument every 10 days or after the testing of every 150 subjects, whichever came first; (2) the failure to comply with the regulations specifying these tests be performed by either employees of a forensic alcohol laboratory or persons who have completed the requisite training, who must then forward the results to a forensic alcohol laboratory; (3) the officers' failure to observe the suspect continuously for 15 minutes; (4) the failure to test two separate breath samples that reveal blood-alcohol concentration within .02 grams per 100 milliliters of each other; and (5) the failure to describe the result at trial in terms of alcohol concentration in the blood. There was also no evidence Officer D'Arcy had been trained by a forensic alcohol analyst or trainee or that his training included the subjects described in the regulations. (Tit. 17, § 1221.4, subd. (a)(5).)
The Court of Appeal's response to noncompliance was exclusion. "Exclusion of PAS test results in every drunk driving case involving an Alco Sensor IV will deter intentional reliance upon a flawed system that, despite the best intentions and sincere efforts of the vast majority of members of the [CHP], will continue to deliver untrustworthy test results in every drunk driving case until it is appropriately corrected. . . . [T]he [CHP] will be able to produce . . . scientifically valid evidence once it brings its training and maintenance program into compliance with Title 17." The Court of Appeal nevertheless affirmed defendant's conviction, finding the admission of the test results to be harmless error as defined by People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal. 2d 818, 836. [28 Cal. 4th 414]
II. ANALYSIS
[1a] The Adams court authorized admitting breath test evidence after a showing of (1) the reliability of the instrument, (2) the proper administration of the test, and (3) the competence of the operator. (Adams, supra, 59 Cal. App. 3d at p. 567.) To meet these requirements, the evidence would be admitted upon either a showing of compliance with the title 17 regulations or independent proof of the three elements. (Adams, at p. 567.) fn. 2 Subsequent courts have uniformly followed Adams. (See Bury, supra, 41 Cal. App. 4th at p. 1201; Coniglio, supra, 39 Cal. App. 4th at p. 681; People v. Sangani (1994) 22 Cal. App. 4th 1120, 1137; Davenport v. Department of Motor Vehicles (1992) 6 Cal. App. 4th 133, 140; People v. Perkins (1981) 126 Cal. App. 3d Supp. 12, 18; People v. French (1978) 77 Cal. App. 3d 511, 522 (French).)
We have formulated "generally accepted rules by which the reliability and thus the relevance of scientific evidence is determined." (People v. Harris (1989) 47 Cal. 3d 1047, 1094, citing People v. Kelly (1976) 17 Cal. 3d 24.) In Kelly, we explained a party seeking to introduce evidence based on a new scientific technique needed to qualify the technique as scientifically valid. (Kelly, at p. 30.) Even for techniques thus established, the proponent must "demonstrate that correct scientific procedures were used in the particular case." (Ibid.) fn. 3 Adams applied this latter principle in the specific context of breath tests, and we therefore consider it a proper application of Kelly.
Essential to Adams was the principle that admissibility depends on the reliability and consequent relevance of the evidence, not the precise manner in which it was collected. Compliance with regulations is sufficient to support admission, but not necessary. Noncompliance goes only to the weight of the evidence, not its admissibility. (Adams, supra, 59 Cal. App. 3d at p. 567.)
[2] There are two ways to construe the Court of Appeal opinion below: (1) the court imposed an exclusionary rule to encourage the police to comply with the administrative regulations, or (2) the court found the regulations to be coextensive with the Adams foundational requirements. As we explain, either construction is problematic. [28 Cal. 4th 415]
The more likely interpretation is that the court created a new exclusionary rule, excluding the evidence without regard to its relevance. The Court of Appeal candidly noted at the beginning of its analysis that "[its] concern focuse[d] less on creating evidentiary contests and more on a government agency's intentional failure to comply with mandatory duty." The Court of Appeal objected to the agency's apparent indifference to the regulations. "[T]he [CHP] has designed and implemented training and maintenance programs and procedures . . . which do not satisfy the requirements of Title 17. . . . Yet the [CHP] is under a mandatory duty to comply with Title 17." The opinion invoked the "exclusionary rule" as "a judicially created remedy designed to deter such [police carelessness]."
The exclusion of relevant evidence, however, is barred by the California Constitution's Right to Truth-in-Evidence provision, unless otherwise compelled by the federal Constitution. (Cal. Const., art. I, § 28, subd. (d).) By adopting this provision in 1982, the voters indicated that excluding evidence is not an acceptable means of deterring police misconduct. (In re Lance W. (1985) 37 Cal. 3d 873, 887.) Even prior to the enactment, courts recognized that absent a constitutional error the failure to follow the regulations in obtaining evidence was not grounds for exclusion. (People v. Perkins, supra, 126 Cal. App. 3d at Supp. 18; French, supra, 77 Cal. App. 3d at p. 522; People v. Rawlings (1974) 42 Cal. App. 3d 952, 956.)
The Court of Appeal's analysis improperly focused not on the propriety of admitting the evidence, but on Officer D'Arcy's carelessness in collecting it. The court then warned that "peace officers and their agencies would be mistaken to assume they may seek haven in the good faith exception to the exclusionary rule, for example, and there find a license to be casual or, worse, careless." The defect in this analysis is that the evidence was not admitted under a good faith exception to the exclusionary rule, but due to its relevance. Insofar as the Court of Appeal applied an evidentiary touchstone other than the relevance of the evidence, its analysis was incorrect.
Defendant offers a different construction of the court's analysis. He equates the administrative regulations and the Adams foundational requirements, explaining "[t]itle 17, essentially, specifies and regularizes the Adams foundational requirements concerning the competency of PAS tests." There is some basis for finding the Court of Appeal so held. The opinion emphasized the Adams conclusion: " '[T]he validity of the test itself is to be determined in accordance with general scientific standards . . . .' (People v. Adams, supra, 59 Cal. App. 3d at p. 567, italics added.) Those scientific [28 Cal. 4th 416] standards are embodied in Title 17, and the [CHP] will be able to produce such scientifically valid evidence once it brings its training and maintenance program into compliance with Title 17." According to this interpretation, noncompliance renders PAS results irrelevant as a matter of law.
There are several problems with thus construing the Court of Appeal's opinion. For one thing, the Adams court rejected the defendant's claim "that the calibration requirement [of title 17] goes to the essence of the substantive value of the tests, and that evidence taken in the absence of statutorily mandated safeguards is incompetent . . . ." (Adams, supra, 59 Cal. App. 3d at p. 563.) Rather than equate the regulatory standards with the minimum showing of reliability, Adams expressly held that title 17 compliance and the tripartite foundational requirements were distinct and independent means to support the admission of test results. Compliance with the regulations was sufficient: "The regulations are an expressed standard for competency of the test results; in effect, they are a simplified method of admitting the results into evidence." (Adams, at p. 567.) On the other hand, although the regulations are a standard of competency, they are not the only standard. Even absent compliance with the regulations, the People could obtain admission of the evidence through the general foundational requirements: "[T]he prosecution then must qualify the personnel involved in the test, the accuracy of the equipment used and the reliability of the method followed before the results can be admitted." (Ibid.)
The Court of Appeal held that the requisite level of compliance with title 17 was substantial rather than total, in accord with Adams's conclusion that evidence could be admissible despite noncompliance. "While Adams may authorize the admission of test results where substantial compliance with Title 17 is shown, it does not authorize the negation of a mandatory duty, where, as here, substantial compliance is not shown. To hold otherwise would render Title 17 a nullity . . . ." But Adams did not deem the test results admissible due to substantial compliance with title 17; the word "substantial" does not even appear in the majority opinion. fn. 4 The Adams court upheld the admission of the results due to their reliability, demonstrated by their meeting the foundational requirements, notwithstanding noncompliance with the regulations. (Adams, supra, 59 Cal. App. 3d at p. 567.) [28 Cal. 4th 417]
Furthermore, Adams did not provide any indication there was even substantial compliance with the calibration requirements. fn. 5 After noting the regulation ordered testing by the usual operator either weekly or following every 100 subjects, whichever came first, and the consequent duty to report the results to a licensed laboratory, the Court of Appeal merely observed that the operator had not complied with this regulation. (Adams, supra, 59 Cal. App. 3d at pp. 562-563.) There was no indication of how often the device was tested, and therefore no evidence of how substantial was the compliance with the calibration regulation. If substantial compliance had been a basis for the Adams court's decision, it would have cited the substantial nature of the compliance.
Finally, Adams expressly rejected the notion that the noncompliance undermined the reliability of the results. "Nor did [defendants] attempt any showing that the noncompliance affected the test results in any way, let alone rendered the results inaccurate." (Adams, supra, 59 Cal. App. 3d at p. 567.) Accordingly, the standards of reliability described by the Adams foundational requirements are not coextensive with the title 17 regulations. [1b] We conclude the holding of Adams, that the breath test results are admissible upon a showing of either compliance with title 17 or the foundational elements of (1) properly functioning equipment, (2) a properly administered test, and (3) a qualified operator, is the better approach. fn. 6
[3] In light of these standards, we find the trial court properly exercised its discretion in admitting the test results. (People v. Ashmus (1991) 54 Cal. 3d 932, 971.) Although the Alco Sensor IV was not tested with the frequency demanded by the regulations, the machine always performed within the acceptable range, and the slight inaccuracies usually underreported the amount of alcohol present. These facts recall French, where the test results were .19, .16, and .17 percent, with a procedural irregularity causing the second result to be .01 percent lower than it should have been. (French, supra, 77 Cal. App. 3d at p. 517.) French noted that not only did the error inure to the defendant's benefit by lowering the defendant's second result by .01 percent, but that the actual results of .19, .16 and .17 percent "were well above the .10 level" of presumptive intoxication. (Id. at p. 520.) The level of presumptive intoxication is now .08 percent, and the Alco Sensor IV here produced results with an error margin [28 Cal. 4th 418] of .01 or less in all 19 checks. From this record of reliability, the trial court could reasonably conclude the results of defendant's test, which exceeded the level of presumptive intoxication by .101, more than 10 times the machine's greatest inaccuracy, tended to establish defendant's intoxication.
The court could likewise conclude Officer D'Arcy's observation of defendant for 13 instead of 15 minutes, and his decision to take one instead of two tests, did not deprive the results of the reliability required for them to be relevant. fn. 7 Similarly, because the officer operated the machine as instructed and his misadministration could not produce false positive results, his unfamiliarity with the machine's operating theory did not compel the exclusion of the results. [4] (See fn. 8.) The trial court properly exercised its discretion in admitting the results. fn. 8
Although we reject the Court of Appeal's legal conclusions, we share its concern that laxity in complying with the regulations may undermine the reliability of the test. The trial court said the challenged evidence "push[ed] the outside of the envelope on the admissibility of PAS tests." Compliance with the regulations, by contrast, guarantees the People quick and certain admission of evidence, eliminating laborious qualification, critical cross-examination, and the risk of exclusion. Furthermore, compliance will ensure that the tests retain their reliability, and thus their relevance and admissibility, in the future.
We therefore affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeal.
George, C. J., Kennard, J., Baxter, J., Werdegar, J., Chin, J., and Moreno, J., concurred.
FN 1. The figure reflects the percent of alcohol in a person's blood based upon grams of alcohol per 210 liters of breath. (Veh. Code, § 23152.)
FN 2. As the Court of Appeal explained in Bury, title 17 regulations apply to PAS tests that determine the concentration of alcohol on the blood but not those that determine only its presence. (Bury, supra, 41 Cal. App. 4th at p. 1202.) The Bury court properly rejected as dicta the finding in Coniglio v. Department of Motor Vehicles (1995) 39 Cal. App. 4th 666, 677-681 (Coniglio) that title 17 never applies to PAS tests.
FN 3. The parties have not disputed the general scientific validity of breath testing. (See Bury, supra, 41 Cal. App. 4th at p. 1202.)
FN 4. The Adams dissent, which favored the imposition of an exclusionary rule to deter noncompliance, used the term in other contexts. (Adams, supra, 59 Cal. App. 3d 559, 572-573 (dis. opn. of Rattigan, J.).)
FN 5. Although there was no challenge in Adams to the administration of the test or the qualifications of the operator, all three foundational elements must be established for the evidence to be admissible; the chain is no stronger than its weakest link.
FN 6. The decision in Coombs v. Pierce (1991) 1 Cal. App. 4th 568, on which defendant relies, is not to the contrary. The People there did not establish the three foundational requirements (or compliance with title 17), and thus the test results were inadmissible. (Coombs, at p. 580.)
FN 7. Nothing found in the truck supports the inference that defendant drank, smoked, or vomited in the two minutes prior to the officers' observation.
FN 8. Although it is usually the People who seek to introduce breath test results, defendants also will be able to introduce relevant evidence in accordance with today's decision. "Whether . . . evidence is favorable to the People or to the defendant, the clear import of the 'Truth-in-Evidence' provision is that the trier of fact be given the opportunity to credit or discredit relevant evidence." (People v. Wood (1989) 207 Cal. App. 3d. Supp. 11, 17.)


