text:
Multimethods
Overload Journal #42 - Apr 2001 + Programming Topics Author: Julian Smith
This article is about multimethods, and a program called Cmm that I have written which adds support for multimethods to C++. I will first explain what multimethods are, and then indicate situations where they could be useful. Finally I will briefly describe how to build projects that use Cmm.
I will be assuming that the reader is familiar with a few C++ features that are relevant to the discussion - for example inheritance, virtual functions, runtime type information (RTTI) and overload resolution. Also, familiarity with the terms static type and dynamic type is useful.
Multimethod resources
The Cmm system itself is available from www.op59.net/cmm/. This site has complete source code plus documentation that goes into many of the details that have been left out of this article.
Multimethods are not a new idea; for example, the Dylan language (see www.functionalobjects.com/resources/index.phtml) supports them natively, as does CLOS (Common Lisp).
Bjarne Stroustrup writes about multimethods in The Design and Evolution of C++ (Section 13.8, pages 297-301), and even presents a suggested syntax (which is used by Cmm).
If one restricts oneself to Standard C++, it is possible to approximate multimethods at the expense of verbosity in source code. See Item 31 in Scott Meyer's More Effective C++ and chapter 11 of Andrei Alexandrescu's Modern C++ Design.
The Frost project (www.flewid.de/julian/) adds support for multimethods to the i386-version of the GCC compiler.
The term multiple dispatch is often used instead of multimethods; it means essentially the same thing. The term double dispatch is a special case of multiple dispatch with two parameters.
An introduction to multimethods
Multimethods can be looked on as generalising two C++ mechanisms: function overloading (where more than one function exists with the same name but different parameter types) and virtual functions (where the code that is called depends on the dynamic type of a parameter, rather than its static type).
Function overloading will be familiar to most C++ programmers - if some code calls a function with name foo, and there are multiple foo functions declared, the compiler will decide which one to call based on the static types of the parameters. Often, only one of the available functions matches the parameters, but if there is more than one available matching function, the compiler will try to find an unambiguously best match. If one doesn't exist, it will give a compilation error.
If you have a reference to a base class, and call one of the class's virtual functions, the actual function that gets called depends on what the reference actually refers to at runtime - typically it will be a more derived class. Thus the function that is called depends on the dynamic type (the actual type at runtime, probably a derived class) rather than the static type (the base class that the compiler sees).
Unifying function overloading and virtual functions
Multimethods unify these two ideas by making the choice of which function to call depend on the dynamic types of one or more parameters. Consider a Shape base class with two derived classes Square and Triangle:
struct  Shape               {...};
struct  Square      : Shape {...};
struct  Triangle    : Shape {...};
If we have two functions called Overlap that take different parameter types:
bool Overlap(Square& a, Square& b) {...}
bool Overlap(Square& a, Triangle& b) {...}
then the compiler will resolve a call to the Overlap function:
Square      square;
Triangle    triangle;
Overlap( square, triangle); // calls second Overlap function
It can do this because it knows that the type of the first parameter is Square, and the type of the second parameter is Triangle.
However, if we have only Shape& references to derived classes:
Shape&  sq = * new Square;
Shape&  tr = * new Triangle;
Then, although we can see that sq and tr are in fact references to instances of Square and Triangle, the compiler has to ignore this when deciding which function to call - only the static type of the parameters is considered:
Overlap(sq, tr); // compile error -
// no matching Overlap(Shape&, Shape&)
Multimethods allow one to say that the overload resolution of a particular function should happen at runtime, using the dynamic types of the parameters. Cmm's syntax for this looks like:
bool Overlap(virtual Shape& a,
virtual Shape& b);
bool Overlap_(Square& a, Triangle& b) {...}
bool Overlap_(Triangle& a, Square& b) {...}
The Overlap(virtual Shape& a, virtual Shape& b); prototype declares the function as dispatching using the dynamic types of its two parameters, while the Overlap_() functions are the real functions that it can call[1].
Just as with compile-time overload resolution, it is possible that there is no matching implementation function for a particular combination of dynamic types, or that there is more than one function that matches, but with none of them consistently more specialised than the others. Because this is only discovered at runtime, all the dispatch function can do is to throw an exception - this is what Cmm's dispatch function does.
This can occur in the above example if we try to pass two Circles to Overlap.
The details of the resolution are essentially the same as the standard C++ compile-time ones (except that only inheritance conversions are considered; conversion operators are ignored). An implementation is considered best if the following 2 conditions apply:
All of the best implementation's parameter types match the dynamic types.
Each of the best implementation's parameter types is at least as derived as the corresponding parameter type in any other matching implementation.
We cannot have duplicate implementations, so the second condition implies that for each other matching implementation X, the best implementation must have at least one parameter type that is more derived than the corresponding parameter type in X.
The trailing underscore in implementation function names is ugly, but it allows one to define an implementation that takes the base parameters, which would otherwise clash with the generated dispatch function.
One possible alternative would be to allow the caller to decide whether dispatch uses dynamic or static types, rather than the callee:
Shape& sq = * new Square;
Shape& tr = * new Triangle;
bool Overlap( Square& a, Square& b;
bool Overlap( Square& a, Triangle& b);
Overlap( sq, tr); // compile error -
// no matching Overlap( Shape&, Shape&);
Overlap( virtual sq, virtual tr);
// Ok, caller says uses dynamic types.
Runtime costs
If a multimethod has just one virtual parameter, it is basically the same as a conventional C++ virtual method. In this case, the dispatch can be performed efficiently in terms of both speed and memory usage by making use of vtables (see Stroustrup & Ellis: The C++ Annotated Reference Manual).
When there is more than one virtual parameter, the dispatch mechanism is more complicated; it has to map from a set of more than one dynamic type to a function pointer, by applying the two overload resolution rules mentioned above. This is rather slow and complicated. Cmm's implementation caches the results in a std::map, so that only the first call for a particular combination of dynamic types is slow - subsequent ones are limited primarily by the speed of the std::map implementation.
Ideally, Cmm would optimise the single-virtual parameter case by using conventional C++ virtual methods, but I haven't got round to implementing this.
Why multimethods?
Multimethods and encapsulation
In some ways, multimethods are rather contrary to the object-oriented approach to programming. They are not part of a class definition, and can be added after a class has been designed, which goes against the whole idea of classes having well-defined and fixed interfaces - for example adding a multimethod with a single virtual parameter is like adding a virtual method to a class, except that it can be done without changing the class definition.
On the other hand, it's often useful to be able to add to an existing interface - the real world often changes under our feet in unpredictable ways, making designs obsolete through no fault of the original designer. The set-in-stone nature of C++ classes can often get in the way when this happens. One of the nice things about C++ templates is that they can work with existing types. For example, std::vector<int> works even though the int type was designed decades before std::vector. Similarly the traits technique allows even built-in types to have extra information associated with them.
I've only had a brief look at the Dylan language (which has multimethods designed in from the start), but it is interesting that it still has a mechanism (Modules) to group code together. I'm not familiar with how this works yet, but it would be interesting to try to provide something similar for C++/Cmm, so that we can use the extensibility of multimethods when necessary, but still have some sort of encapsulation enforced by default. C++ namespaces seem close to what is required because they group functions together and can be re-opened, but one cannot make a namespace a friend of a class, and re-opening a namespace is perhaps too easy. There seems to be an increasing discussion on Usenet these days about whether Object Orientation has been over-sold over the last few years. The introduction of templates in C++ has provided different abstraction techniques that are more appropriate for tasks such as containers, and also emphasised global functions operating on external data, instead of objects containing their own methods. Multimethods are similar in that they are global functions that operate on external data, and allow the same sort of extensibility to existing classes.
Multimethod examples
There are a couple of specific situations where I've felt the need for multimethods.
GUI event dispatching
Event dispatching is so common that we often do not think of it as being interesting. However, I think that dispatching events in an extensible way requires multimethods. The event-dispatching problem is: given an event (e.g. one of: mouse click, key press, redraw request etc) and a particular window in a GUI, call the appropriate code. There are two parameters here - the event, and the window. Typically, the window will be created by an application, and we'd expect it to contain information specific to the application - a text editor window might contain a pointer to the text that it is showing, while a dialogue box might contain a set of button handles. Similarly, it seems natural to design the event types as different classes, such as MouseClick, RedrawRequest, KeyPress etc, each with their own data - MouseClick would have the coordinates of where the mouse was clicked, RedrawRequest would have information about which parts of a window require redrawing plus a drawing context.
The simplest way for an application writer to provide the handler functions for their window-type would be to write a function for each event type. It is the event dispatcher's task to choose which of these functions to call. The dispatcher will be aware of all sorts of different windows, each with their own set of handler functions, so its problem is to map from the types of two parameters that are known only at runtime, to a particular function. This is multimethods.
Things can be simplified if there are small fixed number of different event types. In this case, one can perform half of the dispatch with a fairly small and fast switch statement, and then perform the rest by calling a virtual function belonging to the window. But if one is interested in having an extensible system of events, then this breaks down; it's interesting that two widely-used GUI systems, Windows and KDE, both use special mechanisms to implement event dispatching: wizard-generated event code in Windows, and signals/slots in the Qt library used by KDE.
If multimethods were available, one could write GUI code like:
// System-wide gui.h
struct Window {...};  // polymorphic base class
struct Event {...};  // polymorphic base class
struct MouseClick : Event {int x, y;};
struct RedrawRequest : Event           {int x1, y1, x2, y2;};
void HandleEvent(virtual Window&,
virtual Event&);
void HandleEvent_( Window&, Event&);
/* Generic handler for all events and windows. Probably does nothing. */
// An application
#include "gui.h"
struct MyWindow : Window {...};
// extra data for our window
void HandleEvent_(MyWindow& w,
MouseClick& m){...}
void  HandleEvent_(MyWindow& w,
RedrawRequest& r){...}
Natural-language-specific error messages
I ran into trouble a long time ago because I didn't provide a way of generating natural-language-specific error messages from a command-line application I wrote. In truth, I couldn't see a nice way of doing it, so I used hard-coded English text messages.
Looking back, I think the problem arose because generating error messages actually requires multimethods.
If an error occurs, one would like to create an error object that encodes all the available information about the problem (including dynamic information such as filenames), and pass it to whatever error-handling system is used (e.g. throw it, or put the data in a global variable and return an error code). Somewhere else, someone will want to display some information about the error to the user.
The bit of code that created the original error object doesn't want to be concerned with what language will be used to display the error message. Instead, it is better to have a separate function that takes the information in the error object, and displays it in a language-specific way. Note that this will often be more complicated than simply using printf( "Couldn't open file `%s' because error code %i", filename, e) - because some languages would require the order of the error code and the filename to be reversed. In general, we need to have different natural-language-specific functions that format the information in different ways.
I think the natural way of doing this would be to have different classes for each language, and use multimethods to select a display function appropriate to a particular language and a particular error type:
struct  Language  {...};
struct  Error    {...};
void  ShowError( std::ostream& out, virtual Language&, virtual Error&);
void English  : Language {...};
void FileError : Error {
std::string filename;};
void ShowError_( std::ostream& out,
English& l, FileError& e){...}
We could ensure that an English message is generated if language-specific functions aren't available, or at last resort, a generic catch-all message:
void  ShowError_(std::ostream& out, English& /*l*/, Error& e)
out << "Unrecognised error with typeid " << typeid( e).name() << "\n";
void  ShowError_(std::ostream& out, Language& l, Error& e)
English english;
out << "No support for specified language; using English:\n";
ShowError( out, english, e);
The multimethod approach has the advantage that the application code can be written in a natural-language-neutral way, and more than one language can be supported at runtime. In fact, if the dispatch mechanism could cope with the addition of new types at runtime, then one would be able to add new languages even after the application had been shipped. To do this, Cmm would require that C++'s RTTI can cope with new types; I don't know whether real systems' dynamic linking support this sort of thing.
Building with Cmm
Cmm is a command-line program that adds support for multimethods to C++. It does this by working as a source-code translator for a C++ language extension, reading in Cmm source code and outputting C++ source code. In practise, a two-stage translation is necessary.
Cmm has two modes of operation. The first is with the -c flag, and takes an input file that is typically a pre-processed source-file that contains multimethod declarations. As well as translating this into legal C++, Cmm will also write information to a separate file about what multimethod implementations are in the file.
The second mode of operations is with the -l flag. This reads in a set of information files generated by cmm -c, and uses these to generate dispatch functions that are actually appended to one or more of the C++ files that were generated by cmm -c.
The result of running cmm -c and cmm -l is a set of Standard C++ source files that can be compiled and linked as normal.
Assuming there are two Cmm source files one.cmm and two.cmm (plus any other header files that they use), then a complete build using the GNU tools would be done by:
g++ -E -x c++ one.cmm > one.cmmpp
g++ -E -dM -x c++ one.cmm >> one.cmmpp
g++ -E -x c++ two.cmm > two.cmmpp
g++ -E -dM -x c++ two.cmm >> two.cmmpp
cmm -c one.cmmpp one.cpp one.cmmi
cmm -c two.cmmpp two.cpp two.cmmi
cmm -l one.cmmi two.cmmi
g++ -c -o one.o one.cpp
g++ -c -o two.o two.cpp
g++ -o foo.exe one.o two.o
The first four commands run the two .cmm source files through the C++ pre-processor, with the added detail that any #defines that are still active at the end of the pre-processed text are appended to the generated pre-processed source, using g++ -dM. Note that the alternative way of doing this in one command using g++ -dD doesn't seem to work properly; maybe there are some GCC gurus out there that can shed light on this?
The cmm -c commands then generate modified copies of the pre-processed text, in the files one.cpp and two.cpp. Extra information is also generated in the files one.cmmi and two.cmmi.
The cmm -l command then uses the information in one.cmmi and two.cmmi to append new C++ source code (the actual dispatch code) to zero or more of the .cpp files.
Finally, the one.cpp and two.cpp files are compiled and linked as standard C++ source files.
This build process is rather clumsy, and I'm not absolutely clear how to use Make to optimise builds yet - for example if one Cmm file is changed, this could result in any of the generated C++ files changing, because Cmm appends dispatch code to them.
Cmm has to be able to parse C++ source code, which is not particularly easy. However, I decided that multimethods are sufficiently interesting and useful that it is worth taking the trouble to extend the language so that they are easy to use with a simple syntax and straightforward semantics.
The alternative approach is to work within the language, as exemplified by Scott Meyers and Andrei Alexandrescu. This has obvious advantages, but I think that the resulting syntax is too messy to be used in everyday programming.
[1] These Overlap_() functions can be in separate compilation units and don't even have to be declared in a header. Cmm will still find them because it has access to all compilation units during the build.


