This letter from NGOs to World Bank President Wolfensohn urges a full and fair assessment of energy options as the Bank and Government of Uganda look for new investors in the stalled project.
It is our understanding that the World Bank Group has recently affirmed its commitment to revive the Bujagali Hydropower project in Uganda following the withdrawal of the project's sponsor, AES. Immediately after AES withdrew from the project, the World Bank stated that "Bujagali remains the long–term, least–cost electricity supply option for Uganda and that it is in the best interests of the country to develop the project at the earliest opportunity." We believe that this response was premature.
The departure of the private developer provides a chance for the Government of Uganda and the World Bank to reconsider the most appropriate options for the development of the country's power sector and whether the assumptions on which the Bujagali project is based are still valid. We are writing to urge that the following issues be addressed as the Bank and Government of Uganda examine next steps for meeting Uganda's energy needs.
The recent publication of Stakeholder Involvement in Options Assessment (prepared by ESMAP) signals the World Bank's commitment to improving its energy project selection and preparation processes. In this report, the Bank clearly identified the importance of stakeholder participation in an open and systematic assessment of options in project planning and policy formulation. Public scrutiny of the Bujagali project revealed the inadequacy of past attention to other energy options. Committing to resurrect Bujagali before undertaking a comprehensive options assessment would be premature and contrary to the principles outlined in the OA sourcebook.
Prior to AES's withdrawal, the Bujagali project was criticized for corrupt practices and lacking accountability, for the high cost of its energy, and for the failure of proponents to seriously consider alternatives to the dam. The potential for developing Uganda's large geothermal power reserves was not fully analyzed as part of the Bujagali assessment process. Recent news articles about the bribery of public officials to secure support for rival hydropower projects in Uganda expose fundamental flaws in the selection process for energy investments. A fair and comprehensive options assessment is needed to ensure that the selection of the next energy project in Uganda is based on well–founded analyses of energy demand and supply options.
It is our understanding that the Bank intends to do a limited "rapid update" of key studies in order to resurrect Bujagali quickly. However, simply updating those studies will not address omissions and structural flaws in the original assessments. Furthermore, a rapid update of the economic analysis and options assessment, such as that already commissioned by the Bank, is inadequate to thoroughly reevaluate the economics of the project in light of new information. Rather than take the construction of Bujagali as a foregone conclusion and simply confirm its selection as the project to pursue, new economic and needs assessments should treat all options in a balanced manner. Other energy developments should not be stalled or suspended pending attempts to revive Bujagali.
We believe that all options for the further development of Uganda's power sector need to be assessed in a comprehensive, participatory and transparent manner. Until now, other energy options have been neglected. The World Bank has thus far refused to give serious consideration to Uganda's promising geothermal potential. Geothermal experts with knowledge of Uganda are convinced that the Bank's claim that geothermal will take "up to 10 years" to explore and develop is wildly exaggerated.
The Karuma Hydropower Project is another option that seems to have been sidelined in favor of Bujagali. Karuma appears to have fewer costs and more benefits than Bujagali. It will inundate much less land, has potential to bring development to the long–neglected North, and will not hurt Uganda's river–based tourism industry. In addition, Karuma appears to be less economically risky than Bujagali, and can be brought online more quickly and incrementally. The different hydropower options that were considered in the Acres assessment, and the economic, environmental and hydrological assumptions on which they were based, should be reconsidered in a rigorous manner.
A new assessment of the options for Uganda's power sector should be carried out in accordance with the useful principles advanced in the July 2003 ESMAP Sourcebook. A new options assessment could profit from the information that was collected by earlier assessments, and could thus be carried out relatively quickly. However, in order to avoid conflict of interests, it should not be carried out by Acres International, who has a vested interest in confirming the outcome of their own earlier studies. Furthermore, Acres International is seriously tainted by corruption and is being considered for debarment by the World Bank.
When the Bujagali project was approved in 2001, many of the macroeconomic forecasts and sector–specific assumptions upon which it was based –– including Uganda's economic growth, the implementation of power sector reforms, and the willingness of consumers to pay higher tariffs –– appeared to be highly optimistic. The investigation by the Inspection Panel in 2002 confirmed this impression. We understand that Eskom, the concession holder for Uganda's distribution system, is also concerned about the impact that power tariff hikes stemming from Bujagali will have on its ability to expand the customer base. Two years after the Board decision, the economic viability of the Bujagali project should be rigorously reexamined as part of an overall assessment of the best options for Uganda's power sector.
We understand that the World Bank has already commissioned a rapid economic re–assessment of the Bujagali project. However, the Bank's statement that Bujagali is still Uganda's "least–cost electricity supply option" calls into question the value of this exercise. An economic reassessment should be carried out by a new contractor, as part of an overall options assessment, and without any foregone conclusions.
The preparation and implementation of the Bujagali project was seriously hampered by a lack of transparency and accountability. Key project documents such as the economic analysis and the Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) were withheld from public scrutiny. The Inspection Panel found that in the case of the economic analysis, this was in violation of IDA's information disclosure policy. An independent analysis that was commissioned by International Rivers found that the Bujagali PPA was not up to international standards, and would have forced Uganda's Government to make excessive payments of an average of $20 million per year over the lifetime of the contract. We understand that Uganda's Government requested a re–negotiation of the Agreement based on this analysis.
All further steps in the development of Uganda's power sector should be carried out with utmost transparency and accountability. This should include public participation in the options assessment, as proposed in the ESMAP Sourcebook, and public access to the economic re–assessment of Bujagali and to Power Purchase Agreements for any future power projects developed by private investors. Given the recent history of corruption related to Uganda's energy sector, civil society should be involved in the creation and operation of an oversight mechanism to monitor procurement processes in future energy projects.
The next steps on the Bujagali project will signal whether the Bank has learned lessons from its past experience with private power projects and particularly on Bujagali. Undertaking a new, comprehensive needs and options assessment is critical at this stage, in light of problems revealed with previous studies, new information about energy options, and the strategic opportunity provided by the collapse of Bujagali's investment structure.
The undersigned organizations stand ready to support efforts that prioritize Uganda's needs for affordable and sustainable electricity.
Thank you for your interest. We look forward to your response.


text:
Righteous Brothers — американський дует, утворений у Каліфорнії 1962 року. До його складу входили: Білл Медлі (, 19 вересня 1940, Санта-Ана, Каліфорнія, США) — вокал та Боббі Хетфілд (, 10 серпня 1940, Бівер Дем, Вісконсін, США) — вокал.

Свою кар'єру Righteous Brothers розпочали виступами у каліфорнійському клубі «Black Derby», де швидко знайшли схвалення як серед білих, так і чорношкірих відвідувачів. Дзвінкий баритон Медлі у поєднанні з високим тенором Хетфілда створили характерне звучання дуету, який дебютував серією ритм-енд-блюзових синглів. Пісня «Little Latin Lupe Lu», яка була на одному з цих синглів, 1964 року здобула чималу популярність у США, після кількаразової появи у телевізійному шоу «Shinding». Дещо пізніше знаменитий продюсер Філ Спектор, запропонував дуету контракт з власною фірмою «Philles», а першим підсумком цієї співпраці став хіт «You've lost that loving felling», що посів перші місця в чартах США. Його і досі вважають одним з найкращих синглів в історії масової музики. Подібний успіх здобули два чергові сингли: «Just one in my life» та «Ebb Tide». Проте конфлікт між дуетом та продюсером став причиною несподіваного відходу Righteous Brothers з фірми 1966 року. Незважаючи на отримання «золотого диска» за композицію «(You're My) Soul & Inspiration», що була зроблена ще у стилі, розробленому Спектором, дует не зміг утримати попередню популярність і 1968 року розпався.

