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Q: RoR Controller accessed from two different link_to buttons I have a Controller whose New action is being accessed from two different nav-bar links. The reason for this is that the same Controller is required for two different functions.
How can I pass some params to make the Controller know from which link_to it was accessed? (So that I can modify the new.html.erb file slightly)

A: Since the controller's new action is being rendered, it means that you must be rendering a form. In this form you could pass a hidden field like so:
<%= f.hidden_field :value_name, :value => "true" %>

Now in your Controller's create action you can check before saving like this:
def create
 if params[:model_name][:value_name] == true
   # then it must have come from first nav link,hence save that
else
  # the value has come from the other nav.
end
end

You must also make the value false when you're clicking on the second nav link, like so:
<%= link_to "ABC", resource_path(:value_name => "false") %>

Hope that helps.

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Time passes. Nothing changes. Nothing remains the same.
I parked in front of the the health center I walked to Awo hall. Past the Porters lodge at the entrance. I passed in front of the old meals hall. Where students probably sat two to a table to have their meals: that died way before my time. I went down the walkways towards block two. Students passed by: I could be one of them.
Cloths spread out on the fields to dry. Students reading. Students doing their washing. Students playing football in the field between the 2-story hostel blocks two and three.
I remember once when people tried as much as possible not to walk through that field, it was OK as long as you didn't stray from the tiny winding path that runs through the field. Because in the overgrown bits lay mangled remains of decades of destruction, everything broken and rusted: beds, chairs, bottles, plastics, etc.
One wrong step and you are off to the Medical Center.
Then one idle Saturday the students decided to fix up the field for football. I had thought it was an impossible fit, but the spirit of the game came over them. They couldn't have worked harder if they were paid. All that day they laboured to move the junk and tip it over the fence behind the hall.
The old empty tiled fountain place is still there.
I was here that night when they (Black Axe) came for "Afrika" (the student union Sec. Gen.). The immediate artificial blackout once students realised what was going on. The shots. Come morning 5 students lay dead.
I crossed the open space and went under hostel block 7. "Tope" lived there I remembered.
I entered the meals hall. A few heads turned in my direction. Maybe it is the echo of my heels on the terrazzo floor. Maybe not.
I walked randomly to a table and sat diagonally across from some guy reading his "hand out" and making notes in an exercise book.
I put my phone on silent. No mobiles when I was a student. Is there a rule against phones ringing in the reading room? How is it enforced?
I put my phone on silent.
The "Man-o-War" group jogs past outside on the road towards Mozambique. Blowing whistles and singing songs. Some will be brilliant enough to juggle extracurricular activities with their studies and still make good grades; most will barely make a passing grade. Some will fail.
I drove to the Sports Complex.
An Olympic sized swimming pool is in place. The supporting structures are under construction.
I used to go watch the body builders do their thing. The place seems locked.
I am on the concrete walkway that separates the main field from the several fenced courts for various other games.
There are groups of students. Various little groups. Evangelising. Fellowshiping.
A lady walked to and fro in one of the fenced courts. She is praying probably in tongues.
I listened in on one of the groups. The speaker says "Keep praying. God wants to see your perseverance." He used Daniel as an illustration.
"The Realist" is otherwise engaged. I should be going.
The praying lady has disappeared. Replaced by many more groups in different enclosed areas. One man lies down on the hard tarmac face down with his head in his hands. One holds on to the chain linked fence. Three guys pray in a tight group. Some girls walk up carrying musical instruments.
Several fellowships will hold this evening (as usual) I think. More people are showing up with Bibles and walking past.
One group is using one of the covered arenas. They have a VIP table (for the event anchors I think) with a couple of people. Girls are always more spiritual than boys. Most of the group are girls: possibly 45 of the 60 or so people.
Seventy-seven kilometers of the wide open road are ahead of me.
If she is happy, then it is OK. That's all that matters. My sins might not be forgiven nor forgotten, but they shouldn't matter as much.


