text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using XenAdmin.Actions;
using XenAdmin.Commands;
using XenAdmin.Core;
using XenAdmin.Dialogs.VMProtectionRecovery;
using XenAdmin.Wizards.ImportWizard;
using XenAdmin.Wizards.NewVMApplianceWizard;
using XenAdmin.Wizards.ExportWizard;
using XenAPI;
using XenCenterLib;

namespace XenAdmin.Dialogs.VMAppliances
{
    public partial class VMAppliancesDialog : XenDialogBase
    {
        private static readonly log4net.ILog log = log4net.LogManager.GetLogger(System.Reflection.MethodBase.GetCurrentMethod().DeclaringType);
        public readonly Pool Pool;
        public VMAppliancesDialog(Pool pool)
        {
            Pool = pool;
            InitializeComponent();
            Text = string.Format(Messages.VM_APPLIANCES_TITLE, pool.Name);
            labelVMAppliancesInPool.Text = string.Format(Helpers.IsPool(pool.Connection)
                                                             ? Messages.VM_APPLIANCES_DEFINED_FOR_POOL
                                                             : Messages.VM_APPLIANCES_DEFINED_FOR_SERVER,
                                                         pool.Name.Ellipsise(250));

            listViewVMs.SmallImageList = Images.ImageList16;
        }

        private VM_appliance currentSelected = null;

        void worker_RunWorkerCompleted(object sender, RunWorkerCompletedEventArgs e)
        {
            if (e.Error != null)
            {
                log.Error(e.Error);
                return;
            }

            var selectedVMAppliance = currentSelected;
            dataGridViewVMAppliances.SuspendLayout();
            try
            {
                dataGridViewVMAppliances.Rows.Clear();

                foreach (var row in (List<DataGridViewRow>)e.Result)
                {
                    if (dataGridViewVMAppliances.ColumnCount > 0)
                    {
                        dataGridViewVMAppliances.Rows.Add(row);
                    }
                }
                RefreshButtons();
                RefreshGroupMembersPanel();
                if (selectedVMAppliance != null)
                {
                    foreach (DataGridViewRow row in dataGridViewVMAppliances.Rows)
                    {
                        if (row is VMApplianceRow &&
                            (row as VMApplianceRow).VMAppliance.uuid == selectedVMAppliance.uuid)
                        {
                            dataGridViewVMAppliances.ClearSelection();
                            row.Selected = true;
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            finally
            {
                dataGridViewVMAppliances.ResumeLayout();
            }
        }

        object worker_DoWork(object sender, object argument)
        {
            var list = new List<DataGridViewRow>();
            foreach (var vmAppliance in Pool.Connection.Cache.VM_appliances)
            {
                VMApplianceRow vmApplianceRow = new VMApplianceRow(vmAppliance);
                list.Add(vmApplianceRow);
            }
            return list;
        }

        void VMApplianceCollectionChanged(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            LoadVMAppliances();
        }

        QueuedBackgroundWorker worker = new QueuedBackgroundWorker();
        private void LoadVMAppliances()
        {
            worker.RunWorkerAsync(worker_DoWork, worker_RunWorkerCompleted);
        }

        #region VMApplianceRow
        private class VMApplianceRow : DataGridViewRow
        {
            private DataGridViewTextAndImageCell _nameCell = new DataGridViewTextAndImageCell();
            private DataGridViewTextBoxCell _descriptionCell = new DataGridViewTextBoxCell();
            private DataGridViewTextBoxCell _numVMsCell = new DataGridViewTextBoxCell();
            public readonly VM_appliance VMAppliance;
            public VMApplianceRow(VM_appliance vmAppliance)
            {
                Cells.Add(_nameCell);
                Cells.Add(_descriptionCell);
                Cells.Add(_numVMsCell);
                VMAppliance = vmAppliance;
                CreateVmItems();
                RefreshRow();
            }

            private List<ListViewItem> vmItems;

            public List<ListViewItem> VmItems
            {
                get { return vmItems; }
            }

            private void CreateVmItems()
            {
                vmItems = new List<ListViewItem>();
                List<VM> vms = VMAppliance.Connection.ResolveAll(VMAppliance.VMs);
                vms.Sort();
                foreach (var vm in vms)
                {
                    // Create a new row for this VM
                    ListViewItem vmRow = new ListViewItem();
                    vmRow.Tag = vm;
                    vmItems.Add(vmRow);
                }
            }

            public void RefreshRow()
            {
                _nameCell.Value = VMAppliance.Name;
                _nameCell.Image = null;
                _descriptionCell.Value = VMAppliance.Description;
                _numVMsCell.Value = VMAppliance.VMs.Count;
            }
        }
        #endregion

        #region VMs
        private static void UpdateVmRow(ListViewItem row)
        {
            VM vm = (VM) row.Tag;

            // Icon/name
            row.ImageIndex = (int)Images.GetIconFor(vm);
            row.Text = vm.Name;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Finds the ListViewItem for the given VM. Will return null if no corresponding item could be found.
        /// Must be called on the event thread.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="vm"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        private ListViewItem FindItemFromVM(VM vm)
        {
            Program.AssertOnEventThread();

            return listViewVMs.Items.Cast<ListViewItem>().FirstOrDefault(item => item.Tag == vm);
        }

        private void vm_PropertyChanged(object sender, PropertyChangedEventArgs e)
        {
            Program.Invoke(this, () =>
            {
                // Find row for VM
                ListViewItem item = FindItemFromVM((VM)sender);
                if (item != null)
                {
                    listViewVMs.BeginUpdate();
                    try
                    {
                        UpdateVmRow(item);
                    }
                    finally
                    {
                        listViewVMs.EndUpdate();
                    }
                }
            });
        }

        void VMCollectionChanged(object sender, CollectionChangeEventArgs e)
        {
            Program.AssertOnEventThread();

            VM vm = (VM)e.Element;
            switch (e.Action)
            {
                case CollectionChangeAction.Add:
                    vm.PropertyChanged -= vm_PropertyChanged;
                    vm.PropertyChanged += vm_PropertyChanged;
                    break;
                case CollectionChangeAction.Remove:
                    vm.PropertyChanged -= vm_PropertyChanged;
                    break;
            }

            Program.Invoke(this, () =>
            {
                // Find row for VM
                ListViewItem item = FindItemFromVM(vm);
                if (item != null)
                {
                    listViewVMs.BeginUpdate();
                    try
                    {
                        UpdateVmRow(item);
                    }
                    finally
                    {
                        listViewVMs.EndUpdate();
                    }
                }
            });
        }
        #endregion

        private void RefreshButtons()
        {
            if (dataGridViewVMAppliances.SelectedRows.Count == 1 && dataGridViewVMAppliances.SelectedRows[0] is VMApplianceRow)
            {
                currentSelected = (VM_appliance)((VMApplianceRow)dataGridViewVMAppliances.SelectedRows[0]).VMAppliance;
                toolStripButtonEdit.Enabled = true;
            }
            else
            {
                if (dataGridViewVMAppliances.SelectedRows.Count == 0)
                    currentSelected = null;
                toolStripButtonEdit.Enabled = false;
            }
            toolStripButtonDelete.Enabled = (dataGridViewVMAppliances.SelectedRows.Count != 0);

        	toolStripButtonExport.Enabled = currentSelected != null && currentSelected.VMs.TrueForAll(vmRef =>
        	                                                                       {
        	                                                                       var vm = currentSelected.Connection.Resolve(vmRef);
        	                                                                       return vm != null
        	                                                                       && !vm.is_a_template
        	                                                                       && !vm.Locked
        	                                                                       && vm.allowed_operations != null
        	                                                                       && vm.allowed_operations.Contains(vm_operations.export);
        	                                                                       });

			if (currentSelected == null)
			{
				toolStripButtonStart.Enabled = toolStripButtonShutdown.Enabled = false;
			}
			else
			{
				toolStripButtonStart.Enabled = currentSelected.allowed_operations.Contains(vm_appliance_operation.start);

				toolStripButtonShutdown.Enabled = currentSelected.allowed_operations.Contains(vm_appliance_operation.clean_shutdown)
				                                  || currentSelected.allowed_operations.Contains(vm_appliance_operation.hard_shutdown);
    		}

            tableLayoutPanel2.Visible = (currentSelected != null);
            tableLayoutPanel1.ColumnStyles[1].Width = currentSelected == null ? 0 : 200;
        }

        private void VMAppliancesDialog_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            LoadVMAppliances();
            Pool.Connection.Cache.RegisterBatchCollectionChanged<VM_appliance>(VMApplianceCollectionChanged);
            Pool.Connection.Cache.RegisterCollectionChanged<VM>(VMCollectionChanged);
            foreach (VM vm in Pool.Connection.Cache.VMs)
            {
                vm.PropertyChanged -= vm_PropertyChanged;
                vm.PropertyChanged += vm_PropertyChanged;
            }
        }

        private void dataGridView1_SelectionChanged(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            RefreshButtons();
            RefreshGroupMembersPanel();
        }

        private void VMAppliancesDialog_FormClosed(object sender, FormClosedEventArgs e)
        {
            Pool.Connection.Cache.DeregisterBatchCollectionChanged<VM_appliance>(VMApplianceCollectionChanged);
            Pool.Connection.Cache.DeregisterCollectionChanged<VM>(VMCollectionChanged);
            foreach (VM vm in Pool.Connection.Cache.VMs)
            {
                vm.PropertyChanged -= vm_PropertyChanged;
            }
        }

        private void buttonCancel_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            Close();
        }

        private void toolStripButtonNew_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            new NewVMApplianceWizard(Pool).Show(this);
        }

        private void toolStripButtonDelete_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            var selectedAppliances = new List<VM_appliance>();
            int numberOfProtectedVMs = 0;
            foreach (DataGridViewRow row in dataGridViewVMAppliances.SelectedRows)
            {
                var appliance = ((VMApplianceRow)row).VMAppliance;
                selectedAppliances.Add(appliance);
                numberOfProtectedVMs += appliance.VMs.Count;