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Makinti Napanangka
circa 1930 - 09 Jan 2011
Language group
Pintupi, Western Desert region
All Details About Place Exhibition history Bibliography Other works
Makinti Napanangka is the most senior woman painting with the renowned Papunya Tula Artists. As with other Pintupi women now exerting their considerable influence on Australian art, Napanangka worked on the collaborative Haasts Bluff/ Kintore women's painting project. This series of major paintings, completed in 1994 and exhibited at the Tandanya National Aboriginal Cultural Institute in Adelaide, marked the beginning of Pintupi women's participation in the Western Desert art movement as independent artists. Up until then, women had largely worked as collaborators on paintings by their husbands and other close mate relatives. Napanangka joined Papunya Tula Artists in 1996.
Most senior practitioners of Western Desert art led a traditional bush life in their desert homelands until their first contact with white Australians as young adults. Napanangka's life has followed the same course and, as with most Pintupi people, she has returned to live close to her country at Walungurru (Kintore), a small Aboriginal community established during the outstation movement, more than 500 kilometres west of Mparntwe (Alice Springs).
Napanangka is a familiar presence at the Papunya Tula arts centre in Walungurru, often the first to arrive with her pack of camp-dogs to begin a day of intense painting. Even when her eyesight faltered, Napanangka's enthusiasm for painting on canvas remained undiminished. When she recovered, her work showed renewed vigour, and was exhibited in the major retrospective 'Papunya Tula: Genesis and Genius' at the Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney, in 2000. 'Untitled', 2000, contains all the hallmarks of Napanangka's style, owing more to the gesture of handpainting ochre onto the body for women's ceremonies, than to the meticulous application of dots that characterises men's ceremonial and contemporary art making.
Napanangka's paintings often depict designs associated with the travels of the Kungka Kutjarra (Two Ancestral Women). The lines entering the upper section of 'Untitled', 2000, represent the handspun, hair-string skirts worn by women during ceremonies. The celebratory nature of these performances is expressed in the hedonistic play of colour and form across the painting's surface. Napanangka's art personifies the ongoing presence of Pintupi cultural traditions in the contemporary painting movement.
Hetti Perkins in 'Tradition today: Indigenous art in Australia', Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney, 2004
© Art Gallery of New South Wales
Walungurru (Kintore) → Northern Territory → Australia
synthetic polymer paint on linen canvas
152.5 x 121.5 cm stretcher
Mollie Gowing Acquisition Fund for Contemporary Aboriginal Art 2000
© Estate of Makinti Napanangka. Licensed by Aboriginal Artists Agency Ltd
Walungurru (Kintore)
Shown in 2 exhibitions
Papunya Tula: Genesis and Genius, Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney, 18 Aug 2000–12 Nov 2000
Papunya Tula, Ala Mazzoniana Stazione Termini, Rome
Hetti Perkins, Tradition today: Indigenous art in Australia , 'Makinti Napanangka', pg. 104, Sydney, 2004, 104, 105 (colour illus.).
Papunya Tula: genesis and genius , Sydney, 2000, 140 (colour illus.), 282.
Browse other works by Makinti Napanangka
Makinti NapanangkaUntitled (2007)352.2007
Makinti Napanangka(untitled) (1999)68.2011
Makinti NapanangkaSeed Gathering Napangati women (1996)78.1997