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The Impact of Racism on U.S. Immigration Past and Present
Download content as a PDF.
The history of migration and immigration in the United States is one of the dominant forces shaping our experience of race today. While immigration for "white" Europeans has, for the most part, led to a smooth welcome into dominant society, immigrants who are people of color face a more difficult path to acceptance, much less belonging, in our nation. It is common to refer to the United States as a nation of immigrants, but the reality is that immigrants in our nation have been scapegoated, exploited for cheap labor, and treated as second-class citizens for hundreds of years.
The inflammatory anti-immigrant rhetoric embraced by President Trump's campaign was in many ways an echo of campaigns against various immigrant groups throughout history. In this chapter, you will learn about the numerous times our nation chose fear and hatred of immigrants over welcome and acceptance. Unfortunately, this has been a cycle that repeats itself time and time again.
Studying the history of immigration in the United States, as well as the laws and customs that changed over decades, illustrates how the concept of "whiteness" has been manipulated to serve those in power. Moreover, a survey of history demonstrates how "white" is less a racial identity, and instead more a privileged legal and economic status that needed to be protected and restricted to the few.
The History of U.S. Immigration in the 1800s
Our nation's very first immigration law passed in 1790, creating a process to grant naturalized citizenship to immigrants who had lived in the United States for at least two years. The more restrictive requirement, however, was only "free white persons" qualified (*for all intents and purposes, person meant "man"). This also excluded Native Americans, indentured servants, and both enslaved and free Black people from access to citizenship. In 1795, Congress amended the law to increase the minimum residency requirement to five years, which remains today. [1] From then on, the nation continued to grow and receive immigrants looking to start their lives in the United States.
Throughout the 19th century, immigrants arrived in the United States from all over the world, particularly Northern and Western Europe and East Asia. Millions of individuals and families from Ireland and Germany arrived on the East Coast and settled in the East and Midwest. On the West Coast, Chinese immigrants arrived to work "first to work in the gold mines, but also to take agricultural jobs, and factory work" in the mid-1800s. [2]
Meanwhile, much of the land that currently makes up the southwestern U.S. still belonged to Mexico, making the residents there Mexican citizens or residents. In the 1840s and 1850s, due to President James Polk and the federal government's actions, wars and treaties moved the border south. As a result, these families never "crossed the border," the border crossed them. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 (following the U.S.-Mexico war) won much of the Southwest for the United States, including California, Texas, parts of Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, and Nevada. Six years later, in 1854, the Gadsden Purchase brought what is now southern Arizona and New Mexico into the United States. [3]
The provisions of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo included safety and protection of: land ownership, language, and culture for Mexicans living in that territory, as well as access to U.S. citizenship. After the treaty was signed, however, many of those promises were broken, and it was difficult for U.S. citizens of Mexican ancestry to access their right to citizenship and retain their land. During this time, many Mexican and U.S. citizens freely traveled between the two countries for work and had friends and family on both sides of the border.
Near the end of the 1800s, the welcoming of Chinese immigrants to California abruptly stopped as fear grew that Chinese immigrants were taking over jobs and posed "a threat to society." Congress passed several laws to exclude Chinese immigrants from the country and society. In 1882, Congress passed the first of three Chinese Exclusion Acts, banning additional Chinese immigration. It was not until 1943 when China and the United States became allies during World War II that the exclusion laws were finally repealed. [4]
Anti-Immigrant Policies in the Early 1900s
Immigration to the U.S. from all over the world continued into the 1900s, but two factors led to the rise of anti-immigrant sentiment across the country. First, European immigration shifted away from Protestant, Western European countries and increasingly came from Russia, Austria, and Italy, bringing a significant portion of Catholic and Jewish immigrants. Second, the Great Depression caused terrible damage to the economy and wages in the United States.
In response to the first development, Congress passed the National Origins Act in 1924 establishing a quota system to limit the number of immigrants entering the United States. In order to reduce the number of these "less-desirable" Italian, Eastern European, or Jewish immigrants, the law deliberately based the new quotas on census data from 1890, more than 20 years earlier when the majority of immigrants in the U.S. were white Protestants from Northern and Western Europe. [5].
A few years later, during the Great Depression, those in power turned against Mexican immigrants, blaming them for the nation's economic troubles. President Herbert Hoover led a wide-ranging campaign with the slogan "American Jobs for Real Americans." White people across the country supported this campaign, as there was near-universal consensus among white people that the category "real Americans" excluded Mexican immigrants. State and local governments not only in the Southwest, but all across the country, conducted the "Mexican Repatriation" efforts of the 1930s with support and funding from the federal government. The various agencies involved did not keep consistent records, but historians estimate that around 1 million, if not more, people of Mexican descent were forcibly deported.
The various deportation efforts failed to limit the euphemistically named "repatriation" to Mexican immigrants, and included many U.S. citizens of Mexican descent. Some research says that as many as 60% of those sent "home" to Mexico in the 1930s were U.S. citizens: U.S.-born children of Mexican-descent who had never before traveled south of the border. [6] Thousands of people of Mexican descent were deported from Los Angeles, where local agencies conducted raids on the Mexican community and other parts of the Southwest. In the Midwest also, Mexican immigrants were removed from jobs and deported, all to make the factory jobs they held "available for white people." Major companies, including Ford, U.S. Steel, and the Southern Pacific Railroad, colluded with the government by laying off thousands of Mexican workers. [7]
In 1935 a similar repatriation effort was instituted for Filipino immigrants after the Tydings-McDuffie Act set a plan for the Philippines to become an independent country. The Act also instituted a new immigration quota of only 50 Filipino immigrants per year. (Previously, when the Philippines was a United States colony, the U.S. government classified Filipino immigrants as "nationals" and immigration to the U.S. was unrestricted.) Facing much less coercion than the Mexican repatriation efforts, only about 2,000 immigrants voluntarily chose to return to the Philippines. [8]
Other policies, outside of immigration policy negatively affected the lives of immigrants and people of color. The Wagner Act of 1935, previously mentioned as a contributor to the racial wealth and income gap, excluded farm workers and domestic workers, many of whom were Latinx or Asian immigrants, as well as Black workers. This policy harmed Black workers and immigrant workers by prohibiting them from receiving the benefits of organizing and creating unions. Additionally, other policies that contributed to the racial wealth gap also disproportionately affected immigrant communities and the descendants of immigrants, including the National Housing Act, the Federal-Highway Act, subprime loans, and the war on drugs.
The hypocrisy of using the term "real Americans" to deport people of Mexican descent:
The United States of America is not the only geographic location with "America" in its name. Indeed, the continents of North and South America have an arguably stronger claim to the term. Many people from Central and South America consider themselves "American" and find it problematic when residents of the United States refer to themselves as American to indicate their nationality instead of respecting the name of the continent. We at NETWORK often write out "people of the United States" to avoid the incongruity of calling some people "American" but not extending the term to others who also fit that category. In the case of forced deportations of Mexicans who are also residents of "the Americas," the irony is doubly cruel.
Read more at Affinity Magazine:
http://affinitymagazine.us/2016/11/02/reminder-the-united-states-is-not-america/
A Nation that Welcomes Immigrant Labor, But Not Immigrants
A noticeable pattern emerges throughout our nation's history of immigration: when the economy needs immigrant labor, restrictions decline and immigrants are welcomed into the country. However, if circumstances change and immigrant labor is no longer needed, the U.S. position on immigration shifts to restriction, deportations, and xenophobic rhetoric.
Immigration to the East and West coasts was welcomed throughout the first century of the United States' existence as it provided laborers and settlers to populate the vast states and territories contained in our new nation. During World War II, there was once again a labor shortage and immigrants were needed to fill the gap. In 1942, the "Bracero" program was created. Temporary workers were welcomed in, mainly from Mexico but also Barbados, the Bahamas, Canada, and Jamaica, to work in agriculture. Workers through this program were not eligible for permanent residency in the United States, and working conditions were awful for immigrants. These temporary workers were paid very little and their children were not allowed to attend public schools. Farmers used the program long after the war ended because farmworkers were not allowed to form unions or organize, allowing employers to pay their workers as little as they wanted. Congress ended the program in 1964, though other forms of temporary worker visas continue to this day. [9]
Finally, in the midst of the Civil Rights movement, Congress passed immigration legislation ending the old quota system in 1965. The Immigration and Naturalization Act replaced the previous quota system with "a preference system based on immigrants' family relationships with U.S. citizens or legal permanent residents and, to a lesser degree, their skills." [10] The framework of an immigration system laid out in this law is still the basis of our immigration system today. This 1965 immigration law did much to remedy the shortcomings of the racist quota system and usher in immigration based on family unification. However, our laws are still woefully outdated.
A broken immigration system means broken families and broken lives.Jose Antonio Vargas
Challenges Facing Immigrants Today
Just by glancing at the front page of nearly any newspaper, it is clear that our current system fails to meet today's immigration reality. Despite the fact that the majority of visas are granted to family members of citizens and legal permanent residents, even those with family connections experience unreasonable wait times to immigrate to the United States. Immigrants from the four countries with the longest wait times (Mexico, India, China and the Philippines) can face wait times of more than 20 years depending on family relation- ships, employment status and other factors.
The issue of wait times is separate from the current crisis of asylum seekers at the U.S.-Mexico border. Violence and instability in Central American countries, including Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador, cause many to leave their homes without the time or resources to immigrate through family or employment-based immigration channels. Instead, they are making the difficult journey to the U.S.-Mexico border and presenting themselves to border officials as asylum-seekers. It is legal under U.S. and international law for families and individuals seeking asylum to come into the United States for a determination of eligibility. The Trump administration's recent policies to indiscriminately close the border or require asylum seekers to remain in Mexico contradicts our laws and puts people into very dangerous situations, which have led to deaths of migrants at the border.
While the majority of immigrants have legal residency in the United States or have become naturalized citizens, immigrants who are undocumented in the United States experience significant challenges to provide for themselves and their families. Undocumented individuals face uncertainty in every aspect of their lives and endure barriers to employment, healthcare, and other necessities. While the DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals) and DAPA (Deferred Action for Parents of Americans) programs proposed by the Obama administration raised hope of security for some undocumented individuals, those hopes were never fully realized. The Supreme Court declared that DAPA was unconstitutional and it never went into effect, while DACA has faced legal challenges and attacks from the Trump administration over the past few years.
Meanwhile, immigration enforcement in the United States has been responsible for cruelly separating immigrant families through detention and deportation. The Immigration and Customs Enforcement agency, also known as "ICE" was created in 2003, as part of the national response to the September 11 attacks. Throughout President Obama's two terms, ICE conducted more than 2 million immigrant removals, more than any other president until that time. Now, President Trump's administration has implemented changes to ICE tactics, upping the number of raids and deportations and made them crueler. Under the Obama Administration, undocumented immigrants in "high-priority categories," including gang members, people with felony convictions, and those who posed security threats were prioritized for deportation while law-abiding undocumented immigrants, especially long-time residents and relatives of U.S.-citizens were mostly exempt from deportation. It is now common for people who have lived in the U.S. for decades and parents of U.S.-citizen children to be separated from their families and deported.
The origin of this cruel immigration enforcement system was the 2003 decision to create ICE and move immigration under the purview of the new Department of Homeland Security. This shift was one of the factors that shaped a more critical view of immigrants and immigration and criminalized undocumented immigrants for the first time. This was a marked difference than in the past when immigration had been overseen by the Department of Labor and immigrants were seen as positive contributors to our nation and economy.
