What If the Facts Were Different? Suppose that, after this decision, Jazz fully compensated Fuji for the infringing sales of LFFPs. Would Jazz have acquired the right to refurbish those LFFPs in the future? Explain.
The Global Dimension How does prohibiting the importing of goods that infringe U.S patents protect those patents outside the United States?
What If the Facts Were Different? Suppose that Carnero had been an American working for BSA and BSB. Would the result in this case have been the same? Discuss.
The Legal Environment Dimension How might the court's decision in this case frustrate the basic purpose of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which is to protect investors in U.S. securities markets and the integrity of those markets?
What are the ramifications for the defendants of the ruling in this case?
How might such "prudential concerns" as the principle of comity affect the eventual outcome?
Should the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA) preclude this lawsuit? Why or why not?
Robco, Inc., was a Florida arms dealer. The armed forces of Honduras contracted to purchase weapons from Robco over a six-year period. After the government was replaced and a democracy installed, the Honduran government sought to reduce the size of its military, and its relationship with Robco deteriorated. Honduras refused to honor the contract and purchase the inventory of arms, which Robco could sell only at a much lower price. Robco filed a suit in a federal district court in the United States to recover damages for this breach of contract by the government of Honduras. Using the information presented in the chapter, answer the above question.
Does the act of state doctrine bar Robco from seeking to enforce the contract? Explain.
Suppose that prior to this lawsuit, the new government of Honduras had enacted a law making it illegal to purchase weapons from foreign arms dealers. What doctrine of deference might lead a U.S. court to dismiss Robco's case in that situation?
Now suppose that the U.S. court hears the case and awards damages to Robco, but the government of Honduras has no assets in the United States that can be used to satisfy the judgment. Under which doctrine might Robco be able to collect the damages by asking another nation's court to enforce the U.S. judgment?
In 1995, France implemented a law making the use of the French language mandatory in certain legal documents. Documents relating to securities offerings, such as prospectuses, for example, must be written in French. So must instruction manuals and warranties for goods and services offered for sale in France. Additionally, all agreements entered into with French state or local authorities, with entities controlled by state or local authorities, and with private entities carrying out a public service (such as providing utilities) must be written in French. What kinds of problems might this law pose for U.S. businesspersons who wish to form contracts with French individuals or business firms?
As China and formerly Communist nations move toward free enterprise, they must develop a new set of business laws. If you could start from scratch, what kind of business law system would you adopt, a civil law system or a common law system? What kind of business regulations would you impose?
Tonoga, Ltd., doing business as Taconic Plastics, Ltd., is a manufacturer incorporated in Ireland with its principal place of business in New York. In 1997, Taconic entered into a contract with a German construction company to supply special material for a tent project designed to shelter religious pilgrims visiting holy sites in Saudi Arabia. Most of the material was made in, and shipped from, New York. The company did not pay Taconic and eventually filed for bankruptcy. Another German firm, Werner Voss Architects and Engineers, acting as an agent for the government of Saudi Arabia, guaranteed the payments due Taconic to induce it to complete the project. When Taconic received all but the final payment, the firm filed a suit in a federal district court against the government of Saudi Arabia, claiming a breach of the guaranty and seeking to collect, in part, about $3 million. The defendant filed a motion to dismiss based on the doctrine of sovereign immunity, among other things. Under what circumstances does this doctrine apply? What are its exceptions? Should this suit be dismissed under the "commercial activity" exception? Explain.
DaimlerChrysler Corp. made and marketed motor vehicles. DaimlerChrysler assembled the 1993 and 1994 model years of its trucks at plants in Mexico. Assembly involved sheet metal components sent from the United States. DaimlerChrysler subjected some of the parts to a complicated treatment process, which included the application of coats of paint to prevent corrosion, impart color, and protect the finish. Under federal law, goods that are assembled abroad using U.S.-made parts can be imported tariff free. A federal statute provides that painting is "incidental" to assembly and does not affect the status of the goods. A federal regulation states that "painting primarily intended to enhance the appearance of an article or to impart distinctive features or characteristics" is not incidental. The U.S. Customs Service levied a tariff on the trucks. DaimlerChrysler filed a suit in the U.S. Court of International Trade, challenging the levy. Should the court rule in DaimlerChrysler's favor? Why or why not?
E&L Consulting, Ltd., is a U.S. corporation that sells lumber products in New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania. Doman Industries, Ltd., is a Canadian corporation that also sells lumber products, including green hem-fir, a durable product used for home building. Doman supplies more than 95 percent of the green hem-fir for sale in the northeastern United States. In 1990, Doman contracted to sell green hem-fir through E&L, which received monthly payments plus commissions. In 1998, Sherwood Lumber Corp., a New York firm and an E&L competitor, approached E&L about a merger. The negotiations were unsuccessful. According to E&L, Sherwood and Doman then conspired to monopolize the green hem-fir market in the United States. When Doman terminated its contract with E&L, the latter filed a suit in a federal district court against Doman, alleging violations of U.S. antitrust law. Doman filed for bankruptcy in a Canadian court and asked the U.S. court to dismiss E&L's suit, in part, under the principle of comity. What is the "principle of comity"? On what basis would it apply in this case? What would be the likely result? Discuss.
A newspaper printing press system is more than a hundred feet long, stands four or five stories tall, and weighs 2 million pounds. Only about ten of the systems are sold each year in the United States. Because of the size and cost, a newspaper may update its system, rather than replace it, by buying "additions."By the 1990s, Goss International Corp. was the only domestic maker of the equipment in the United States and represented the entire U.S. market. Tokyo Kikai Seisakusho (TKSC), a Japanese corporation, makes the systems in Japan. In the 1990s,TKSC began to compete in the U.S. market, forcing Goss to cut its prices below cost. TKSC's tactics included offering its customers "secret" rebates on prices that were ultimately substantially less than the products' actual market value in Japan. According to TKSC office memos, the goal was to "win completely this survival game" against Goss, the "enemy." Goss filed a suit in a federal district court against TKSC and others, alleging illegal dumping. At what point does a foreign firm's attempt to compete with a domestic manufacturer in the United States become illegal dumping? Was that point reached in this case? Discuss.
Jan Voda, M.D., a resident of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, owns three U.S. patents related to guiding catheters for use in interventional cardiology, as well as corresponding foreign patents issued by the European Patent Office, Canada, France, Germany, and Great Britain. Voda filed a suit in a federal district court against Cordis Corp., a U.S. firm, alleging infringement of the U.S. patents under U.S. patent law and of the corresponding foreign patents under the patent law of the various foreign countries. Cordis admitted, "The XB catheters have been sold domestically and internationally since 1994. The XB catheters were manufactured in Miami Lakes, from 1993 to 2001 and have been manufactured in Juarez, Mexico, since 2001." Cordis argued, however, that Voda could not assert infringement claims under foreign patent law because the court did not have jurisdiction over such claims. Which of the important international legal principles discussed in this chapter would be most likely to apply in this case? How should the court apply it? Explain.
Go to Case 52.3, Khulumani v. Barclay National Bank, Ltd., 504 F.3d 254 (2d Cir. 2007), on pages 1078–1079. Read the excerpt and answer the following questions.
(a) Issue: What was the plaintiffs' claim in this case?
(b) Rule of Law: On what U.S. law did the plaintiffs base this claim, and what was the defendants' response?
(c) Applying the Rule of Law: How did the trial court respond to the parties' contentions, what was the appellate court's position, and why?
(d) Conclusion: Did the court issue an ultimate ruling with respect to the plaintiffs' claim in this case? Explain.
On December 21, 1988, Pan Am Flight 103 exploded 31,000 feet in the air over Lockerbie, Scotland, killing all 259 passengers and crew on board and 11 people on the ground. Among those killed was Roger Hurst, a U.S. citizen. An investigation determined that a portable radio-cassette player packed in a brown Samsonite suitcase smuggled onto the plane was the source of the explosion. The explosive device was constructed with a digital timer specially made for, and bought by, Libya. Abdel Basset Ali Al-Megrahi, a Libyan government official and an employee of the Libyan Arab Airline (LAA), was convicted by the Scottish High Court of Justiciary on criminal charges that he planned and executed the bombing in association with members of the Jamahiriya Security Organization (JSO) (an agency of the Libyan government that performs security and intelligence functions) or the Libyan military. Members of the victims' families filed a suit in a U.S. federal district court against the JSO, the LAA, Al-Megrahi, and others. The plaintiffs claimed violations of U.S. federal law, including the Anti- Terrorism Act, and state law, including the intentional infliction of emotional distress.
(a) Under what doctrine, codified in which federal statute, might the defendants claim to be immune from the jurisdiction of a U.S. court? Should this law include an exception for "state-sponsored terrorism"? Why or why not?
(b) The defendants agreed to pay $2.7 billion, or $10 million per victim, to settle all claims for "compensatory death damages." The families of eleven victims, including Hurst, were excluded from the settlement because they were "not wrongful death beneficiaries under applicable state law." These plaintiffs continued the suit. The defendants filed a motion to dismiss. Should the motion be granted on the ground that the settlement bars the plaintiffs' claims? Explain.