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Tag: AT7519 HCl
Ouabain, a cardiac glycoside within plants, is mainly used in the
January 16, 2019 January 16, 2019 Hazel Steward	Leave a comment
Ouabain, a cardiac glycoside within plants, is mainly used in the treating congestive heart failing and arrhythmia due to its capability to inhibit Na+/K+-ATPase pump. The inhibitory aftereffect of ouabain and Src inhibitor PP2 around the migration of A549 cells was verified by Boyden chamber assay. Anticancer ramifications of ouabain in A549 cells look like linked to its capability to regulate and inactivate Src-to-ezrin signaling, and protein involved with focal adhesion such as for example Src, FAK, and p130CAS axis are suggested here. 1. Intro Ouabain (Physique 1(a)) is usually a cardiac glycoside within plants and it is primarily found in the treating congestive heart failing and cardiac arrhythmia since it inhibits the Na+/K+-ATPase pump resulting in a series of occasions including upsurge in the amount of calcium mineral ions and cardiac contractile pressure. A recent unpredicted epidemiological Mouse monoclonal to CD48.COB48 reacts with blast-1, a 45 kDa GPI linked cell surface molecule. CD48 is expressed on peripheral blood lymphocytes, monocytes, or macrophages, but not on granulocytes and platelets nor on non-hematopoietic cells. CD48 binds to CD2 and plays a role as an accessory molecule in g/d T cell recognition and a/b T cell antigen recognition discovering that malignancy patients get cardiac glycosides demonstrated considerably lower mortality prices sparked new desire for feasible anticancer properties of cardiac glycosides [1C4]. Prassas and Diamandis [3] verified that cardiac AT7519 HCl glycosides exert antiproliferative and/or apoptotic results on breasts, prostate, lung, renal, pancreatic, melanoma, leukemia, neuroblastoma, and myeloma malignancy cells in vitro. However the root molecular pathways never have been clarified. Open up in another window Physique 1 Framework of ouabain and its own influence on viability of A549 cells. (a) Framework of ouabain. (b) The result of ouabain for the viability of A549 cells. Cells (1 104 cells/well) within a 96-well dish had been incubated with ouabain for 24?h and cell viability was measured by keeping track of. A lot of the prior research of proteomic account changes caused by ouabain treatment centered on Na+/K+-ATPase suppression and had been executed in vascular soft muscle tissue cells (VSMCs) or in the endothelial cells (ECs) to be able to recognize the proteins involved with ouabain-induced legislation of cell proliferation and apoptosis and vascular redecorating [5C8] however, not the proteins involved with ouabain's anticancer results. In this framework we executed a proteomic evaluation of individual lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells, AT7519 HCl treated with ouabain to recognize the protein changed when ouabain displays its anticancer results, and thus it really is possibly in charge of its anticancer results. 2. Strategies 2.1. Components Ouabain octahydrate and PP2 (Src inhibitor) had been bought from Sigma (MO) and Calbiochem EMD Millipore (Darmstadt, Germany), respectively. Resources of additional chemical substances and reagents are indicated because they appear in the written text. 2.2. Cell Tradition Human being lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells had been cultured in Dulbecco's altered Eagles's moderate (DMEM, HyClone, UT) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, HyClone), 100?U/mL of penicillin, and 100?t 0.05 were considered significant. 3. Outcomes 3.1. Ouabain Reduced the Viability of A549 Cells inside a Dosage Dependent Way and Adjustments the Manifestation of some Cellular Protein The result of AT7519 HCl ouabain around the viability of A549 cells was evaluated by counting practical cells (Physique 1(b)) and adjustments in protein manifestation in the cells had been evaluated using two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis. IC50 of ouabain around the viability of A549 cells was about 40?nM (Physique 1(b)). To be able to determine the protein that could be mixed up in anticancer activity of ouabain, we performed a comparative proteomic evaluation of lysates of control A549 cells and cells treated with 100?nM ouabain. Of over 500 proteins spots that made an appearance in the 2-DE gel, two places showed raises in proteins and 7 places showed reduces in proteins (Physique S1 and Desk S1 in the Assisting Information obtainable online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/537136). The circled place in Physique 2 displays a 62% reduction in ouabain-treated A549 cells in comparison to control. This circled place was digested in gel with trypsin and put through peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF). Open up in another window Physique 2 2-DE evaluation. The relative level of circle-indicated place was examined by ImageMaster 2D Platinum software program. MALDI-TOF-MS spectral range of the circled peptide place after in-gel digestive function. 3.2. Ouabain Reduced the Manifestation of Ezrin Predicated on the PMF, the approximated pI and molecular excess weight by 2-DE map, the circle-indicated proteins in the 2-DE gel was defined as ezrin. These features are outlined in Desk 1. Ouabain-induced reduction in the ezrin transmission in 2-DE gel AT7519 HCl was additional differentiated by Traditional western blot evaluation. As demonstrated in Physique 3(a), ouabain dose-dependently reduced the AT7519 HCl amount of phosphoezrin (Y353), however, not that of total ezrin (Physique 3(a)). Further, we completed phosphokinase array evaluation to research molecular pathways that possibly donate to ouabain-mediated cell loss of life. We discovered that p-Src (Y416) was downregulated by ouabain in 39 intracellular protein in the control and ouabain-treated A549 cells (Physique 3(b)). Ouabain-mediated loss of p-Src (Y416) was also verified by Traditional western blot evaluation (Physique 3(c)). Open up in another window Physique 3 Proteome profiler array evaluation of phosphokinase and validation. (a) Ramifications of ouabain around the manifestation and phosphorylation.
The ubiquitinCproteasome system is essential for multiple physiological processes via selective
September 25, 2018 September 25, 2018 Hazel Steward	Leave a comment
The ubiquitinCproteasome system is essential for multiple physiological processes via selective degradation of target proteins and has been shown to plays a critical role in human being cancer. al., 2003; Sunters et al., 2003). Moreover, it has been proven that FOXO protein are dysregulated in multiple individual cancers such as for example breasts, prostate, leukemia, and glioblastoma (Hu et al., 2004; Seoane et al., 2004; Cornforth et al., 2008; Jagani et al., 2008). Conditional knockout mice of FOXO1, 3, and 4 develop thymic lymphomas and hemangiomas (Paik et al., 2007; Tothova et al., 2007). As a result, FOXO is thought to work as a potential tumor suppressor. It's been proven that IKK, AKT, and ERK straight phosphorylate FOXO and stimulate FOXO ubiquitination and degradation. One of the three kinases, AKT was initially defined as a FOXO kinase that phosphorylates FOXO3 at T32, S253, and S315. Phosphorylated FOXO3 proteins is normally excluded from getting into the nucleus and binds to 14-3-3 within the cytoplasm (Brunet et al., 1999). Furthermore to FOXO3, FOXO1, and FOXO4 may also be phoshorylated by AKT (Tzivion et al., 2011). AKT-phosphorylated FOXO1 and FOXO3 after that undergo degradation within a proteasome-dependent way (Plas and Thompson, 2003). Particularly, FOXO1 phosphorylated by AKT translocates towards the cytosol where it really is ubiquitinated by Skp2 and put through proteasome-dependent degradation (Huang et al., 2005). We discovered that IKK straight phosphorylates FOXO3 at S644 and induces its ubiquitination and degradation (Hu et al., 2004). Lately, E3 ligase -transducing AT7519 HCl repeat-containing proteins (-TrCP) is normally reported to connect to FOXO3 and induces ubiquitination and degradation within an IKK-mediated-phosphorylation-dependent way (Tsai et al., 2010; Su et al., 2011). Furthermore, we among others showed that ERK phosphorylates FOXO3 and FOXO1, respectively (Asada et al., 2007; Yang et al., 2008). We also demonstrated that FOXO3 is normally phosphorylated by ERK at S294, S344, and S425, which in turn undergoes MDM2-mediated ubiquitination, accompanied by proteasome-dependent degradation (Yang et al., 2008). MDM2-mediated ubiquitination and degradation can be noticed with FOXO1, that is reliant on the AKT-mediated phosphorylation (Fu et al., 2009). Oddly enough, AT7519 HCl MDM2 induces mono-ubiquitination of FOXO4, AT7519 HCl which promotes nuclear localization of FOXO4, and following polyubiquitination by Skp2 and degradation (Brenkman et al., 2008). Used jointly, the ubiquitinCproteasome program plays an important function in regulating FOXO transcription elements by AKT, ERK, and IKK, and MDM2, SKP2, and TrCP are E3 ligases for FOXO ubiquitination (Amount ?(Figure11A). Open up AT7519 HCl in another window Amount 1 Legislation of FOXO3 and -catenin by AKT, ERK, and IKK signaling pathway. (A) AKT, ERK, and IKK phosphorylates FOXO3 at different sites and induces its ubiquitination and following degradation via SKP2, MDM2, and -TrCP, respectively. (B) AKT and ERK phosphorylates GSK3 and inhibit it. GSK3 phosphorylates catenin and induces its ubiquitination and following degradation via -TrCP. Both AKT and IKK phosphorylate -catenin and stabilize it. -Catenin -Catenin may be the essential proteins both in cadherin junction and Wnt pathway and has an important function in advancement and adult homeostasis in addition to tumorigenesis (Cadigan, 2008; Stepniak et al., 2009). Within the Wnt signaling pathway, -catenin features Rabbit polyclonal to INSL3 being a transcription co-factor and it is mixed up in transactivation of many oncogenic proteins such as for example c-Myc, CyclinD1, and matrix metalloproteases (He et al., 1998; Lin et al., 2000; Mosimann et al., 2009). Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) and casein kinase 1 (CK1) will be the main proteins kinases regulating the -catenin balance. In the lack of Wnt ligand, -catenin forms a complicated with Axin, APC, GSK3, and CK1 and it is phosphorylated by these kinases. Once phosphorylated, -catenin goes through -TrCP-mediated ubiquitination and following degradation. When Wnt binds to its receptor, Frizzles, and AT7519 HCl co-receptor, LRP5/6, the receptor complicated recruits AxinCGSK3 complicated to cell membrane, launching -catenin in the complicated because of its translocation towards the nucleus where it activates gene transcription with T-cell aspect (TCF) and lymphocyte enhancer aspect (LEF). AKT offers been shown to directly phosphorylate GSK3 and inhibits it (Mix et al., 1995), and therefore, AKT seems to indirectly inhibit -catenin degradation.
In crustaceans, a range of physiological processes involved in ovarian maturation
May 23, 2017 May 23, 2017 Hazel Steward	Leave a comment
In crustaceans, a range of physiological processes involved in ovarian maturation occurs in organs of the cephalothorax including the hepatopancrease, mandibular and Y-organ. observed during reproduction. Materials and Methods Sample collection. Wild-caught adult female Pmonodon(114.5 19.6 g) were obtained from the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), Townsville, Queensland, following grow-out (pond) culture at BIARC. Animals were stocked in 5 tonne tanks with flow-through seawater heated to 26oC and acclimated for seven days whilst given fresh diet plan (squid AT7519 HCl and mussels) double daily. All pets had been moult staged relating to degree of epidermal retraction. For wild-caught pets, tissue samples had been collected at different ovarian maturation phases predicated on observation of maturing ovaries, as referred to by Duronslet (1975) 6, for following classification by histological evaluation of developing oocytes the following: entire ovaries, eSs and cephalothorax, (including the MTXO-SG organic) had been gathered from un-ablated inter-moult females (immature ovaries) euthanized in saline snow slurry, snap freezing in water nitrogen and kept at -80C until control. Additionally, seventy inter-moult females had been eyestalk ablated to induce ovarian maturation unilaterally, eyesight- and maintained and carapace-tagged for an additional seven IKK-gamma antibody days as above. Captive-reared animals had been sampled across many moult cycles after ablation. ovarian maturation stage, moulting, mortality and additional behavior daily were recorded. Animals had been sampled at 2 h and 24 h post ablation (immature ovaries) and additional sampled during this time period with tissues appealing collected as discussed above (including staying eyestalk) from arbitrary pets representing each of 4 ovarian maturation phases: immature, early maturing, late mature and maturing. Gonadosomatic index AT7519 HCl (GSI) was also determined (ovarian weight indicated as a share of total bodyweight) for many examples. All wild-caught pets had been sampled through the 1st moult routine after ablation. Histological characterisation of ovarian examples. Small items (100 mg) of the center ovarian lobes from specimens at chosen ovarian maturation phases had been set in 4% paraformaldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) option (pH 7.2) overnight, washed with PBS in room temperatures, dehydrated in ethanol series, embedded in paraffin, sectioned (6m) and stained with either haematoxylin and eosin for recognition of acidophilic and basophilic chemicals, Periodic Acidity Schiff (PAS) for recognition of sugars (glycoproteins) or Luxol Blue for recognition of phospholipids, or alternatively lower and frozen with cryostat and stained with Essential oil Crimson O for recognition of basic lipids, seeing that described by Bell & Lightner (1988) 7. Ovarian levels used in today's study had been characterized generally as dependant on Tan Fermin & Pudadera (1989) 8 with some adjustments the following: previtellogenic (P) stage – the ovary includes just oogonia and basophilic previtellogenic oocytes at chromatin nucleolus and perinucleolus stage (GSI 1.7-2.9); vitellogenic (V) stage – as well as the existence of oogonia and basophilic previtellogenic oocytes, the ovary includes yolk accumulating oocytes, the ooplasm which is filled with eosinophilic (acidophilic) yolk chemicals and also spots positive to PAS and Luxol blue indicating existence of glycoproteins and phospholipids respectively. Huge globules in the ooplasm may also be significant which stain positive with Essential oil Crimson O indicating basic lipids (GSI 3.5-6.5); circular cortical fishing rod (R) stage – staining affinities of oocytes act like those referred to for V stage ovaries by adding the looks of circular cortical rods (CRs) developing radially on the peripheral cortex of these oocytes formulated with yolk chemicals (GSI 7.7-10.5); elongated cortical fishing rod (E) stage – staining affinities of oocytes act like those referred to for R stage ovaries except CRs are elongated and expanded on the nucleus (GSI 6.0-14.0). RNA isolation. Total RNA was isolated from little parts (100mg) of the middle ovarian lobes, whole cephalothoraxes and whole eyestalks (initially ground under liquid nitrogen using mortar and pestle) from prawns of interest, using TRIZOL reagent as recommended by the manufacturer (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA). The samples were used for synthesis of complementary AT7519 HCl DNA (cDNA), creation of cDNA libraries and for construction and screening of microarrays. Concentration and purity of the RNA were determined using a spectrophotometer (GeneQuant Pro, GE Healthcare UK Ltd., Buckinghamshire, England) with 260 and 280 nm readings. RNA quality was assessed for all those samples by visualisation on denaturing formaldehyde RNA gels (protocol recommended by Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA) using ethidium bromide staining. cDNA library creation and sequence analysis. Three Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) collections created from ovary, hepatopancrease and eyestalk sourced from publicly available.