Since the beginning of the Trump administration, verbal attacks against immigrants from other countries have frequently been broadcast from President Trump and other members of his administration. Whether disparaging the countries many immigrants come from, or arguing in favor of the Muslim ban, messages degrading immigrants who are people of color are coming from our nation's highest office. Overall, the majority of people in the United States disagree and believe that immigration is a good thing, and less than a quarter, only 24%, of people supported cutting immigration. A survey by the Pew Research Center showed that "since 2001, the share of Americans who favor increased legal immigration into the U.S. has risen 22 percentage points (from 10% to 32%), while the share who support a decrease has declined 29 points (from 53% to 24%)." [11]
For more than a decade, Congress has talked about passing comprehensive immigration reform with no legislative success. It is past time for our immigration system to reflect and respond to the current realities of immigration in our world.
A Personal Encounter with Racism Against Immigrants
At NETWORK, we are proud to have immigrants and the descendants of immigrants in our Spirit-filled network of activists. We advocate for policies that welcome immigrants and fulfil our faith teaching to "love our neighbor" and support for family unity, as well as understanding and appreciation of immigrant communities.
Because there have not been any reasonable updates to our immigration system over the past decades, today, our system is broken. Millions of individuals face the struggle of being undocumented in the United States. Many undocumented people have lived in the United States for years, and have spouses, children, and extended family here. Approximately 16 million people in the U.S. live in mixed-status homes, and our nation's policies are not keeping up with that reality. [12] Instead, they punish the children and family members of undocumented immigrants, even if those family members are U.S. citizens themselves.
One such family, members of our Spirit-filled network, lives in Ohio. When Adriana (names changed for protection) went to the DMV to get her drivers' permit, she was unable to do so because of her mother's undocumented status. Not only that, but Adriana, who was born in the United States, was accused of faking her birth certificate, social security card, and other documents. Their story was chronicled by reporters from the local paper.
Read the full account, through Adriana's eyes, here:
https://www.wcpo.com/longform/living-in-the-shadows-part-1
…no one puts their children in a boat unless the water is safer than the land.Warsan Shire, Home
We Pray
Oramos, por un mundo sin violencia, por los que no tienen voz, oramos por que se res- pete la dignidad de las mujeres, para que los niños puedan compartir una comida digna con sus padres.
Oramos por los trabajadores del campo, para que sean tratados como seres humanos, para que puedan tener un sueldo justo, oramos por los que luchan cada día en la campaña por Comida Justa, por los aliados que marchan junto a los trabajadores y exigen justicia.
Oremos por aquellos que con su fe, creyeron en la voz de los trabajadores y sin dudarlo nos apoyaron, y nos vieron como hermanos y seres humanos, y siguen luchando para que las corporaciones tomen responsabilidad y respetar a los trabajadores.
Oramos por los líderes de fe conscientes, que con su fe nos dan esperanza a los traba- jadores y juntos construir un mundo de justicia e igualdad, estamos agradecidos por su apoyo, y ayudarnos a mantener viva la fe, celebramos juntos las victoria que hemos tenido, y hemos creado el Programa de Comida Justa, la cual nos da a los trabajadores la oportunidad de reportar los abusos que antes enfrentabamos, que las mujeres por primera vez, no tenemos que cargar con el peso de la violencia sobre nuestras espaldas.
Seguimos orando para que la expansión del modelo del programa llegue a más traba- jadores, ya que es una solución a los abusos que los trabajadores enfrentan diaria- mente.
Oramos para que la explotación laboral no siga afectando a las personas de color, a los migrantes, ni a los seres humanos en general, oramos para que la desigualdad no siga existiendo.
Oramos para que los que dirigen las corporaciones no tengan un corazón lleno de avari- cia, y sean más tolerantes con la humanidad, que tengan conciencia y puedan ver como sus malas decisiones afectan a sus semejantes, a sus hermanos en Dios, que somos los trabajadores.
We pray for a world without violence and for those whose voices are not heard. We pray for the respect of the dignity of women. We pray that children can share a dignified meal with their parents.
We pray for farmworkers: that they be treated as human beings, that they receive a just wage. We pray for those who fight every day in the Campaign for Fair Food, for the allies who march together with farmworkers and demand justice.
Let us pray for those who, with their faith, believed in the voice of farmworkers and without doubting it, supported us. Let us pray for those who saw us as siblings and fellow human beings, and who keep pushing for corporations to take responsibility and respect farmworkers.
We pray for the conscious faith leaders, who with their faith give us hope as farmworkers that we can build a world of justice and equality. We are grateful for their support and the way they help us keep our faith alive. Together we celebrate the victories we've won. We celebrate the Fair Food Program, which gives us as farmworkers the opportunity to report abuses that we faced for years. For the first time, women don't have to carry the burden of violence on our backs.
We also pray for the expansion of the program to reach more workers, as a solution to the abuses workers face daily.
We pray that labor exploitation no longer affects people of color, migrants, or human beings in general. We pray that inequality no longer exists.
We pray that those leading corporations do not have hearts full of greed and that they are more tolerant of humanity, that they have a conscience and they can see how their bad decisions affect others, their siblings in God, who are the workers.
Written by the Coalition of Immokalee Workers Women's Group
Reflection Questions
Which parts of the history of immigration in the Unites States were unfamiliar to you, if any? Had you been told a different story?
Do your ancestors have an immigration story? How is it similar or different to the history you read here?
How did "whiteness" shape the trajectory of different groups of immigrants in the United States?
Do you hear anti-immigrant rhetoric in your daily life? What argument against immigration is repeated most? Mindful of the "big picture" of the history of immi- gration in the United States, how could you respond?
Take action with NETWORK to call for just immigration policies that honor the dignity of immigrants and the importance of family unity. Visit www.networklobby.org/immigration for the latest political updates.
"How a shifting definition of 'white' helped shape U.S. immigration policy"
https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/white-u-s-immigration-policy
This article from PBS illustrates how tactics used by government officials to separate people by perceived "whiteness" has changed our notion of what it means to be white, and what that looks like for our immigration policies.
"America's Forgotten History of Illegal Deportations"
https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/03/americas-brutal-forgotten-history-of-illegal-deportations/517971/
In the 1920s and 1930s, the U.S. government conducted unconstitutional raids and deportations against Mexican immigrants, known as "Mexican repatriation." This Atlantic article gives insight into that history, and what it means for immigration policy today.
Infographic on the History of U.S. Immigration
https://kathleenkowal.com/2017/07/04/usimmigration/
This infographic from Kathleen Kowal traces the history of immigration policy in the U.S., starting with colonialization and ending in the present day.
"Fresh Air: America's Forgotten History of Mexican-American 'Repatriation'"
https://www.npr.org/2015/09/10/439114563/americas-forgotten-history-of-mexican-american-repatriation
This episode of NPR's Fresh Air delves into the history surrounding Mexican "repatriation" — returning people to their native country. The impetus for these mass deportations was fear and racism, and the episode explains it in the context of 1920s and 1930s history.
https://www.politico.com/story/2012/03/the-united-states-enacts-first-immigration-law-074438
https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/chinese-immigration
http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/immigration/mexican2.html
https://networklobby.org/historyimmigration/
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/08/13/the-time-a-president-deported-1-million-mexican-americans-for-stealing-u-s-jobs/?utm_term=.8c7c97c43833
http://fanhs-national.org/filam/what-filipinao-american-history-can-teach-us-about-the-recent-executive-order-on-immigration/
https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/fifty-years-1965-immigration-and-nationality-act-continues-reshape-united-states
https://www.people-press.org/2018/06/28/shifting-public-views-on-legal-immigration-into-the-u-s/
https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/reports/2017/03/16/428335/keeping-families-together/
*Return to Recommit to Racial Justice homepage
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Momentum Awards 2020
Careers With 1871 Startups
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Mentor or Teach a Workshop
Media & Event Partnerships
Getting Out Whole–With Your Soul Intact
Howard A. Tullman | December 19, 2016
In a recent post I explained the importance of timing in the shutdown of an unsuccessful business. The main point is that, especially in the context of a "fire sale," most tech startups and digital businesses don't have too many hard assets to offer, but if the entrepreneur doesn't wait too long, there is still
What "the Boss" Can Teach Us About Loss
If you love Springsteen songs for the lyrics like I do (not that there's anything wrong with the music) then you know what I mean when I say that there's a line or a poignant phrase from some Bruce song that seems perfect for just about any and every occasion. I can think of dozens
Howard A. Tullman
Old School: Who Said You Have to Be Young to Be an Innovator?
Howard A. Tullman | December 5, 2016
Visitors to 1871 are always surprised to see so many gray hairs zipping around the place. (No one here saunters – everyone's in a hurry.) That's because a significant portion of these older folks are our mentors and, while gray hair can be simply a sign of age and not necessarily of wisdom, that hasn't
IT Guys: Stop Playing Defense
Howard A. Tullman | November 28, 2016
I used to feel bad for the guys in our IT department because they had the same career issue that the heads of Homeland Security have. As we all know, the terrorists and other scumbags only have to get it right one time and horrible things can happen. Yet our counter-terrorism teams and other law
Why Entrepreneurs Are Really Terrible at Saying Thank You
Who would have thought that there would be some worthwhile words of wisdom coming from Glinda, the Good Witch, in Wicked? I saw Wicked again recently for the umpteenth time and I was struck by how relevant some of the lyrics from the song "Thank Goodness"were to the entrepreneurial mindset and to the ways many
Make Your Meetings "CRISP" or Forget Them
It's not possible to read any new or old material about organizational behavior without coming across a screed or two on the general subject of how too many meetings simply represent a waste of time, energy and resources. I've taken a shot at it, too. (See How to Deal with Time Wasters) Such sessions rarely
Where Will Your Business Be When the Music Stops?
Howard A. Tullman | November 8, 2016
I've always loved the game "musical chairs." You know, that game where a group of kids is circling a cluster of chairs, and everyone has to find a seat when the music abruptly stops. There is always one less chair than the number of players. The one person left standing is eliminated. In many ways,
These Five 'Cs' Might Save Your A__
Howard A. Tullman | October 18, 2016
Winter is on its way– something we're more than familiar with in Chicago– but I'm not just talking about the weather. It's becoming frostier and frostier for startups caught in the lukewarm limbo between ideas and invoices to get their early backers to up their bets, especially when it's not clear that they've found a
There's Never a Great Time to Plan Your Succession
Howard A. Tullman | October 5, 2016
There have been a lot of prescriptive articles about the critical–and often ignored or overlooked–need for succession planning in large companies, particularly at the highest management level. And I've seen the massive notebooks at some big businesses that detail the candidates and the replacement process for practically every member of the senior team. On the
How the Cubs, a 140-Year Old Baseball Team, Operate Like a Startup
Howard A. Tullman | September 26, 2016
The Chicago Cubs are having a spectacular season, clinching their division and on the way to winning 100+ games. Without taking anything for granted, it's clear that their talent strategy and their commitment to rebuilding with young, impact players has begun to pay serious dividends. For a team that's been around since the 19th century
The Beauty of Backing Into a Business
Hardly a week goes by without my hearing yet another version of the same startup struggle. The companies may change, but the song remains basically the same: we couldn't find it so we had to build it and now "it" is a bigger business opportunity for us than the business we set out to build
You Don't Have to Finish Everything You Start
I was recently asked about the productivity tools, handy tips or other strategies I have used over the years to help me stay on course–focused on my most important goals and primary objectives– in the midst of the messy multitude of ongoing emergencies, unavoidable distractions and regular interruptions that make up my typical day. I
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The story of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 isn't really about the fire. It's about what happened next: A remarkable moment when the most brilliant engineers, architects and inventors came together to build a new city. Their innovations — born of passion and practical ingenuity — shaped not just Chicago, but the modern world. What started 140 years ago continues to this day.
Come to a place where you can share ideas, make mistakes, work hard, build your business and, with a little luck, change the world.
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#ifndef XCAM_CL_3A_IMAGE_PROCESSOR_H
#define XCAM_CL_3A_IMAGE_PROCESSOR_H

