text:
import request = require('superagent');
import Response = request.Response;
import { ExchangeAuthConfig } from '../AuthConfig';
import { getSignature, handleResponse } from '../utils';

const API_URL = 'https://api.bitfinex.com';

export type BitfinexWallet = 'deposit' | 'exchange' | 'trading';
export type BitfinexSupportedCurrency = 'bitcoin' | 'ethereum' | 'litecoin' | 'mastercoin' | 'ethereumc' | 'zcash' | 'monero';
export type BitfinexOrderType = 'exchange market' | 'exchange limit' | 'exchange stop' | 'exchange trailing-stop' | 'exchange fill-or-kill' |
    'market' | 'limit' | 'stop' | 'trailing-stop' | 'fill-or-kill';

// ---------------------------------  API endpoint request and response interfaces -----------------------------------//
export interface BitfinexOrderRequest {
    product_id: string;
    size: string;
    price: string;
    side: string;
    type: BitfinexOrderType;
    post_only?: boolean;
    is_hidden?: boolean;
    ocoorder?: boolean;
    buy_price_oco?: string;
}

export interface BitfinexDepositRequest {
    method: BitfinexSupportedCurrency;
    wallet_name: BitfinexWallet;
    renew: number;
}

export interface BitfinexResult {
    result: string;
}

export interface BitfinexSuccessfulOrderExecution {
    id: number;
    symbol: string;
    exchange: string;
    price: string;
    avg_execution_price: string;
    side: 'buy' | 'sell';
    type: string;
    timestamp: string;
    is_live: boolean;
    is_cancelled: boolean;
    is_hidden: boolean;
    was_forced: boolean;
    original_amount: string;
    remaining_amount: string;
    executed_amount: string;
}

export interface BitfinexBalance {
    type: BitfinexWallet;
    currency: string;
    amount: string;
    available: string;
}

// ---------------------------------------  API authenticated function calls  ----------------------------------------//

function authRequest(auth: ExchangeAuthConfig, options: any): Promise<Response> {
    // build payload
    const payload = {
        request: options.path,
        nonce: Date.now().toString()
    };
    if (options.fields) {
        Object.assign(payload, options.fields);
        // don't leak request parameters in request object
        delete options.fields;
    }
    const b64Payload = new Buffer(JSON.stringify(payload)).toString('base64');
    // all authenticated api calls require a signature
    const sig = getSignature(auth, b64Payload, 'sha384');
    // all authenticated api calls require headers
    const headers = {
        'X-BFX-APIKEY': auth.key,
        'X-BFX-PAYLOAD': b64Payload,
        'X-BFX-SIGNATURE': sig
    };
    // make the request
    return request.post(API_URL + options.path)
        .set(headers)
        .send(b64Payload);
}

export function loadAccountInfo(auth: ExchangeAuthConfig): Promise<any> {
    const req =  authRequest(auth, { path: '/v1/account_infos' });
    return handleResponse<any>(req, {});
}

export function loadBalances(auth: ExchangeAuthConfig): Promise<BitfinexBalance[]> {
    const req = authRequest(auth, { path: '/v1/balances' });
    return handleResponse<BitfinexBalance[]>(req, {});
}

/**
 * Place a trade order on Bitfinex
 *
 * @param auth
 * @param order
 */
export function placeOrder(auth: ExchangeAuthConfig, order: BitfinexOrderRequest): Promise<BitfinexSuccessfulOrderExecution> {
    const fields: any = {
        symbol: order.product_id,
        amount: order.size,
        price: order.price,
        exchange: 'bitfinex',
        side: order.side,
        type: order.type,
        is_hidden: !!order.is_hidden,
        is_postonly: !!order.post_only,
        ocoorder: !!order.ocoorder
    };
    if (fields.ocoorder) {
        fields.buy_price_oco = order.buy_price_oco;
    }
    const req = authRequest(auth, { path: '/v1/order/new', fields: fields });
    return handleResponse<BitfinexSuccessfulOrderExecution>(req, {order: fields});
}

export function cancelOrder(auth: ExchangeAuthConfig, orderId: number): Promise<BitfinexSuccessfulOrderExecution> {
    const fields = {
        order_id: orderId
    };
    const req = authRequest(auth, { path: '/v1/order/cancel', fields: fields });
    return handleResponse<BitfinexSuccessfulOrderExecution>(req, {order_id: orderId});
}

export function orderStatus(auth: ExchangeAuthConfig, orderId: number) {
    const fields = {
        order_id: orderId
    };
    const req = authRequest(auth, { path: '/v1/order/status', fields: fields });
    return handleResponse<BitfinexSuccessfulOrderExecution>(req, {order_id: orderId});
}

export function activeOrders(auth: ExchangeAuthConfig) {
    const req = authRequest(auth, { path: '/v1/orders' });
    return handleResponse<BitfinexSuccessfulOrderExecution[]>(req, {});
}

export function cancelAllOrders(auth: ExchangeAuthConfig) {
    const req = authRequest(auth, { path: '/v1/order/cancel/all' });
    return handleResponse<BitfinexResult>(req, {});
}

/**
 * Gets a deposit address for the given wallet and currency
 * @param auth
 * @param details
 */
export function getAddress(auth: ExchangeAuthConfig, details: BitfinexDepositRequest): Promise<Response> {
    return authRequest(auth, { path: '/v1/deposit/new', fields: details });
}

export interface BitfinexWithdrawRequest {
    withdraw_type: BitfinexSupportedCurrency;
    amount: string;
    address: string;
    walletselected: BitfinexWallet;
}

/**
 * Request a cryptocurrency withdrawal to the given address
 * @param auth
 * @param details
 */
export function withdraw(auth: ExchangeAuthConfig, details: BitfinexWithdrawRequest): Promise<Response> {
    return authRequest(auth, { path: '/v1/withdraw', fields: details });
}

export interface BitfinexTransferRequest {
    currency: string;
    amount: string;
    walletfrom: BitfinexWallet;
    walletto: BitfinexWallet;
}

export function transfer(auth: ExchangeAuthConfig, details: BitfinexTransferRequest) {
    return authRequest(auth, { path: '/v1/transfer', fields: details });
}

export function isBFWallet(id: string): id is BitfinexWallet {
    return id === 'deposit' || id === 'exchange' || id === 'trading';
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


We understand and fully support the whole idea of healthy city disclosed in the Ottawa Charter by the WHO, hereby genuinely commit ourselves to building a healthy city for all the city residents.
We recognize the power of local voice and action, and commit ourselves to building our city partnership on the basis of a mutually support system. Hand in hand, we work with the guidelines of the WHO Healthy Cities project to promote a healthier living environment.


text:
Official: Woman Charged in NYC Crash That Killed Broadway Actress' Kid, Unborn Baby Found Dead
Dorothy Bruns, 44, was found dead in her Staten Island home sometime Tuesday afternoon of an apparent suicide, a senior law enforcement official said
Published Nov 6, 2018 at 11:33 PM | Updated at 9:52 AM EST on Nov 7, 2018
Actress Hurt in Deadly Wreck After Driver Blows Red Light
//www.nbcnewyork.com/on-air/as-seen-on/Actress-Hurt-in-Deadly-Wreck-After-Driver-Blows-Red-Li_New-York-476063423.html
One of two injured mothers in Monday's deadly crash in Brooklyn that claimed the lives of the women's two young children is a Tony-winning actress who also appeared in the TV show "The Americans," a police source familiar with the investigation told NBC 4 New York. Lori Bordonaro reports. (Published Monday, March 11, 2019)
Dorothy Bruns, 44, was found dead in her NYC home sometime Tuesday afternoon of an apparent suicide, a senior law enforcement official said
Broadway star Ruthie Ann Miles was injured in the Brooklyn crash along with her friend; both of their young children were killed
Miles, who was expecting a baby girl with her husband Jonathan Blumenstein, lost the unborn baby due to injuries from the March crash
The woman charged in the Brooklyn crash that killed Broadway star Ruthie Ann Miles' young daughter and unborn child has died of an apparent suicide, a senior law enforcement official briefed on the case tells NBC 4 New York.
Dorothy Bruns, 44, was found dead in her Staten Island home Tuesday afternoon, the senior law enforcement official said. Authorities say pills and a note were found nearby.
Miles was walking with her friend and their two young children in Park Slope on March 5 when Bruns allegedly blew through a red light and plowed into the group, killing both children — Miles' daughter, Abigail, and the friend's 1-year-old son, Joshua. All four were found on the pavement with various injuries.
Miles' unborn daughter initially survived the crash, but the actress miscarried a month before she was due. The loss was related to injuries from the crash.
Bruns was eventually indicted in connection with the case; she was arrested at her Staten Island home May 3 on a 10-count indictment charging her with manslaughter, criminally negligent homicide, assault and other crimes. She had faced 15 years in jail.
Bruns told police at the time she had medical issues — and though her license had been suspended she had not been criminally charged in the case until about two months after the crash. Prosecutors said she had suffered a seizure at the time of the collision, and had been driving in direct defiance of a doctor's orders following a hospitalization less than eight weeks prior. That hospitalization stemmed from yet another car crash — that time into a parked vehicle.
Police are investigating Bruns' death, the senior law enforcement official said.
Pregnant Actress Who Survived Deadly Crash Loses Baby
Get the latest from NBC 4 New York anywhere, anytime
Follow NBC New York

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Murray said in a speech made ahead of an historic vote on Scottish independence to be held in just three weeks.
"I think it is impossible to be proud of the United Kingdom. I think when we invaded Iraq we did to the United Nations what Hitler and Mussolini did to the League of Nations," Murray added.
"It was at the same time, a month later, that we invaded Iraq against the will of the Security Council. Not just without the permission of the Security Council but in the full knowledge that if it had gone to the Security Council we would have been voted down,"the former diplomat said.
"I know for certain – as I used to be head of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office unit that monitored Iraqi weapons of mass destruction – I know for certain that they knew there weren't any. It wasn't a mistake, it was a lie," Murray concluded.