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Tyler Knott Gregson
Miracle in the Mundane
Poems, Prompts, and Inspiration to Unlock Your Creativity and Unfiltered Joy
Author: Tyler Knott Gregson
Category: Self-Help
The national bestselling author of Chasers of the Light pulls back the curtain on his creative process to share how to unlock creativity and lead a more mindful and compassionate life Every day, Tyler Knott Gregson posts romantic and striking poems on Instagram, enchanting his many fans with his authentic and deeply personal voice. He has a remarkable ability to see the beauty within the seemingly mundane moments of our lives, and above all else this is what keeps his fans coming back for more. Tyler's newest book showcases his inspiring poems, but it also goes one step deeper to reveal his secrets to cultivating this sense of wonder for the world. In this insightful guide, you will learn how to uncover your creativity, find inspiration, and live a life that is "more." Through a series of challenges, you are encouraged to write, draw, photograph, and share as you discover how to see yourself in a new way. Featuring exercises on mindfulness and self-expression as well as a poem for every prompt, this book will broaden your heart and mind to see the miracles hidden all around you.
Sherrie Dillard
The Miracle Workers Handbook
Seven Levels of Power and Manifestation of the Virgin Mary
Author: Sherrie Dillard
Publisher: John Hunt Publishing
Category: Body, Mind & Spirit
Throughout the world, the Virgin Mary is likely the most revered and recognized female saint. People flock to locations where there have been sightings and miracles attributed to her. On every continent prayers for healing, blessings and her intercession are spoken by the ill, needy and devoted spiritual seekers. Unfortunately, her most important message to humanity remains a secret. It is a shame that so few know and understand the significance of her path and the co-creative divine power that she brings to the individual. There is a global shift taking place. The earth is on the brink of ecological, economic and humanitarian disaster. We have run the gamut of human solutions and limited thinking. The divine feminine is re-emerging and leading the way to co-create personal and collective abundance, health, well-being and unlimited possibilities. Mary is the pattern for miracles. This book, The Miracle Workers Handbook, shows you how to invoke her presence, live in her love and become a miracle worker.
Mark Batterson
The Grave Robber
How Jesus Can Make Your Impossible Possible
Author: Mark Batterson
Publisher: Baker Books
Do we believe that God still does miracles? Considering how difficult it is for many of us adults to trust in the miraculous power of God, how much more difficult can it be for a young person in the midst of struggles about identity and purpose in life? With the help of his son Parker, bestselling author Mark Batterson now brings the exciting message of a God who longs to do miracles in our lives to a teen audience. Together they show young readers that God is intimately involved in their lives and wants them to experience the miraculous. With poignant examples from the lives of real teens, The Grave Robber, Student Edition brings to life not only the seven miracles from John's Gospel but the countless miracles we witness every day--if only we have eyes to see.
Miracle in the Making
The Adam Taliaferro Story
Author: Scott Brown
Publisher: Triumph Books
Category: Biography & Autobiography
Adam Taliaferro had it all: smarts, an easy-going personality, and incomparable athletic ability. None of that seemed to matter, however, on that fateful September day when his father was given startling news: Do not expect your son to walk. Ever. Since that numbing day, Taliaferro, the Penn State freshman cornerback who was paralyzed after he tackled an Ohio State running back, has defied the odds. Before he had spinal-fusion surgery, he made a vow to his mother: "Mom, I'm not going out like this." Three months later, he walked out of a Philadelphia hospital on crutches, determined to complete his amazing recovery, making the name "Adam Taliaferro" synonymous with courage and perseverance.
Robert Maniura
Pilgrimage to Images in the Fifteenth Century
The Origins of the Cult of Our Lady of Częstochowa
Author: Robert Maniura
Publisher: Boydell Press
A case study of the meaning and purpose of pilgrimage, based on the image of the 'scarred Virgin', Our Lady of Czestochowa.
Millisa C. Thomas
Look for the Miracle in All Things
Author: Millisa C. Thomas
Publisher: Xlibris Corporation
Look for the Miracle in All Things: and Other Poems is a book filled with thought-provoking poems and analogies. This book is about the expression of anguish and the expectancy of hope and refreshing joy. Despite being knocked down by circumstances the reader is encouraged to get back up and begin to live again, to love again, to dance again, and to smile again; and to look for miracles along the way.
J. Harold Ellens
Miracles: God, Science, and Psychology in the Paranormal [3 volumes]
God, Science, and Psychology in the Paranormal
Author: J. Harold Ellens
Publisher: ABC-CLIO
Can science, psychology, and biology explain miracles? This three-volume set attempts to answer that question, presenting the latest, as well as classic, thinking and research regarding miracles from fields that include psychology, psychiatry, theology, biology, and history. We have all heard of what seem miraculous events, which have surfaced across history. They range from stigmata and bleeding icons to deadly tumors that disappear and healers who succeed just by laying hands on the afflicted; from people who can predict unexpected events to so-called mediums and those who can allegedly see and speak with the dead. These books, led by an eminent scholar who serves as series editor for the Praeger series Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality, examine miracles of body, mind, and spirit, presenting the most recent research and writing on these uncommon events, aiming to bring hard science to some of the most persistent and peculiar phenomena associated with the human race. Can science, psychology, and biology explain miracles? This three-volume set attempts to answer that question, presenting the latest, as well as classic, thinking and research regarding miracles from fields that include psychology, psychiatry, theology, biology, and history. From news of a crippled woman who left her wheelchair and walked after an evangelist prayed over her, to stories of people who died on the operating table only to be revived to tell of bright lights and the pathway to the afterlife, we've all heard of what seem miraculous events. They have surfaced across history. They range from stigmata and bleeding icons to deadly tumors that disappear, and healers who succeed just by laying hands on the afflicted; from people who can predict unexpected events to so-called mediums and those who can allegedly see and speak with the dead. Some miracles are intricately tied to religious beliefs, but there are millions of people who ascribe to no particular religion, yet still believe that things happen that defy all laws of nature, and thus defy scientific explanation. In these books, eminent scholar J. Harold Ellens and his team of expert contributors examine miracles of body, mind, and spirit, presenting the most recent research and writing on these uncommon events as they aim to bring hard science to some of the most persistent—and peculiar—phenomena associated with the human race.
The Acts of the Apostles
Author: Ben Witherington
Publisher: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing
This groundbreaking commentary is the first to provide a detailed social and rhetorical analysis of the book of Acts. Ben Witherington draws on the best new insights from a number of disciplines to provide readers with the benefits of recent innovative ways of analyzing the text of Acts. In addition, Witherington gives detailed attention to major theological and historical issues, including the question of the relationship of Acts to the Pauline letters, the question of early Christian history and how the church grew and developed, the relationship between early Judaism and early Christianity, and the relationship between Christians and the officials of the Roman Empire.
Chasers of the Light
Poems from the Typewriter Series
The epic made simple. The miracle in the mundane. One day, while browsing an antique store in Helena, Montana, photographer Tyler Knott Gregson stumbled upon a vintage Remington typewriter for sale. Standing up and using a page from a broken book he was buying for $2, he typed a poem without thinking, without planning, and without the ability to revise anything. He fell in love. Three years and almost one thousand poems later, Tyler is now known as the creator of the Typewriter Series: a striking collection of poems typed onto found scraps of paper or created via blackout method. Chasers of the Light features some of his most insightful and beautifully worded pieces of work—poems that illuminate grand gestures and small glimpses, poems that celebrate the beauty of a life spent chasing the light.
George W. Dameron
Florence and Its Church in the Age of Dante
Author: George W. Dameron
Publisher: University of Pennsylvania Press
By the early fourteenth century, the city of Florence had emerged as an economic power in Tuscany, surpassing even Siena, which had previously been the banking center of the region. In the space of fifty years, during the lifetime of Dante Alighieri, 1265-1321, Florence had transformed itself from a political and economic backwater—scarcely keeping pace with its Tuscan neighbors—to one of the richest and most influential places on the continent. While many historians have focused on the role of the city's bankers and merchants in achieving these rapid transformations, in Florence and Its Church in the Age of Dante, George W. Dameron emphasizes the place of ecclesiastical institutions, communities, and religious traditions. While by no means the only factors to explain Florentine ascension, no account of this period is complete without considering the contributions of the institutional church. In Florence, economic realities and spiritual yearnings intersected in mysterious ways. A busy grain market on a site where a church once stood, for instance, remained a sacred place where many gathered to sing and pray before a painted image of the Virgin Mary, as well as to conduct business. At the same time, religious communities contributed directly to the economic development of the diocese in the areas of food production, fiscal affairs, and urban development, while they also provided institutional leadership and spiritual guidance during a time of profound uncertainty. Addressing such issues as systems of patronage and jurisdictional rights, Dameron portrays the working of the rural and urban church in all of its complexity. Florence and Its Church in the Age of Dante fills a major gap in scholarship and will be of particular interest to medievalists, church historians, and Italianists.
Reiki with Gemstones
Delicious Dips
Kawasaki 750 Air-Cooled Fours (80 - 91)
Postcards from Stanland: Journeys in Central Asia
Blake's 7 - The Liberator Chronicles: Volume 12
Bond 11+: English: Focus on Writing
Frederica in Fashion
Divided Minds
Tangle Journey
Yoga For Emotional Balance
One Piece, Vol. 77
Home-made Pickles, Chutneys and Relishes
Dixieland Delight
The Activator Method
Signing Naturally, Level 2 (Workbook DVD)
Enchanting Australia
Collins Japanese Visual Dictionary
The Proper Care and Feeding of Marriage
For Just One Day
Just One Damned Thing After Another
Black Bullet, Vol. 7 (light novel)
Fiancée for Hire (Front and Center series Book 2)
Blood Work Bookmark Pack 20
Spirit Animals: Book 2: Hunted
The Politics of Down Syndrome
Smell of Football
Singing Phonics 2
Every Day with ADHD
Gwyn y Mans - Hunangofiant Gwyn Elfyn
Mushrooms of Northeastern North America
Chasing the Devil
Kawaii Polymer Clay Creations
NKJV, Holy Bible, eBook
OS Emparedados de Santa Cruz
My First Bilingual Book–Clothes (English–French)
Get to Know Horse Breeds
Two on a Tower
Custom Knits Accessories
Strobe Edge, Vol. 4
Yam Yz125-490 85-90
Small Engine Repair Up to 20 Hp
Death from the Skies!
The Japanese Grill
Letters of Jane Austen, Volume 1...
Never Wink at a Worried Woman
Fever Pitch 10 Copy Shrinkwrap
Everyday Evaluation on the Run
Plume: Poems (Pacific Northwest Poetry Series)
Energy and Security
Harry Potter 6 Harry Potter i Ksiaze Polkrwi
Fifty Shades Trilogy
Qar Comprehension Lessons: Grades 4-5
Spellbound Falls
Delegating Work
The Change 7: Insights Into Self-empowerment
Midland Red Style

