text:
\section{Introduction}
State-of-the-art experimental techniques, like
scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)\cite{Ohnishi}
and mechanically controllable break junctions (MCBJ),\cite{Muller,MCBJ}
enable the manipulation of individual atoms and
the fabrication of metallic, atomic-sized contacts.
From a fundamental scientific point of view
these systems allow us to investigate a variety of phenomena
at the ultimate limit of atomic scale and prove basic ideas
of quantum mechanics.
For example, when studying conductance,
the familiar Ohm's law completely breaks down and the fully quantum-mechanical
description should be applied to elucidate
the phenomenon.\cite{Lang,Kobayashi,Cuevas_TB_model,TB_models,Ab-initio,Ab-initio_1}

Our understanding of ballistic transport of atomic-sized conductors
is usually based on the Landauer formula,\cite{Landauer}
\[
 G = \frac{2e^2}{h} \sum_{n=1}^{N} T_n,
\]
where conductance is represented
as a sum of transmission probabilities $T_n$
of individual eigenchannels. When the $T_n$'s are known
many properties of a system can be predicted such as
conductance fluctuations,\cite{cond_fluct} the shot noise,\cite{shot_noise}
dynamical Coulomb blockade\cite{CB} and the supercurrent.\cite{supercurr}
It has been demonstrated in the pioneering
work by Scheer {\it et al.}\cite{Scheer}
that a study of the current-voltage characteristics for the superconducting
atomic-sized contacts allows to obtain transmission probabilities
$T_n$'s for particular atomic configurations
realized in the MCBJ experiments. The $T_n$'s can be determined
by fitting theoretical and experimental $I-V$ curves
and exploiting information contained in the
"subgap structure".\cite{Scheer,Scheer_Nature}
The breakthrough in the interpretation of experimental
results was done by Cuevas {\it et al.}\cite{Cuevas_TB_model}
who suggested a parameterized tight-binding
model for the description of atomic constrictions.
As a central result it has been shown that the number of
conducting modes (eigenchannels) for a single-atomic contact correlates
with the number of valence orbitals of the contact atom
which therefore determines the current flowing through the system.
This result has been confirmed experimentally
by Scheer {\it et al.}\cite{Scheer_Nature}
The analysis of the last conductance plateau corresponding
to single-atom constrictions has revealed that a number
of conducting channels is 1 for Au, 3 for Al and Pb,
and 5 for~Nb.

The main goal of this paper is to clarify
with the help of parameter-free {\it ab initio} calculations
the issue on how the valence states of the central atom
of a single-atom contact determine conducting channels. Our approach is based
on the screened Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker (KKR) Green's function
method\cite{SKKR} supplemented with the
Baranger and Stone\cite{BarStone} formulation of the conductance problem.
Instead of considering a variety of different metallic atomic point contacts
we restrict our calculations to single $sp$
or $3d$ transition metal atoms attached to noble metal (Cu)
or transition metal (Pd) leads. Systems of this type can be realized
experimentally by using alloys to fabricate the point
contacts.\cite{Enomoto,Heemskerk} According to our preliminary study,\cite{Pd_imp}
we await the variation of conductance
depending on the atomic number of the impurity situated
at the central site. The number of conducting
modes is also expected to change with respect to the atomic
number of the impurity, especially because of the existence of the
virtual bound states. We would like to mention, that
the conductance through different type of constrictions
contaminated by impurities has been studied before on the {\it ab initio} level
by Lang\cite{Lang_imp}, Hirose and coworkers\cite{Hirose} and
Palot{\'a}s and coworkers.\cite{Palotas}
In contrast to previous studies, we analyze
the eigenchannel decomposition of the conductance.
Within our approach each channel is classified according
to the irreducible representation of the corresponding point group
of the system as well as by orbital contributions when the channel wave function
is projected on the central atom. That relates
the method presented here with the tight-binding model suggested
by Cuevas {\it et al.}\cite{Cuevas_TB_model}
and gives a microscopic insight into the conductance.

\section{Theoretical approach}

\subsection{Set-up of the problem}

The structures under study consist of two semi-infinite Cu or Pd
fcc (001) leads connected by an atomic cluster with a single
contact atom in the middle of a junction as it is shown in Fig.1.
We consider the contact atom to be either a host atom or different
$sp$ or $3d$ transition metal impurities as will be discussed later.
We assume that the geometry of constrictions shown in Fig.1
catches limiting configurations of atomic contacts produced in the
MCBJ experiments. To realize different contact atoms one could use dilute
alloys as a wire material in the MCBJ,\cite{Enomoto,Heemskerk}
or probe conductance through a single atom with an STM tip.\cite{Gimzewski}
Since in the experiments the measurements are not
performed for the equilibrium atomic configurations rather than
the conductance is recorded dynamically under stretching of
nanocontacts,\cite{MCBJ} we did not optimize the interatomic distances and
kept them the same as in bulk fcc metals Cu and Pd with lattice
constants 6.83 a.u.\ and 7.35 a.u., respectively.

\subsection{Electronic structure calculation of atomic contacts}

 Our calculations are based on density functional theory within
the local density approximation. We employed the non-relativistic version
of the screened Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker
(KKR) Green's function method to calculate the electronic
structure of the systems. Since details of the method
can be found elsewhere,\cite{SKKR_review}
only a brief description is given below.
The parametrization of Vosko, Wilk, and Nusair
\cite{Vosko_Wilk_Nusair} for the exchange and correlation
energy was used. The potentials were
assumed to be spherically symmetric around each atom
(atomic sphere approximation, ASA). However, the full charge
density, rather than its spherically symmetric part, was taken into account.
To achieve well converged results the angular momentum cut-off for the
wavefunctions and the Green's function was chosen to be $l_{\rm{max}}=3$ that
imposed a natural cut-off $2 l_{\rm{max}}=6$ for the
charge density expansion.
In case of the heavy element Pd the scalar
relativistic approximation\cite{SRA} was used.

  In the multiple-scattering KKR approach the one-electron
retarded Green's function is given by the site angular momentum
expansion
\begin{eqnarray}
\nonumber
\lefteqn{G^+({\mathbf R}_n +\ {\mathbf r},
{\bf R}_{n'} +\ {\mathbf r'};E) } \\
\label{Grr}
& = & \delta_{nn'}\sqrt{E} \sum_L R_L^n({\bf r}_<;E)H_L^n({\bf r}_>;E) \\
\nonumber
&  &\  +\ \sum_{LL'}R_L^n({\bf r};E)G_{LL'}^{nn'}(E)R_{L'}^{n'}({\bf r'};E)
\end{eqnarray}
where ${\mathbf r}$, ${\mathbf r'}$ are restricted to the cells
$n$ and $n'$; ${\mathbf r}_<$, ${\mathbf r}_>$ denote one of
the two vectors ${\mathbf r}$ or ${\mathbf r'}$ with the smaller
or the larger absolute value, and local functions
$R_L^n({\bf r};E)$ and $H_L^n({\bf r};E)$ are
the regular and irregular solutions of the
Schr\"odinger equation for the single potential $V_n({\mathbf r})$
of the $n$-th cell in free space. Here the index $L = (l,m)$ stands
for the angular momentum quantum numbers and atomic units are used:
$e = -\sqrt{2}$, $\hbar = 1$, $m = 1/2$.
The structural Green's function $G_{LL'}^{nn'}(E)$  (structure constants)
in Eq.~(\ref{Grr}) is related to the known structure
constants of the appropriately chosen reference system by the
algebraic Dyson equation which includes the difference
$\boldsymbol{\Delta t} =
\delta_{nn'} \delta_{LL'} \Delta t^{n}_{L}  $
between local $t$-matrices of the physical and a reference
system. In the screened KKR method\cite{SKKR}
we use a lattice of strongly repulsive,
constant muffin-tin potentials (typically, $\sim 4$Ry height)
as reference system that leads to structure
constants which decay exponentially in real space.

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale = 0.9]{Fig_1.eps}
\caption{Geometry of Cu and Pd atomic-sized constrictions
studied in the paper: (a) three atom chain suspended between the leads;
(b) pyramid-like contact. The central (contact) atom of the constriction
can be either a host or impurity atom. The conductance is calculated between
left ($S_{\mathrm{L}}$) and right ($S_{\mathrm{R}}$)
planes positioned in the leads.}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

  When the KKR method is applied to the systems shown in Fig.1 both the
constriction region and the leads are treated on the same footing.
This is achieved by using the hierarchy of Green's functions
connected by a Dyson equation, so that one performs
the self-consistent electronic structure
calculations of complicated systems in a step-like manner.
First, using the concept of principal layers
together with the decimation technique,\cite{2D_SKKR}
we calculate the structural Green's function
${G}^{0\,jj'}_{LL'}({\bf k}_{\parallel},E)$
of the auxiliary system consisting of semi-infinite leads
separated by a vacuum barrier
(here $j$ and $j{\,'}$ refer to layer indexes).
At the the second step the atomic cluster is embedded between the
leads by solving the Dyson equation self-consistently,
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{Dyson}
G^{nn'}_{LL'}(E) & = & G^{0\,nn'}_{LL'}(E)  \\
\nonumber
 & & +  \sum_{n''L'' } G^{0\,nn''}_{LL''}(E)\,
\Delta t^{n''}_{L''}(E)\, G^{n''n'}_{L''L'}(E),
\end{eqnarray}
and the structural Green's function $G^{nn'}_{LL'}(E)$
of the complete system is obtained.
Eq.~(\ref{Dyson}) is solved in real space since
due to effective screening of the perturbation
the charge deviations are restricted nearby the constriction.

