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Raul J. Cano and Monica K. Borucki have discovered and have actually revived (brought back to life!) over 1,000 types of bacteria and other microorganisms. Some of the life-forms date as far back as 135 million years which was the time of the dinosaurs. Can DNA survive that long? Many point to the plain physics of degrading DNA over time and state that organisms cannot survive for millions of years without having the bases of the DNA, which constitutes the genetic code, degrade to such an extent that the organisms would no longer be viable.
So, is the presence of amber preserved DNA that is still capable of producing viable bacteria and other microorganisms, evidence that the specimen is in fact very young? That is hard to say. There are many who dismiss all claims of ancient bacteria as modern contamination. Others, however seem to dismiss the problems that the effect of time has on DNA and say, 'It must have survived, because here it is'. Neither group entertains the thought that the time factor might be off several orders of magnitude.
Of course the story of Noah in the Bible suggests that these organisms were buried during the global flood, less than 6000 years ago. The young age of the specimens would allow the DNA to still have its original code largely unaffected by time.
For an interesting introduction to this topic read the news article "Ancient Bacteria Brought Back to Life" by R. Monastersky in Science News Volume 147, Number 20, May 20, 1995, p. 308.
Another interesting article: "Prehistoric bacteria revived from buried salt" by J. Travis in Science News Volume 155, June 12, 1999, p. 373. In this article, J. Travis has interviewed such men as William D. Rosenzweig and Russell H. Vreeland of Penn. University who have now announced to have isolated and revived bacteria from salt deposits that is 250 million years old. Also in the paper, a researcher is mentioned, who is said to have been ahead of his time claimed, back in the 1960s, to have revived bacillus and other bacteria from salt deposits more than 500 million years old.
So now we have bacterial spores lasting for 250 million years and maybe as long as 500 million years. Is that possible?
I especially like what Melanie R. Mormile from the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Richland, Wash. said: (I must tell you that Melanie has herself reported salt-derived microbes of at least 97 million years old in age) "Whenever anyone claims they have revived organisms that are millions of years old, she says, you've got to sit back and go, 'Wow, that's incredible. How can that be?' "
I think this is amazing! Because the long ages supported by the evolutionary process is not questioned, researchers are forced to try to come up with unlikely possibilities. They are forced to acknowledge that the DNA must have survived for hundreds of millions of years so now they have to come up with a reason why they are present!
You might think that this debate over viable fossil DNA will persist for some time since there is yet no answer to the problem; However, this same kind of debate has occurred before. In the past, the fact that fossils still had identifiable amino acids after millions of years of being buried, and it had created quite a stir in the 1950s and 1960s. But since a reasonable answer that allows amino acids to still exist, after millions of years, was not forth coming, all research on the problem eventually stopped.
Contamination and the actual age of the samples are the two main alternate explanations to the long age explanation that the fossil DNA has been buried for an extremely long period of time. The contamination aspect of the Lab work is a very real possibility and thus it is one of the major addressed issues facing any project involving PCR amplification of Fossilized DNA. However, these workers are being extremely cautious in their work and I might not expect that all these groups would have contamination as their major product. . . Although it is possible.
One interesting possibility is that if these samples are truly much younger then expected, as would be expected in the Creationary model, then there should be more viable DNA then expected in the samples. That would make the contamination problem of PCR to be less of a problem. Of course, evolutionists would not expect their samples to be a younger. They would expect the contamination problem to be almost insurmountable. If DNA truly does not last for millions of years, as is expected from calculations, it would be expected that all PCR results would be that of contamination.
If you look at the reference (Halobacteria: the evidence for longevity. Grant WD, et. al. ) located below on this web page I think you will find this paper especially interesting!
They said that they might predict that the DNA code, when comparing similar bacteria found in the ancient evaporite with those in the surface environment, that a difference would be noted. Instead, they find essentially no difference. No difference after hundreds of millions of years? Either evolution has not occurred over millions of years or the two alternate explanations of contamination and sample age could be a very real possibility.
Very interesting. It seems that there should be some change after all that time. The two heterogeneous copies of the 16S rRNA gene show, according to current thinking, the possibility of evolutionary events, rearrangements of DNA, and or gene duplication. Etc. How would this non-difference between the two populations of bacteria, separated by time, affect our views on the Biological clock rates? (The changing of DNA over time.) How might it affect our understanding of how viable the theory itself is if we keep coming up with little or no change after as much as 250 million years? We will have to see if this absence of a trend, having little or no change in the genetic code, continues.
It is postulated that different species change (Biological clock rate) at different rate. The Halobacteria example might be considered to be an example where the evolutionary rate is frozen. I do not know enough about Biological clock rates to know if this is reasonable within evolutionary theory. Anyone out there know?
Presently, the likelihood is very good that either we are looking at contaminants or these samples are not as old as is being reported. If researchers continue to keep coming up with little or no change after long periods of time suggesting an absence of a trend, having little or no change in the genetic code; Then the possibility that the ages of the fossilized samples must be questioned.
Some of the journal articles are cited below with abstracts if available.
DNA sequences from a fossil termite in Oligo-Miocene amber and their phylogenetic implications. DeSalle R, Gatesy J, Wheeler W, Grimaldi D
Science 1992 Sep 25;257(5078):1933-6
Department of Entomology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024.
DNA was extracted from the fossil termite Mastotermes electrodominicus preserved in Oligo-Miocene amber (25 million to 30 million years old). Fragments of mitochondrial [16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA)] and nuclear (18S rDNA) genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction. Phylogenetic analysis of fossil and extant 18S rDNA confirmed morphological cladistic analyses of living dictyopterans (termites, cockroaches, and mantids). The fossil termite shares several sequence attributes with Mastotermes darwiniensis. Addition of this fossil to living-species phylogeny is required to substantiate Mastotermes monophyly and affects molecular phylogenetic hypotheses of termites in this, the oldest DNA yet characterized.
Amplification and sequencing of DNA from a 120-135-million-year-old weevil. Cano RJ, Poinar HN, Pieniazek NJ, Acra A, Poinar GO Jr
Nature 1993 Jun 10;363(6429):536-8
Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo 93407.
DNA has been successfully isolated from both fossilized plant and animal tissues. The oldest material, dated as 25-40 million years old (Tertiary), was obtained from amber-entombed bees and termites. Tissues from both these insects yielded DNA of good quality, which could be amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and subsequently sequenced, including the genes encoding 18S ribosomal RNA and 16S rRNA. We report here the extraction of DNA from a 120-135-million-year-old weevil (Nemonychidae, Coleoptera) found in Lebanese amber, PCR amplification of segments of the 18S rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer, and the corresponding nucleotide sequences of their 315- and 226-base-pair fragments, respectively. These sequences were used for preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the nemonychid's sequence with three extant coleopterans: Lecontellus pinicola (Nemonychidae), Hypera brunneipennis (Curculionidae) and the mealworm Tenebrio molitor (Tenebrionidae), and two extant dipterans: the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster (Drosophilidae) and mosquito Aedes albopictus (Culicidae) for the purpose of ascertaining the origin of the extracted and amplified DNA. The results revealed that the PCR-amplified material is that of the extinct nemonychid weevil. This represents the oldest fossil DNA ever extracted and sequenced, extending by 80 million years the age of any previously reported DNA.
Rapid isolation of DNA from fossil and museum specimens suitable for PCR. Cano RJ, Poinar HN
Biotechniques 1993 Sep;15(3):432-4, 436
We describe a simple process for extraction of DNA from amber-entombed fossils and museum specimens that is suitable for enzymatic amplification by PCR. Five to ten milligrams of the macerated specimen were mixed in 300 microliters of silica matrix and shaken at 55 degrees C for 1 h in a sterile, screw-capped microcentrifuge tube. After incubation, the silica matrix was transferred to the upper chamber of a Spin Filter, centrifuged at maximum speed for 1 min and then washed twice with 500 microliters of wash solution and the DNA eluted with 50 microliters of TE buffer. The elute was used as template for PCR, and the results were evaluated by electrophoresis and nucleotide sequence analysis. All samples tested yielded positive results, which were subsequently verified by sequence analysis. It appears, at least in our hands, that the procedure described here is a rapid and efficient way of obtaining small amounts of DNA for PCR in museum and fossilized specimens.
PCR jumping in clones of 30-million-year-old DNA fragments from amber preserved termites (Mastotermes electrodominicus). DeSalle R, Barcia M, Wray C
Experientia 1993 Oct 15;49(10):906-9
Department of Entomology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024.
DNA from 30-million-year-old amber preserved termites (Mastotermes electrodominicus) was PCR amplified with nuclear ribosomal RNA small subunit primers and cloned into the TA vector (INVITROGEN). We obtained several classes of recombinant clones as a result. Authentic Mastotermes electrodominicus clones were identified. The source of other classes of clones was identified as contaminants of the ancient DNA template. Several of the clones appeared to be chimeric in structure with half of the clone identical to the termite sequence and the other half identical to contaminant sequences. The phenomenon of PCR jumping was identified as a possible source for the chimeric clones.
Bacillus DNA in fossil bees: an ancient symbiosis? Cano RJ, Borucki MK, Higby-Schweitzer M, Poinar HN, Poinar GO Jr, Pollard KJ
Appl Environ Microbiol 1994 Jun;60(6):2164-7
We report here the isolation of DNA from abdominal tissue of four extinct stingless bees (Proplebeia dominicana) in Dominican amber, PCR amplification of a 546-bp fragment of the 16S rRNA gene from Bacillus spp., and their corresponding nucleotide sequences. These sequences were used in basic local alignment search tool searches of nonredundant nucleic acid data bases, and the highest scores were obtained with 16S rRNA sequences from Bacillus spp. Phylogenetic inference analysis by the maximum-likelihood method revealed close phylogenetic relationships of the four presumed ancient Bacillus sequences with Bacillus pumilus, B. firmus, B. subtilis, and B. circulans. These four extant Bacillus spp. are commonly isolated from abdominal tissue of stingless bees. The close phylogenetic association of the extracted DNA sequences with these bee colonizers suggests that a similar bee-Bacillus association existed in the extinct species P. dominicana.
The range of life in amber: significance and implications in DNA studies. Poinar GO Jr
Experientia 1994 Jun 15;50(6):536-42
College of Natural Resources, University of California, Berkeley 94720.
A survey of the major fossiliferous amber deposits is provided, including ages and various categories of life forms reported from each. The frequency of occurrence of the major groups of plants and animals in these amber deposits is also given. Thus far, DNA from four insect and one plant species has been extracted from amber fossils. In the case of the stingless bee in Dominican amber, evidence of reproducibility is provided, since two independent laboratories isolated DNA from six or more different specimens of the same insect. Amber sources for DNA studies are listed together with their advantages and disadvantages. The important points are the availability of desired pieces, the proper identification of the fossil, verification of the amber deposit, the cost involved, and the feasibility of causing damage to the specimen. The availability of several types of amber (Mexican, Dominican, Baltic, Chinese, Canadian, Siberian and Lebanese) at four major sources (academic collections, commercial dealers, private collections and amber mines) is discussed. The scientific implications of obtaining DNA from amber inclusions are presented.
Implications of ancient DNA for phylogenetic studies. DeSalle R Experientia 1994 Jun 15;50(6):543-50
American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024.
The utility of DNA sequence characters from fossil specimens is examined from a phylogenetic perspective. Four ways that fossil characters can alter phylogenetic hypotheses are discussed. Two empirical examples and a third hypothetical example concerning amber-preserved insects are presented to illustrate these phenomena. Fossil DNA sequences as characters will be affected by the problem of missing data and missing taxa. In general, cladogram accuracy will be more greatly affected by missing taxa and cladogram resolution will be affected more acutely by missing data. Due to these points, an examination of the importance of the phylogenetic question being addressed, the utility of the fossil DNA sequences and the rarity of the fossil should be considered before damage of a fossil is undertaken.
Ancient DNA: using molecular biology to explore the past. Brown TA, Brown KA
Bioessays 1994 Oct;16(10):719-26
Department of Biochemistry and Applied Molecular Biology, UMIST, Manchester, UK.
Ancient DNA has been discovered in many types of preserved biological material, including bones, mummies, museum skins, insects in amber and plant fossils, and has become an important research tool in disciplines as diverse as archaeology, conservation biology and forensic science. In archaeology, ancient DNA can contribute both to the interpretation of individual sites and to the development of hypotheses about past populations. Site interpretation is aided by DNA-based sex typing of fragmentary human bones, and by the use of genetic techniques to assess the degree of kinship between the remains of different individuals. On a broader scale, population migrations can be traced by studying genetic markers in ancient DNA, as in recent studies of the colonisation of the Pacific islands, while ancient DNA in preserved plant remains can provide information on the development of agriculture.
Very old DNA. DeSalle R, Grimaldi D
Curr Opin Genet Dev 1994 Dec;4(6):810-5
Department of Entomology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA.
The verification of DNA sequences obtained from very old tissue sources as indeed ancient is a major point of discussion in the ancient DNA field. Proper controls and the use of the phylogenetic approach are the general methods employed for verification of the ancient DNA. Most studies have reported the recovery of extremely small amounts of nucleic acids which are sheared into rather small fragments. In addition, problems such as 'PCR jumping' can produce spurious sequence information. These observations suggest that random amplification techniques and the development of primers for highly informative but short target regions are essential for the further development of the ancient DNA field.
Revival and identification of bacterial spores in 25- to 40-million-year-old Dominican amber. Cano RJ, Borucki MK
Science 1995 May 19;268(5213):1060-4
Published erratum appears in Science 1995 Jun 2;268(5215):1265
Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo 93407, USA.
A bacterial spore was revived, cultured, and identified from the abdominal contents of extinct bees preserved for 25 to 40 million years in buried Dominican amber. Rigorous surface decontamination of the amber and aseptic procedures were used during the recovery of the bacterium. Several lines of evidence indicated that the isolated bacterium was of ancient origin and not an extant contaminant. The characteristic enzymatic, biochemical, and 16S ribosomal DNA profiles indicated that the ancient bacterium is most closely related to extant Bacillus sphaericus.
Comment in: Science 1995 May 19;268(5213):977
Comment in: Science 1995 Dec 22;270(5244):2015; discussion 2016-7
Comment in: Science 1995 Dec 22;270(5244):2015-6; discussion 2016-7
Have 25-million-year-old bacteria returned to life? Fischman J
Science 1995 May 19;268(5213):977
Analysing ancient DNA. Cano RJ
Endeavour 1996;20(4):162-7
Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo.
Much of what we know about extinct organisms comes from traits that are not preserved in the fossil record. Until recently, morphological analysis was the only tool available for scientists to determine relationships for extinct fossil organisms. We now know that "ancient' DNA can be preserved in the remains of extinct organisms. By targeting specific gene sequences, it may be possible to deduce biochemical characteristics and through sequence comparisons, to estimate the extent of evolutionary divergence. By comparing the amount and type of these changes, one could estimate how quickly some DNA 'evolves' relative to other segments, or which genes have the most flexibility or are more conserved over time. The compilation of these data would yield greater understanding of the physiology of extinct organisms and provide a much clearer picture of genetic change over time, and the mechanics behind 'evolution'.
Just how old is that DNA, anyway? Service RF
Amino acid racemization and the preservation of ancient DNA. Poinar HN, Hoss M, Bada JL, Paabo S
Science 1996 May 10;272(5263):864-6
University of Munich, Germany.
The extent of racemization of aspartic acid, alanine, and leucine provides criteria for assessing whether ancient tissue samples contain endogenous DNA. In samples in which the D/L ratio of aspartic acid exceeds 0.08, ancient DNA sequences could not be retrieved. Paleontological finds from which DNA sequences purportedly millions of years old have been reported show extensive racemization, and the amino acids present are mainly contaminates. An exception is the amino acids in some insects preserved in amber.
Problems of reproducibility--does geologically ancient DNA survive in amber-preserved insects? Authors Austin JJ, Ross AJ, Smith AB, Fortey RA, Thomas RH
Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1997 Apr 22;264(1381):467-74
Department of Palaeontology, Natural History Museum, London, UK.
Apparently ancient DNA has been reported from amber-preserved insects many millions of years old. Rigorous attempts to reproduce these DNA sequences from amber- and copal-preserved bees and flies have failed to detect any authentic ancient insect DNA. Lack of reproducibility suggests that DNA does not survive over millions of years even in amber, the most promising of fossil environments.
Really ancient DNA. Lights turning red on amber. Author Sykes B
Nature 1997 Apr 24;386(6627):764-5 Publication Types: News
Ancient DNA from amber fossil bees? Authors Walden KK, Robertson HM
Mol Biol Evol 1997 Oct;14(10):1075-7
The most ancient DNA recovered from an amber-preserved specimen may not be as ancient as it seems. Authors Gutierrez G, Marin A
Mol Biol Evol 1998 Jul;15(7):926-9 Publication Types: Letter
Preservation of key biomolecules in the fossil record: current knowledge and future challenges. Authors Bada JL, Wang XS, Hamilton H
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1999 Jan 29;354(1379):77-86; discussion 86-7
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0212, USA. jbada@ucsd.edu
We have developed a model based on the analyses of modern and Pleistocene eggshells and mammalian bones which can be used to understand the preservation of amino acids and other important biomolecules such as DNA in fossil specimens. The model is based on the following series of diagenetic reactions and processes involving amino acids: the hydrolysis of proteins and the subsequent loss of hydrolysis products from the fossil matrix with increasing geologic age; the racemization of amino acids which produces totally racemized amino acids in 10(5)-10(6) years in most environments on the Earth; the introduction of contaminants into the fossil that lowers the enantiomeric (D:L) ratios produced via racemization; and the condensation reactions between amino acids, as well as other compounds with primary amino groups, and sugars which yield humic acid-like polymers. This model was used to evaluate whether useful amino acid and DNA sequence information is preserved in a variety of human, amber-entombed insect and dinosaur specimens. Most skeletal remains of evolutionary interest with respect to the origin of modern humans are unlikely to preserve useful biomolecular information although those from high latitude sites may be an exception. Amber-entombed insects contain well-preserved unracemized amino acids, apparently because of the anhydrous nature of the amber matrix, and thus may contain DNA fragments which have retained meaningful genetic information. Dinosaur specimens contain mainly exogenous amino acids, although traces of endogenous amino acids may be present in some cases. Future ancient biomolecule research which takes advantage of new methologies involving, for example, humic acid cleaving reagents and microchip-based DNA-protein detection and sequencing, along with investigations of very slow biomolecule diagenetic reactions such as the racemization of isoleucine at the beta-carbon, will lead to further enhancements of our understanding of biomolecule preservation in the fossil record.
Staphylococcus succinus sp. nov., isolated from Dominican amber. Lambert LH, Cox T, Mitchell K, Rossello-Mora RA, Del Cueto C, Dodge DE, Orkand P, Cano RJ Int J Syst Bacteriol 1998 Apr;48 Pt 2:511-8
XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA.
Two bacterial isolates, designated AMG-D1T and AMG-D2, were recovered from 25-35-million-year-old Dominican amber. AMG-D1T and AMG-D2 biochemically most closely resemble Staphylococcus xylosus; they differ physiologically from other staphylococci. Fatty acid analysis and comparisons with extensive databases were unable to show relatedness to any specific taxon. Moreover, AMG-D1T and AMG-D2 contain tuberculostearic acid and meso-diaminopimelic acid, characteristic of the G + C-rich coryneform bacteria, as opposed to L-lysine characteristic of staphylococci. AMG-D1T and AMG-D2 have a G + C ratio of 35 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis with the 16S rRNA gene indicated that AMG-D1T and AMG-D2 were most closely related to Staphylococcus equorum, S. xylosus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus and other novobiocin-resistant staphylococci. Stringent DNA-DNA hybridization studies with AMG-D1T revealed similarities of 38% with S. equorum, 23% with S. xylosus and 6% with S. saprophyticus. The results indicate that AMG-D1T and AMG-D2 represent a novel species, which was named Staphylococcus succinus sp. nov. The type strain of the new species is AMG-D1 (ATCC 700337).
Sequence analysis of bacterial DNA in the colon of an Andean mummy. Ubaldi M, Luciani S, Marota I, Fornaciari G, Cano RJ, Rollo F
Am J Phys Anthropol 1998 Nov;107(3):285-95
Dipartimento di Biologia Molecolare, Cellulare e Animale, Universita di Camerino, Italy.
We have isolated DNA from 14 tissue samples from the internal organs of an Andean human mummy (10th-11th century A.D.) and have checked the persistence of the original human and bacterial templates using the following main approaches: 1) amino acid racemization test; 2) quantification of mitochondrial DNA copy number; 3) survey of bacterial DNA in the different organs; 4) sequence analysis of bacterial amplicons of different lengths. The results demonstrate that both the original human DNA and the DNA of the bacteria of the mummy gut are preserved. In particular, sequence analysis of two (respectively 100 and 196 bp in length) libraries of bacterial 16s ribosomal RNA gene amplicons from the mummy colon shows that while the shortest amplicons give only modest and biased indications about the bacterial taxa, the longer amplicons allow the identification several species of the genus Clostridium which are typical of the human colon. This work represents a first example of a methodological approach which is applicable, in principle, to many other natural and artificial mummies and might open the way to the study of the structure of the human microbial ecosystem from prehistory to present.
Diversity of Microorganisms Isolated from Amber. Greenblatt CL, Davis A, Clement BG, Kitts CL, Cox T, Cano RJ
Microb Ecol 1999 Jul;38(1):58-68
Kuvin Centre and Department of Parasitology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
Abstract Claims that organisms can be cultured from amber, if substantiated, would be significant contributions to our understanding of the evolution, tenacity, and potential spread of life. Three reports on the isolation of organisms from amber have been published. Cano and Borucki recently reported the isolation of Bacillus sphaericus and Lambert et al. have described a new species designated Staphylococcus succinus from 25-40 million year old Dominican amber. These characterized organisms were phylogenetically distant from extant relatives and the Staphylococcus sp. sufficiently far removed from other extant staphylococci to be considered a new species. Here we report the culture of bacteria from Dominican and previously untested 120 million year old Israeli (Lebanese lode) amber. Twenty-seven isolates from the amber matrix have been characterized by fatty-acid profiles (FAME) and/or 16S rRNA sequencing. We also performed a terminal restriction fragment pattern (TRF) analysis of the original amber before prolonged culture by consensus primer amplification of the 16S rRNA followed by restriction enzyme digestion of the amplicons. Sample TRFs were consistent with a sparse bacterial assemblage and included at least five of the isolated organisms. Finally, we microscopically mapped the internal topography of an amber slice.http://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/journals/00248/bibs/38n1p58.html
Halobacteria: the evidence for longevity. Grant WD, Gemmell RT, McGenity TJ
Extremophiles 1998 Aug;2(3):279-87
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leicester, UK. WDG1@le.ac.uk
Subterranean salt deposits are the remains of ancient hypersaline waters that presumably supported dense populations of halophilic microorganisms including representatives of the haloarchaea (halobacteria). Ancient subterranean salt deposits (evaporites) are common throughout the world, and the majority sampled to date appear to support diverse populations of halobacteria. The inaccessibility of deep subsurface deposits, and the special requirements of these organisms for survival, make contamination by halobacteria from surface sites unlikely. It is conceivable that these subterranean halobacteria are autochthonous, presumably relict populations derived from ancient hypersaline seas that have been revived from a state of dormancy. One would predict that halobacteria that have been insulated and isolated inside ancient evaporites would be different from comparable bacteria from surface environments, and that it might be possible to use a molecular chronometer to establish if the evolutionary position of the subsurface isolates correlated with the geological age of the evaporite. Extensive comparisons have been made between the 16S rRNA genes of surface and subsurface halobacteria without showing any conclusive differences between the two groups. A further phylogenetic comparison exploits an unusual feature of one particular group of halobacteria that possess at least two heterogeneous copies of the 16S rRNA gene, the sequences of which may have been converging or diverging over geological time. However, results to date have yet to show any gene sequence differences between surface and evaporite-derived halobacteria that might arguably be an indication of long-term dormancy.
I find this paper especially interesting! They said that they might predict that the DNA code, when comparing similar bacteria found in the ancient evaporite with those in the surface environment, that a difference would be noted. Instead, they find essentially no difference. No difference after hundreds of millions of years? Either evolution has not occurred over millions of years or the two alternate explanations of contamination and sample age could be a very real possibility.
Distribution and diversity of halophilic bacteria in a subsurface salt formation. Vreeland RH, Piselli AF Jr, McDonnough S, Meyers SS
Department of Biology, West Chester University, PA 19383, USA.
The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) is a salt mine constructed 650 meters below the ground surface by the United States Department of Energy. The facility will be used for permanent disposal of transuranic wastes. This underground repository has been constructed in the geologically stable Permian age Salado salt formation. Of the wastes to be placed into the facility, 85% will be biodegradable cellulose. A 3-year survey of the bacterial populations existing within the facility was conducted. Bacterial populations were found to be heterogeneously distributed throughout the mine. Populations in some mine areas reached as high as 1.0 x 10(4) colony-forming units per gram of NaCl. The heterogeneous distribution of bacteria within the mine did not follow any recognizable pattern related to either age of the workings or to human activity. A biochemical comparison between ten known species of halophilic bacteria, and strains isolated from both the mine and nearby surface hypersaline lakes, showed the presence of extreme halophiles with wide biochemical diversity, some of which could prove to represent previously undescribed groups. The halophilic bacteria isolated from the mine were found to degrade cellulose and a wide variety of other carbon compounds. When exposed to two types of common laboratory paper, the cellulose-degrading halophiles attached to the substrate within 30 minutes of inoculation. Cultures enriched directly from a brine seep in the mine easily destroyed both papers and produced detectable amounts of oxalacetic and pyruvic acids. The combination of heterogeneity in the distribution of organisms, the presence of a physiologically diverse community, and the relatively slow metabolism of cellulose may explain several long-standing debates about the existence of microorganisms in ancient underground salt formations.
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text:
JO BICHAR GAYE EP 1: A STRONG START!
There has always been a dearth of period television shows in Pakistan. Barring a few exceptions, our writers and show runners have never made an effort to bring our history and our country's past struggles on our television screens. It looks like that's about to change with Wahaj Ali's new drama serial "Jo Bichar Gaye" which aired its first episode today. The show is an intense drama and has elements of riot, rebellion and revolt in it which are prominent in every show that is based on a historical narrative. Jo Bichar Gaye is an adaptation of author Col Z. I. Farrukh's autobiographical novel which tells the story of the 1971 Indo-Pak War, including the Fall of Dhaka (East Pakistan).
The show features a star cast that is headlined by the outstanding Wahaj Ali along with strong performers such as Maya Ali, Nadia Jamil, Adnan Jaffar, Talha Chahour among others. The show has been written by Ali Moeen and directed by Haissam Hussain.
Farrukh arrives in Dhaka
Farrukh (TalhaChahour) travels from Pakistan to Dhaka where he reports for duty at the cantonment center is. He is instructed to join the intelligence division by his superior.
Sonia and Rumi have dissimilar but strong opinions
Rumi (Wahaj Ali) is a young, hot-headed Bengali activist who is highly critical of Pakistan and its treatment of Bengalis. He compels the students at the Dhaka University to join movements that would give Bengal independence. Sonia (Maya Ali), whose family is friends with Rumi, doesn't agree with him and says the country has already gotten independence. It is clear that the two don't see eye to eye on their political views which leads to a lot of friction between them. They often end up arguing with each other.
This is evident when Rumi is having dinner with Sonia's family and the two start arguing again. She thinks he is instigating Bengalis which could lead to unrest in the country.
Rumi is affectionate towards Sonia
It is also clear that there's something between the two but they are always on the opposite ends of the field because of Rumi's extremist ways and Maya's disagreement towards them.
Farrukh can sense the upcoming storm
According to his finding and intelligence reports, there is going to be a mutiny which will be caused by the Bengalis. His seniors tell him nothing of that sort will happen.
Farrukh and Sonia meet for the first time
Farrukh comes to Dhaka University to attend a function. Before that, he bumps into Sonia and is mesmerized by her. His eyes remain fixated on her during the entire performance.
Rumi riles up the students
At the end of the event, Rumi walks on stage and delivers a speech of the mistreatment faced by Bengalis at the hands of Pakistan and its people. He instigates them to fight for their independence.
Fans are excited to see Wahaj and Maya come together on screen for the first time. It is also a change of scenery for Wahaj who has only been a part of romantic dramas and family soaps before this. And by the looks of it, he is going to crush it and we can't to watch what happens next. To find out, watch this space for more reviews and keep watching Jo Bichar Gaye on Sundays at 8 pm on Geo TV.
You can watch ep of Jo Bichar Gaye here
Faryal Syed