Are you a UBC graduate student, postdoc, or faculty member looking to increase the impact of your research? Join us for the Reading Week Research Impact Challenge, February 15-19, 2016, at Koerner Library.
In a competitive research landscape, researchers can no longer afford to just publish and hope for the best. To leave a mark, researchers have to take their impact into their own hands. But where to start? With so many …ways to share, promote, and discuss your research, it can be tough to know where to begin. Luckily, UBC Library is here to help.
If you're up to the challenge, we're confident that by the end of the week, your research will get a boost in exposure.
For more information and to register, visit the UBC Library Research Impact Challenge portal.
We look forward to working with you during these hands-on workshops!


I learned that in the past, people then was not lucky because, they need to work very hard for there life to be more easy. People then don't have air conditioner. And last, people then cannot travel around the country easy, because they need to use camel and canoe to transport and they transport very slow.
I would already know what to do and it will be more easier for me.
This iBook has many things about me that no one don't even know.I also did a heart map about me and it is at the ending of this book. It is also free to download.
This beautiful looking statue. I have used diamond shape and it was cool. I used black and grey for the color and I it smell very bad when I spray painted.
This week I the post MAP test, it was hard. I have done the reading and language map test. Today I'am doing math MAP test and I am scared I is going to be hard like the last two Map test I just did.
Last week Friday we watch the second presentation of all the peoples that have passed the first presentation, in the second presentation was boring and also I was sleepy because there was people in front of me and I cannot see anything in front of them. So I slept for the half of the presentation. And the next half I was playing around. Then I have heard about that everyone have got green cards except for one group that have yellow card.
After the presentation I went to the parade of every food in the world but there was least food then last year. After I got full, I open my backpack and I played with my Nintendo switch with my friends and we played Nintendo switch to 5 and a half PM and then I went home because it was on low battery.
My vacation at Cat Tien was great and wonderful. When I packed my suitcase I forgot my camera charger, because I woke up late, I was late for my bus. I felt embarrassed as I walked to my seat. Next, I was tired when I got out of the bus. When I heard I needed to go on a boat, I was frustrated. As I landed on land I ran toward for my cabin and put my things in order. I then ran to the restaurant for my lunch and then when I finished lunch, walked to my group for the activity. I've heard that these activity will be with the nature, then some girls in my group was scared and embarrassed of the insect crawling around the field where we sat. The teacher needed to push them down so they would sit down. The boy was laughing at Thuy Linh because she was shouting and was screaming too. I was very embarrassed because she is my cousin. When we were finished with the group activity I went to my cabin and then I changed my clothes and ate lunch. Then I got to go on a hike with my group at night. When I was walking I heard some noise and I was scared because we could not turn on any lights. Then I looked up to the sky and it was beautiful and dark too. We were at the end of the road so we needed to turn around and then we were at the starting place, I went back to my room to get things for bon fire. I took my camera to take pictures at the bon fire for my google drive photos. Then the next day I woke up and it was 5:40 because I wanted to go hearing the gibbons singing and it was loud and awesome too. Then we went back to my cabin and then I have waited until 7:00 AM. Then it was 6:55AM so I walked to the restaurant for my breakfast and have chosen banh mi with jam. It was not great but better than yesterday lunch.
Then I went to the primate center and it was fun becasue there were primates everywhere and they were swinging like a PRO parkour. Then I have met two women that will be my group guides.
It was fun and we had a lot of things to do like the group games, night safari and night hiking, primate rescue center, moon/ sun bear rescue center, and even bon fire. My best thing I did there was the bon fire, because there were roasting marshmallow, playing games with the teachers, and even singing. When it was breakfast I went to my room and got changed. Then I walked with my roommates to the restaurant and we ate the food we chose last week at school. When we were done eating we went to the primate center and we saw a lot of gibbons. We even saw a giant lizard too. There was a guider in our group and the guider was not there. So we walked straight to the head quarter and we were waiting, suddenly the guider came to the head quarter and saw us sitting and waiting. The guider was sorry and she though it must be 10:00am but my teachers said it was 9:30am. So the guider said ok ok, then she told us she was sorry and we told her it was not a problem. Then she told us about this place and then she walked us though why the primates are endangered. When she was finished she told us that now you could see the gibbons. She walked with us and then there were monkeys, a lizard, and last are the golden cheeked gibbons.
Then we went back to are cabins and waited to 11:30 so we could eat lunch. When we have done with lunch we got to play games with our teachers. There was this game we called Alaskan basket ball and group challenge. When we finished playing the games we had to do our work and it was searching living things in the area. The title of the page was called ecosystem.
Then we went back to our cabin and then we changed and we went back to the restaurant we ate lunch.
When we finally it was time to go home and I have gotten a good time with my friend and teachers now it time to go home.
We have got to make banh mi for departing from Cat Tien and even though we cannot eat it now, we still could eat it on the bus or the bus stop. When the bus was near the school I asked Ms.Chi that if I could borrow her phone, and she said yes. Then I called my mom and asked who will picked me up and she told me Thuy Linh's dad.(Thuy Linh is my cousin). When Thuy Linh's dad was at school he told us to climb up and we will go to my house first. Then I was at my house and it was a good trip. I have learned that the trip helped me make myself responsible and I would continue staying out in the nature and not play games.
In school I have learned how to make a book on my laptop and now I have published it and it's awesome too.
was to read more novel books and read my kind of level books so I can read more harder books.
I started to read novels books and then more novels to then I can read harder books. Then I will go to the starting to write books what I have read for people to read on my blog. I will read books at night and the weekend.
I will read more better books and write more books that that I have read and I will also remember to read books at night and the weekend. I will do my goals in only 2 weeks.
I think this book is about a world with this sign that could destroy the world and even that there are two boy that will tell the sign will not destroy the world.
This book is about a normal boy with a spider as a pet. His friends has pet too, but not like his.this is a non fiction book.
This book is about a spy that is not a kid working for CIA. And now he is a teacher with some missing to find the lost president girl.
This book is about all the creature in the movie and the books that have percy jackson in it. There is a story in that book that have sea creature, creature in hell, and a lot more.
This book is about a 11th year old girl in a school with bullies bullying her. The bullies said "If you have turn to 12 they will stop bullying her. And when I got to the ending she haved got to 12 year old.
In school and maybe other schools we have made a report for science because, we are learning about science and what will if we put chemicals add together. I was making a science report of what if we put salt in a cup of salt and what if we put pure baking soda in a cup.I learned that salt and pure baking soda make sprite fizz. I try to drink the mixtures.I could make it more funny and more interesting for the watcher.


text:
fame June 30, 2013
See Artist Alison Jackson's Imagined Portraits of Prince William, Kate Middleton, and the Royal Baby
Photo: Alsion Jackson/New York Magazine
"I chase people down the street and go up to people in restaurants," says the London artist Alison Jackson about her endless search for perfect celebrity look-alikes. "And every agency possible, and Facebook and Twitter, and Skype castings." Since her series Doubletake aired on BBC Two in 2002 and then won a BAFTA, Jackson has become well known in the U.K. for these faux tableaux, involving familiar faces of every kind: sports, Hollywood, Angela Merkel. (New York readers may remember her paparazzi-style "first photos!" of Brad and Angelina's baby in 2006.) She's exhibited at SFMoMA and the Centre Pompidou, as well as at New York's International Center of Photography.
Jackson's work gets right at the nub of our imagined relationship with celebrities: We project surprisingly complex lives onto people we don't actually know. (You may well come away from these photos considering whether Queen Elizabeth would carry an iPhone.) This series, of course, carries the added frisson of being about a clan that—unlike, say, the Kardashians—would never allow such images to exist. They feel forbidden, illicit, even though the scenes are basically affectionate toward William and Kate and their family. That's a point Jackson hastens to make: "I'm not going to do anything horrible," she says. "I don't really like using ridicule as a form of humor." The fun, and the effectiveness, comes in the just-at-the-edge-of-plausibility details: the queen with her Times crossword, the prince's pocket square incongruous over a fresh diaper. Speaking of which: Jackson hedged her bet on the gender of Not Baby Windsor. "I couldn't tell while I was shooting," she jokes, adding that she cast an infant who could pass for either a boy or a girl.
*This article originally appeared in the July 8, 2013 issue of New York Magazine.
Photo: Alison Jackson
Is This What Kimye's Child, North West, Looks Like?
will and kate
See Imagined Portraits of the New Royal Family


text:
Q: How to upgrade to java 1.6 from java 1.5 in Oracle Application Server Interested in upgrading JAVA VERSION from JAVA 1.5 to JAVA 1.6
[oracle@server301 /]$ java -version
java version "1.5.0_12"
Java(TM) 2 Runtime Environment, Standard Edition (build 1.5.0_12-b04)
Java HotSpot(TM) Server VM (build 1.5.0_12-b04, mixed mode)

also interested in knowing Oracle Application Server VERSION (from command line )

A: First - you need to install java 1.6
If you want to change it for the whole OAS then alias java to your new java directory (1.6).
If you want to change it for a specific OC4J, then:

*

*Open opmn/conf/opmn.xml

*find the element  which represend your OC4J

*update the value in the element: process-type/module-data/category/data where id="java-bin", to your new java path

*restart OAS

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Nontrivial lower bounds on a certain integral Let $f \in C^\infty(0,\pi)$ be a nonnegative function and suppose we know $\int_0^\pi f(\theta) \sin(\theta)\,\mathrm{d}\theta$ and that $\int_0^\pi \cos(\theta)\, f(\theta) \sin(\theta)\,\mathrm{d}\theta  = 0$. Is there a way to get a nontrivial lower bound on
$$\int_0^\pi \sin^2(\theta)\, f(\theta) \sin(\theta) \,\mathrm{d}\theta \tag{*}$$
in terms of $\int_0^\pi f(\theta)\sin(\theta) \,\mathrm{d}\theta$?
Note that $\min_{\theta \in [0,\pi]} f(\theta)$ can be zero.
Remark 1. Actually, I also know that $f(\theta)$ is a rational function in even powers of $\tan(\theta /2)$, whose denominator is always $\geq 1$ but with arbitrary coefficients.
Remark 2. The power 2 of the sine in (*) can be any $k > 5/4$ but I'd like to keep it not too large.