\subsection{Evaluation of conductance}

 In what follows, we will consider only a ballistic coherent regime of the electron
transport thus limiting our study to zero temperature, infinitely small
bias and singe-particle picture. To evaluate the conductance of nanocontacts
we employ the Kubo linear response theory as formulated by Baranger
and Stone: \cite{BarStone}
\begin{eqnarray}
\nonumber
g & = & G_0
\int_{S_{\mathrm{L}}}dS\int_{S_{\mathrm{R}}}dS\,' \\
 & & \times\ G^{+}({\bf r},{\bf r'},E_F)
\stackrel{\leftrightarrow}\partial_z
\stackrel{\leftrightarrow}\partial_{z'} G^{-}({\bf r'},{\bf r},E_F),
\label{cond_g}
\end{eqnarray}
here $G_0 = 2e^2/h$, $G^{-}$ and $G^{+}$ are retarded and advanced
Green's functions, respectively. The current flows in
$z$ direction, and $f\stackrel{\leftrightarrow}\partial_zg =
f (\partial_z g) - (\partial_z f)g$.
The integration is performed over two (left and right)
planes $S_{\mathrm{L}}$ and $S_{\mathrm{R}}$ which connect
the leads with the scattering region as it is shown in Fig.~1.
The implementation of the Eq.~(\ref{cond_g}) in the
site angular momentum representation of the KKR
method and related to it convergence properties
were described in detail in Ref.~\onlinecite{Mavropoulos}.
Within the ASA used in this work instead of integration over planes
we average conductance over atomic layers and obtain:
\begin{equation}
\label{g_TraceDGDG}
g\ =\ G_0\, \mathrm{Tr}_{(n,L)}
\left[D_{\mathrm{L}}\, G\, D_{\mathrm{R}}\, G^{\dagger}
\right].
\end{equation}
Here, Tr involves site ($n$) and angular momentum ($L$) indices
related to the atomic plane~$S_{\mathrm{L}}$ (Fig.~1).
$G  = \{ G^{nn'}_{LL}(E_F) \} $
stands for the matrix notation of the structural Green's function
introduced in Eq.~(\ref{Grr}), taken at the Fermi energy.
Site-diagonal operators $D_{\mathrm{L}}$
and $D_{\mathrm{R}}$ related to the left (L) and right
(R) leads are defined as
\begin{eqnarray}
\nonumber
\lefteqn{
\bigl[D_{\mathrm{L(R)}}\bigr]^{nn'}_{LL'}} \\
\label{D_LR}
& = & \pm\,
\frac{\delta_{nn'}}{\Delta}
\int\limits_{V^n_{\mathrm{L(R)}}} d^3r \left [R^{n\, *}_L({\bf r},E_F)\,
i\stackrel{\leftrightarrow}{\partial_z}
R^{n}_{L'}({\bf r},E_F) \right],
\end{eqnarray}
where different sings, "$+$" and "$-$",
refer to different operators, $D_{\mathrm{L}}$ and $D_{\mathrm{R}}$,
respectively. The integral is performed over the
volume $V^n_{\mathrm{L(R)}}$ of the Wigner-Seitz cell
around site $n$ which belongs either to the atomic plane $S_{\mathrm{L}}$ or
to the plane $S_{\mathrm{R}}$,
and $\Delta$ is the distance separating nearest-neighbor
atomic layers in $z$ direction.

\subsection{Conductance eigenchannels}

Ballistic conductance of an atomic constriction can be decomposed into
individual eigenchannels. According to the Landauer formalism,
which was proved to be equivalent to the Kubo approach,\cite{BarStone}
conductance reads as $g = G_0 \sum_n \tau_n(E_F)$. The $\tau_n$'s are
eigenvalues of the matrix $T_{\mathbf{k}\mu; \mathbf{k'}\mu'}$ which
defines the transmission probability for an
incident Bloch wave from the left electrode
to be transmitted to an outgoing Bloch wave in the right, where
$\mathbf{k}$ and $\mathbf{k'}$ are Bloch vectors for incident
and transmitted waves, and $\mu$ and $\mu'$ are the corresponding band indices.
A procedure for the evaluation of the conductance eigenchannels will be published
elsewhere.\cite{KKR_channels}
To solve the eigenvalue problem for the transmission
matrix $T$, the perturbed Bloch states of the whole system
are projected to the basis of local functions
$R_L^n(\mathbf{r})$ and conductance
is represented as a sum of two contributions:
\begin{equation}
\label{g_2terms}
g\ =\  G_0\, \mathrm{Tr\,}_{(n,L)}
\left[{\cal{T}}^{+} \right]\ +\
G_0\, \mathrm{Tr\,}_{(n,L)} \left[{\cal{T}}^{-} \right],
\end{equation}
with
\begin{equation}
{\cal{T}}^{\pm} = \pm
\sqrt{\pm D^{\pm}_{\mathrm{L}}}\,
G\, D_{\mathrm{R}}\, G^{\,\dagger}
\sqrt{\pm D^{\pm}_{\mathrm{L}}}.
\end{equation}
Here $D^{\pm}_{\mathrm{L}}$ are two parts of the anti-symmetric hermitian
operator $D_{\mathrm{L}} =  D^{+}_{\mathrm{L}} + D^{-}_{\mathrm{L}}$
defined by Eq.(\ref{D_LR}).
The $D^{+}_{\mathrm{L}}$ and $D^{-}_{\mathrm{L}}$ have
positive and negative eigenvalues, respectively.

When the atomic plane $S_{\mathrm{L}}$ is placed in the asymptotic region of the left
lead far from the atomic constriction the second term in
Eq.(\ref{g_2terms}), involving trace of ${\cal T}^{-}$,
is equal to zero and eigenchannels are found as eigenvectors
of operator ${\cal T}^{+}$.
However, in practice we are forced to take integration planes
closer to the constriction in order to obtain convergent value for the conductance
with respect to number of atoms in the cross-sections of the leads.
The positions of the atomic planes $S_{\mathrm{L}}$ and
$S_{\mathrm{R}}$, therefore,
do not meet the asymptotic limit criterium as it is formally required
by the scattering approach. However, since the current
through the structure is conserved, any position of the
planes is suitable for the calculation of conductance.
Thus, if $S_{\mathrm{L}}$ is placed somewhere in the scattering
region we have to sum up all multiple scattering contributions.
All contributions in direction of the current
cause ${\cal T}^{+}$, whereas all multiple scattering contributions
in opposite direction of the current give rise to ${\cal T}^{-}$.
In the region of the lead where the potential is a small perturbation
with respect to the bulk potential the contribution to the conductance
due to ${\cal T}^{-}$ is one order of magnitude smaller than ${\cal T}^{+}$.
To identify the transmission probabilities of individual
eigenchannels the spectrums of the operators
${\cal T}^{+}$ and ${\cal T}^{-}$ are arranged in a proper way
using the symmetry analysis of eigenvectors.
For further details we refer to Ref.~\onlinecite{KKR_channels}.

Most of the structures studied in this work obey the
$C_{4v}$ symmetry determined by the fcc (001) surface (Fig.1).
Further we denote individual channels by the indices
of the irreducible representations of this group
using notations of Ref.~\onlinecite{Wigner}, common in the band
theory. In addition, each channel can be classified
according to the angular momentum contributions
when the wave function of the channel is projected
on the contact atom of the constriction. This is very
helpful since the channel transmission can be related
to the states of the contact atom.\cite{Cuevas_TB_model}
For example, the identity representation $\Delta_1$
of the $C_{4v}$ group is compatible with the  $s$, $p_z$ and $d_{z^2}$ orbitals
(here $z$ is the axis perpendicular to the surface),
while the the two-dimensional representation $\Delta_{5}$
is compatible with the $p_x$, $p_y$, $d_{xz}$,  $d_{yz}$ orbitals.

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale = 1.05]{Fig_2.eps}
\caption{Top panel (a): conductance and corresponding eigenchannel decomposition
through the atomic chains with $sp$ impurities connected to the Cu leads
[see Fig.1(a)]. Bottom panel (b): Symmetry resolved LDOS
at impurity sites, at the Fermi energy, {\it vs} atomic number of impurity.}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\section{Results and discussion}

\subsection{Conductance through
$\boldsymbol{sp}$ atoms}

We consider first atomic constrictions shown in Fig.1a which are
simulated by the straight three atom chains suspended between
copper leads with different impurities in the center of the junction.
The calculated conductance value of a pure Cu nanocontact is
$0.96\ G_0$. Only one channel contributes to the total transmission,
it has $\Delta_1$ symmetry and is projected
on $s$ and $p_z$ orbitals of the contact Cu atom.
In addition, small contributions from states with higher angular momentum
($d_{z^2}$ and $f_{z^3}$) are also present. This result
is in agreement with other theoretical studies\cite{TB_models,Ab-initio_1} as well as
with experiments for noble metals.\cite{Ludoph,Yanson_PhD}

  We proceed with the discussion of the conducting properties of single
$sp$ atoms ($Z = 11 \dots 16$) attached to Cu electrodes (Fig.1a).
In Fig.2 (top panel) we present the conductance
together with the eigenchannel decomposition and compare it
with the symmetry projected local density of states (LDOS)
at the impurity atom, at the Fermi energy (bottom panel).
We observe from Fig.2a that the conductance changes
significantly depending on the type of $sp$ impurity bridging
the Cu leads. For example, conductance through
the sodium atom is smaller than $0.5\,G_0$ while in case of phosphorus
it reaches a value of $2.4\,G_0$.
Our calculations show that three channels are involved in conductance:
one $sp_z$-channel of $\Delta_1$ symmetry
and a double degenerate channel of $\Delta_5$
symmetry which locally consists of $p_x$, $p_y$ states
when projection on the contact atom is performed.
From Fig.2 we see that the variation of the eigenchannels transmission
with atomic number follows the changes in the
orbital resolved LDOS at $E_F$.