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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North Korea's military chief reportedly executed
The chief of North Korea's military has been executed by order of the country's leader, Kim Jong-Un, according to reports.
General Ri Yong-Gil, chief of the General Staff of the Korean People's Army, was killed last week after being accused of corruption and other charges of pursuing personal gains, sources told the Yonhap agency.
"Ri Yong-Gil is known to have been faithful to principles, so it appears the North cited (the charges) to justify his execution," one source said.
The general was put to death around the time Kim was chairing a joint meeting of the North's ruling Workers' Party and the military, they said.


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Guide to Menopause: Symptoms & Treatments
Understanding Menopause and How it is Treated
Most women have many questions about menopause. These include when it will happen, as well as what to expect with regard to symptoms and whether or not there are effective ways to treat such symptoms.
A woman's reproductive system undergoes changes as early as age 35, when the ovaries begin to get smaller. Once this occurs, they produce less progesterone and estrogen each month. These changes accelerate over the next 10 years, affecting a woman's menstrual cycle in a variety of ways.
Perimenopause is considered the transition into menopause, and usually lasts anywhere from two to eight years. Once a woman hits menopause, which is earmarked by the fact that she has gone 12 consecutive months without her monthly cycle, she has officially reached menopause and can no longer become pregnant.
A woman's menopause age cannot be predicted, only estimated. For example, the average woman transitions into menopause in her early 40s and enters natural menopause at 50 or 51 years of age, at which point her menstrual cycle often abruptly stops.
However, there are many factors that affect how soon a woman enters menopause, such as the age of her first menstrual cycle, how many children, if any, she has had, whether or not they were breast-fed, the type of birth control she uses, and genetics. Of all these factors, heredity is actually the strongest indicator: most women enter menopause the same year–or within a few years of the date–that their mother entered menopause.
Menopause Signs and Symptoms: What to Expect
In addition to the absence of a menstrual cycle, various psychological and physical signs and symptoms occur that herald a woman's transition to menopause. The majority of symptoms are related to progesterone, estrogen and testosterone levels. Brain cells, skin cells and even the pH balance of the digestive system are sensitive to these hormones.
All women experience menopause differently, and therefore, symptoms vary significantly from one woman to the next. However, the signs of menopause most women can anticipate include one or more of the following:
• Night sweats or hot flashes
• Insomnia
• Increased body fat and loss of muscle
• Aching joints
• Moodiness
• Thinning hair on head
• More facial hair
• Mental fog and forgetfulness
• Increased or decreased appetite
• Change in feelings about sex
The aforementioned symptoms usually occur at a gradual pace. However, women who have induced menopause may have a more intense or sudden onset of symptoms. A good example of this is women who have had a hysterectomy that included an oophorectomy, during which the ovaries were surgically removed.
Treating Menopause Symptoms
There is a broad range of treatments for menopause symptoms, ranging from synthetic hormones to natural remedies. Many women prefer natural treatments, as there is less possibility of side effects where such remedies are concerned.
Exercise is considered one of the most important things a woman can do to stay healthy throughout her life, and exercise is essential for menopausal women. Regular aerobic and strength training exercise sessions can help reduce and prevent bone loss, as well as lower a woman's risk for certain types of cancer, Type II Diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Thirty minutes of moderately intense exercise at least three times a week is recommended. Examples of this include dancing, jogging, or brisk walking.
Beginning at 50 years of age, it is recommended that women supplement their diet with 800 IU of vitamin D3, 1500 mg of calcium, and 40 IU of vitamin E once daily to maintain bone health and prevent osteoporosis. However, it is important to stick to recommended doses and not "overdo it" with any particular vitamin.
Supplements for Menopause
There are also several natural supplements that a woman may wish to consider using to control symptoms such as hot flashes and mood swings.
Phytoestrogens such as red clover–a natural herb–have been reviewed positively with regard to their ability to reduce hot flashes and help with mental fog. Black cohosh is also somewhat effective in reducing the symptoms of menopause, and is the primary ingredient in supplemental formulas such as Estroven. Evening Primrose oil and Dong Quai are also popular menopause supplements, although studies have not yet been completed to determine their exact effectiveness.
Another safe, effective and unique supplement for menopause is Amberen, the latter of which is a proprietary succinate blend that also contains vitamin E, minerals and amino acids. It is patented in the United States where it has been researched for multiple decades. In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study on human females, it was shown to be effective and safe when used for menopause symptoms according to the manufacturer's instructions. As of 2018, no serious side effects have been reported with Amberen.
Few women go through life without at least some symptoms of menopause, but by following a healthy diet, exercising and using natural supplements, these symptoms can often be greatly reduced. As always, one should speak to a licensed healthcare practitioner prior to adding any new vitamin or supplement to her diet.
Categories Health Tags menopause, menstrual cycle, women's health, women's reproductive health Post navigation
Osteoporosis: Symptoms and Treatment Options
Best SUVs of 2018
Celeb Facts - Fashion Brands Actually Owned By Celebrities
Actor Kate Hudson co-founded the activewear line Fabletics in 2013, whose mission is to support women in leading healthy lifestyles. The line is rooted in a subscription-based service and includes workout essentials like leggings and sneakers. CNBC reported in 2018 that Fabletics was planning to open 75 more stores in the U.S. and overseas.
Lauren Conrad launched a line of clothing called LC by Lauren Conrad that's sold exclusively at Kohls. The line branched off to include a Disney Couture line so adults can wear their favorite Disney inspired pieces and still look professional. She's also the brain behind Paper Crown and The Little Market.
Not only is Reese Witherspoon, an award-winning actor and the head of a production company, but in 2015 she launched Draper James. Draper James is a clothing and homewares company that designs Southern-style pieces. Pieces range from $98 up to just over $200 for a dress.
Established in 2007 by Full House stars turned style icons, Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen, created their own fashion line Elizabeth and James, named after the twins' younger siblings. The clothing line focuses on sweaters, dresses, tops, and pants. They take casual pieces and then modify and modernize them.
Vanderpump Rules star Kristen Doute transitioned into fashion by starting James Mae, a '70s-inspired rock-band graphic-tee clothing line named after her niece and nephew. Most tops run between $30 and $45. Some are designed with mottos that reflect her vegan lifestyle; others branch out into off-the-shoulder, embroidered, cropped blouses.