text:
Select a page...HomeCausesBlogVideosOur StaffContact Us
Rodney Baker
Rodney is a native of Dallas and graduated from David W. Carter H.S. in 2003. He continued his education at Texas A&M University – Commerce, where he played on the football team for 2 years, served as Homecoming Student Chair in 2007 and restored the Homecoming Parade {something that was non-existent since 1991}. He was President of the Zeta Tau chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc. for 3 years, where he helped create the Alpha Senior Day program in 2007, bringing inner city youth from Dallas to A&M Commerce to get a snap-shot of what college life is like for a day. The program is embarking on its 9th year awarding over 200 students $500 in scholarships. He has served as an Orientation leader for 2 years and a Team Of Pride leader. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in Business Administration and he is now working on his Masters Degree in Counseling with an Emphasis in Student Affairs. Before accepting the Director's position for Crab5 Foundation he worked for Texas A&M University – Commerce as the Senior Admissions Recruiter/Coordinator of Community Partnerships servicing all of Dallas, Garland, Richardson and Mesquite High Schools, including Eastfield College and Uplift Education Charter schools. Since 2009 he has helped create partnerships between A&M Commerce & Education is Freedom, Uplift Education & United Negro College Fund's National "Empower Me Tour".
He has also served as the liaison between A&M Commerce and the Dallas Black Chamber of Commerce, overseeing the scholarship partnership and was selected to serve on the Education and Scholarship committee for 3 years. He is part of the Young Professionals Group with the Dallas Regional and North Dallas Chambers of Commerce for the past 3 years. He was selected to serve on the Board of Directors for Plano YMCA in December of 2013 and currently serves on the Board of Director's for the Harvey Martin Dream Foundation. He had the awesome opportunity to serve on the scholarship and host committee for the Beat the Odds Scholarship through the Children's Defense Fund and recruited several students who were awarded a $20,000 scholarship.
Now he serves as Director of Crab5 Foundation to facilitate fundraising, establish partnerships with school districts, and coordinate Michael Crabtree Youth Mini Camp. His mission is to represent and raise awareness about the foundation, and speak on behalf of the foundation.
Rodney is engaged to be married to Rosemary Revolorio, born in Dallas, raised in Garland with family origin from Guatemala. Rosemary graduated from Lakeview Centennial High School, received her Bachelors of Science in Psychology and she's currently working on her Masters in Social Work all at Texas A&M University – Commerce. They have two beautiful children – Rodney Baker, Jr. and Royal Liliana Baker. Rodney loves to listen to old school music, attend family functions and BBQ.
"I am so grateful and honored to serve in this capacity as Michael could have picked anyone but he chose myself. I always tell kids – 'Never be afraid to go into the unknown and never stay in your comfort zone.'" – Rodney Baker
Favorite quote: "To see the difference, you have to be the difference."
Contact Rodney


text:
\section{Introduction}

Topological solitons -- local solitary wavepackets that connect two distinct but energetically degenerate states -- play an important role across many branches of science, including hydrodynamics, fiber optics, biophysics, quantum field theory, cosmology, materials science and condensed matter physics. In the context of condensed matter, screw dislocations in crystals are a commonly observed example for such a solitonic, topological defect. Topological defects, however, are known to occur not only within the atomistic structural properties of materials, but also within their electronic structure. Atomic-scale quasi one-dimensional (1D) electronic materials have received considerable attention in this context. They are of interest for potential applications in emerging nano-scale electronic devices \cite{chen,lu} and display exotic properties originating from enhanced many body interactions \cite{bockrath}. Utilizing topological solitons as carriers of charge or information in quasi-1D electronic systems is expected to lead to novel device functionality, e.g., robust single electron transistors and novel types of information processing.

In quasi 1D electronic materials, topological solitons were first described in polyacetylene \cite{heeger1,heeger2}. Here, they take the form of phase defects in the pattern of alternating single and double carbon bonds within the polymer chain. These solitonic phase defects carry charge and were shown to be highly mobile. Since their formation energy is less than the energy of the bandgap, they contribute significantly to the electron transport properties in these materials. In order to understand soliton formation and dynamics in electronic materials in detail, surfaces of low dimensional electronic materials and especially surface reconstructions with quasi 1D electronic properties are suitable model systems.

\begin{figure}[b]
  \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{fig1.jpg}
\caption{\label{struct_stm} (Color online) Measured (at $\pm 1.0$ V) and simulated (at $\pm 0.3$ V) filled and empty state STM images for the pristine (8$\times$2) hexagon structural model. Blue triangles and grey hexagons mark the positions of the In trimers and In hexagons, respectively. Red and white balls represent indium and silicon atoms, respectively.}
\end{figure}

In this context, the ordered atomic wire array formed at the Si(111)-(4$\times$1)/(8$\times$2)In surface \cite{yeom99} is a particularly popular model system. It features a triple-band Peierls transition into a quasi one-dimensional (1D) charge density wave (CDW) ordered ground state with (8$\times$2) translational symmetry \cite{wipper10,kim20}. Solitons have been intensively investigated in this system \cite{kim12,zhang}. They appear as various long and short defects, where the CDW phase flips or slips along the wire direction across the position of the defect \cite{cheon}. The long extended phase flip (PFD) and phase slip (PSD) defects are generally considered to be intrinsic solitons of the system. Due to the presence of a band inversion in this system, cf. Fig. 5 in Ref. \cite{natrans}, these solitons exhibit chiral topological properties \cite{cheon}. Chiral switching processes of their topology were recently shown to comprise an Abelian group enabling robust computations with solitons as information carriers \cite{kim17}. The nature of the short PFDs and PSDs, on the other hand, has been discussed controversially. At present, they are generally considered to be of non-solitonic nature, but caused by In adatoms instead. Moreover, these adatom related defects are used intentionally to trap chiral topological solitons for STM imaging \cite{cheon} and are considered an essential circuit element in information processing schemes \cite{intertwined}.

In the present work, we perform joint STM measurements and density-functional theory (DFT) calculations to derive atomistic models of the most commonly observed phase defects in the Si(111)-(8$\times$2)In CDW phase. We demonstrate that the short PFD exists in \emph{both} solitonic and non-solitonic form. The adatom-induced and solitonic defects are structurally almost identical and closely resemble each other in scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) experiments. This is likely the origin of the long-standing debate about the origin of the short PFD/PSD. The DFT calculations also predict an attractive interaction between In adatom-induced and solitonic phase defects. This attractive interaction gives rise to the formation of a composite defect, which in its shortest possible form is the short PSD.

\section{Experiments and Calculations}

The STM experiments were carried out in an ultrahigh-vacuum ($8\times10^{-9}$~Pa) low-temperature STM (Unisoku Co., Ltd., Japan). The self-assembled In atomic wires on Si(111)-(4$\times$1)In surface were prepared by evaporating one monolayer of In onto the clean Si(111)-(7$\times$7) surface at an elevated temperature \cite{yeom99,kim17}. For STM measurements, the In atomic wires were cooled down well below the CDW transition temperature (either 4 or 78 K), which leads to the Si(111)-(8$\times$2)In CDW phase. In order to observe the same defect for a long time without thermal drift, we used a commercial temperature controller (Lake Shore Cryotronics, Inc., USA) to keep the sample temperature within $\pm$1 mK. All STM images presented here were taken in the constant-current mode with an electrochemically etched tungsten tip. We obtained filled and empty state STM images at the same place by changing the sample bias of $\pm$1 V alternatively while maintaining the tunnelling current of 50 pA.

We performed DFT calculations within the local density approximation (LDA) \cite{Ceperley_LDA} as implemented in the Vienna \emph{Ab initio} Simulation Package (VASP) \cite{Kresse-VASP}. We follow Stekolnikov {\em et al.} \cite{prl2007} concerning the numerical details. In $4d$ electrons were treated as core electrons. The surface was modeled using three Si bilayers. A (8$\times$21) surface unit cell was used, apart from the adsorption energy surface calculations which were performed using a (8$\times$12) lateral periodicity. The Brillouin zone (BZ) integrations in the electronic structure calculations were performed using uniform meshes equivalent to 256 points within a (1$\times$1) unit cell.

\section{Results and Discussion}

Fig. \ref{struct_stm} shows the hexagon structural model of the low temperature (8$\times$2) phase overlaid with simulated and measured STM images, respectively. The structure consists of an alternating arrangement of In wires and Si Seiwatz chains. Each In wire is comprised of two individual In zigzag chains. During CDW formation, regularly spaced trimers are formed within each individual In zigzag chain, as marked by blue triangles in Fig. \ref{struct_stm}. The trimerization introduces a doubling of the lateral periodicity along the wire direction from (4$\times$1) to (4$\times$2) translational symmetry. Note that within a single (4$\times$2) unit cell, the trimers can be placed in four different arrangements. Introducing alternating trimer placements between neighbouring (4$\times$2) wires, the periodicity perpendicular to the wire direction can be extended to (8$\times$2) or (16$\times$2) translational symmetries \cite{kim20}. Subsequently, a shear movement of the trimerized In zigzag chains against each other completes the transition into the CDW state \cite{wipper10,ortega}.

\begin{figure}[t]
  \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{fig2.jpg}
\caption{\label{stm_exp} (Color online) \textbf{a/c}) Filled and \textbf{b/d}) empty state STM images at $T = 78$ K. All STM images were taken on the same area with a tunneling bias $V_S = \pm 1.0$ V, respectively, and a tunneling current $I_t = 50$ pA. }
\end{figure}

The filled state STM image shows regularly arranged rows of wires consisting of bright protrusions spaced at multiples of 2 of the $\times1$ lattice constant $a_0$. These protrusions correspond to the position of the aforementioned In trimers. The spaces between the trimers appear significantly darker in the filled state image. This trend reverses in the empty state image, where the trimers are darker and the space between trimers is now bright. Both simulated images are in excellent agreement with the STM measurements. Note that the simulated images are computed at a somewhat lower bias of $\pm 0.3$ V compared to $\pm 1.0$ V used in the experiments, to account for the DFT band gap underestimation.

In the simulated STM images, the trimers on the upper of the two In zigzag chains appear slightly brighter than the trimers on the lower chain. This behaviour is attributed to the upper chain trimers being located on fcc hollow sites, as opposed to the lower ones located on hcp hollow sites of the substrate. Such a difference in intensity is also observed consistently in the STM measurements, cf. Fig. \ref{struct_stm} for a direct comparison. The intensity difference allows us to determine directly from the STM measurements the spatial orientation of the substrate and the precise positioning of the In trimers. This information is crucial when modelling the structure and chirality of solitons. The In chains alone are rotationally invariant and, hence, so are some of the possible solitons. The substrate breaks rotational symmetry and thereby provides a natural point of reference to distinguish between different types of solitons.