#include "xcam_utils.h"
#include "cl_image_processor.h"
#include "stats_callback_interface.h"

namespace XCam {

class CLBayer2RGBImageHandler;
class CLCscImageHandler;
class CLGammaImageHandler;
class CL3AStatsCalculator;
class CLWbImageHandler;

class CL3aImageProcessor
    : public CLImageProcessor
{
    enum OutSampleType {
        OutSampleYuv,
        OutSampleRGB,
        OutSampleBayer,
    };

public:
    explicit CL3aImageProcessor ();
    virtual ~CL3aImageProcessor ();

    void set_stats_callback (const SmartPtr<StatsCallback> &callback);

    bool set_output_format (uint32_t fourcc);
    void set_hdr (bool enable) {
        _enable_hdr = enable;
    }
    void set_denoise (bool enable) {
        _enable_denoise = enable;
    }
    void set_gamma (bool enable) {
        _enable_gamma = enable;
    }

protected:

    //derive from ImageProcessor
    virtual bool can_process_result (SmartPtr<X3aResult> &result);
    virtual XCamReturn apply_3a_results (X3aResultList &results);
    virtual XCamReturn apply_3a_result (SmartPtr<X3aResult> &result);

private:
    virtual XCamReturn create_handlers ();
    XCAM_DEAD_COPY (CL3aImageProcessor);

private:
    uint32_t                           _output_fourcc;
    bool                               _enable_hdr;
    bool                               _enable_denoise;
    bool                               _enable_gamma;
    OutSampleType                      _out_smaple_type;

    SmartPtr<StatsCallback>            _stats_callback;

    SmartPtr<CLImageHandler>           _black_level;
    SmartPtr<CLBayer2RGBImageHandler>  _demosaic;
    SmartPtr<CLImageHandler>           _hdr;
    SmartPtr<CLCscImageHandler>        _csc;
    SmartPtr<CLImageHandler>           _denoise;
    SmartPtr<CLGammaImageHandler>      _gamma;
    SmartPtr<CL3AStatsCalculator>      _x3a_stats_calculator;
    SmartPtr<CLWbImageHandler>         _wb;
};

};
#endif //XCAM_CL_3A_IMAGE_PROCESSOR_H

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


In some cases we have to look at our habits to decide what we must do to cultivate healthy relationships and most notably a healthy self. Our bad routines might lead us to stop cigarette smoking, doing drugs, drinking and so on. All of these practices will break our spirit and trigger us to have bad health. As soon as you have bad practices, it is so difficult to break it. It is nearly in possible if you do not have some will power or an excellent actor to stop doing what you are doing. If your objective is to establish the healthy self and healthy relationships, then undoubtedly you have a factor.
Things that are not excellent for you and your health like cigarette smoking, drinking, and drugs, over consuming, is simply a few routines we ought to focus on. Practices are tough to break, but if you deal with self-improvement, you will cultivate the inner strength to conquer the practices that get in the way of your health.
Remember; it requires time to break old routines. For that reason, you will have to operate at breaking the routines every day. You will have to choose that this is what you actually desire to do. In order to choose what you desire, you will have to dig down within the self. Go on the internet today to learn the process of subliminal learning.
We must utilize favorable affirmatives at all times to specify what we expect of our self. This will lead you to decide why you wish to stop. You want to think about health factors in this instance, because your goal is to establish the healthy self and relationships.
You can also conserve loan by pursuing the healthy self. When this is determined in your mind, it will be a little easier for you to stop. Although like all bad practices you're going to have to operate at it, this is going to take some time so don't rush yourself and beat yourself up when you fail. When you have actually decided that this is what you want to do then you might want to think about a replacement for your routine. For example, if you intend to stop smoking to better your health, consider what you can replace to keep your mouth and hands occupied.
It will not be easy to do at very first however in time, it will become easy for you. You will even forget all about in due time. It is simply going to take a while. As long as you understand inside your mind what you mean to do, you will cultivate determination to strengthen your life.
Breaking bad habits can enhance you in many ways. First, your mate probably hates kissing you if you are a cigarette smoker. If you stop smoking your mate might become more caring, which enhances your relationship.
If you take drugs, it will affect your relationships in an unfavorable way. Likely, you will burn out all of your relationships in the end. If this is a habit, then it is something you will wish to break in order to develop healthy relationships and the self. Drinking excessive will also impact your relationships. Thus, work toward much better health and healthier relationships by putting those bad routines away. Do not believe that you do not have the self-discipline to stop. You can discover inner strength to support you, which is the procedure of creating the healthy self. You have the inner power to take control of your life and improve your relationships.


text:
Real Madrid Reportedly Offer £40m For Luka Modric
By Kim McCauley@lgbtqfc Jul 12, 2012, 5:00pm BST
Share All sharing options for: Real Madrid Reportedly Offer £40m For Luka Modric
GDANSK, POLAND - JUNE 18: Luka Modric of Croatia waves to the fans after the UEFA EURO 2012 group C match between Croatia and Spain at The Municipal Stadium on June 18, 2012 in Gdansk, Poland. (Photo by Alex Grimm/Getty Images)
Do you guys remember when I made fun of a Metro.co.uk report yesterday because they said that Paris Saint-Germain would 'blow Madrid out of the water' with a £30m bid for Luka Modric? That's because everyone ever knew that Real Madrid were always going to have to pay £30m or more to get Modric. And according to a report at the Telegraph, Los Merengues have upped their bid for Modric to £40m.
I don't want Luka Modric to leave and I'm sure everyone else echos that sentiment, but if a team outside of the Premier League that is significantly bigger than Tottenham Hotspur in every way has bid £40m, I think it's time to let him go. Losing Modric to Chelsea, Manchester United or Manchester City was always going to be a bit hard to stomach for everyone, but as a group I think we can take a sale to Madrid -- especially for ridiculous money -- a little better.
The Telegraph report doesn't say anything about a Nuri Sahin or Fernando Gago swap, which isn't surprising, considering that everyone just assumes Andre Villas-Boas has eyes for Joao Moutinho. The FC Porto midfielder has a €30m release clause in his contract, but because Porto recently brought back Lucho Gonzalez from Marseille, they're almost certainly willing to part with Moutinho for a little less than that.
This is all still just rumor at this point, but I think a lot of us have been resigned to Modric going to Real Madrid since Euro 2012 started, and it's starting to look more and more like the deal is going to be done shortly.
Follow @CFCaptain