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Art, Ethnography and the Life of Objects: Paris, c.1925–35
Manchester University Press, 24 dec. 2012 - 188 pagina's
In the 1920s and 1930s, anthropology and ethnography provided new and striking ways of rethinking what art could be and the forms which it could take. This book examines the impact of these emergent disciplines on the artistic avant-garde in Paris. The reception by European artists of objects arriving from colonial territories in the first half of the twentieth century is generally understood through the artistic appropriation of the forms of African or Oceanic sculpture. The author reveals how anthropological approaches to this intriguing material began to affect the ways in which artists, theorists, critics, and curators thought about three-dimensional objects and their changing status as "art," "artefacts," or "ethnographic evidence." This book analyzes texts, photographs, and art works that cross disciplinary boundaries, through case studies including the Dakar to Djibouti expedition of 1931-33, the Trocadéro Ethnographic Museum, and the two art periodicals Documents and Minotaure. Through its interdisciplinary and contextual approach, it provides an important corrective to histories of modern art and the European avant-garde.
Art, Ethnography and the Life of Objects: Paris, C. 1925-35
Geen voorbeeld beschikbaar - 2007
Julia Kelly is Lecturer in Art History and Visual Studies at the University of Manchester.
Titel Art, Ethnography and the Life of Objects: Paris, c.1925–35
Critical Perspectives in Art History
Auteur Julia Kelly
Editie geïllustreerd, herdruk
Uitgever Manchester University Press, 2012