            }
            string text = "";
            if (selectedAppliances.Count == 1)
            {
                if (numberOfProtectedVMs == 1)
                    text = String.Format(Messages.CONFIRM_DELETE_VM_APPLIANCE_1, selectedAppliances[0].Name.Ellipsise(120), numberOfProtectedVMs);
                else
                    text = String.Format(numberOfProtectedVMs == 0 ? Messages.CONFIRM_DELETE_VM_APPLIANCE_0 : Messages.CONFIRM_DELETE_VM_APPLIANCE, selectedAppliances[0].Name.Ellipsise(120), numberOfProtectedVMs);
            }
            else
            {
                if (numberOfProtectedVMs == 1)
                    text = String.Format(Messages.CONFIRM_DELETE_VM_APPLIANCES_1, numberOfProtectedVMs);
                else
                    text = string.Format(numberOfProtectedVMs == 0 ? Messages.CONFIRM_DELETE_VM_APPLIANCES_0 : Messages.CONFIRM_DELETE_VM_APPLIANCES, numberOfProtectedVMs);
            }

            using (var dlg = new ThreeButtonDialog(
                    new ThreeButtonDialog.Details(SystemIcons.Warning, text, Messages.DELETE_VM_APPLIANCE_TITLE),
                    ThreeButtonDialog.ButtonYes,
                    ThreeButtonDialog.ButtonNo))
            {
                if (dlg.ShowDialog(this) == DialogResult.Yes)
                    new DestroyVMApplianceAction(Pool.Connection, selectedAppliances).RunAsync();
            }
        }

        private void toolStripButtonEdit_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            using (PropertiesDialog propertiesDialog = new PropertiesDialog(currentSelected))
            {
                propertiesDialog.ShowDialog(this);
            }
        }

        private void RefreshGroupMembersPanel()
        {
            if (dataGridViewVMAppliances.SelectedRows.Count != 1 || !(dataGridViewVMAppliances.SelectedRows[0] is VMApplianceRow))
            {
                labelVMApplianceName.Text = "";
                return;
            }

            var applianceRow = (VMApplianceRow)dataGridViewVMAppliances.SelectedRows[0];
            labelVMApplianceName.Text = applianceRow.VMAppliance.Name.Ellipsise(120);

            /*dataGridViewVMs.Rows.Clear();

            foreach (var row in applianceRow.SubItems)
            {
                if (dataGridViewVMs.ColumnCount > 0)
                {
                    dataGridViewVMs.Rows.Add(row);
                }
            }*/

            listViewVMs.Clear();
            foreach (var vmItem in applianceRow.VmItems)
            {
                listViewVMs.Items.Add(vmItem);
                UpdateVmRow(vmItem);
            }
        }

		private void toolStripButtonShutdown_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
		{
			if (currentSelected == null)
				return;

			using (var confirmDialog = new ThreeButtonDialog(
				new ThreeButtonDialog.Details(SystemIcons.Warning, Messages.CONFIRM_SHUT_DOWN_APPLIANCE, Messages.VM_APPLIANCE_SHUT_DOWN),
				ThreeButtonDialog.ButtonYes,
				ThreeButtonDialog.ButtonNo))
			{
				if (confirmDialog.ShowDialog(this) != DialogResult.Yes)
					return;
				//shut down appliance
				(new ShutDownApplianceAction(currentSelected)).RunAsync();
			}
		}

    	private void toolStripMenuItemStart_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
		{
			if (currentSelected == null)
				return;

			(new StartApplianceAction(currentSelected, false)).RunAsync();
		}

		private void toolStripButtonExport_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
		{
			if (currentSelected == null)
				return;

			var selection = new SelectedItemCollection(new SelectedItem(currentSelected));
			(new ExportApplianceWizard(Pool.Connection, selection)).Show(this);
		}

		private void toolStripButtonImport_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
		{
			new ImportWizard(Pool.Connection, Pool, null, true).Show(this);
		}

    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


It is most important part of the internet banking. It is the key to save your account from hackers. It is one of your first lines of defence. If you somehow become weak here, your account would easily go in the hands of others which you don't want. So, the first rule is to make a Very Strong Password for your account using alphanumeric as well as in combination with some special characters. Users must remember the password instead of writing elsewhere as there are chances of losing that piece of paper or hacking of mobile if it is written in SMS. It is better to choose a personal question as hint and select it privately which might not be known by others. Avoid using common things like Mobile number, home address as a password.
Changing password periodically is really a good practise which one must adopt. Again, make sure that you never ever reply to phishing emails with your personal username and password. It could be used to hack your account.
Email is the most common way to respond to our friends, families and colleagues. There is one tip here and that is never trying open a suspicious mail about which you don't know clearly. It might not be a bad email but still try always to be on the safe side. Again, if any email asks you about your personal details no matter from which high authority it is sent to you, never discloses your identity as the personal details are never asked on mails. However, if you are doubting that your institution might have asked for your personal information, just call them at first and confirm it then and only then send your personal information to them. Email is not a reliable source of media as it may be used to send you a virus which could install itself on your computer if you open any link or some other things attached to it. So, there is no institution which would go for asking personal details by e mail. So, always try to open those emails of which you know about the subject. So, this is a good practice to open only those emails on which you can rely.
No matter how much you try to safeguard your computer from viruses, it has variety of options to attack your computer. So, it is a good practise to have a good anti-virus installed to your computer system which could secure your personal details at a safe place. Again, also make sure to upgrade the anti-virus on a regular basis. Often, we search for various stuffs on the internet and there is a good chance of attacking of a virus to our files from the internet. Computer virus are of many types. Some of them destroy your whole information, data etc. present on your computer while some of them might steal the username and the passwords stored. It could then easily access your any account and remove all your money on your behalf.
There are situations where people open any website and start downloading media files instantly. This is a wrong habit as the downloaded file might contain some of the spy viruses or trojan viruses. While you were enjoying during watching or listening to the beautiful things you have downloaded, it will corrupt all the files present in your computer and will steal the username and passwords. Therefore, you must be selective about downloading any file. Again, you should also download file from a protected site.
Nowadays, we use our smartphones to access our internet banking. It is found sometimes that users put down their passwords in a notepad and put it on the desktop. They think it would be easier to access their account in an easy way. Yes indeed this is an easy way to access your account but not only you but your fellow friends too. Just imagine, what it would be when your friends get to know about your password. So, it is a good practice to remember your password or keep the passwords in a secured place with a password. Again, make your mobile password protected to safe your account from any unwilling hand.
The above mentioned steps are very important to safeguard your banking account from the malware or hackers. Below mentioned is some of the tips which you must follow to be on more safe side.
Check Bank Account on a regular basis.
Access you account from a secured place. Never uses others laptop or public computers to access to your internet banking account. There might be some virus or a fraud link which would get your username and password and show you that this page is currently busy. If you ever get this or other similar message when using others computer, just contact your Bank to know about any unusual activity. You might even block bank account for that day.
Always check for encryption: There is a small lock icon whenever you access your bank account. Again your URL should also begin with "https.". This is a good practice to look for these two things before opening your banking internet account on the net.
Keep your system and the mobile lashed with up to date apps.
Upgrade your operating system on a regular basis.
Always make a practise of logging off from the account before leaving it especially follow this when using others laptop.
When making a payment, always double check that you have entered the correct account number and sort code.
Be aware of any unexpected or suspicious looking 'pop-up' windows that appear during your online banking session.
Most of the common principles which one should follow to protect his or her banking account are mentioned above. There are some other things too which are prescribed by your specific bank. Feel free to go there and ask them any extra feature which you must follow. They will guide you through that. Have a safe and secured Internet banking account.