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Jerusalem Post Opinion
Effecting change at the United Nations
Haley's moral clarity in standing strong against the lies and injustices directed toward Israel reminds me of an experience that I encountered 17 years ago.
By DAVID KRAMER
Nikki Haley
American United Nations Ambassador Nikki Haley's recent defense of Israel at the UN comes as a breath of fresh air for most Israelis, who for years have been subjected to a twisted and inaccurate understanding of our country and people, created by the international world body.
Today there are more UN resolutions against Israel – 62 – than against all other countries combined.
There are currently only two resolutions critical of Syria, a country whose own government bears responsibility for a genocidal five-year civil war in which over half a million people have been killed and over 1.2 million displaced.
On a personal level, Haley's moral clarity in standing strong against the lies and injustices directed toward Israel reminds me of an experience that I, as a young student, encountered 17 years ago, as I experienced a UN gathering for the first time.
In September 2000, I joined six Israeli students as a participant at the UN World Conference Against Racism in Durban, South Africa. There were rumors that Israel was going to be a topical issue at the conference, however not one of us anticipated the outcome as it unfolded.
Upon arriving at the conference hall, I noticed someone handing out free T-shirts at the registration table and I took one. I was shocked at what I saw. The shirt, printed with the official logo of the UN Conference Against Racism, had the picture of Muhammad al-Dura and his father, two Palestinians who were caught in a cross-fire between a Palestinian gunman and Israeli soldiers at the outbreak of the second intifada in Israel several months prior.
I knew that an IDF investigation into the incident, made public in the news, had concluded that it was impossible that the two innocent bystanders were shot by Israeli soldiers, a fact later confirmed by several international investigations.
I walked over to the opening ceremony and once again I was stunned. There in Kingsmead Cricket stadium, 20,000-plus people were packed into the designated ceremony area, all wearing their white Muhammad al-Dura T-shirts, standing in unison against the State of Israel. By now, I had located another Israeli participant, Ora, a young Israeli-Ethiopian student, who stood next to me as we took in the outrageous spectacle. In addition to the T-shirts, the stadium was covered in banners with accusations like "Zionism=Racism," "Israel is an Apartheid State" and others equating Israel with Nazism. I took off my kippa for the first time in my life out of fear of the incited crowd that stood before me.
The events of the week continued along the same lines. Our delegation of six students together with the other representatives from Israel were assigned a full security detail that escorted us wherever we went. We were confronted daily by hundreds of protesters who approached our tent to shout us down and try to remove the Israeli flag. They shoved posters in our faces with all sorts of accusations against Israel and handed out antisemitic flyers, books and cartoons with Hitler's face staring out at us from the covers.
At one point during the conference, we decided to design and distribute our own T-shirt and through a local sponsor were able to produce thousands of shirts in record time. Our shirt had a blue Star of David on the front with a peace sign in the middle and a quote on the back from Martin Luther King Jr.: "When people criticize Zionism, they mean Jews."
On the way back from fetching the shirts, without our knowledge, one of the largest anti-Israel rallies ever held since Israel's establishment, with over 300,000 people, was making its way toward the conference.
I arrived at the conference's entrance and as a group, we began immediately to distribute our shirts. A few moments later, the anti-Israel rally arrived at the bend of the street close to where we were standing and one of the rally's organizers, an official member of the steering committee of the conference (as was later revealed), directed her followers to "stop the Israelis from handing out their shirts." We were immediately accosted and physically assaulted by the large crowd and were only saved by the South African police who formed a protective circle around us.
The next day, Mary Robinson, the deputy head of the UN at the time, invited our group to the front of the conference and personally apologized to us, which was covered by international press.
Since then, not much has changed at the UN for Israel, but Nikki Haley's brave and just position serves as a light and example for many others who have "had enough," and at least in Israel will not be easily forgotten.
The writer is the author of United Nation (www.unitednationbook.com), a new book which explores Israel's humanitarian efforts throughout the world. In his collection of over 40 stories, personal interviews and press releases, he lays bare the benevolent and altruistic sides of the nation of Israel that have been mostly hidden beneath years of censure and denunciation.