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale = 1.00]{Fig_3.eps}
\caption{Symmetry resolved LDOS at impurity atoms
placed at the contact site of Cu junction [see Fig.1(a)].}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

In case of Na, Mg and Al the transmission is essentially determined by
one highly symmetric $\Delta_1$ channel (Fig.2a).
For sodium the electronic states at $E_F$ have mainly $s$ character (Fig.3)
but transmission is small because of weak coupling to the Cu leads.
As we move up to Mg and Al the $s$ states are filled up with more electrons.
At the same time, the $p_z$ states contribute significantly to
the LDOS at $E_F$ (Fig.3). That causes a saturation of the
$\Delta_1$ channel transmission. For larger atomic numbers
the $\Delta_1$ channel is determined by $p_z$ states only.
The transmission of the $\Delta_1$ channel is reduced again since
for Si, P and S impurities the $s$ states are occupied.
The results of the calculations shown in Figs.~2 and 3 reveal that
the increase of conductance through Si, P and S impurities is due to a
virtual bound state formed by $p_x$ and $p_y$ orbitals (dashed line in Fig.3).
This state gives rise to a double degenerate $\Delta_5$ channel.
The $p_xp_y$ resonance, which is situated
just above $E_F$ for Si, is pinned to the Fermi level
in case of P, therefore the $\Delta_5$ channel becomes highly open.
For the S impurity the virtual bound
state is occupied and the transmission of the $\Delta_5$ channel drops.

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale = 0.85]{Fig_4.eps}
\caption{Conductance and its eigenchannel decomposition for the
ziz-zag atomic chains suspended between the Cu leads with $sp$ atoms
placed at the contact site.}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale = 1.10]{Fig_5.eps}
\caption{Top panel (a): conductance and corresponding eigenchannel decomposition
through the atomic chains with $3d$ impurities connected to the Cu leads
[see Fig.1(a)]. Bottom panel (b): Symmetry resolved LDOS
at impurity sites, at the Fermi energy, {\it vs} atomic number of impurity.}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

To investigate the effect of atomic rearrangements
on conductance we moved the $sp$ atom from its symmetric position.
The nanocontact is now simulated by a zig-zag-like chain
suspended between Cu leads where the chain is
a continuation of the fcc structure along the [001] direction
(we show the exact geometry in the insert of Fig.4).
The behavior of the conductance {\it vs} the atomic number (Fig.4)
is similar to the previous case:
transmission is smaller than 1.0 for Na, has a maximum for P and drops
down for S. However, the absolute values are different for
the two considered configurations. We found that the conductance
consists again of three channels. Since the symmetry is reduced
all channels are different and the degeneracy is lost.
The 1st and 2nd channels correspond to an identity
representation ($A_g$) of
the $S_2$ group, while the 3rd channel is an antisymmetric one  ($A_u$).

\subsection{Conductance through
3$\boldsymbol{d}$ atoms attached to Cu leads}

As we have seen, when atomic orbitals are present at
the Fermi level they support additional conducting channels.
That should be also true for the case of $3d$ transition
metal impurities. They have five localized $d$ states
nearby $E_F$ which potentially might be involved
in the formation of new channels and
the conductance could change as compared with
$\approx 1.0\,G_0$ found for a Cu constriction.
Our results for the conductance of the systems with 3$d$ transition
metal impurities are given in Fig.5. We consider a single atom
contact modelled by a short atomic chain
connecting the Cu leads, with impurity inside the chain
(Fig.1a). Indeed, we see that conductance varies
in a broad range along the 3$d$ series reaching
values of about $2.7G_0$ for Ti and V, and decreasing
to $0.5G_0$ in the case of a Ni atom.
We have excluded many body effects (e.g., Kondo effect)
from the consideration. As an approximation in the calculations the 3$d$ impurities
were supposed to have zero magnetic moments. That could be
justified by the fact that at $T=0$ the magnetic moment
of the impurity is effectively screened by the conduction electrons.

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale = 1.10]{Fig_6.eps}
\caption{Symmetry resolved LDOS at impurity atoms
placed at the contact site of Cu junction [see Fig.1(a)].}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[b]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale = 1.00]{Fig_7.eps}
\caption{Symmetry resolved LDOS at the central atom of the Pd junction
shown in Fig.1(b).}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Conductance is found to be a sum of three channels with
$\Delta_1$ and $\Delta_5$ symmetry, where the last
channel is two fold degenerate.
To understand the behavior of channels transmission
(Fig.5a) we present in Fig.5b the symmetry
projected LDOS at the $3d$ impurities at the Fermi energy,
as well as in the vicinity of $E_F$, for selected atoms (Fig.6).
Calculations show that the LDOS nearby $E_F$ is formed due to $4s$ and $3d$
states of transition metal atoms while $4p$ states are above $E_F$ and thus
play no role for transport. As for $3d$ states,
they form sharp resonances localized in the energy
window of 1~eV around the Fermi level (Fig.6, low panels).
The $d_{xy}$ and $d_{x^2-y^2}$ resonance states,
even if they are situated at the Fermi level,
do not support open channels. Since
the $d_{xy}$ and $d_{x^2-y^2}$ orbitals are localized perpendicular
to the wire axis effective coupling to the neighboring atoms is prevented.
Consequently, the corresponding resonances look like
sharp peaks in the LDOS (Fig.6, down panels).

Consider first the $\Delta_5$ channel which is projected on $d_{xz}$, $d_{yz}$
states. The two-fold degenerate resonance state of this symmetry
is situated above $E_F$ in case of Sc that leads
to a relatively small transmission of the corresponding channel.
When more $d$ electrons are present at the contact atom,
the $d$ states move to lower energies. In particular,
for Ti, V and Cr the $d_{xz},d_{yz}$ impurity state
is situated very close to the Fermi level (Fig.6, down left panel)
and causes high transmission of the $\Delta_5$ channel.
For larger atomic number the $d_{xz},d_{yz}$ resonance
moves to energies below $E_F$ and transmission
of the corresponding channel is reduced.

The highly symmetric $\Delta_1$ channel is open and is mainly
due to $s$ states for the first half of the $3d$ series, from Sc to Mn.
The increase of the $s$ and $d_{z^2}$ LDOS in case of Fe, Co and Ni
(Fig.5b) is accompanied by a reduction of the transmission.
That is, because of the hybridization between $s$ states
and the $d_{z^2}$ resonance (Fig.6, down right panel)
with $\Delta_1$ symmetry, the wave function becomes more localized
at the impurity atom. From another point of view,
the $\Delta_1$ channel is scattered at the $d_{z^2}$ impurity state.
For Cu and Zn the $d$ states are shifted to energies
far below $E_F$, so that only a single $s$-channel is left.

\begin{figure}[b]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale = 1.00]{Fig_8.eps}
\caption{Conductance through Pd pyramid-like junction
contaminated by $3d$ impurities [see Fig.1(b)].}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure*}
   \begin{minipage}[lc]{0.75\textwidth}
    \centering \includegraphics[scale = 1.60]{Fig_9.eps}
   \end{minipage}
   \begin{minipage}[c]{0.24\textwidth}
\caption{(a) Left column: transmission probabilities of eigenchannels
through Pd junctions contaminated by $3d$ impurities; (b) Right column: symmetry resolved
LDOS at impurity atoms.}
   \end{minipage}
\end{figure*}

\subsection{Pd constrictions with transition metal impurities}

One could expect a variety of different eigenchannels for atomic
constrictions made of transition metals.
An example of such a system is a Pd pyramid like contact shown in Fig.1(b),
with conductance being $2.8\,G_0$.
The LDOS at the contact atom is mainly $d$-like nearby the Fermi energy,
as it is seen from Fig.7. This is also the case for the Pd surface.
Since $d$ states of different symmetry are available at the Fermi
energy (Fig.7), six channels give a main contribution to conductance. These are
one channel of $\Delta_1$ symmetry: $\tau_1 = 0.72$ ($sp_z$-like);
two double generate channels of $\Delta_5$ symmetry:
$\tau_2 = \tau_{2'} = 0.58$ ($d_{xz},d_{yz}$-like) and
$\tau_3 = \tau_{3'} = 0.32$ ($p_{x},p_{y}$-like);
and one channel of $\Delta_{2'}$ symmetry, $\tau_4 = 0.24$ ($d_{xy}$-like).
We would like to mention, that the channel with the highest symmetry
($\Delta_1$) has the largest transmission. Here,
the irreducible representations belong to the $C_{4v}$ group.

