text:
It's a Twin Thing
The ups and downs of raising and being twins
Senior and fraternal twins Annie and Yannie Wu embrace in a hug as they spend the day together at Tysons Corner. When they were younger, they often wore matching clothes and engaged in the same activities.
Nyla Carter-Ogden and Priscilla Woo, Features editor and Academics editor
"Can you read each other's minds?"
"Can you feel each other's pain?"
"Can you finish each other's sentences?"
As twins, we grew up hearing these questions, and we're not the only ones. With over 10 sets of twins in the senior class alone, the twin experience has impacted many students and staff members.
According to the National Center for Health Statistics, twin birth rates increased over 70% between 1980 and 2004, the time span in which most twins in the school were born. From questions to astonished stares, both twins and their parents alike face unique experiences in their day-to-day lives.
Most parents don't expect their first child to be not one, but two bundles of joy. Physical education teacher Carmen Wise received this surprise when she became a mother to fraternal twin daughters Riley and Reagan.
"[My husband and I] were ready, but weren't necessarily expecting two," Wise said. "They're so different, but they both love and support each other in many things."
Twins have similar experiences with people's questions, comments and general puzzled behavior.
"Many people are constantly mixing me up with my brother," senior and identical twin Derek Kwon said. "They treat us [like] we're the same person."
The comparison that twins face can be inevitable as they are perceived similarly even when differences are seemingly evident. Although fraternal twins may look different, they are not exempt from the common twin treatment.
"At times it can get really annoying when we're compared for every single thing we do," senior and fraternal twin Annie Wu said.
While the complaints of having someone so similar to yourself are familiar, twins know that they form the strongest bonds in their unique situations.
"The best thing is that I have a best friend that I can always rely on," senior and identical twin Eric Kwon said. "I feel like I would be lost and wouldn't have someone to relate with if I never had a twin. I'd be dealing with life experiences without a brother."
All teens have to deal with the challenges of growing up, but the parents of twins have to navigate murky waters specific to their circumstances. From figuring out the best way to handle two kids at once, to attempting to accommodate their various interests, parents of twins deal with it all.
"I was always big on keeping them together. In elementary school, I wanted them in the same class. Some parents think a little differently, but I think that while they're young, I want them to [be] together as a family," Wise said. "[Now,] they go to separate schools, so they do things very independently. I think it was a nice lifestyle for them to start off together and be confident with one another and then break off and be independent."
Twins ultimately have to go their separate ways in the world, and some wonder whether or not, given the option, they would choose to be a twin again.
"I would have a twin [brother again if I could] because it's great having someone in your family that is a lot like you with similar interests," Eric Kwon said.
Some cite the guidance and wisdom that an older sibling might have as an alternative.
"I think it would be fun to have an older sibling, who has already gone through what I am currently going through," Wu said. "[They could] give me advice rather than figuring it out at the same time as me."
Being a twin provides experiences unlike any other, fostering a close connection that is distinct from a normal sibling bond because of the abundant amount of time spent together. A twin is an instant best friend, guide and competitor alike. Having someone there who can always push you, help you and provide a shoulder throughout life is a relationship like no other.
"Much like any other siblings, conflicts may arise from time to time, but there is no relationship in life like that of a twin," senior and fraternal twin Skyler Hundley said. "My sister and I have gone through so much together, both good and bad, but in the end I know that I will always have somebody by my side."


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text:
Q: Storing values of a Fibonacci sequence w/ recursion with minimal runtime I know my code has a lot of issues right now, but I just want to get the ideas correct before trying anything. I need to have a method which accepts an integer n that returns the nth number in the Fibonacci sequence. While solving it normally with recursion, I have to minimize runtime so when it gets something like the 45th integer, it will still run fairly quickly. Also, I can't use class constants and globals.
The normal way w/ recursion.
public static int fibonacci(int n) {
    if (n <= 2) { // to indicate the first two elems in the sequence
        return 1;
    } else { // goes back to very first integer to calculate (n-1) and (n+1) for (n)
        return fibonacci(n-1) + fibonacci(n-2);
    }
}

I believe the issue is that there is a lot of redundancy in this process. I figure that I can create a List to calculate up to nth elements so it only run through once before i return the nth element. However, I am having trouble seeing how to use recursion in that case though.
If I am understanding it correctly, the standard recursive method is slow because there are a lot of repeats:
fib(6) = fib(5) + fib(4)
fib(5) = fib(4) + fib(3)
fib(4) = fib(3) + 1
fib(3) = 1 + 1
Is this the correct way of approaching this? Is it needed to have some form of container to have a faster output while still being recursive? Should I use a helper method? I just recently got into recursive programming and I am having a hard time wrapping my head around this since I've been so used to iterative approaches. Thanks.
Here's my flawed and unfinished code:
public static int fasterFib(int n) {
    ArrayList<Integer> results = new ArrayList<Integer>();
    if (n <= 2) { // if
        return 1;
    } else if (results.size() <= n){ // If the list has fewer elems than
        results.add(0, 1);
        results.add(0, 1);
        results.add(results.get(results.size() - 1 + results.get(results.size() - 2)));
        return fasterFib(n); // not sure what to do with this yet
    } else if (results.size() == n) { // base case if reached elems
        return results.get(n);
    }
    return 0;
}

A: I think you want to use a Map<Integer, Integer> instead of a List. You should probably move that collection outside of your method (so it can cache the results) -
private static Map<Integer, Integer> results = new HashMap<>();

public static int fasterFib(int n) {
  if (n == 0) {
    return 0;
  } else if (n <= 2) { // if
    return 1;
  }
  if (results.get(n) != null) {
    return results.get(n);
  } else {
    int v = fasterFib(n - 1) + fasterFib(n - 2);
    results.put(n, v);
    return v;
  }
}

This optimization is called memoization, from the Wikipedia article -

In computing, memoization is an optimization technique used primarily to speed up computer programs by keeping the results of expensive function calls and returning the cached result when the same inputs occur again.

A: You can use Map::computeIfAbsent method (since 1.8) to re-use the already calculated numbers.
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

public class Fibonacci {

    private final Map<Integer, Integer> cache = new HashMap<>();

    public int fib(int n) {
        if (n <= 2) {
            return n;
        } else {
            return cache.computeIfAbsent(n, (key) -> fib(n - 1) + fib(n - 2));
        }
    }
}

A: The other way to do this is to use a helper method.
static private int fibonacci(int a, int b, int n) {
  if(n == 0) return a;
  else return fibonacci(b, a+b, n-1);
}

static public int fibonacci(int n) {
  return fibonacci(0, 1, n);
}

A: How about a class and a private static HashMap?
import java.util.HashMap;

public class Fibonacci {
    private static HashMap<Integer,Long> cache = new HashMap<Integer,Long>();

    public Long get(Integer n) {
        if ( n <= 2 ) {
            return 1L;
        } else if (cache.containsKey(n)) {
            return cache.get(n);
        } else {
            Long result = get(n-1) + get(n-2);
            cache.put(n, result);
            System.err.println("Calculate once for " + n);
            return result;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @param args
     */
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Fibonacci f = new Fibonacci();
        System.out.println(f.get(10));
        System.out.println(f.get(15));
    }

}

A: public class Fibonacci {

    private Map<Integer, Integer> cache = new HashMap<>();

    private void addToCache(int index, int value) {

        cache.put(index, value);

    }

    private int getFromCache(int index) {

        return cache.computeIfAbsent(index, this::fibonacci);

    }

    public int fibonacci(int i) {

        if (i == 1)

            addToCache(i, 0);

        else if (i == 2)
            addToCache(i, 1);
        else
            addToCache(i, getFromCache(i - 1) + getFromCache(i - 2));

        return getFromCache(i);

    }
}

A: You can use memoization (store the values you already have in an array, if the value at a given index of this array is not a specific value you have given to ignore --> return that).
Code:
public static void main(String[] args) {
    Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);
    int n = Integer.parseInt(s.nextLine());
    int[] memo = new int[n+1];
    for (int i = 0; i < n+1 ; i++) {
        memo[i] = -1;
    }

    System.out.println(fib(n,memo));

}

static int fib(int n, int[] memo){
    if (n<=1){
        return n;
    }
    if(memo[n] != -1){
        return memo[n];
    }
    memo[n] = fib(n-1,memo) + fib(n-2,memo);
    return memo[n];
}

Explaination:
memo :
 -> int array (all values -1)
 -> length (n+1) // easier for working on index

*

*You assign a value to a given index of memo ex: memo[2]

*memo will look like [-1,-1, 1, ..... ]

*Every time you need to know the fib of 2 it will return memo[2] -> 1

Which saves a lot of computing time on bigger numbers.