Медлі розпочав сольну кар'єру, а Хетфілд з новим партнером Джиммі Уолкером (Jimmy Walker) вирішив продовжити діяльність дуету під тією ж самою назвою, але їх співпраця не тривала довго. 1974 року дует відродився в оригінальному складі і взяв участь у запису альбому «Comedy Hour» Sonny & Cher. Того ж року до американського Top 3 потрапив їх сингл «Rock'n'Roll Heaven», але наступні записи знову не користувалися колишнім успіхом І надалі дует час від часу поновлював діяльність, щоб взяти участь у так званих ностальгійних концертах.

1987 року Медлі здобув світову популярність піснею «(I've Had The Time Of My Life», яку він виконав у дуеті з Дженніфер Вориз, а 1990 року хіт Righteous Brothers 1965 року під назвою «Unchained Melody», який було використано у фільмі «Ghost», очолив британський чарт.

Дискографія
 1963: The Righteous Brothers — Right Now
 1964: Some Blue — Eyed Soul
 1964: You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin
 1965: Just Once In My Life
 1965: This Is New
 1965: Back To Back
 1966: Soul & Inspiration
 1966: The Best Of The Righteous Brothers
 1966: Go Ahead & Cry
 1966: In Action
 1967: Sayin' Somethin
 1967: Greatest Hits
 1967: Souled Out
 1968:Standarts
 1968: One For The Road
 1969: Greatest Hits. Volume 2
 1970: Re-Birth
 1973: 2 By 2
 1974: Kingston Roads
 1974: Give It To The People
 1975: The Sons Of Mrs. Righteous
 1987: The Best Of The Righteous Brothers
 1989: Anthology (1962—1974)
 1990: Unchained Melody… The Very Best Of The Righteous Brothers

Американські музичні гурти
Музичні колективи, що з'явились 1962
Музиканти Sue Records

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Join millions of Player FM users today to get Gamification news and insights whenever you like, even when you're offline. Podcast smarter with the podcast app that refuses to compromise … it's free and easy.
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For fans unable to attend Saturday's showdown with Georgia there is no need to worry. ClemsonTigers.com will keep you on top of all the action. We will once again present Jim Phillips and the rest of the gang live over the internet at no cost. Gametracker has been enhanced to provide more statistical coverage than ever before.
And be sure to reload the front page often for a new feature this year. Photo galleries will be back, but this season we will offer updates after each quarter. View atmosphere and action shots while the game is still being played exclusively at ClemsonTigers.com courtesy Orange & White magazine photographer Mark Crammer.


We have 8,662 properties for this search in the last 24 hours, 32,890 in the past week, 72,015 in the past fortnight and 1,25,518 in the past month.
88% of the properties for sale have pictures. On average an advert for Chennai has 1.28 pictures.
We found properties in Chennai in Tambaram East and Veppampattu.
The average price per square foot for this search is ₹ 5,210.7/sq feet, with an average price of ₹ 38.39 lakhs and average area of 736sq feet.


text:
WSKG (https://wskg.org/news/new-york-women-create-ties-that-bind-explore-life-with-father/)
Catskill Women Create 'Ties That Bind,' Explore Life With Father
By NPR News | June 16, 2019
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In the fall of 2017, a dozen women in New York's Catskill Mountains came together for a craft project. Many of them were New York City transplants, and most were either retired or semi-retired; they needed something to occupy their minds and hands during the long, snowy Catskills winter.
The Catskilled Crafters working together in Wendy Brackman's studio.
What they found was old neckties, hundreds of them, which they cut into small hexagons to make a quilt — of sorts. The group, which dubbed itself the Catskilled Crafters, pieced the hexagons into a giant 10-foot-long tie called Big Daddy, and dozens of foot-wide hexagonal cloth "vignettes." Local sculptor and performance artist Wendy Brackman became a mentor to the group. She named their project The Ties That Bind — and all of it is now on display in the American Visionary Art Museum in Baltimore.
They're hanging in what's called the Father Room, as part of an exhibit called Parenting: An Art without a Manual. The Crafters talked about their fathers as they sewed, and gradually got to know each other as they worked on the project, which includes six-word memoirs about their fathers that hang on the wall on either side of the vignettes. Some of them are sweetly poignant:
Dad with garden shovel, beaming happily.
Told hilarious shaggy dog stories. Funny.
But some of the memories aren't so happy:
Spoke many languages. We never spoke.
Worshipped his wife. Tolerated his kids.
Dressed well to cover his flaws.
He wanted sons, got me instead.
I had two. I lost both.
Crafter Gail Freund lost her father a year and a half before the project began, and used his silk tie and a tie that belonged to one of his best friends as part of the work. A former magazine and newspaper illustrator who also spent years designing costume jewelry, Freund says "it was really comforting to do a lot of sewing and handle their stuff. It was very meditative."
"When I moved up here, I never expected to be sewing. It was refreshing to do something with my hands," she adds. "The most important thing was being part of a community and having new friendships."
The Crafters credit Brackman for guiding them through an elaborate construction process that borrowed from both English paper piecing — which involves stabilizing fabric around a paper shape before sewing the pieces together — and fussy cutting, a trend in quilting that results in a kaleidoscopic effect with repeat designs. In addition to her experience as a sculptor and advanced quilter, Brackman has had a career as a globe-trotting performance artist known as Wacky Wendy, who appears at corporate parties making intricate hats with colored paper plates, a pair of scissors and a stapler — all while delivering groan-inducing Borscht Belt shtick.
"Every quilter thinks some day they'll make something with ties," Brackman says. "I considered the tie like an animal pelt. There's just so much you can use. You have to use it sparingly and you have to use it well."
The Crafters solicited donations of old ties local from community and recreation centers, but the majority of the 1000-plus ties they used for the project came from a woman Brackman described as a "tie hoarder," in the tiny town of Phoenicia. Their initial visit to the hoard — which reportedly held 10,000 ties — yielded a suitcase full of at least 500, ranging from wide colorful 1970s ties to what one Crafter described as Wall Street ties. The Crafters washed, opened up and ironed the ties before cutting them into piles of tiny hexagons — some ties only yielded a few "hexies," while ties with repeating patterns could be cut into many more.
"I like the idea of opening them up and taking them out of their context," says Freund.
It took a total of 37 hexies to make each foot-wide vignette. Freund used Photoshop to manipulate the little scraps of fabric in scans of her vignettes. Her fellow Crafter Pamela Martin — a yoga teacher who once ran an antique textile business — used a similar process, and once she'd laid out her hexies in a pattern, she'd snap a phone picture and send it to Brackman or one of the other Crafters — who would suggest changes as small as replacing a single piece.
"We were collaborating over the phone," says Martin, who found the mix of vintage fabric, craftiness and a community project "irresistible." She says she was inspired by Brackman's relentless determination to keep re-working a design before sewing it together permanently. "She was tireless. She'd just rip it apart and say, 'That didn't work.' And start all over again."
In addition to the donated ties, Martin incorporated ties belonging to her brother, who died suddenly that winter. She also lost her sister-in-law, who she spent time with, sewing hexies together alongside the sister-in-law's hospital bed.
"For me it was great project to work through things," said Martin. "It was just a really helpful thing to do, very therapeutic."
During the process of sewing the 10-foot tie and the 96 little vignettes, the women often worked in Brackman's spacious home studio. The work process, as well as the museum opening in Baltimore, were documented in videos shot by Freund.
"Do you have hexies, sweetheart?" Brackman inquires in one video. "This is such a painting!" she exclaims a few minutes later, assessing a finished vignette.
"What makes this project so exciting is you're not going to know what you're going to get until you get it," Brackman explains. "It's a picture that reveals itself. You get it halfway and it tells you what it wants to do, which is what I think great art is."
The Catskilled Crafters have moved on to a new project now: They're all making individual fabric books, with 15 themes arranged in the same order. And they've welcomed some new members, including a 94 year-old artist named Polly Vos.
But if you're in the Baltimore area, you can still see Big Daddy and the accompanying 96 hexagonal vignettes — they're on display at the American Visionary Art Museum until September 1st.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