text:
'Congress to sit in Opposition if no majority'
NEW DELHI: Congress today virtually snubbed Union Minister Beni Prasad Verma making it clear that it will sit in the Opposition in Uttar Pradesh if it does not not get majority. "Co
Published: 05th March 2012 08:34 PM | Last Updated: 16th May 2012 06:29 PM | A+A A-
NEW DELHI: Congress today virtually snubbed Union Minister Beni Prasad Verma making it clear that it will sit in the Opposition in Uttar Pradesh if it does not not get majority.
"Congress will form a government if it gets majority.
It will sit in the Opposition if it does not. The party has not changed its position so far," party general secretary Janardhan Dwivedi told reporters on the eve of counting of votes in U P and four other states.
Dwivedi, who is also AICC Media Department Chairman, sought to silence leaders like Verma who have been giving "individual" views on the issue. Verma created a flutter with his remarks BSP will be a better ally for Congress if it does not not get majority.
"Individuals may have different views but decision is that of the party, which is binding on all. It is also true in the case of Uttar Pradesh", Dwivedi said.
His remarks also came in the wake of party MP P L Punia, a friend-turned-foe of BSP supremo Mayawati, who has vehemently ruled out any post-poll tieup with BSP, dismissing Verma's remarks as "absolutely personal".
Verma is a known detractor of SP supremo Mulayam Singh Yadav, whose close associate he was till a few years back. Punia was the pointsman of Mayawati having been her Principal Secretary when she was Chief Minister earlier.
Union Minister Rajeev Shukla claimed that Congress will play a crucial role in formation of the next government in Uttar Pradesh
"We will cross the bridge when we come to it. The results have not yet come... To talk about the results before they are out is hypothetical. Congress will have a crucial role in government formation (in UP), Shukla told reporters separately.
At the AICC briefing, party spokesperson Renuka Chowdhary refused to go into such specualtion when asked about the post-poll possibilities.
"We had no pre-poll alliance with these parties. We are not yet in the post-poll scenario. Why cross the bridge.....?" was her refrain to a volley of questions on the issue.
Asked whether Verma's opinion is not that of the party said, Chowdhary said "those decisions are taken by party leadership.
Shukla said "those (Verma's remarks) are not party's views. He must have said in his personal capacity."
Punia was more forthright in dismissing Verma's contentions.
"We have fought this Assembly election against the goondaism and corruption of BSP and SP. So, there is absolutely no question of aligning with BSP at all. He (Verma) may have his personal opinion. Congress party is also not subscribing to the views expressed by Verma. These are absolutely his personal views," he said.
A senior party leader, speaking on the condition of anonymity, said Congress has already burnt its hands by aligning with these parties in the past and won't like to be looking like a B team of somebody in UP again when it has long-term goals in the state.
Asked about UPCC chief Rita Bahuguna Joshi's statement that that the party would have done better had the leaders spoken a little less, Chowhdary said she is PCC chief and her statement has to be accepted in her official capacity.
There is a view in the party that off-the-cuff remarks being made by the party leaders are not doing any good to Congress.