text:
Xtenik Audio
About Xtenik
All Amp Review
All DAP Review
All Headphone Review
BGVP
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Ibasso
Are Headphone Amplifiers Worth It?
If you are experiencing distortions and poor sound quality while using your audio instruments, you will surely need to connect them with headphone amplifiers
How To Amplify Headphones on Pc?
Increasing the volume of headphones on a PC is of paramount importance for music listeners and gamers. The pre-installed speakers in a computer may not be sufficient to provide the required thrust of volume.
Do I Need a Headphone Amplifier?
If you require a high intensity of sound and you are not satisfied with the quality of sound, you will require a headphone amplifier.
How To Use Headphone Amplifier?
For wired connections, you can use USB cables or adapters, whereas Bluetooth is the viable option for wireless connections. Secondly, you will have to connect the amplifier with a direct power source.
How To Amplify Stereo Headphones?
The connectivity of amps has been a major issue in the past. However, the manufacturers have given great importance to the connectivity issues.
What Is a Headphone Amplifier?
A headphone amplifier is a low-powered digital audio output device. Headphone amplifiers are portable devices and sometimes come embedded within a digital audio device, such as in headphone jacks.
What is a tube headphone amplifier?
Tube headphone amps are also called vacuum amps/vacuum tubes because they amplify sound by using vacuum tubes that control electrical current.
How to Choose Amplifier For Headphones?
Remember that high-end amps are not necessarily the best. They may have a brand name attached, but that doesn't necessarily mean better quality or power.
What Is A Portable Music Player?
As the name suggests, a portable music player is a mobile device that allows users to play music (or recorded audio files) while on the go.
What Is DAC?
A Digital to analog converter (DAC) is a device that converts a digital audio signal into an analog audio signal which can then be sent to a headphone amp.
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Xtenik Audio was established in 2016, our goal is to provide the best audiophile products at the most affordable price for our clients.
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The Starting Line – Elections Have Consequences; Gov. Brown Says Prop 30 Vote Has National Implications
November 12, 2012 by Doug Porter
Gov. Jerry Brown took to the airwaves Sunday, telling CNN's Candy Crowley that voter passage of tax increases on the wealthy included in California's Proposition 30 were indicative of a coming nationwide shift in voter attitudes, just as passage of Proposition 13 signaled a tax revolt thirty five years ago.
"I was here in 1978, when Howard Jarvis beat the entire establishment, Republican and Democrat, because the property taxes had just gotten out of control. Now the cutting, the cutting and the deficits are out of control.", said Brown. "Those who have been blessed the most, who have disproportionately extracted, by whatever skill, more and more from the national wealth, they're going to have to share more of that,"
Prop 13, passed during Brown's first stint in the Governor's Mansion, limited the growth of property taxes on both residential and commercial property and dictated that any bill to pass taxes must be approved by a two-thirds vote of both legislative bodies.
This past week voters approved Prop 30 by an eight-point margin, even as polling indicated that the measure was on the bubble. Taxes will now go up on high income earners to fund education, and as a result of its passage, the California State University system has already rescinded the most recent tuition increase it passed for the fall semester. Additionally, voters overwhelmingly approved Proposition 39, which eliminates a tax loophole for big businesses and uses the revenue to fund green energy projects.
UT-SD Front Page Edivertorial Calls Prop 30 a Business Killer
Photo Credit Dave M via Twitter
Having lost the electoral battle in lobbying against California's Proposition 30, San Diego's Sunday UT took to inventing a news meme to scare people about its impact. A front page story with the headline "Small Business Wart of Prop. 30's Tax Hikes" purports to warn readers that "many" small business owners are now worried about their survival.
Except that it doesn't. One small business owner on Point Loma, who had already downsized due to the recession, is quoted as saying she doesn't know what the future will bring.
All of the "evidence" cited comes from the California Taxpayers Association and the National Federation of Independent Business(NFIB), which are both simply front groups operated on behalf of the Republican party.
According to the Center for Responsive Politics' "Heavy Hitters" donor list, NFIB is ranked third highest among all groups in the percentage of its contributions (93 percent) going to Republican candidates – a higher percentage even than Koch Industries (90 percent), Exxon Mobil (86 percent), and the National Rifle Association (82 percent).
The story, by reporter Michael Gardner, does quote from people who support Prop 30, and probably would qualify as being "fair" by mass media standards. It even starts out citing the university study often quoted by Gov. Brown that suggests that divorce is more likely to cause millionaires to move than higher taxes. The headline (which reporters don't typically write) and the story's placement on the front page leave no doubt about the newspaper's bias on this matter.
And If You Thought That Front Page Was Bad…
…wait until you hear about what passed for 'truth' on the editorial page of the SD-UT last Friday.
It's war! Sez contractor
Manchester's mouthpiece spouts off about the recently announced deal between a contractor and organized labor that would remove obstacles from further expansion of the San Diego Convention Center. Headline: A good deal for San Diego, or 'extortion'?:
In the Convention Center expansion project, unions filed suit earlier this year challenging the project's environmental assessment as well as the expansion financing scheme, which relies on a hotel-room tax increase approved by San Diego hoteliers, but not by voters. Labor was also expected to oppose the project before the California Coastal Commission.
Sanders, local labor council leader Lorena Gonzalez and other labor representatives announced two agreements on Thursday. Under one deal, the unions agreed to drop their legal challenge and to support the expansion project before the Coastal Commission next year in return for agreements involving worker safety and various environmental issues. The second is a PLA [Project Labor Agreement] that, according to the contractor, will "ensure consistent benefits for both union and nonunion subcontractors." The PLAwas reportedly worked out independently between the contractor and the unions, purportedly making it legal under Proposition A.
Gonzalez said the unions would not have agreed to support the expansion "if we hadn't achieved all the things we've been working for."
Eric Christen, executive director of a contractors group called the Coalition for Fair Employment in Construction, the main champion behind Proposition A, sent an unsolicited email to the U-T San Diego Editorial Board and others following Thursday's announcement, calling the agreements "rank extortion" and asking the question, "Who else could get away with this?"
In a follow-up email Friday, Christen said his group would "go to war" over the deals, promising to "launch a PR and legal assault on this."
In case you didn't notice, the UT editorial board has served Christen's purposes, by giving his "Coalition" publicity when virtually no other media outlet would.
But wait! There's more! (as they say in the TV commercials) It turns out that the concept of a 'purportedly' legal PLA isn't so repugnant when it comes to projects supported by UT-SD's publisher Doug Manchester. According to a Tweet from Lorena Gonzalez, who was pissed (not a word that she would use) that her quote in the editorial was abridged:
Lynch, Light & Reed offered us full PLA on waterfront in exchange for support of their project. We still didn't support. Quote that.
— Lorena Gonzalez (@LorenaSGonzalez) November 10, 2012
Hypocrisy lives large at the SD-UT these days. And, by the way, I'm not so sure that the Convention Center expansion is such a great deal. I don't know if we really need it, and I'm not feeling great about the back room financing they're proposing to fund it. But if I was in organized labor's shoes, I'd certainly be bargaining for my piece of the pie. That's called making a deal.
The City's First Bike Corral Just Got More Awesome
Photo: Ben Verdugo
Those of us who are bicycally challenged might not be aware of it, but the City of San Diego is making great strides forward towards making our fair berg more bike friendly. These things called "bike corrals" are being installed around town that are essentially just really cool and safe places for people to park their two wheels while spending money in commercial districts. Parking! What a concept!
From bikesd.org (which you should follow if you care about these issues at all):
Ben Verdugo, the Operations Manager for the Uptown Community Parking District, sent us word that the Parking District just made the city's first bike corral on 5th and University Avenue even more friendly with the installation of a Dero bicycle Fixit Station next to the corral. This Fixit Station is the same as the one located in the Whole Foods parking lot across from their bike racks.
The Dero Fixit Service Stations are designed to help riders fix minor problems that they may encounter while riding. The stations are described as follows:
You are riding home from work when you notice your bike needs some adjusting. The bike shop is closed and out of your way, so now what? Fixit to the rescue!
The Fixit includes all the tools necessary to perform basic repairs and maintenance, from changing a flat to adjusting brakes and derailleurs. The tools and air pump are securely attached to the stand with stainless steel cables and tamper-proof fasteners. Hanging the bike from the hanger arms allows the pedals and wheels to spin freely while making adjustments.
Foreclosure Vote Slated for Tuesday
The Property Value Protection Ordinance (PVPO), sponsored by Council Member David Alvarez, will be voted on by the San Diego City Council Tuesday evening. A coalition of activist groups, including the Center on Policy Initiatives, the San Diego and Imperial Counties Labor Council, the Interfaith Council for Worker Justice and many others, has worked for over a year, hosting town halls, collecting petitions, making presentations and working with the Council's the Land Use and Housing Committee.