A: private static Map<Integer, Integer> cache = new HashMap<Integer, Integer(){
    {
      put(0, 1);
      put(1, 1);
    }
  };
  /**
   * Smallest fibonacci sequence program using dynamic programming.
   * @param n
   * @return
   */
  public static int fibonacci(int n){
    return n < 2 ? n : cache.computeIfAbsent(n, (key) -> fibonacci( n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2));
  }

A: public static long Fib(int n, Dictionary<int, long> dict)
    {
        if (n <= 1)
            return n;
        if (dict.ContainsKey(n))
            return dict[n];

        var value = Fib(n - 1,dict) + Fib(n - 2,dict);
        dict[n] = value;
        return value;
    }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The primary mission of ACES is to provide physicians, physician assistants, nurses, advanced practice nurses, paramedics, respiratory therapists, clinical pharmacists and other healthcare professionals with the knowledge and skills necessary to become either effective resuscitation team leaders or team members in cardiac arrest or near arrest situations. In addition, ACES has expanded its role in the training and support of corporate CPR/AED/First Aid responders. Acute Care Education Systems Inc. follows the strict training formats set forth by the American Heart Association.


Native American Short-Term Loans "Bestegg Pre Approval Code". How many times have you looked at the bills that are due at the end of the month and realized that you might not be able to pay them all? If you are lucky, this has only happened a couple of times, and each of those situations was easy to resolve. The problem is that there are times when you are not able to come up with the money, or borrow it from people that you know. You may have to go to a bank, but the time that it will take for you to get the money deposited, will simply be much too late. That's why cash advance loan businesses are a viable option, one that can help you out of these troublesome financial situations. This article will address Best Egg.com cash advance loans, and show you exactly why they may be right for you. You can get cash loans for very bad credit by using Bestegg Pre Approval Code, and read reviews.
Looking for Bestegg Pre Approval Code. Need to have cash loan?. Urgent Straightforward Procedure. Acceptance 100%. Get Forged These days.
Bestegg Pre Approval Code, How Soon Are You Able To Receive The Money?
Before considering a payday loan company, you could be interested to know how quickly you can get the cash. For instance, if you want to have these funds before tomorrow, your choices can be quite a little limited. You could potentially look for a company that provides loans that may be approved in deposited in less than per day, but for most of us, that loan in a couple of days will work just fine. Since you now understand that this could happen quickly, let's have a look at tips on how to submit an application online.
This submission process is among the most simplistic ways that you can borrow money. For those who have borrowed money as a result of a refinance, home equity loan, or any sort of secured loan before, you understand how incredibly difficult it is to gather each of the paperwork that is necessary before a bank will ever consider you. The actual opposite applies whenever using a payday advance lender since they should just know that you have a task. Specifically, they must know you have a paycheck to arrive which can be used to cover them their interest as well as the principal amount that you are likely to borrow.


This is a strategic game for three players, contributed by Wei-Hwa Huang (whuang@ugcs.caltech.edu).
Shuffle a standard deck, and deal out five cards to each player; these will be their hands, and they can look at them. The rest of the deck is placed face down to become a draw pile. Players are allowed to count the number of cards in the draw pile at any time during the game. Player to the left of dealer gets the first turn, and play goes clockwise.
For this game, Aces count as face cards, as well as the Jack, Queen, and King. All face cards have a value of 0 (zero), all other cards have their numeric values. Face cards can also act as "bonus mutipliers"; see Scoring, below.
As the game progresses, each player will have four "private stacks" in front of them, any of which may be empty (in fact, all four will be empty at the start of the game). These "stacks" correspond to the four suits, and a card played to a private stack can only be played to the appropriate stack. (As seen below, the cards in one's stacks is the only determining factor of one's score.) There are also four "public stacks", which belong to no player and are in the middle of the table. Again, there is one stack for each suit and a card played to a public stack can only be played on the appropriate stack. Cards should be played on stacks so that all cards in the stacks are visible.
On the top of a public stack.
The suit of the card determines which private stack or which public stack, as appropriate. When played on your own private stacks, you cannot play a card of lower value than a card already in the stack. (This means that face cards must be played before all other cards, and numeric cards must be played in increasing order.) There is no such restriction on the public stacks, so there are never any unplayable cards.
Draw the top (seen) card from any public stack.
You then put the card into your hand.
The game is over immediately when the last card from the draw pile is drawn. It does not matter what is in the public stacks. Note that when there are few cards in the draw pile, a player may prolong the game by drawing from the public stacks.
A stack that contains exactly N face cards and no other cards scores (-10)x(N+1) points. In other words, a single face card scores -20, two face cards score -30, and so on, to a maximum penalty of -50.
If the total value of a stack is any number from 1 (one) to 12 (twelve), it scores 0 (zero) points.
If the total value of a stack is more than 12 (twelve), it scores its value minus twelve. This value gets a "bonus multiplier" depending on the number of face cards in the stack -- one face card is x2, two face cards is x3, and so on. If the player has all four face cards, it is a x5 multiplier.
Example: Say a stack is "K-J-2-6-7-8". The stack's total value is 23, and so it scores (23-12)x3 = 33 points.
Play a fixed number of rounds (six is a good number). Highest score wins. Alternatively, play to a fixed score (200 is good).
This game was devised by Wei-Hwa Huang, based on Reiner Knizia's two-player commercial game "Lost Cities". I don't know if it is similar to any traditional game.


There are no Cirque Dreams: Illumination in California tickets available right now.
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text:
Q: How do I embed GroupBoxes in a ListView? I have numerous groupboxes that need to be listed in a ListView.
I have tried:
listView1.Controls.Add(new NewsBox());
(NewsBox being a custom class derived from GroupBox, just with standard labels and a definite size)
Anyways, that works for listing the first controlbox, but not for 2 or more.
Any ideas?

A: This won't work. You can't have multiple GroupBoxes in a ListView control.
To add things to a ListView, use myListView.Items.Add(...).


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Ballard Spahr | CFPB Focus: Consumer Protection Or Consumer Complaints?
CFPB Focus: Consumer Protection Or Consumer Complaints?
On Nov. 30, 2011, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau released its interim report on credit card complaints, including some statistics about the complaints and the conclusions it has drawn from the 5,000 credit card complaints it received since July 21.


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text:
Q: Boolean function optimizer package for Python I'd like to define a boolean function (with n inputs and m outputs) in a tabular form. I'd like to find an optimal boolean expression which implements the function. Optimal here means that, implementing it in hardware would require as few possible gates (with maybe each gate having different costs)
I'm sure VHDL/Verilog synthesizers do this optimization frequently, and I basically need it for the same reason. Is there some kind of Karnaugh solver? Alternatively, is it possible to specify the problem as a classic optimization problem (SAT, integer programming)? I'd like to implement it in Python so I'm primarily looking for a package which does this already.

A: The algorithms to find the optimal solution have exponential complexity, so generally the available tools look for a good implementation rather than the optimal implementation. I'm not sure how stringent your requirements are, or how big your functions are.
One algorithm for logic optimization is Quine-McCluskey. There is a python implementation. However, that only covers the single output case.
$ ./qm.py -o 1,2,3
1X X1
$ ./qm.py -o 1,2
10 01
$ ./qm.py -o 0,15
1111 0000
$ ./qm.py -o 0,8,15
1111 X000

For multiple outputs, the simplest strategy is to implement each one separately. There may be some duplicated terms between them which can be readily shared; structuring the logic to maximize sharing is more difficult.


A meeting of the University Court will be held at 2.00pm on Monday 10 December 2012.
A presentation by the Vice-Principal and Head of the College of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing as to the 5-year vision for the College.
A verbal update will be provided.
The Convener will provide a verbal update from the Committee's meeting on the morning of Court (10 December 2012).
To note that an election to identify a successor for Professor Julie Taylor took place on 26 November 2012 and Professor Trevor Harley (School of Psychology) was elected to serve on Court or the remainder of Professor Taylor's period of office to 31 July 2013, in accordance with the provisions of Ordinance 18.


text:
Never Forget: Black Twitter Celebrates Juneteenth, Reminds White Folks 154 Years Ago Was Not Long Ago
Written By Bernard "Beanz" Smalls , Staff Writer
@photosbybeanz
Meet Bernard Smalls, better known as Beanz. He is the Men's Lifestyle & Pop Culture writer for Cassius Life plus handles tech and video games for Hip-Hop Wired. Beanz has been with the company since 2019 and has been working as a writer for eight years. His favorite hobbies include video games, of course, and watching a lot of movies, mainly sci-fi. He also moonlights as a photographer in his spare time. @photosbybeanz
Follow @photosbybeanz
JAY-Z Settles With Photographer Jonathan Mannion Over Use of 'Reasonable Doubt' Cover Art
Julia Fox Shows Her Disdain For Wealth By Living In A Tiny Mice-Infested NYC Apartment
HHW Gaming: Everything Announced During The Xbox Developer Direct Presentation
Source: Kathryn Scott Osler / Getty
Juneteenth, the annual day that commemorates June 19th, 1865 when Union Army General, Gordon General declared to then slaves they were free from the balcony of the Ashton Villa in Galveston Texas. Today (June 19), Black Twitter is celebrating "Freedom Day" and reminding white folks that 154 years ago is not long ago.
Now more than ever, Juneteenth is necessary due in large part to the tangerine menace in the White House and the scary resurgence of White Nationalism that his hateful rhetoric incites. Freedom Day was celebrated by Black slaves, mainly in the south who learned they were freed by Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, which was initially issued in January 1863. Now if you are wondering why it took it so long for slaves in Texas to find out, that all had to do with the Civil War and at the time the state was a part of the Confederacy led by white people who just couldn't fathom the idea of doing their own hard labor.
Slaves did not learn of the Emancipation Proclamation till two months later when the Union Army arrived in Galveston. At the time Lincoln's decree was meaningless until the Civil War was over. Once word spread from Texas on that fateful June day back in 1865, Black people across the south started celebrating the day now known as Juneteenth in 1866.
Now while our ancestors wildest dreams of freedom have come to fruition, the United States of America still has a lot of work to do in regards to the treatment of Black people. There has been tremendous progress, but a good portion of white people don't get it, there are monuments that celebrate oppressive Confederacy soldiers, the Confederate flag still flies in some southern states. Just recently Senator Mitch McConnell says he is against Black people getting reparations for being used as slaves and had the audacity to say that President Barack Obama being elected was some form of payment.
Yup, we still got a long way to go, but we should use this day every year to remind Caucasians that they do indeed have tremendous amounts of work to do when it comes to atoning for the sins of their forefathers. You can check out the gallery below to all the reactions to Juneteenth.
Photo: Kathryn Scott Osler / Getty
juneteenth Newsletter racism in America