 Let us now study a situation where the contact atom
of the otherwise Pd junction is substituted by $3d$
transition metal impurities. The conductance variation along
the $3d$ series is shown in Fig.8.
We observe that a Ni impurity does not affect conductance value
of $2.8\,G_0$ of a Pd contact simply because Ni is isovalent to Pd.
For other impurities conductance changes from $1.7\,G_0$
in case of Sc and Zn, up to $2.9\,G_0$ in the case of a Co atom.
Eight channels give rise to the total transmission.
Results of the individual transmission probabilities are presented
in Fig.9 (left column) together with the LDOS at $E_F$ projected
on the corresponding orbitals of the impurity atoms (right column).
Note, that due to a larger opening angle as compared
with the first atomic configuration shown in Fig.1,
the channels of $\Delta_{2'}$ ($d_{xy}$) and
$\Delta_2$ ($d_{x^2-y^2}$) symmetry
contribute significantly to conductance, while
they were closed in the case of the Cu constrictions with
$3d$ impurities discussed in the previous section.

Without showing a detailed structure of the LDOS nearby the Fermi energy,
we mention that a high density at $E_F$ of the $d$ states
of different symmetry is always related to resonance-like states
(see e.g.\ Fig.7 for the Pd atom).
When some of these resonances approach the Fermi level,
the transmission of the corresponding channel reaches a maximum.
Such a situation takes place for the $\Delta_5$ channel ($d_{xz},d_{yz}$-like)
in case of Ni (Fig.9, middle panels), as well as for the $\Delta_2$ ($d_{x^2-y^2}$)
and $\Delta_{2'}$ ($d_{xy}$) channels in case of Mn and Co, respectively
(Fig.9, lower panels). For pure $d$ channels mentioned above,
a clear correlation between the partial LDOS at $E_F$
and the transmission probabilities is observed.
The other channel of $\Delta_5$ symmetry does not
show a strong variation of the transmission {\it vs}
the atomic number of the impurity. This channel is
mainly the $p_x,p_y$-like.

\begin{figure*}
 \begin{minipage}[lc]{0.75\textwidth}
    \centering \includegraphics[scale = 1.5]{Fig_10.eps}
 \end{minipage}
 \begin{minipage}[c]{0.24\textwidth}
   \caption{Conductance through $sp$ (left plot) and $3d$ (right plot)
   transition metal atoms attached
   to Cu leads in a different way as shown in Fig.1. Solid line:
   pyramid-like configuration (Fig.1b), dashed line: atomic chain (Fig.1a).
   The influence of the electrode material on the conductance
   can be seen if we compare solid line in plot (b) with results of Fig.8, where
   a geometry of the constriction was not changed but Pd was used instead of~Cu.}
\end{minipage}
\end{figure*}

Finally, we note that two different channels of $\Delta_1$
symmetry exhibit an interesting variation.
One of them is $sp_z$-like, it is open at the
beginning and at the end of the $3d$ series (Fig.9, upper panels).
The $d_{z^2}$ resonance approaching the Fermi level in case of Mn and
Fe impurities acts in two ways. Firstly, due to a hybridization with the $s$ state
it reduces the transmission of the already existing $sp_z$ channel
(that is similar to the case discussed in the previous section, Fig.5).
Secondly, the $d_{z^2}$ resonance itself opens
a new channel of $\Delta_1$ symmetry, which consequently is
the $d$-like. Its transmission follows the variation of the $d_{z^2}$-LDOS
when the atomic number is changed.

\subsection{Does an atom possess certain conductance?}

We have learnt from presented examples that conductance properties
of individual atoms can be analyzed in detail with help of
eigenchannel analysis. Therefore the question arises: can
we attribute definite conductance to the particular atom?
Comparing transmission through $3d$ transition metal impurities
attached to Cu and Pd leads (Fig.5a and Fig.8, respectively), we
see that the answer to this question is in general negative. This
statement is also confirmed by results presented in Fig.10, where
we compare transmission through $sp$ and $3d$ transition metal atoms
attached to Cu electrodes in a different way as it is shown in Fig.1.
We have mentioned in the previous section, that due to a larger opening
angle for the incident waves, conductance of pyramid-like
constrictions increases as compared to nanocontacts simulated by
atomic chains. The number of non-vanishing conducting channels
needed to describe the conductance along $sp$ and $3d$ series becomes
also larger. Without going deep into details, we point out that
number of eigenmodes increases up to 4 in case of $sp$ impurities
(Fig.10a) and up to 6 in case $3d$ transition metal atoms
(Fig.10b). In particular, in the latter case,
because of the increased coordination number of the contact atom,
the $d$ channels of $\Delta_{2'}$ ($d_{xy}$) and
$\Delta_{2}$ ($d_{x^2-y^2}$) symmetry become open for Ti and Mn, respectively.
These channels were closed in the case of a nanocontact
modelled by a three atom chain (see section III.B for discussion).
Thus, the presented analysis gives no evidence to
attribute a precise value of conductance to the given atom.
A conclusion is that the conductance is sensitive to the geometry of
atomic constriction as well as to the type of electrodes.
However, our results show that for the specified single-atomic contact
eigenchannels can always be related to the
electronic states of the appropriate symmetry at the Fermi energy.

\section{Summary}

In conclusion, based on the KKR Green's function method combined
with the Kubo approach we have performed parameter-free {\it ab initio}
calculations of the ballistic conductance through single
$sp$ and $3d$ transition metal atoms attached
to Cu and Pd leads. We have investigated in which way the valency of the atom
bridging two metallic leads is responsible for the number
of conducting channels. We have found that both the
chemical valency of the atom and the opening angle of
the atomic constriction determine the number
of eigenmodes. In accordance with the known tight-binding model
by Cuevas {\it et al.},\cite{Cuevas_TB_model} we have confirmed by our study
that the symmetry of the open conducting channels is related
to the symmetry of the electronic states at the contact site.
That allows to relate the open channels
to the orbitals of the contact atom available at the Fermi energy.
Furthermore, we have shown that impurity resonances
approaching the Fermi level can open new channels of the appropriate symmetry.
On the other hand, in some cases, the transmission of the existing channels
can even be blocked by scattering at virtual
bound states which have in this case the symmetry compatible
with the symmetry of the open channels.

\section*{Acknowelegment}

This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG),
Schwerpunktprogramm 1165 "Nanodr{\"a}hte und Nanor{\"o}hren".