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Quick and Easy Chocolate Chip Cookies Recipe | BraveTart
Chewy chocolate chip cookies with just-crisp edges, loaded with melted chopped bar chocolate for better flavor than commercial chips.
Updated Mar. 25, 2022
The cocoa butter in chopped chocolate flavors and thickens this dough, which won't behave the same with mass-produced morsels.
Nutmeg deepens the natural flavor of butter.
A cold egg keeps the dough cool, limiting spread in the oven.
Chocolate chip cookies have a history far longer and richer than the "original" recipe on the back of a bag of chocolate morsels would suggest. They date all the way back to the late 1800s, with a simple drop cookie recipe that called for two cups of shaved chocolate. Problem was, shaving chocolate in a world without air conditioning or Microplanes was an obnoxious affair, so bakers sometimes decided to replace that with two cups of chopped chocolate instead.
But shaved chocolate weighs just about two ounces per cup, while chopped chocolate clocks in around six ounces. So what seemed like a harmless swap in technique fundamentally altered the nature of the recipe, tripling the amount of chocolate involved.
This all went down well before Ruth Wakefield was even born, which makes it kind of hard to believe she "invented" chocolate chip cookies at the Toll House Inn. Besides, long before her recipe came along, grocery stores across America were already advertising chocolate chip cookies by the pound.
Their name came from the fine shavings and chips produced by chopping chocolate, not the mass-produced, teardrop-shaped morsels we know today. With chopped chocolate, those cookies were flecked with shards of chocolate as well as the powdery dust left on the cutting board, creating a backdrop of cocoa flavor along with big chocolaty bursts in every bite.
For that reason, my recipe gets back to the true origin of America's favorite cookie, using chopped chocolate instead of commercial chocolate drops. (I mean, c'mon, they don't even look like chips!) Plus, chopping my own chocolate frees me from the limited selection of bagged morsels, allowing me to mix and match whatever types of chocolate I have on hand—in this case, an assortment of Valrhona baking bars. Or, if you're aiming for a more authentic vibe, try a mix of chocolates between 60 and 72%.
How to Make Old Fashioned Chocolate Chip Cookies
Whatever kind of chocolate you choose, be it bittersweet or dark, chop it with a large chef's knife to create a blend of bite-size bits, shards, and chips. Set aside a handful to garnish the cookies, and toss the rest with the all-purpose flour called for in the cookie dough. This streamlines mixing later on, so the chocolate bits and flour can be incorporated all at once, reducing the risk of over-mixing. As usual, I recommend a red/white flour blend such as bleached Gold Medal, which gives the cookies a perfect balance of protein and starch.
For the dough itself, combine everything but the egg in the bowl of a stand mixer: unsalted butter, white sugar, brown sugar, kosher salt, baking soda, baking powder, nutmeg, and vanilla. It's worth noting that chocolate chip cookies (or any American dessert, for that matter) will do best with American butter: European styles contain more fat and less water, which negatively affects gluten development, giving the cookies a crumbly rather than chewy texture.
Once the butter and sugar are properly creamed, add the egg and continue beating only until well combined. I like using a cold egg straight from the fridge, as it limits spread in the oven by keeping the dough nice and cool.
As soon as the egg has been incorporated, reduce the speed to low, and add the flour/chocolate all at once. The mixture may seem crumbly and dry at first, but continue mixing until it forms a soft dough. With a cookie scoop, or even a pair of spoons, divide the dough into approximately 32 portions.
Roll each one smooth and round—this encourages all the cookies to spread and bake more evenly—then arrange them on a parchment-lined half-sheet pan. Yup. No waiting. In the spirit of the original chocolate chip cookies, a low-key dessert invented by American housewives, this recipe doesn't require aging the dough overnight in the fridge. The cookies are ready to bake as soon as they're formed. Top with an extra chunk of the reserved chocolate for a more gooey and inviting look, and sprinkle with a pinch of kosher salt.
Bake until the cookies are puffed and pale gold around the edges, about 15 minutes at 350°F (180°C). They may seem a touch underdone when you pull them out, but the cookies will continue to bake from their own residual heat and that of the sheet pan.
If you don't plan on serving up all the cookies at once, I strongly recommend bagging up some of the portioned dough to freeze for later (see tip #3 in this guide to baking cookies in bulk). Far better to have a ready supply of dough to bake into fresh chocolate chip cookies on a whim than a regretful binge on a dwindling cache of cookies past their prime.
You can find variations on this recipe (including brown butter, double chocolate, maple walnut, and homemade Famous Amos, as well as a gluten-free option) in my book, BraveTart: Iconic American Desserts.
Recipe reprinted from BraveTart: Iconic American Desserts with permission from W. W. Norton.
BraveTart's Old-Fashioned Chocolate Chip Cookies
14 ounces assorted dark, milk, or white chocolate (not commercial chips), roughly chopped (2 1/2 cups; 395g)
12 1/2 ounces all purpose flour (2 3/4 cups, spooned; 355g), such as Gold Medal
8 ounces unsalted butter (2 sticks; 225g), soft but cool, about 65°F (18°C)
7 1/4 ounces white sugar (1 cup; 205g)
8 ounces light brown sugar (1 cup, gently packed; 225g)
1/2 ounce vanilla extract (1 tablespoon; 15g)
2 teaspoons (8g) Diamond Crystal kosher salt, plus more for sprinkling; for table salt, use about half as much by volume or the same weight
1/8 teaspoon grated nutmeg
1 large egg (about 1 3/4 ounces; 50g), straight from the fridge
Make the Dough: Adjust oven rack to middle position and preheat to 350°F (180°C). Set aside a handful of chopped chocolate (about 2 ounces; 55g) and place the remainder in a medium bowl. Sift flour on top and toss together. Combine butter, white sugar, brown sugar, vanilla, salt, baking soda, baking powder, and nutmeg in the bowl of a stand mixer fitted with a paddle attachment. Mix on low to moisten, then increase to medium and beat until light and fluffy, about 5 minutes. With mixer running, add egg and continue beating only until smooth. Reduce speed to low, add flour/chocolate all at once, and mix to form a stiff dough.
Portion the Dough: Divide in 2-tablespoon portions (about 1 1/2 ounces or 40g each) and round each one into a smooth ball. (If you like, portioned dough can be refrigerated in a heavy-duty zipper-lock bag up to 1 week, or frozen 6 months. Stand at room temperature until quite soft, about 70°F or 21°C, and proceed as directed.)
To Bake: Arrange portions on a parchment-lined half sheet pan, leaving 2 inches between cookies to account for spread. Garnish each with reserved chocolate and a pinch of kosher salt. Bake until puffed and pale gold around the edges but steamy in the middle, about 15 minutes. For crunchy cookies, continue baking until golden, 3 to 5 minutes more. Cool directly on baking sheet until crumb is set, about 5 minutes. Enjoy warm or store in an airtight container up to 2 days at room temperature.
Stand mixer, flexible spatula, 2-tablespoon cookie scoop (optional), half-sheet pans
Make-Ahead and Storage
The portioned dough can be refrigerated in a heavy-duty zipper-lock bag up to 1 week, or frozen 6 months. Stand at room temperature until quite soft, about 70°F or 21°C, and proceed as directed. Though these chocolate chip cookies are best enjoyed warm, they can be kept for up to two days in an airtight container at room temperature.
With kitchen temperatures above 74°F (23°C), start by refrigerating the mixing bowl and dry ingredients until cooled to 70°F (21°C). At elevated temperatures, these ingredients and equipment can act as a heat source to the butter, warming the dough and causing excessive spread in the oven.
Cookies 'n' Cream Cookies Recipes | BraveTart
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The Best Gingersnaps Recipe
Crispy Lemon-Ginger Sandwich Cookies Recipe


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/// <reference path="../../typings/angularjs/angular.d.ts" />

module fng.services {

  /*@ngInject*/
  export function SubmissionsService($http, $cacheFactory) {
    /*
     generate a query string for a filtered and paginated query for submissions.
     options consists of the following:
     {
     aggregate - whether or not to aggregate results (http://docs.mongodb.org/manual/aggregation/)
     find - find parameter
     limit - limit results to this number of records
     skip - skip this number of records before returning results
     order - sort order
     }
     */
    var generateListQuery = function (options) {
      var queryString = '';

      var addParameter = function (param, value) {
        if (value && value !== '') {
          if (typeof value === 'object') {
            value = JSON.stringify(value);
          }
          if (queryString === '') {
            queryString = '?';
          } else {
            queryString += '&';
          }
          queryString += param + '=' + value;
        }
      };

      addParameter('l', options.limit);
      addParameter('f', options.find);
      addParameter('a', options.aggregate);
      addParameter('o', options.order);
      addParameter('s', options.skip);

      return queryString;
    };

    return {
      getListAttributes: function (ref, id) {
        return $http.get('/api/' + ref + '/' + id + '/list');
      },
      readRecord: function (modelName, id) {
        return $http.get('/api/' + modelName + '/' + id);
      },
      getAll: function (modelName, _options) {
        var options = angular.extend({
          cache: true
        }, _options);
        return $http.get('/api/' + modelName, options);
      },
      getPagedAndFilteredList: function (modelName, options) {
        return $http.get('/api/' + modelName + generateListQuery(options));
      },
      deleteRecord: function (model, id) {
        return $http.delete('/api/' + model + '/' + id);
      },
      updateRecord: function (modelName, id, dataToSave) {
        $cacheFactory.get('$http').remove('/api/' + modelName);
        return $http.post('/api/' + modelName + '/' + id, dataToSave);
      },
      createRecord: function (modelName, dataToSave) {
        $cacheFactory.get('$http').remove('/api/' + modelName);
        return $http.post('/api/' + modelName, dataToSave);
      }

    };
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Reach Out: Welsh Rock for Refugees je kompilační album různých umělců vydané za účelem získat finanční prostředky pro uprchlíky hledající azyl v Evropě. Vydáno bylo dne 10. září 2015 a jsou na něm jak starší, dříve vydané nahrávky, tak i dříve nepublikované remixy různých písní, koncertní nahrávky, ale také nikdy nevydané písně. Deska obsahuje třicet písní. Přispěli na ní například skupiny Manic Street Preachers, Super Furry Animals (včetně sólových nahrávek jejích členů a nahrávek skupin, ve kterých členové působí) a Stereophonics. Projekt dal dohromady novinář David Owens. Ten prohlásil, že ho inspirovala fotografie utonulého dítěte. Později se v cardiffském klubu Clwb Ifor Bach konal také koncert, na němž vystoupili někteří z hudebníků, kteří na desku přispěli.