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
De Klein- of Nieuw-Ferdinanduspolder is een polder ten westen van Heikant, die behoort tot de Sint Jansteen-, Wildelanden- en Ferdinanduspolders, in de Nederlandse provincie Zeeland.

Het gebied, bekendstaande als Ferdinanduspolder, was een oude polder, die echter te lijden had van overstromingen en inundaties. Deze werden gevolgd door herdijkingen. In 1714 werd de Groot- of Oud-Ferdinanduspolder ingedijkt, die slechts een (zij het groot) deel van de oorspronkelijke polder omvatte. Er bestond namelijk een conflict tussen de Staten-Generaal, die over de Generaliteitslanden ging, en de Staten van Zeeland, die het aangrenzende Land van Axel bestuurden.

Pas in 1776 werd het laatste deel van de Ferdinanduspolder ingedijkt: de Klein- of Nieuw-Ferdinanduspolder. De polder meet 103 ha.

In 1784 volgde een hernieuwde inundatie, ditmaal om de Franse opmars te verhinderen. In 1787 volgde de definitieve herdijking.

Polder in Hulst
Polder in Terneuzen

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


NJ 2C:28-7. Tampering with public records. | Villani & DeLuca, P.C.
NJ 2C:28-7. Tampering with public records.
Defending NJ 2C:28-7. Tampering with public records.
After you read the following NJ Criminal Statute (Tampering with public records) you may decide that you need the help of a lawyer, or need a legal interpretation of how this statute applies to your case. The firm of Villani & DeLuca has experienced criminal lawyers with over 20 years of experience, including a former municipal prosecutor. Call the number above for a free 24×7 phone consultation or read more about the fake id charge.
Generally, the tampering with public records charge is utilized to control the use of fake documentation that is used to enter a bar or purchase alcohol or tobacco. The statute makes it a disorderly persons offense to alter a government document, such as a state or federally issued identification card. It is important to remember that you need not use the ID or document to be charged with this offense. If you are caught with an altered document, that will be enough to charge you with the offense as a disorderly person. If you use the altered ID or document to defraud another, such as to purchase alcohol, you could face third degree criminal charges which are much more serious. One common method used to catch people using tampered with documentation, such as fake ID's, is by placing cops in shops throughout New Jersey.
In order to obtain a conviction for tampering with public records in New Jersey, the prosecutor must prove three elements beyond a reasonable doubt. First, he or she must show that the defendant made a false entry in, or false alteration of, a record, document or thing. Next, he must show that the defendant knew that the entry or alteration was false. Last, the prosecutor must show the defendant knew the record, document or thing belonged to, was received by, was kept by the government for information or record, or was required by law to be kept by another for information of the government. The statute refers to driver's licenses, birth certificates, social security cards and passports as examples. Again, the prosecutor must prove all three elements beyond a reasonable doubt for a conviction.
There are many ways an experienced criminal defense attorney can defend against these charges. Each case has its own set of unique factors that must be considered when mounting an offense against the prosecutor. For example, showing the document was not the type that is kept, or that is required to be kept, by the local or federal government is a way to show that one of the elements needed have not been met. There may be a number of defenses available, so contacting an attorney will allow you to more fully challenge the charge.
There are a number of ways that the statute can be charged. If you are simply in possession of the altered document, you will be charged as a disorderly person. Disorderly persons offenses generally carry penalties such as: a fine of up to $500.00, possible jail time, possible community service and other fines and penalties. If you use the altered document to perpetrate fraud, you could face third degree criminal charges where the penalties are much worse. Don't try to defend yourself in court. Hire an experienced criminal defense attorney to help you present a strong defense. Call Villani & DeLuca today for a free initial consultation.
NJ Statute: 2C:28-7. Tampering with public records or information.


On the Overthinking It Podcast, we tackle "Crazy Rich Asians," starring Constance Wu and directed by John M Chu.
Peter Fenzel, Mark Lee, and Matthew Wrather travel first class to a Singapore where minute ethnic differences are rigorously observed, but class-consciousness only ranges from the obscenely wealthy to the incomprehensibly wealthy. Food, game theory, and the lived experience of the Asian diaspora.
Spoiler alert for Crazy Rich Asians, but it doesn't matter—listen even if you haven't seen the movie.
Which introduced me to a different axis for thinking about cultural differences: tightness versus looseness.
Haven't seen the movie, yet (going to the movies is effort…), but it sounds like it did a good job treading that awkward line between recycling a script with the cast's ethnicity an afterthought and treating ethnicity as the central focus, which is good to hear after the attempted whitewashing debacle earlier in development.
Aside, though: Constance Wu is great, one of the top reasons to watch Fresh off the Boat, but I hope she doesn't become Hollywood's single/default Asian actress.
Wealth in romantic comedies is definitely weird. I'm tempted to blame the…"systematic misreading" of Pride and Prejudice. It seems easy to believe that the same people who don't understand the jokes or the wide diversity of represented relationships in favor of some "true love" moral would also miss the part where Lizzie couldn't care less who has money. But it could also be similar to that odd breed of sitcom about wealthy people. Money doesn't seem to drive the plots or set the stakes, but seems to be more of a bread-and-circuses "people want money, so show them money" kind of mentality.