If passed, the PVPO would create a registry of properties at the first point in the foreclosure process with information about who is responsible to clean and maintain this property. This would help code enforcement to do their job by creating new staff positions so that they can spend more time dealing with nuisance properties.
This vote will be the last piece to a comprehensive foreclosure ordinance that will enable the City to hold banks accountable for maintaining foreclosed properties. The City Council meeting starts at 6pm Tuesday evening. For more information, go here.
Citizens United Resolution to Be Considered
For several months now activists with Women Occupy SD and Common Cause has worked quietly to get the San Diego City Council to consider a resolution calling for the overturn of the Citizen's United Supreme Court decision and a Constitutional Amendment to make that happen.
Wednesday morning (Nov 14) at 9 am the Rules Committee of the City Council will review the resolution, hear several speakers speak on its behalf, and then vote, they hope, to send it to the full committee with a recommendation to approve. The activists are calling on people to attending the hearing (12th Floor, 202 C Street, San Diego) and speak on behalf of the motion. For more information go here.
Walmart Targeted for Black Friday Protests
Organizers planning a nationwide strike against Walmart on the day after Thanksgiving are banking on a new strategy: online organizing. Working with social action groups, labor organizers are seeking to create a "viral" strike, meaning that it will spread online and affect locations of the world's largest retailer nationally
The Huffington Post reported on a conference call by Brian Young, with the Corporate Action Network, coordinated by the United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW) union last week. Young said that, while organizers can not cover the roughly 4,000 Walmarts across the country, the process of enabling self-appointed leaders online has widened and decentralized the campaign.
Walmart workers interested in joining the day of action are directed to this website, either to find a store near them with an organized strike or to "adopt an event" at a store near them. Supporters can also sponsor a striking worker, who may be losing wages in order to strike, by donating grocery gift cards.
The campaign has raised more than $13,500 worth of donations toward grocery gift cards since Oct. 15 — a figure that doesn't include significant funds raised through mailed-in checks, Jamie Way, of the UFCW, told HuffPost.
The campaign is also mobilizing strikers and supporters through a Facebook app,multiple Facebook pages, a Tumblr and Twitter with the hashtag #walmartstrikers.
"This is one of the first labor campaigns to really fully embrace the potential of online-to-offline labor organizing," she said. "As this captures fire, its potential is limitless."
I Don't Give a Shit About the Truth, or Words to That Effect….
The best three paragraphs of the day, from Huffington Post:
Grover Norquist, founder and president of Americans For Tax Reform, has a new theory about why President Barack Obama won — he portrayed Mitt Romney as a "poopy head."
"The president was committed; elected on the basis that he was not Romney and Romney was a poopy head and you should vote against Romney and he won by two points," Norquist said on CBS' "This Morning" Monday. "But he didn't make the case that we should have higher taxes and higher spending, he kind of sounded like the opposite."
Host Norah O'Donnell pushed back. "Well, I'm not sure that's what the president called Mitt Romney, Grover," she said. "That's not the debate that was had … he said very clearly throughout the debate that the wealthiest Americans should pay more and he won eight of the nine battleground states and Republicans failed to reclaim the White House or the Senate."
Oh, poop. Don't ya just hate it when facts get in the way?
On This Day: In 1940 Walt Disney released "Fantasia." In 1954 Ellis Island, the immigration station in New York Harbor, closed after processing more than 20 million immigrants since 1892. In 1984 Madonna released the album "Like A Virgin."
On This Day: Eat Fresh! Today's Farmers' Markets: Escondido (Welk Resort 8860 Lawrence Welk Drive) 1pm –Sunset
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Doug Porter
Doug Porter was active in the early days of the alternative press in San Diego, contributing to the OB Liberator, the print version of the OB Rag, the San Diego Door, and the San Diego Street Journal. He went on to have a 35-year career in the Hospitality business and decided to go back into raising hell when he retired. He won numerous awards for his columns from the Society of Professional Journalists in 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017. Doug is a cancer survivor (sans vocal chords) and lives in North Park.
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Last Call. Last Column. - December 14, 2018
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Live – War in Ukraine: Macron pays tribute to "European unity" after trip to Kiev
Agapito Llano June 17, 2022 4 min read
"I will do it whenever it is useful": Yes, Emmanuel Macron will continue to exchange with Vladimir Putin.
Emmanuel Macron has vowed to keep in touch with Vladimir Putin, despite criticism in Ukraine for maintaining this direct contact with the Kremlin leader.
"Since they haven't talked to each other already, I'll do it whenever it's useful. "Our discussions with Vladimir Putin have always been about finding a way to peace, but we have never negotiated on behalf of the Ukrainians," he said.
'Our relationship has always been good': Macron opens up about his relationship with Zhelensky
Emmanuel Macron also returned to his relations with the Ukrainian president, which is said to have at times been strained. "Despite the controversy, our relationship has always been good," he said. He noted that his departure was in line with his desire not to "insult Russia" and was painfully received by the Ukrainian executive and the invading nation.
He warned of the danger of "losing the peace" and said that "France's role is to mediate and limit."
"Moldova can be a candidate." To the EU, Macron says
The President of Moldova, disturbed by the Russo-Ukrainian conflict and disturbed by separatism, may also apply to join the European Union, the head of state told our correspondent Ulysses Gossett.
"Moldova can be a candidate," he agreed.
Ukraine's candidate for EU: Macron urges "message sent to Russia" that "road is long but hopeful"
"Normally Ukraine can not be a candidate," Emmanuel Macron admitted: "We do it because of the war." He added that Ukraine was part of a "European family".
See also Live - War in Ukraine: Russian offensive begins in eastern country
"The road will be long, but it is a sign of hope," he warned, adding that it was "a message addressed to Russia."
He opened the European door to Moldova, indicating that it could also be a candidate for the EU.
Exclusive Interview with Emmanuel Macron: President Celebrates Europeans' "Historical Response" to Ukraine's EU Nomination
In the introduction to our exclusive interview, Emmanuel Macron described the rest of his Q&A trip: "It will be a picture of us making many decisions together in the presidential garden of Kiev".
Celebrating Ukraine's open access to the EU's candidacy, he said, "We have accepted this movement towards Europe." "In this room we prepared it with Chancellor Sholes and Mario Draghi," he explained, "this European consensus was expected from the Ukrainians".
"I was struck by this unity of the Europeans and this desire to provide a historical answer," he concluded.
Macron posed with the train crew who had picked him up from the queue
President Emmanuel Macron released a photo of himself in the middle of a train crew picking him up from the queue.
Emmanuel Macron returns by train from kyiv © BFMTV
It was in this room that the head of state gave us an interview.
"Vladimir Putin should not believe that there is division among us": Jean-Luc Mன்சlenchon underscores the unity of the French political class in the Ukrainian file
Jean-Luc Mélenchon has made himself a spokesman for the unity of the French political class in the Ukrainian file.
"All French political leaders, without exception, are against this aggression," he underlined, warning: "Do not believe that Vladimir Putin is wrong."
See also Spain: A new 45m yacht, valued at 25 million dollars, destroyed by flames
Following his trip to Ukraine, Emmanuel Macron gives an exclusive interview to BFMTV.
The President gave an exclusive interview to BFMTV. Distribution of Caesar artillery, Ukraine's accession to the European Union, relations with Volodymyr Zhelensky: Emmanuel Macron will take his visit to Ukraine.
Follow this interview on our antenna from 9am. The interview was conducted in the saloon of the President's carriage on the train returning from the queue.
Jean-Luc Mன்சlenchon calls for Ukrainian candidacy for EU "no bread"
Jean-Luc Mélenchon is a guest of our correspondent Apolline de Malherbe this morning. He spoke about the immediate beginning of the process of Ukraine's accession to the European Union.
"I agree that Ukraine is a candidate for membership, but it does not eat bread", the rebel began for a possible admission. Definitely speaking, He dropped: "The EU must become a member if it changes its methods". Citing the work posted, he called on Ukraine to "raise its social standards".
Hello Volodimir Zhelensky "A Historic Day"
"Today is a historic day – Ukraine has felt the support of four powerful European countries at once, especially in support of our movement towards the European Union. Italy, Romania, France and Germany are with us," Volodymyr Zhelensky said in his speech. Thursday evening.
>> Our full article
The senior British military says Russia has 'failed strategically'
Admiral Tony Radakin, commander of the British Defense Forces, has said that Russia has already "failed strategically" in the war in Ukraine and will "never control it".
"President Putin has used 25% of his military force to reap small regional gains," the soldier was quoted as saying by the British agency PA on Friday.
"This does not mean that Russia has won. Russia is losing," he said.
See also "This is a mission to avoid a nuclear accident", assures the head of the IAEA
We welcome this direct follow-up to the war in Ukraine
Previous "A truly historic day," says Volodymyr Zhelensky
Next Vladimir Putin has said that Ukraine has nothing against Russia joining the European Union