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Motor sport and football to join forces at the ROC World Cup
20 Jun 2014 Posted by Cheryl Tay
The Race Of Champions launches brand new competitions to coincide with football's Euro 2016 and the 2018 FIFA World Cup
Frankfurt's Commerzbank Arena will host proceedings, which will include a Fan Festival lasting throughout the month-long football tournaments
The centrepiece of ROC Euro and the ROC World Cup will be a race between drivers from the world's big football powers like Germany, France, England and Italy
The summer events will be held in addition to the annual end-of-season Race Of Champions, with the 2014 venue to be announced shortly
The Race Of Champions and Frankfurt's Commerzbank Arena will bring motor sport and football together under the same roof at two all-new events to coincide with Euro 2016 and the 2018 FIFA World Cup.
The centrepiece of the month-long festivities will be a race featuring past and present drivers from the world's big football nations such as Germany, France, England, Italy, Spain and Brazil. The format will be based on the annual end-of-year ROC Nations Cup with head-to-head racing in identical cars – but seeing what happens when you take some of football's biggest rivalries and transfer them from the pitch to ROC's unique parallel racetrack.
The Frankfurt venue will also host a series of motor sport-related events lasting for the duration of the football tournaments including a Fan Festival with entertainment, music and exhibition stands plus karting and drive days. The Commerzbank Arena will be 'the place to go' to watch the big matches on a 400sqm mega screen inside the stadium, which is already the best-known public viewing arena in Germany.
The Race Of Champions is an annual end-of-season competition that brings together the world's greatest drivers from motor sport's main disciplines – including Formula 1, World Rally, Le Mans, MotoGP, Nascar, IndyCar, Touring Cars and the X-Games – and sets them free to battle head-to-head in identical machinery.
The Host for the 2014 event will be nominated in the near future and details about the venue will be announced in the coming weeks.
Susie Wolff is first female to compete in Race of Champions 2013
Juventus vs. Singapore match early bird offer available until Friday
New Nürburgring record* set by MICHELIN Pilot Sport Cup 2 and new Mégane R.S. 275 Trophy-R
Cadets steal the show at Singapore Karting Championship Round 1


What is Tonsillitis? Many people suffer from throat fatigue due to tonsil problems. Although tonsil problems are all age, tonsil infection is a little more common in children. This infection of tonsil known in medical terms as tonsillitis or tonsillitis.
Tonsil is one of the things that seen as a round trunk on both sides of the neck of the wall behind the tongue. Tonsil made of lenticular art or lymphoid tissue, but it looks like musk. It is called the mouthpiece of the face, as police guard two tonsils on both sides of the face. This tumor prevents the bacteria from entering the bowel or stomach with mouth, throat, nose or sinus.
Tonsil creates immunity in the body. But when this tonsil falls ill itself, it needs to be treated; it is necessary to remove it after surgery. Do not cause any harm to the body if you drop the tonsil by the operation because it is better not to keep any damaged things in the body.
Besides, there are many more prominent organs in the body to create immunity; they will do this work. Tonsil does not have a particular job to create disease prevention in adults.
Typically tonsils are usually infected with a viral infection. The viruses responsible for colds and coughs do this work. Apart from the bacteria caused by bacteria, especially the streptococcus bacteria, the tonsils of inflammation are produced. Tonsile infection or tonsillitis can occur at any age. It is seen more in childhood, but it is also done for the elderly.
Problems with swelling of the tonsil will be painful; there will be difficulty in swallowing. There will be little fever in the body. Sometimes the voice of the voice changes, there is bad breath. There may be a reluctance to take the baby's food or water from the nose. For many, gland appears to swell beyond the throat. Tonsil inflammation increases viral tonsillitis, so the symptoms appear gradually. On the other hand, bacteriogenic tonsillitis attacks severely. As a result, signs of sudden abnormalities suddenly appear.
Tonsil's treatment depends on factors. If it is due to bacteria, then the patient has to give proper antibiotics. If the virus is cured within five to seven days for the infection, then it is treated according to the symptoms. Although the symptoms go away after treatment, it takes some time to reduce the size of the tonsil. Tonsil may have the other shape for several months.
The world's leading experts are currently in the state of Tonsil operation.
Tonsil suffers from sleeping or nose if it is significant for sleeping.
If there is more difficulty in swallowing or eating.
Also, after five to seven times in a year, two years or two years or twice in two years, three years after the injection of the tonsil, the operation is called.
Once the boil or powders are in the tonsils.
After six months of proper treatment, the disease does not have to be cured.
Many people are afraid to talk about children's tonsil operations. There is nothing to fear in the tunnel operation. Many people ask if there will be any problem in the future if the operation? The answer is the operation to overcome the issue of the tonsil and to prevent future complications such as tonsil infections; the process is done. So there is no problem in future to drop the tonsil.
Because of repeated infections of tonsils, there is an infection in the area around the tonsil, especially the strong nerves, cervix, sinus, and mine.
If the tonsil is too large, it is difficult to take a baby's food and breathe, call the baby nose. This effect of the child's regular illness is a hindrance to the physical and mental development of the child.
Rheumatic fever or rheumatism is often responsible for the transmission of beta-hemolytic streptococcus bacterial Tonsil.
Therefore, proper treatment should be given to children if there is a tuning infection.