It is also apparent in Fig. \ref{struct_stm} that the individual (4$\times$2) hexagons constituting the (8$\times$2) reconstruction can be oriented in two different directions. Moreover, the (4$\times$2) hexagons can be shifted by a single $\times$1 lattice constant $a_0$ along the wire direction. Note that these orientation and phase states of the CDW correspond to specific placements of the trimers within the respective (4$\times$2) unit cell. In consequence, these degrees of freedom in the CDW orientation and phase give rise to a 4-fold degeneracy of the CDW ground state \cite{cheon,sol}. Forming a phase boundary between regions with different CDW phases and orientations then leads to the formation of phase slip defects (PSDs) and phase flip defects (PFDs), respectively.

Figs. \ref{stm_exp}a and \ref{stm_exp}b show filled and empty state STM images, respectively, of characteristic PFDs and PSDs on the (8$\times$2) surface. The STM measurements reveal two visually different types of abrupt phase flip defects, labeled $\alpha$ and $\beta$ in Fig. \ref{stm_exp}a. Structurally, they are very similar in appearance. However, the $\alpha$ defect is bright in the empty state image, whereas the $\beta$ defect appears bright in the filled state image. Both defects feature an intact row of trimers in the lower In chain, but feature a phase slip in the upper In chain, corresponding to a distance of $3 a_0$ between two adjacent trimers at the defect site. According to the intensity difference of the trimers and comparing to Fig. \ref{struct_stm}, the phase slip occurs in the trimer row located on the fcc lattice sites. The combination of one pristine row of trimers and one trimer row containing a phase slip defect then leads to the overall formation of a phase flip of the whole In hexagon chain.

In the terminology of Ref. \cite{cheon}, both the $\alpha$ and the $\beta$ defect exhibit a left-chiral topology. The defects are part of an extended domain wall perpendicular to the wire direction, as marked by the enclosed region in Fig. \ref{stm_exp}. In the neighbouring wire located between the short $\alpha$- and $\beta$-PFDs we observe an extended PFD, which is a left-chiral soliton. This pattern of alternating extended left-chiral solitons and left-chiral short $\alpha$- or $\beta$-PFDs continues with surprisingly long range order across multiple In wires.

\begin{figure}[t]
  \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.35\textwidth]{fig3.jpg}
\caption{\label{switch} (Color online) Filled state STM images of different surface areas at $T = 4$ K, $V_S = -1.5$ V. The increased tunneling bias induces switching of $\alpha$-PFDs. In contrast, $\beta$-PFDs remain static.}
\end{figure}

A third type of defect commonly observed in our measurements is shown enlarged in Figs. \ref{stm_exp}c and \ref{stm_exp}d, labeled $\gamma$. This defect apparently consists of a $\alpha$-PFD and an additional phase slip in the lower trimer row. In total, a phase slip in the whole In hexagon chain is obtained, resulting in a short PSD. This short PSD is again in marked difference compared to its extended counterpart. The extended phase defects are unambiguously considered to be genuine solitons \cite{cheon}, whereas the the nature of the short ones remains controversial \cite{zhang}.

\begin{figure*}[t]
  \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{fig4.jpg}
\caption{\label{aes} (Color online) \textbf{a)} Adsorption energy surface (AES) calculated for an indium adatom on the Si(111)-(4$\times$1)In surface overlaid on the (4$\times$1)In structure model. The color scale shows the adsorption energy. The minimum energy adsorption site is marked by a white cross. \textbf{b/c)} Top view of the relaxed atomistic model with the In adatom adsorbed at the minimum energy intrachain site on the (4$\times$1) and (8$\times$2) surfaces, respectively. \textbf{d)} Top view of the relaxed solitonic phase flip boundary. Red and white balls in the structure models represent indium and silicon atoms, respectively. Blue triangles mark the positions of In trimers, see text. Ovals indicate the positions of the bright protrusions observed in STM. \textbf{e)} Schematic representation of a left chiral soliton within the coupled double Peierls chain model, derived from SSH theory. Reproduced with permission from Ref. \cite{cheon}.}
\end{figure*}

Previous studies strongly suggested that these short PFDs and PSDs are caused by In adatoms \cite{kim12,intertwined}. In line with their findings, we observe that with increasing In dosage the number of $\alpha$-PFDs rises in proportion. The number of $\beta$-PFDs increases as well. However, their number appears not to be directly correlated with the In dosage, indicating they are created by a secondary process. In order to demonstrate that the $\alpha$- and $\beta$-PFDs are conceptually different, despite their structural similarity, we performed STM measurements at a relatively high sample bias of $V_S = -1.5$ V  because Zhang \textit{et al}. revealed that In adatoms could hop along the wires due to high sample biases \cite{zhang}. Interestingly, we observed a rapid switching of the $\alpha$-PFDs, where the defect alternates between either its regular appearance or a very bright feature in its place, cf. Fig. \ref{switch}. Note that above 100 K, the very bright feature becomes highly mobile along the wire direction. The $\beta$-PFD, in contrast, remains completely inert even with the high sample bias. We propose that the $\alpha$-PFD is indeed created by In adatoms. The switching event is the ejection/injection of the In adatom into the PFD, where the very bright signal on top of the $\alpha$-PFD is the ejected In adatom. Since the $\beta$-PFD does not display any switching behaviour, we conclude that it does not contain any In adatoms. Its overall structure is apparently identical, just without the additional In adatom.

As a first step towards establishing atomistic structural models of these defects, we searched for lateral adsorption sites of an In adatom by calculating the adsorption energy surface (AES). The lateral position-dependent adsorption energies for a single In adatom per (8$\times$12) surface unit cell are shown in Fig. \ref{aes}a. The results differ slightly from previous AES calculations \cite{wipper08} performed in a smaller (4$\times$3) unit cell, leading to adatom-adatom interactions caused by the periodic boundary conditions. In the AES, both fcc and hcp interchain positions correspond to energy minima (maximizing the energy gain by adsorption), with the fcc site being the lowest energy configuration identified and marked by a white X in Fig. \ref{aes}a. This is consistent with the observation that in the STM experiments the In adatom is preferentially found on the upper In chain on a fcc lattice site. Intrachain adsorption represents another local energy minimum but leads to significantly higher energies and is thus energetically less favourable.

Consecutively, we placed an In adatom on these adsorption sites and relaxed the surface structure without any constraint. We note that for the same lateral adsorption site two different energy minima were found: (i) the In adatom is adsorbed on top of the ideal (4$\times$1) In wire structure, barely distorting the (4$\times$1) reconstruction at all, and (ii) the In adatom is located in-plane with the (4$\times$1) wires. The latter configuration is shown in Fig. \ref{aes}b. In adatoms on the (4$\times$1) surface are generally assumed to be highly mobile \cite{intertwined}. This is in line with our observation that the very bright feature in Fig. \ref{switch} becomes mobile above 100 K. We expect that these mobile In adatoms correspond to configuration (i), whereas configuration (ii) is 0.54 eV deeper in energy compared to (i) and is the global energy minimum on the (4$\times$1) surface. Note that the AES in Fig. \ref{aes} always reports the lowest energy minima, as shown e.g. in Fig. \ref{aes}b.

Interestingly, the adsorption structure shown in Fig. \ref{aes}b induces local distortions of the ideal (4$\times$1) wire that coincide with the trimerization and shear modes known \cite{wipper10} to transform the (4$\times$1) into the (8$\times$2) reconstruction. For that reason, the same In adatom induced local wire structure represents an energy minimum on both the (4$\times$1) room temperature and (8$\times$2) low temperature structures, cf. also Ref.  \cite{dynamical} in this context. Figure \ref{aes}c shows the globally most stable surface structure that we identified. Consistent with the STM images in Fig \ref{stm_exp}a, the trimer chain in the lower wire is uninterrupted, whereas a phase slip of a single lattice constant $a_0$ is introduced in the upper trimer chain.

\begin{table}[b]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{l|cc}
\hline\hline
 & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\textsc{Energy of Adsorption/Formation [eV]}} \\
 & (4$\times$1) ideal & (4$\times$2) hexagon \\
\hline
($\alpha$) In adatom & $-$3.57/$-$3.48 (hcp/fcc) & $-$3.34 \\
($\beta$) heart & 0.07/0.17 (hcp/fcc) & 0.31 [0] / 0.08 [+2] \\
\hline\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{\label{tabE} Calculated energies of adsorption/formation for different defect types. Note that defect formation on hcp/fcc lattice sites can only be distinguished on the (4$\times$1) surface. On the (4$\times$2) surface periodic boundary conditions enforce the presence of two defects, one on the hcp and one on the fcc site. Thus the reported (4$\times$2) energies are averages. All calculations for the (4$\times$2) hexagon surface were performed in the (8$\times$21) unit cell, containing one (4$\times$2) wire separated by a frozen (4$\times$1) wire to minimize interchain coupling. Values in brackets indicate the defect charge state, see text.}
\end{table}

Tantalizingly, the local In adatom-induced structure in absence of the adatom itself closely resembles two corner-sharing In hexagons. In Fig. \ref{aes}c, the shared corner is the one located at the regular In atom located directly above the central In adatom. We removed the In adatom from the structure shown in Fig. \ref{aes}c and relaxed the structure again without constraints. The largest relaxations are observed at the In atoms directly adjacent to the now absent In adatom, and amount to less than 0.2 \AA\ on average. Figure \ref{aes}d shows the fully relaxed structure. The corner-sharing hexagon structure, hence, represents another local energy minimum and is termed ``heart''-shaped structure in the present work due to its characteristic shape. In the language of Ref. \cite{cheon}, this boundary between two degenerate CDW ground states constitutes a left-chiral soliton. In Fig. \ref{aes}e we compare the corresponding left-chiral soliton derived from SSH theory for the coupled double Peierls chain \cite{cheon} to the heart-shaped $\beta$-PFD.