Dandruff is easily treated with the right shampoo, although the symptoms can be similar to other problems like a sunburnt scalp –here's how to spot dandruff.
While dandruff is common, with 1 in 2 people experiencing it in their lifetime at some point, similar symptoms may point to something different.
Head lice symptoms are similar to dandruff; you may experience an itchy scalp that leads to scratching. Eggs, called "nits," cling tothe hair shafts. These resemble small grains of sand that can be mistaken for dandruff flakes.
Lice and nits can only be treated with manual combing and removal after washing your hair with anti-lice shampoo.
A sunburnt scalp shares some symptoms with dandruff including redness, irritation and itchiness. If you continually use hair dryers orother heat stylers, you may experience a burn on your scalp, which can cause these too.
Sunburn flaking is concentrated where your scalp was exposed to sun: your part line or places where your hair is thin.
Dandruff flaking can occur anywhere on scalp, but especially in areas less exposed to sun.
A way to check your own hair for dandruff flakes is to part your hair near your temple (just above your ear).
The color of the flakes may also give you a clue; skin that's peeling from sunburn is white, whereas dandruff flakes may be white oryellowish.
A sunburnt scalp needs to be treated with cooling aloe. You should refrain from using heat stylers until your scalp is completelyhealed.
Even then, try to limit their use as they can contribute to a dry scalp, damaging your scalp's natural moisture defenses.
The frequent use of styling products can cause a buildup on your hair that may also resemble dandruff. Styling products also make yourhair look greasy and, if you have a sensitive scalp, the buildup may cause irritation and redness.
If you do have dandruff, the only way to treat it is with the right shampoo.
Use our Smooth & Silky Shampoo for smooth, clean-looking hair. It removes buildup and helps prevent dandruff.
The pH-balanced formula is gentle on hair and ideal for everyday use, even on color-treated hair.


An opportunity for an experienced IT Security Professional with Oracle e-Business Suite Financials experience has become available in Edinburgh. You will be required to examine the security and controls for a financial system for the implementation of GDPR and the appropriate candidate must ensure that the system is fit for purpose in terms of structure and compliance.
Must have knowledge and experience in Oracle e-Business Suite (R12) Financials, particularly in the context of security and access structures.


Add new living space and increase the value and use of your property by adding a granny annexe/mobile home without requiring full planning permission.
We're excited to be drawing up plans for this beautiful two-bedroom timber frame residential. There's a large open-plan living space, family bathroom, a study, utility room and store room, and the master bedroom even has a walk-in wardrobe.
At 16 x 6.7m, it will be installed in our client's grounds as a granny annexe/mobile home under a Lawful Development Certificate (LDC), rather than requiring full planning permission.
If you're interested to know more about how you could do the same, on the drive or in the garden of your main dwelling without requiring or being restricted by full planning permission, take a look at our Planning Free Mobile Home guide. And to see which of our models are applicable see our Planning Free Mobile Home range.


The biennial New Music Award, run by the PRS for Music Foundation, has announced its five-strong shortlist today. 'It's arguably the boldest and most exciting yet,' says Sally Taylor, chair of the foundation, likening the competition to art's infamous Turner Prize. The winner of the New Music Award will be given £50,000; this year the prize pot for the Turner was £25,000.
With a judging panel headed by The Guardian's Charlotte Higgins and also featuring pianist Joanna MacGregor and composer Michael Finnissy, the scrutiny is fierce. This year's shortlisted works share a common desire to reframe or challenge listeners' conception of music. Instrument-maker Terry Mann aims to create 'automatic musical instruments' to be played by members of the public, while Robert Jarvis hopes to use the movement of the stars around the celestial North Pole to create music.
The other shortlisted pieces are by Blue Hippo Media, collaborators Marc Yeats, Ralph Hoyte and Phill Phelps, and members of art group Liminal. David Ross's work Eye Tones, which proposed turning the London Eye into a giant musical instrument, has had to be withdrawn after the judges felt that it would not be 'deliverable'.


"Free fusion" solo concert-performance as part of the Crisis Performance Festival #2.
Ahmad Compaoré is a musician of freedom. With feet, fists and hands, he strikes, whips and strokes the brass of the cymbals and the skin of his drums. Of Egyptian and Burkinabé origins, he confirms his singular talent alongside Fred Frith, Marc Ribot, Jamaaladeen Tacuma or Egyptian choreographer Karima Mansour. Skilfully exploring various genres, he teaches drums and contemporary percussion through his association La Boîte à Musique in Marseilles. Free from boundaries, his musical world is a subtle mix of free jazz, fusion and world music, sustained by a compulsive playing made of frantic impetus, abrupt collapses and sudden explosions. With a virtually symbiotic mastery of the instruments he uses, the plasticity of the body contributes to make them vibrate in a connection altogether smooth and unbridled.
That same evening, Ahmad Compaoré will perform a mini-set as part of "La Nuit Blanche" between 20:00 and midnight.