text:
Ross Stalker
Web3 is not Decentralisation — it's a Ploy to put Crypto Bros in Charge
"You Say To People 'Throw Off Your Chains' And They Make New Chains For Themselves?" — Dorfl, from Feet of Clay by Terry Pratchett
In very basic terms, here's what happens when you access content on the Web. Your device queries a DNS server — most people just use the one chosen by their ISP, but there are others — for the address of the web server. Then your device contacts the web server to request the content. Each web server is its own self-contained system and they come in many different forms and configurations.
A key aspect of this ecosystem is that each part is interchangeable. With the exception of the backbone of the Internet itself, nothing about the infrastructure of the Web is so fundamental as to be irreplaceable. Ever since the 'browser wars' of the late 90s, Web users and developers have rejected the formation of technological monopolies and gatekeepers in favour of a neutral network on which systems are interoperable through voluntary adoption of standards. This philosophy has given us a Web which is diverse and resilient.
But there is a new movement for technological monopolisation in our midst, and it's one that is, alarmingly, receiving a lot of uncritical acceptance. Although it's driven by the pursuit of profit, its advocates are insidiously non-corporate. Like prior attempts at technological monopolisation, those shilling it claim that it will bring innovation and a better experience for Web users, and derisively portray their critics as ignorant technophobes. But unlike those prior attempts, they co-opt the language of anti-corporatism and digital freedoms, cynically carving out a space in the current zeitgeist around concerns over the way social media and big tech operates.
'Web 3.0' used to refer to the fairly inoffensive concept of the Semantic Web, technologies that make Web content more machine-readable. However, the term is now almost exclusively used to refer to the completely unrelated idea of putting anything and everything onto blockchains. It's commonly concatenated to 'Web3' and found alongside crypto-speak like NFT, self-sovereignty, smart contracts, DAO and DeFi.
In its most basic implementation, Web3 entails replacing the database portion of a web server stack with storing data on a blockchain instead. More ambitious Web3 advocates want to see everything, even the DNS routing, move onto blockchain, with no more web servers and all data instead processed via cryptocurrency transactions.
Imagine if someone were to suggest that all web infrastructure should share the same database. That would rightly be seen as an absurd idea — but that's what Web3 advocates are essentially suggesting. A blockchain is a distributed append-only database, spread across multiple nodes, but it is still one single database. In the name of decentralisation, Web3 advocates in fact seek to create a new form of centralisation around the blockchain.
Web3 advocates may respond at this point that there are several different blockchain platforms to choose from. This is true, but unlike on a web server where the developer can choose their own software stack and migrate the data if they want to use a different stack, if someone were to disagree with how a blockchain project is being run the best they could do is to try and fork it, and convince enough nodes to use their fork to keep the network running. Once you are tied into a particular blockchain, it's not meant to be easy to leave — that's the whole value proposition for the holders of the cryptocurrency tokens that users of the chain need to buy. The promise of decentralisation is just a veneer — blockchain is in fact the worst kind of vendor lock-in.
Of course, Web3 advocates don't consider blockchains to be a service provided by vendors. But just because cryptocurrency has given individuals a way to conduct commerce without the traditional legal structure of a business, that doesn't make them anticapitalist libertines. It just makes their business less accountable. The idea of the Decentralised Autonomous Organisation that runs itself by consensus, where nobody is really in charge, is illusory. Some individuals will always find a way to be more influential, whether that's through money, connections or rhetoric. A DAO doesn't change this simple fact of life; it simply hides it with a new layer of obfuscation.
If you are concerned about how many people consume information solely through the lens of Facebook or YouTube's algorithms, or about how much cloud server capacity is concentrated in Amazon Web Services, you are right to be. But these are issues with the culture of the Web, not the infrastructure. Alternatives to these services already exist. Moving social media onto a blockchain does not do anything to prevent it from being mismanaged. Requests being handled by a network of blockchain nodes instead of by web servers doesn't mean that nobody is in charge of the system — it's just makes whoever ends up in charge virtually unaccountable.
If blockchain technology becomes foundational to the Web's infrastructure, it will be the beginning of the end of freedom of choice online. Imagine if the only road leading to your house was a toll road. If we need to transact with blockchain to use the Web, then the cryptocurrency holders become the toll road operators. The first wide-scale experiment in delivering services with Web3, NFT marketplaces, has abjectly failed to provide anything of value apart from the facilitation of money laundering. We should not hand anything of real importance over to these self-serving grifters, who claim to be motivated by the preservation of our digital freedoms but in actuality just want to create a captive market for their crypto tokens.
More from Ross Stalker
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text:
Matthew Davison
See all ADVFN authors
Obama vs Romney: The Policies
04 Sep 2012 @ 18:40
With the Republican National Convention over we are starting to get a clearer, if still vague in a way befitting of Clint Eastwood's speech, view of the the Romney/Ryan ticket's economic platform. However, in the days since the the convention, conservatives have been very vocal in lending support to the GOP candidates for President and […]
What impacts will hosting the Olympics have on long-term tourism and job creation?
17 Aug 2012 @ 00:21
As the afterglow of the 2012 London Olympics begins to fade, the UK capital is hoping to take advantage of the recent exposure to radically boost tourism. Despite rumours that the Olympics turned people off from the idea of visiting London, Culture Secretary Jeremy Hunt claims the long-term tourism trends will be much more telling […]
Standard Chartered Crisis Timeline
Standard Chartered (LSE:STAN) is a global bank offering financial services in nearly 70 countries. Although headquartered in London, the bank is heavily involved in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. The banking firm often provides its services in developing countries with emerging markets. This business strategy made it one of the best performing banks during […]
Virgin Rail loses contract to FirstGroup
After 15 years of operating the West Coast Rail Line from London to Scotland, Virgin Rail lost its government contract to FirstGroup (LSE:FGP). Reports claim FirstGroup offered the Department for Transport £5.5 billion for the 13-year contract, outbidding Virgin Rail by £750 million. Since the announcement, FirstGroup's share price has dropped due to speculation that […]
Will Barclays' change their public perception with the appointment of Sir David Walker?
Last week, Barclays (LSE:BARC) officially announced the appointment of Sir David Walker as its new chairman. He will become one of the bank's directors on 1 September and replace current Chairman Marcus Agius on 1 November. Sir David Walker has extensive experience in investment banking as well as government and regulations. He has spent time […]
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With the release of the official July 2012 Retail Price Index, rail passengers can now calculate how much more they will be paying on average for the same tickets. Excluding Northern Ireland, where fares are not related to RPI, rail users will experience higher prices throughout the UK come 1 January 2013. While RPI is […]
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Supreme Court approves ObamaCare and stocks rise. What impact will the uncertain Presidential election have on the market? Register for a free ADVFN account and gain access to real-time stock charts, streaming prices, information and data and follow ObamaCare's and the 2012 Presidential race's impact on the market. After the United States Supreme Court ruled […]
Genesee and Wyoming acquires RailAmerica; Share Price Rises
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Several law firms are launching investigations into Genesee and Wyoming's (NYSE:GWR) acquisition of RailAmerica (NYSE:RA). The investigation seeks to resolve whether RailAmerica's board appropriately searched for a deal that would provide the best value for its shareholders before agreeing to terms with GWI. The current deal with GWI would pay shareholders $27.50 per share, an...
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Home>Training & Development>How to optimally use eLearning for Employee training?
Training is one of the most essential elements of employee management in any organization.
And while you might be considering many different ways of training your employees right, some tricks and tips can always add a great deal to the overall process.
eLearning is one of those ways. But then, how to exactly use eLearning for that?
Keep reading. This post will tell you all there is to know about using eLearing for employee training.
How to scale Employee training by optimizing the use of eLearning?
While an eLearning programme would help your employees perform better, it's your responsibility to craft a programme that can actually do that.
Moving further, here's a bunch of things that you can do for that.
Following steps will help you create a really scalable online training program.
Create a pilot program: Before you actually invest organizational resources for expanding a concept, you need proof that it works.
For that proof, a pilot program would always help you. Create a small program for testing and validation and see how things go. This will provide you with intelligence about what your next step should be.
Validate the pilot program: Moving further, you can roll out the pilot program department by department.
Once the program is introduced to all departments and has been functional for a while, you can ask for feedback about the same. This feedback will help you decide whether to validate or discard the pilot program.
Also, this will help you better your pilot program.
Fix the loopholes: The next step down the process, fix the areas which need a fix.
After you've run a pilot program for a while, you'd have feedback from different departments. This step will update you about the issues and drawbacks that the pilot program had.
Your best bet here is to fix those issues and move ahead.
Choose the right LMS: Last but never the least, choosing the right employee training software is crucial for every organization looking forward to crafting an eLearning course.
But how to choose the right LMS?
Easier said than done, picking the right LMS will always help. But what is the right kind of LMS?
True that not every software is similar. All learning management systems have different factors which make them good for a particular niche. To help you with those, here we mention some of those questions that you need to ask yourself while picking the right LMS.
Is it stable and reliable? First things first, you need to know if your choice of LMS is stable and reliable or if it'll crash when you'll expand from a small pilot program to serving thousands and thousands of your employees globally.
Can it handle data well? The next thing you need to know about the LMS that you are going to pick if it can handle data adequately. Scaling your employee training programs is going to be tough with an LMS that can't handle data.
Can you quickly add and manage users and content with it?
Does it provide quality support? As you start looking for a good LMS for your industry and business, you will come across options offering good features. Before falling for those, make sure that they come with quality customer support.
This is one way of ensuring that you don't have to face too much trouble while working on that particular LMS.
A learning management system is a great tool for optimizing your organization's employee training programs. To make it actually work that way, you need to know what exactly to do.
With this post, we tried to discuss some points which can help you get there. We hope this was helpful.


The side-channel pumps are selfpriming and operate more economically (better efficiency) than normal centrifugal pumps when handling low flows and high heads.
Due to these facts, the side-channel pumps are appropriate to solve many pumping problems in industrial processes. They can be used for almost all liquids which are free of any abrasive solids and of suitable viscosity. Application limit for selfpriming design is 115 cSt.
diameter of max 2,5 m (8.2 ft). The design of the pumps allows an installation directly on the dome cover. That means, suction lift is only slightly above the tank diameter and the suction pipe can be kept short.
The maximum allowable operating pressures are 6 bar(PN6) and 10 bar (PN16), the maximum operating temperatures are 100°C (212°F).
The WPV-types are single stage, single flow, selfpriming Inline-pumps. The opposite located suction- and discharge flanges have identical nominal diameters. The pump consists of the socket, the suction and pressure disc, the bearing housing with mechanical seal and the impeller.
For the sizes 25/35/40 a design with oval flanges PN6 and impeller arrangement without SiC-rings is available.
The hydraulically balanced side-channel impeller is keyed to the extended motor shaft and located in a chamber between the socket and the suction and pressure disc. To achieve selfpriming capability, best efficiency and differential pressure, tight clearances between the rotating impeller and the stationary pump parts are required.
To avoid seizing of the impeller due to the tight internal clearances, the pumps are fitted with additional wear resistant SiC-rings. The SiC-rings are placed in the suction and pressure disc as well as in the impeller hub. The impeller is pushed concentric to the ring in the disc by the spring and the support ring. With this design, a clearance is guaranteed between impeller vanes and the stationary parts. Metallic contact between the parts and seizing is excluded.