We note that within SSH theory solitons always exhibit a characteristic length scale, cf. Refs. \cite{heeger1,heeger2}. The extended solitons present in the In/Si(111) system are generally assumed to correspond to the global minimum of the soliton energy as a function of their length. For this reason, the possible existence of atomically-sized solitons remains controversial. We point to the fact, however, that the original SSH work as well as e.g. Ref. \cite{cheon} assume a harmonic potential for the atomic displacements. In contrast, the real system displays strong anharmonicities. Due to bond-making and -breaking during the phase transition, the harmonic approximation breaks down already for a single (4$\times$2) hexagon wire. Interwire interaction introduces a further site-dependent anharmonic contribution, as strongly indicated by the domain-wall formation visible in Fig. \ref{stm_exp}. However, beyond the harmonic approximation, there is no longer a guarantee that the soliton energy as a function of length has only a single minimum.

We propose that the $\beta$-PFD corresponds to a local minimum within the soliton formation energy and expect it to be described correctly by the SSH concept, though with a generalized anharmonic potential for the atomic displacements. Topologically, it is identical to the AB $\rightarrow$ BB left-chiral soliton introduced in Ref. \cite{cheon}, cf. Fig. \ref{aes}e. Moreover, we remark that the topology of an edge state is independent of its lateral extension. For this reason, the $\beta$-PFD must display topological properties analogous to its extended counterpart.

In the neutral charge state, the formation energy of the $\beta$-PFD is obtained from DFT as 309 meV. We immediately point out, however, that the $\beta$-PFD is expected to assume a +2 positively charged state: SSH theory predicted \cite{cheon} that upon formation of a left chiral soliton two occupied electronic states are lifted above the Fermi level. Hence, two electrons are released to the reservoir. Depending on the Fermi level, we thus expect that the $\beta^{+2}$-PFD formation energy is less than 309 meV. This will be discussed further below. The formation energies are summarized in Tab. \ref{tabE}.

\begin{figure}[t]
  \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{fig5.jpg}
\caption{\label{stmcomp} (Color online) High-resolution filled and empty state STM images in comparison to simulated STM images (in gray scale) at the indicated bias ($I_t = 50$ pA, $T = 78$ K). The simulated images are calculated at smaller bias potentials to compensate for the DFT band gap underestimation. Voltages in the simulations are specified with respect to the center of the CDW gap. The top row shows the relaxed structural models of the \textbf{a)} In adatom-induced defect and \textbf{b)} a solitonic phase boundary. Colored triangles and black hexagons mark the positions of the In trimers and In hexagons, respectively.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure*}[t]
  \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.98\textwidth]{fig6.jpg}
\caption{\label{unfold} (Color online) \textbf{a-c)} Surface band structures and electronic densities of states along the $\Gamma$X-direction of the surface Brillouin zone. Bands of equal color are characterized by similar wavefunctions, cf. Fig. 5 in Ref. \cite{natrans} and Ref. \cite{cheon}. The band structures were unfolded within the (4$\times$2) surface Brillouin zone, see text. \textbf{d-g)} Isosurfaces (0.0015 e$^-$\AA$^{-3}$) of wavefunction square moduli for representative states, see text.}
\end{figure*}

We now turn to validating the predicted defect structures by comparing simulated STM images to the measurements reported in Fig. \ref{stm_exp}, as shown in Fig. \ref{stmcomp}. Colored triangles indicate the position of corresponding trimers in the structure models, as well as in the simulated and measured STM images. Comparing the high resolution STM data in Figs. \ref{stmcomp}a and b shows that indeed the overall size and local structure of both defects is identical. The adatom-induced defect, however, is bright in the empty state images and significantly darker in the filled state images, respectively. The heart-shaped PFD, on the other hand, shows exactly the opposite behaviour: it is bright in the filled state images and dark in the empty state images, respectively. Moreover, the In trimers are usually dark in the empty state images. For the heart-shaped PFD, in contrast, the trimers within the upper In zigzag chain that are located adjacent to the phase slip appear as bright features. This behaviour is well reproduced by our STM simulations.

We now turn to a discussion of the electronic properties. For the pristine hexagon reconstruction, these are commonly discussed in terms of the surface band structure. In the presence of defects, however, this is not directly possible due to the increased lateral size of the unit cell and the induced back-folding of the surface bands. In order to obtain an approximate band structure within the primitive surface Brillouin zone, we use the unfolding method introduced in Refs. \cite{bandup1,bandup2} by Medeiros \emph{et al.} Figure \ref{unfold}a shows the surface band structure of the (4$\times$2) hexagon obtained from unfolding the electronic states of the (4$\times$20) unit cell. As expected, the unfolded band structure is identical to the one obtained directly from the (4$\times$2) unit cell (not shown). In the next step, we then unfolded the band structures of the heart-shaped PFD and In adatom PFD, cf. Figs. \ref{unfold}b and \ref{unfold}c, respectively.

\begin{figure*}[t]
  \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.98\textwidth]{fig7.jpg}
\caption{\label{domain} (Color online) Formation energy of a single heart-shaped PFD as a function of distance to an In adatom PFD with and without interwire interaction. All formation energies are specified with respect to the pristine (4$\times$2) structure in place of the heart-shaped PFD.}
\end{figure*}

In order to discuss the impact of the PFDs on the electronic structure, it is instructive to revisit the mechanism of the (4$\times$2) hexagon formation. The (4$\times$1) wire consists of two metallic In zigzag chains. At low temperatures, each can undergo individually a period-doubling Peierls transition. Displacements of the outer In atoms, indicated by red and green arrows in Fig. \ref{unfold}d, lead to the formation of the aforementioned In trimers. In agreement with Peierls theory, gaps are opened in the corresponding S$_1$ and S$_2$ surface bands at the X-point of the (4$\times$2) surface Brillouin zone. One might expect the surface bands of both In zigzag chains to be degenerate. The coupling between the individual In zigzag chains, however, lifts the degeneracy between the S$_1$ and S$_2$ bands in analogy to the formation of bonding and antibonding states. As a result, the gap at the X-point in the S$_1$ band is located below the Fermi level, whereas the corresponding gap in the S$_2$ band is located above. Hence, the S$_1$ and S$_2$ bands cross each other before the X-point at 0.85$\overline{\Gamma\mathrm{X}}$. The actual CDW gap is then opened exactly at this crossing, cf. Fig. \ref{unfold}a: an additional shear displacement between the two zigzag chains, cf. blue arrows in Fig. \ref{unfold}d, leads to the formation of new interchain bonds between the two zigzag chains and thereby to the opening of the CDW gap.

We note that the rehybridization that is responsible for opening the CDW gap at the S$_1$/S$_2$ crossing at the same time leads to a band inversion. It is precisely for this reason that this system is expected to feature interesting topological properties \cite{cheon,kim17}. Further details about the phase transition are discussed in Ref. \cite{wipper10}. An evolution of the band structure along the transition path and the formation of the band inversion are shown in Fig. 5 in Ref. \cite{natrans}.

We now turn to a discussion of the unfolded band structures in Fig. \ref{unfold}b/c. Overall, the unfolded bands closely resemble the (4$\times$2) band structure shown in Fig. \ref{unfold}a and the S$_1$ -- S$_3$ surface bands are still recognizeable. The S$_3$ band, however, that couples to the shear mode, is significantly broadened. This broadening is caused by the fact that the magnitude of the shearing is strongly modified in the vicinity of the PFD. At the center of the PFD, the direction of the shear motion is is inverted. The local variation of the shearing at different positions in the wire in turn leads to variations in the energetic position of the S$_3$ band.

An analogous broadening is observed for the S$_1$ and S$_2$ bands. Note in Fig. \ref{unfold}d that the trimer chain on the fcc site ($tri_2$) features a phase slip defect at the center of the PFD, leading to a variation in the energetic position of the S$_2$ band. The $tri_1$ chain on the other hand, is undisturbed in the same location. However, it is necessary to ensure periodic boundary conditions despite the flipping of the hexagon orientation. Therefore, the unit cell must contain a second PFD with opposite vertical orientation, cf. Fig. \ref{unfold}e. This mirrored PFD leaves the trimerization in the $tri_2$ chain unchanged, but introduces a corresponding phase slip defect in the $tri_1$ chain and hence broadening in S$_1$.

\begin{figure}[b]
  \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.35\textwidth]{fig8.jpg}
\caption{\label{stmcomposite} (Color online) High-resolution filled and empty state STM images in comparison to simulated STM images (in gray scale) at the indicated bias ($I_t = 50$ pA, $T = 78$ K) for the $\gamma$-composite defect.}
\end{figure}

Furthermore, the surface bands split into a number of minibands separated by narrow gaps. This is a finite size effect: periodic boundary conditions are required in order to describe the surface, but introduce at the same time periodic images of the PFDs. Hence, our calculations describe finite wire segments enclosed between periodic PFDs. The periodic spacing of the PFDs modulates the wavefunctions in analogy to the well-known particle-in-a-box model. Figures \ref{unfold}e/g show isosurface plots for the wavefunction square moduli of representative states belonging to the S$_3$ band. With increasing unit cell size the gaps between the minibands decrease. The gap formation, however, is also of interest itself, e.g. in the context of multiple PFDs present within the same wire. Moreover, we note that the PFDs introduce a number of highly localized electronic states. Figures \ref{unfold}d/f show isosurface plots for the wavefunction square moduli of the lowest energy states localized to the respective PFDs.

Refs. \cite{cheon,kim17}, and more recently Ref. \cite{huda}, predicted from Su-Schrieffer-Heeger (SSH) theory \cite{heeger1,heeger2} that a left chiral soliton induces two additional electronic states above the Fermi energy. The formation of these new electronic states is accompanied by an exchange of charge with the reservoir at the Fermi level. This prediction was confirmed, also in Refs. \cite{cheon,kim17}, by scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) measurements. In fact, Erg\"un \emph{et al.} \cite{grand1} recently suggested that a correct description of solitons and the phase transition requires a treatment that is grand-canonical with respect to the charge. Our present DFT calculations, in contrast, are performed at a constant number of electrons. In this context, no exchange of charge with the reservoir is possible. Therefore, if the PFD shown in Figs. \ref{stmcomp}b and \ref{unfold}d is truly a left chiral soliton, instead of releasing its surplus charge into the substrate the charge must be accommodated in the lowest energy conduction states. Compared to the pristine (4$\times$2) surface, there must be one extra fully occupied band per heart-shaped PFD and a corresponding increase of the Fermi energy. Indeed, that is what we find.