UP! — BANK STREET BOOK STORE Bonanza! | Writer Side UP!
Never mind that this was in Manhattan, much like the Bronx Bombers' "Murderers' Row," the line up of 31 guest authors and illustrators was filled with KidLit "home run" hitters. We're talkin' Newbery and Caldecott, people! No, I kid you not!
And playing with these Big Leaguers would be my friend, Robin Newman 😀 It was, in fact, she who announced the event on her blog and when I saw her name on the list, my jaw dropped so far I bruised my big toe. Here she was, a debut author, invited to read her book at Bank Street Book Store! What a thrill, and I didn't want to miss it—any of it!
Deborah Heiligman, the author of the acclaimed The Boy Who Loved Math, poses with Bank Street Book Store manager Andy Laties, an author himself. I really wanted to get a good shot of that tie! 😀 How can you not love that?
I knew I recognized this particular author, but couldn't place who she was—well, not until I went up to talk to her and almost did a head smack when I read her name tag. Rebecca Stead, of course! ONLY the 2010 Newbery winner for When You Reach Me (love, love, love!).
Here she is pictured with her niece, Zoe, then with our fellow writer pal and SCBWI member, Leslie Zampetti.
And one of the moments aspiring writers dream about—the book signing!
My last Bank Street treat for the day was getting to watch Jerry Craft, a very nice and extremely gifted illustrator, demonstrate how he goes about his work. Such control over that marker! I'd asked him if he used a chisel point, which he then showed me. Next he drew a character from one of many books he's illustrated: The Zero Degree Zombie Zone by Patrik Henry Bass. He handed out signed postcards and bookmarks, then closed the day out with signing books. I still regret not getting one, but my parking meter was going to expire in about 3 minutes and I was leaving for the day so wouldn't be coming back in : / Maybe next time—hoping there is one!
Isabel Gillies (Starry Night), Todd Tarpley (My Grandma's a Ninja), Cynthia Weill (Opuestos), Doreen Rappaport (Martin's Big Word), Eliot Schrefer (Threatened), Jill Santopolo (Sparkle Spa), Meg Akabas (52 Weeks of Parenting Wisdom), and Yvonne Dennis (A Kid's Guide to Native American History).
Maybe it's just me 'cause KidLit is in my bones, but attending pretty much any KidLit event is the closest thing to Disney World for experiencing the fantasy realm! (And for anyone who knows me, that's saying a LOT! lol) I don't know…what do you think?
This entry was posted in LIFE "Stuff" and tagged Alix Delinois, Amy Hest, Andy Laties, Bank Street Book Store, Bank Street Book Store Grand Opening, Betsy Bird, Brian Floca, Caldecott Medal, Carol Weston, Carolyn Mackler, Children's Literary Salon, children's literature, Chris Grabenstein, Chris Raschka, Cynthia Weill, Deborah Heiligman, Deborah Zemke, Doreen Rappaport, Eliot Schrefer, Fractured Fables Puppet Show, Gianconda Belli, Isabel Gillies, Jerry Craft, Jerry Pinkney, Jill Davis, Jill Santopolo, Leslie Zampetti, Matthew Cordell, Meg Akabas, Monica Edinger, Moonbeam Children's Book Awards, New York Public Library, Newbery Medal, Nina Jaffe, NJ SCBWI, Patricia Lakin, Peter Ackerman, Peter Lerangis, Rachel Vail, reading, Rebecca Stead, Robie Harris, Robin Newman, Sandra Jordan, Susan Kuklin, Tim Federle, Todd Tarpley, Vin Vogel, Writer Side Up, writing, Yvonne Dennis by writersideup. Bookmark the permalink.
Maddies Fridge had great meaning for today!


WooHoo! No bad weather & we haven't lost power today! Here is this weeks Fantastic Friday giveaway listing!
Have fun & remember you can't win if you don't enter!
Why am I doing this? Because I think that reviews & giveaways are great! I think that you can never get too many tips! In this day & age learning how to live in a more thrifty, possibly green, way is a great thing! Because special needs kids and parents are incredible & can truly teach you so many things!
The blog certainly won't be limited to this but this is going to be the working backbone. I'd love to have giveaways more than once a week & I'd love to have guests come in and give tips and advice. Want to submit a tip or thrifty living idea? Want something reviewed? Want to bring business to your site? Contact me!
About Me? Hmmm, ok lets see. I'm in my mid 30's and a single mom to a gorgeous 5 year old princess. My daughter is a special needs child who is in an integrated kindergarten right now. We live in Central IL with my family while I have returned to school to figure out what I want to do when I grow up! I love to spend money but even more than that I love to save money! I'm all about finding & sharing great deals whether its a great sale, a wonderful product or a TDF giveaway! I'm incredibly vocal and will also let you know if I run across something that you should avoid!


But eyebrows and, to a lesser extent, eyelashes are Tweezerman's raison d'etre, and it shows. From rose-gold plated eyelash curlers, to the classic slanted and pointed tweezers (of which I already own several pairs of each in various sizes, there isn't a makeup bag in my house without a pair of tweezermans in there, frankly), there are also eyelash combs and spoolies (which is the mascara-brush thingy up there).
But the best discovery for me, without doubt, has been the eyebrow scissors. I had no idea you could buy these, and I've long known that the best part of any professional eyebrow shape has been the trimming of my long – my eyebrows grow long and thick and luxuriant – LONG eyebrow hairs. Have you ever tried trimming your eyebrows with nail scissors? I have. Please don't be like me – it does not work! I am rubbish at plucking my own eyebrows, depending on professionals for shaping, but still needing maintenance at home, I've found that by simply trimming the longest offenders I can look groomed in seconds without plucking at all.
Any surprising discoveries for you, here? You can buy any and all of these items from BeautyBay, who have an extensive collection of Tweezerman products, including a couple not shown here ….
The Even Finer Print: We're not featuring full fragrance reviews on Get Lippie at the moment owing to illness – please see The Parosmia Diaries for more.