Seznam skladeb

Reference

Velšská hudba
Alba v angličtině
Alba ve velštině
Kompilační alba z roku 2015
Evropská migrační krize

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Focus on the Family Video Implies That a Vote for a Democrat Is a Vote Against God November 2, 2012 Hemant Mehta
Focus on the Family Video Implies That a Vote for a Democrat Is a Vote Against God
Focus on the Family's political action group, CitizenLink, would like to warn you that if you vote for President Obama, you must hate God and America:
That's weird juxtaposition, though… especially since plenty of Democrats voted "Yes" in that video to reinstate the word "God" back into the Democratic Party's platform. It was a sloppy vote — it didn't get the two-thirds majority it needed — and it shouldn't have gone down like that, but the Democrats ultimately changed their platform to placate the religious. You would think Focus on the Family appreciates empty gestures like that.
But even if that vote wasn't approved and God didn't appear in the Democratic Party's platform, it wouldn't change a damn thing. It's not like Christians were all-of-a-sudden going to be persecuted in Obama's second term in office.
It's just another example of the Christian Persecution Complex. If they don't act like everyone's always after them, no one pays them much attention. And then, how will they win bonus Jesus points?!
The video says that, when it comes to preserving religious liberty, "not all agree." That may be true, but not in the way CitizenLink suggests. Democrats aren't against religious liberty. Atheists aren't against it, either. We prefer keeping church and state separate because it's better for everybody, including the religious. Churches thrive when they're not regulated (yet they still pretend like they have little to no power). If anything, they should be thanking the President for expanding the Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives.
The only point of this video is to instill fear into Christians and stop them from voting for a candidate who is really no threat to them at all.
It reeks of desperation.
The Christmas Story: The Brick Bible for Kids Now Available!
November 2, 2012 Why Does This Public Charter School Have Students Give Thanks to a 'Creator'?
"Trump is their Messiah and he is a very naughty boy they are all very ..."
"You get something like hz-zs."
Samira Peri
Pastor: The College Football Championship Score ..."


I often flour the board or surface a little bit to help the dough alongside. Some might prefer the texture of a crust baked on this pan to 1 baked on a stone in any case–it will be crunchier. For example the crest might be thin for creating the common hand-tossed pizza or perhaps thick that is normally utilized in pan pizza. This enables the pizza to bake from each sides and comes out nicely crunchy. To begin with, you have to put the in the midst of the microwave oven. Periodically, I also period my stones with a small olive oil.
Open the doorway of the fridge and eliminate labels or stickers inside. Just don't eliminate the yellow energy guide sticker so you will know much more about its energy usage. Your refrigerator established may consist of ice trays and ice choose. Remove these things inside first.
When you are creating mashed potatoes for your dinner and are obtaining prepared to mash them, use hot milk, not boiling, to combine into the potatoes. Chilly milk can weigh down an otherwise mild and fluffy batch of mashed potatoes. This will flip your mashed potatoes from boring to delightful with practically no work.
Get a silicone mold and heat it for 1 minute in a صيانة اوليمبك. Alternatively, you might also use a hair dryer for heating your silicone mold. You want your silicone mildew to be just heat enough to the touch, with out obtaining scalded. It is important to warm up your mold simply because if it is a room temperature, the candle wax will cool as well rapidly and bubbles or pits will type on the surface.
Third 1: You require to see the urgency in using college lifestyle seriously and get serious about spending an adequate amount of time on your studies. If you do, you will have a harder time goofing off.
Another example would be for a internet designer to arrive up with the most incredibly beautiful website that he or she thinks will totally knock the customer off his socks only to be informed that it is not what the customer wanted. At this point, despite getting put in 110%twenty five of his work to impress the customer, it is a unsuccessful venture. The internet designer's job is to understand his consumer's customers.the extremely individuals who will be visiting the website. The job of the internet designer entails delving into the consumer's business, have a few reads about what makes the finish-users (customer's customers) tick and then deliver that. The website could be the most awesome thing, the coolest web site in the globe but if it cannot help the internet designer's consumer reel in the money, it is not sensible.
The energy, cholesterol and sodium is a small higher, but the food kit nonetheless makes a hot, comforting meal on a chilly winter's evening, or any evening you require a fast supper that will satisfy hungry appetites.


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How a couple of capybaras escaped High Park Zoo, leaving a lone male behind
The tale of two furry female fugitives on the lam from Toronto's High Park Zoo has taken an unexpected turn with the revelation they weren't so much like Thelma and Louise, but more like Bonnie and Clyde.
Turns out the 2 rodents likened to Thelma and Louise are male-female, so more like Bonnie and Clyde
Nicole Brockbank · CBC News · Posted: May 25, 2016 9:36 AM ET | Last Updated: May 26, 2016
Meet Chewy the male capybara, left behind by the pair of young capybaras, or maybe they even ran away from him. (Martin Trainor/CBC)
How's that, you ask? Basically when zoo staff met up to figure out what went wrong Tuesday night, they figured out they were actually looking for a male capybara and a female capybara that were supposed to mate.
Capybaras on the loose! The chase is on after dog-size rodents escape High Park zoo
2 capybaras on the loose after escaping pens at High Park Zoo
The young duo of potential rodent lovers — about the size of a medium dog — escaped their new pen yesterday, garnering the attention of Toronto, the mayor — even international headlines.
We can hear helicopters overhead. Is that you looking for us, @HighParkZoo ?
—@HPcapybara
So let's go back to the start and find out how this happened, shall we? Take two.
Picture it, a nice warm Tuesday morning in High Park Zoo, and Chewy, a male capybara, is lounging around in his spacious pen all by his lonesome, oblivious to the fact everything is about to supposedly change.
Chewy is set to move to a new home, while a pair of young rodents take over his current one.
Chewy the High Park Zoo's resident capybara explores his pen all by himself. (Martin Trainor/CBC)
City parks department workers were trying to introduce a new male capybara and female capybara to the enclosure to mate, and remove Chewy, when things suddenly went south.
In their attempts to make the swap, staff lost control of the new couple, hereby dubbed Bonnie and Clyde, according to Megan Price of the Toronto parks department.
The pair of bandits then made their escape, while Chewy was happy to hang out at home in his pen.
So did Bonnie and Clyde have a plan in the works for awhile? Did Chewy scare them off in an effort to keep his home? Or was it maybe just a spur-of-the-moment dash for freedom from a pair of young lovers?
We may never know.
But here are two of the more colourful local theories from Twitter.
It might be a desperation move, but I support the Blue Jays signing those 2 Capybaras.
—@captainpearson
@BTtoronto leave the capybaras alone they just want to watch the @Beyonce concert tonight! @Toronto
—@ycra
On Tuesday, Helen Sousa, with the parks department, said that if you see the two capybaras, don't approach them.
"They aren't dangerous, they won't bite or anything," said Sousa about the rodents, which are herbivores, but "they are very skittish, so they'll run away."
Instead of approaching these rodents of unusual size, Sousa asks that you give the parks department a call and trained city staff will go and try and catch the capybaras.
Residents who spot the 2 capybaras @ large from the #HighParkZoo should contact @311Toronto w/ location details. pic.twitter.com/GMrysxoHGz
—@TorontoComms
Another capybara, this time on a leash, joined the search for the fugitive duo Wednesday. But before the large, 68-kilogram rodent named Willow started scouring High Park, the capybara got to know John Northcott this morning on CBC News Network.
Capybara 'captures' CBC reporter
Rodent of unusual size visits TV studio, captures John Northcott's heart 5:14
Mayor John Tory went to the High Park Zoo on Wednesday afternoon while officials continued to search for the missing pair.
"We're getting reports that they've been seen as far away as Scarborough. It would be quite a feat for these small, relatively young animals in 24 hours to have made their way to Scarborough unless they took the TTC," Tory said.
"We know raccoons have been on the TTC, so it wouldn't be a first."
An earlier version of this story said the two capybaras are female rodents, as told to CBC News by Toronto's parks department. In fact, one is female and the other is male, a department spokesperson said Wednesday.
Capybara goes on media tour after friends escape High Park Zoo


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Robert Reid
In the Flwer Garden
mk196 c.1900
1862-1929 Robert Reid Galleries Robert Lewis Reid (July 29, 1862 ?C December 2, 1929) was an American Impressionist painter and muralist. Reid was born in Stockbridge, Massachusetts and attended the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston under Otto Grundmann, where he was also later an instructor. In 1884 he moved to New York City, studying at the Art Students League, and in 1885 he went to Paris to study at the Acad??mie Julian. Upon returning to New York in 1889, he worked as a portraitist and later became an instructor at the Art Students League and Cooper Union. Much of his work centered on the depiction of young women set among flowers. His work tended to be very decorative. In 1897, Reid was a member of the Ten American Painters, who seceded from the Society of American Artists. Around the turn of the century, Reid worked on several mural projects and when he returned to paintings, around 1905, his work was more naturalistic, even though his palette trended toward soft pastels. He died in Clifton Springs, New York.
| crucifixion | In der wundertatigen Ikone | Still life of mixed fruit |


text:
Григино — деревня в Шугозёрском сельском поселении Тихвинского района Ленинградской области.