Amy Wood Gonzalez, NYS Licensed Associate Real Estate Broker of Warren Real Estate has earned the Certified International Property Specialist (CIPS) designation, placing her among 3,500 elite real estate professionals in over 45 countries. The designation was awarded to her by the National Association of REALTORS® for completing rigorous coursework devoted to learning international real estate practices and demonstrating proficiency in international business.
The CIPS designation is synonymous with advanced expertise, a global perspective, and distinct understanding of a global buyer. As a designee, Wood Gonzalez has the knowledge and resources to efficiently work with international buyers, including U.S. residents looking to invest overseas, foreign buyers purchasing in the United States, as well as recent immigrants who might be unfamiliar with real estate transaction practices in the United States.
Wood Gonzalez joins less than 125 designees across all of New York State and is the only holder of this specialty designation in all of Tompkins and Cortland Counties.
For more information on the CIPS designation, email CIPS@realtors.org or visit www.nar.realtor/whycips.


text:
eFiling becomes mandatory for attorneys, agencies, GALs in 11 pilot counties on July 1
Posted: Wednesday, June 3, 2015
Beginning July 1, 2015, attorneys, government agencies, and guardians ad litem will be required to electronically file and serve documents in all court cases filed in the 11 eCourtMN pilot counties. This includes all cases filed in Cass, Clay, Cook, Dakota, Faribault, Hennepin, Kandiyohi, Lake, Morrison, Ramsey, and Washington counties.
On July 1, 2016, those same filers will be required to electronically file and serve documents in all district court cases statewide.
Expanding the availability and mandatory use of the eFile and eServe system is a major milestone in the Minnesota Judicial Branch's eCourtMN initiative, which is transforming the state's court system by replacing paper-based court files with an electronic information environment. The goal of the eCourtMN initiative – which received a 2014 State Government Innovation Award from the University of Minnesota's Humphrey School of Public Affairs – is to make the state's court system more accessible, more efficient, and more convenient for court customers.
One of the key elements of the eCourtMN initiative is giving case participants the ability to submit documents to the court and serve documents to opposing parties electronically, through an online portal. This allows court customers to file documents without traveling to the courthouse or paying for postage or courier costs, allows filers to submit documents immediately and outside of courthouse business hours, and allows court documents to be sent to filers electronically.
The Minnesota Judicial Branch began pilot testing eFiling and eService in 2012, and today attorneys and government agencies are able to eFile and eServe in 11 pilot counties, though use of the system is optional in several case types.
In April, the Minnesota Supreme Court adopted amendments to the Minnesota Rules of Court that provided a timeline for a statewide expansion of eFiling and eService to all 87 Minnesota counties:
July 1, 2015: Use of the eFile and eServe system will become mandatory for attorneys, government agencies, and guardians ad litem in all court cases filed in the 11 eCourtMN pilot counties.
End of 2015: By the end of 2015, the Minnesota Judicial Branch is aiming to make eFiling and eService available in the remaining 76 counties. Use of the eFile and eServe system for cases filed in those counties will be voluntary upon implementation. More information on when eFiling and eService will be available in the non-pilot counties will be provided in the future.
July 1, 2016: Use of the eFile and eServe system will become mandatory for attorneys, government agencies, and guardians ad litem in all district court cases statewide.
Other court filers – such as self-represented litigants and medical examiners – will be able to begin eFiling in the 11 pilot counties on July 1, 2015, and in other counties as eFiling becomes available. These filers will be able to choose whether to file on paper or through the eFile and eServe system, though Court Rules require that once a filer has used the eFile and eServe system to file a document, he or she must use the eFile and eServe system for all future documents filed in that case.
Training and Resources Available to Filers
In order to help attorneys, government agencies, and guardians ad litem prepare for mandatory eFiling and eService, the Minnesota Judicial Branch has posted informational resources, training materials, and a three-step guide to starting eFiling. Training on how to use the eFile and eServe system is available through live and recorded webinars, and in-person at both the Hennepin County Government Center and, in June and July, the Ramsey County Courthouse.
The Minnesota Judicial Branch also operates a support center for filers with questions about the eFile and eServe system.
If you have questions, please contact the MN eFile Support Center.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The first artificial satellite launched by the Soviet Union in 1957. Sputnik initiated both the space race, accelerated the arms race, and became, overnight, a household English word that brought fear of Russian missile attack. Since this orbiting device nearly turned the Cold War hot and ended civilization, it might be the kind of trivia that we are inclined to remember. Here's a bit of fun. If you're between twenty and thirty years of age, place a bet with a friend before you arrive at a party. Bet him or her ten cents per minute for every minute of ersatz conversation that the word Sputnik will not be spoken. Its absence will be strange for a mere word once so frightful that it nearly destroyed everything.
The older dictionaries were not being judgmental, as some believe. They simply understood that word usage in spoken language continues to be a socioeconomic distinction. Well spoken people who chose their words carefully, and, like Einstein, think slowly, are generally better educated, more capable and, more likely to rise in influence than those who are content to succumb to the temptations of changing usage in order to be more broadly embraced socially.
A few steps up the socioeconomic ladder would leave copacetic in the dust by deploying "superb," which is broadly understood, whereas "ineffable," while a perfectly good word, risks losing many listeners in the thicket of their own limitations.
Our DNA is a molecular language that allows the successful results of evolutionary selection to provide for the creation of amino acids, proteins, and then, step-by-step, the differentiation of cells into tissues, organs and a bipedal stereoscopic creature that occupies the taxonomic slot Homo sapiens.
Junk DNA is an inextricable part of us, but benign, unthreatening, simply ineffectual. Like sentimental objects consigned to a dusty attic, junk DNA has somehow accumulated but never expresses itself. It is not dangerous, in the sense of representing a latent threat to as few as one in twenty million people. It is simply the residue of the struggle to advance from an earlier form into a new and more challenging niche. In this respect it is dissimilar to a carcinogenic mutation, a change in an individual's DNA that may occur more frequently in one cultural group or region of population than in the population at large.
Many mutations are known and cataloged, some as clearly as a single gene that codes for Huntington's Disease, a chronically progressive neurologically degenerative affliction that killed folk singing legend Woody Guthrie.
By contrast, junk DNA follows us like a chain of cans tied to the back of a car that chases newly weds to their future. The difference is that it follows us from generation to generation in a process that reaches back many millions of years. It is an artifact that, molecularly, no longer communicates useful design information. Quite literally in fact, it is silent, unexpressed. We do not see it manifest anywhere in our form. It is quintessentially insignificant. In Shakespeare's memorable and carefully chosen words, it signifies nothing.
By analogy, usage is increasingly injecting words into conversation that are so often and inappropriately repeated that they, too, are to meaningful expression what junk DNA is to the human genome. But instead of being a legacy of abandoned and resurrected junk, junk words are hollow neologisms, their contributions nullified by obligatory repetition, their occurrence attributable to a modern tribal need: to remain included, to be accepted.
A formal precedent for the concatenation of junk words masquerading as serious discussion occurs in the United States Congress. It is called a filibuster. Once given the floor by the speaker, a Congressman may speak until his (or her) voice fails him (or her), as long as he (or she) speaks words. They can be proper nouns from a phone book. In fact, this is common source of material for filibustering.
The purpose of the filibuster is to obstruct discussion or delay a vote on an issue that is unfavored by a party or individual. Filibusters have delayed, sometimes for many days, the inevitable passage of landmark legislation, such as the Civil Rights Act. The purpose of sustaining the vocalization of words is not to advance discussion, but to paralyze attention on the speaker, without a commensurate obligation to the speaker to make sense, or introduce any matter relevant to communication or understanding.
The shrinkage of core vocabulary that has paralleled the decline in verbal SAT scores for four consecutive decades flourishes in the social gatherings of young adults whose range of spoken words on any given evening, excluding proper nouns such as names, may never exceed one hundred and fifty. Beyond this, many of the words used in informal conversation are used incorrectly or confusingly, the precedent often set from mistaken use by newscasters or contemporaries.
If the conversation from one million parties were parsed for linguistic breadth, it is unlikely that the range of words used would begin to indicate a language with a lexicon of nearly one million English words, and an extension of these words into applications in specific fields, like chemistry or physics, that easily exceeds eleven million and growing.
In order to participate meaningfully in discussion within a field of specialty, one must expand the facility with the language by mastering both concepts and related words. At some point, a choice is made between the lonely pursuit of excellence and the comfort that by constraining the use of words to familiarly repeated sounds, a social purpose is served.
By "dumbing down" speech, social access is broadened. Intellectually unthreatened people are more open to accepting strangers. And between belonging and exclusion, many chose the path of least resistance.


An anchor is a device, normally made of metal, that is used to connect a vessel to the bed of a body of water to prevent the vessel from drifting due to wind or current. Anchors can either be temporary or permanent. A permanent anchor is used in the creation of a mooring, and is rarely moved; a specialist service is normally needed to move or maintain it. Vessels carry one or more temporary anchors, which may be of different designs and weights. On the front side are the words "Hold Firm" and on the back is "Stand Strong". Available with an optional 18in, 20in or 24in sterling silver chain.
Click the button below to add the 0.925 Sterling Silver Hold Firm Stand Strong Anchor with optional Necklace to your wish list.


This Bohlen-Pierce arrangement of Terry Riley's "In C" was realized on the musical hardware described in Rehearsal Room. It was performed by 13 identical algorithmic musicians known collectively as The Technical Academy. A characteristic feature of the ensemble is an indiscriminate fader controlled by a Markov chain on each voice. This is the third recording of the completed algorithm.
The notes of Terry Riley's original score were remapped to Bohlen-Pierce notes in a slightly modified A Moll I mode; the B note would have mapped to BP's J, but it was changed to Jb simply because Jb sounded better. Riley's C D E F F# G A Bb B becomes A B C D E F G H Jb. The work is titled "Not In C" because it's based on this different scale.
Source code written in Ruby can be viewed at github.com/b0blee/TechAcademy.
This table demonstrates some of the logic behind the Lambda scale. It shows the 17-limit just intonation (JI) intervals that are closest to the equally tempered Bohlen Pierce scale. Notice that there are no close JI intervals for the F#, H#, and A# notes. Also, melody fragments in the D E F G range are virtually equal tempered with respect to one another.
The original JI scale has accidentals that are beyond the 17 limit: C# is 25/21, F# is 75/49, H# is 49/25, and A# is 63/25. Using those ratios would bring the accidentals within 10 cents of the ET notes, but the ear gravitates towards ratios with lower denominators. In any case, it's good to avoid H# because of its proximity to the octave. 49/25 can't compete with 2/1. Same with A# against a strong C – most listeners will hear it as a too-sharp 10th.