text:
Liverman announces retirement
Published 9:41 pm Wednesday, April 28, 2010
By Leila Roche
Dr. Milton Liverman began his journey as a math teacher for Suffolk Public Schools 36 years ago. On Wednesday, he announced his plan to retire as the system's highest-ranking employee.
After 10 years as Suffolk Public Schools superintendent, Liverman announced his retirement, effective June 30, on Wednesday morning.
"Every year for the past three years I've considered retirement, but there's always been something I felt I needed to do first," Liverman said. "I realized that would be the case for the rest of my life, and I feel like if I leave now I'm leaving the schools in a good place. We've become a leader in the area."
Liverman spent all but one year of his academic career in Suffolk, serving as a high school mathematics teacher, school administrator, central office supervisor, coordinator and assistant superintendent before being made superintendent.
"He was a hard worker and a good one," said Robert Baker III, who was a school board member when Liverman was assistant superintendent. "He was always very knowledgeable and factual with whatever he brought before us as a board."
School Board Chairwoman Lorraine Skeeter was on the board when Liverman was brought in as superintendent, and said the reason he won their vote was because "he could give us goals and objectives, where he felt the system should go and a plan to get us there. He had a plan and as a board we were ready to see him implement it. He has reached that level now."
When Liverman became superintendent 10 years ago, the school system's salaries ranked among the area's lowest, and only three of the 18 schools were accredited.
Under his watch, salaries have become more competitive and all schools in the system are accredited by state standards.
"Those were the biggest things on my agenda," Liverman said. "We went from being the lowest paid to middle of the road, […] and moved from a small percentage of our schools having accreditation to all of them."
Dr. Michael Debranski, a current School Board member, was principal at Southwestern Elementary School while Liverman was assistant principal there.
"I'm disappointed that he's leaving now, because he's an outstanding superintendent," Debranski said. "He is probably one of the best administrators in knowing all aspects of the job. No matter what the problem, he was on top of it."
Liverman gave credit to the school system's employees for its successes.
"This is not about what I've done in the past 10 years," Liverman said. "I've worked with a great team. They know my decision-making paradigm and execute it: Define a problem, look at options, choose what is best for the child and then what's best for the employee."
Liverman said that while not everything he wanted to complete is finished, he feels it is time for him to move on.
"I would have loved to build a new school, continue to close achievement gaps and see our employee salaries and benefits continue to become more competitive," Liverman said. "But if you wait until everything perfect, they'll end up wheeling you out feet first."
"Ten years is a nice long tenure. I never looked as this as a legacy job. It's my job to make a contribution to the system, move on and let others contribute."
Liverman recommended that his replacement trust the people who are in place.
"They're good at what they do," Liverman said. "I've learned you can't do everything yourself. Surround yourself by good people, give them a task and get out of their way."
"I certainly have some mixed emotions about retiring," Liverman said. "I love what I'm doing. I love where we are, and I love the people I work with. And 'love' is not word I use lightly."
Liverman retires the same year as his wife, and while he said his future plans are still up in the air, he may take a more active role in the church, using his license as a Baptist minister.
"I do know I'll be taking a vacation during the first two weeks of September," Liverman said. "Otherwise, I'd show up here and be without a key to my office."
The School Board will discuss its course of action to fill the position during a meeting on May 13.
"I really hate to see him go, but all good things must come to an end," Skeeter said. "You expect these things, but when it happens reality can really step in. He's been a hard worker and a great person."
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text:
By Dorothy Connell
The Faure Requiem Performance on 5th of September 2010 was effectively Canolfan Porthceri Centre's opening night, so it was vitally important that it went well.
Thanks to a lot of hard work (and sheer bloody-mindedness) it was a huge success, and as a group we learned a lot from it.
It was an ambitious project right from the beginning, bringing a professional orchestra to Barry, and back in April I almost gave up. When I'm in that sort of mood I 'phone one of my big sisters – sometimes both of them – and I always feel better after it.
On this occasion I moaned to big sis Freda (back in my home town) about not having much success recruiting viola players, and as the Faure Requiem needs at least five, this was ever so slightly problematic! There and then Freda gave me the number of Audrey Barr who had lived next door in Kilwinning before moving to Cardiff for a job in the Welsh National Opera orchestra – playing viola.
Audrey was a godsend, and recruited seven string players, all either in the WNO or National Orchestra of Wales, all of them gracious and generous. After that we got ourselves on track, and the whole thing came together at the end of what seemed a long journey.
The pressure to have a reasonable performance, to make the first event in the centre something we could be proud of, and to raise money for Save the Children meant a few sleepless nights, but at the end of the day I don't think we let anyone down.
Highlights of the night for me were seeing the guys (of both sexes!) in Vale Voices singing what I know some of them thought they couldn't. The Faure is not easy, and some of the singers were very inexperienced, had never sung this sort of music, or sung in Latin.
The second highlight was the young soprano soloist Darcie Hamilton. She doesn't realise how good she is, and I just hope that her experience of that concert gives her confidence.
The third highlight of course was the amount of money raised for Save the Children – over £800. All in all, a brilliant milestone on the journey!
Thanks again to all the guys in Vale Voices, the instrumentalists and soloists, Deputy Lord Lieutenant Colin Jones, the Porthceri Centre Team, Jan Sharp, Jane Clarke, Ruth King, Bob Connell and the Vale of Glamorgan Methodist Circuit.
PS : Great to hear on the grapevine that Bridget Dawes in the sopranos is now joining a choir in Penarth, and that Audrey Saunders and Gill Payne are joining the Atlantic Chorus at St Donat's to do the Faure again.
THAT is what I call a result!!!
See the main Faure report here.


text:
Viile Apei (în ) este un sat ce aparține orașului Seini din județul Maramureș, Transilvania, România.

Istoric
Prima atestare documentară: 1909 (Viile-Apei, Apahegy, cătun al localității Apa).

Etimologie
Etimologia numelui localității: din Vie, pl., art. (< subst. vie "plantație de viță-de-vie" < lat. vinea) + Apa, la genitiv (< top. Apa, com. în jud. Satu Mare < antrop. Apai).

Demografie
La recensământul din 2011, populația era de 628 locuitori.

Lăcaș de cult
Biserica ortodoxă a primit hramul Sfinții Arhangheli Mihail și Gavril în 1929, parohia din localitate fiind înființată în 1925 și inițial aparținea de localitatea Racșa Vii.

Note

Viile Apei, Seini


Ramipril is in a group of drugs called ACE inhibitors. ACE stands for angiotensin converting enzyme.
Ramipril may also be used for other purposes not listed in this medication guide.
Do not use ramipril if you are pregnant. Stop using ramipril and tell your doctor right away if you become pregnant. Avoid drinking alcohol. It can further lower your blood pressure and may increase some of the side effects of ramipril. Do not use salt substitutes or potassium supplements while taking ramipril, unless your doctor has told you to.
Conditions that may cause very low blood pressure include: vomiting, diarrhea, heavy sweating, dehydration, a low salt diet, or taking diuretics (water pills). Tell your doctor if you have a prolonged illness that causes diarrhea or vomiting.
If you are being treated for high blood pressure, keep using ramipril even if you feel fine. High blood pressure often has no symptoms.
You should not use this medication if you are allergic to ramipril or to any other ACE inhibitor, such as benazepril (Lotensin), captopril (Capoten), fosinopril (Monopril), enalapril (Vasotec), lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril), moexipril (Univasc), perindopril (Aceon), quinapril (Accupril), or trandolapril (Mavik).
FDA pregnancy category D. Do not use ramipril if you are pregnant. Stop using this medication and tell your doctor right away if you become pregnant. Ramipril can cause injury or death to the unborn baby if you take the medicine during your second or third trimester. Use effective birth control while taking this medicine. Ramipril can pass into breast milk and may harm a nursing baby. You should not breast-feed while taking ramipril.
Take ramipril exactly as prescribed by your doctor. Do not take in larger or smaller amounts or for longer than recommended. Follow the directions on your prescription label.
To be sure ramipril is helping your condition, your blood pressure will need to be checked often. Your kidney or liver function may also need to be tested. Visit your doctor regularly.
Store ramipril at room temperature away from moisture and heat.
Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222. Overdose symptoms may include feeling extremely dizzy or light-headed, or fainting.
Avoid drinking alcohol. It can further lower your blood pressure and may increase some of the side effects of ramipril. Do not use salt substitutes or potassium supplements while taking ramipril, unless your doctor has told you to.