text:
Galland and Schnapper: Citizen conventions and representative democracy, Part 1
Posted on December 17, 2020 by Yoram Gat
Olivier Galland, sociologist at the CNRS, and Dominique Schnapper, researcher at the EHESS and an honorary member of the Constitutional Council, write in Telos.
Parliamentary institutions are the only legitimate institutions for enacting legislation and for government oversight. Under what conditions could those institutions be complemented by the involvement in the public space of groups of citizens which would work for a period of time in order to come to know in an informed and open-minded way the dimensions of a political problem and which would publish the results of their deliberations?
This question is part of a general ambition for some form of democratization to which the institutions of the Republic are responding poorly at the moment. Dominique Rousseau advocates a "continuous democracy" while Rosanvallon advocates for a "counter-democracy". But neither of them poses the problem in a way that appears to us just or practicable.
It may be accepted that low turnout rates are an indicator of the weakening of the legitimacy of the parliament and of government, or, put differently, that we are experiencing a crisis of representation. It is thus not out of the question to reflect on forms of citizen consultation which would inform the public discussion between elections. These would share the space that is now left solely to the media, to social networks and to unaccountable citizens who are not particularly informed and who make their opinion known, for example, wherever information is transmitted or even through the device of opinion polls.
But the experience of the Citizen Climate Convention shows that it is important to strictly circumscribe the function and the direction of such a project because "citizen conventions", in contrast to other means of public debate, adopt the forms of representative assemblies. Even the term "convention" connotes the great American or French conventions which were charged in the past with writing the constitutions of democratic modernity. All of that may lead to dangerous consequences, namely it may contribute to the replacement of the legitimate institutions of the representative republic.
Some strict conditions must be specified regarding:
1. the composition and the selection of those in charge of organizing the "convention" and the method of selection of the participant, starting with a random drawing (150 people from an electoral body of 40 million). Regarding the first point, the political authority which selects the organizers bears a great responsibility. In fact, the work of the convention may be directed in a partisan way if the choice of those who define its framework is partisan. Activists must be avoided and a certain balance between points of view must be respected.
Regarding the selection of allotted convention members: this choice is inevitably biased by the simple fact that the members are volunteers, and are therefore more interested, more motivated and have more well-formed ideas on the issue than normal people. In order to limit this bias, it is necessary first to assess it and therefore to collect the available information about the characteristics of those who refuse participate and, if possible, their reasons. It is possible at a minimum to have those initially selected answer a short questionnaire regarding the issues at hand. That would allow to assess the selection bias associated, not with socio-demographic characteristics, but with opinions and to subsequently try to correct for those biases by modifying the composition of the sample according to those results.
But it is unlikely that such bias will be completely eliminated because no one can be forced to participate. It is in any case indispensable to understand the magnitude of the bias which may limit the range of the conclusions which convention may reach. In addition, even if the sample is statistically representative, it must not be forgotten that it does not enjoy the representative status granted by free elections, which rests on a conscious choice of the citizens requires a program and political will. The nature of statistical representation is different from that of political representation.
Filed under: Academia, Press, Sortition |
« Call for 2020 review input Sortition in 2020 »
Simon Threlkeld, on December 17, 2020 at 10:38 pm said:
This article is a good example of foolishness and sophistries in regard to democracy through allotted bodies.
From the article: "Parliamentary institutions are the only legitimate institutions for enacting legislation and for government oversight."
Presumably the author has not heard of the ballot initiative and veto referendum, which the public regard as legitimate institutions for respectively enacting and vetoing legislation in every jurisdiction that has them.
Presumably the author has also not heard of the judiciary, which is generally seen as legitimate by the public, and which plays a significant role in government oversight, and in effect in creating legislation based on how they interpret the constitution and other laws.
From the article: "if the sample is statistically representative, it must not be forgotten that it does not enjoy the representative status granted by free elections, which rests on a conscious choice of the citizens requires a program and political will. The nature of statistical representation is different from that of political representation."
What kind of "representative status" do "free elections" provide, if any? The majority views of Americans are quite different from the public policies Americans get and do not get from elected politicians. If by "representative" we mean representative of the views of Americans then US legislatures are unrepresentative, not representative. As the title of Lawrence Lessig's book from last year has it, "they don't represent us."
Statistical representation is representative of the views and concerns of the public that it statistically represents. Unlike Donald Trump, Joe Biden and Congress, statistically representative juries of the public actually would represent the public with regard to representing our views and concerns.
However, merely representing uninformed, poorly informed and misinformed public opinion is not enough, because informed views are a far better basis for decisions, good public policy and good governance. It is only through juries/minipublics/allotted-bodies that public policy can be based on the informed views of the public.
Electoral democracy, as it is called, is not suited for representing the views of the public, nor for representing the informed views of the public. There are all kinds of fairly obvious reasons why this is so.
Oliver Milne, on December 18, 2020 at 11:30 am said:
"All of that may lead to dangerous consequences, namely it may contribute to the replacement of the legitimate institutions of the representative republic" – we can but hope!
keithsutherland, on December 18, 2020 at 12:29 pm said:
The authors' concerns strike me as eminently reasonable, particularly their anxiety about voluntarism. And the distinction that they end with (between statistical and political representation) is straight from Pitkin. Have you read it yet Oliver?
Oliver Milne, on December 18, 2020 at 1:47 pm said:
Not yet! I have the German Basic Law and a few books on civil-military relations to get through first. It's on my bookshelf though!
As for the article, Galland's concerns about the assembly form are legitimate when it is put up against a better-thought-through superminority system. His point of contrast, though, is the elected assembly, which is subject to equivalent or worse problems. And of course I don't share your overriding concern with representation being the only source of normative governmental legitimacy. If an assembly-based system can gain and deserve the public's trust then it's legitimate – it doesn't seem like the best possible system for that, but I wouldn't rule out that an assembly-based system could be an improvement on existing electoral democracies.
keithsutherland, on December 18, 2020 at 2:14 pm said:
Given the law of unintended consequences (unknown unknowns as Rumsfeld put it) we just don't know how it's going to work out in practice, so it's unwise to rely on "might" or "could be". The authors (rightly) claim that citizens' conventions don't even work in terms of democratic theory, but you do need to read Pitkin's book to see why.
Yoram Gat, on December 18, 2020 at 8:20 pm said:
The idea of getting input from those who decline to participate seems very justified. But instead of attempting to use this input in some sort of a scheme for de-biasing the convention's proposals, the useful way to go would be to use it to understand why people turn down the offered slots. The answers could be very helpful in improving the system and pushing acceptance rates toward 100%.
Simon Threlkeld, on December 20, 2020 at 3:36 am said:
I agree with Keith that the authors' anxiety about voluntarism is valid.
I also agree with Yoram re finding out why people decline to serve in order to increase the portion of those sampled who will voluntarily serve.
Fishkin's deliberative polls try to deal with the voluntarism issue by stratified sampling re characteristics such as age and education, and also opinions, so that deliberative polls will be a representative cross-section even if many decline to serve. (That is not so say that deliberative polls never have a high portion of those who are sampled volunteering to serve, as was the case with the deliberative poll on the Mongolian constitution.)
The voluntarism issue can also of course be addressed by making service on such things as legislative juries quasi-mandatory.
Supporters of electoral oligarchy are often unaware that some of their criticisms of sortition apply more to electoral oligarchy than to sortition.
Electoral oligarchy (referred to in the article as "the only legitimate institutions for enacting legislation and for government oversight") has very serious voluntarism problems, far more serious than those of a well-designed system of sortition, in my view.
Those who vote in general elections are in most countries volunteers, and are very unrepresentative of the public. The lower the voter turn-out the less representative they tend to be.
Those who volunteer to vote in America's primary elections are even more unrepresentative of the public. As are those who vote in party processes for nominating candidates in Canada, and elsewhere. Although casting ballots in general elections in Australia is quasi-mandatory, that is not so with regard to choosing the candidates who run as party nominees in such elections (thus Australia's general elections are not at all free from distorting effect of voluntarism).
Those who choose to run for public office are also volunteers, and are very unrepresentative of the public. Also, as Terry, who has spent two decades as an elected official, keeps trying to educate us about, they are for the most a highly undesirable portion of people for deciding public policy and legislation.
A further voluntarism problem is who contributes money to election campaigns. They are always a very unrepresentative portion of the public.
Voluntarism problems are endemic to electoral oligarchy, and are I think one of the good reasons why elected politicians should not decide laws, and why they should not be chosen by popular election.
A further interesting fact is that Athenian representative democracy was very much characterized by voluntarism. The allotted bodies were chosen by lottery from those who volunteered to serve, and the fraction of citizens who attended each session of the Assembly were also volunteers. Yet, despite this pervasive voluntarism the allotted bodies and the Assembly were considered to represent the demos. The decisions of the Assembly were even said to be the decisions of the demos (even though the Assembly was never attended by more than about 6,000 of the 20,000 to 50,000 or so Athenian citizens).
The Athenians addressed the voluntarism problem by paying citizens to serve on allotted bodies and for attending the Assembly, something which helped make it more possible for everyone who wished to serve to do so.
Recently, when I observed that those who vote in popular elections are unrepresentative of the public, a friend replied that they had chosen not to vote. I think the idea is that if people freely choose not to vote none of their rights are being violated, and they have simply chosen to leave political decisions to those who wish to participate. She did not seem to think "the oligarchy of the enthusiastic" or the "oligarchy of those who opt to participate" was a problem. (I don't agree that it is not a problem, but it looks like the Athenians might have agreed with her.)
Yoram Gat, on December 20, 2020 at 11:11 am said:
Yes – obviously, any "anxiety" expressed by electoralists regarding the potential unrepresentativity of the allotted is no more than an excuse for their own elitist prejudices.
Simon:> Electoral oligarchy . . . has very serious voluntarism problems.
Electoral turnouts of 30-60% are an order of magnitude more representative than the 3-4% average for sortition projects.
>I think the idea is that if people freely choose not to vote none of their rights are being violated.
In the electoral example the representation principle is choice, whereas in the sortition example the principle is resemblance. This requires the sample to be an accurate portrait in miniature of the target population and we both agree that voluntarism generates a skewed sample. This was less of a problem to the Athenians as the ratio between the voluntary jury pool and the whole citizen body was several orders of magnitude lower than in the modern example and their culture was more homogeneous.
Yoram:> obviously, any "anxiety" expressed by electoralists regarding the potential unrepresentativity of the allotted is no more than an excuse for their own elitist prejudices.
Why so? Their assumption is that voluntarism is a statistically significant population parameter, in the same way as age, gender, income etc. You have suggested that if the allotted assembly has genuine powers and participants are well rewarded then this will ensure a very high acceptance rate. It's plausible that if the bribe is big enough, most people will take it but that would not necessarily lead to proactive participation in the sort of full-mandate assembly you are advocating. The alternative to your structural perspective is that most people are not particularly interested in political participation as, to paraphrase Wilde, it takes too many evenings.
Simon Threlkeld, on December 20, 2020 at 6:22 pm said:
A further way in which voluntarism plagues popular election is that becoming informed about those who are running for public office is a voluntary spare time activity. As a result the public are in general poorly informed about the candidates and their platform. As Keith mentions citing Wilde "it takes too many evenings."
Keith:> Electoral turnouts of 30-60% are an order of magnitude more representative than the 3-4% average for sortition projects.
We agree that 3-4% is too low (at least for things like a legislative jury) and steps are needed to make it much higher. However, sortition allows options that popular election does not such as stratification so that even though younger citizens, those without university degrees and the less affluent may be much less likely to volunteer, the minipublic will still be an accurate portrait regarding those characteristics.
In addition, those who participate in choosing party nominees are of course typically much less than 30% of the public, and the same is true of those who donate money to campaigns.
Keith:> In the electoral example the representation principle is choice
Well, supposedly, but are poorly informed choices really democratic, or a desirable version of democracy and a good basis for public policy and good governance? Also, the choices are often very constrained, Biden or Trump in the US, Corbyn or Johnson in the UK along with whoever the local candidate or nincompoop is. Also, who is really doing the choosing, the voters or the donor class and the corporate media, and in the case of Corbyn, Blairite politicians and lackeys who apparently wanted him to lose? Also, who chose the party nominees, and what role do donors, party establishments and media play in who gets chosen? Also, candidates may not do what they said and may even be out and out liars and con artists making the notion of choice rather illusory. Also, voters have to choose a package deal, some of which they may like and some of which they do not (for example in regard to Biden or Johnson's track record and policy platform). Also, sometimes voters do not so much choose a candidate as they choose to vote against a candidate (for example many who voted Biden did so holding their nose in order to get rid of Trump, and many who voted from Trump in 2016 did so because they could not stand Hillary). Also, as already discussed, is a choice by 30-60% of the public the same as a choice by the public?
In short, the notion that electoral oligarchy is based on the "principle of choice" (meaning a choice by the public) is largely illusory and does not especially correspond to the reality.
Also, the principle of resemblance is of course not absent from electoral oligarchy, as for example the extent to which the general election voters, and those who vote to choose the party nominees, resemble the public as a whole matters.
Simon:> sortition allows options that popular election does not such as stratification so that even though younger citizens, those without university degrees and the less affluent may be much less likely to volunteer, the minipublic will still be an accurate portrait regarding those characteristics.
Yes that's true. My concern is that interest in political matters (which operationalises as voluntarism) is an important population parameter that would have a significant influence on policy preferences — this may well be at the root of Terry's claim that sortition is likely to lead to substantively different policy outcomes from electoralism. My hunch, broadly speaking, is that there is a correlation between lack of interest in politics and conservatism (small c) — at least that is what Michael Oakeshott believed. If this is the case then voluntary sortition is an excuse to introduce radical policies that would be rejected by a majority of ordinary voters, behind the smokescreen that these were "the people's" choice.
>the choices are often very constrained, Biden or Trump in the US, Corbyn or Johnson in the UK along with whoever the local candidate or nincompoop is.
As you know Alex and I are not trying to defend electoralism in its current incarnation. Our view is that changing the proposal threshold (the superminority principle) and leaving the disposing function to large quasi-mandatory allotted juries would bring about a democratic revival. This would address most of the objections of the authors of this article.
I would still like to know why Yoram thinks their concern with voluntarism is an excuse for their elitist prejudices.
tbouricius, on December 20, 2020 at 8:17 pm said:
Voluntarism is a concern primarily because it seems likely to be associated with other characteristics that would influence policy choices (decliners are presumably more likely to be those who have to work two jobs to get by, those suffering oppression that lowers self-esteem, entrepreneurs launching a new business, or new mothers with small babies, etc.). Ideally a democratic lottery system would remove all possible barriers to serving, combined with adequate inducements, so that it was only those who were "simply uninterested" who would decline. I favor quasi-mandatory service for final, short duration policy juries because we are along way from removing all barriers, while allowing an element of voluntarism to exist in preparatory review mini-publics with no final authority, as a way of benefitting from the diversity and sanitizing impartiality of random selection.
However, if there were exhaustive barrier removal and healthy inducements, it is not clear to me there is a fundamental democratic problem with voluntarism (as Simon points out, the original coining of the word democracy in Greece was based on a system that combined random selection with voluntarism.) Some religious sects reject participation in even voting as too "worldly." When to compulsory service become an infringement on freedom? Perhaps democracy always has and always will embrace rule by those people "willing to participate" (assuming all barriers are removed).
Terry,
> I favor quasi-mandatory service for final, short duration policy juries because we are along way from removing all barriers
Apart from the fact that forcing someone to show up is very different from getting them to participate in any meaningful way, the notion that mandatory service could be used as a temporary stop-gap measure misses the fact that mandatory service could easily become an obstacle, a fake substitute, for removing barriers for real, voluntary participation.
Terry:> Perhaps democracy always has and always will embrace rule by those people "willing to participate"
But sortition, by definition, excludes the overwhelming majority of citizens, whether or not they want to participate. This means that the representative fidelity of the sample is absolutely crucial and Simon, you and I agree that voluntarism will lead to a skewed sample. Yoram and yourself claim that this will be on account of structural barriers, whereas I would retort that most people are simply not interested in politics, they would rather go down the pub (were it not in lockdown).
>the original coining of the word democracy in Greece was based on a system that combined random selection with voluntarism.
Ancient poleis were unlike large modern states for the following reasons:
1. Size: The ratio between the jury pool and the total citizen body was lower by one or even two orders of magnitude.
2. Diversity: Modern states are pluralistic and multicultural and are characterised by deep divides between the views and preferences of their citizens. The Greeks prized homonoia (same-mindedness) and were united by a single set of religious beliefs and cultural practices.
3. Ancient/modern liberty: Public service, in the military and political institutions, was the default position. Anyone who didn't participate was an "idiot".
4. Statistical sampling: The Greeks had no notion of mathematical probability, so the modern principle of descriptive representation would not have made sense to them.
5. Athens was a direct democracy, in which the general assembly was the sovereign body.
6. Sortition: If Mirko Canevaro is right then the Greeks did not use sortition in their law-making bodies (other than appointing the assembly secretariat by lot).
What we are suggesting is a modern project, so we should stop banging on about Ancient Greece.
Galland and Schnapper: Citizen conventions and representative democracy, Part 2/2 | Equality by lot, on December 22, 2020 at 8:57 pm said:
[…] The second part of an article in Telos by Olivier Galland, sociologist at the CNRS, and Dominique Schnapper, researcher at the EHESS and an honorary member of the Constitutional Council. The first part is here. […]