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1) In sweet potato mountains, help Ollie to find the key to unlock the vault in the maze.
2) In blueberry beach, play hide and seek with the Nummlings.
3) In avocado ocean, trace the constellation shape to help guide the boat.
4) In celery castle, choose the shapes on the side of the screen to complete a row.
5) In mushroom video game, jump from mushroom to mushroom to get to the jewel mushroom at the top.
Tap the magic spoon to turn Ollie into a superhero before playing each game!


1992-05-07 Assigned to NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, A NY CORP. reassignment NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, A NY CORP. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: RAPOPORT, DAVID M.
In the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea, a CPAP flow generator is employed to direct air to a nasal mask fitted to a patient. The airflow from the generator is monitored, and the flow and/or pressure is increased when the waveform of the airflow exhibits characteristics corresponding to flow limitation. The generator may be controlled to repetitively test for waveform variations, in order to adjust the CPAP flow to the minimum level the does not produce flow limitation.
This invention relates to a method and apparatus for adjusting the positive airway pressure of a patient to have an optimum (e.g. minimum) value, in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea.
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a well recognized disorder which may affect as much as 1-5% of the adult population. It is one of the most common causes of excessive daytime somnolence, and it is the single most frequent reason for referral to sleep disorder clinics.
The syndrome is characterized by the intermittent obstruction of the upper airway which occurs during sleep. The obstruction results in a spectrum of respiratory disturbances ranging from the total absence of airflow (apnea) to significant obstruction with or without reduced airflow (hypopnea and snoring), despite continued respiratory efforts. The morbidity of the syndrome arises from hypoxemia, hypercapnia, bradycardia and sleep disruption associated with the apneas and arousals from sleep. OSAS is most frequent in obses males, and is associated with all conditions in which there is anatomic or functional narrowing of the upper airway, as in heavy snoring.
The pathophysiology of OSAS is not fully worked out. However, it is now well recognized that obstruction of the upper airway during sleep is in part due to the collapsible behavior of the supraglottic segment during the negative intraluminal pressure generated by inspiratory effort. Thus, the human upper airway during sleep behaves as a Starling resistor, which is defined by the property that the flow is limited to a fixed value irrespective of the driving (inspiratory) pressure. Partial or complete airway collapse can then occur associated with the loss of airway tone which is characteristic of the onset of sleep and may be exaggerated in OSAS.
Since 1981, continuous positive airway pressure applied by a tight fitting nasal mask worn during sleep has evolved as the most effective treatment for this disorder, and is now the standard of care. The availability of this non-invasive form of therapy has resulted in extensive publicity for apnea and the appearance of large numbers of patients who previously may have avoided the medical establishment because of the fear of tracheostomy. Increasing the comfort of the system, which is partially determined by minimizing the necessary nasal pressure, has been a major goal of research aimed at improving patient compliance with therapy. Various systems for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea are disclosed, for example, in "Reversal of Obstructive Sleep Apnea by Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Applied Through The Nares", Sullivan et al, Lancet, 1981, 1:862-865; and "Reversal Of The `Pickwickian Syndrome` By Long-Term Use of Nocturnal Nasal-Airway Pressure"; Rapoport et al, New England Journal of Medicine, Oct. 7, 1982.
The article "Induction of upper airway occlusion in sleeping individuals with subatmospheric nasal pressure", Schwartz et al, Journal of Applied Physiology, 1988, 64, pp 535-542, also discusses various polysomnographic techniques.
Despite its success, limitations to the use of nasal CPAP exist. These mostly take the form of discomfort from the mask and the nasal pressure required to obliterate the apneas. Systems for minimizing the discomfort from the mask are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,655,213, Rapport et al, and 5,065,756, Rapoport, as well as in "Therapeutic Options For Obstructive Sleep Apnea", Garay, Respiratory Management, July/August, 1987, pp 11-15; and "Techniques For Administering Nasal CPAP", Rapoport, Respiratory Management, July/August 1987, pp 18-21. Minimizing the necessary pressure remains a goal of the preliminary testing of a patient in the sleep laboratory. However, it has been shown that this pressure varies throughout the night with sleep stage and body position. Furthermore, the therapeutic pressure may both rise or fall with time in patients with changing anatomy (Nasal congestion/polyps), change in weight, changing medication or with alcohol use. Because of this, most sleep laboratories currently prescribe the setting for home use of nasal CPAP pressure based upon the single highest value of pressures needed to obliterate apneas during a night of monitoring in the sleep laboratory. Retesting is often necessary if the patient complains of incomplete resolution of daytime sleepiness, and may reveal a change in the required pressure.
The invention is therefore directed to a method and apparatus for minimizing the CPAP pressure, in a system for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea, without causing limitation of airflow to the patient by partial airway obstruction to occur.
Briefly stated an apparatus for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea is provided, comprising a source of air, and means for directing an air flow from said source to a patient. This part of the system may be of the type disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,065,756. In accordance with the invention, means are provided for sensing the waveform of said airflow, to detect deviations therein that correspond to flow limitation in the air supplied to the patient. Such deviations may be, for example, deviations from a substantially sinusoidal waveform, flattening, or the presence of plateaus, in the portions of the waveform corresponding to inspiration of the patient. In response to such variations in said airflow, the system of the invention increases the airflow to the patient.
The system may be provided with a program that periodically decreases the airflow in the absence of detection of airflow limitation, and that periodically increases the airflow in the presence of detection of the airflow limitation.
In accordance with the method of the invention, the airflow to the patient is increased in response to the detection of waveform portions corresponding to flow limitations. The increases may be effected periodically. Similarly, the flow may be periodically decreased in the absence of such flow limitation.
FIG. 10 is a flow diagram illustrating one technique for adjusting the CPAP pressure, in accordance with the invention.
FIGS. 1-5 illustrate the waveforms of flow from a CPAP generator, obtained during the testing of a patient, in sleep studies. In these tests, the patient was wearing a CPAP mask connected to an air source, in the manner illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,065,765. Each of these tests illustrate an epoch of 30 seconds, with the vertical lines depicting seconds during the tests. FIGS. 1-5 depict separate sweeps that were taken from 1 to 2 minutes apart, and with different pressures from the source of air.
FIG. 1 illustrates a "normal" waveform, in this instance with a CPAP pressure of 10 cm H2 O. This pressure was identified as corresponding to obstruction free respiration. It is noted that this waveform, at least in the inspiration periods, is substantially sinusoidal.
When the CPAP pressure was decreased to 8 cm H2 O, as illustrated in FIG. 2, a partial flattening of the inspiratory flow wave form, at regions 2a, began to occur. This flattening became more definite when the pressure was decreased to 6 cm H2 O, as illustrated by the reference numeral 3a in FIG. 3. The flattening becomes even more pronounced, as seen at the regions 4a of FIG. 4, when the pressure was reduced to 4 cm. Reductions in the CPAP pressure from the pressure of obstruction free respiration resulted in snoring by the patient. When the pressure was reduced to 2 cm H2 O, as illustrated in FIG. 5, there was virtually zero inspiratory flow during the inspiratory effort, as seen at the portions 5a. Shortly after the recording of the waveform of FIG. 5, the patient developed frank apnea and awakened.
The waveforms of FIGS. 1-5 illustrate that, as the pressure is lowered, a predictable index of increasing collapsibility of the airway occurs, prior to the occurrence of frank apnea, periodic breathing or arousal.
The waveforms of FIGS. 1-5 are consistent with experiments wherein the collapsible segment of the air passage is simulated by a Starling resistor. A Starling resistor 10, as illustrated in FIG. 6, is comprised of a rigid external tube 11 supporting an internal collapsible tube 12. Water is introduced into the space between the outer tube 11 and inner tube 12, for example via a tube, from a water column 13 of adjustable height, to enable variation of the external pressure applied to the collapsible tube 12. With reference to FIG. 7, in this experiment, a commercial CPAP flow generator 14 is coupled to the "distal" end of the Starling resistor 10, and "respiration" is simulated by a sinusoidal pump 15 coupled to the "proximal" or "intrathoracic" end of the resistor 10. A volume reservoir 16 is coupled to the proximal end of the Starling resistor, to provide a capacitive volume that prevents excessive negative pressure from developing during total system occlusion (apnea).
The flow tracing of FIG. 8 was generated using the system of FIG. 6, with the level of water in the column 13 set between 5 and 15 cm H2 O. The airflow from the CPAP flow generator was started at a pressure of 14 cm H2 O, then sequentially decreased to 12 cm, 11 cm, 8 cm and 6 cm H2 O, and finally returned to 13 cm H2 O. In this figure, the upper curve shows the waveform of the airflow, the middle curve shows the waveform of the proximal pressure (i.e. at the port of the sinusoidal generator 15, and the lower curve illustrates the CPAP pressure. The gradations at the top of FIG. 8 denote seconds. FIG. 8 thus reflects the large increase in resistance across the Starling resistor, and mimics the increasingly negative intrathoracic pressure routinely seen in patients with an apnea, snoring and any increased airway resistance syndrome.
In accordance with the invention, analysis of waveforms of the flow of air, of the type illustrated in FIGS. 1-5, is employed in order to control the flow of air from a CPAP generator, to thereby minimize the flow of air from the generator while still ensuring that flow limitation does not occur.
In one embodiment of the invention, as illustrated in FIG. 9, a CPAP mask 20 is connected via tube 21 to receive air from a CPAP flow generator 22. These elements may be of the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,065,756, although the invention is not limited thereto, and any conventional CPAP system may alternatively be employed. A conventional flow sensor 23 is coupled to the tube 21, to provide an electric output signal corresponding to the waveform of the airflow in the tube 21. This signal is applied to a signal processor 24, which detects the existence in the waveforms of conditions that indicate flow limitation. The signal processor 24 outputs a signal to a conventional flow control 25 for controlling the pressure applied by the flow generator to the tube 21. It is of course apparent that, depending upon the type of flow generator 22, the signal processor may directly control the flow generator, instead of controlling a flow control device 25.
One method for adjusting the CPAP pressure in accordance with the invention is illustrated in FIG. 10. After the CPAP mask has been fitted to a patient, and the CPAP generator has been connected to the mask, at step 40 the CPAP pressure is set at a starting pressure. This pressure is a pressure at which flow limitation for the patient does not occur. After a settling period of about 30 seconds, at step 41, the flow signal is analyzed, at step 42.
If it is determined in step 43, that flow limitation has occurred, and the CPAP pressure is less than the maximum allowed as determined at step 44, the CPAP pressure is increased by 0.5 cm H2 O, at step 45, and the procedure jumps back to the settling step 41 for further processing. If, at step 44, the pressure was not less than the maximum allowed CPAP pressure, the program jumps back to the settling step 41 without increasing the CPAP pressure.
If, at step 43, it was determined that a flow limitation was not present, then a determination is made, at step 46, if a predetermined time has elapsed following the last change in the CPAP pressure. The predetermined time may be, for example, two minutes. If the predetermined time has not elapsed, the program jumps back to the settling period of step 41. Otherwise, i.e. if the predetermined minimum time has elapsed, at step 47 it is determined whether or not the CPAP pressure is greater than the minimum allowed pressure. If it is greater than the minimum allowed pressure, then the CPAP pressure is decreased by 0.5 cm H2 O, at step 48, and the program jumps to the settling step 41. Otherwise, the program jumps back to the settling step 41 without decreasing the CPAP pressure.
While the above described example of the method of the invention employed CPAP pressure change steps of 0.5 cm H2 O, it is apparent that the invention is not limited to steps of this magnitude. In addition, the steps are not necessarily equal throughout the range of adjustment.
1. The derivative of the flow signal equals zero.
2. The second derivative between peaks of the flow signal is zero for a prolonged interval.
3. The ratio of early inspirational flow to midinspirational flow is less than or equal to 1.
1. Reduced slope of the line connecting the peak inspiratory flow to the peak expiratory flow.
2. Steep upward or downward stroke (dV/dt) of the flow signal.
3. Ratio of inspiratory flow to expiratory flow over 0.5.
Thus in accordance with the invention, indices of increased inspiratory effort may also be employed which are secondary to airway obstruction, in the face of which flow limitation becomes more likely. It is evident that analyses of this type may be effected by conventional hardware or software. The invention, however, is not limited to the above specific techniques for determining divergence of the waveform from the normal non-flow limited waveform to a waveform indicating the presence of flow limitation.
While the invention has been disclosed and described with reference to a limited number of embodiments, it will be apparent that variations and modification may be made therein, and it is therefore intended in the following claims to cover each such variation and modification as falls within the true spirit and scope of the invention.
e) increasing said pressure when the contour of said waveform corresponding to inspiration indicates patient airway obstruction, and decreasing said pressure when said waveform corresponding to patient inspiration does not indicate patient airway obstruction.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein step e comprises increasing said pressure when the contour of said waveform corresponding to inspiration for a predetermined duration indicates patient airway obstruction, and decreasing said pressure when said waveform corresponding to patient inspiration for a predetermined duration does not indicate patient airway obstruction.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein said predetermined duration is sufficient to define a plurality of inspiratory waveform contours.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein said pressure is increased when the contour of said waveform corresponding to inspiration includes a plateau.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein said pressure is increased when a portion of the contour of said waveform corresponding to inspiration is flattened.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein said pressure is increased when the contour of said waveform corresponding to inspiration deviates from a substantially sinusoidal shape.
7. An apparatus for the treatment of patient airway obstruction, comprising an air source arranged for directing airflow to a patient and establishing an initial level of continuous positive airway pressure to the patient, a flow sensor to sense airflow to the patient, a signal processor operatively connected to said flow sensor for defining an inspiratory waveform contour of said airflow to the patient, and a controller operatively connected to said signal processor, wherein said signal processor further having means for determining the presence or absence of patient airway obstruction from said inspiratory waveform contour, and said controller having means for adjusting the pressure to the patient in response to the determination by said signal processor of the presence or absence of upper airway obstruction.
8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein said controller further comprises means for increasing the pressure to the patient in response to a determination by said signal processor of the presence of patient airway obstruction for a predetermined duration, and said controller further having means for decreasing the pressure to the patient in response to a determination by said signal processor of the absence of patient airway obstruction for a predetermined duration.
9. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein said signal processor further comprises means for determining the presence of patient airway obstruction when the contour of said waveform corresponding to inspiration includes a plateau.
10. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein said signal processor further comprises means for determining the presence of patient airway obstruction when a portion of the contour of said waveform corresponding to inspiration is flattened.
11. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein said signal processor further comprises means for determining the presence of patient airway obstruction when the contour of said waveform corresponding to inspiration deviates from a substantially sinusoidal shape.
means responsive to the inspiratory waveform contour for adjusting said pressure to the patient.
13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein said means responsive to the inspiratory waveform contour has means for increasing said pressure when said inspiratory waveform contour indicates patient airway obstruction, and for decreasing said pressure when said inspiratory waveform contour does not indicate patient airway obstruction.
ES93911172T ES2180544T3 (en) 1992-05-07 1993-05-07 Apparatus for treating apnea with adjustable expiratory pressure.
DE0639088T DE639088T1 (en) 1992-05-07 1993-05-07 Treatment of respiratory arrest by means of an adjustable, positive airway pressure.
"Development And Application Of An Automatic Nasal CPAP Calibration Procedure For Use In The Unsupervised Home Environment", L. E. Miles et al., Sleep Research 21, 1992, p. 352.
"Digital Computation & Numerical Methods", Southworth, McGraw-Hill Co., 1965, pp. 6-10.
"Induction of upper airway occlusion in sleeping individuals with subatmospheric nasal pressure", Schwartz et al., Journal of Applied Physiology, 1988, 64, pp. 535-542.
"Reversal of Obstructive Sleep Apnea by Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Applied Through the Nares", Sullivan et al., Lancet, 1981, 1.862-865.
"Reversal of the `Pickwickian Syndrome` By Long-Term Use of Nocturnal Nasal-Airway Pressure"; Rapoport et al., New England Journal of Medicine, Oct. 7, 1982.
"Sleep Apnea-Diagnosis and Treatment", Topics in Primary Care Medicine, The Western Journal of Medicine, Aug. 1986; 145:248-250.
"Techniques For Administering Nasal CPAP", Rapoport, Respiratory Management, Jul./Aug. 1987, pp. 18-21.
"Therapeutic Options For Obstructive Sleep Apnea" Garay, Respiratory Management, Jul./Aug., 1987, pp. 11-15.
"Unattended CPAP Titration: Toward A Smart Machine", C. Guilleminault et al., Sleep Research 21, 1992, p. 342.
"Ventilators", DuBois, CV Mosby Co., 1986, pp. 107-117.
Sleep and Respiration, pp. 261-271, 1990 Wiley-Liss. Inc. Remmers J. E., Launois S. Feroah, T, Whitelaw Wash.
Owner name: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, A NY CORP.