This vitamin B3 maybe a better alternative to lower cholesterols. always start low and gradually increase. may feel the ears, neck and head getting warm, gradually going down the body. the arms hot and getting reddish. Ears pulsating. stomach warming up. feet also warming up. Last about 20-30 minutes.
Would like to see a clean artery without plaques. May help people lower high blood pressure since the arteries get cleaned up.
Niacin Therapy as Used by Abram Hoffer, M.D.
by A. Hoffer, M.D., Ph.D.
The first water soluble vitamins were numbered in sequence according to priority of discovery. But after their chemical structure was determined they were given scientific names. The third one to be discovered was the anti-pellagra vitamin before it was shown to be niacin. But the use of the number B-3 did not stay in the literature very long. It was replaced by nicotinic acid and its amide (also known medically as niacin and its amide). The name was changed to remove the similarity to nicotine, a poison.
The term vitamin B-3 was reintroduced by my friend Bill W., co-founder of Alcoholics Anonymous, (Bill Wilson). We met in New York in 1960. Humphry Osmond and I introduced him to the concept of mega vitamin therapy. We described the results we had seen with our schizophrenic patients, some of whom were also alcoholic. We also told him about its many other properties. It was therapeutic for arthritis, for some cases of senility and it lowered cholesterol levels.
Bill was very curious about it and began to take niacin, 3 g daily. Within a few weeks fatigue and depression which had plagued him for years were gone. He gave it to 30 of his close friends in AA and persuaded them to try it. Within 6 months he was convinced that it would be very helpful to alcoholics. Of the thirty, 10 were free of anxiety, tension and depression in one month. Another 10 were well in two months. He decided that the chemical or medical terms for this vitamin were not appropriate. He wanted to persuade members of AA, especially the doctors in AA, that this would be a useful addition to treatment and he needed a term that could be more readily popularized. He asked me the names that had been used. I told him it was originally known as vitamin B-3. This was the term Bill wanted. In his first report to physicians in AA he called it "The Vitamin B-3 Therapy." Thousands of copies of this extraordinary pamphlet were distributed. Eventually the name came back and today even the most conservative medical journals are using the term vitamin B-3.
Bill became unpopular with the members of the board of AA International. The medical members who had been appointed by Bill, felt that he had no business messing about with treatment using vitamins. They also "knew" vitamin B-3 could not be therapeutic as Bill had found it to be. For this reason Bill provided information to the medical members of AA outside of the National Board, distributing three of his amazing pamphlets. They are now not readily available.
Vitamin B-3 exists as the amide in nature, in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). Pure nicotinamide and niacin are synthetics. Niacin was known as a chemical for about 100 years before it was recognized to be vitamin B-3. It is made from nicotine, a poison produced in the tobacco plant to protect itself against its predators, but in the wonderful economy of nature which does not waste any structures, when the nicotine is simplified by cracking open one of the rings, it becomes the immensely valuable vitamin B-3.
Vitamin B-3 is made in the body from the amino acid tryptophan. On the average 1 mg of vitamin B-3 is made from 60 mg of tryptophan, about 1.5% Since it is made in the body it does not meet the definition of a vitamin; these are defined as substances that can not be made. It should have been classified with the amino acids, but long usage of the term vitamin has given it permanent status as a vitamin. The 1.5% conversion rate is a compromise based upon the conversion of tryptophan to N-methyl nicotinamide and its metabolites in human subjects. I suspect that one day in the far distant future none of the tryptophan will be converted into vitamin B-3 and it then will truly be a vitamin. According to Horwitt , the amount converted is not inflexible but varies with patients and conditions. For example, women pregnant in their last three months convert tryptophan to niacin metabolites three times as efficiently as in non-pregnant females. Also there is evidence that contraceptive steroids, estrogens, stimulate tryptophan oxygenase, the enzyme that converts the tryptophan into niacin.
This observation raises some interesting speculations. Women, on average, live longer then men. It has been shown for men that giving them niacin increases their longevity.  Is the increased longevity in women the result of greater conversion of tryptophan into niacin under the stimulus of their increase in estrogen production? Does the same phenomenon explain the decrease in the incidence of coronary disease in women?
The best-known vitamin deficiency disease is pellagra. More accurately it is a tryptophan deficiency disease since tryptophan alone can cure the early stages. Pellagra was endemic in the southern U.S.A. until the beginning of the last world war. It can be described by the four D's: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia and death. The dementia is a late stage phenomenon. In the early stages it resembles much more the schizophrenias, and can only with difficulty be distinguished from it. The only certain method used by early pellagrologists was to give their patients in the mental hospitals small amounts of nicotinic acid. If they recovered they diagnosed them pellagra, if they did not they diagnosed them schizophrenia. This was good for some of their patients but was not good for psychiatry since it prevented any continuing interest in working with the vitamin for their patients who did not recover fast, but who might have done so had they given them a lot more for a much longer period of time, the way we started doing this in Saskatchewan. I consider it one of the schizophrenic syndromes.
I have been involved in establishing two of the major uses for vitamin B-3, apart from its role in preventing and treating pellagra. These are its action in lowering high cholesterol levels  and in elevating high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (HDL), and its therapeutic role in the schizophrenias and other psychiatric conditions. It has been found helpful for many other diseases or conditions. These are psychiatric disorders including children with learning and behavioral disorders, the addictions including alcoholism and drug addiction, the schizophrenias, some of the senile states. Its efficacy for a large number of both mental and physical conditions is an advantage to patients and to their doctors who use the vitamin, but is difficult to accept by the medical profession raised on the belief that there must be one drug for each disease, and that when any substance appears to be too effective for many conditions, it must be due entirely to its placebo effect, something like the old snake oils.
I have thought about this for a long time and have within the past year become convinced that this vitamin is so versatile because it moderates or relieves the body of the pernicious effect of chronic stress. It therefore frees the body to carry on its routine function of repairing itself more efficiently. The current excitement in medicine is the recognition that hyperoxidation, the formation of free radicals, is one of the basic damaging processes in the body. These hyperexcited molecules destroy molecules and damage tissues at the cellular level and at the tissue level.
The catecholamines, of which adrenalin is the best known example, and the aminochromes, of which adrenochrome is the best known example, are intimately involved in stress reactions. Therefore to moderate the influence of stress or to negate it, one must use compounds which prevent these substances from damaging the body. Vitamin B-3 is a specific antidote to adrenalin, and the antioxidants such as vitamin C, Vitamin E, beta carotene, selenium and others protect the body against the effect of the free radicals by removing them more rapidly from the body. Any disease or condition which is stress related ought therefore to respond to the combined use of vitamin B-3 and these antioxidants provided they are all given in optimum doses, whether small or large as in orthomolecular therapy. I will therefore list briefly the many indications for the use of vitamin B-3.
2) Children with Learning and/or Behavioral Disorders.
In 1960 seven year-old Bruce came to see me with his father. Bruce had been diagnosed as mentally retarded. He could not read, could not concentrate, and was developing serious behavioral problems such as cutting school without his parents' knowledge. He was being prepared for special classes for the retarded. He excreted large amounts of kryptopyrrole, the first child to be tested. I started him on nicotinamide, one gram tid. Within four months he was well. He graduated from high school, is now married, has been fully employed and has been paying income tax. He is one case out of about 1500 I have seen since 1960.
3) Organic Confusional States, non-Alzheimers forms of dementia, electroconvulsive therapy-induced memory disturbances.
In September 1992, Mr. C., 76 years-old, requested help with his memory. He was terribly absentminded. If he decided to do something, by the time he arrived where he wanted to do it he had forgotten what it was he wanted to do. His short-term memory was very poor and his long-term memory was beginning to be affected. I started him on a comprehensive vitamin program including niacinamide 1.5 G daily. Within a month he began to improve. I added niacin to his program. By February 1993 he was normal. April 26, 1993, he told me he had been so well he had concluded he no longer needed any niacin and decreased the dose from 3.0 G to 1.5 G daily. He remained on the rest of the program. Soon he noted that his short term memory was failing him again. I advised him to stay on the full dose the rest of his life.
Of the two major findings made by my research group in Saskatchewan, the nicotinic acid-cholesterol connection is well known and nicotinic acid is used worldwide as an economical, effective and safe compound for lowering cholesterol and elevating high density cholesterol. As a result of my interest in nicotinic acid, Altschul, Hoffer and Stephen  discovered that this vitamin, given in gram doses per day, lowered cholesterol levels. Since then it was found it also elevates high density lipoprotein cholesterol thus bringing the ratio of total over HDL to below 5.
In the National Coronary Study, Canner  showed that nicotinic acid decreased mortality and prolonged life. Between 1966 and 1975, five drugs used to lower cholesterol levels were compared to placebo in 8341 men, ages 30 to 64, who had suffered a myocardial infarction at least three months before entering the study. About 6000 were alive at the end of the study. Nine years later, only niacin had decreased the death rate significantly from all causes. Mortality decreased 11% and longevity increased by two years. The death rate from cancer was also decreased.
This was a very fortunate finding because it led to the approval by the FDA of this vitamin in mega doses for cholesterol problems and opened up the use of this vitamin in large doses for other conditions as well. This occurred at a time when the FDA was doing its best not to recognize the value of megavitamin therapy. Its position has not altered over the past four decades.
Our finding opened up the second major wave of interest in vitamins. The first wave started around 1900 when it was shown that these compounds were very effective in small doses in curing vitamin deficiency diseases and in preventing their occurrence. This was the preventive phase of vitamin use. The second wave recognized that they have therapeutic properties not directly related to vitamin deficiency diseases but may have to be used in large doses. This was the second or present wave wherein vitamins are used in therapy for more than deficiency diseases. Our discovery that nicotinic acid was an hypocholesterolemic compound is credited as the first paper to initiate the second wave and paved the way for orthomolecular medicine which came along several years later.
I first observed the beneficial effects of vitamin B-3 in 1953 and 1954. I was then exploring the potential benefits and side effects from this vitamin. Several of the patients who were given this vitamin would report after several months that their arthritis was better. At first this was a surprise since in the psychiatric history I had taken I had not asked about joint pain. This report of improvement happened so often I could not ignore it. A few years later I discovered that Prof. W. Kaufman had studied the use of this vitamin for the arthritides before 1950 and had published two books describing his remarkable results.  Since that time this vitamin has been a very important component of the orthomolecular regimen for treating arthritis.
The following case illustrates both the response which can occur and the complexity of the orthomolecular regimen. Patients who are early into their arthritis respond much more effectively and are not left with residual disability.
K.V. came to my office April 15, 1982. She was in a wheelchair pushed by her husband. He was exhausted, depressed, and she was one of the sickest patients I have ever seen. She weighed under 90 pounds. She sat in the chair on her ankles which were crossed beneath her body because she was not able to straighten them out. Her arms were held in front of her, close to her body, and her fingers were permanently deformed and claw-like. She told me she had been deeply depressed for many years because of the severe pain and her major impairment. As she was being wheeled into my office I saw how ill she was and immediately concluded there was nothing I could do for her, and had to decide how I could let her know without sending her even deeper into despair. However I changed my mind when she suddenly said, "Dr. Hoffer, I know no one can ever cure me but if you could only help me with my pain. The pain in my back is unbearable. I just want to get rid of the pain in my back." I realized then she had a lot of determination and inner strength and that it was worthwhile to try and help her.
She began to suffer from severe pain in her joints in 1952. In 1957 it was diagnosed as arthritis. Until 1962 her condition fluctuated and then she had to go into a wheelchair some part of the day. She was still able to walk although not for long until 1967. In 1969 she depended on the wheelchair most of the time, and by 1973 she was there permanently. For awhile she was able to propel herself with her feet. After that she was permanently dependent on help. For the three years before she saw me she had gotten some home care but most of the care was provided by her husband. He had retired from his job when I first saw them. He provided the nursing care equivalent to four nurses on 8 hour shifts including holiday time. He had to carry her to the bathroom, bathe her, cook and feed her. He was as exhausted as she was but he was able to carry on.
She was severely deformed, especially her hands, suffered continuous pain, worse in her arms, and hips and her back. Her ankles were badly swollen and she had to wear pressure bandages. Her muscles also were very painful most of the day. She was able to feed herself and to crochet with her few useful fingers, but it must have been extremely difficult. She was not able to write nor type which she used to do with a pencil. A few months earlier she had been suicidal. On top of this severe pain and discomfort she had no appetite, was not hungry and a full meal would nauseate her. Her skin was dry, she had patches of eczema, and she had white areas in her nails.
One month later a new couple came into my room. Her husband was smiling, relaxed and cheerful as he pushed his wife in on her chair. She was sitting with her legs dangling down, smiling as well. I immediately knew that she was a lot better. I began to ask her about her various symptoms she had had previously. After a few minutes she impatiently broke in to say, "Dr. Hoffer, the pain in my back is all gone." She no longer bled from her bowel, she no longer bruised all over her body, she was more comfortable, the pain in her back was easily controlled with aspirin and was gone from her hips, (it had not helped before). She was cheerful and laughed in my office. Her heart was regular at last. I added inositol niacinate 500 mg four times daily to her program.
She came back June 17, 1982, and had improved even more. She was able to pull herself up from the prone position on her bed for the first time in 15 years, and she was free of depression. I increased her ascorbic acid to 1 gram four times daily and added vitamin E 800 IU. Because she had shown such dramatic improvement I advised her she need no longer come to see me.
September 1, 1982, she called me on the telephone. I asked her how she was getting along. She said she was making even more progress. I then asked her how had she been able to get to the phone. She replied she was able to get around alone in her chair. Then she added she had not called for herself but for her husband. He had been suffering from a cold for a few days, she was nursing him, and she wanted some advice for him.
After another visit October 28, 1983, I wrote to her doctor "Today Mrs. K.V. reported she had stayed on the whole vitamin program very rigorously for 18 months, but since that time had slacked off somewhat. She is regaining a lot of her muscle strength, can now sit in her wheelchair without difficulty, can also wheel herself around in her wheelchair but, of course, can not do anything useful with her hands because her fingers are so awful. She would like to become more independent and perhaps could do so if something could be done about her fingers and also about her hip. I am delighted she has arranged to see a plastic surgeon to see if something can be done to get her hand mobilized once more. I have asked her to continue with the vitamins but because she had difficulty taking so many pills she will take a preparation called Multijet which is available from Portland and contains all the vitamins and minerals and can be dissolved in juice. She will also take inositol niacinate 3 grams daily."
I saw her again March 24, 1988. About 4 of her vertebra had collapsed and she was suffering more pain which was alleviated by Darvon. It had not been possible to treat her hands surgically. She had been able to eat by herself until six months before this last visit. She had been taking small amounts of vitamins. She was able to use a motorized chair. She had been depressed. I wrote to her doctor, "She had gone off the total vitamin program about two or three years ago. It is very difficult for her to swallow and I can understand her reluctance to carry on with this. I have therefore suggested that she take a minimal program which would include inositol niacinate 3 grams daily, ascorbic acid 1 gram three times, linseed oil 2 capsules and cod liver oil 2 capsules. Her spirits are good and I think she is coming along considering the severe deterioration of her body as a result of the arthritis over the past few decades." She was last seen by her doctor in the fall of 1989.
Her husband was referred. I saw him May 18, 1982. He complained of headaches and a sense of pressure about his head present for three years. This followed a series of light strokes. I advised him to take niacin 3 grams daily plus other vitamins including vitamin C. By September 1983 he was well and when seen last March 24, 1988 was still normal.