История
Деревня Гридино упоминается в переписи 1710 года в Никольском Явосемском погосте Заонежской половины Обонежской пятины.

ГРИГИНО — деревня Чудского общества, прихода Явосемского погоста. Река Явосьма.
Крестьянских дворов — 19. Строений — 30, в том числе жилых — 21.
Число жителей по семейным спискам 1879 г.: 64 м. п., 57 ж. п.; по приходским сведениям 1879 г.: 54 м. п., 54 ж. п.

В конце XIX — начале XX века деревня административно относилась к Кузьминской волости 2-го земского участка 2-го стана Тихвинского уезда Новгородской губернии.

БОЛЬШОЕ ГРИГИНО (ГРЕЧИНО) — деревня Чудского общества, дворов — 26, жилых домов — 46, число жителей: 72 м. п., 80 ж. п.
Занятия жителей — земледелие, лесные промыслы. Река Явосьма. Часовня, мелочная лавка, кузница, смежна с деревней Малое Григино.
МАЛОЕ ГРИГИНО — деревня Чудского общества, дворов — 5, жилых домов — 10, число жителей: 24 м. п., 24 ж. п.
Занятия жителей — земледелие, рубка и сплав леса. Река Явосьма. Земская школа, смежна с деревней Большое Григино.
(1910 год)

По сведениям на 1 января 1913 года в деревне Большое Григино было 194 жителя из них детей в возрасте от 8 до 11 лет — 27 человек, в деревне Малое Григино было 44 жителя из них детей в возрасте от 8 до 11 лет — 4 человека. В деревне находилась земская школа.

С 1917 по 1918 год деревни Большое Григино и Малое Григино входили в состав Кузьминской волости Тихвинского уезда Новгородской губернии.

С 1918 года, в составе Череповецкой губернии.

С 1924 года, в составе Капшинской волости.

С 1927 года, в составе Явосемского сельсовета Капшинского района.

По данным 1933 года деревня Григино (Гришино) являлась административным центром Явосемского сельсовета Капшинского района Ленинградской области, в который входили 15 населённых пунктов: деревни Болотово, Большая Палуя, Большое Григино, Возгрино, Иваново, Лепуя, Лианозово, Лобаново, Максово, Малая Палуя, Малое Григино, Паньшино, Пильтяк, Саруя, Чудское, общей численностью населения 1534 человека.

По данным 1936 года в состав Явосемского сельсовета входили 14 населённых пунктов, 340 хозяйств и 11 колхозов.

В 1940 году население деревень Большое Григино и Малое Григино составляло 208 человек.

В 1961 году население деревень составляло 160 человек.

С 1963 года, в составе Тихвинского района.

По данным 1966, 1973 и 1990 годов деревня Григино входила в состав Явосемского сельсовета и являлась его административным центром.

В 1997 году в деревне Григино Шугозёрской волости проживали 33 человека, в 2002 году — 36 человек (русские — 94 %).

В 2007 году в деревне Григино Шугозёрского СП проживали 23 человека, в 2010 году — 7.

География
Деревня расположена в северо-восточной части района на автодороге  (Шугозеро — Никульское) в месте примыкания к ней автодороги  (Григино — Лизаново).

Расстояние до административного центра поселения — 22 км.

Расстояние до ближайшей железнодорожной станции Тихвин — 88 км.

Через деревню протекает река Явосьма.

Демография

Улицы
Береговая, Молочная, Почтовая, Трудящихся.

Примечания

Населённые пункты Тихвинского района


text:
Buchenwald concentration camp
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Clip from George Stevens' "The Nazi Concentration Camps." This German film footage was compiled as evidence and used by the prosecution at the Nuremberg trials.
Pictorial evidence of the almost unprecedented crimes perpetrated by the Nazis at the Buchenwald concentration camp. The story in written form is contained in the official account of the Prisoner of War and Displaced Persons Division of the United States Group Control Council, which has been forwarded from Supreme Allied Headquarters to the War Department in Washington. It states that 1,000 boys under 14 years of age are included among the 25,000 still alive in the camp, that the survivors are males only, and that the recent death rate was about 200 a day.
Nationalities and prison numbers are tattooed on the stomachs of the inmates.
The report lists the surviving inmates as representing every European nationality. It says the camp was founded when the Nazi Party first came into power in 1933 and has been in continuous operation ever since although its largest populations date from the beginning of the present war. One estimate put the camp's normal complement at 80,000.
International Military Tribunal trials camps film
National Archives - Film
View Archival Details


The latest firmware, applications and instruction manuals can be downloaded.
To install the firmware, please read the operation manual. If you use this firmware version, be sure to use the latest application.
Upgrading from version 1.23 (or older) on Windows 8/Pro/Enterprise will force some messages to be displayed in English, thanks for your understanding.
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Ver. 1.24 : Support IE10. Improve the way of settings with browser.
Ver. 1.23 : Correction to allow web browser settings to be opened when used over a WAN with a PC using IE9.
Ver. 1.20 : Port setting rage, Input latch setting for Sensor IN, and bug fixing, Jan 2011.
-Audio output from PC can be assigned to separate devices for call tone and communication.
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Changes: Correspond with Windows 7 and Windows Vista 64 bit version, Keyboard shortcut key for operation, Input latch setting for Sensor IN, and bug fixing.