text:
Church & State Magazine
Expert Witness: Glenn Branch Of The National Center For Science Education Reflects On The Pa. Intelligent Design Trial
December 2020 Church & State Magazine | Featured
by Rebecca Rifkind-Brown
Editor's Note: Glenn Branch is deputy director of the National Center for Science Education (NCSE) in Oakland, Calif. Branch has been with NCSE, which works to defend sound science education in public schools, since 1999 and has served as deputy director since 2002. Before joining NCSE, he was a graduate student in philosophy at the University of California-Los Angeles, where he won prizes for scholarship and teaching.
In this interview with Rebecca Rifkind-Brown, Branch shares some reflections on the Kitzmiller v. Dover case and where sound science education stands today.
Q. On Dec. 20, we are going to celebrate the 15th anniversary of the victory in Kitzmiller v. Dover. What do you think has been this case's most enduring legacy over the last decade and a half?
Branch: Kitzmiller was, as NCSE's former executive director (and current Americans United trustee) Eugenie C. Scott recently observed, the last gasp of the creationist strategy of balancing the teaching of evolution with the teaching of a creationist alternative. The strategy started taking form in the late 1960s, after the Scopes-era bans on teaching evolution were legislatively repealed (as in Tennessee) or struck down as unconstitutional (as in Arkansas and Mississippi).
What ensued was a series of attempts to require the teaching of various supposed alternatives to evolution – biblical creationism, creation science, intelligent design – for the ostensible sake of balance. Over time these became less and less overtly religious and more and more vague, but their underlying creationism was always visible, especially through the scrutiny of a federal court. Since Kitzmiller, formal attempts to balance the teaching of evolution have been increasingly rare.
Q. The plaintiffs in Kitzmiller were represented by Americans United, the ACLU of Pennsylvania and Pepper Hamilton LLP. What was NCSE's specific role in the case?
Branch: After the Dover Area School Board voted in October 2004 to adopt a policy requiring students to "be made aware of gaps/problems in Darwin's theory and of other theories of evolution including, but not limited to, intelligent design," concerned local parents started to seek legal advice. NCSE helped to coordinate the organization of the legal team that would represent 11 of these parents, including Tammy Kitzmiller, and to recruit Pepper Hamilton LLP, one of the state's largest private law firms.
NCSE then worked closely with the legal team both before and during the trial, with one staff member, Nick Matzke, spending over a year working virtually full-time and non-stop on the case. NCSE's familiarity with the creationist movement was a definitive asset to the plaintiffs, enabling their legal team to anticipate and challenge the likely claims of the defendants' expert witnesses. And the plaintiffs' expert witnesses – who proved to be remarkably effective on the stand – were selected largely by NCSE. Three of them (Brian Alters, Barbara Forrest and Kevin Padian) were then serving on NCSE's board of directors, and a fourth (Kenneth R. Miller) is currently the board's president.
Q. Are there any specific memories you have about the case that stand out?
Branch: There was the rush of Schadenfreude in October 2005, a month into the trial, when the chief lawyer for the defendants, Richard Thompson of the far-right Thomas More Law Center, squabbled with Mark Ryland, a representative of the Discovery Institute, the de facto institutional headquarters of the intelligent design movement, on national television.
During the course of the discussion, Ryland claimed that the Discovery Institute had "never set out to have school boards" teach intelligent design. He was swiftly corrected by Thompson, who held up a copy of a book entitled Intelligent Design in Public School Science Curriculum: A Guidebook, and quoted a passage from it that said, "school boards have the authority to permit, and even encourage, teaching about design theory as an alternative to Darwinian evolution – and this includes the use of textbooks such as Of Pandas and People that present evidence for the theory of intelligent design."
The guidebook had been coauthored by members of the Discovery Institute, including the director of its intelligent design division, Stephen C. Meyer. Asked for comment, the biologist Kenneth R. Miller (then serving as an expert witness for the plaintiffs) jokingly demurred, saying, "Do we have to? I'm really enjoying this."
From the trial proper, the testimony of Fred Callahan, one of the plaintiffs, was especially moving. Dover is a small town, and its social fabric was tattered and torn by the actions of the school board. Tempers were high, and cross words were exchanged; there even were threats against the plaintiffs. On the stand, Callahan testified that he and his fellow plaintiffs had been publicly vilified as intolerant. "Well," he asked quietly, "what am I supposed to tolerate? A small encroachment on my First Amendment rights?" He answered: "Well, I'm not going to." So powerful a statement was this that it is no wonder that it was quoted verbatim at the beginning of the closing statement for the plaintiffs.
Q. The school board in Dover made the decision to advocate for the teaching of intelligent design in the school district's science classes. How did intelligent design evolve from the teaching of creationism and how are these concepts associated?
Branch: Intelligent design is not so much a coherent view as it is a branding strategy for creationism in general. It emerged with a couple of religious organizations in Texas in the early 1980s. Hoping to become a credible rival to the Institute for Creation Research, then the dominant voice for creationism in the United States, these organizations started work on what would become Of Pandas and People (published in 1989), intended for use as a supplementary textbook in high school biology classes. Of Pandas and People sought to maintain neutrality about issues that divide creationists, such as the age of the earth, while mounting a sustained, and scientifically unwarranted, attack on the evidence for evolution.
It was Of Pandas and People that the Dover Area School Board saw fit to commend to the attention of its high school students in a disclaimer statement adopted pursuant to the October 2004 policy. During the trial, it was revealed that terms like "creation" in drafts of Of Pandas and People were replaced with terms like "design" in the published version, with the replacement occurring in the wake of the Supreme Court's 1987 decision in Edwards v. Aguillard that teaching creationism in the public schools is unconstitutional. Not presented during the trial – although it was tempting! – was the occurrence of a transitional form in one draft, caused by a faulty search-and-replace: "cdesign proponentists."
Q. A recent study has shown a decrease in the number of public high school biology teachers promoting creationism in the last decade, yet there is still a minority who continue to advocate their religious viewpoints instead of scientific fact. How does NCSE continue the fight for the separation of science education and religion in our public schools?
Branch: Let me blow my own horn first by observing that the study you allude to was conducted by NCSE with Eric Plutzer of Penn State! We found that between 2007 and 2019, the percentage of public high school biology teachers endorsing creationism in their classrooms dropped from 31.6 percent to 17.6 percent. Part of the reason for that seems to be a generational shift: 16 percent of the teachers in 2007 were themselves creationists, while only 10.5 percent of the teachers in 2019, and only 7 percent of the teachers who began teaching after 2007, were creationists. But part of the reason for the drop is the generally improved treatment of evolution in state science standards, which have a huge influence on what's actually taught in the public school science classroom.
NCSE works to rally support for improved treatment of evolution, climate change and the nature of science in state science standards when they're under revision. Similarly, NCSE also works to rally opposition to proposed state legislation and district policies, such as Dover's, that would undermine the teaching of such topics in the classroom. In addition to such wholesale work, we also do a lot of retail work. This includes helping individual teachers, students, and citizens in general facing challenges to the teaching of science in their own community; preparing and disseminating model lesson plans on these socially but not scientifically controversial topics; and aiding informal science education efforts, especially in "science deserts," to develop relevant exhibits and activities.
Q. What steps are necessary to take to ensure that all students get a science education based on facts? Are you optimistic about the future for the separation of church and state in our public education system?
Branch: Recent shifts on the federal judiciary are a cause for concern about the future of the separation of church and state in general, and in particular two recent appointments to the federal judiciary – Steven Grasz on the 8th U.S. Circuit and Lawrence VanDyke on the 9th Circuit – bring a history of sympathy for creationism with them to the bench. So we're definitely not out of the creationist woods yet. The 15 years since Kitzmiller v. Dover certainly show that progress is possible. But it isn't guaranteed. It takes the concerted vigilance and effort of parents, teachers, administrators, policymakers, activists, attorneys and citizens in general to ensure that teachers are empowered to teach about evolution honestly, accurately and completely – and without interference from the misguided foes of evolution.
Q. NCSE monitors proposed legislation in state legislatures. What form has this typically taken after Kitzmiller?
Branch: The successor to the creationist balancing strategy is the belittling strategy – requiring or allowing teachers to misrepresent evolution as scientifically controversial, as a theory in crisis, supposedly in special need of critical analysis or examination of its "weaknesses" as well as its strengths.
At least 80 bills have been introduced since 2004 proposing versions of the belittling strategy, with three enacted (in Mississippi in 2006, Louisiana in 2008 and Tennessee in 2012).
During the same period, bills to require or allow the teaching of creationism have occasionally appeared, despite the court decisions on the unconstitutionality of their provisions, but these are increasingly rare. NCSE and Americans United have collaborated to oppose such bills whenever and wherever they arise – and doubtless will continue to do so.
NCSE
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Auckland local Joel Thrupp has been tinting windows for over a decade.
In 2010, he started Tint-It as an owner-operator working all over Auckland, servicing everyone from residential homes down the road to Auckland's biggest businesses. Joel's still hands-on with the business and regularly calls out to clients to quote and complete work. And while the company's grown and can handle commercial work of any scale, the team still enjoys popping into residential homes around Auckland for smaller jobs.
The whole team's fully trained with years of experience, and are dedicated to providing the best possible customer service, whether they're tinting an entire office building or frosting a bathroom window at someone's home. That means every job they do is always completed to the highest standard, using the best quality films (complete with manufacturer warranties).
Joel is the man in charge and the business owner here at Tint-It. He's got well over a decade of tinting experience and knows his way around a window better than most. His dedication to customer satisfaction and providing top-notch service has seen Tint-It go from a one man band to one of the most reputable and widely used window tinters in Auckland. Joel's loves where Tinit-It is at at the moment – big enough to handle commercial clients, but still small and local enough to offer personalised, friendly service.
Steven is Tint-It's workshop manager.
He oversees everything at Tint-It's fully kitted out tinting warehouse in Auckland's North Shore, making sure everything's up to his high standards. Just like Joel, he has over a decade's experience tinting windows.