Dr. Robert Elliot, Professor of Child Health Research at University of Auckland Medical School is testing 40,000 five-year old children for the presence of specific antibodies that indicate diabetes will develop. Those who have the antibodies will be given nicotinamide. This will prevent the development of diabetes in most the children who are vulnerable. According to the Rotarian for March 1993 this project began 8 years ago and has 3200 relatives in the study. Of these, 182 had antibodies and 76 were given nicotinamide. Only 5 have become diabetic compared to 37 that would have been expected. Since 1988 over 20,100 school children have been tested. None have become diabetic compared to 47 from the untested comparable group. A similar study is underway in London, Ontario.
Recent findings have shown that vitamin B-3 does have anti-cancer properties. This was discussed at a meeting in Texas in 1987, Jacobson and Jacobson.  The topic of this international conference was "Niacin, Nutrition, ADP-Ribosylation and Cancer," and was the 8th conference of this series.
Niacin, niacinamide and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) are interconvertable via a pyridine nucleotide cycle. NAD, the coenzyme, is hydrolyzed or split into niacinamide and adenosine dinucleotide phosphate (ADP-ribose). Niacinamide is converted into niacin, which in turn is once more built into NAD. The enzyme which splits ADP is known as poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, or poly (ADP) synthetase, or poly (ADP-ribose) transferase. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase is activated when strands of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are broken. The enzyme transfers NAD to the ADP-ribose polymer, binding it onto a number of proteins. The poly (ADP-ribose) activated by DNA breaks helps repair the breaks by unwinding the nucleosomal structure of damaged chromatids. It also may increase the activity of DNA ligase. This enzyme cuts damaged ends off strands of DNA and increases the cell's capacity to repair itself. Damage caused by any carcinogenic factor, radiation, chemicals, is thus to a degree neutralized or counteracted.
Jacobson and Jacobson, conference organizers, hypothesized that niacin prevents cancer. They treated two groups of human cells with carcinogens. The group given adequate niacin developed tumors at a rate only 10% of the rate in the group deficient in niacin. Dr. M. Jacobson is quoted as saying, "We know that diet is a major risk factor, that diet has both beneficial and detrimental components. What we cannot assess at this point is the optimal amount of niacin in the diet… The fact that we don't have pellagra does not mean we are getting enough niacin to confer resistance to cancer." About 20 mg per day of niacin will prevent pellagra in people who are not chronic pellagrins. The latter may require 25 times as much niacin to remain free of pellagra.
Vitamin B-3 may increase the therapeutic efficacy of anti-cancer treatment. In mice, niacinamide increased the toxicity of irradiation against tumors. The combination of normobaric carbogen with nicotinamide could be an effective method of enhancing tumor radiosensitivity in clinical radiotherapy where hypoxia limits the outcome of treatment. Chaplin, Horsman and Aoki16 found that nicotinamide was the best drug for increasing radiosensitivity compared to a series of analogues. The vitamin worked because it enhanced blood flow to the tumor. Nicotinamide also enhanced the effect of chemotherapy. They suggested that niacin may offer some cardioprotection during long-term adriamycin chemotherapy.
Further evidence that vitamin B-3 is involved in cancer is the report by Nakagawa, Miyazaki, Okui, Kato, Moriyama and Fujimura  that in animals there is a direct relationship between the activity of nicotinamide methyl transferase and the presence of cancer. Measuring the amount of N-methyl nicotinamide was used to measure the activity of the enzyme. In other words, in animals with cancer there is increased destruction of nicotinamide, thus making less available for the pyridine nucleotide cycle. This finding applied to all tumors except the solid tumors, Lewis lung carcinoma and melanoma B-16.
In 1960 I planned to study the effect of nicotinic acid on a large number of aging people living in a sheltered home. A new one had been built. I approached the director of this home, Mr. George Porteous. I arranged to meet him and told him what I would like to do and why. I gave him an outline of its properties, its side effects and why I thought it might be helpful. Mr. Porteous agreed and we started this investigation. A short while after my first contact Mr. Porteous came to my office at University Hospital. He wanted to take nicotinic acid himself, he told me, so that he could discuss the reaction more intelligently with people living in his institution. He wanted to know if it would be safe to do so.
That fall he came again to talk to me and this time he said he wanted to tell me what had happened to him. Then I discovered he had been with the Canadian troops who had sailed to Hong Kong in 1940, had been promptly captured by the Japanese and had survived 44 months in one of their notorious prisoner of war camps.
Twenty-five percent of the Canadian soldiers died in these camps. They suffered from severe malnutrition from starvation and nutrient deficiency. They suffered from beri beri, pellagra, scurvy, infectious diseases, and brutality from the guards.
Porteous, a physical education instructor, had been fit weighing about 190 pounds when he got there. When he returned home he weighed only 2/3rds of that. On the way home in a hospital ship the soldiers were fed and given extra vitamins in the form of rice polishings. There were few vitamins available then in tablets or capsules. He seemingly recovered but had remained very ill. He suffered from both psychological and physical symptoms. He was anxious, fearful and slightly paranoid. Thus, he could never be comfortable sitting in a room unless he sat facing the door. This must have arisen from the fear of the guards. Physically he had severe arthritis. He could not raise his arms above his shoulders. He suffered from heat and cold sensitivity. In the morning he needed his wife's help in getting out of bed and to get started for the day. He had severe insomia. For this he was given barbiturates in the evening and to help awaken him in the morning, he was given amphetamines.
Later I read the growing literature on the Hong Kong veterans and there is no doubt they were severely and permanently damaged. They suffered from a high death rate due to heart disease, crippling arthritis, blindness and a host of other conditions.
Having outlined his background he then told me that two weeks after he started to take nicotinic acid, 1 gram after each meal, he was normal. He was able to raise his arms to their full extension, and he was free of all the symptoms which had plagued him for so long. When I began to prepare my report  I obtained his Veterans Administration Chart. It came to me in two cardboard boxes and weighed over ten pounds, but over 95% of it was accumulated before he started on the vitamin. For the ten years after he started on the vitamin there was very little additional material. One could judge the efficacy of the vitamin by weighing the chart paper before and after he started on it. Porteous remained well as long as he stayed on the vitamin until his death when he was Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan. In 1962, after having been well for two years, he went on a holiday to the mountains with his son and he forgot to take his nicotinic acid with him. By the time he returned home almost the entire symptomatology had returned.
Porteous was enthusiastic about nicotinic acid and began to tell all his friends about it. He told his doctor. His doctor cautioned him that he might damage his liver. Porteous replied that if it meant he could stay as well as he was until he died from a liver ailment he would still not go off it. His doctor became an enthusiast as well and within a few years had started over 300 of his patients on the vitamin. He never saw any examples of liver disease from nicotinic acid.
I have treated over 20 prisoners from Japanese camps and from European concentration camps since then with equally good results. I estimated that one year in these camps was equivalent to 4 years of aging, i.e. four years in camp would age a prisoner the equivalent of 16 years of normal living.
George Porteous wanted every prisoner of war from the eastern camps treated as he had been. He was not successful in persuading the Government of Canada that nicotinic acid would be very helpful so he turned to fellow prisoners, both in Canada (Hong Kong Veterans) and to American Ex-Prisoners of War. These American veterans suffered just as much as had the Canadian soldiers since they were treated in exactly the same abysmal way. The ones who started on the vitamin showed the same response. Recently one of these soldiers, a retired officer, wrote to me after being on nicotinic acid 20 years that he felt great, owed it to the vitamin and that when his arteries were examined during a simple operation they were completely normal. He wrote, "About two years ago, I was hit, was bleeding down the neck. The MDs took the opportunity to repair me. They said the arteries under the ears look like they had never been used."
There is an important lesson from the experiences of these veterans and their response to megadoses of nicotinic acid. This is that every human exposed to severe stress and malnutrition for a long enough period of time will develop a permanent need for large amounts of this vitamin and perhaps for several others.
This is happening on a large scale in Africa where the combination of starvation, malnutrition and brutality is reproducing the conditions suffered by the veterans. Those who survive will be permanently damaged biochemically, and will remain a burden to themselves and to the community where they live. Will society have the good sense to help them recover by making this vitamin available to them in optimum doses?
The optimum dose range is not as wide as it is for ascorbic acid, but it is wide enough to require different recommendations for different classes of diseases. As is always the case with nutrients, each individual must determine their own optimum level. With nicotinic acid this is done by increasing the dose until the flush (vasodilation) is gone, or is so slight it is not a problem.
One can start with as low a dose as 100 mg taken three times each day after meals and gradually increase it. I usually start with 500 mg each dose and often will start with 1 gram per dose especially for cases of arthritis, for schizophrenics, for alcoholics and for a few elderly patients. However, with elderly patients it is better to start small and work it up slowly.
No person should be given nicotinic acid without explaining to them that they will have a flush which will vary in intensity from none to very severe. If this is explained carefully, and if they are told that in time the flush will not be a problem, they will not mind. The flush may remain too intense for a few patients and the nicotinic acid may have to be replaced by a slow release preparation or by some of the esters, for example, inositol niacinate. The latter is a very good preparation with very little flush and most find it very acceptable even when they were not able to accept the nicotinic acid itself. It is rather expensive but with quantity production the price might come down.
The flush starts in the forehead with a warning tingle. Then it intensifies. The rate of the development of the flush depends upon so many factors it is impossible to predict what course it will follow.
The following factors decrease the intensity of the flush: a cold meal, taking it after a meal, taking aspirin before, using an antihistamine in advance.
The following factors make the flush more intense: a hot meal, a hot drink, an empty stomach, chewing the tablets and the rate at which the tablets break down in liquid.
From the forehead and face the flush travels down the rest of the body, usually stopping somewhere in the chest but may extend to the toes. With continued use the flush gradually recedes and eventually may be only a tingling sensation in the forehead. If the person stops taking the vitamin for a day or more the sequence of flushing will be re-experienced. Some people never do flush and a few only begin to flush after several years of taking the vitamin. With nicotinamide there should be no flushing but I have found that about 2% will flush. This may be due to rapid conversion of the nicotinamide to nicotinic acid in the body.
When the dose is too high for both forms of the vitamin the patients will suffer from nausea at first, and then if the dose is not reduced it will lead to vomiting. These side effects may be used to determine what is the optimum dose. When they do occur the dose is reduced until it is just below the nausea level. With children the first indication may be loss of appetite. If this does occur the vitamin must be stopped for a few days and then may be resumed at a lower level. Very few can take more than 6 grams per day of the nicotinamide. With nicotinic acid it is possible to go much higher. Many schizophrenics have taken up to 30 grams per day with no difficulty. The dose will alter over time and if on a dose where there were no problems, they may develop in time. Usually this indicates that the patient is getting better and does not need as much. I have divided all patients who might benefit from vitamin B-3 into the following categories.
Category 1. These are people who are well or nearly well, and have no obvious disease. They are interested in maintaining their good health or in improving it. They may be under increased stress. The optimum dose range varies between 0.5 to 3 grams daily. The same doses apply to nicotinamide.
Category 2. Everyone under physiological stress, such as pregnancy and lactation, suffering from acute illness such as the common cold or flu, or other diseases that do not threaten death. All the psychiatric syndromes are included in this group including the schizophrenias and the senile states. It also includes the very large group of people with high blood cholesterol levels or low HDL when it is desired to restore these blood values to normal. The dose range is 1 gram to 10 grams daily. For nicotinamide the range is 1 1/2 g to 6 g.
Nicotinamide does not affect cholesterol levels.
"A tingling or flushing sensation in the skin after relatively large doses (in excess of 75 mg) of nicotinic acid is a rather common phenomenon. It is the result of dilation of the blood vessels that is one of the natural actions of nicotinic acid and one for which it is used therapeutically. Whether this should therefore be regarded as a true adverse reaction is a moot point. The reaction clears regularly after about 20 minutes and is not harmful to the individual. It is very rare for this reaction to occur at less than three times the RDA, even in very sensitive individuals. In most people much larger quantities are required. The related substance nicotinamide only very rarely produces this reaction and in consequence this is the form generally used for vitamin supplementation.
"Doses of 200 mg to 10 g daily of the acid have been used therapeutically to lower blood cholesterol levels under medical control for periods of up to 10 years or more and though some reactions have occurred at these very high dosages, they have rapidly responded to cessation of therapy, and have often cleared even when therapy has been continued.
"In isolated cases, transient liver disorders, rashes, dry skin and excessive pigmentation have been seen. The tolerance to glucose has been reduced in diabetics and patients with peptic ulcers have experienced increased pain. No serious reaction have been reported however even in these high doses. The available evidence suggests that 10 times the RDA is safe (about 100 mg)."
Dr. Marks is cautious about recommending that doses of 100 mg are safe. In my opinion, based upon 40 years of experience with this vitamin the dose ranges I have recommended above are safe. However with the higher doses medical supervision is necessary.
Jaundice is very rare. Fewer that ten cases have been reported in the medical literature. I have seen none in ten years. When jaundice dose occur it is usually an obstructive type and clears when the vitamin is discontinued. I have been able to get schizophrenic patients back on nicotinic acid after the jaundice cleared and it did not recur.
Inositol hexaniacinate is an ester of inositol and nicotinic acid. Each inositol molecule contains six nicotinic acid molecules. This ester is broken down slowly in the body. It is as effective as nicotinic acid and is almost free of side effects. There is very little flushing, gastrointestinal distress and other uncommon side effects. Inositol, considered one of the lesser important B vitamins, does have a function in the body as a messenger molecule and may add something to the therapeutic properties of the nicotinic acid.
Vitamin B-3 is a very effective nutrient in treating a large number of psychiatric and medical diseases but its beneficial effect is enhanced when the rest of the orthomolecular program is included. The combination of vitamin B-3 and the antioxidant nutrients is a great anti-stress program.
8. Hoffer A: Niacin Therapy in Psychiatry. C. C. Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1962.
Hoffer A & Osmond H: New Hope For Alcoholics, University Books, New York, 1966. Written by Fannie Kahan.
Hoffer A & Walker M: Smart Nutrients. A Guide to Nutrients That Can Prevent and Reverse Senility. Avery Publishing Group, Garden City Park, New York, 1994.
12. Smith RF: A five year field trial of massive nicotinic acid therapy of alcoholics in Michigan. Journal of Orthomolecular Psychiatry 3:327-331, 1974.
Smith RF: Status report concerning the use of megadose nicotinic acid in alcoholics. Journal of Orthomolecular Psychiatry 7:52-55, 1978.
13. Kaufman W: Common Forms of Niacinamide Deficiency Disease: Aniacin Amidosis. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, 1943.
Kaufman W: The Common Form of Joint Dysfunction: Its Incidence and Treatment. E.L. Hildreth and Co., Brattelboro, VT, 1949.
15. Jacobson M & Jacobson E: Niacin, nutrition, ADP-ribosylation and cancer. The 8th International Symposium on ADP- Ribosylation, Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, Fort Worth, TX, 1987.
Titus K: Scientists link niacin and cancer prevention. The D.O. 28:93-97, 1987.
Hostetler D: Jacobsons put broad strokes in the niacin/cancer picture. The D.O. 28:103-104, 1987.
18. Gerson M: Dietary considerations in malignant neoplastic disease. A prelimary report. The Review of Gastroenterology 12:419-425, 1945.
Gerson M: Effects of a combined dietary regime on patients with malignant tumors. Experimental Medicine and Surgery 7:299-317, 1949.
24. Hoffer A: Niacin Therapy in Psychiatry. C. C. Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1962.
Hoffer A: Safety, Side Effects and Relative Lack of Toxicity of Nicotinic acid and Nicotinamide. Schizophrenia 1:78-87, 1969.
Hoffer A: Vitamin B-3 (Niacin) Update. New Roles For a Key Nutrient in Diabetes, Cancer, Heart Disease and Other Major Health Problems. Keats Pub, Inc., New Canaan, CT, 1990.
AN IMPORTANT NOTE: This page is not in any way offered as prescription, diagnosis nor treatment for any disease, illness, infirmity or physical condition. Any form of self-treatment or alternative health program necessarily must involve an individual's acceptance of some risk, and no one should assume otherwise. Persons needing medical care should obtain it from a physician. Consult your doctor before making any health decision.