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Pioneering female Marine Audrey Wells recalled fondly
Audrey Fall and her fellow U.S. Marines stood at attention as President Franklin Delano Roosevelt arrived for a quick review of the unit.
Pioneering female Marine Audrey Wells recalled fondly Audrey Fall and her fellow U.S. Marines stood at attention as President Franklin Delano Roosevelt arrived for a quick review of the unit. Check out this story on thespectrum.com: https://www.thespectrum.com/story/news/2015/11/09/st-george-resident-wwii-marine-audrey-wells-recalled-fondly/75482530/
David Cordero, dcordero@thespectrum.com Published 6:14 p.m. MT Nov. 9, 2015 | Updated 10:02 a.m. MT Nov. 10, 2015
Representatives from Dealer Collision Center and the Southern Utah Veteran Home, along with fellow American Legion Post 90 members, recognize World War II Veteran Audrey Wells on April 1. Wells, a pioneering female Marine of World War II, died recently at age 92.(Photo: Chris Caldwell / The Spectrum & Daily News, Chris Caldwell / The Spectrum & Daily News)Buy Photo
The man who would be elected four times, lead the country out of a devastating economic depression and engineered the Allies' victory in World War II eventually reached Fall. What he saw induced that famous grin of his.
Fall, whose last name became Wells later in her life, was sporting a gnarly black eye. Roosevelt did not know she was the drum major of the Female Marine Corps band, and that the bruise came from an errant swing of her baton. He only knew that she was a Marine — and Marines were known to mix it up every now and then.
"What did the other guy look like?" Roosevelt mused.
Wells' son Rick Bensemon recalled the anecdote with a laugh, knowing that his mother fought not with her fists but with her iron will and trailblazing spirit, inspiring a host of others during her nearly 93 years on earth. A Southern Utah resident for more than 30 years, Wells died recently.
A series of injuries toward the end may have slowed her down, but never dulled her drive.
Audrey Wells was the first drum major of the Female Marine Corps Band. Wells, a Washington resident at World War II resident, died recently at age 92. (Photo: submitted)
The tireless Wells was a woman of firsts. She was part of the first group of women to join the Marine Corps during World War II, was the female band's first drum major, became the first female post commander of the American Legion in St. George and later established the Air Force Junior ROTC at Dixie High.
"She has always had a really strong spirit. I think that characterizes her from the time she left home to go to the Marine Corps," Bensemon said. "Always very independent."
As America began fighting World War II, more roles for women were being created in the various branches of service. The Army had its Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (later shortened to Women's Army Corps), the Navy had the Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service and the Army Air Corps had the Women Airforce Service Pilots.
Audrey Wells was among many veterans who returned from the Honor Flight to a warm welcome from family and community members at the Dixie Convention Center June 6. (Photo: Chris Caldwell / The Spectrum & Daily News)
The Marines, with their reputation for hard fighting — both in combat and in garrison — were slow to accept women. Heavy losses in the Guadalcanal campaign helped convince the Marine Corps brass to change their mind. The idea was that — just like in the First World War — the women could handle non-combat responsibilities so more male Marines were available to do the fighting.
So like her brother, Wells joined in 1943 — part of the first batch of recruits to the Marine Corps Women Reserves — and worked as a paymaster. She also became quite strong at twirling the baton.
Injury aside, she acquitted herself well in that role, remembered Charlotte Louise Plummer Owen, a fellow pioneering female Marine.
"Our first drum major was Audrey Fall," recalled Owen during an oral history interview transcribed by the Library of Congress. "… A very attractive tall, red-haired gal and did a very good job with it."
Audrey Wells poses with her brother Elmer "Buzz" Simmons in the Marine Corps uniforms during World War II (Photo: submitted)
"She was just going all the time," Bensemon said. "I never saw her sit down in an easy chair and sleep. Mom was always busy. It was a great example for us." Post-World War II, Wells kept a busy schedule. She worked as a model, taught school, ran classifieds for various newspapers and raised two children.
Some of Wells' most satisfying work came in her retirement years. The first female commander of American Legion Post 90, Wells was able to — after years of rejection — start the Air Force Junior ROTC program at Dixie High School in 2006.
"The kids loved her," said Marti Bigbie, current Commander of American Legion Post 90, who served in the Air Force in the Vietnam War era and befriended Wells six years ago. The two became nearly inseparable.
World War II veterans Audrey Wells, top, and Bob Stevens wave to the crowd as they drive along Tabernacle Street during the St. George Veterans Day Parade Nov. 12, 2012. (Photo: Jud Burkett / The Spectrum, Jud Burkett / The Spectrum)
"At the banquets she'd barely get in the door and the kids would be running over to her," Bigbie continued. "There was a fight to see who would sit at her table."
Wells' impact on the community was so profound that the community felt it was time to give back to her. In April, a motorized wheelchair was donated by Dealer Collision Center to help her get around following a broken leg. And in June, Wells was among the 49 Southern Utah veterans of WWII and the Korean War selected to tour the Washington D.C. memorials — free of charge — as part of Utah Honor Flight.
Yet for all her trail blazing, all her gumption, all her energy, Wells should be remembered for one thing above all.
Her compassion.
"She loved her country, she loved animals, she loved everybody around her," Bensemon said. "She devoted her life to serve others."
A memorial service is planned for Friday at 10 a.m. at the Southern Utah Veterans Home in Ivins City. True to her lifetime of service, it is asked that in lieu of flowers donations be made to the Dixie High Air Force Junior ROTC.
Email Planning Editor David Cordero at dcordero@thespectrum.com with story ideas about veterans of WWII. Follow him on Twitter, @spectrumcordero.
Read or Share this story: https://www.thespectrum.com/story/news/2015/11/09/st-george-resident-wwii-marine-audrey-wells-recalled-fondly/75482530/
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Helicopter Comparison
Helicopter Comparison: Airbus H130 v Bell 206L-4
How will the Airbus H130 compare against the Bell 206L-4? What are the strong points for each helicopter, and which would suit your mission need the best? Mike Chase compares these two popular single engine turbines side-by-side...
Mike Chase | 01st January 2020
Michael Chase owns Chase & Associates, an aviation consulting firm specialized in industry product...
In this month's Helicopter Comparison, Mike Chase provides information on a pair of popular single-engine turbine helicopters. How will the Airbus H130 compare with the Bell 206L-4? What are the pros and cons of each? Find out here…
Over the following paragraphs, we'll analyse the performance of the Airbus H130 helicopter and Textron's Bell 206L-4 helicopter to see how they compare within the market. We'll consider productivity parameters (payload, range, speed and cabin size) and discuss their current market values, among other things.
Having begun operations in 2012, the Airbus H130 is still in production. The Bell 206L-4 was built from 1992, but production ceased in 2017.
Airbus H130
The Airbus H130 (formerly the Eurocopter EC130 T2) replaced the EC130B-4 Ecureuil. It features a more powerful Arriel 2D engine and a re-designed gearbox resulting in increased speed and longer range than its predecessor. A new avionics suite, a crashworthy fuel system and an active anti-vibration system (improving comfort for passengers) was also incorporated.
At the time of writing there were 264 Airbus H130 helicopters in operation worldwide. With four aircraft still at the manufacturer and a further six retired, a total 274 units of this helicopter type have been built. Almost all the H130s in operation around the world are wholly owned (261), and just three are in shared ownership.
North America is home to the largest Airbus H130 fleet percentage (44%), followed by Europe (18%) and Asia (18%). Together, these regions account for a combined 80% of the fleet.
Payload & Range
The data contained in Table A represents information about aircraft payload and range, and is sourced from both OEMs, JETNET and B&CA magazine. As we have mentioned previously, potential operators should focus on payload capability as a key factor in selecting the right aircraft for the mission need.
TABLE A: Airbus H130 vs Bell 206L-4 Payload & Comparison
As represented, the Airbus H130 'Available Payload with Maximum Fuel' (1,052lbs) is less than the Bell 206L-4's 1,326lbs.
Bell 206L-4 (Photo, Marek W. - Wikipedia)
Cabin Cross-Section Comparison
According to Conklin & de Decker, the Airbus H130 cabin volume measures 65cu.ft compared with the Bell 206L-4's 73cu.ft. Chart A, courtesy of UPCAST JETBOOK, represents a cabin cross-section comparison and shows the Airbus H130 cabin has more width (6.12ft vs 3.9 ft) but the same height (4.2 ft) when compared with the Bell 206L-4. Not depicted is the fact that the Airbus H130 is also longer compared to the Bell 206L-4 (7.19 ft versus 5 ft) – though pilot space is not included in this measurement.
CHART A: Airbus H130 vs Bell 206L-4 Cabin Comparison
Conklin & de Decker explains that calculating length, width and height alone won't work when establishing an aircraft's cabin volume. For example, the curve of the cabin must also be accounted for (and in this case, the Airbus H130 cabin curves while the Bell 206L-4 cabin is square). Hence the Bell 206L-4 cabin volume is greater while its width and length are shorter.
The typical seating configuration for the Airbus H130 offers five executive passenger seats compared to five seats for the Bell 206L-4. The Airbus H130 provides 40cu.ft. external luggage space, while the Bell 206L- 4 offers 20cu.ft.
The Airbus H130 (327nm) and the Bell 206 L4 (325nm) have nearly identical 'normal' ranges, according to data taken from each OEM.
The Airbus H130 is powered by one Turbomeca Arriel 2D engine with 802shp transmission rating (the transmission rating is a limiting factor in the total rated and usable engine power output). Meanwhile, the Bell 206L-4 is powered by one Rolls-Royce 250-C30P turbine engine with 600shp.
Helicopter Usage Comparison
Chart B shows the usage of both helicopters. Interestingly, for both helicopters the largest percentage group of usage is 'business', and 'charter' is the next largest percentage of usage.
CHART B: Airbus H130 vs Bell 206L-4 Usage Comparison
Total Variable Cost
The 'Total Variable Cost', illustrated in Chart C, is defined as the Cost of Fuel Expense, Maintenance Labor Expense, Scheduled Parts Expense, Engine Overhaul, and Miscellaneous Trip Expense.
The Total Variable Cost for the Airbus H130 computes at $614/hr., which more than the Bell 206 L4 ($574/hr.), according to Conklin & de Decker.
CHART C: Airbus H130 vs Bell 206L-4 Variable Operating Cost Comparison
Helicopter Comparisons
Table B contains the used 2017 price from Vref Pricing Guide for each helicopter model. The average speed, cabin volume and range values are from the OEM/Conklin & de Decker, while the number of helicopters in-operation and percentage 'For Sale' are as reported by JETNET.
TABLE B: Airbus H130 vs Bell 206L-4 Market Comparison
The Airbus H130 has 3% of its fleet currently for sale while the Bell 206L-4 has 5.7% for sale. The average number of new/pre-owned transactions per month for the Airbus H130 is two, compared to an average of four pre-owned Bell 206L-4 sales per month.
Depreciation Schedule
Helicopters that are owned and operated by businesses are often depreciable for income tax purposes under the Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System (MACRS). Under MACRS, taxpayers are allowed to accelerate the depreciation of assets by taking a greater percentage of the deductions during the first few years of the applicable recovery period (see Table C).
TABLE C: Part 91 & Part 135 MACRS Schedule
In certain cases, helicopters may not qualify under the MACRS system and must be depreciated under the less favourable Alternative Depreciation System (ADS) where depreciation is based on a straight-line method, meaning that equal deductions are taken during each year of the applicable recovery period. In most cases, recovery periods under ADS are longer than recovery periods available under MACRS.
There are a variety of factors that taxpayers must consider in determining if a helicopter may be depreciated, and if so, the correct depreciation method and recovery period that should be utilized. For example, helicopters used in charter service (i.e. Part 135) are normally depreciated under MACRS over a seven-year recovery period or under ADS using a twelve-year recovery period.
Helicopters used for qualified business purposes, such as Part 91 business use flights, are generally depreciated under MACRS over a period of five years or by using ADS with a six-year recovery period.
There are certain uses of helicopters, such as non-business flights, that may impact on the allowable depreciation deduction that is available in a given year.
Table D represents an example of using the MACRS schedule for a 2017 model Airbus H130 helicopter in private (Part 91) and charter (Part 135) operations over five- and seven-year periods, assuming a used 2017 retail price of $2.6m (per Vref).
TABLE D: Airbus H130 MACRS Depreciation Schedule
Table E represents an example of using the MACRS schedule for a 2017 model Bell 206L-4 helicopter in private (Part 91) and charter (Part 135) operations over five- and seven-year periods, assuming a used 2017 retail price of $2.450m (per Vref).
TABLE E: Bell 206L-4 MACRS Depreciation Schedule
Used Airbus H130/Bell 206L-4 Market Information
At the time of writing, the used helicopter market for Airbus H130s showed eight were for sale, all displaying an asking price. The price range for H130s fell between $2.38m and $3.35m. Meanwhile, there were 24 used Bell 206L-4 helicopters available for sale, 11 of which displayed an asking price. The price range for this model ranged between $772k and $1.8m.
While each serial number is unique, the airframe hours (AFTT) and age/condition will cause great variations in price. Of course, the final negotiated price remains to be decided between the seller and buyer before the sale of an aircraft can be completed.
Productivity Comparisons
The points in Chart D are centered on the same helicopters. Pricing used in the vertical axis is as published by Vref for 2017 model helicopters. The productivity index requires further discussion in that the factors used can be somewhat arbitrary. Productivity can be defined (and it is here) as the multiple of three factors:
Normal or standard range;
An average or standard cruise speed flown to achieve that range;
Cabin volume available for executive passenger seating.
Others may choose different parameters, but serious helicopter buyers are usually impressed with price, range, speed and cabin size. After consideration of the price, range, speed and cabin size, we can conclude that the Airbus H130 displays a high level of productivity.
CHART D: Airbus H130 vs Bell 206L-4 Productivity Comparison
The 2017-model Airbus H130 shows a $150k higher purchase price and a higher variable hourly operating cost than the Bell 206L-4, but greater speed . However, the Bell 206L-4 offers a slightly larger cabin volume and greater 'Payload with Full Fuel' capability.
It's easy to see why both models remain popular on the helicopter sales market today. Operators should weigh up their mission requirements precisely when picking which option is the best for them.
Within the preceding paragraphs we have touched upon several of the attributes that helicopter operators value. However, there are other qualities that might factor in a buying decision.
Our expectations are that the Airbus H130 helicopter will continue to do well in the new/used helicopter market, and the Bell 206L-4 will continue to be an attractive option on the used helicopter market for the foreseeable future.
Helicopter Comparison: Bell 505 vs Robinson R66
Leonardo AW109E Power vs Bell 429
Helicopter Comparison: Airbus H125 versus Bell 2...
Editor, Aircraft Comparisons
Michael Chase owns Chase & Associates, an aviation consulting firm specialized in industry product and market research in the Commercial & Business Aviation sectors.
With over five decades of extensive experience, Michael has worked as a director of special projects for JETNET, LLC; served as Senior Management Consultant for Sabre Holding; and was Director of Market & Sales Research for Gulfstream Aerospace, leading sales and product research, including feasibility and viability studies.
See all articles by Mike ChaseContact Mike ChaseConnect with Mike Chase via Linkedin
Helicopter Comparison: Airbus H125 versus Bell 206L-4
Bell 206L 4