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• Appeal remains in the eye– Utilize a consistent color taste buds. Make sure the principle and color scheme match across the board if you have marketing or banners that connect visitors to your site. It's likewise a great visual indication for the visitor since they can quickly determine that they're still in the best location.
Before you design the landing page, choose what the objective of the page will be. The objective will be to have the visitor enter their info and end up being a member of your mailing list if you're looking for newsletter subscribers.
Do your research. Keep your visitors in mind when building your landing page and tailor it to match their requirements. By narrowing your choices and concentrating on your visitor, you'll remain on target.
A call to action, such as 'subscribe now' or 'get this offer' advises the visitor why they are on your site. Place them towards the top of your page. For usages that wish to click, it permits them to discover it easily. For those who are still deciding, it's a terrific suggestion.
Many websites put the consultation kind or contact kind directly on the landing page, which may not be such a bad idea. Once again, you require glaring calls to action. Do not include several useless links on the page that will take the visitor back to your main site; rather consist of the links that will get them to in fact purchase your product/service.
No, you do not need to hire one to look like one. What's the very best method to come off like a professional? Produce landing pages with no grammatical or spelling mistakes. I just recently hit a website offering 'discount holideys.' As I clicked out of there, I pictured the four-star flea-bag motel by the swampland I might have reserved if I stayed.