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Amendments in terms of VAT invoices registration and fines for their untimely registration: General for the whole duration of the war,
and as a "remedy" of the situation upon re-launching of VAT invoices registration in Summer 202227 January, 2023
"Nothing is certain except death and taxes": the "recovery" of the tax practice in 202224 January, 2023
and as a "remedy" of the situation upon re-launching of VAT invoices registration in Summer 2022 27 January, 2023
"Nothing is certain except death and taxes": the "recovery" of the tax practice in 2022 24 January, 2023
The negative consequences of doubling the military tax rate,
How to ensure that all we pay to the army is really spent on the army 13 May, 2022
To bring Ukrainians back from abroad: does the government really want that? 27 April, 2022
The List of territories on which combat actions are (were) conducted or which are (were) temporarily occupied by the Russian Federation 28 December, 2022
The Judgement of the Court of Justice of the EU regarding the national practice of tax authorities on refusal of the right to deduct VAT in the event of improper conduct on the part of the issuer of the invoice 14 November, 2022
Yuliia Kryvomaz spoke at the online meeting of the UBA Committee on Tax and Customs Law 23 December, 2022
The UBA Committee on Tax and Customs Law Meeting on December 20, 2022 14 December, 2022
Exit Capital Tax 05 September, 2019
State supervision reform 20 February, 2019
How peasants of Ukraine were taxed in the Middle Ages (according to the "History of Ukraine from the Grandfather Svyryd") 18 January, 2021
Tax on air 24 November, 2020
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Community Service Sector launches crisis campaign
Home » Community Service Sector launches crisis campaign
Western Australia's Community Service Organisations have banded together to launch the #YourHelpWA campaign to send a clear message to the McGowan Government that more funding is urgently needed to help vulnerable and at-risk people.
More than 450 non-for-profit community-based organisations which provide care, support and services to Western Australians are part of the #YourHelpWA campaign.
The YourHelpWA.com.au website and social media channels have been launched to activate all Western Australians to join the campaign by posting their videos of support with #YourHelpWA, sign the petition and send letters to their local members of parliament demanding more funding to help make WA a better community.
Community Employers WA, Executive Director, John Bouffler says the community services sector is in crisis – demand for social services in WA is outstripping the available resources.
"More than half a million people in Western Australia need support, care and services for a vast range of reasons including domestic violence, mental health, hunger, community health care, homelessness and addiction – that's enough people to fill eight Perth Stadiums.
"We are demanding the State Government commit to increase funding to the community service sector by 20 per cent which will help adequately fund high-quality services in our community and positively impact people who need it most," Mr Bouffler said.
Representatives from the Community Services Sector have held meetings with senior bureaucrats in the Departments of Treasury and Finance, and with Premier Mark McGowan and he gave no clear acknowledgement of the scale of the issues faced.
The Western Australian Council of Social Service, Chief Executive Officer, Louise Giolitto says that the Community Service Sector and the State Government have reached an impasse which is underpinned by a lack of understanding the investment required for people who are in need in our state and for the community providers working on the frontline.
"We need the State Government to put people first and adequately fund the organisations that have skills, local knowledge and empathy so we provide high-quality care and services that will help change people's lives for the better.
"The McGowan Government needs to take a leaf out of the New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern's budget and deliver a financial blueprint that measures its success on the well-being of all Western Australians," Ms Giolitto said.
In the 2018 financial year, the State Government received more than $5 billion in royalties from the mining and resources industry, and the Department of Treasury is forecasting that amount will exceed $6 billion in 2019/20.
"While State Government revenue is increasing, endemic social issues in Western Australia are placing a huge burden on the community services organisations to fill the widening gap that has been created by inadequate public funding," Mr Bouffler said.
The Your Help WA campaign reminds all Western Australians that the money the State Government collects in taxes, fees and royalties is your money and you have every right to tell parliament that more of it needs to be spent on helping the growing number of people in need in our community.
Ms Giolitto says that poverty, hunger, homelessness and domestic violence are symptoms of social problems in our community, and West Aussies can easily help by supporting the Your Help WA campaign.
"Our Community Services Sector is there to support people often through very difficult times when people are at their most vulnerable. They need to have the funding to support our communities when they need them," Ms Giolitto said.
For more information about the campaign visit YourHelpWA.com.au and follow, like and share content on the @YourHelpWA Facebook page, Twitter and Instagram accounts.
HOMELESSNESS – More than 9,000 Western Australians, including 3000 children and young people, don't have a place to call home.
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE – In Western Australia, almost 300,000 people have experienced physical or sexual violence by a current or former partner. Family and domestic violence affect one in every four women in Australia.
FAMILIES – 240,000 Western Australians are living below the poverty line and many of them are children.
CHILDREN – Each week more than 20 000 WA children go to school hungry because they didn't have breakfast.
LIVING COST – 19,740 households had their power cut off in the last year because they could not afford to pay the bill.
EMPLOYMENT – WA's community services organisations employ more than 96,000 full and part-time staff, that's 7.0 per cent of the State's workforce. WA's youth (15 – 24 years) unemployment rate of 14.5% is the highest in 20 years, according to the Department of Training and Workforce Development.
DISABILITY – One in five Western Australians have some form of disability.
Counsel Communications
Simon@counselcomms.com.au
JOHN BOUFFLER
CEWA
cewa@UnitingCareWest.org.au
LOUISE GIOLITTO
WACOSS
louise@wacoss.org.au