text:
Trademark Litigation: A Global Guide 2018
Litigation procedures and strategies: Finland
Timo Skurnik and Perttu Kaikkonen
NORDIA Attorneys at Law
At present, the main source of substantive trademark legislation in Finland is the Trademark Act (7/1964), as amended. However, in June 2016 a working group was appointed to draft a proposal for a new trademark act, implementing the 2015 EU Trademark Directive (2015/2436) and the Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks. The proposal for the new trademark act will be presented to the Finnish Parliament in Autumn 2018.
Legislative framework and causes of action
As an EU member state, Finland has implemented the EU directives relevant to trademarks, in particular the 2008 EU Trademark Directive (2008/95/EC). The EU Trademark Regulation (2015/2424) is also directly applicable in Finland.
An exclusive right to a trademark may be obtained in Finland by registering the trademark with the Finnish Patent and Registration Office. However, such right may also be obtained without registration, provided that the trademark is well established.
Causes of action
Trademark infringement is covered by Chapter 7 of the Trademark Act. Thus, a trademark owner may take legal action against the unauthorised use of:
an identical or confusingly similar mark in relation to identical or similar services, where there exists a likelihood of confusion; or
an identical or confusingly similar mark, where the infringed trademark has a reputation in the relevant territory (ie, in cases of unfair advantage or detriment to the distinctiveness or reputation of the infringed trademark).
Finland is friendly to arbitration, especially institutional arbitration. The Arbitration Institute of the Finland Chamber of Commerce – which has had a relatively large caseload for many years – has recently gained even more popularity, including for international arbitrations.
Arbitration relating to trademark assignment and licensing questions is common. However, arbitrators and judges dealing with arbitration agreements in trademark-related disputes in Finland must be careful with possible problems regarding tribunal jurisdiction. The issue is regulated by Section 2 of the Arbitration Act (967/1992), as amended, according to which any dispute in a civil or commercial matter which can be settled by agreement between the parties may be referred to one or more arbitrators for a final decision. Although the limits of an arbitral tribunal's jurisdiction in trademark-related matters are unclear, it will definitely not include questions regarding registration and validity, where the public interest is strong.
Several private organisations offer mediation services, most notably the Finnish Bar Association and the Arbitration Institute of the Finland Chamber of Commerce. Further, Finnish courts are mandated to persuade parties to settle their disputes, and one of the methods at their disposal is court mediation. Court mediation is completely voluntary and can also be initiated by application if the matter is not pending in a court. The possibility of having a judge as a mediator and a settlement that is confirmed by the court as an enforceable decision has proven attractive in some disputes, although it has not been so popular for trademark and other IP-related matters.
Litigation venue and formats
The Market Court is a special court that hears market law, competition law, public procurement and civil IP rights cases in Finland. Under the Trademark Act, it has exclusive jurisdiction in all civil matters in the field of trademark law, including EU trademark cases.
When hearing trademark matters, the Market Court is composed of three members. Normally this means three professional judges. A composition may also include an expert member, although these may never form a majority in a composition. Expert members come from both business and academic backgrounds and usually provide the Market Court with legal, technical or even artistic expertise. The decision will be made by a professional judge after consulting the parties. A jury trial is not possible.
Litigation of trademark cases starts with a written stage, which normally consists of the claimant's application for a summons or complaint and the defendant's answer. Additional statements are issued if requested by the court. The process after this depends on the type of application and the necessity of witness or expert testimonies.
Written preparation and preparatory hearing
The purpose of written preparation and the preparatory hearing is to determine the relevant facts and procedural aspects of the case. These include:
the claims and the grounds on which they are based;
disputed issues;
evidence; and
witnesses and experts and their relevance to the case.
The conclusion of this preparation is a written summary of the matter, prepared by the court, which the parties may comment on.
In complaint matters (ie, appeals against decisions of the Finnish Patent and Registration Office in registration and opposition proceedings), and in cases which do not require witnesses or experts to be heard, the process will most likely proceed no further than the written preparation stage. In these cases, the court will make its decision after the written statements.
However, if the matter includes an application for summons and witnesses or experts are required, the matter usually continues to an oral hearing.
Oral hearing
Oral hearings at the Market Court do not differ from other hearings in Finnish administrative or civil courts. Although the exact course of events may be determined by the judges and the parties, the main hearing usually includes:
opening statements;
presentation of evidence and comments on the opposing party's evidence;
witness and expert testimony and cross-examination; and
closing statements.
With certain exceptions, the Market Court must give a decision within 30 days of the conclusion of the main hearing.
Process hearing
In addition to the standard hearings in Finnish legal processes (ie, the above preparatory hearing and main hearing), the Market Court procedure can include a so-called 'process hearing'. This hearing is usually held in an early stage of the process, in order to discuss possible procedural questions (eg, the consolidation or separation of claims, document production or the necessity of a statement from the Finnish Patent and Registration Office). After the process hearing, the case will continue either to written preparation or the preparatory hearing.
Forum shopping