1Sa 7 | KJV | STEP | And the men of Kirjath–jearim came , and fetched up the ark of the Lord , and brought it into the house of Abinadab in the hill , and sanctified Eleazar his son to keep the ark of the Lord .
1 And the men of Kirjath–jearim came, and fetched up the ark of the Lord, and brought it into the house of Abinadab in the hill, and sanctified Eleazar his son to keep the ark of the Lord. 2 And it came to pass, while the ark abode in Kirjath–jearim, that the time was long; for it was twenty years: and all the house of Israel lamented after the Lord.


Work has started on an additional seven commercial units at Lincoln Enterprise Park on the A46 near Thorpe on the Hill, which is set to boost to Lincoln's economy.
The extension to the industrial park will provide much needed commercial space for new start up businesses and is expected to be completed by December 2015.
The park is already home to 13 businesses including Maher Millard Construction, which has been contracted to build the new development.
Of the seven units, costing £85,000 and each measuring 975 sq ft, five have already been sold off-plan.
Nick Falkinder, Director of LEP Developments, which owns the park, said: "We're offering businesses a rare opportunity to acquire a freehold commercial property on the outskirts of Lincoln which will bring investment and new jobs into the county.
"These mixed-use units have been specifically designed for small or start-up businesses and can be used for workshop, office or storage space.
"Surveys have shown that start-ups have been growing in record numbers during the first quarter of 2015 and we've received a lot of interest already from businesses looking to buy their own premises.
"However, investors looking to purchase and then lease a commercial property have also been in touch so there could also be units available to rent.


Three Macomb Community College faculty members are recipients of the 2019 National Institute for Staff and Organizational Development (NISOD) Excellence Award, which recognizes community and technical college educators who have demonstrated an outstanding commitment and contribution to their students and colleagues.
The winning faculty include Deborah Brown, of Roseville, a certified nursing assistant program instructor; Jonathan Oakes, of Roseville, a mathematics professor; and Felecia Bennett-Clark, of Detroit, a political science instructor.
To be eligible, faculty members must submit an essay detailing their teaching philosophy and receive a recommendation from the dean in their academic area. Nominations are then sent to NISOD, which is a membership organization committed to promoting and celebrating excellence in teaching, learning and leadership at community and technical colleges.
Macomb has participated in the NISOD Excellence Awards since 1992. Since then, 136 awards have been granted to Macomb faculty. This year, more than 700 educators nationwide were recognized with NISOD Excellence Awards.


things have been pretty puny around here the past few days...mama is sick as a dog.
although, i can't remember the last time i was this down and out.
the job of being a mom surely doesn't stop when you're sick, but i've been getting lots of help from my matt and our mamas...finding pockets of rest here and there...and enjoying the novelty of bed head hair so tangled that it seems to stay in a ponytail even when i take the rubber band out.
so this is what my week looks like...terrible tasting herbs and lots of warm drinks and itching and itching to feel better so i can get my face close to my two little ones and smooch them silly.
please get better soon ! :) love the pic of the bee with papa!
I hope you feel better soon,Miss Katie!
awe. hope you feel better!
Only you can make a sick day look so so glamorous.
I hope you feel better! I have to agree with sundaymorningsugar.com, your sick day look so good!
I hope you feel better soon! I love the flowers in the oatmeal canister and Matt and Phoebe look so sweet together.
Pretty impressed that you had the energy or motivation to even post this when feeling lousy. Hope you feel better soon.
Only you could make a sick day look that pretty. Get well soon.
seems like you have some good remedies happening! feel better!
Such a pretty post for someone who is feeling so stinky!
I totally feel your pain. I recently had bronchitis (after my girls had pneumonia back to back). I was laid out for almost a week. It was exhausting. Hang in there!
i've been sick a couple of times since margo arrived... and it is the WORST! i'm so sorry, girl. feel better soon.
Mommy being down and out is always the worst kind of sick. No SMOOCHES?!? I hope you are on the mend and can give those babies kisses soon.
Aww, even when you're sick you're able to pull together a gorgeous post. Here's wishing you're all better soon.
that picture of matt and phoebe sue...good gracious. also, would be curious to hear more about the herbs you take and why? it is something i have been thinking about more and more recently and i would love to hear your reasons/experience, etc..
It looks like you have a plan of attack to beat back illness. The picture of Matt and Phoebe is the best.
I am so impressed: you seem to be able to make even sick days look beautiful. Meanwhile... I hope you feel better soon!
in love with this post, being sick is the worst feeling. Echinacea always helps my colds, and green goddess smoothies from bolthouse : ) I hope that helps!
It's wonderful that you're surrounded by supportive people to help you with your kids. Hope you feel better soon!
the ponytail bit made me giggle--- i'm the worst friend! i've been sick too! fingers crossed you're up and at 'em soon!!!
i just had a sick day today also! these pictures are so lovely and perfectly showing your day!
Hope you are feeling all better very soon Katie!
Some how you just make it look so beautiful and romantic! I LOVE your pictures!! It is a real delight to stop in here.
Simply marvelous!! loved your blog.
Lovely photos as usual! I might just have to go out and buy some steel cut oats now...not for the oats but for the can!!
oh you poor thing, great post tho!
you make being sick look beautiful. nonetheless, get well soon.
definitely your newest follower! i've flipped through so many pages on your blog and i have to say that i love it! i wish we cold be bff's! i hope you feel better!
i am so sorry you're so sick!
but your photos are as gorgeous as ever. that one of Matt and Phoebe?!?! i die!!
This is a pretty sick day post! You amaze me. I hope you're feeling better for the weekend.
How is it you can make even a sick day look graceful? Feel better!
Hope you're feeling better! I wanted to ask you what herbs you have there and are the liquids a tincture you made yourself? I remember once before when you were sick mentioning herbs and you've got me interested in your methods.
Wow! What a beautiful sick day! I didn't even know that was possible! Not may people can make sick look good! Hope you feel better soon!
Oh Katie, I'm sick too.. can't stop going for naps! Trying to fight it with ginger & garlic but I'm not winning! What are you using? Hope you feel better soon.
katie! you even make a sick day beautiful... hope you are feeling better.
we have had two colds in three weeks! but they have been short and decidedly better than the colds that go on and on for three weeks. it always happens to me as well with the change of the seasons. feel better!
This is the sweetest sick post I've ever seen. Hope you are feeling much better now!


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You are here: Home / HC3 Blog / Social & Behavior Change Communication / Two-way, Not One-way Communication: Why Dialogue Should Be Included in...
Two-way, Not One-way Communication: Why Dialogue Should Be Included in Health Programs
January 6, 2014 /0 Comments/in Social & Behavior Change Communication /by Emily LeRoux-Rutledge | Internews Consultant, PhD Candidate, London School of Economics
Written by: Emily LeRoux-Rutledge | Internews Consultant, PhD Candidate, London School of Economics on January 6, 2014
Listeners of an Internews-supported radio station in South Sudan
On a hot, dry day in a village in the North of South Sudan, ten Dinka-speaking women are sitting under a tree listening to the radio. A local midwife on the radio is trying to debunk the traditional belief in ruaak.
Ruaak dictates that if you become sick while pregnant, it is because you have not confessed to your pre-marital sexual relationships.
"If you are pregnant, and you have a fever… then people will say that you are suffering from ruaak," explains the midwife, "… each and every aunt of yours will be coming and saying 'my daughter, please confess this ruaak of yours so that you can be free.' But what you are suffering from is malaria… You will die, leaving people saying that ruaak killed you."
At the end of the program, discussion ensues. The women under the tree begin to debate the midwife's words.
"All that she said is true," one woman claims, "We appreciate her."
"A long time ago, the reason they were saying there was ruaak was to scare the girls so that they didn't play around…," another woman reflects. "It's like they were controlling girls."
But not everyone agrees with the midwife. "When I was young," says another woman, "there was a girl who was living in the same village as me. The girl slept with her uncle. She gave birth to a baby who was sick. The baby passed away, and the mother was suffering from very bad diarrhoea… She asked the people, 'if I confess to you, will I survive?' The people said 'yes, if you confess, then you will survive.' She confessed to the people. After confessing, the diarrhoea stopped… For those who are saying that diarrhoea is being brought by malaria, why does it stop when someone confesses their ruaak? That's what I want to know."
The women discuss further. At the end of the conversation, they agree: ruaak does indeed exist; the midwife on the radio is wrong.
The importance of dialogue
This example demonstrates what health communicators and social psychologists have known for many years – that providing information is not enough.
"Learning doesn't happen through an information injection," says Professor Catherine Campbell, founder of the Health, Community and Development program at the London School of Economics. "It happens through dialogue."
Dialogue means two-way communication. Yet, when we use the media for Social and Behaviour Change Communication (SBCC) – to increase knowledge, change attitudes or shift social norms – the communication is often one-way. We ask ourselves, 'How can we persuade?' rather than, 'How can we listen?'
Incorporating dialogue into health communication
Some might say that conducting audience research, or setting up listening clubs, solicits the views of audience members and gives them opportunity for dialogue – and this is true. But not all audience members have the opportunity to participate in research or listening clubs, and most audience members will never hear the dialogue that takes place in such fora. Why not allow the dialogue into the media, foregrounding the voices of the very people whose health is at risk? This can be done in a variety of ways, including on-air group discussions, call-in programs, and debates.
To some health communicators, this may seem radical. It means that health experts could lose control of the message. It means that factually inaccurate health information could be disseminated to millions of people.
Why should we do this? Because the dialogue is taking place anyway; and it is through dialogue that people are making up their minds. By listening, as well as talking, health communicators can help facilitate the conversation, better understand the debate, bring the voices of the marginalised to the ears of the powerful and take advantage of the opportunity to challenge information that contradicts their views.
There is the potential for the media to act as change agent, but it should recognize that at the end of the day, people will make up their own minds. The best way to get them to make up their minds in ways that facilitate healthier behaviours is to build health-enabling communities, where people themselves participate in the process of change.
https://healthcommcapacity.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/emily2.jpg 332 702 Emily LeRoux-Rutledge | Internews Consultant, PhD Candidate, London School of Economics https://healthcommcapacity.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/HC3logo285px.jpg Emily LeRoux-Rutledge | Internews Consultant, PhD Candidate, London School of Economics2014-01-06 20:22:462014-04-02 15:25:26Two-way, Not One-way Communication: Why Dialogue Should Be Included in Health Programs
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Continuing the Conversation on Gaming Capacity Strengthening – Yours and Everyone Else's