"I want to share my thoughts with the world," says spoken-word artist Floyd Van Beek.
Van Beek, who prefers the gender-neutral pronoun they, performed in this summer's Queer Arts Festival in Vancouver, both at the opening-night gala and as part of the youth showcase, Fruit Flambé.
Van Beek believes that sharing art in queer spaces is a vital part of the success of the entire community, especially one that is constantly shifting, changing and learning.
"Within the queer community, there's so many different kinds of people, and art, as such an intense form of expression, allows people to really think and feel through someone else's eyes," they say.
They first discovered their affinity for the written and spoken word as part of a club in their suburban Tsawwassen high school.
"I write really silly love poems, and I write poems about how if we could fart in front of one another we'd have world peace," Van Beek says.
And check back tomorrow when we reveal #26 as Xtra celebrates BC's best and brightest young queer leaders.


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Game 15 Preview: Padres @ Dodgers
Tyson Ross and the Padres go for the sweep over the Dodgers, but Clayton Kershaw looks to stand in the way.
By jodes0405@jodes0405 Apr 17, 2013, 1:10pm PDT
Share All sharing options for: Game 15 Preview: Padres @ Dodgers
@ Los Angeles Dodgers
Wednesday, Apr 17, 2013, 7:10 PM PDT
Clear. Winds blowing out to left field at 5-10 m.p.h. Game time temperature around 65.
COMPLETE COVERAGE >
The Padres will send Tyson Ross to the mound tonight to go for the sweep at Dodger Stadium. Ross gave up three runs on five hits in 5 1/3 innings at Petco Park last Friday against the Rockies. After allowing six straight baserunners to begin the game, he settled down and retired the next 12 in order, but it wasn't enough to overcome his shaky start and the Padres' lack of offense. He struck out eight batters in the process, tying a career high, but didn't factor into the decision. Tonight will be Ross' debut against the Dodgers, who have dropped the first two games of the series and three of five to the Padres so far this season.
There's a good chance Chase Headley will make his 2013 regular season debut tonight after rehabbing from a fractured thumb sustained in Spring Training. He made his final rehab start with Lake Elsinore last night and went 1-for-3. Over his four-game stint with the Storm, he went 3-for-12. It's hard to expect him to come right out of the gate with an offensive explosion, but luckily his teammates have been making their own fireworks lately.
Chris Denorfia has hit safely in 11 of the 13 games he's appeared in this season, with three of them being multi-hit games, including his 3-for-6 campaign last night. In each of the two games in which he didn't record a hit, he reached base via walks. Yonder Alonso has hit safely in 11 of his 14 appearances this season and is currently riding an eight-game hitting streak after going 3-for-4 with a double and 2 RBI last night. Nick Hundley also had a double and 2 RBI last night as he went 2-for-3 in his fifth multi-hit game of the season. And Kyle Blanks has gone 3-for-8 in his two starts since the Padres called him up from Tucson on Sunday.
All that said, however, our offense will be facing one of its toughest opponents tonight as the Dodgers send Clayton Kershaw to the mound to try to prevent the sweep. Kershaw is 36-17 with a 2.29 ERA and 1.075 WHIP in 81 starts at home. He is 8-3 with a 2.28 ERA in 17 career games against the Padres, who have only hit a lifetime .214 against him. The lefty is already 2-1 this season, although his sole loss was more a result of a lack of run support than a bad pitching performance. He gave up three runs over 7 1/3 innings against the Diamondbacks at Chase Field and the Dodgers put up a goose egg to tag Kershaw with the loss. In the two starts prior to that, Kershaw collected a combined 16 strikeouts over 16 scoreless innings of work. He is one away from hitting 1,000 career strikeouts, and if he gets it tonight he would set a new franchise record for the quickest Dodger pitcher to reach the mark (Sandy Koufax currently holds the record at just over 989 innings while Kershaw is at 967 innings as of now).


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I'm on a mission to add more greenery to my home, and since I'm really bad at keeping plants alive, I'm sticking with the faux versions. So I designed a simple montserrat leaf and I'll show you how to stiffen felt so the leaves can be shaped for a natural look.
You can print it on freezer paper and iron it onto your felt or simply pin the paper to your felt. It's up to you.


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Atlanta Named Best Big City For Film Industry Workers
By JOHN LORINC
Atlanta is the best big American city for people working in the film industry this year, according to an annual report from MovieMaker Magazine, an industry trade journal.
The magazine cites the city's atmosphere and restaurant culture among the factors that help the industry thrive.
A flexible attitude has also helped.
"There's a bunch of technical infrastructure now that's available that wasn't here 10 years ago," says Dr. Richard Neupert, a film professor at the University of Georgia. "But it's also you've got these new studio people building space and saying 'What do you need … we will adapt it for you.'"
The state's tax incentives are attractive to film companies, but that's not the only financial benefit.
"It's easy to work here and it's easy to live here," says Lee Cuthbert, a location specialist with the Georgia Film Office. "The cost of living here compared to either coast is pretty favorable."
The Peach State has plenty of favorable weather conditions on an annual basis, which gives film crews more time out in the field. Georgia's ability to look like other locations is also a plus.
"Savannah often doubles for New York City in a lot of productions and Atlanta can double for New York as well," says Cameron McAllister, with the Atlanta Film Society. "Yeah, the geographic diversity, I think, is key."
Georgia's film industry brought in $6 billion dollars in 2015.
http://news.wabe.org/post/atlanta-named-best-big-city-film-industry-workers
This entry was posted on January 24, 2016, 7:11 am and is filed under Georgia, Tax Incentives. You can follow any responses to this entry through RSS 2.0. Both comments and pings are currently closed.
Real Housewives of Atlanta Shuts Down Filming After Member of Production Tests Positive for COVID
Official asks Culture Minister, IRIB CEO to halt film projects as coronavirus outbreak grows
Hollywood Company To Invest $390m In A New Film Studio In London
Film and Performance Industry Still Struggling Despite Relaxed Social Distancing
The European film industry strives to find its way through the second wave of the coronavirus
"Incentives"/Tax breaks
Australiia
California/Los Angeles