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Making Critical Feedback Positive and Motivating (with Chris Hayden)
by Doug Lemov , Mar 5, 2014
(Doug Lemov, the author of best-selling school teaching books "Teach Like a Champion" and "Practice Perfect," works with the U.S. Soccer Federation to improve coaching through better teaching and has been researching soccer coaching techniques.)
By Doug Lemov
As his practice wound down and the FC Dallas U-13 boys sat in a circle stretching under the afternoon Texas sun, Chris Hayden took a minute to help his players put what they'd worked on that day in context. "You guys understand the difference between possession and penetration, now, yes?" he asked as the boys nodded. Then he paused for emphasis and asked, "Can you do both? Can you possess the ball and penetrate?" Now he paused again, going on slowly and deliberately. "A great team can. And that's the team we're going to become." Pause again. "So thank you for your work today. We'll keep working at it this week in anticipation of our game this weekend."
With that the boys rose, and one by one shook Hayden's hand before helping to gather equipment and calling it a day.
Small moments often make great teachers and the careful choice of words and actions at the end of his practice is typical of what makes Hayden, who is vice president of FC Dallas' youth programs, remarkable. Consider the vision created by his closing words. He offered not just a reminder about the importance of both possession and penetration, but a reminder that the goal of all that work was to become great, not just as individuals but as a team. Further, he framed the reminder as both a motivating challenge -- "Can you do both? Can you possess the ball and penetrate?" -- and an inspiring tie-in to their own aspirations -- to be great. His words helped the boys make their hard work feel purposeful and motivating even though he was essentially telling them they had not achieved mastery. And he readied them to come back in a few days ready to work more.
The process of getting better requires a lot of critical feedback, a lot of messages to do it differently, do it better, give a little more, especially when standards are high and a coach is tasked with making players as good as they can be. Managing the process of giving critical feedback isn't just one of the biggest challenges for coaches, either. Management and teaching literature abounds with discussion about how to balance positive and constructive. Some experts will tell you to give five times as much praise and criticism, for example. But how do you do that when there's a lot of fixing involved in the endeavor? And what about other management research that suggests that people get frustrated when there isn't enough constructive feedback to make them better?
These challenges suggest that we often think about the terms positive and critical (or positive and constructive) simplistically. In fact what the best teachers tend to do is to find ways to give constructive feedback in a way that motivating and energizing and positive feedback in a way that's honest and real and disciplined so as not to over use it. In the classroom, the idea that you can give critical feedback in a manner that makes it motivating and even inspiring is called Positive Framing and there are a variety of ways that great coaches use it. Chris Hayden seemed to know all of them.
MAKE USE OF CHALLENGES. For example, a young player's reaction to the message, "Stop using your right foot every time" is likely to be more positive and productive if it sounds like a challenge, as in: "Now show me you can do it with your left foot." During his practice, Hayden made constant use of challenges to his players and the cycled through a passing drill:
• "See if you can be even quicker, Julian."
• "Good. Now see if you can have yourself half turned [when you receive] and playing quickly."
• "How quickly can you get rid of it? 1-2! 1-2! Can you be that quick?"
• "David, see if you can sharpen up your movement. Quicker!"
One of the benefits of phrasing correction as a challenge is that it causes the player to self-assess. David, for example, has been asked to see if he can sharpen up, which implies that he'll make a determination as to whether he's met his goal. And young people love to show they can do something, so a challenge like "see if you can" tends to be highly motivating.
FOCUS ON TECHNICAL ASPECTS. Another positive framing tool Hayden used in his practice was plausible anonymity. Sometimes it's helpful to call a player out in public and say "Jason, your runs are lazy," but being called out in front of a group of peers can also distract Jason from the message -- his self-consciousness focusing him on questions like "Why did he say that?" and "Does he criticize me more than my teammates" rather than the crispness of his runs.
Working in some plausible anonymity would mean saying, as Hayden did in his practice, "I see some of us doing a great job of really accelerating to try to get to a spot, and others of us are fairly casual in trying to get to a spot. Check yourself to make sure you're cutting decisively." One of the benefits of plausible anonymity is that it too socializes players to self-monitor and to ask themselves whether they are casual or decisive in their movements.
Another is that it focuses them more on the technical aspects of play and less on their emotions about being criticized, so certainly plausible anonymity can be an effective tool for giving critical feedback, especially when players are learning something new and you want to make it safe for them to get it wrong by providing a little privacy. That said, the argument here is not that plausible anonymity is always the right move -- some players will be slow to recognize that the lazy cutter was them for example and need more accountability -- but it's important to recognize the value of being critical in a way the lets players struggle in private.
A third aspect of positive framing Hayden used is assume the best, which is giving credit for the right parts of a decision or the intentions of players while pointing out what didn't work. This might involve changing "You can't play that ball backward" to "I see why you wanted to go backward there but it's too dangerous." Merely acknowledging the intent of a player can help him to focus on the content, the teaching part, of the feedback.
The word "forgot" is perhaps the classic assume-the-best word, as in, some of us seem to have "forgotten that we need to be wide in this situation," or even "Carlos, I think you forgot about creating width." This approach gives young players credit for knowing something but sets the bar higher. Hayden used this with players again and again in his practice saying in one case, "Even quicker, David" (implying that David was pretty quick but had to take things up a notch) or "Ben, in your supporting run, make sure to orient yourself so you face the next pass. It'll be easy for you" (with the implication that it'll be easy because you're a strong player).
A final element of positive framing that Hayden relied on was to talk aspirations. He constantly framed his comments, and especially his criticism in terms of what the boys aspired to -- to become great soccer players. His feedback reminded them that the things they had to change were part of the path to being great and were normal and typical of that process. For example, when a difficult pass went awry he said, "Accurate, boys, accurate. We're asking you to find a window … be that good" his comments combining talk aspirations with challenge and plausible anonymity (he didn't identify the culprit by name though surely everyone knew who it was).
DESCRIBE THE SOLUTION. Finally, Hayden was meticulous about a last aspect of positive framing, something called live in the now which simply means to describe the solution, not the problem, and to describe it in simple concrete specific terms that tell a player exactly what the next step should be, as in : "Separate, David," "Face him, Andy." "Tell him he can turn, Javi." Throughout his practice, Hayden described for his players what they should be doing in a given moment rather than what they were doing wrong. This not only allowed them to focus on the important thing, but it allowed him to earn their trust and faith by solving their problems.
The result of all this positive framing was an incredibly upbeat and energetic practice with players motivated, striving and giving their best even while getting a high quantity of constructive feedback that made them better players.
So while it would be nice to say, as some management literature does, that we should maximize motivation by praising five times as often as we criticize, Hayden's practice demonstrates a "third way" -- to teach constantly but frame constructive feedback in a way that honors and respects players, socializes them to self-monitor and encourages them to focus on the technical content of the feedback rather than the emotional response to being corrected.
This last part may sound trivial. Part of sports is supposed to be about learning to take honest feedback -- but honest feedback can also reflect the notion that over thousands of iterations, feedback can work better if it makes it slightly easier for players to embrace it openly, as something that feels like it's supposed to make them better.
(Doug Lemov is the author of "Teach Like a Champion: 49 Techniques that Put Students on the Path to College," a study of teachers who get exceptional results in high-poverty schools. He's also co-author with Erica Woolway and Katie Yezzi of "Practice Perfect: 42 Rules for Getting Better at Getting Better," a study of the art of practicing. His books have been translated into nine languages and he works with the U.S. Soccer Federation to improve coaching through better teaching. He blogs at teachlikeachampion.com.) Twitter: @Doug_Lemov)
The Power of Planning a Practice (with Tony Lepore)
Earlier this year the Youth Soccer Insider featured a three-part interview with Doug Lemov:
1. "What Teachers can Teach Coaches"
2. "Say it carefully, quickly, clearly"
3. "Don't get mad at kids for struggling"
youth boys, youth girls
3 comments about "Making Critical Feedback Positive and Motivating (with Chris Hayden)".
Kent James, March 5, 2014 at 11:43 a.m.
This column provides some excellent examples of the important subtleties of teaching. Often it's not what you say, but how you say it. Great teachers connect with their students (players) where they are, and inspire them to focus on improvement. The column also emphasizes the importance of getting players motivated to educate themselves, which is possibly the most important trait a player who wants to improve can have. Although some might argue with providing solutions to players (when players come up with their own solutions, they retain a better understanding of the issue), I think under the time pressures of practice, a coach can't always allow players to come up with their own solutions, so this is an acceptable efficiency (as long as it's not the only way problems are addressed). Great column.
Brad Partridge, March 5, 2014 at 12:56 p.m.
Great article. Doug is correct, in that framing the feedback can make all the difference in the world. Feedback framed properly is positive and insightful, framed improperly it becomes negative and counter productive.
Immediate feedback both subjective and objective is crucial to motivating players. Using both I have found that players not only accept the feedback they demand it. We use the SSGSocerPro app on Thurday nights for small sided games and give them the results immediately. They look forward to Thursdays every week.
Doug Lemov, March 5, 2014 at 1:11 p.m.
Thanks for the comments. (and for reading the profile). in case you want to see actual video of Chris doing the things i describe you can watch it at my blog, here: http://teachlikeachampion.com/blog/annals-coaching-positive-motivating-critical-feedback-video/
More from Youth Soccer Insider
Ref Watch: The best of 2022
Unique coaching education at the World Cup in Qatar
The American youth soccer of USMNT's World Cup players
Ref Watch: The goalkeeper's tears, and a penalty
The Christian Pulisic book: A revealing dialogue with brilliant photography

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
EASTMAN SCHOOL NAMES NEW ASSOCIATE DEAN FOR COMMUNITY AND CONTINUING EDUCATION
ROCHESTER, NY — The Eastman School of Music recently appointed Howard Potter as its new associate dean for community and continuing education. In this faculty position, Potter assumes overall leadership for the School's Community Education Division (CED), effective July 1. He also will have studio and classroom teaching responsibilities.
Potter's career has showcased his great versatility as a musician. A music educator, performer, conductor, composer, and arranger, he has served since 1995 as the chairperson of the performing arts department and director of instrumental music (grades 3-12) at The Manlius Pebble Hill School, a private, independent, K-12, college-prep school outside of Syracuse. In addition, he is the founder and director of the 315 All-Stars of Greater Syracuse (first-place winners of the 2001 Essentially Ellington High School Band Competition at Lincoln Center), and founder of the Saturday Jazz School, a special program in jazz theory, history, and performance for middle- and upper-school instrumentalists in the Syracuse region. Prior to those experiences, Potter was as a high school band director (1993-95), founder and director of the West Point Youth Orchestra (summers, 1990-93), and conductor of several bands and ensembles at the United States Military Academy at West Point (1985-93). He also was a member of the Erie Philharmonic Orchestra (1975-80) and the National Orchestral Association at Carnegie Hall (1982-85).
Potter received his bachelor's degree from SUNY Fredonia in 1979, his master's degree from Eastman (studying percussion with John Beck) in 1982, and his doctoral degree from the Manhattan School of Music in 1987. Additionally, he received a post-graduate diploma from the Juilliard School in 1982, and earned an associate's degree in computer science. He has performed extensively as a percussionist in numerous jazz, classical, and contemporary groups and ensembles. He also has composed and/or arranged works for solo marimba, percussion ensemble, orchestra, as well as jazz and chamber ensembles. He currently serves on the executive board of the Onondaga County Music Educators Association, while his other professional affiliations include membership in the National Music Educators National Conference (MENC), New York State School Music Association (NYSSMA), the Percussive Arts Society, and the International Association of Jazz Educators.
"It's a privilege and honor to serve at Eastman," said Potter. "It's a school with a unique legacy marked by its cultural, artistic, and community contributions."
Founded in 1921 by Eastman Kodak Company founder George Eastman, the Eastman School of Music is recognized internationally as one of the top music schools in the world. Since its inception, the Community Education Division has been an integral part of the School, offering music instruction and programs of the highest level to people of all ages, from toddlers to seniors. It also offers a comprehensive and rigorous diploma program for pre-collegiate students and certificate program for adult students. Currently, the CED serves approximately 1,200 students in the Rochester community. For more information or to view its offerings, visit www.rochester.edu/Eastman/ced.
Category: News Room July 2, 2002