From New York Times bestselling author Samantha Young comes a story of friendship, identity, and acceptance that will break your heart—and make it whole again. Order your copy of THE IMPOSSIBLE VASTNESS OF US today!
I would like to thank the publisher for providing me with an advance copy of The Impossible Vastness of Us for an honest review.
The Impossible Vastness of Us is a charming book about of self-discovery and when to let people in and let fears go. This story was real and powerful. In a web of secrets and pressure among these three teens, India, Eloise, and Finn it is only a matter of time before their house of cards comes crashing down!
India has worked really hard at being popular and liked in her school and it wasn't always easy but at least she feels in control. She soon finds out that her mom is dating and that she may have to move from her friends and the place she loves. India's relationship with her mom is already fractured and this only adds to the tension between them.
Her mom tells her they are moving and that she will love Theo and Eloise, her soon to be step-father and sister. Leaving the sunny west coast behind and moving to a wealthy Boston area she soon finds she doesn't fit in and has no more control. Eloise lets her know with her posh friends and boyfriend Finn that she is not wanted.
India is determined to win them over like she did at her last school, she has too, she has to gain some semblance of control back in her life. Theo keeps telling Eloise to help India and gets upset when she doesn't. Eloise wants her dads approval so decides to help India. India can tell that something is going on between Finn and Eloise, they just don't seem as close as a boyfriend and girlfriend should.
What secret is India keeping about her past that makes her need control now? What is Eloise hiding and why? What is it about Finn that India relates to him? You have to read to find out!
The Impossible Vastness of Us is an emotional page turner, that will leave you wanting to read it all over again. I really was unsure about the ending and then the more I thought about it, it was absolutely the right choice. I am giving this book 4.5 out 5 stars.
Headmaster Vanderbilt turned out to be a guy probably only five years or so older than Theo. I expected someone stuffy, pretentious and more than a little condescending, but Headmaster Vanderbilt—a tall, reed-thin man who wore a tiny pair of rimless glasses perched on his big Roman nose—was warm and welcoming.
His welcome, in fact, would be the warmest I'd receive that day.
My first class was Microeconomics and to my horror Eloise, Finn and their whole crew took the class. I hadn't been expecting to see them all together in one class and while the teacher introduced me I had to quickly put my mask of indifference on.
Eloise didn't acknowledge my presence as I took a seat on the other side of the classroom. My eyes drifted to Finn but he was staring at the teacher, almost too studiously, like he was trying to avoid my gaze. I shook that suspicion off, knowing Finn thought he was superior to me—I probably wasn't even on his radar.
Not that I cared if I was on his radar or not.
My Microeconomics teacher was pretty cool and I got through the class not feeling totally out of my depth. I considered that a positive for the day.
Fiction Writing was next and Charlotte was in my class. When I walked in, her eyes lit up and I thought I detected the beginnings of a smile before a thought passed over her expression. Her shoulders slumped, and she looked like she wanted to blend into the background.
I decided to ignore her weirdness and waved at her as the teacher approached to introduce herself. The teacher saw my exchange with Charlotte and insisted I sit with her.
"Hey," I said as I took the seat beside her.
Her answer was a tremulous smile.
"Thanks." Charlotte gave me a shy smile before wariness replaced it and she turned determinedly to face the front.
Her body language told me not to push talking to her, but I felt hope.
Smiling inwardly, I faced forward, too, and listened to the teacher as she started class.
Two classes passed and I already had more homework than I'd ever had back at Fair Oaks High. I wasn't freaking out about it just yet, considering I had no friends and no extracurricular activities to distract me from all the schoolwork, but once I did I'd have to find a way to juggle it all.
As I was walking toward my next class I noticed the glances and full-on stares from my new schoolmates. Their looks varied from curious to sneering and I felt a tingle of wariness across the back of my neck. Turning a corner on my search for my Modern European History class, I came face-to-face with my stepsister-to-be and her girls. They sashayed down the hall like an ad for a TV show about beautiful popular high school kids, long hair fluttering out behind them like silk, long trim legs on display in their designer dresses and elongated by their Jimmy Choo sandals.
Eloise saw me, looked right through me and kept on walking without a word.
My skin felt hot with embarrassment at her obvious cut.
I watched her disappear around the corner with her best friends before looking around the hallway. That's when I realized I hadn't been imagining the sneers of my classmates.
A sick feeling settled in my gut as I wondered what the hell was going on.
What a great review! Looking forward to this one!
Thank you and I really think you will enjoy it!


text:
Q: generalized Euler exact sequence I'm reading about Euler exact sequence in Ravi Vakil's notes, and I need help to check a few things. Given a scheme $X$, and a locally free sheaf $\mathcal{E}$ of rank $n+1$ on $X$, let us start from here
https://mathoverflow.net/questions/116526/generalized-euler-sequence-on-a-projective-scheme
and say that we have an exact sequence
$$
0\to \Omega_{\mathbb{P}\mathcal{E}/X}\to \pi^*(\mathcal{E}^\vee)(-1)\to\mathcal{O}_{\mathbb{P}\mathcal{E}}\to 0\quad (I)
$$
or dually
$$
0\to \mathcal{O}_{\mathbb{P}\mathcal{E}}\to \pi^*\mathcal{E}\otimes O_{\mathbb{P}\mathcal{E}}(1)\to \mathcal{T}_{\mathbb{P}\mathcal{E}/X}\to 0\quad (II)
$$
where $\mathbb{P}{\mathcal{E}}=\mathrm{Proj}({\mathrm{Sym}(\mathcal{E^\vee})})$ with $\pi:\mathbb{P}\mathcal{E}\to X$. In the notes (chapter 13), he writes
$$
0\to \Omega_{\mathbb{P}\mathcal{E}/X}\to \mathcal{E}^\vee\otimes O(-1)\to\mathcal{O}_{X}\to 0\quad (III)
$$
I think $(III)$ is the pushforward of $(I)$, but I am not sure why. I can see that $\pi_*\mathcal{O}_{\mathbb{P}{\mathcal{E}}}$ has no higher direct images, so (II) becomes
$$
0\to \mathcal{O}_{X}\to \pi_*\pi^*\mathcal{E}\otimes O_{X}(1)\to \pi_*\mathcal{T}_{\mathbb{P}\mathcal{E}/X}\to 0\quad (IV)
$$
or
$$
0\to \mathcal{O}_{X}\to \mathcal{E}\otimes \mathcal{E}^\vee\to \pi_*\mathcal{T}_{\mathbb{P}\mathcal{E}/X}\to 0\quad (V)
$$
by projection formula. But I do not see why $\pi_*\pi^*\mathcal{E}=\mathcal{E}$. My question is:
Why is $\pi_*\pi^*\mathcal{E}=\mathcal{E}$ true? if possible, please say something general. say you have a map $f:X\to Y$ so that $f_*O_X=O_Y$ and a sheaf $\mathcal{E}$ on $X$. what conditions on $\mathcal{E}$ do you need for $f_*f^*\mathcal{E}=\mathcal{E}$ to hold?
[Edit: Ok, my question really did not make sense. By $O(-1)$ he means $\pi_* \mathcal{O}_{\mathbb{P}\mathcal{E}}(-1)$, and not $O_X(-1)$ even when $O_X(-1)$ makes sense.  so we do not need to have $\pi_*\pi^*\mathcal{E}=\mathcal{E}$].

A: Projection formula says that $$\pi_\ast(\pi^\ast\mathcal{E}\otimes O_{\mathbb{P}\mathcal{E}}(1))=\mathcal E\otimes \pi_\ast\mathcal O_{\mathbb P\mathcal E}(1).$$ So the pushforward of (II) is $$0\to \mathcal O_X\to \mathcal E\otimes \pi_\ast\mathcal O_{\mathbb P\mathcal E}(1)\to \pi_\ast T_{\mathbb P\mathcal E/X}\to 0.$$ Note that all this has nothing to do with the condition $\pi_\ast\pi^\ast\mathcal E=\mathcal E$ (which may be false): we just used projection formula at the very beginning. Still, your question is interesting and I am not the right person to answer it, unfortunately. Something has already been said here, though.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Francisca Torres Pérez, conocida como Paquita Torres, (Bailén, 22 de abril de 1948) es una modelo española.