Next to the band structures in Figs. \ref{unfold}a/b, we compare the electronic density of states (DOS) of the (4$\times$2) hexagon structure to the DOS of the heart-shaped PFD. The CDW gap remains open despite the presence of the PFD. The DFT Fermi level, however, is now shifted above the conduction band minimum. We verified from the calculated electronic occupations that the band filling of the conduction band is precisely 2 e$^-$ per PFD, in exact agreement with the prediction\cite{cheon} from SSH theory.

This observation now allows us to estimate the formation energy of the heart-shaped PFD in its +2 charge state. As indicated by the white/black dotted line in Fig. \ref{unfold}b, we set the Fermi energy to the same value as for the pristine hexagon structure. We then subtract the contribution to the band structure energy originating from the occupied states between this assumed value for $E_F$ and the uncorrected $E_F$ indicated by the red dotted line. This reduces the formation energy for the heart-shaped PFD from 309 meV in the charge neutral case to 80 meV in its +2 charge state.

Finally, we proceed to determine the structure of the $\gamma$ phase slip defect (PSD) shown in Fig. \ref{stm_exp}c/d. We hypothesize that the PSD is in fact a trapped left chiral soliton in the form of a heart-shaped PFD next to an In adatom PFD. As apparent in the first enclosed row in Fig. \ref{stm_exp}a/b, both defects can be placed next to each other, possibly suggesting an attractive interaction. Figure \ref{domain} shows the formation energy of a single heart-shaped PFD as a function of distance to a neighbouring In adatom PFD. Indeed, we find a slight attractive interaction and the formation energy is lowered by 40 meV for neighbouring PFDs compared to isolated PFDs (Fig. \ref{domain} a$\rightarrow$b). A much more significant energy lowering of 200 meV is achieved, however, by moving the heart-shaped PFD even closer by a single lattice constant $a_0$ (Fig. \ref{domain} b$\rightarrow$c). As a result, the heart-shaped PFD and the In adatom PFD no longer feature separate corners, but share a single corner in the center between the two defects. The structure of the In adatom PFD is sterically constrained by the presence of the adatom. It remains stable during structural relaxation. The heart-shaped PFD on the other hand evolves into a characteristic triangular structure (Fig. \ref{domain}c).

If the neighbouring In wire is in the pristine (4$\times$2) configuration, the energy can be lowered even further by moving the triangular structure another lattice constant $a_0$ towards the adatom PFD. Hence, the triangle and the In adatom PFD are now sharing a corner (Fig. \ref{domain} f$\rightarrow$g). We note that the structure obtained in this way is equivalent to the one introduced in Ref. \cite{intertwined}, Fig. S2. This is the globally most stable defect configuration that we identified.

In Fig. \ref{stmcomposite} we compare the measured and simulated STM images for this structure. Both filled and empty state images are in excellent agreement, indicating that the fused heart-shaped and In adatom PFDs indeed constitute the well-known short $\gamma$-PSD.

\section{Summary}

In summary, we determined the detailed atomistic structures of the most commonly observed phase flip and slip defects within the Si(111)-(8$\times$2)In atomic wire array using joint high resolution scanning tunneling microscopy measurements and \emph{first principles} calculations. We demonstrated that the well-known short phase flip defects can be caused \emph{either} by indium adatoms \emph{or} atomically-sized topological solitons. Structurally, the adatom-induced and solitonic phase flip defects are almost identical and closely resemble each other in scanning tunneling microscopy experiments. The adatom-induced and solitonic phase flip defects interact attractively. Their fusion is identically the known short phase slip defect. Our findings resolve the long-standing debate about the origin of the short phase flip and slip defects in this system. We propose the short atomically-sized left-chiral soliton as a highly useful model system to study topological electronic properties in quasi one-dimensional atomic wires.

\section{Acknowledgements}

  ASR and SW are supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the NanoMatFutur programme (Grant No. 13N12972) and the German Research Foundation (Grant No. DFG FOR1700, WI3879/2). THK is supported by the  National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea (Grant  No. 2018R1A5A6075964, 2016K1A4A4A01922028). HWY is supported by Institute for Basic Science (Grant No. IBS-R014-D1). Supercomputer time was provided by the Max-Planck Computing and Data Facility (MPCDF) Garching.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
May 2019 – June 2020 May 2019 – Jun 2020
IMER Lunch Seminar 23.05: Home Accommodation of Asylum Seekers in Finland: Solidarity and Resistance @ Bergen Global/CMI
May 23 @ 12:30 pm – 1:30 pm
In Finland, like in other European countries, civic mobilization for supporting migrants and defending the right to asylum have proliferated since the so-called asylum 'crisis'. Since the autumn of 2015, home accommodation of asylum seekers has become a popular way to assist asylum seekers and express solidarity amongst Finnish people.
For this IMER lunch seminar, Paula Merikoski from the University of Helsinki, examines this form of hospitality as a way for people to contest tightening asylum policies. By drawing on interviews with hosts, she argues that this phenomenon blurs the boundaries between public and private, and consolidates the understanding of the private home as a political site. She will present findings focusing on what motivated people to open their homes, and show how hosting can be a politicising experience for hosts. By opening their doors to asylum seekers, citizens take part in the debate over who is welcome to the country.
A light lunch will be served!
Paula Merikoski is a PhD candidate in sociology at University of Helsinki. In her PhD project she is investigating the hospitable social movement of home accommodation of asylum seekers in Finland. Paula is part of the research project Struggles over Home and Citizenship. Neighborhood Solidarities as a response to Asylum 'Crisis' (University of Helsinki) and the NORDHOST research project (University of Oslo).
IMER/DIGSSCORE Lunch Seminar 10.09: Immigrant Narratives from a Psychological Strength Perspective: The Use of a Survey as a Tool for voicing and humanizing Experiences @ DIGSSCORE
Sep 10 @ 12:00 pm – 1:00 pm
Torreiro-Casal will describe findings from an online survey developed by UC Davis students using a psychological strength-based perspective. Monica will describe cultural constructs, migration experiences and immigrant's perceptions on current anti-migrant rhetoric. The rational for using this survey will be discussed as well as the relevance of collecting qualitative data. Further, Monica will describe the current analysis of data and purpose of codifying themes from those narratives. The analysis of these narratives so far has helped to identify immigrant's strengths and psychological protective factors. These findings contribute to voice counter narratives to the current political climate in the USA.
Lunch will be served on first-come first-served basis.
Dr. Monica Torreiro-Casal holds a PhD in counseling psychology from Northeastern University, Boston, MA. Currently, Monica is affiliated with the Chicano/a studies Department at the University of California in Davis where she teaches and researches on mental health-related issues with vulnerable communities. Her research focuses on collecting narratives (survey, interviews, art/media) and conducting qualitative research to document the undocumented narratives of marginalized individuals.
The event is organized by IMER and DIGSSCORE.
For more info, please click here
Rebuilding Education in Areas of Armed Conflict: The Case of Syria @ Bergen Global
Oct 17 @ 12:30 pm – 1:30 pm
Since the beginning of the conflict in Syria, more than 45% of the population has been forced into displacement, of which almost half are children. For a large part of the Syrian population, access to education has been interrupted.
In her study, Mirey tries to identify the opportunities that could be offered by information and communications technology to guarantee access to formal and non-formal education to Syrian children affected by the armed conflict. Based on fieldwork in Lebanon between 2013 and 2018, Mirey will present findings on how ICTs can facilitate access to education for Syrian children in different ways, both physically and remotely. She will also highlight the role of these technologies in improving and facilitating communication between different actors including teachers, parents, and formal educational administrations. In addition, she will explain how ICTs is used in emergency situations to share information on the safety of children.
These findings can offer a pathway to find more stable and long-term solutions for children with limited access to education due to armed conflicts and in other emergency situations.
A light lunch will be served! All welcome!
Mirey is a PhD candidate at the Autonumus University of Barcelona and her research focuses on the role of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in education in emergencies.
IMER Lunch Seminar 11.11: Urban Landscapes: The Multicultural Inner City in Postwar Britain @ Bergen Global
Nov 11 @ 12:30 pm – 1:30 pm
In recent years, sociologists have called attention to the everyday dynamics of 'lived' multiculture – the 'local negotiations' and 'processes of cohabitation' that have, it has been argued, made ethnic diversity an 'ordinary feature' of urban life – in Britain, and across mainland Europe. In this seminar, Kieran Connell from Queen's University Belfast will explore how we might interrogate the historical dimensions of these themes by focusing on Balsall Heath, an inner-city area of Birmingham, Britain's second city. As part of a wider project to examine the multicultural inner-city, Kieran makes the case for the importance of space in relation to what the cultural theorist Stuart Hall has called the process of multicultural 'drift'. In this respect, sources such as photography offer a particularly useful way of getting at the topographical changes to the inner-city landscape brought about in the context of mass migration.
Kieran Connell is Lecturer in Contemporary British History at Queen's University Belfast. He is a Fulbright Scholar and the co-editor of Cultural Studies 50 Years On. His first monograph, Black Handsworth: race in 1980s Britain, was published by the University of California Press in February 2019.
IMER Lunch Seminar 03.12: 50 Years of Immigration Debate in the Scandinavian Press @ Bergen Global CMI/UiB
Dec 3 @ 12:30 pm – 1:30 pm
How has the Scandinavian press covered immigration over the years? What themes, framings and agents have been emphasized in the media coverage of immigration in the last 50 years, and how this has changed? What differences are there across Scandinavian countries? As part of the SCANPUB project at UiB, Jan Fredrik Hovden and Hilmar Mjelde have studied and analyzed the immigration debate in 7 Scandinavian newspapers. While the results support the general claims about national differences in Scandinavian immigration debate including Danish press as more critical of immigration in contrast to Sweden which focuses more on racism, they also suggest some major developments, in particular the rise of immigration as an increasingly contentious issue debated by politicians. In his presentation, Jan will also discuss how the "immigration crisis" has been covered in Scandinavian and European press, highlighting the similarities and differences between the different cases
Jan Fredrik Hovden is a professor at the Department Information Science and Media Studies at UiB.
IMER Lunch Seminar 13.01: Gender, Migration and Climate Change Adaptation in Bangladesh @ Sociology Department
Human movement has been predicted to be one of the major consequences of climate change. This prediction has led to a renewed interest in the relationship between human movement and the environment. The expected negative consequences of climate change have also led to new development initiatives aimed to reduce the impact of these hazards through so-called adaptation initiatives. These initiatives have become to be increasingly implemented in Bangladesh which is considered one of the world's most vulnerable countries to climate change.
How does aid initiatives meant to help people adapt to the consequences of climate change influence migration patterns. Do such initiatives have different effects on men's and women's perceptions of what adaptation strategies are available to them? How is gender mainstreaming understood among aid actors in Bangladesh and how are women migrants perceived in the country? Some of these questions will be touched upon in Kathinka's presentation.
A light lunch will be served! All welcome.
Kathinka Fossum Evertsen is a PhD Fellow in Sociology at Nord University, Faculty of Social Sciences. She was recently a visiting student researcher at Centre of Gender and Disasters at UCL, after which she co-founded the Nordic hub of the Gender and Disaster Network. She is currently a visiting researcher at International Centre for Climate Change and Development (ICCCAD) in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
IMER Lunch Seminar 25.02: Aspirations among Women seeking Asylum in Norway: A Longitudinal Perspective from the Asylum Centre and Onwards @ Seminar room 112, first floor
Since the refugee reception crisis in 2015, asylum seekers and refugees have often been at the centre of public and scholarly debate. However, the focus has frequently been on the problems they bring about for host countries. Less attention has been placed on asylum seekers' aspirations, dreams and plans after arrival. Yet these are meaningful to study given that aspirations can have a significant impact on people's future trajectories and hence, the ways they incorporate into their new homes. Furthermore, desire, despite having a strong agentic nature, is deeply entangled in the social structures and discourses that newcomers are surrounded by.
In this seminar, Zubia Willmann, will be presenting her article in which she explores how the aspirations of women who came to Norway as asylum seekers change over time, the elements that may be involved in such changes as well as how these women go about pursuing their aspirations. She draws on intermittent fieldwork for one and a half years (2017-2019) in which she followed women seeking asylum in Norway, from the stages in which they lived in asylum centres to the early stages of settlement in a Norwegian municipality.
Zubia Willmann is a currently a PhD candidate at VID Specialized University, Stavanger with a project exploring how women seeking asylum in Norway go about starting their life in their new home. She has an interdisciplinary background, her main fields of interest being migration studies but also gender and religion studies among others. She has been recently a visiting scholar at the Migration and Diversity Centre at the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam. Zubia is also a member of the IMER Junior Scholars Network.
Categories: IMER Lunch Seminar Sociology
Corona Prevention and Impacts on Syrian Refugees in Jordan
Jordan has enacted some of the world's strongest lockdown and quarantine measures. These measures have been received quite well domestically, but their impact on the country's most vulnerable refugees is only beginning to be understood.
The majority of Syrian refugees in Jordan live in urban areas in addition to a significant number also residing in camps. As living conditions are linked to the effectiveness of prevention measures, different populations may experience different outcomes.
In this webinar, Sarah Tobin will explore the situation of the Syrian refugees in Jordan, while also examining the political consequences of the pandemic response in the country.
Sarah Tobin is a senior researcher at Chr. Michelsen Institute. Her latest research projects examine questions of religious and economic life and identity construction with Syrian refugees in Jordanian camps of Za'atari, Azraq, and Cyber City.
Categories: IMER IMER seminar
May 29 @ 11:00 am – 12:00 pm
There is a deep-rooted cultural belief that encounters between strangers in local settings can bring about social change. Mette Strømsø, a researcher at the Sociology Department UiB, brings this aspect to the forefront in her study of local community initiatives established in the wake of the refugee influx in 2015. Mette will present her co-authored article with Susanne Bygnes whereby they strive to unpack the promise, inherent contradictions and transformative potential of the facilitated encounters in local communities where newcomers settled. The reference to Karen Blixen's short story Babette's feast indicate the cultural resonance of the promise in the facilitated encounters between newcomers and permanent residents.
Mette Strømsø is a researcher for IMEX at the department of Sociology, UiB. She holds a PhD in Human. Her research interests fall at the intersection of political geography and social and cultural geography, with a focus on everyday nationhood and especially the reconciliation between nation and diversity.
Categories: IMER IMER seminar Sociology
Jun 11 @ 11:00 am – 12:00 pm
In Norway, there is an institutionalized emphasis on the importance of outdoor life and play. This is embedded in public provision for children and in dominant understandings of how families should use leisure time and how children should play. In this seminar, Raquel Herrero-Arias, PhD candidate at the department of Health Promotion, UiB, will discuss her co-authored article (currently under review) on the experiences of Southern European migrant parents with professional advice on family leisure and outdoor play. It focuses on how migrant parents respond to associate discourses of risks in their encounters with kindergarten professionals and community health nurses. Raquel will discuss how migrant parents navigated risk discourse in these encounters in many ways either by contesting, accepting professional intervention, or falsifying compliance.
Raquel Herrero-Arias is a PhD candidate at the department of Health Promotion, UiB. She holds a Master's Degree in Gender Studies, and an Erasmus Mundus Master in Social Work with Families and Children. Her doctoral project explores the experiences of parenting among Southern European migrant parents in Norway.
Password: IMER11.06