text:
The need for a culturally-tailored gatekeeper training intervention program in preventing suicide among Indigenous peoples: a systematic review
Bushra Farah Nasir ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8372-48771,
Leanne Hides2,
Steve Kisely1,3,
Geetha Ranmuthugala1,4,
Geoffrey C. Nicholson1,
Emma Black1,
Neeraj Gill1,
Srinivas Kondalsamy-Chennakesavan1 &
Maree Toombs1
Suicide is a leading cause of death among Indigenous youth worldwide. The aim of this literature review was to determine the cultural appropriateness and identify evidence for the effectiveness of current gatekeeper suicide prevention training programs within the international Indigenous community.
Using a systematic strategy, relevant databases and targeted resources were searched using the following terms: 'suicide', 'gatekeeper', 'training', 'suicide prevention training', 'suicide intervention training' and 'Indigenous'. Other internationally relevant descriptors for the keyword "Indigenous" (e.g. "Maori", "First Nations", "Native American", "Inuit", "Metis" and "Aboriginal") were also used.
Six articles, comprising five studies, met criteria for inclusion; two Australian, two from USA and one Canadian. While pre and post follow up studies reported positive outcomes, this was not confirmed in the single randomised controlled trial identified. However, the randomised controlled trial may have been underpowered and contained participants who were at higher risk of suicide pre-training.
Uncontrolled evidence suggests that gatekeeper training may be a promising suicide intervention in Indigenous communities but needs to be culturally tailored to the target population. Further RCT evidence is required.
Suicide in traditional Indigenous communities has emerged as a priority issue of international public concern. For instance, until the 1960s, suicide was a rarity in Indigenous communities in Australia [1]. However, the 1970s saw the incidence rates of suicide and suicidal behaviour begin to increase, and by the 1980s, the situation had become endemic in some Australian Indigenous communities [2] and age groups. At present, latest reports indicate that Australian Indigenous men between 25 and 29 still have one of the highest suicide rates in the world [3].
Suicide risk among Indigenous populations is a multifaceted phenomenon, influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors at the individual level, as well as cultural, political, and economic issues at the family and community level [4, 5]. The main risk factors for suicide are mental disorders [6], comorbid physical illness [7], stressful life events as a result of colonisation [7], substance abuse and socioeconomic issues [8].
Many mainstream social risk factors for suicide do not apply to Indigenous peoples in the same way given their different social structures; Indigenous concepts surrounding suicide differ from Western concepts [9–11]. Consequently, the need to develop a culturally appropriate and effective suicide prevention program, that will be accepted and effective for Indigenous people, is essential. Many risk factors occur at disproportionately high rates in Indigenous populations, placing them at significantly higher risk of suicide than the general population [7]. For instance, Indigenous people are more likely than the general population to use alcohol and drugs at levels that increase their risk of mental disorders [12]. Furthermore, higher levels of social disadvantage such as unemployment, homelessness, and incarceration increase their exposure to stressful life events, which, in turn, increase the risk of suicide [12]. As a result, a culturally acceptable suicide prevention training program may be more effective in reducing the risk of suicide for Indigenous populations.
In 1996, the United Nations formulated official guidelines for national suicide prevention strategies that encouraged governments to adopt comprehensive approaches [13]. Primary prevention can either focus on an entire population or on high-risk groups. Most suicide prevention strategies involve either reducing risk factors for suicide or seeking out people at risk for referral and eventual treatment [14]. The ultimate aim would be to reach those at risk who are outside the scope of healthcare and health professionals [15]. For example, broad psychological education programs aimed at school-age people in general, as well as specialised programs targeting specific populations have been proposed as potentially effective strategies for reducing suicide rates [15]. Case-finding strategies include general education, specific care-provider screening programs, and gatekeeper training [16]. Gatekeeper training, in particular, has emerged as a promising suicide prevention initiative and has now received support worldwide [14].
Gatekeepers are usually people who provide access to something for someone in need. Gatekeeper suicide intervention training, which dates back to the late 1960s, teaches specific groups of people to identify others at high risk for suicide and refer them to treatment [14]. In essence, gatekeepers open the gate to help for people at risk of suicide. Historically, gatekeepers have been divided into two main groups, designated or emergent. Designated groups include professionals such as those in medicine, social work, nursing and psychology. Emergent groups are community members who may not have been formally trained in suicide prevention, but who may have contact with people who have suicidal intent. These may include recreation staff, police, coaches, teachers, counsellors and community service providers. It has also been suggested that family, friends, and peer-helpers may be appropriate given their close relationships with those at risk for suicide [14]. Gatekeeper training may be particularly appropriate for those who value the importance of relationships within their community.
A previous systematic review of suicide prevention programs, restricted to Indigenous peoples from Australia, United States, Canada and New Zealand [12] identified four studies on gatekeeper training. These studies identified short-term gains as outcomes, and were limited to participants' knowledge and confidence in how to identify individuals at risk of suicide, and their intention to help those at risk of suicide. No randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were identified. The aim of the current paper was to conduct a revised systematic review of gatekeeper training programs targeting Indigenous peoples in any country, to determine the effectiveness and cultural appropriateness of gatekeeper training for Indigenous people.
Search strategy
A systematic literature search was undertaken, informed by guidelines from the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis model (PRISMA) [17] by the main author (BN). Fifteen databases (Table 1) were explored using the keyword "suicide", suicide prevention", "suicide intervention", "gatekeeper" and "training" in article titles and abstracts. The article titles and abstracts were then screened for the keyword "Indigenous" and other internationally relevant alternatives: "Maori", "First Nations", "Native American", "Alaskan Native", "Inuit", "Metis" and "Aboriginal". The database search was supplemented by a separate search of resources from three more targeted sites: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, and Cochrane Library.
Table 1 List of databases and targeted sites searched for review
The review included articles published in English between the years 2000 and 2016 on gatekeeper training programs that targeted Indigenous populations in any country. This review specifically looks at 'gatekeeper training'; thus no attempt to include other suicide intervention or prevention programs was made.
Data extraction and validity assessment
The main reviewer (BN), examined titles and abstracts against the eligibility criteria. Following exclusion of duplicates (Fig. 1), full text articles of the remaining potentially relevant articles were extracted and reviewed in detail by the main reviewer. Articles deemed as suitable according to the selection criteria were cross-checked and re-read by co-authors (MT and SKC) (Fig. 1). We followed the methodological framework for scoping studies described by Arksey and O'Malley [18], and further elaborated by Levac et al. [19] to design our methodology.
Flow chart of literature search strategy
Due to the small number of studies identified and the wide range of methodologies and outcomes used, we undertook a systematic review using narrative synthesis, and made no attempt to meta-analyse the data. Due to the heterogeneity of the studies, a textual narrative of the study characteristics was used for narrative synthesis analysis, and producing study outcomes by all co-authors.
The keyword "suicide", "suicide prevention", and "suicide intervention" identified 2609 articles (Fig. 1). Removing duplicates and those that did not meet the selection criteria, left 2588 articles. These 2588 articles where then screened for the keywords "gatekeeper training", and "Indigenous" and its other descriptors, leaving 21 potentially relevant articles that were reviewed for inclusion. Of these, six articles, comprising five studies, focused on gatekeeper training for Indigenous communities. A summary of the studies and their findings is described in Table 2.
Table 2 Characteristics of the evaluations of gatekeeper training programs targeting Indigenous individuals
The five gatekeeper training studies were conducted within Indigenous communities in Australia (n = 2), Canada (n = 1) and the USA (n = 2), within the past 16 years. Four were uncontrolled pre- and post-training studies and the fifth was an RCT. A pre- and post-training study from Australia evaluated a community-based gatekeeper program targeting Indigenous youth in regional New South Wales [20] to reduce youth suicide through increased ability to identify at risk individuals, and refer to professional help (Table 2). These participants were followed up 2 years later [21] to identify long term effects of the intervention training provided. A second Australian study investigated Indigenous suicide prevention programs delivered in Western Australia by Indigenous Psychological Services using gatekeeper training skills [22] for mental health service providers to identify at risk individuals and prevent suicide. Two studies implemented a school or college intervention in the USA [23, 24] and provided increased awareness and acceptance for suicide prevention training programs. The sole RCT investigated a controlled gatekeeper training evaluation of Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST) [25] in a Canadian First Nations community [26]. Four of the five studies used workshops to train their gatekeepers, and one (from the USA) was curriculum-based within an educational setting. Only one study [24] aimed to increase cultural awareness by developing a culturally informed and tailored intervention model.
Study outcomes