Biografía

Nació el 22 de abril de 1948 en la ciudad de Bailén, concretamente en la calle María Bellido. Es la quinta de seis hermanos, y, lamentablemente, perdió a sus padres a muy temprana edad.

A los dieciocho años se convierte en Miss España 1966, representando a la provincia de Málaga, lugar donde trabajaba (camarera de pisos en el Parador nacional «Málaga del Golf», cuyas compañeras pusieron una derrama para comprarle el vestido de la ceremonia de gala), para un año más tarde convertirse en Miss Europa 1969. Además, quedó finalista en el certamen Miss Universo 1966.

Está casada con el ex-baloncestista Clifford Luyk, con el que tuvo 3 hijos; Sergio, Estefanía y Alex.

Sucesión de Miss España

Bibliografía

 https://www.turismobailen.es/es/nacidos-en-bailen/56-paquita-torres

Ganadoras de Miss España
Modelos femeninas de España
Nacidos en Bailén

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Enter for a chance to win this awesome Candy Land and Richard Scarry's Busytown multi-prize kids sweepstakes contest package from Kidtoons that includes all the prizes pictured! Candy Land movie poster, plus Busytown 26-episode DVD Movie, toy truck, game, and stickers book.
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Simply leave a comment below this blogpost saying why you want to win this prize. Don't forget to include your email address, Facebook or Twitter contact info in the comment section so the winner can be contacted.
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My kids would love this prize pack! We are big Richard Scarry fans here. The little ones watch Busy Town videos in their little hideout, under my son's bed.
Follow MBE on Twitter as @Skinimini2.
Would love to win this prize for my daughter.
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text:
EULOGIES
In Memory of Costas Stefanis
Introduction by Barry Blackwell
In Gratitude to Tom Ban by Barry Blackwell
Tom Ban's Eulogy by Jose de Leon
Tom Ban's Eulogy by Carlos Morra
Eulogy for Thomas Arthur Ban by Peter R. Martin
Thomas Arthur Ban, 1929-2022, by Edward Shorter
Tom Ban… the lighthouse fades away… by Carlos Hojaij
Trudo Lemmens' Eulogy of Tom Ban
In Memory of Bernard J. Carroll (1940 – 2018)
In Celebration of Conan Kornetsky
Keith Conners (1933-2017) In his own words By Barry Blackwell
In Memoriam: Thomas Detre (1924-2010) By Thomas A. Ban
BARBARA FISH (1920-2016)
In Memoriam: Peter Gaszner (1939-2017) by Thomas A. Ban
Memories of Peter Gaszner by Elemer Szabadi
Laszlo Gyermek (1926-2017) By Joseph Knoll
Recollections of Hanns Hippius (1925-2021) by Hans-Jürgen Möller
Remembering Karl Jaspers (1883-1969)
Background to the Celebration of Herbert D. Kleber
In Memoriam: Irwin J. Kopin
In Memoriam: Juan José López-Ibor
In Memory of Andras Perenyi
ALFRED PLETSCHER (1917-2006)
In Memory of Andras Perenyi by Carlos R. Hojaij
In Memoriam Merton Sandler by Thomas A. Ban
In Memoriam Baron Shopsin by Thomas A. Ban
Fridolin Sulser
Sydney Spector
In Memory of Costas Stefanis (current)
In Celebration of Larry Stein (1931 – 2019) by Thomas A. Ban
In Memoriam Ervin Varga (1925-2018) by Joseph Knoll
In Memory of Ervin Varga (1925 - 2018) by Samuel Gershon
In Memoriam Professor Marcio Versiani 1947 –2017 by Antonio E. Nardi, João Romildo Bueno and José Carlos Appolinario
In Memoriam Jerzy Vetulani by Robert H. Belmaker, Irena Nalepa and Franciszek Vetulani
In Memoriam: E. Leong Way by Thomas A. Ban
PAUL WENDER (1934-2016)
In Praise of Tom Ban by Barry Blackwell.
In Memoriam of Hagop Souren Akiskal (1944 -2021) by Marcelo Cetkovich-Bakmas
Hassan Azima by Hector Warnes
Frank M. Berger: A Man of Understanding - reviewed by Barry Blackwell
In Celebration of Per Bech (1942 – 2018 ) by Thomas A. Ban
Barry Blackwell: Bits and Pieces of a Psychiatrist's Life
ASYLUM: A Mid-Century Madhouse and It's Lessons about Our Mentally Ill Today by Enoch Callaway and reviewed by Barry Blackwell
Memorial Minute: Louis C. Charland by Trudo Lemmens.
Kanellos Charalampous confronting the Zeitgeist by Barry Blackwell and Kanellos Charalampous
In Memory of Alec Coppen by Thomas A. Ban
Delcir da Costa: Informal autobiographic sketch.
Dwight L. Evans (11/18/2022)
Jean-François Dreyfus: My early years in psychiatry 1968-1973.
My mentors. (Reid Finlayson: A Life on Lithium and Lessons Learned).
Eulogy for Donald Gallant (1929 -2020) By Barry Blackwell & Dan Winstead.
In Celebration of George Gardos (1938 – 2019) by Thomas A. Ban.
In Celebration of Leslie Lars Iversen (1937– 2020) by Thomas A. Ban.
Gregory de Moore and Ann Westmore: Finding Sanity: John Cade, Lithium and the Taming of Bipolar Disorder - Reviewed by Barry Blackwell
Gregory de Moore: Curriculum Vitae
Joel Elkes (November 12, 1913 – October 30, 2015) : In Memoriam. Lest we forget. A personal recollection by Barry Blackwell
Max Fink: Donald F. Klein: Clinician Researcher in Experimental Psychiatry at Hillside Hospital 1959 – 1976.
Reid Finlayson : A Life on Lithium and Lessons Learned
In Celebration of Donald M. Gallant (1929–2020) by Thomas A. Ban.
Samuel Gershon: Events and Memories
A BIOGRAPHY OF JEAN DELAY
A distinguished but controversial career - Jose Delgado by Barry Blackwell
Carlos Roberto Hojaij: Curriculum Vitae (Summary).
In Memoriam: Martin Kassell (1918-2020) by Barry Blackwell.
Turan M. Itil by Martin M. Katz
In Celebration of Ruth Kajander (1924 -2019) by Sam Sussman.
Martin Kassell: One of a kind of psychiatrist by Barry Blackwell
Paul Kielholz by Raymond Battegay
Eulogy for Donald F. Klein (1928-2019) by Barry Blackwell.
Eulogy for Donald F. Klein by Ira D. Glick
In Memoriam: Joseph Knoll (1925 - 2018) by Ildiko Milklya
Eric Konofal: Biographic Sketch
Carl Lange 1834 – 1900 A Founding Father of Neurology, Psychophysiology and Lithium Therapy A Biographical Portrait* by Johan Schioldann
Peter R. Martin: Biographic Sketch
Manuel Paes de Sousa by Antonio Palha (minibio)
Andras Perenyi by George Gardos (eulogy)
Thomas A. Ban: In Honor of Pierre Pichot
Janos Radó: My missed talk for my 90th birthday Celebration.
Janusz K. Rybakowski – Biographic sketch
Janusz K. Rybakowski - Curriculum Vitae
Karl Rickels: A Serendipitous Life: From German POW to American Psychiatrist
In Memory of Philip Seeman (19334-2021) by Gary Remington.
In Memory of Ben Sperer (1921 -2021) by Rachel Phillipson Levy.
Barry Blackwell: In Memory of David C. Taylor (1933-2021).
Johan Schioldann: Curriculum Vitae and Publications.
Mogens Schou: My journey with lithium
In Celebration of Stephen (Istvan) Szara (1923-2021) by Thomas A. Ban.
John and Vanna Smythies: Two Coins in A Fountain. A Love Story (2005) Reviewed by Barry Blackwel
In Memory of Hagop Souren Akiskal (1944 – 2021) By Thomas A. Ban.
Thudichum: Father of Neurochemistry by Barry Blackwell
Ervin Varga: Family, Culture, Persona and Carreer by Barry Blackwell
Ervin Varga (1925-2018): Letters from the past
Barry Blackwell: Epilogue to Ervin Varga's biography and autobiography
A Eulogy for Dan Winstead (1944 – 2021) by Barry Blackwell.
Dr. Costas Stefanis, a member of INHN, passed away Oct. 29, 2016, at age 88. Born in 1928, Stefanis received his MD from the University of Athens medical school in 1953 and was trained in psychiatry and neurology at the Eginition University Hospital, also in Athens.
In 1955, Stefanis collaborated in the first clinical study with chlorpromazine in Greece and, in late 1957, impressed by Roland Kuhn's presentation at the 2nd World Congress of Psychiatry, set up the first clinical trial in Greece with imipramine. It was conducted at the Evangelismos Hospital in Athens in collaboration with S. Scarpalezos and N. Nicolaides. The findings were reported in 1959 in Hospital Annals, one of the leading Greek medical journals at the time (Scarpalezos, Stefanis, Nicolaides 1959). In his autobiographic account published in 2002, Stefanis described his imipramine study as follows:
"The study included 47 patients and it took us about 16 months to complete. We used inclusion criteria, doses and a medication schedule similar to those described by Kuhn in ` his first report. Assessment of changes were carried out by two psychiatrists independently twice a week and the duration of treatment varied from six to ten weeks. In addition to the clinical assessments we performed a comprehensive battery of laboratory tests with EEG recordings prior to the beginning and at the termination of drug administration. Considering that serotonin might be involved in depression and in the therapeutic effect of imipramine we measured the levels of 5-hydrocyindoleacetic acid, the final metabolic end-product of serotonin, in the cerebrospinal fluid of our patients. The findings of our study, presented in our paper on the differential effect of imipramine in the various types of depression, on the onset of imipramine's action, and on its main side effects, had stood the scrutiny of time" (Stefanis, 2002).
During the same years the imipramine study was conducted, Stefanis set up a psychopharmacology laboratory at the hospital to record cortical EEG in the rabbit before and after the injection of psychotropic drugs. By the end of the 1950s, research in the laboratory was extended to recording events simultaneously in the hippocampus, thalamus and basal ganglia with a stereotactic multiple–electrode device.
With a Canadian research fellowship, Stefanis spent two years (1960-1963) at the Montreal Neurological Institute. From 1963 to 1965 he worked as research scientist at the Clinical Neuropharmacology Research Center of the National Institute of Mental Health at Saint Elizabeths Hospital in Washington, D.C. I met Costa for the first time during the early 1960s while he was in Montreal and in the years that followed we remained in friendly contact,
After his return from North America, Costas was chairman of the department of psychiatry at the University of Athens from 1970 to 1996 and president of the World Psychiatric Association from 1983 to 1990. During these years he also served as councilor in the Collegium Internationale Neuro-Psychopharmacologicum from 1980 to 1982. After his retirement from the chair at the university, Costas was actively involved in national politics, serving as Minister of Health of Greece from 2002 to 2004. At the time he passed away, he was director of the University Mental Health Research Center in Athens.
Scarpalezos S, Stefanis C, Nicolaides N. Preliminary observations on the effect of imipramine in depressive syndromes. Hospital Annals 1959; 6:103-15.
Stefanis C. Introduction to psychopharmacology and the first imipramine study in Greece. In: Ban TA, Healy D, Shorter E, editors. From Psychopharmacology to Neuropsychopharmacology in the 1980s and the Story of CINP As Told in Autobiography. Budapest: Animula; 2002, pp. 349-52.
Thomas A. Ban