text:
7 Votes November 25, 2014, 11:49 am inTech
News Corp Acquires 25% Stake In PropTiger For $30mn
New York based global media and information services company News Corp has acquired minority stake in Elara Technologies Pte Ltd, parent company to online real estate portal PropTiger.com for US$30 million. Existing investors SAIF Partners, Accel Partners and Horizen Ventures, have agreed to add another US$7million to their current investment.
News Corp owns Move, Inc., operator of realtor.com. In addition, News Corp has a 61.6% stake in REA Group Limited ("REA"), operator of Australian residential property website, realestate.com.au. REA also has a substantial stake in iProperty, a real estate advertising business across South East Asia.
"We are delighted to have News Corp as our partner. Under the leadership of Executive Chairman Rupert Murdoch and Chief Executive Robert Thomson, News Corp brings digital real estate know-how, product experience and content expertise that will help us drive product innovation, customer engagement and traffic growth," said Dhruv Agarwala co-founder of PropTiger.com.
In connection with the investment, Raju Narisetti, Senior Vice President, Strategy at News Corp has joined the board of PropTiger.com's Singapore-based parent company, Elara Technologies Pte Ltd.
PropTiger which earlier raised ~$5mn led by SAIF and Accel was founded in February 2011 by Agarwala and Kartik Varma, classmates from Harvard Business School, along with Prashan Agarwal, an alumnus of the Indian Institute of Technology and the Indian School of Business. PropTiger.com has a presence in the major real estate markets in India.
Which Tech Company Is Really the Most Evil? (slate.com)
The State of Mobile in 2020 (www.appannie.com)
POCO is now an independent brand (www.gsmarena.com)
Here's what Elon Musk said when Jack Dorsey asked him how to fix Twitter (edition.cnn.com)
Microsoft wants to capture all of the carbon dioxide it's ever emitted (www.theverge.com)
Facebook Backs Off Controversial Plan to Sell Ads in WhatsApp (www.wsj.com)


Many thanks to Geof Kerr and Anthony Longo!
ALL of the leftover trimmings from the PS 217 PTA holiday Christmas tree sale have been gathered for chipping. This happened in both 2014 and 2015! Every little bit helps our lovely planet earth!
RI Gardeners and other RI Residents are now asking about how to get their Christmas trees mulched or recycled. If you have a car, you can transport your tree to drop off at the Green Thumb and Land Restoration composting site in LIC under the Queensborough Bridge. More info here on the map.
In addition, the DSNY Zero Waste site gives you information here for both live and fake tree recycle/reuse options.
If you would like to connect with other Island residents who hope to work with RIOC on plans for next year's 2016/2017 trees please send an email to rigardencluboutreach@gmail.com.
A mountain of tree trimmings piled up in front of the back fence and set to be mulched.
Lots and lots of trees sold this year. These trimmed ends will all be chipped and mulched instead of being sent to a landfill.


I know a lot of you are excited for the launch of series 2 of Pigletish Talks: The Anxiety Podcast, and don't worry - it will go ahead on Tuesday, October 2nd as planned, but I would like to talk about it a little bit in the post and explain to you why it was pushed back until next week.
It would be ridiculous of me not to admit that some of the reason it has been delayed is because I have been ill myself. Moving cities has really thrown my mental health out of whack (even though ultimately it is a good thing, I promise) and it's taking me a little bit of time to catch up with my own mind and my own anxiety, but there are some changes to the podcast and it's so important to me that I let you know what's coming up.
It's absolutely undeniable that me and Sarah have had a lot of fun recording and sharing the episodes of Series 1, as well as being privileged to learn about other peoples' journeys with their mental health and learn about various mental illnesses along the way. We are making some changes in series 2 and while we're not zapping all of the fun out of the podcast, we really want to refocus on what's important here, which is raising awareness, breaking down stigma and normalising the conversation about mental health. Which brings me to the upcoming series.
Mental illness is something that seriously affects the lives of those who are affected. It's a difficult and complex thing to acknowledge that a PART of who you are is defined by something that you're actively fighting and it's important that those with mental illnesses are treated with empathy and respect.
In series 2, not only do I want to touch on some really serious issues, but I also want to make sure that the episodes are educational and empowering to those living with various conditions and disorders and that means that we're going to be talking about some serious issues and sensitive subjects. As always, each episode may contain triggering content and, although I'll do my best to highlight potential triggers in the episode descriptions, if you are in any doubt as to whether you should listen to a particular episode, I'd suggest that you seek advice from someone you trust who HAS listened - or you simply skip that episode all together.
While I might give anecdotal advice and tips during the series, it is no substitute for medical treatment and you should always seek professional advice. You can find a directory of worldwide helplines on the resource section of this website.
I am only human, I'm not trained in mental health and I can never be totally free from bias.
My commitment to you is that I am doing my utmost to get as much information as I can from medical professionals, psychological experts and academics and those who have personal experience relating to each subject we talk about and this, in part, is another reason for the delay.
If you have a topic you'd like to see discussed, or a question you feel you can't find an answer to please comment below or dm me on Twitter, I'll do my very best to find an answer.
While you're waiting for the subject to launch, please consider heading over to Apple Podcasts or your favourite podcast app and subscribing to Pigletish Talks, and also check out #SelfCareTogether and get involved.
Mind Media Awards. Wait... What?


Lassie My Favorite Martian The Ed Sullivan Show The Judy Garland Show Candid Camera What's My Line?
Note: 100 Grand only lasted 3 weeks, and was replaced by , which didn't last much longer. Mister Ed aired on CBS, 6:30 to 7 PM.
Note : On ABC, The Farmer's Daughter moved into the 8:30-9 p.m. time period on December 4, and The Price Is Right took over the Friday 9:30-10 p.m. time period on December 6.
Please refer to ABC note under Wednesday.


Hydrofilm® Plus is an adhesive, transparent, semi permeable, polyurethane film dressing with pad, which is waterproof and bacteria proof. The elasticity of the film means that the dressing conforms to the body's contours.
Hydrofilm® Plus is used as a primary dressing to cover post-operative and trauma wounds or as a secondary dressing for retention purposes, and features an additional absorbent wound pad.


text:
Portage la Prairie School Division
Division and Resources
Purpose, Mission, and Values
Hutterian Schools
Hutterian History
Caregivers & Students
Parent Portal - PowerSchool
Payroll Deduction Plan
Division Report/Plan
Come learn with us!
Portage la School Division has one secondary school, Portage Collegiate Institute (PCI). PCI offers a variety of options ranging from an academic program to practical skills courses for business and technology.
The academic program addresses a full range of arts and sciences classes taught on both semester and non-semester systems. Students successfully completing the program are awarded a Manitoba high school diploma. The program is designed to prepare students for studies at post-secondary level.
Business education, marketing, cosmetology, computer technology, construction, electronics and agriculture management are all practical skills options available to students of Portage la Prairie School Division.
Portage la Prairie School Division expects international students to have a basic working knowledge of the English language.
Enriched programs are offered to students who excel in one or more subject areas. Students can take advanced placement courses that earn them credit for first year courses at universities and colleges across Canada.
Portage la Prairie is a small city of 13, 000 people. It is centrally located in Canada on the vast plains of southern Manitoba. International students can enjoy a quiet rural lifestyle in a city that is both safe and friendly. Portage la Prairie is known as the strawberry capital of Canada.
The city of Winnipeg is located just 84 kilometers east of Portage la Prairie. Students can take advantage of the short trip to the city by enjoying the professional football team's games as well as excellent shopping and dining opportunities. Winnipeg is renowned for the Royal Winnipeg Ballet and an active arts community.
Kendra Mckenzie
École Arthur Meighen School
Portage la Prairie, MB R1N 3W2
Manitoba High School Graduation Diploma
Practical Skills Programs
Distance Education Program
Advanced Placement Program
French Immersion Program
Program Facts
Diploma: Manitoba High School
Program Levels: Grades 9 - 12
Private vs Public: Public
Calendar Year: September-June
Year Program Founded: 1894
Hours of Instruction/Week: 27.5
Students who graduate from the Portage la Prairie School Division are qualified to apply to most universities in the world.
The application fee is nonrefundable. Students who withdraw before the beginning of the school year receive a full refund.
Portage la Prairie School Division has one secondary school, Portage Collegiate Institute (PCI). PCI offers students a variety of options ranging from an academic program to practical skills courses for business and technology.
The academic program addresses a full range of arts and sciences taught on a semester system. Students are required to pass a core selection of courses including English, mathematics and sciences. Elective courses are combined with the required courses to create a balanced curriculum that stresses academic challenge and success in a fun setting. Students successfully completing the program are awarded a Manitoba high school diploma. The program is designed to prepare students for studies at a post secondary level.
Business education, marketing, cosmetology , computer technology, construction, electronics and agriculture management are all practical skills options available to students of the Portage la Prairie School Division. International students who demonstrate sufficient English communication skills may study any of these options at PCI.
Due to the sizable French-speaking community in the area, PCI offers a French immersion program for students who wish to learn Canada's other official language. For students who choose to pursue their diploma in English, a comprehensive French program is available to complement the academic curriculum.
The Portage la Prairie School Division expects international students to have a basic working knowledge of the English language.
International students completing all of the requirements from any of the programs offered are qualified to graduate with a high school diploma or other appropriate designation.
Students in the Portage la Prairie School Division benefit from well-equipped educational facilities. An automated library, modern computer labs, a business education lab and science lab are all part of the academic facilities. Facilities for the practical skills programs include a cosmetology lab, an electronics lab, a building trades shop, a home economics lab, a music room and an art and drama room. International and local students also have access to non-academic school facilities: a lounge, career resource centre and technical resource centre.
Sports and club facilities further enhance the learning process; a weight room and a gymnasium are provided at both schools, and students can take part in student government, print publications, the Native student association and cultural activities.
Both the city and the school division manage many recreational facilities that are ideal environments for international students to make contacts with Canadians as well as other visitors. The Southport Aerospace Centre has a pool, whirlpool, waterslide and leisure pool. The Portage District Arts Council hosts art exhibitions and offers art instruction programs to aspiring artists.
The academic year at Portage Collegiate Institute runs on a semester system. The first semester begins in September and ends in January, while the second one begins in February and ends in June. Students may begin studies at the beginning either of the two semesters. There are vacations in December and March.
International students applying to Portage la Prairie School Division should include a completed application, transcripts indicating past academic performance, a C$100 application fee and an official medical certificate fee and an official medical certificate that discloses any serious illnesses or health problems. Students are assessed based on their academic performance and desire to study in Manitoba.
Upon acceptance, students must apply for a student visa, which authorizes them to study in Canada. Student visas must be obtained prior to entry into Canada. All fees must be paid by the start of the semester in which the student plans to begin studies.
All students are required to purchase private medical insurance for the duration of their studies at Portage la Prairie School Division. Insurance can be purchased in the student's country of residence or in Canada (at the cost of approximately C$360 per year).
Support for International Students
There is a small international student population in Portage la Prairie. Students receive plenty of attention and assistance in their academic programs as well as for private and personal concerns. Resource teachers, guidance counselors and teacher assistants all offer support to international students who are experiencing difficulties in adjusting to a Canadian lifestyle and educational system. Recreational facilities are open to all students and provide an excellent setting for meeting members of the community and establishing relationships with other international students.
A registration form, school reference form and declaration must be completed.
A copy of student mark statements.
Tuition costs are $11,000.00* Canadian per year and there is a $100 non-refundable application fee. *(this figure is subject to change).
Upon acceptance, students must apply for a student visa, which is required to entry into Canada.
The applicant is responsible for arranging accommodations or homestay. The school division will assist where possible.
Forms:
School Reference Form
Declaration Form
Fax to: 204 239 5998
The Portage la Prairie School Division
535 - 3rd Street N.W.
Portage la Prairie, MB
Canada, R1N 2C4
Contact and Location Information
535-3rd Street N.W.
R1N 2C4
Caregivers and Students
Contact us Registration