The Neolution will continue to be televised—Orphan Black has just been renewed for season four. It's hardly surprising, since the show is both critically acclaimed and a fan favorite. BBC America shared the news earlier today that Orphan Black will continue to replicate itself, as if by some kind of magic or science, along with some statistics on the show's ever-increasing viewership.
Last month, AMC played reruns of season two on all of its networks (AMC, BBC America, IFC, Sundance TV, and WEtv) simultaneously, a strategy that netted the show's highest audience numbers to date: 1.9 million viewers. So far this season has been packed to the gills with plot and characters, but maybe the recent revelation that the Dyad Institute has kept things all in the family will help re-focus the longer arcs. And if not, there's always next year (and ten more episodes), #CloneClub.


The Pitch is holding it's annual Best Of voting spree over the next couple of weeks to decide everything amazing, trendy, and "must-see" in Kansas City. Sadly there's no Comic Book or Game Store category. But that's where you guys come in!
You can go to The Pitch's website here and vote in the Best Category We Forgot option for Comic Book Store or Game Store. Either way, we'd really appreciate it if you also added Pulp Fiction Comics & Games at the end of that. Just remember, you have to vote in a minimum of 20 categories to make your vote count. But, on the plus side, you can vote once every day until the end of voting, so if you find yourself with a free moment at work or something, jump on over and cast a ballot!


text:
Мост Бенджамина Франклина () — совмещённый автомобильно-железнодорожный висячий мост через реку Делавэр, соединяющий города Филадельфия (штат Пенсильвания) и Камден (штат Нью-Джерси). Через него проходят межштатная автомагистраль   и федеральное шоссе   (всего 7 полос для автомобильного движения), а также два железнодорожных пути, по которым курсируют поезда .

Мост был назван в честь американского политика и учёного Бенджамина Франклина (1706—1790).

История

В 1918 году штатами Пенсильвания и Нью-Джерси были созданы комиссии для изучения и подготовки возможного строительства моста через реку Делавэр, а 12 декабря 1919 года была создана объединённая комиссия (), которая назначила главным инженером по строительству моста  (Rudolphe Modjeski).

К началу 1922 года объединённая комиссия одобрила проект моста подвесного типа, согласно дизайну, предложенному Рудольфом Моджески и архитектором  (Paul Philippe Cret). Строительство моста началось 6 января 1922 года и было окончено в 1926 году.

Незадолго до открытия моста между штатами Нью-Джерси и Пенсильвания возникли серьёзные разногласия по вопросу об оплате проезда через мост. Согласно официальной позиции Пенсильвании, плата за проезд по мосту не должна была взиматься, а расходы на его содержание должны были быть компенсированы через налоги. Представители Нью-Джерси настаивали на взимании платы за проезд. Кризис, связанный с этими разногласиями, оказался настолько серьёзным, что строительство моста было на какое-то время заморожено — более того, даже появились предложения вообще снести этот мост. В конце 1925 года это дело достигло Верховного суда США, который дал штатам шесть месяцев на самостоятельное урегулирование конфликта. В конце концов было решено ввести плату за проезд по мосту.

Новый мост через реку Делавэр (который в начале так и назывался — Delaware River Bridge) был открыт для движения 1 июля 1926 года. На момент открытия он был самым длинным висячим мостом в мире по длине основного пролёта.

Конструкция

Мост Бенджамина Франклина — подвесного типа. Он содержит две центральные стальные опоры высотой 117,3 м, а также два устоя по краям реки. Высота устоев моста вместе с гранитными башнями — 53,3 м.

Протяжённость основного пролёта моста — 533,4 м (по другим данным, 533,75 м). Длина каждого из пролётов от устоев моста до центральных опор — 271,9 м, расстояние между устоями — 1077,8 м, общая длина моста (вместе с подводящими путями) — 2918 м. Выстота моста над рекой (в центре моста) — 41,1 м.

Полная ширина моста — 39,0 м, ширина проезжей части — 23,8 м. Кроме семи полос для автомобильного движения, есть два пути междугороднего метрополитена .

Мост поддерживается двумя стальными канатами диаметром 30 дюймов (76 см). Каждый канат состоит из  проволок.