text:
Q: Screen width of mobile devices ( android and ipod both) I am creating a web-app where I need to truncate overflowing text. Mean I want to display text into some width ( say 90% of original width) and then want to trim my text if it occupies more space. If I need to trim any text then i will put ellipse (...) at the end of the text.
I have tried below three approaches.But could not get any which could work on all devices.
1- I tried with CSS based solution.
{
overflow: hidden;
text-overflow: ellipsis;
width:90%;
}
or
{
overflow: hidden;
text-overflow: ellipsis;
width:200px;    //somewhere suggested to use with in px rather than %(just tried)
}

But it is not working properly. Then after googling I come to know that text-overflow CSS actually not work well in android phones.
2- I have tried with window.devicePixelRatio and screen.availWidth two methods. But  "screen.availWidth"  do not give proper screen size in Nexus4.
var device_width = screen.availWidth;
var device_density = window.devicePixelRatio;

3- I have created my own algorithm of trimming title. Which also not work on some devices like micromex and samsung GT-S6802.I am using ow/dd and oh/dd where ow = original_width , oh= original_height and dd= device_density.
I think that there is some difference between physical device pixel and programming pixel(may be a wrong term).I could not use mobile_js as it is not production ready.Still I will try to explore it too to find out some solution.
But if anyone have faced such problem of truncating the text according to device with ( say 90% of device with) then please let me know.It will be of great help.
Although currently I am looking for solution for android devices only but it will be great if the solution can work on ios too.

A: I have fixed this problem.Hence answering my own problem.
The solution is pretty simple. Here my main concern to get exact device width for different orientations. Below logic works perfectly.
var deviceWidth = screen.availWidth;
var deviceHeight = screen.availHeight;
var device_density = window.devicePixelRatio;
switch(window.orientation) {
       case 90: case -90:   //landscape mode
           device_cur_width= (deviceWidth>deviceHeight)?deviceWidth:deviceHeight;
           break;
       default:             //portrait mode
           device_cur_width= ((deviceWidth<deviceHeight)?deviceWidth:deviceHeight);
           break;
}
//I know the exact device width so I can calculate max_allowed_title_width.
max_allowed_title_width = (device_cur_width/device_density) *0.90;

A: this is your actual code = "width = 200px;"
You should declare a width % :
Ej :
css:
{
overflow: hidden;
text-overflow: ellipsis;
width:90%
}

It should works fine.
also you should add a nowrap property to prevent the break line.
css:
{
white-space: nowrap;
}

also be careful, you mentioned you used "=" instead of ":"
if all that don't work you can too use it javascript :
var title = document.getElementById("id of title element");
title.innerHTML = title.innerHTML + "...";

So , you should use :
var title = document.getElementById("your title element id");
var sW = screen.width;
if (title.offsetWidth <= (sW * 0.9)) {
title.innerHTML = title.innerHTML + "...";
}
)

A: You can emulate overflow-ellipsis using pseudo elements if you need to.  Note that this will only work if you have a solid background.
http://cssdeck.com/labs/aramol9m

I pity the foo who crosses Mr. T

.foo {
  width: 10em;
  overflow: hidden;
  white-space: nowrap;
  position: relative;
}

.foo:after {
  display: inline-block;
  content: '...';
  position: absolute;
  bottom: 0;
  right: 0;
  background: white;
}


text:
For Better user experience please view the website in portrait Mode
Home/News/ 2012
Guavus Launches Big Data Platform for Telcos
Mobile Marketing, Dec 06, 2012 -- Guavus, a provider of dig data analytics, has launched a global solution for mobile operators that want to make the most of the vast amounts of information generated on their networks.
NetReflex for Mobility enables telcos to analyse the big data they have in different business areas – including from routers, their billing, security and customer care systems, and mobile towers - to help then plan for future usage. They can also bring in data from third parties – including demographic data and credit history.
Looking at network behaviours and traffic across different countries, device usage, subscriber behaviour and web and non-web data consumption, Guavus says, ensures mobile operators can see where and how much capacity is needed. The solution, which analyses information in near-real-time through data streaming, is intended to deliver cost savings, a better consumer experience and improve network performance.
Personalised data packages
With the introduction of 4G, the company hopes to help operators learn their lessons from 3G, identifying which customers are most likely to upgrade, who consumes the most data, which apps take up the most bandwidth and how much traffic is from consumption of rich content.
"4G has the potential to be a real game-changer for operators, but only if it's executed right," said Anukool Lakhina, CEO and founder of Guavus. "To ensure a return on investment, operators need to accurately forecast capacity requirements and put in place profitable pricing tiers linked to customer consumption. This is just one example - there are a multitude of applications in which Guavus can provide business value. Essentially, if you have the questions, Guavus can mine the data to give you the answers."
Top three US carrier on board
Guavus was founded in 2006 by Lakhina, who first studied for a PHD in Data Science in the US before working for Sprint Labs and Intel Labs to start addressing big data problems for telcos. Intel is now one of the company's investors.
The company spent two years building the Guavus technology, working with carriers to solve problems by creating research and development partnerships. They now work with three of the top five mobile carriers in the US, including Sprint, as well as two of the top five fixed line providers.
NetReflex for Mobility packages up the technology created in the US for international clients, taking language differences and cultural habits into account. Insights are presented on a dashboard through a visual user interface, with multiple views of structured and unstructured data so users can compare performance of multiple parameters over a range of timeframes.
Data is gathered from network traffic structural analysis, statistical analysis, behavioural patterns and clustering, trending, outliers, anomalies and forecasting techniques.
M2M and marketing apps planned for 2013
There will be a series of apps rolled out through the first half of next year, including packages that help mobile operators to provide better marketing on mobile based on the data they hold.
Guavus is also working on a number of M2M data solutions, including providing a proof of concept for a large haulage company in the US that is looking to create efficiencies and improve safety among its fleet of lorries.
© 2020 Artiman Management LLC


Jane Shapiro '19: "Patronage to Patreon: The Evolution of the Working Artist."
Elizabeth Swierczek '18: "Uncovering the Unconventional: Examining the Autopathographic Self-Portraits of Frida Kahlo and Hannah Wilke."
Kathleen Ryan '18: "Art as a Weapon of Change."
Lydia Steuart '18: "Freeing the Suffocated Spirit: Rethinking Structures of Indigenous Exhibitions."
Sarah Spencer '17: "War on the Wall: Graffiti Art, The Arab Spring, and Women."
Quinn Westlake '17: "The Glorious Muslim Time Machine: Fine Arts Progress in a Time of Nostalgia."
Jonah Plymire '16: has been commissioned to make a painting for Hanover Nighthawks football coach, Bill Reichart. Read the article here: www.eveningsun.com.
Elizabeth Faust '15: has been commissioned to make a painting for the Veterans Affairs Office in Washington D.C.
Julia Noack '14: had her photographs published in the 35th Annual College & High School Photography 2015 book. Her photographs were selected from over 17, 000 photography submissions from students around the world.
Jerika Jordan '14: "Cataloging a Collection: The Stottlemyer Story."


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Highway 55 is a paved, undivided provincial highway in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It runs from the Alberta border west of Pierceland (where it continues as Alberta Highway 55) to Highway 9 near Mountain Cabin. Highway 55 is 652 km long. It forms part of the interprovincial Northern Woods and Water Route.

Attractions
On the west portion of Highway 55 from the Alberta border, the village of Pierceland is located at Highway 21. To the north of Pierceland is Meadow Lake Provincial Park. This provincial park stretches about 115 kilometres from the Alberta border at Cold Lake to just north of the city of Meadow Lake, Saskatchewan at Waterhen Lake.

The regional park of Morin Lake is 15 km south of the highway near Debden, Saskatchewan, and Victoire, Saskatchewan.  Nipawin Bridge located on Highway 55 is Saskatchewan's longest bridge.

Wildcat Hill Provincial Park is located just south of the eastern end of the highway; however, the park itself is only accessible by ATV or snowmobile.