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Het seizoen 1977/78 van de Nederlandse Eerste divisie had PEC Zwolle als kampioen. PEC promoveerde daarmee naar de Eredivisie. In de nacompetitie pakte MVV de tweede plek in de Eredivisie.

Eerste divisie

Deelnemende teams

Eindstand

1 winnaar eerste periodetitel na beslissingswedstrijd.

Beslissingswedstrijd
PEC Zwolle en MVV eindigden in de eerste periode met een gelijk puntenaantal en een gelijk doelsaldo op de eerste plaats. Zij speelden daarom een beslissingswedstrijd op neutraal terrein. Die wedstrijd eindigde na verlenging in een gelijkspel. Een replay bracht de beslissing in Zwols voordeel. Omdat PEC Zwolle uiteindelijk kampioen werd, bleek de nederlaag voor MVV achteraf zonder gevolgen en kwalificeerden de Maastrichtenaren zich alsnog voor de nacompetitie om in de Eredivisie terecht te komen.

Legenda

Uitslagen

Topscorers

Nacompetitie

Eindstand

Legenda

Uitslagen

Eerste divisie voetbal
Competitievoetbal 1977/78

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


We hope those of you who attended the RSA New Contemporaries Private Viewing had a great evening! Our friends at the RSA are hosting a late night event on Friday 15th March at 20:30 and are offering all EYP members the concessionary ticket rate.
There will be live performances by some of the exhibiting artists, and veteran Fringe-favourite DJ Rhythm Machine will be providing the soundtrack to the night. Drinks by Leith Distillary are included in the ticket price. Tickets can be purchased from Eventbrite: https://bit.ly/2ThaMWt.
If you decide to attend the event then please make sure you bring your EYP card with you on the night.


What is the most you would pay for a round of golf?
The newest HOG poll is up and running. VOTE NOW!
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Home > University Libraries > HASC - Digital Archives > John Muir Papers > John Muir Journals > All John Muir Journals > 2089
All John Muir Journals
June-October 1881, Cruise of the Corwin, Part II Image 87
Point Barrow. The pack is close and impenetrable, though made up of far smaller blocks than usual, owing, no doubt, to the mildness of last winter, and to the chafing and pounding of a succession of gales that have been driving over it at intervals all the spring. We pushed into it through the loose outer fringe, but soon turned back when we found that it stretched all around from the shore. But retreating we avoided the danger of getting fixed in it and carried away. Nearly all the vessels that have been lost in the Arctic have been caught hereabouts. The approach to the ice was signalized by the appearance of walruses, seals, and King eider ducks. The walrus is very abundant here, and when whales are scarce the whalers hunt and kill great numbers of them for their ivory and oil. They are found on cakes of ice in hundreds, and if a party of riflemen can get near, by creeping up behind some hummock, and kill the one on guard, the rest seem to be needless of noise after the first shot, and wait until nearly all are killed. But if the first be only wounded, and plunges into the water, the whole "pod" is likely
Original journal dimensions: 11.5 x 21 cm.
MuirReel27Journal02P044A.tif
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