Now when I build or run my Visual Studio project, my local DNN instance breaks. Visiting any page give the following error. This error can only be resolved by redeploying the upgrade package for 7.4.2 over the top of the site.
Obviously something important is being overwritten, but no idea what it might be. Any pointers?
c:\LocalWebsites\dnn\Default.aspx(23,59): warning CS0108: 'DotNetNuke.Framework.DefaultPage.Form' hides inherited member 'System.Web.UI.Page.Form'. Use the new keyword if hiding was intended.
c:\LocalWebsites\dnn\ErrorPage.aspx(12,63): warning CS0108: 'DotNetNuke.Services.Exceptions.ErrorPage.Form' hides inherited member 'System.Web.UI.Page.Form'. Use the new keyword if hiding was intended.
OK, I found that there were a bunch of DotNetNuke dlls in my home\DesktopModules\bin folder that were being copied on build into home\bin and replacing the newer ones.
Actually, not sure WHY I have a bin folder under DesktopModules. Is that normal?
dotnetnuke.dll was getting overwritten with an older version during build.
To answer the question if having a bin folder in your DesktopModules folder is normal the answer is no. I however have tried keeping copies of dll's to share in a separate folder and those accidentally over wrote dll's in the main site bin. Is it possible that your module is referencing the dll's from the wrong bin folder? I've had that happen and it can be tricky to figure out what causes it. Glad you figured out your issue though.


text:
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Home >> Articles >> The Ancient Yazh: Was It A Digital Instrument?
The Ancient Yazh: Was It A Digital Instrument?
While classifying the musical instruments into digital and analog types, K.Thyagarajan (Chellammal Natarajan Endowment Lecture, Music Academy, December 1992) drew the conclusion that the ancient yazh was essentially the same as the Western harp, implying that the yazh could not have been handled like the violin or the gottuvadyam and that it had no frets as the onesseen in the present day veena. Consequently, it is said that the production of gamaka-s was not possible in the ancient yazh. The inability of Tiruneelakantha Yazhpanar (Yazhpanar) to reproduce the vocally rendered Yazhmuri Pathigam of Tirugnanasambandar (Sambandar) on his yazh is said to be due to this deficiency of the yazh and it is claimed that Sambandarlaid the foundation for Carnatic music as it is today by incorporating gamaka-s into it.
Although such a new classification as attempted by Thyagarajan may eventually contribute to the development and better understanding of music, the inferences such as the implied fretless structure of the ancient yazh, the paucity of gamaka-s in the instrumental music in ancient times, and Sambandar being the inventor of gamaka as a musical phenomenon are questionable.Tins should be a matter of great concern for all music lovers because such ideas may take us farther from the truth insofar as the ancient grammar of Tamil music is concerned. Available evidence from ancient Tamil literary works prove beyond doubt:
Terminologies
In Tamil literary works, ancient and relatively recent, the term yazh has been used to mean the swara (the sound of musicalnotes), the music (pann or raga), as well as the instrument. The music came to be known as yazh because it is composed of swara-s and the instrument too came to be known as yazh because it was capable of producing swara-s.
Swara-s have also been referred to as 'narambu' in several literary works in Tamil language. Generally this term refers to theanimal gut used as the string in the musical instruments. A narambu tied at two ends with adequate tension emitted a certain frequency of sound, when plucked, generally considered corresponding to the adhara shadja, as in the veena; hence the term narambu for swara. When frets were fixed at different points across the string on the fretboard of an instrument, a swara was produced at each of these points, with the result the frets were also called narambu.
Varaguna Pandian (Panar Kai Vazhi, 1950) has shown that Vipulanandar's description of yazh [Yazh Nool, 1947) had nothing in common with the structural description of the components as well as the form of ancient yazh-s as detailed in Patthu Pattu and a few other Tamil works. On the contrary, he has shown that the ancient senkottu yazh should have looked very much like thepresent day veena in its overall appearance and in the structural details of its components.
Detailed description of various components of yazh-s is given in Patthu Pattu and a few other literary works in Tamil. escription of six main components of senkottu yazh, including the thanthirikaram (the frets) and the thivavu (the leather strips used to tie the frets on the dandi), makes it clear that the ancient yazh had frets on them. However, the use of the term thanthirikaram in Silappadikaram (Chapter 13, lines 106-108) in conjunction with the term senkottu yazh, actually referring to the order of musical notes and not to the instrument, has been misconstrued to suggest that only senkottu yazh had frets and other yazh-s did not have them. This has also led several scholars to believe that every term suffixed with the term yazh referred to a type of yazh instrument. On this basis, several yazh-s such as paeri yazh, seeri yazh, sagoda yazh and makara yazh were considered to have existed in ancient times and their forms were visualized more out of magnified imagination than on the basis of specific description in the literature.
Most of the verses in Tamil literary works that deal with the description of yazh finally give the detail of the order or sequence of swara arrangement found in the instrument. The prefix used with the term yazh happens to be an adjective actually describing the musical quality or the music type produced in the instrument and does not refer to the instrument type. However, as the term yazh has been presumed to refer to the instrument alone, each adjective used as prefix has been mistaken as referring to a specific type of instrument.
The Frets
Patthu Pattu, a literary work of the Sangam period, has given complete details of the frets, their appearance, position, arrangement in the yazh and their function. The frets have gone under at least seven different names, such as: thanthirikaram, thanthirikai, nun-kole, kole, pannarambu (pala + narambu); viralular narambu, and thivavu. These apart, the names given to the string (thanthi) have also been used in different places to refer to the frets. Unless the contextual meaning of these terms in relation to the other structures of the yazh and in relation to the form and function of the structure described is understood, it is difficult to find out which structure is referred to by the particular term used.
In the Silappadikaram it is indicated that various raga-s were played in three octaves on the yazh instruments with different orders of swara arrangement (Chapter 8, lines 30-42; Chapter 13, lines 106-112). It should be clear that it would not have been possible to render raga-s in three sthayi-s in instruments without frets. Therefore it is highly unlikely that yazh was devoid of frets at any time, especially as the advantages of frets had been realised even during the period of the Silappadikaram and most probably much earlier.
Tazh-s
A critical study of Vipulananda's Yazh Nool and the Panar Kai Vazhi of Varaguna Pandian would show that paeri yazh and seeri yazh were called senkottu yazh and sagoda yazh, respectively, during later periods. From the sequence of swara-s arrived, it is possible to understand that when senkottu yazh was used to produce madhyamagrama raga-s it was called makara yazh, because the panchama of the shadjagrama order of swara-s (senkottu yazh) forms the key note (shadja) of the madhyamagrama order of swara (sagoda yazh) with happens to get positioned in the 'meru' of the yazh; hence the name ma-kara yazh given to the instrument.
Patthu Pattu (Malaipadu Kadam, lines 21-23) categorically states that nothing other than sa and pa could be placed in the meru or could be used as the key note to produce any music. Only two yazh-s, one with the frets arranged to produce sa-ri-ga-ma- pa-dha-ni and the other to produce pa-dha-ni-sa-ri-ga- ma existed in the ancient times and these were given different names in different periods mainly based on the swara arrangements they had in them. For all practical purposes, this should be con/sidered as a single yazh instrument because, from Adiyarkku Nallar's quotation, it is possible to understand that the fretboard was designed in such a way that the same frets could be rearranged and tied to produce any sequence of .swara-s as required in one and the same instrument. Makara yazh is an improvement over senkottu yazh in which sagoda yazh (madhyamagrama) raga-s could be played without altering the original fret arrangement. This could be achieved in the present-day veena— the most advanced of all the innovations in yazh in which the frets are immovably fixed. The presentday veena is an equivalent of senkottu yazh when shadjagrama raga-s are played on it and an equivalent of makara yazh when madhyamagrama (sagoda yazh) raga-s are played by considering pa as sa.
Gamaka-s
Silappadikaram has described 1.1 main types of gamaka-s produced during the rendition of 'nira alatthi' (raga alapana). These gamaka-s are the same as the 11 gamaka-s out of the 15 described in Sarangadeva's Sangeeta Ratnakara. The remaining four gamaka-s, being the ones that occur in four different groups of raga-s, are described under characterising factors in raga classification and not described under gamaka-s in general. It is astonishing to know that ancient Tamils had gone several steps ahead to distinguish 51 varieties of gamaka-s under these 11 types. Similarly, it is of great interest and significance to note that Sangeeta Ratnakara describes 32 varieties of gamaka-s under the 15 types.
The Yazhmuri Episode
The episode described in Periapuranam involving Yazhpanar, Sambandar and the Yazhmuri Pathigam was a drama enacted by these two great musicians with mutual consent, to demonstrate to the people the unique and special attributes of vocal music and the limitations of the instrument. The ultimate idea conveyed was that the instrument can produce only the musical sounds and cannot pronounce the letters or words (iyal— including the indicative letters given to the swara-s) which are associated with the music (isai). This idea was conveyed through a grammatical feature now known as bhashangam which is described as muri in the grammar of Tamil music.
Bhashangam is of three types: bhashangam, vibhashangam and andarabhashangam. Normally only one of these types may occur in a raga. The greatness of yazhmuri pann is that all the three types of bhashangam, as well as suddasthana prayoga, are incorporated in it. (Bhashangam refers to the utterance of an indicative swara letter while the swara sound produced is that of another swara. Yazhpanar was not able to play it on his yazh because producing the sound of the swara letter uttered by Sambandar would lead to production of apaswara, whereas it is possible to combine a swara sound with the indicative swara letter of another swara in vocal music without making it sound like an apaswara. This precisely is muri which means "to leave one's position" according to the Tamil Lexicon). At the end of the enactment of the drama, Sambandar advised the gathering, not Yazhpanar for obvious reasons, to follow the sound while playing the instrument because speech is a special attribute of humans and not of instruments. The words of Sambandar were "Vandavarey paadi vaasippeer" which, in the context, means "play as it sounds" and not "to the extent possible" as Thyagarajan has stated.
Among the contemporary raga-s only Athana displays all the three types of bhashanga. Every swara sound in Athana is pronounced in combination with a different indicative swara letter in addition to suddhasthana swara prayoga.Athana, a prakritic transformation of the term asthana, means "that which is not in its position" which in turn is the exact meaning of the term muri (V.S. Gomathisankara Iyer, Yazhmuri Pann, 1977).
The term muri is explained as a phenomenon wherein the iyal (indicative swara letter) and isai (the swara sound) get transposed, which is possible only in the vocal rendition and not in the instrumental rendition. That is why the music of Sambandar could not be contained in Yazhpanar's instrument.
As the Pathigam was rendered innovatively by incorporating all the three types of yazh muri, the bhashanga, the raga itself came to be known as Yazhmuri Pann, which is Athana.
The evidence given in the text so far confirms that the ancient yazh had frets and gamaka was a well-known phenomenon of music in ancient times. What cannot be produced in a fretted instrument is not isai of which gamaka is a feature or component but the iyal. Therefore the ancient yazh in all probability was not a digital instrument.
V.G. Krishnamurthy
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"Nationally, $45 million was reported lost to scams already this year and 45,000 complaints made.
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text:
Ibragim Sulejmanowicz Łabazanow (ros. Ибрагим Сулейманович Лабазанов; ur. 15 września 1987) – rosyjski zapaśnik startujący w stylu klasycznym. Olimpijczyk z Rio de Janeiro 2016, gdzie zajął szesnaste miejsce w kategorii 59 kg.