People consider a variety of factors when they shop for a product and data driven marketing can help you with identifying purchase barriers. What does it cost? How easy is it to buy? Is it high quality?
If you're trying to convince a shopper to go ahead and purchase your product, you need to understand what might prevent them from doing so. Your data driven marketing strategy for marketing to shoppers will be largely defined by the purchase barriers you're trying to overcome.
Some purchase barriers might be obvious to you. If you sell a high-end product, you probably know that price is an issue for many potential consumers. You may have a new product that hasn't been sufficiently advertised, making consumer awareness an issue. The American auto industry suffered for years with a perception issue. Many people viewed American cars as being of inferior quality compared to their Japanese and European competitors.
Some barriers may not be immediately obvious to you. Your frontline sales staff is an excellent resource for helping you understand why customers shop but don't purchase. Because they're dealing directly with customers, they typically know where the sale breaks down.
Similarly you may be able to learn something about purchase barriers by analyzing the way customers use your website. For example, what was the last thing the customer looked at before they abandoned your website?
Survey research is a particularly effective tool for learning about purchase barriers. Small focus groups can also provide some insight because they allow the interviewer to dig deeply into consumer attitudes. Customers know why they didn't buy. So ask them.
Cost: Pretty much everyone checks the price before buying.
Perception: This relates to how the consumer views your product and how it fits in with their needs.
Convenience: This relates to how easy it is for the consumer to purchase the product.
Some people are extremely price sensitive. They look for sales and discounts and rarely purchase anything without some financial incentive. You probably need to offer some sort of discount to incent price-sensitive shoppers to make a purchase.
Another group of consumers are more oriented toward quality or service levels. These consumers are willing to pay top dollar for premium benefits. Your approach to shoppers in this category should be to communicate those benefits. You want to show them what they're getting for the money.
Frequently, you won't have information on the price sensitivity of your shoppers. In these cases, a hybrid approach may be your best option. You could first contact your shopper with a message highlighting the value they're getting for the price. If that doesn't work, send a follow-up offer with a discount or some other promotional rate.
With shoppers, the first step is to get them to do business with you. Once you do, you can work on expanding your relationship with them. There are a variety of ways to upsell and cross-sell products to your customers to increase their profitability. Given the potential future revenue stream, using discounts to attract shoppers is effective and easily justifiable.
One type of perception-related barrier is actually a lack of perception. Consumers may not even be aware that you sell a certain type of product or service.
Perception-related barriers often have to do with negative views of your product, such as the troubles of the auto industry related to quality concerns. Overcoming preconceptions about quality can be quite difficult, especially if the perception is rooted in fact.
When you address quality concerns, it's a good idea to let someone else do the talking. The credibility of your brand is what's at issue. Customer testimonials are one way to do this. Another is to communicate positive results of customer satisfaction surveys. Still another is to play up awards that your products have received.
This approach played a large role in the resurgence of the American automotive industry. When the roots of their quality issues were addressed, these companies began to get some positive reviews. And they played them up for all they were worth.
Another dimension of perception barriers is people's sensitivity to what's "in." There's an expression related to country music: "I was country when country wasn't cool." The country music industry has been incredibly successful at overcoming negative sentiment related to the genre.
Whether it's the latest tech gadget, fashion craze, or book, people like to feel like they're cool. In positioning your product as socially relevant, images are very helpful. Use pictures of "cool" people using your products. Social media is also very useful.
Another type of barrier relates to convenience. The entire fast-food industry is based on our being in a hurry. Whether it's short lines, streamlined applications, or easy checkout, you need to communicate these conveniences to your customers.
Many companies have lost business by not keeping up with the advances in e-commerce. Going into a bank to fill out a paper loan application is much less convenient than doing it online.