Major intersections
From west to east:

See also
Roads in Saskatchewan
Transportation in Saskatchewan

References

055
Northern Woods and Water Route
Transport in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan


Saskatchewan has issued its first invitations through the new Expression of Interest system for its Occupations In-Demand immigration sub-category.
In an update published September 20, the Saskatchewan Immigrant Nominee Program (SINP) says it issued 140 invitations to candidates in the Occupations In-Demand sub-category, which targets eligible skilled workers with work experience in one of Saskatchewan's in-demand occupations.
The lowest-ranked candidate had a score of 75 points on Saskatchewan's unique point-based assessment grid and the SINP specified that those invited all had Educational Credential Assessments, which are required in order to apply for a provincial nomination from Saskatchewan.
Anyone interested in immigrating to Saskatchewan through the Occupations In-Demand sub-category must first complete an Expression of Interest (EOI), a pre-application process that determines one's eligibility.
Candidates must meet the minimum threshold of 60 points out of a possible 100 on factors such as education and training, skilled work experience, language ability, age, and connections to Saskatchewan's labour market / adaptability. Those who meet this minimum and the sub-category's other criteria are then entered into the pool of candidates, where they are ranked against the competition.
Candidates whose provincial nomination application is approved by Saskatchewan can then apply to Canada's federal government for permanent residence.
Saskatchewan switched to an EOI system for its Occupations In-Demand and Express Entry immigration sub-categories in July. Both are components of Saskatchewan's International Skilled Worker Category.
Saskatchewan issued its first invitations to EOI candidates in its Express Entry sub-category on August 21.
Previously, the SINP had employed a first-come, first-served approach to applications through the two sub-categories that favoured those quickest to apply when they were opened periodically to candidates.
EOI systems, which prioritize a candidate's so-called human capital, are now employed by most Canadian provinces. The Government of Canada's Express Entry system is also EOI-based, as is Quebec's new approach to selecting candidates through the popular Quebec Skilled Worker Program.


This is a brand page for the ANITAIDS trademark by DELFINO, JOSE N. in CARPENTERSVILLE, , 60110.
Write a review about a product or service associated with this ANITAIDS trademark. Or, contact the owner DELFINO, JOSE N. of the ANITAIDS trademark by filing a request to communicate with the Legal Correspondent for licensing, use, and/or questions related to the ANITAIDS trademark.
On Friday, May 13, 1988, a U.S. federal trademark registration was filed for ANITAIDS. The USPTO has given the ANITAIDS trademark serial number of 73728226. The current federal status of this trademark filing is ABANDONED - EXPRESS. The correspondent listed for ANITAIDS is ROBERT F. I. CONTE of LAFF, WHITESEL, CONTE & SARET, 401 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, SUITE 2000 CHICAGO, IL 60611 . The ANITAIDS trademark is filed in the category of Pharmaceutical Products . The description provided to the USPTO for ANITAIDS is LIQUID DISINFECTANT.
Last Applicant/Owner: DELFINO, JOSE N.
Trademarkia-Network law firms can help you incorporate a business around your ANITAIDS trademark in less than 5 minutes. Trademarkia makes the process easy and convenient, so start now!
ROBERT F. I. CONTE is a correspondent of ANITAIDS trademark.
ANITAIDS is providing LIQUID DISINFECTANT.


On the 4th of August 2018, the SME 100 Nigeria Award was held at Terrakulture, Lagos. Nominees showed up in their best outfits as there was so much anticipation in the air with regards to who the winners would be that night.
According to Charles Odii, small and medium scale businesses which start out and crash mostly do so because of lack of moral support. This is the reason why SME 100 Nigeria 25 under 25 awards was born.
This award not only offers moral support to its winners, but also puts them on a level where they can access funds from investors, advice from financial advisers, among other benefits.
Age and Nationality of the entrepreneur; among others.
Categories in which the awards were to be won included Music, Education, Technology, Interior Decoration, Event Planning, Finance and Fin Tech, Media Communications, Photography, Manufacturing and Logistics, Creative Writing, Health and Skincare among others.
Amanda Dara Afolabi: She was nominated in the category of Health and Skincare. Amanda Dara owns Dara Naturals, a natural skin care brand. She is also a presenter at Ebony Life TV, where she co-hosts Moments Z.
Ibiyinka Mary: She is the co-founder of Project-17, an organization which teaches Sustainable Development Goals at all levels. She is also a member of the Oxfam Youth Advisory Board.
Blessing Odoemena: She is the founder of Zikorah Africa, an African inspired fashion label.
Chiamaka Obiagbaoso in Professional Services.


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10 Most Amazing Botanical Gardens
by Oendrila De
Botanical gardens are dedicated to the beautiful world of flora. Plants, with their many shades of green, speckled with all the other possible colours in the world, are a stunning site, and worth preserving and cultivating because of all that they provide to us. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, is perhaps the earliest and most famous example of a botanical gardens, though its location has not definitely established. Over decades and centuries, many incredible botanical gardens have been established. Many modifications and modernizations have taken place, to give us some stunning botanical gardens. Here is a list of ten of them. Let's take a look:
10. Orto Botanico di Padova
9. Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden
8. Missouri Botanical Gardens
7. Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden
6. Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum
5. Kew Botanical Gardens
4. Singapore Botanic Garden
3. Jardin Botanique de Montreal
2. Nong Nooch Tropical Botanical Garden
1. Jardim Botânico, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
The Orto Botanico di Padova in Padua, in north-eastern Italy, is the oldest academic botanical garden still in its original location. It was founded in 1545 by the Venetian Republic. It is spread across an area of 22,000 square meter. It is particularly known for its historical architecture, complete with sculptures, fountains, etc., as well as the collection of 6000 type of plants, including poisonous, insectivorous and carnivorous ones. The stunning botanical garden is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden is located at the foot of Table Mountain in Cape Town, South Africa. It is one of South Africa's nine National Botanical Gardens, which covers five out of six biomes, and the first of its kind in the world. It is famous for cultivating and exhibiting indigenous plants from different regions. Many trails lead to the mountain slopes visible from the garden.
The Missouri Botanical Garden is in St. Louis, Missouri. Also called Shaw's Garden, the 32 hectare historic garden has remarkable features, gardens, statues, etc. – the Tower House and Herb Garden, the "Victory of Science Over Ignorance" statue, Climatron and Reflecting Pools, etc. Its Japanese garden, Seiwa-en, is the largest in North America. It also a Butterfly House, Earthways centre, etc.
The Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden, also called the Calcutta Botanical Garden, is in Shibpur, Howrah, near Kolkata. This 109 hectare garden has 12,000 specimens of rare plants. One of its major attractions is The Great Banyan with an almost half kilometre canopy, which looks more like a forest than a single tree, with 3300 areal roots, as it lives without the main trunk.
The Berlin-Dahlem Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum is a 43 hectare botanical garden, located in Berlin, Germany. It has 22,000 different plant species, including some orchids, white water lilies and carnivorous plants. Among its tropical plants is a giant bamboo. This stunning garden has a large herbarium and a scientific library attached to it. The complex has buildings and glasshouses.
The Kew Gardens is located in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, UK. This exotic garden at Kew Park is the world's largest collection of living plants, including over 30,000 kinds of plants. Its herbarium, with 7 million preserved specimens, is the world's largest. Its main is the eco-friendly Davies Alpine House. This UNESCO World Heritage Site even has its own police force.
The 74 hectare Singapore Botanic Gardens in Singapore is the only botanic garden that stays open from 5am to 12 midnight, every day. Its attractions include Rainforest, Botany Centre and Tanglin Gate, Jacob Ballas Children's Gardens and other gardens, three lakes, statues, the Saraca Stream meandering down a hill, etc. It has the Tembusu tree, seen on the Singaporean five-dollar bill.
The Montreal Botanical Garden is a botanical garden in Quebec, Canada, with 75 hectares of thematic gardens and greenhouses. Due to the extent of its facilities and collection, it is one considered one of the world's most important botanic gardens. It has four gardens, and the Chinese Garden is the largest one of its kind outside China. Another attraction here is the Lion monument.
The Nong Nooch Tropical Botanical Garden is a 500-acre botanical garden located near 163 on Sukhumvit Road in Chonburi Province, Thailand. It is a famous tourist attraction, as well as a major scientific centre which is dedicated to Cycads, with Cycads from Southeast Asia, Tropical America and Central Africa, and its own Cycad genebank. It has various gardens, ant tower, butterfly hill, etc.
The Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden is located in the Zona Sul of Rio de Janeiro, at the foot of the Corcovado Mountain, in the Jardim Botânico, a district which got its name from the botanical garden, instead of the other way round, as it grew around this stunning garden. The UNESCO designated biosphere reserve of 140 hectares has 6,500 species, and many important monuments.
With the depletion of greenery from the face of the earth on the rise, these botanical gardens, and the many others in the world, do their best in preserving and cultivating foreign as well as indigenous plants. Besides, in the midst of pollution and chaos of the cities, these botanical gardens provide a stretch of land that sooth the senses, ease tension, and offer clean air to breathe in.
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For those who study the art of feng shui, your bed is the most important piece of furniture in your home. It is the root of supporting your personal energy levels where the body heals itself. As we spend approximately a third of our lives in bed, investing in the right mattress is paramount to getting proper rest. While clearly all mattresses are not the same, the best 'mattress in a box' to hit the market is the ultra premium Dreamcloud Mattress which is a hybrid that combines the supportive infrastructure of a traditional spring mattress with the comfort and support of a high density memory foam mattress.
Transform your sleeping experience to that of a five star resort where you just want to linger on your heavenly bed. What sets the Dreamcloud mattress apart from its competitors is the 8 levels of support encapsulated in a 15" high mattress. From the moment you lay out your mattress you can feel luxury at the first touch as you glide your fingers over the hand tufted cashmere blend topper. The gel infused memory foam provides cooling heat distribution and support that cradles your body. Super soft quilted memory foam provides comfortable support that simulates lying on clouds. Natural latex is added to withstand the test of time and offer responsive cushioning bounce. Under that is the dream plush supporting memory foam that provides deep contouring support to adjust to your position throughout the night. The sixth layer is created from super dense soft memory foam that keeps your body in alignment no matter what position you sleep in while cradling your spine. Making it a hybrid mattress is the patented micro coil compression system that is divided into 5 distinct comfort zones to provide the precise level of support and isolate movement and minimize sleep disturbances. The foundation layer is created from high density super soft memory foam at the base layer to keep your spine in alignment and absorb any movement.
Created by the manufacturers of the popular Nectar memory foam mattress, they are so certain that you will fall in love with your plush Dreamcloud mattress that buyers have a 365 day return period. While few things last forever, the Dreamcloud's Everlong Warranty does in fact last forever and technically beyond a lifetime. The only caveat is that once you sleep on a Dreamcloud you will never want to go back to a traditional mattress again.