Zajął dziesiąte miejsce na mistrzostwach świata w 2021. Wicemistrz Europy w 2020. Szósty w Pucharze Świata w 2012. Wicemistrz świata juniorów w 2007. Mistrz Rosji w 2015 i 2016; wicemistrz w 2006, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2013, 2014 i 2018, a trzeci w 2017 roku. Jego brat Czingiz Łabazanow również jest zapaśnikiem.

Przypisy

Bibliografia
 Dane na stronie Unitedwrestling.com
 Dane na Wrestrus.ru
 Dane na Wrestling.ncp.ru
 Dane na Rio2016.com

Rosyjscy zapaśnicy
Rosyjscy olimpijczycy
Zapaśnicy na Letnich Igrzyskach Olimpijskich 2016
Urodzeni w 1987

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Het maximum aantal reserveringsdagen bedraagt 1. Reserveer gedurende 24 uur.
Located in the heart of Barcelona, this loft is a multidisciplinary space with natural light and about 300m2. An old glass factory transformed into a wonderful loft full of light and personality, with wooden floors, cement pillars and 3m high ceilings.
The space is completely diaphanous, with different atmospheres and locations versatile and easy to move to configure according to the client. It is fully prepared and equipped for shootings, filming, workshops, coworking, castings, showrooms, markets, exhibitions and all kinds of social and / or corporate events.
We also have 2 sets for shootings: one set with natural light of 40m2 and another one for big productions.
Situado en un edificio industrial, dispone de muelle para carga y descarga y varios montacargas y ascensores.


You can have a surprisingly upscale experience in the rainforest, even when you're deep in the Amazon. The following is a list of some of the loveliest places to stay while you're on a trek through one of the most biologically diverse environments in the world.
These types of lodges have meals included as part of your stay. You'll get to try some exotic ingredients prepared by an experienced chef. Guests also get to select from guided tours with nature experts, who can give you a compelling introduction to the wildlife as well as the indigenous people.
At Cotococha Amazon Lodge, you can choose from 3 and 4-day trips. During a 4-day stay, your trip will include a visit to the AmaZOOnico Animal Rescue Center, where you'll get to see rainforest wildlife up close. Jaguars are some of the rarest species you can see at the center. Your tours will also take you to meet a Quichua family. On your visit, you'll learn about how these indigenous people survive in the rainforest.
Posada Amazonas Lodge is near the Tambopata Reserve, a gigantic reserve with lakes and rivers. This reserve is also home to the Ñape Ethnobotanical Center, where you will meet with a traditional Amazon shaman and see a demonstration on medicinal plants.
The lodges here are made with sustainable local materials, and you can unplug from modern amenities. You also have the choice to reserve a superior room that comes equipped with electricity and Wi-Fi access.
Inkaterra Reserva Amazonica Tambopata is one of the most luxurious lodges you can find in the Amazon. During your stay here, you can visit the ENA spa for massages and exfoliating treatments that incorporate Amazonian ingredients. In addition to a picturesque outdoor dining room, there's also a daily teatime. Learn from on-site nature experts about the wildlife that surrounds the lodge, and listen to the rushing waters of the nearby Madre de Dios River.
This hotel is on grounds that used to serve as a cocoa and rubber plantation, in the small town of Puerto Maldonado. From Puerto Maldonado you'll have easy access to the Tambopata Reserve. You can go on guided hiking tours and nighttime boating tours. There is a large, central lodge where guests can sip cocktails and socialize.
While you're here you'll have access to bikes and kayaks that you can take on self-guided tours of the surrounding rainforest. Sign up for a boating tour on La Torre Lake, Cocococha Lake, or Tres Chimbadas Lake. The lodge has spectacular grounds and has a covered area where you can unwind in a hammock.


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Common sense is nothing more than a deposit of prejudices laid down in the mind before eighteen.
Another year is behind us. It's been the most torrid since the end of WWII. I don't need to elaborate.
Yet it has not bowed us. The human organism has a vast capacity to adapt and accomodate. While some have complained, most have simply 'sucked it up'.... 23/12/2020
When we entered 2020, Prime Minister Scott Morrison was 'livin' the dream'. He had narrowly won the 2019 election and after a few months of pushing the tautological fiction that the Australian budget was already in surplus next year, he was kicking back in Hawaii with 'Jen and the girls' having a gr... 17/12/2020
As we exit the year past, what do you consider to be the most significant event of 2020? Among a plethora of extraordinary events, as a doctor, the occurrence of COVID-19 gets my vote. Why?... 15/12/2020
Julia Gillard's Vision for the Asian Century
sometimes shit happens in our marriages and relationships but it won't always last when we fight to get them fixed, i had problem with my marriage sometime ago June 2020 it was a terrible experience that i almost lost my marriage, my husband thought i was cheating because i always receive cal...
"There are none so blind than those who do not want to see."
Even after yesterday's grotesque Trump-inspired invasion of the seat of US government, his cult followers will rationalise his criminal behaviour and follow him to the end, reminiscent of the events in Jonestown, Guyana...
Here's a prediction:
Trump's hour-long phone call to Brad Raffensperger mentioned in the comment above will spell the end of Trump's presidency, irrespective of election results. Even supportive media will regard this as beyond the pale, and will seek to distance themselves from it in an at...