text:
Scrubbing and Inhibiting Coagulation Effect on the Purification of Natural Powder Quartz
Next Article in Special Issue
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10.3390/min9030139
Cachada, A.
Dias, A. Claudia
Reis, A. Paula
Ferreira da Silva, E.
Pereira, R.
Duarte, A. da Costa
Patinha, C.
Multivariate Analysis for Assessing Sources, and Potential Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Lisbon Urban Soils
Anabela Cachada
1,2,* ,
Ana Claudia Dias
Amélia Paula Reis
3,4 ,
Eduardo Ferreira da Silva
Ruth Pereira
Armando da Costa Duarte
Carla Patinha
Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
Geobiotec Research Centre & Department of Geosciences, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
Centro de Ciências da Terra, Departamento de Ciências da Terra, Escola de Ciências, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
GreenUPorto-Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, Campus de Vairão, Rua da Agrária 747, 4485-646 Vila do Conde, Portugal
Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
Minerals 2019, 9(3), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/min9030139
Received: 27 December 2018 / Revised: 16 February 2019 / Accepted: 20 February 2019 / Published: 26 February 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Geology)
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Urban soils quality may be severely affected by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination, as is the case of Lisbon (Portugal). However, to conduct a risk assessment analysis in an urban area can be a very difficult task due to the patchy nature and heterogeneity of these soils. Thus, the present study aims to provide an example on how to perform the first tier of a risk assessment plan in the case of urban soils using a simpler, cost effective, and reliable framework. Thus, a study was conducted in Lisbon to assess the levels of PAH, their potential risks to the environment and human health, and to identify their major sources. Source apportionment was performed by studying PAHs profiles, their relationship with potentially toxic elements, and general characteristics of soil using multivariate statistical methods. Results showed that geostatistical tools are useful for evaluating the spatial distribution and major inputs of PAHs in urban soils, as well as to identify areas of potential concern, showing their usefulness in risk assessment analysis and urban planning. Particularly, the prediction maps obtained allowed for a clear identification of areas with the highest levels of PAHs (close to the airport and in the city center). The high concentrations found in soils from the city center should be a result of long-term accumulation due to diffuse pollution mostly from traffic (through atmospheric emissions, tire debris and fuel exhaust, as well as pavement debris). Indeed, most of the sites sampled in the city center were historical gardens and parks. The calculation of potential risks based on different models showed that there is a high discrepancy among guidelines, and that risks will be extremely associated with the endpoint or parameters used in the different models. Nevertheless, this initial approach based on total levels was useful for identifying areas where a more detailed risk assessment is needed (close to the airport and in the city center). Therefore, the use of prediction maps can be very useful for urban planning, for example, by crossing information obtained with land uses, it is possible to define the most problematic areas (e.g., playgrounds and schools). View Full-Text
Keywords: geostatistical analysis; multivariate statistics; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; risk assessment; source apportioning; urban soils geostatistical analysis; multivariate statistics; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; risk assessment; source apportioning; urban soils
Supplementary File 1:
PDF-Document (PDF, 351 KiB)
Cachada, A.; Dias, A.C.; Reis, A.P.; Ferreira da Silva, E.; Pereira, R.; Duarte, A.d.C.; Patinha, C. Multivariate Analysis for Assessing Sources, and Potential Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Lisbon Urban Soils. Minerals 2019, 9, 139.
Cachada A, Dias AC, Reis AP, Ferreira da Silva E, Pereira R, Duarte AdC, Patinha C. Multivariate Analysis for Assessing Sources, and Potential Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Lisbon Urban Soils. Minerals. 2019; 9(3):139.
Cachada, Anabela; Dias, Ana C.; Reis, Amélia P.; Ferreira da Silva, Eduardo; Pereira, Ruth; Duarte, Armando d.C.; Patinha, Carla. 2019. "Multivariate Analysis for Assessing Sources, and Potential Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Lisbon Urban Soils" Minerals 9, no. 3: 139.
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