The four uncontrolled gatekeeper training studies reported a range of positive findings (Table 2). Capp et al. [20] found a significant increase in knowledge and self-efficacy, but no changes in suicidal behavioural intentions, which were already high at baseline. A significant decrease in intentions to refer to medical services was also seen. A 2 year follow up of 91 % (n = 40) of participants found that the increase in intentions to provide help was sustained, with 15 (37.5 %) participants reporting they had helped someone at risk of suicide after completing training. The results also indicated there was a significant relationship between participants' pre-workshop confidence and intentions to help, and actually helping somebody who was suicidal [21]. Westerman [22] identified an increase in skills, confidence, and intentions to help or refer to a professional, as well as a better understanding of 'cultural myths' of suicidal behaviour post training. Muehlenkamp [23] reported high levels of satisfaction after the intervention, and increased knowledge. The final pre- and post-training study described a positive impact on participants' levels of hopelessness, suicidal ideation and abilities to intervene in a peer suicidal crisis situation [24]. This study was also the only study to increase cultural awareness and acceptance for suicide prevention [24].
The quality of the four included pre- and post-training studies was not ideal; only one examined medium term outcomes by following participants over a 2-year period. Retention was high (91 %) and the positive gains were maintained over a period of 2 years [20, 21]. Three studies relied on self-report measures, developed specifically to assess the outcomes of the study with no evidence for their reliability or validity [20, 22, 24]. The sole RCT differed from the other studies in that the participants were Canadian First Nations members aged 16 years or younger, who were at risk of suicidal ideation or attempt at pre-training [26]. At baseline, there were no significant differences in adolescent distress levels between those who received gatekeeper ASIST training [25] and those in a control group (who participated in a resilience retreat). Subsequently, people who underwent gatekeeper training in this RCT were not more likely to engage in gatekeeper behaviours over the 6-month follow up period in comparison to those in the control training group. In addition, there was a trend towards greater harm, and increased suicidal ideation in those receiving gatekeeper training [26]. Although this study had the most robust design and used an intent to treat analysis, it had a small sample size (n = 55). Participants also had a history of suicidal ideation and/or attempts at baseline, and may not have been suitable for becoming resilient gatekeepers. Although the adolescents were randomised to the treatment versus control group using a random number generator, the gatekeeper-trained group had significantly lower levels of education than the control group. It is also unclear whether the assessors were blinded to the group allocation at follow up and only 50 (91 %) of the initial 55 subjects completed the 6 month follow up [26]. The ASIST [25] program is a general suicide prevention program, with benefits seen only for short interventions, and may not have been the most suitable program for gatekeeper training in this 6 month follow-up study [27]. In addition, the program was not culturally modified in any way. Nevertheless, the primary outcome was rated using the Suicide Intervention Response Inventory [28], a validated instrument that is sensitive to changes following gatekeeper training.
The present paper updates a systematic review conducted four years ago on gatekeeper training among Indigenous communities, by specifically analysing the cultural appropriateness of training programs, besides also determining their effectiveness. Furthermore, two additional studies were identified, including one RCT. Unlike the previous review, we did not restrict our search to Indigenous peoples from Australia, United States, Canada and New Zealand. In spite of this, all the included studies came from three of those four countries. Support for the effectiveness of gatekeeper suicide intervention training within Indigenous communities was found in the four uncontrolled studies reviewed. However, beneficial effects were largely restricted to changes in knowledge or attitudes, rather than behaviour. These findings were not confirmed in the only RCT conducted to date, which found no significant differences between the gatekeeper training group and controls on intention to perform gatekeeper behaviours. The RCT used an internationally accepted suicide prevention training program (ASIST) but without cultural modification. Importantly, no study evaluated any effect on suicide attempts, and only one study aimed to increase cultural awareness by developing a culturally informed and tailored intervention model.
Indigenous suicide prevention though gatekeeper training
Gatekeeper training has some inherent strengths. The training can be moulded to address specific issues that arise in different regions. This could include training for communities affected by cluster suicides, or using local statistics on substance use to highlight specific local risk factors. In addition, training familiar community members (rather than outsiders) uses existing relationships to help those at risk, and avoids the onerous and difficult task of creating new pathways to care. Importantly, gatekeepers receive education in an area that ultimately strengthens their respective environments, helping them to take control of situations in which they previously may have felt helpless [14, 16].
However, there may also be practical barriers to the implementation of gatekeeper training in Indigenous communities. Community members need to be interested and invested in recognising the need for suicide prevention [14]. A wider range of strategies need to be available. In addition, people at high risk for suicide should understand why referral and treatment is necessary. Many people in smaller communities, both in urban and rural areas, may have significant concerns regarding confidentiality, privacy, and trust [20]. There is also the potential that people referred to treatment may not be willing to accept help if it is from professional mental health care staff, owing to the stigma that may exist in using these services [20]. Finally, there is conflicting evidence on whether the effect of gatekeeper training tapers off over time [4, 29]. A qualitative study of gatekeepers indicated that top-up interventions may help sustain the effects of gatekeeper training [29].
The main limitation of this review is that only five studies were identified, and only one was an RCT. The studies were restricted to just three countries and predominantly in North America, limiting the generalizability of results. It is possible that the sole RCT included may have been underpowered to detect statistically significant results. Worryingly, it showed a trend to increased suicidal ideation in participants receiving the training, which might suggest that intervention may lead to possible harms. The subjects in the RCT were themselves, at a higher risk of suicide, suggesting that it may be necessary to screen participants prior to gatekeeper training to minimise such risk. In addition, beneficial effects in all the included studies, where present, were largely restricted to changes in knowledge or attitudes rather than behaviour.
Suicide prevention strategies targeting Indigenous suicide often use frameworks that are based on non-Indigenous understandings of suicide. With suicide being a seemingly recent phenomenon for Indigenous peoples, there is limited understanding about specific risk factors and how to best respond to suicide risk in this population, as well as a scarcity of Indigenous specific suicide prevention resources or services [30].
The studies analysed within this review offer limited support for the effectiveness of training community members in the recognition of individuals at risk of suicidal behaviour using current models of suicide intervention and prevention [30]. These largely uncontrolled findings suggest that: (a) gatekeeper programs may hold promise for creating a community safety net, and (b) there is a lack of culturally appropriate programs, that are specific for Indigenous people, and can evaluate gatekeeper knowledge and skills.
Further research using controlled, systematic and culturally appropriate intervention training methods is required in order to evaluate effectiveness of gatekeeper training in Indigenous communities as a stand-alone intervention and also as a part of a comprehensive suicide prevention strategy. These should utilise suitable control conditions, and evaluate a range of outcome measures, including independent evaluations of risk assessment and management skills as well as changes in knowledge, confidence, and intentions to help people at risk of suicide. Changes in helping behaviour including referral and treatment should also be assessed [16]; and a wider implementation of the training programs should also be evaluated.
Uncontrolled evidence suggests that gatekeeper training may be a promising suicide intervention in Indigenous communities but this needs to be tailored to the target population. Further RCT evidence is required to determine the effectiveness of suicide prevention gatekeeper training programs that are culturally appropriate for Indigenous populations. The development of culturally-tailored and effective suicide prevention programmes specifically for Indigenous people are therefore essential.
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The National health and Medical Research Council is acknowledged for their support in funding this project. As a result of this finding, this manuscript and its work has been achievable.
Note: We respectfully refer to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as Indigenous Australians within this article.
This review was made possible by funding from the National Health and Medical Research Council Australia (APP1076729) and the Australian Government Department of Health through The Rural Clinical Training and Support scheme. Leanne Hides is funded by an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship.
Data supporting this review can be found in the databases and journals mentioned throughout the manuscript text.
BN - concept, design, performed the review and analysis, manuscript drafting. LH - critical review of manuscript, manuscript writing contributions. SK - critical review of manuscript, manuscript writing contributions. GR - critical review of manuscript, manuscript writing contributions. GN - study supervision, critical review of the manuscript, manuscript writing contributions. EB - critical review of manuscript, manuscript writing contributions. NG - critical review of manuscript, manuscript writing contributions. SKC - study supervision, critical review of manuscript, manuscript writing contributions. MT - study supervision, critical review of manuscript, manuscript writing contributions. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Rural Clinical School, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
Bushra Farah Nasir, Steve Kisely, Geetha Ranmuthugala, Geoffrey C. Nicholson, Emma Black, Neeraj Gill, Srinivas Kondalsamy-Chennakesavan & Maree Toombs
School of Psychology & Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Leanne Hides
Departments of Psychiatry, Community Health & Epidemiology, Dalhouise University, Halifax, Canada
Steve Kisely
School of Rural Medicine, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
Geetha Ranmuthugala
Bushra Farah Nasir
Geoffrey C. Nicholson
Emma Black
Neeraj Gill
Srinivas Kondalsamy-Chennakesavan
Maree Toombs
Correspondence to Bushra Farah Nasir.
Nasir, B., Hides, L., Kisely, S. et al. The need for a culturally-tailored gatekeeper training intervention program in preventing suicide among Indigenous peoples: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry 16, 357 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-1059-3
Suicide intervention
Causes, treatment and prevention of suicide