Due to the Market Court's exclusive jurisdiction in civil trademark-related matters, forum shopping is limited to the choice between court litigation or arbitration.
Damages and remedies
The legal consequences of trademark infringement include:
prohibition;
damages;
penalties; and
erasure or alteration of the infringing mark, or destruction or surrender of the infringing material.
Trademark infringement may also be a cause for injunctive relief. However, injunctions in trademark infringement cases are much less frequent than in other IP-related cases (eg, patent cases). Nonetheless, the process is the same. A claimant may seek a preliminary injunction for the duration of the main proceedings in accordance with Chapter 7.3 of the Code of Judicial Procedure (4/1734), as amended. Injunctions may be sought at any stage of the proceedings, although they are typically sought before or simultaneously with the initiation of the main proceedings.
An alleged trademark infringer may be prohibited by court order from repeating the offending act. If the infringement was deliberate or due to negligence, the infringing party may be obliged to compensate the damages caused to the aggrieved party. If the infringement was not negligent, but the court deems the action reasonable due to financial or other circumstances, the infringing party may be obliged to hand over the profits made from the infringement over the past three years.
Damages in trademark infringement cases normally consist of lost profits or unnecessary marketing expenses. In principal, the aggrieved party should have to prove the amount of damages sought, although in practice the courts have often estimated the amount of damages. In some cases, the profits gained by the infringer may be used to give some indication of the amount of damages caused. However, this calculation cannot be made using profits alone.
If the trademark infringement is deliberate, the infringer may be sentenced to a fine for violating trademark rights, unless the act is punishable as an industrial property offence under Chapter 49.2 of the Criminal Code of Finland (1889/39), as amended. Such is the case if the trademark right is infringed in a manner conducive to causing considerable financial loss to the trademark owner. The sentence for a criminal industrial property offence is a fine or up to two years' imprisonment.
The general rule in civil cases is that the losing party may be ordered to compensate all reasonable legal costs incurred by the winning party.
Evidencing the case
Before filing an action in the Market Court, a claimant may apply for an order securing evidence. The application should explain the claimant's earlier rights and the material facts to be determined by the court, usually in the absence of the counterparty. After this possible pre-trial order, the claimant should set out the grounds for the claim in its application for summons, together with all evidence supporting the arguments.
Any form of evidence may be used. However, the Finnish system does not recognise affidavits. These, as well as other detailed written statements prepared for pending or early-stage court proceedings, may not generally be used as evidence. The Market Court has also further discretion to reject evidence if it considers the evidence irrelevant, excessive or otherwise unnecessary. However, this discretion is rarely used.
Trademark cases are mostly based on written evidence. There is the possibility for discovery in Finland. However, document production is common and may be used to gain even more documentation. Through a document production request, the court may order a specific document, set of documents or object to be brought before the court, provided that the document or object could have evidentiary value. The party requesting the production of documents must prove that the other party is in possession of the documents and that they are relevant to the case.
Surveys are admissible and generally used as evidence. The Market Court must thoroughly and objectively consider the evidentiary value of any submitted evidence. Regarding surveys, this usually means evaluating the quality with which they have been conducted. This quality may be evaluated based on the impartiality and credibility of the author of the survey, as well as the sample size.
Expert witnesses and statements can be used to explain evidence requiring specialist knowledge, and may be called by either the court or a party to the proceedings. These experts must be known to be honest, impartial and competent in their field.
Evidence is mainly received in the main hearing. However, the Market Court is entitled to receive evidence outside the main hearing, if deemed necessary.
Available defences
The defences available in trademark disputes in Finland are, for the most part, based on the mandatory provisions of the EU Trademark Directive. However, a degree of discretion was left to member states regarding the possible grounds for revocation of a trademark, among other things.
There are certain exceptions to a trademark owner's exclusive right, all of which can successfully be used as defence in trademark disputes. Provided that the use is in accordance with honest practices, a trademark owner may not prohibit another party from using:
its own name or address;
a sign or indication that describes the kind, quantity, quality, intended purpose, value, geographical origin or other characteristics of the goods or services offered; or
a registered trademark for the purpose of indicating the intended purpose of the other party's goods or services (eg, for accessories or spare parts).
A counterclaim for revocation may also be used as a defence. Such claims may be based on:
non-distinctiveness;
non-use;
conflicts with earlier registered or unregistered trademarks or other rights (eg, trade names); or
bad faith.
The general principles of passivity and acquiescence may be used as a defence in trademark disputes. A trademark owner may lose its right to prohibit the use of an infringing trademark due to passivity if it fails to take actions to prohibit the use within a reasonable time. The length of the reasonable time depends on the extent to which the trademark has been used, as well as other factors (eg, whether the trademark owner has acted in good faith).