About Belle Vue Properties Ltd.
This two storey house sits on one half acre of land and is located at Savannes Bay in Vieux Fort. There are 3 bedrooms and 3 bathrooms upstairs while downstairs has 2 bedrooms and 2 bathrooms. The house is equipped with solar heating and the roof terrace offers up lovely sea views.
Contact Number Please provide us with a number we can get you at.
Providing you with the very best Real Estate that the island of Saint Lucia has to offer.
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Who is the press secretary for the president of the United States?
White House Press Secretary. The White House Press Secretary is a job at the White House. Press secretaries act as the primary spokesperson for the United States Government and the President, senior executives, and policies. Kayleigh McEnany is the current White House Press Secretary.
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Thousands of borrowers have struggled to pay the mortgage in the virus crisis - with close two million taking a break from repayments. Last year 2,900 properties were repossessed by lenders. Read more...
How a US presidential inauguration works
The invitations have been scaled back by the pandemic and the security has been heightened by the insurrection, but Joe Biden's inauguration as the 46th president of the United States will still have plenty of pomp. Read more...
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Home » News & Insights » Increasing sustainability of composites critical to the future of the manufacturing industry
Increasing sustainability of composites critical to the future of the manufacturing industry
Finding new and innovative ways to manufacture composites is currently a huge aspiration of the engineering industry, with many companies looking to gain a competitive edge through increased efficiency in production methods.
Although composites are already regularly developed as a more sustainable option to a more commonly-used materials, such as mass-produced steel and aluminium, strides forward in the production of composites that are progressively longer lasting and environmentally friendly are continuing to be made.
With this in mind, we have examined the industries benefiting from composite materials, in order to provide an insight into their uses and what can be done to make them even more sustainable.
How important have composites become in the automotive industry?
There are a number of different types of composite materials used frequently in the automotive industry. Examples include fibre-reinforced plastics (FRPs), which have a primary component of carbon fibre, and are commonly used in making internal and external components for vehicles.
There are distinct advantages to using such materials over traditional substances like steel. The application of composites, such as FRPs or thermoplastic materials, offers a structural and weight advantage, as the compound is both stronger and lighter than historical materials.
Not only that, but they are more sustainable, producing zero-solvent emissions and reducing the amount of scrap material produced by this industry.[1] This is a key advantage as it helps meet the main challenge facing the automotive industry at present, – finding ways to dismantle and recycle vehicles in and environmentally friendly way.
ELG Carbon is a major player in the composites industry and has a strong foothold in the automotive manufacturing process. They have a large UK site in the West Midlands and, as a business, facilitate the use of carbon fibre in emerging, high volume applications.
They do this by converting manufacturing waste and end-of-life components into cost effective carbon fibre structural materials that are utilised by the automotive and transportation services.
ELG's Carbiso carbon fibre products are used in the production in cars, boats, aerospace and rail services, and it has recently developed a ground-breaking carbon fibre rail bogie[2], the first of its kind, which marks a significant step forward for the railway industry in terms of efficiency and environmental impact.
The business plays its own part in a huge composite market in the automotive industry, set for exponential growth in the next six years. In 2019, the market value was £6.47 billion, but it is forecast to reach £14.15 billion by 2025[3].
The developing reliance on composites manufacturing in aerospace
Technological advancements in the production of aeroplanes have led to the use of composites, evolving from the reinforcement of secondary components, to being used in large quantities as the primary structures of aircraft.
Composite materials such as Kevlar, carbon fibre and glass fibre are prevalent because they are stronger and lighter than aluminium, which has historically been one of the most commonly-used materials in the construction of the fuselage of planes.
Specifically, glass-reinforced plastics (GRPs), also known as fibreglass, and FRPs are used due to the fact that they are non-corrosive and resistant to high levels of impact, as well as being extremely lightweight. They were first used on a Boeing model aircraft in the 1950s.
More recently, the Boeing 787 Dreamliner became the first commercial plane to be constructed from 50% composite materials[4].
Currently, developments are ongoing. The National Composites Centre, based in Bristol, is using the digital capability acquisition programme (iCAP) technology to develop automated fibre cutting techniques. This will reduce cycle times and waste on materials, such as fibreglass, commonly used in the production of aeroplane wings[5].
With so much emphasis being placed on the application of composites in aerospace engineering, the appetite to streamline the production process is increasing. The market value of aerospace composite materials was valued at £8.89 billion globally in 2015 and is expected to inflate to £19.18billion by 2025[6].
The future of construction composites and why they are evolving
Composite application in the construction industry ranges from reinforcing pressure pipes within structures, to making up the primary components of many modern-day foot, road and railway bridges.
Thermoset composites and FRPs are now cornerstone components of many architectural projects as they save on build time due to the materials being lighter and easier to manoeuvre. Equally, their increased durability and lifespan reduces the cost of maintenance and upkeep as well as reducing waste and the need to replace components[7].
An example of a construction project underpinned by the use of composites is the ongoing Emersons Green East Cycle Footbridge project in Bristol. Construction company WSP has partnered with Optima Projects to develop a design composed almost entirely of composite materials.
Rather than using standard metals such as steel, iron and concrete, the bridge is being constructed with carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) for the arch ribs, which will support a deck made entirely of FRPs. The finished product will be built from materials that are better equipped to stand the test of time, much cheaper to manufacture and that have a much smaller impact on the environment.
This project, which is due to be fully completed in 2020, is just one of many construction designs being effectively utilised across the industry.
In 2013, the Construction 2025 strategy set the goal of reducing the timeline of build projects by 50% and reducing costs by a third[8]. This has since been built on by the most recent Construction Sector Deal[9], published in 2018 which maps out the government aim of a 50% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in the built environment, which underlines the expanding demand for lower-cost materials.
Why it is important to keep making progress
With the composite market set to continue to expand at an impressive rate, the use of these materials will grow, while discussions continue around what further innovations can be made to help make composites even more sustainable and less impactful on the environment.
At this year's Advanced Engineering event, representatives from some of the biggest companies in the composite manufacturing sector, such as Paul Spencer from Gruit and Martin Wright from Polynt Composites, contributed a lively debate on the matter.
And, with less than 1% of composites in the UK currently recycled, many firms are reviewing their own product recycling processes in order to cut down on waste, which is a big priority of the UK government laid out one of its Grand Challenges to achieve continual but clean growth.[10]
The use of automated production and smart technologies, which can forecast the amount of materials required for production, are becoming more commonplace through the development of Industry 4.0 and are just a couple of examples of techniques being developed and adopted across the composite industry.
These companies are playing their part to preserve our future; let's find out how we can help support your journey and your business.
[1] https://compositesuk.co.uk/composite-materials/applications/automotive
[2] http://www.elgcf.com/news/worlds-first-carbon-fibre-rail-bogie-unveiled-at-unlocking-innovation-rail-conference-at-the-university-of-huddersfield
[3] https://www.marketwatch.com/press-release/automotive-composites-market-size-2019-share-demand-growth-and-forecast-by-2025-2019-07-04
[4] https://www.thebalancecareers.com/composite-materials-aircraft-structure-282777
[5] https://www.compositesworld.com/blog/post/2019-paris-air-show-highlights
[5]https://compositesuk.co.uk/system/files/documents/INSIGHT%20-%20ATI%20paper%20-%20composites%20in%20aerospace.pdf
[6] https://compositesuk.co.uk/composite-materials/applications/construction
[8] https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/construction-sector-deal/construction-sector-deal
[9] https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/industrial-strategy-the-grand-challenges/industrial-strategy-the-grand-challenges
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Trip Report: 2019 January 01 - New Years Day Bird Walk!
A great showing for a New Years Day walk! COS kicked off 2019 on a cold, gray day but with a lot fun birding.
Every now and then, a teacher will reach out to us asking for help leading a bird walk. How can we refuse? But what if physical help isn't easy to come by?
The 18 participants on the Sept. 15 COS-Sierra Club nature and birding tour of Montrose Beach and bird sanctuary hit the jackpot in terms of weather and cooperative local breeding birds.
A dozen birders explored prime sparrow habitat finding singing Henslow's and Grasshopper Sparrows, as well as a number of more common species, like Field, Song, Savanna and Lincoln's Sparrow.
This Earth Day Bird Walk was not too springy but very birdy! We spotted 53 species, including a Merlin, Eastern Meadowlarks, a Virginia Rail, Rusty Blackbirds and a leucistic Winter Wren.
A group of birders met at Whistler Woods on another summer-like morning.
A group of 15 birders met at the Field House in Humboldt Park with a brilliantly blue sky and summer-like temperatures.
This year's Southern Illinois Field Trip was a huge success thanks to the cooperative weather and expertise of our leader, Keith McMullen.
It felt like summer Saturday morning with temps in the 70s and 80s early on, but a group of 15 met to explore the marsh and woodlands of Eggers Grove in Chicago's far south side.
What a great spring birding day! We spotted over 30 Wilson's Snipe, a Short-eared Owl in flight, an early Marsh Wren, Eastern Meadowlarks and some Rusty blackbirds.
A group of 16 birders met at McGinnis Slough in the Palos Area this morning, Sunday, November 20th, to look for waterfowl and any other interesting birds that crossed our paths. We were fortunate to have local expert Wes Serafin join us to navigate and give a bit of history about the different areas. McGinnis was partially frozen this morning, but we still managed some decent flocks of waterfowl here. Most notably the dozens of Bufflehead and Hooded Mergansers, Coots, and Pied-billed Grebes. A couple Great Blue Herons were hunkered down among the cattails.
Join one of Chicagoland's most active Christmas Bird Counts on December 18, 2016. Nearly 100 people volunteer their time on a wintery Sunday to count birds. The count circle includes a wide variety of habitats from the forests of Palos to the pine plantations of the Morton Arboretum to the open grasslands of Green Valley. The Lisle Arboretum Count is part of the National Audubon Society's national Christmas Count program.
Nine birders met in Burnham Park just south of the McCormick Place on Saturday, 10/22 bright and early at 7am.
This area has been restored into stretches of native prairie to benefit migrating birds. It is known for the large number of migrants, especially sparrows, that feast on the seeds of the various prairie plants.
Although we did have 7 species of sparrows including American Tree, Fox, Dark-eyed Junco, White-crowned, White-throated, Song, and Swamp, the most abundant birds were Golden-crowned Kinglets. They flitted and hovered around every tree and shrub, and sometimes were even hopping on the ground looking for insects. We tallied well over 100 kinglets for the morning.
Christine and Geoff Williamson led a bird and nature hike at Deer Grove East Forest Preserve in northwest Cook County.
At the start of the walk, we had the opportunity to enjoy two parents and one young Sandhill Crane. This species has been nesting at Deer Grove for a few years now. Read the full trip summary in the post.
Many thanks to Shawn for leading an excellent field trip to the Palos area. The 10 of us who attended all enjoyed very large numbers of waterfowl--thousands of American coots, and great views of all three merganser, shovelers, buffleheads, green and blue winged teal, redhead, canvasback, gadwall, wigeon, pied bill and horned grebes, among others, plus great views of two nesting osprey. . I really appreciated Sean's great eyes and ears in finding all the birds in the reeds on the far sides of the sloughs, and great patience in making counts of the more numerous species.
The 67th Lisle-Arboretum Christmas Bird Count was held on Sunday, 20 December 2015. There was only a brief freeze in the weeks prior to count day, so that we had a lot of hope for a good count. The 90 field observers and nine feeder watchers also had reasonably warm weather to work with, without any snow on the ground. Despite this, most field parties bemoaned the lack of birds.