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Home/Technology/Benefits of Email Deliverability Platform
Benefits of Email Deliverability Platform
Giles MartinJanuary 19, 2021
Email deliverability is a critical feature of any email system. Many businesses, both large and small, are still finding ways to deliver email to their subscribers. A lack of email deliverability can significantly affect the success or failure of any business. Businesses must first understand the need for email deliverability platforms to reap the benefits they offer. As technologies continue to advance, businesses will experience many new features that will greatly enhance email delivery.
As mentioned above, email deliverability is a very important feature of any email system. With email deliverability platforms, email providers can ensure that emails are delivered as intended to their recipients. If an email is delivered to the recipient and they experience an error, the sender will be responsible for rectifying the problem. This can prevent costly lawsuits that could result from users receiving incorrect or fraudulent emails.
An email deliverability platform will typically include many different features. It will help to handle email bounces that occur during the delivery of emails. These can include a variety of problems, such as the bounce rate, which indicates the number of emails that were unsuccessfully delivered. The bounce rate is a good measure of how effective an email delivery system is. Another important feature is the ability for emails to be traced so that users can determine who sent them.
In addition to tracking bounces, email deliverability platforms can also protect against spam. Many email systems do not allow unqualified subscribers to register. This is done to protect users from becoming a target for spammers. Other benefits offered by an email deliverability platform include support for multiple email addresses and auto-responders. With these tools, businesses can quickly and easily respond to customer questions or concerns.
With an email deliverability platform, businesses can be provided with email addresses that they have access to, regardless of where the user has accessed the server. Users will not be given their email addresses when they sign up for services through the platform. Instead, the user will have access to an email account that they can use to send email to the group they belong to. This is important because there may be times when an email address is needed by the business, but the user does not have access to it.
In the past, email delivery systems were designed solely to track bounces and provide protection against spam. However, with the increased use of email by customers, businesses need to be able to give customers the ability to unsubscribe from their email lists. A good email deliverability platform will allow a user to do this, as they will not be given control over the list they are on. They will only be able to erase their email after they have read the email that they placed there. Therefore, an email deliverability platform will allow a business to provide a product that gives a customer a complete solution to their problems and fears about email.
Giles Martin
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Rotating insecticides is key for organic growers. According to Ayanava Majumdar, Extension entomologist with Auburn University, if growers do not rotate their insecticides, they run the risk of harming natural enemies.
Majumdar has been testing organic insecticide rotations in Alabama over the past six years. He noticed that using one insecticide did not work very well against high populations of insects. "By rotating insecticides, you are reducing the use of expensive insecticides and you can also target multiple species," Majumdar explains.
According to Majumdar, growers can also incorporate selective insecticides into rotations. For example, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) products specialize in killing caterpillars. So, if growers notice high populations of caterpillars in the field, they can incorporate Bt products in their rotation of broad-spectrum insecticides to attack those caterpillars.
Majumdar recommends that growers make a habit of scouting for pests weekly or often. By recognizing the species and volume of pests in the field, choosing an insecticide can be a simpler process.
He also reminds growers that in small or organic production systems, the use of insecticides should be minimal. "We have problems with insecticide resistance, and insecticides, if used too much, can hurt natural enemies. We need natural enemies on organic farms," he says.
Growers have some other pest management methods they can use besides insecticides. Majumdar recommends looking into the following practices: pest exclusion systems, trap cropping, beneficial insects and practicing good sanitation tactics.


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Articles containing Belarusian-language text, Articles containing Lithuanian-language text, Hetmans,
People from Beshankovichy District
Sapieha
Ruthenian nobility
Former Polish Orthodox Christians
Former Calvinist and Reformed Christians
Converts to Protestantism from Eastern Orthodoxy
Converts to Calvinism
Converts to Unitarianism
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Calvinism
Secular senators of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Members of the Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Polish people of the Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)
Great Hetmans of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Lew Sapieha
Great Hetman
Grand Chancellor
(1557-04-04)April 4, 1557
near Vitebsk, Grand Duchy of Lithuania
July 7, 1633(1633-07-07) (aged 76)
Vilnius, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Dorota Firlej
Halaszka Radziwiłł
Lew Sapieha (Belarusian language: Леў Сапега or Leŭ Sapieha; Lithuanian language: Leonas Sapiega
4 April 1557 – 7 July 1633) was a nobleman and statesman of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. He became Great Secretary of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1580, Great Clerk of the Grand Duchy in 1581, Court Chancellor in 1585, Grand Chancellor from 1589 until 1623, Voivode of Vilnius in 1621, Great Lithuanian Hetman in 1623 and governor of Slonim, Brest and Mogilev. He was of Ruthenian ethnicity,[1][2] however, modern Belarusian sources interpret his Ruthenian heritage as Belarusian[3][4][5][6][7][8]
Lew is considered as a great political figure of the Commonwealth. A rich and powerful magnate, he was known for his wisdom as a statesman, lawyer and military commander, he was one of the greatest leaders of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the times of the Duchy's highest cultural flourishing.
1.2 Career and politics
He was born in Astroŭna (Belarusian language: Астроўна), near Vitebsk.[9] He was educated in Leipzig and worked in the royal chancellery of King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Stefan Báthory under direction of Jan Zamoyski. Raised Eastern Orthodox, in his youth he converted to Calvinism and founded a number of Calvinist churches in his former estates. In the 1570s he turned to Unitarianism. Disillusioned by the squabbles within the Protestant camp, in 1586 he converted with his first wife to Roman Catholicism of which he became a zealous defender. After the Union of Brest he enforced conformity on the unwilling Eastern Orthodox.
Career and politics[edit | edit source]
He supported a political union with Muscovy in 1584–1600 and led the diplomatic mission to Moscow in 1600 that proposed the union to tzar Boris Godunov, who declined the proposal. He also participated in wars with Muscovy under rule of Stephen Báthory and King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Sigismund III Vasa. He became an adviser of Sigismund III and supported his radical plans to take over the Muscovite throne.
As Chancellor he was the main editor and publisher of the last version of the Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. He laid grounds for the establishment of the Law Faculty in the University of Vilnius, which was created in 1641.
He was co-initiator and a participant in the military expedition to Moscow in 1618 by King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Władysław IV.
As Sejm Marshal he led the ordinary Sejm in Warsaw from October 4 to November 25, 1582. He was a benefactor of many catholic churches in the Grand Duchy. He established the long-term power and wealth of the Sapieha family.
Sapieha died on 1633 and was interred in the cellars of the Church of St. Michael the Archangel in Vilnius, which he himself has commissioned.[10] His tomb remains there to the present day and is still the largest piece of art of its kind in the territory of Lithuania.
Portrait depicting Sapieha by an unknown painter
St. Michael's Church in Vilnius (1594), commissioned by Sapieha as a personal mausoleum[10]
Tomb of Lew Sapieha inside the church
A letter signed by Sapieha from 1626
Belarusian stamp from 1995
Lithuanian stamp from 2007
↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-06-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20130602100904/http://archive.minfolit.lt/arch/20001/20356.pdf. Retrieved 2012-12-03.
↑ Саверчанка І.В. Канцлер Вялікага княства. Леў Сапега, Мн., Навука і тэхніка, 1992, с.63.
↑ Чаропка В. Бацька Айчыны. Леў Сапега. ў кнізе «Уладары вялікага княства», Мн., Беларусь, 1-е издание 1996, 2-ое издание 2002, с.327-408.
↑ Редактор: Тарас А. Е, Вялікі беларус Леў Сапега: Зборнік артыкулаў, 2012, Издательство: Інстытут беларускай гісторыі i культуры ISBN 978-9984-897-03-5
↑ http://library.by/portalus/modules/belarus/show_archives.php?subaction=showfull&id=1290335803&archive=1290362895&start_from=&ucat=8&
↑ http://samlib.ru/p/prokopchuk_artur_andreewich/msworddoc-15.shtml
↑ http://nn.by/?c=ar&i=70123
↑ http://jivebelarus.net/at_this_day/events_calendar262.html
↑ 10.0 10.1 Howard Jarvis, Neil Taylor (2006) Vilnius with Kaunas, Bradt Travel Guides, pp. 112–113
Konstanty Ostrogski
Semen Jurewicz Holszański
Stanislovas Kęsgaila
Stanisław Piotrowicz Kiszka
Jerzy Radziwiłł
Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł
Hrehory Chodkiewicz
Krzysztof Mikołaj "the Thunderbolt" Radziwiłł
Jan Karol Chodkiewicz
Krzysztof Radziwiłł
Janusz Kiszka
Janusz Radziwiłł
Paweł Jan Sapieha
Michał Kazimierz Pac
Michał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki
Jan Kazimierz Sapieha the Younger
Jan Kazimierz Sapieha the Elder
Grzegorz Antoni Ogiński
Ludwik Pociej
Michał "Rybeńko" Radziwiłł
Michał Józef Massalski
Michał Kazimierz Ogiński
Szymon Marcin Kossakowski
Retrieved from "https://military.wikia.org/wiki/Lew_Sapieha?oldid=5223624"
Articles containing Belarusian-language text
Articles containing Lithuanian-language text
Hetmans


text:
City Lofts raises 2.5m with new shares issue
City Lofts places 3,125,000 shares on AIM and buys out Lehman Brothers in five joint ventures.
City Lofts is placing 3,125,000 new shares on the stock exchange to raise £2.5m to fund its new developments. The new shares will cost 80p and admission of the new shares to the Alternative Investment Market is expected to take place tomorrow (Thursday).
Stuart Wright, City Lofts group chief executive, said: "It will help to improve liquidity in our shares, goes some way to satisfying the increasing demand for shares from existing and new shareholders and provides the company with additional working capital to help finance its expanding development pipeline.
The firm also announced that it has agreed to acquire the outstanding 49% equity interests of Lehman Brothers in four joint ventures for £2.45m. The joint ventures are City Lofts Argus Building, Drysdale Street, Piccadilly and St Ann's Quay.
Wright said: "This enables us to simplify the internal group structure which will allow us to maximise the tax benefits of such a group structure."
Kier and Mace bosses among industry chiefs calling for HS2 green light
Balfour Beatty's Leo Quinn and McAlpine's Paul Hamer also add their names to Boris Johnson letter
Government's own review says HS2 will exceed £100bn
Unpublished report suggests costs will rise from £88bn to £106bn
Treasury's construction advisor tells it to 'push back' Crossrail 2
IPA's David Hancock says government should focus on getting Crossrail 1 finished first