When I was little I would often dream of flying. I remember the sensation vividly: as if my life depended on it I would energetically flap my outstretched arms like they were feathered wings. Yet somehow I was able to always remain aloft, just enough! just barely! sometimes only a few inches, but enough to escape the maddened crowd of people that pursued me from down below, angry because I could escape whatever they couldn't.
This childhood dream came to me often. So often that I grew accustomed to the sensation of flying. It didn't seem weird, or so very out of reach, to be able to keep aloft of the trials and tribulations of the anger, fear-riddled crowd so desperately wanting to pull me down to them. What they would have done to me, I never discovered. My only concern was to work as hard as I could, flap my non-winged arms, sweat buckets, and make sure I kept out of reach from their eager, unfriendly hands. That was my only mission in those flying dreams.
These dreams were a precursor for what my adult life would be. Often I find myself working really hard to stay in that state of interconnectedness I've found, and fostered, throughout the years. How did I find this inner state? By first discovering it (in a book: The Prophet by Kahlil Gibran), and then pursuing various methods and numerous teachers, until I finally found how I could sustain that inner state of being-in-tune with the magical-flow-of-life. I was fortunate because my journey inevitably brought me to the teacher that was perfect for me, at the exact same time I was ready—really ready—to give up the other, dumber choices I was actively investigating: thoughtless action, mindless serendipity, leaf-in-the-wind decision-making, heavy-duty partying, All that got me nowhere. But when the right teacher came into my radar screen, I recognized what she brought: Truth.
Have you discovered your teacher yet?


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Dendryphantes purcelli är en spindelart som beskrevs av George William Peckham och Elizabeth Maria Gifford Peckham 1903. Dendryphantes purcelli ingår i släktet Dendryphantes och familjen hoppspindlar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Hoppspindlar
purcelli

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


aka, Why is so much wrong with you?
A friend recently asked me "Why is there so much wrong with you?" Well, not a very polite way to put the question :) but anyway, here goes.
I have some allergies. Specifically, bee stings, ant bites, onions, berries, aspartame, penicillin, aspirin, and sulfur/sulfonamides, as well as a bunch of environmental stuff. Plus, a mild nickel/metal allergy that means jewelery is irritating and I can only wear non-gold/silver/titanium earrings for a few hours at a time. Now, allergies and asthma are caused by the same things. So, that explains that sniffling/sneezing and asthma. As for the more specific allergies, I have some vague theories. For example, I know I'm allergic to sulfur. So being allergic to drugs that contain sulfur or sulfonamides makes sense. Onions have a compound containing sulfur. As does aspirin. I think my sinus issues come from this place, as well. My skin is insanely sensitive. I believe this comes from the same chemical sensitivity that causes my other allergies. So, that's what that's about.
I have some hearing loss, caused by chronic ear infections.* There was something weird about my head not growing properly (when you are a kid you get ear aches 'cause your ear canal is shaped differently. As you grow, the shape changes and ear infections stop happening. This normally happens around 5 but didn't happen for me until I was around 14ish, which is why I had frequent ear infections until then. I don't know why this change didn't happen to me earlier, but maybe it's linked in some way to the fact that I still have some baby teeth. Seems my whole head just didn't mature very quickly :) ) I also get severely car sick. Car sickness is a middle ear disturbance, quite likely related to the middle ear infections. So, that's what that's about.
I'm face blind. I also have very poor vision, I'm legally blind w/ out my glasses. Neither of these seem to be linked to anything else.
Depression/PTSD - due to some violent assaults, I suffer from PTSD. I take medication to control this and my clinical depression. I also have chronic insomnia and social anxiety disorder. These things are all related. I'm very clumsy. I feel 100% this is linked to the PTSD, which causes an enhanced flight-or-fight response - I'm clumsy because I am always ODing on adrenaline.
I have all sorts of headaches. Migraines, tension headaches, and CPH. When my sinuses are giving me trouble, I get sinus headaches. I don't know if all the different headaches stem from the same place or what. My mother had migraines, and there is a genetic link.
I have another chronic condition that I don't like to talk about or name. But it causes many various symptoms, everything from dry skin (my skin gets so dry it flakes off in patches and my lips crack) to fingernails and hair that won't grow or breaks/rips easily, to anemia, to shaking, bruising easily, all the way to liver, kidney, pancreas and heart damage. I throw up a lot. I have frequently tummy aches that means a lot of time in the bathroom. I get random dizzy spells, nausea, fatigue, etc. The majority of the "not feeling well" stuff is from this.
Then there are the meds I take for this, and for the CPH, depression and other things. My meds are a balancing act. One raises my blood pressure. I then need something to lower my blood pressure. One helps my pancreas and damages my liver. I need something to help my liver repair itself. This causes kidney strain. I take pain meds and sleeping pills, more liver issues. I take tons of stuff every day, to combat everything from insomnia to nausea. And everything causes it's own fun little side effects.
I have restless leg syndrome. This appears to be linked to none of my other issues. Nor does my shy bladder. I have 2 bad shoulders, these are easy to explain, they were dislocated several times when I was a child.
* I found out a couple of years ago that my hearing loss was almost certainly caused by repeated blows to the head. The doctors who looked at me thought it was so obvious it was ludicrous I didn't know. I believed what my parents and childhood doctors had told me. In this little history I didn't really get into all the physical injuries I still have because of my abusive parents. I have trouble sitting for more than a couple of hours because both my hips were dislocated and my pelvis broken when I was sexually assaulted (this also left me unable to have children, which is good, because I have NEVER wanted children). My right knee was injured (in an actual accident) and required surgery. Less than a week after the surgery, my step-father hit me, very deliberately, across that knee with a broom. It has not recovered. I've had broken ribs, I can't turn my neck very far either direction, I have very limited range of motion in my shoulders because they were frequently dislocated. Several broken bones, but those don't seem to have any lasting effects, I can't even predict the weather.


A general advising and financial aid center will be available to students and their families to answer specific questions regarding the college admission process and financial aid.
For more information, please visit the Hawaii Association for College Admission Counseling website at www.hawaiiacac.org, or email HawaiiACAC@gmail.com.
Congresswoman Tulsi Gabbard (HI-02) today released the names and photos of her nominations to the U.S. Military Service Academies for classes entering Summer 2017. After an exhaustive application and interview process, she nominated twenty-two students from across Hawaii's Second Congressional District. Their applications are now being considered for final selection by the United States Military Academy at West Point, the United States Naval Academy, and the United States Air Force Academy.
"Across Hawaiʻi, high school seniors will soon begin gearing up for graduation, summer plans, and either beginning college, serving in our military, or entering the work force. A select few will be enrolling in one of the U.S. Military Service Academies, and I've had the privilege and great responsibility of nominating twenty-two phenomenal applicants to represent our Aloha State in service to our country. I wish each of these nominees the very best in the final weeks of the selection process and in their promising futures," said Congresswoman Tulsi Gabbard.
The nomination application period opens May 15th of each year for candidates who are high school juniors and will be seniors the following school year, or who have already graduated. Nomination does not guarantee an appointment. The honor of attending a Military Service Academy comes with the obligation and commitment to serve in the military for a minimum of five years upon graduation. More information about the nominations process is available here.
The following students from Hawaii's Second Congressional District were nominated by Congresswoman Tulsi Gabbard to the corresponding military academy / academies below (photo available for download by clicking the nominee's name).
The Department of the Interior announced that through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's (FWS) Cooperative Recovery Initiative (CRI) more than $3.74 million is being committed to nine projects on 12 national wildlife refuges across 12 states to help recover some of the nation's most at-risk species on or near national wildlife refuges.
A project team will expand the endangered masked bobwhite population by creating a captive population in a rearing facility at the Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge in Arizona and establish a second captive population and biosecurity program at Sutton Avian Research Center.