text:
Scandal! Actors of the series "Olga" was beaten in the center of Moscow
Attacking artists, drunken Muscovite wrote them a statement to the police.
Alina Alekseeva and Boris Dergachev,
known for the TV series "Olga", could hardly imagine how the end for them, a languid evening in
Moscow bar. Actors often visit
the restaurant, located in the city center, but it was the night from 15th to 16th may
they'll remember for a long time.
Artists rest easy, when
around midnight, they were approached by an unknown man. Later it turned out that it was
37-year-old Muscovite Daniel, living in the alley Sivtsev Vrazhek — the economist
education. At
said Alexeyeva, a visitor of the bar was drunk and instead of
ask for an autograph or to be photographed with the stars, immediately began to insult
Alina and her companion. About it reports a mk.ru.
Daniel called Alexeyev and Dergacheva second-rate actors and began to shout out other, less
hurtful words. First, Alina and Boris tried to pretend that nothing
going on, but it didn't help. From the words of the man moved to action — he grabbed
Dergacheva by the collar, dragged into the street and methodically began to beat it. Yet
Boris defended from the enemy, Alexeeva asked the bartender urgently call
the police, and then, without losing a moment, hastened to the rescue. It
rushed to the instigator of the fight with items and even, as says Daniel, from the soul whacked
him with a stick on the back. In response, the economist punched a girl in the face.
However, an object caught in
head brawler (according to Alina, it was glass), and a blow with a stick on
back made itself felt at once, so a fight, Daniel was forced to stop. It
went to the Sklifosovsky research Institute to take a beating. Doctors have recorded Daniel's injury
the crown and injury of the forearm. The injuries recorded and the actors — they have diagnosed
soft tissue injuries. Later, all three participants described events was found
in the police station where written statements at each other. The next morning, Daniel said,
that absolutely does not remember what happened during the night and apologized for their actions.
Dead head "Театра.doc" Elena Gremina
The wedding of Prince Harry and Megan Markle will show live