Today the POTUS — in this case, Principal of the United States — will give his third annual, national back-to-school speech, to be televised live by MSNBC. The immediate target, of course, is the kids, but I doubt it would be viewed negatively by the President if lots of adults saw or heard the speech and thought, "Wow, this guy really cares about kids. I really like him." And who knows, maybe footage of inspiring the children will make it into a campaign ad or two.
You've also got people all across this country – including me – working on your behalf. We're taking every step we can to ensure that you're getting an educational system that's worthy of your potential. We're working to make sure that you have the most up-to-date schools with the latest tools for learning. We're making sure that our country's colleges and universities are affordable and accessible. And we're working to get the best teachers into your classrooms, so they can prepare you for college and a future career.
Now, teachers are the men and women who might be working harder than anybody. Whether you go to a big school or a small one, whether you attend a public, private, or charter school – your teachers are giving up their weekends and waking up at dawn. They're cramming their days full of classes and extra-curriculars. Then they're going home, eating some dinner, and staying up past midnight to grade your papers.
And they don't do it for a fancy office or a big salary. They do it for you. They live for those moments when something clicks, when you amaze them with your intellect and they see the kind of person you can become. They know that you'll be the citizens and leaders who take us into tomorrow. They know that you're the future.
Probably the only big question stemming from this speech is why so little hubbub about it? In 2009 it was huge news. Today — almost nothing.
Certainly one thing is this year, unlike 2009, the Department of Education didn't put out ham-fisted, potentially politicized teaching guides to go with the speech. And clearly the President's supporters no longer have the same ardor they did in his early, far less bruised days. And it seems the White House just isn't publicizing this address very much, maybe to avoid revisiting past acrimony, or maybe just to seem less intrusive in all aspects of American life than he did in 2009.
Or maybe it's this: Like all unprecedented federal intrusions, once the precedent is set Americans just get used to it. And there are always new threats to battle, right? Meanwhile, freedom is eroded just a little bit more.
Now there's a topic I'd like to see the Principal of the United States address.


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The Origins of Our Organic Herbal Tea Blends
While leading women's backpacking trips into northern California's wilderness areas in the late 1980s, Mountain Rose Herbs' co-owner Julie wanted to create a tea blend that would help hikers relax at the end of an active day. That's how "Sleeping on Rocks" (now dubbed Fidnemed Nighttime Tea) was born.
"A lot of our tea blends were inspired by my personal experience," Julie said. "Originally, I just wanted to support friends and community."
Many of the teas still offered in our shop are Julie's brainchild. Some, like our Peace Tea, even predate her arrival. This original blend was inherited from the recipe vaults of Rosemary Gladstar, a renowned herbalist who founded the company that later became Mountain Rose Herbs.
"In those days, there weren't a lot of brands offering loose-leaf tea," Julie said. "Especially where you could see and recognize the ingredients. It was fun to make the blends aromatic, visually appealing, and, most of all, tasty."
Co-owner Julie Bailey found inspiration for many of our tea blends while working and relaxing in nature, and many of those same recipes still grace our shelves today.
Julie formulated our 21st Century Tea around the turn-of-this century, an antidote to modern day stress and inspired by the zaniness of Y2K. Persephone's Tea was created for her dancer friends whose bodies needed a pick-me-up from their active jobs. And Julie's 5th Chakra Tea provided throat care for the many singers in her life.
While co-owner Julie no longer oversees our tea blending process, another Julie, our Production Manager, does. You'll find her signature gracing the top of every Mountain Rose Herbs tea box. She also created the recipes for our line of organic spice blends. Her background in nutrition and herbal therapy has brought both ancient wisdom and personal experience to our formulations over the years.
"Infusions and decoctions are a gentle, easy way to absorb an herb's nutrients," Julie said.
Many years ago, while breastfeeding her son, Julie was looking to kick her coffee habit. That's when she created our Herbal Coffee, which provides energy sans caffeine and features liver-supporting herbs that can augment any wellness regimen. While many who seek a coffee replacement simply brew chicory, Julie wanted to create something a bit more appealing to the palate. The addition of roasted dandelion root brings a welcome nuttiness, and the maca adds micronutrients and creaminess.
Production Manager Julie DeBord, who provides the actual signature behind our "signature" teas, helps ensure quality and consistency in each batch.
While we've added new teas to our line or reformulated older blends if an ingredient proves difficult to source consistently, most of the recipes remain unaltered from their inception decades ago. However, the quantities have changed. We now blend four times the amount of each tea we did when Production Manager Julie began. Back then, she'd hand-shake each batch after the botanicals were scooped into a large bag. The hand-shaking process was quite the workout—she'd extend her arms and move her entire body in a circle as if she were hula hooping! Eventually, we invested in a tea blending machine to save Julie from the manual labor that tea-crafting used to involve, which also makes it possible to mix larger quantities to keep pace with our growing demand.
Before any tea is hand-scooped into bags, a sample is sent to our Quality Control Laboratory for a "brew test." Julie and a few others at Mountain Rose Herbs will brew and taste each batch of tea for quality, flavor, and consistency.
We offer over 85 certified organic teas, 50 of which feature multiple ingredients blended at our Eugene, Oregon headquarters. In the same way that we never offer an inferior botanical in our online shop, we select only the cream of the crop for our handcrafted teas and know our happy customers savor the difference.
Julie said, "Drinking tea creates a ritual. I just love it."
WANT TO TRY YOUR HAND AT Creating Balanced Brews?
Learn to Create Your Own Herbal Tea Blends!
A Guide to Tea Brewing
Guide to Our Organic Skin Creams for Face & Body
Behind-the-Scenes Peek of our Handcrafted Body Care Goodies
Topics: Inside Mountain Rose Herbs, Tea & Herbal Drinks
Written by Raychel on May 16, 2018
Raychel Kolen, blog contributor, originally hails from the Midwest but has been calling Oregon her home for more than a decade. With her master's degree in journalism from the University of Iowa, Raychel enjoys storytelling in all its forms and especially relishes the opportunities to visit our farm partners in the Pacific Northwest and across the globe, shining a light on the remarkable efforts these hardworking farmers are doing to grow and nourish our beloved botanicals. When she isn't thinking about marketing strategy or teaching workshops at the Mother Earth News Fair, Raychel can be found adventuring in the outdoors, foraging for wild mushrooms, fermenting fresh veggies in her kitchen, or hanging out with her hubby and sweet rescue dogs.


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text:
Navegar na colecção
San Antonio Symphony Orchestra Programs
Outros idiomas disponíveis
Inglês » San Antonio Symphony Orchestra Programs
Elementos de identidade
US TxSaT SC.030
Nome e localização da entidade custodiadora
Trinity University Special Collections and Archives
San Antonio Symphony Orchestra
História administrativa
The San Antonio Symphony Orchestra was established by musician and arts patron Anna Goodman Hertzberg and musical director Carl Hahn in 1905. The amateur ensemble performed regularly through the 1910s and 1920s under the direction of Arthur Claassen and Julien Paul Blitz, but was discontinued at some point. The revived San Antonio Symphony was formed by musical director Max Reiter in 1939. The ensemble quickly grew to be the only "major" professional orchestra in Texas. The Symphony was led from 1950 to 1976 by Victor Alessandro; during this time, the Young People's Concert series established and the symphony began recording performances with Mercury Records. Alessandro was succeeded as director by François H. Huybrechts (1978-1980), Lawrence Leighton Smith (1980-1985), Christopher Wilkins (1992-2000), Larry Rachleff (2004-2008), and Sebastian Lang-Lessing (2010-2020). The Symphony has suffered recurring financial difficulties from the 1980s through present day, including a bankruptcy cancelling the 2003-2004 season. Prominent musicians who have been members of the San Antonio Symphony include Robert L. Annis (clarinet, 1971-1973), Franz Benteler (violin, 1946-1947), Maximilian Dimoff (bass, 1990-1993), Julius Hegyi (violin, 1948-1951), Eugene Lacritz (clarinet, 1952-1958), Eric Rosenblith (violin, 1952-1955), Stephanie Sant'Ambrogio (violin, 1994-2007), Mark Sparks (flute, 1985-1987), Daniel Stolper (oboe, 1959-1964), Donald Wilerstein (violin, 1963-1964), and Clifton Williams (horn, 1949-1966).
Elementos de conteúdo e estrutura
Collection consists of eighteen concert programs from the San Antonio Symphony Orchestra, dated between 1915 and 1918.
Items are arranged chronologically.
Condições de acesso e uso dos elementos
This collection is open and available to the public for research in the Special Collections & Archives reading room. The materials are non-circulating.
Acesso físico
Acesso técnico
The materials in this collection may be protected by copyright law (Title 17, U.S. Code). The materials are available for personal, educational, and scholarly use. It is the responsibility of the researcher to locate and obtain permission from the copyright owner or his or her heirs for any other use, such as reproduction and publication.
Idiomas do material
Escrita do material
Instrumentos de descrição
Elementos de aquisição e avaliação
História custodial
Fonte imediata de aquisição
Donated by Mrs. E.J. Arendt, the widow of symphony director Arthur Claassen.
Informações de avaliação, seleção e eliminação
Elementos de materiais relacionados
Material arquivístico relacionado
Elemento de notas
Notas especializadas
Citação: San Antonio Symphony Orchestra Programs. Coates Library Special Collections & Archives, Trinity University (San Antonio, Texas).
Identificador(es) alternativo(s)
Elemento de controle de descrição
Regras ou convenções
DACS.
Fontes utilizadas
Nota do arquivista
Processed by Colleen Hoelscher, October 2021.
Pontos de acesso - Assuntos
Symphony orchestras
Music » Music -- Performance
Pontos de acesso - Locais
United States » Texas » San Antonio (Tex.)
Pontos de acesso - Nomes
San Antonio Symphony Orchestra (Assunto)
Efémera
Pessoas e organizações relacionadas
San Antonio Symphony Orchestra (Produtor)
Locais relacionados


With Spiritualist Ceremonies nothing is pre-determined with regard to order – nothing is written in stone, these are your days and can be personalised to suit your own requirements.
Our Church is solemnized for the purpose of carrying out Marriages or Wedding Blessings.
With a Spiritualist Wedding Service your Ceremony can be much more individual and tailored to your needs.
Naming ceremonies are where adults as well as children are welcomed into the Spiritualist family and may also given a name by which they are known in the Spirit World, where applicable.
A Spiritualist Funeral Service is truly a tribute to the life of the loved one who has gone to the Spirit World, and recognition that eventually we will be united with them.
With a Spiritualist Funeral Service at Attercliffe Spiritualist Church<?<span> you can be a part of the service and ensure that it is much more individual and tailored to your needs.