См. также
 Делавэр (река)

 Список самых длинных висячих мостов

Примечания

Ссылки

Висячие мосты США
Платные мосты США
Бенджамина Франклина
Бенджамина Франклина
Здания и сооружения Филадельфии
Камден (округ, Нью-Джерси)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
// Copyright 2013, Google Inc. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

package zktopo

import (
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
	"path"
	"sort"

	"github.com/youtube/vitess/go/vt/topo"
	"github.com/youtube/vitess/go/zk"
	"golang.org/x/net/context"
	"launchpad.net/gozk/zookeeper"

	pb "github.com/youtube/vitess/go/vt/proto/topodata"
)

/*
This file contains the Keyspace management code for zktopo.Server
*/

const (
	globalKeyspacesPath = "/zk/global/vt/keyspaces"
)

// CreateKeyspace is part of the topo.Server interface
func (zkts *Server) CreateKeyspace(ctx context.Context, keyspace string, value *pb.Keyspace) error {
	keyspacePath := path.Join(globalKeyspacesPath, keyspace)
	pathList := []string{
		keyspacePath,
		path.Join(keyspacePath, "action"),
		path.Join(keyspacePath, "actionlog"),
		path.Join(keyspacePath, "shards"),
	}

	data, err := json.MarshalIndent(value, "", "  ")
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	alreadyExists := false
	for i, zkPath := range pathList {
		c := ""
		if i == 0 {
			c = string(data)
		}
		_, err := zk.CreateRecursive(zkts.zconn, zkPath, c, 0, zookeeper.WorldACL(zookeeper.PERM_ALL))
		if err != nil {
			if zookeeper.IsError(err, zookeeper.ZNODEEXISTS) {
				alreadyExists = true
			} else {
				return fmt.Errorf("error creating keyspace: %v %v", zkPath, err)
			}
		}
	}
	if alreadyExists {
		return topo.ErrNodeExists
	}
	return nil
}

// UpdateKeyspace is part of the topo.Server interface
func (zkts *Server) UpdateKeyspace(ctx context.Context, keyspace string, value *pb.Keyspace, existingVersion int64) (int64, error) {
	keyspacePath := path.Join(globalKeyspacesPath, keyspace)
	data, err := json.MarshalIndent(value, "", "  ")
	if err != nil {
		return -1, err
	}
	stat, err := zkts.zconn.Set(keyspacePath, string(data), int(existingVersion))
	if err != nil {
		if zookeeper.IsError(err, zookeeper.ZNONODE) {
			err = topo.ErrNoNode
		}
		return -1, err
	}

	return int64(stat.Version()), nil
}

// DeleteKeyspace is part of the topo.Server interface.
func (zkts *Server) DeleteKeyspace(ctx context.Context, keyspace string) error {
	keyspacePath := path.Join(globalKeyspacesPath, keyspace)
	err := zk.DeleteRecursive(zkts.zconn, keyspacePath, -1)
	if err != nil {
		if zookeeper.IsError(err, zookeeper.ZNONODE) {
			err = topo.ErrNoNode
		}
		return err
	}
	return nil
}

// GetKeyspace is part of the topo.Server interface
func (zkts *Server) GetKeyspace(ctx context.Context, keyspace string) (*pb.Keyspace, int64, error) {
	keyspacePath := path.Join(globalKeyspacesPath, keyspace)
	data, stat, err := zkts.zconn.Get(keyspacePath)
	if err != nil {
		if zookeeper.IsError(err, zookeeper.ZNONODE) {
			err = topo.ErrNoNode
		}
		return nil, 0, err
	}

	k := &pb.Keyspace{}
	if err = json.Unmarshal([]byte(data), k); err != nil {
		return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("bad keyspace data %v", err)
	}

	return k, int64(stat.Version()), nil
}

// GetKeyspaces is part of the topo.Server interface
func (zkts *Server) GetKeyspaces(ctx context.Context) ([]string, error) {
	children, _, err := zkts.zconn.Children(globalKeyspacesPath)
	if err != nil {
		if zookeeper.IsError(err, zookeeper.ZNONODE) {
			return nil, nil
		}
		return nil, err
	}

	sort.Strings(children)
	return children, nil
}

// DeleteKeyspaceShards is part of the topo.Server interface
func (zkts *Server) DeleteKeyspaceShards(ctx context.Context, keyspace string) error {
	shardsPath := path.Join(globalKeyspacesPath, keyspace, "shards")
	if err := zk.DeleteRecursive(zkts.zconn, shardsPath, -1); err != nil && !zookeeper.IsError(err, zookeeper.ZNONODE) {
		return err
	}
	return nil
}


text:
CERG Description
The goal of the Civic Engagement Research Group (CERG) is to provide an evidence base that informs the design of policies and programs that promote the development of citizens for an effective, just, and humane democratic society.
Educating for Participatory Politics (EPP)
Through the efforts of four teams based in three different cities, the Educating for Participatory Politics (EPP) project is exploring the transformations that accompany the digital age, and investigating the opportunities for educators in preparing young people to participate in civic and political life. Preparing youth for democracy in the digital age requires a new approach. Web 2.0 tools and digital media have become central to civic and political life, and digital media literacy has become an essential civic competency. Advances in digital technology have brought about rapid changes in how we access and share information, communicate and build social networks, and express points of view.
However, we lack sufficient models of civic education that respond to this changing landscape. Studies from the YPP Network highlight many ways the changing landscape of public life create new opportunities and considerations for youth as they think about their roles and responsibilities as community members. For example, they need supports to help find and assess the credibility of information and to consider how to circulate and produce content that can reach a sizable audience and have impact. Therefore, we need models of civic education that build on youth enthusiasm for digital tools and networked life, and support them to use these tools effectively for civic purposes. If we want young people to be engaged and effective civic actors, then all youth need to be provided with civic learning environments that are connected and participatory, and all youth need to engage in practices that offer a range of civic learning opportunities enabled by new media. The EPP teams will draw on their work in the field with educators and youth to develop a set of design principles and core practices that articulate a new vision for civic education 2.0. Teams will also create, remix, pilot, and then share model educational resources that speak promote young people's capacity to engage in civic and political life in the digital age.
Chicago - Black Youth Project, McCormick Foundation Civics Program, and Chicago Public Schools Service Learning Initiative
Chicago - Good Participation Project and Facing History and Ourselves
Los Angeles - Media, Activism & Participatory Politics Project and USC School for Cinematic Arts
Oakland - Educating for Democracy in the Digital Age, Oakland Unified School District, and National Writing Project
John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
Please visit the Educating for Participatory Politics (EPP) collection of resources developed by or in collaboration with educators to explore four core civic and political practices in the digital age.
For more detailed information about educating for participatory politics, you can click on the following other resources.
Redesigning Civic Education for the Digital Age: Participatory Politics and the Pursuit of Democratic Engagement by Joseph Kahne, Erica Hodgin & Elyse Eidman-Aadahl
ABOUT EPP
Webinar Series: Youth-Led Inquiry, Connection and Action: Redesigning Civic Education for the Digital Age
The EPP project includes the following four teams working in three different cities.
Oakland - Educating for Democracy in the Digital Age, Oakland Unified School District, National Writing Project, and the Civic Engagement Research Group
Erica Hodgin
Joseph Kahne
Responsive Drupal Website by Hyperarts


This 1996 Lakeview houseboat has a 64' LOA and 14' beam. The upper deck is spacious with plenty of seating. Inside, the salon features a sofa and recliner on the port side. The lower helm and dining area are found on the starboard. Her galley is fully furnished with appliances and pantry space. Two guest staterooms and a head with shower are down the passageway. Before reaching the aft deck, you will enter the master stateroom, which has a dedicated head with shower/tub and a closet under the berth. She is powered by twin Mercruiser 5.7 L engines with 417 hours and a Westerbeke 12.5 kW generator.
Included with this purchase is a 2006 Sylvan 8522 pontoon with a Yamaha 115 hp 4-stroke engine. She has enough room for up to 14 people as well as a table and changing station.
Her slip is available for lease.


text:
Q: How to restrict iOS App if user device is not enroll with Airwatch Agent? In android we can easily check the device is enrolled or not as follow :
final boolean isEnrolled = awSDKManager.isEnrolled();
if (isEnrolled) {
      final String settings = awSDKManager.getCustomSettings();
}

There is similar function for iOS platform, By which we can check user device have AIRWatch agent application installed or enrolled with that.
Please guide me.

A: Firstly initialize AWController for the AIRWatch integration in
- (BOOL)application:(UIApplication *)application didFinishLaunchingWithOptions:(NSDictionary *)launchOptions {

  AWController *controller = [AWController clientInstance];

  // 2) Defining the callback scheme so the app can get called back --
  // this should match the URL scheme you defined in "Callback Scheme Registration".
  controller.callbackScheme = @"awsdkcallback";
  controller.delegate = self;
  [controller start];

    return YES;
}

then use the following delegate method to check your device is enrolled or not
- (void) initialCheckDoneWithError: (NSError *) error {
  if (error) {
    NSLog(@"Error in initialization: %@", [error localizedDescription]);
        NSLog(@"Not enrolled on AirWatch agent");
  } else {
    NSLog(@"Initialization completed without error");
  }

}
Update: for Latest AirWatch SDK 18, Use the following method for the same:
 [controller queryDeviceEnrollmentStatus:^(BOOL isSucess, NSError *error) {

    NSLog(@"Error is : %@",error.localizedDescription);
  }];


Porcelanosa is a Spanish ceramics and tiling company that specializes in bathroom furniture and accessories and tiling. It has many branches in the United Kingdom, Spain, France, Italy, Mexico, the United States and across the world. It was founded in 1973 in Villarreal, staffed by 98 employees. The company specialises in the production of porous, stoneware and porcelain wall and floor tiles in various finishes.
In 2003 the company established a new interactive show-room in New York City. The opening was attended by noted celebrities such as John Travolta, Carolina Herrera, Princess Ira von Fürstenberg, and Isabel Preysler at the St. Regis Hotel. Isabel Preysler has also done substantial work for the company in advertising. Porcelanosa specializes in the production of porcelain tiles, through-body porcelain tiles, wall and floor tiles, wood porcelain tiles and ceramic mosaics in a wide range of formats and finishes. Technology, quality and durability are the defining characteristics of all its products.Porcelanosa is also the market leader in the ceramic and porcelain floor and wall tile sector, and its ongoing efforts in research and development and its excellent standards of quality have earned it an excellent business reputation throughout the world.
Porcelanosa offers the best quality floor tiles in the market, from stylish unique marble to warm terracotta imitations, sleek metallic finishes, and ultra-realistic hardwood recreations.
The versatility of Porcelanosa wall tiles make them suitable not only for your kitchen and bathroom but also for any other room in the house.
The beauty of natural stone is elegant and timeless. Porcelanosa offers the most beautiful stone tiles, handcrafted mosaics, and decorative pieces from all over the world.
Did you know that light can make your room look bigger? Mosaics offer this, and much more. Mosaics need no maintenance, work as an accent piece, and their vivid colors will bring all your rooms to life.
For more information and talk to our professional representatives, visit our showroom at 3209 Fondren Rd. Houston, TX 77063 or give us a call (713) 785-0889.