A trademark owner may lose its right to prohibit the use of an infringing trademark due to acquiescence if it has been aware of a registered infringing trademark and has failed to take action. If the infringing trademark has been registered in good faith, the trademark owner must prohibit its use within five years of its registration in order to avoid the charge of acquiescence. However, this applies only where the infringing trademark has actually been used; a mere registration does not have the same effect.
The application of the principles of passivity and acquiescence may lead to the existence of two confusingly similar trademarks. In such cases the court may order that one or both of the trademarks may be used only in connection with a certain distinction (eg, place name).
A Market Court decision may be appealed to the Supreme Court if the Supreme Court grants leave to appeal. The conditions for leave to appeal are as follows:
The Supreme Court decision is necessary for the application of law in identical or similar cases or for the consistency of case law;
An error in procedure or other error has taken place in the case, which requires that the decision be overturned; or
Other weighty reasons for granting a leave to appeal exist.
In administrative matters (eg, applications for trademark registration), the Finnish Patent and Registration Office is considered to be the first-instance forum and its decision may be appealed to the Market Court in the second instance.
The process before the Supreme Court is traditionally based purely on written evidence. Further, new evidence, witnesses and experts will be deemed inadmissible unless it is established as probable that the party could not have submitted the evidence or appointed the witness or expert earlier, or that the party had due cause not to do so.
Eteläesplanadi 22A
Tel +358 9 4250 5000
Fax +358 9 4250 5010
Web www.nordialaw.com
Timo Skurnik
Timo Skurnik is a partner in Nordia Law, heading Nordia's IP department in Helsinki. He specialises in IP rights and data protection and has in-depth experience and knowledge in legal issues related to technology, media, gaming and software. Mr Skurnik graduated from Helsinki University and has been certified as an information privacy professional by the International Association of Privacy Professionals. He assists Finnish and foreign clients in various areas of business law.
Perttu Kaikkonen
Perttu Kaikkonen specialises in dispute resolution, especially international commercial arbitration. He also has in-depth knowledge of company law and real estate and construction law, as well as significant experience in transactions and drafting various types of commercial contracts. Mr Kaikkonen graduated from Helsinki University and has worked in another law firm focused on business law and litigation. He recently completed an LLM in international dispute resolution at the Humboldt University in Berlin.
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text:
CHESAPEAKE UTILITIES CORPORATION'S VICE PRESIDENT JEFFREY R. TIETBOHL APPOINTED PRESIDENT OF MARYLAND-DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA UTILITIES ASSOCIATION
Home|Financial & Corporate|CHESAPEAKE UTILITIES CORPORATION'S VICE PRESIDENT JEFFREY R. TIETBOHL APPOINTED PRESIDENT OF MARYLAND-DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA UTILITIES ASSOCIATION
Home | Newsroom | CHESAPEAKE UTILITIES CORPORATION'S VICE PRESIDENT JEFFREY R. TIETBOHL APPOINTED PRESIDENT OF MARYLAND-DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA UTILITIES ASSOCIATION
Dover, Delaware — On September 16, 2010, Jeffrey R. Tietbohl, Vice President of Chesapeake Utilities Corporation (NYSE: CPK), was appointed President of the Maryland-District of Columbia Utilities Association (Association) during its 86th Annual Fall Conference in Cambridge, Maryland. The Association's members primarily include representatives from the region's natural gas, electric, telecommunications, water and sanitary utilities. Mr. Tietbohl is the first Chesapeake executive to hold this position within the Association.
"This is a great opportunity for Jeff, and in his new role, I know he will be a tremendous asset to the Association," said Michael P. McMasters, President and COO of Chesapeake Utilities Corporation. "Jeff's leadership skills, utility expertise and overall experience will make him a valuable representative for the Association as we confront the energy challenges of the future."
Mr. Tietbohl was appointed Vice President of the Company in June. He previously served as Assistant Vice President, Director of Natural Gas Distribution for Chesapeake Utilities' Delaware and Maryland divisions as well as Director of Regional Business Planning and Development for the Delmarva Natural Gas Distribution business unit, in addition to serving in various other regulatory and accounting positions since joining the Company in 1989. In addition to managing both the Delaware and Maryland natural gas distribution divisions, he has developed and executed strategic plans as well as prepared and managed the unit's financial performance relative to its operating and capital budgets. He has also developed and implemented sales and marketing programs and pursued new opportunities to extend natural gas services to new and previously unserved markets.
The Maryland-District of Columbia Utilities Association promotes and develops the utility industry within the region for the common interest of its customers, members and the general public. Company members include Allegheny Energy, Choptank Electric Cooperative, Columbia Gas of Maryland, Constellation Energy Group/Baltimore Gas & Electric, DC Water, Delmarva Power, Potomac Electric Power Company, Southern Maryland Electric Cooperative, Washington Gas, Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission, Verizon and Chesapeake Utilities Corporation.
Chesapeake Utilities Corporation is a diversified utility company engaged in natural gas distribution, transmission and marketing; electric distribution; propane gas distribution and wholesale marketing; advanced information services and other related services. Information about Chesapeake's businesses is available on the World Wide Web at www.chpk.com.
Senior Vice President & Chief Financial Officer


Leadership skills aren't necessarily what you might think. A charismatic personality, for example, is not a prerequisite for successful leadership, but strategic thinking abilities are a must. And workplace leadership is not just telling people what to do — but making sure they do it. That's more complicated.
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Looking to fill your leadership toolbox in the workplace? Keep reading our management advice!