This article examines the overall experiences of community researchers in their involvement with the 'PROMPT' project for smoking cessation, which targeted community members who were homeless or at-risk for homelessness. More specifically, four community members, representing the study population were involved in the project as researchers. They were asked to complete surveys at both the beginning and end of each research training session to better understand their learning as it related to using a key instrument for this project, a spirometer, to measure project participants' lung function. Spirometry is typically performed by trained healthcare providers. Community researchers were also interviewed to explore what their experiences were like working as a researcher with their own at-risk community. Although the researchers felt that the training was sufficient, more research is needed to evaluate training effectiveness among community researchers in delivering acceptable quality lung function testing using a spirometer. Upon analyzing the small group discussion and survey results, we found that the community researchers had an overall positive experience with both the project, and the training that was provided to equip them with the knowledge, tools, and resources they needed to successfully work in a research project of this kind. They also faced challenges that are common in such community-based projects, such as the power differential between the researchers with a healthcare background and themselves who have lived experience with the issue at hand.
The Ottawa Citizen Engagement and Action Model (OCEAM) used a Community Based Participatory Action Research (CBPAR) approach by involving the most at-risk urban population. Community (peer) researchers participated in every step of the study despite the multiple challenges.
To assess the community researchers' training and experiences in a CBPAR project, PROMPT: Participatory Research in Ottawa: Management and Point-of-care for Tobacco Dependence.
Four community researchers were recruited, representative of the PROMPT project's target population with current or past poly-substance use; smoking tobacco; and/or being homeless or at-risk for homelessness. The community researchers participated in all phases of PROMPT, including study design, development of questionnaires, participant recruitment, administering consent forms and questionnaires, as well as hand-held spirometry after rigorous training. To assess their knowledge and comfort level with spirometry testing after standardized training, questionnaires were administered pre- and post-training. In turn, to assess their overall experience, interviews were conducted at the end of study completion.
All community researchers underwent small-group training sessions including presentations, discussions and hands-on practice adapted from standardized training material prepared for health care professionals. Spirometry training was included in all sessions. Self-perceived knowledge and confidence in administering spirometry, as well as skill-testing score averages improved between the pre- and post-training questionnaires. Overall, all the community researchers had a fulfilling experience participating in the project.
Despite challenges, involving community researchers with lived experience is feasible, satisfying and productive even in the most marginalized populations. Standardized spirometry training of community researchers' representative of the PROMPT target population, with no healthcare educational background, was feasible and effective in improving knowledge, confidence and readiness to administer spirometry.
Patient engagement in research is upheld by all healthcare funding agencies in the USA, Canada and globally [1–3]. However, meaningful engagement of patients in healthcare and research remains scarce and tokenism remains prevalent . Involving patients in research has many challenges; it is time consuming and labour intensive. Involving the most marginalized, homeless, at-risk for homelessness and low-income populations in research brings another layer of challenges due to the many social, political, structural, environmental, and economic determinants of health faced by them. In the Community-Based Participatory Action Research (CBPAR) approach, community members are involved in all research phases. This framework presents multiple advantages such as improving the health outcomes and reducing social disparities particularly in low socio-economic populations. However, few studies have looked at the community (peer) researchers' experience when utilizing this approach. Moreover, the use of community involvement to ensure equity, respect and improve health outcomes is still unclear.
Studies of most at-risk inner city populations such as People Who Use Drugs (PWUD), homeless and at-risk for homelessness populations are limited . Yet, PWUD utilize significantly more acute healthcare services such as emergency department visits and require frequent hospitalization when compared to non-illicit drug users . In an American study, rates of hospitalization were four times greater in the homeless population than the general population . This suggests that there is a lack of appropriate outpatient services and a delay in this population seeking necessary medical care. Multiple factors limiting outpatient visits have been identified in the most at-risk communities of PWUD, including the lack of trust in health care providers, lack of case managers, fear of discrimination, costs associated with the visits to a healthcare facility and the lack of health insurance [8, 9]. Community-based participatory interventions and research may be able to overcome some of these barriers.
Importantly, it is well known that the prevalence of tobacco smoking is significantly higher in PWUD and in the homeless or at-risk for homelessness populations [10–12]. However, the diagnosis and management of tobacco smoking related diseases are often limited in this population. Undoubtedly, these marginalized communities would benefit from adequate and consistent follow-up and care including spirometry testing to diagnose diseases such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and asthma, within or as a component of smoking cessation interventions. In fact, death rates related to tobacco use were greater than death rates related to other substance use such as alcohol, which was the substance more prevalently used in the study by Hurt et al. . Spirometry is a recommended test to assess pulmonary function and to diagnose diseases such as asthma and smoking related lung diseases such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) . It is an office based device which requires a forceful inspiration and exhalation through a mouthpiece which provides quantitative information on lung functioning. Despite the strong recommendations of requiring spirometry to make the diagnosis and manage diseases such as COPD and asthma, the utilization of spirometry for this purpose is quite poor [14–16].
In community based participatory interventions and research, a partnership is formed between community members and healthcare professionals or research scientists. The term participatory research has been defined as research involving those affected by the issue being studied [17, 18]. The community based participatory approach has many reported advantages. For example, collaborating with community members with lived experience ensures that the research question is tailored to the community's needs; and that the intervention is culturally appropriate and aims at creating a lasting impact [19–21]. Most importantly, this approach has been shown to reduce social disparities, particularly in low socio-economic populations . Community based participatory interventions have been adopted and studied mainly in health promotion. For example, in HIV prevention models, community members such as those who are current or past illicit substance users, deliver interventions that would have classically been delivered by a health care professional . Methodology of community-based participatory research is not yet well understood in areas such as the allocation of tasks between community members and academicians. The Ottawa Citizen Engagement and Action Model (OCEAM) uses a Community Based Participatory Action Research (CBPAR) approach by involving the most at-risk urban population . To maximize the efficiency of research steps and health outcomes, further research on the use of CBPAR principles is necessary and long overdue .
Although some community based participatory research has been conducted in tobacco smoking dependence , community members have never been involved in the process from end-to-end, especially in data collection or the administration of lung function testing. The PROMPT project, Participatory Research in Ottawa: Management and Point-of-Care for Tobacco Dependence, was designed to assess tobacco dependence management strategies in the most at-risk inner city population with a Community-Based Participatory Action approach in true partnership with the target population. Additional details on the PROMPT project protocol are described in a previous publication .
The objective of this study is to assess the community researchers' experiences with spirometry training and their overall experiences participating in a CBPAR project, PROMPT: Participatory Research in Ottawa: Management and Point-of-care for Tobacco Dependence. The aim was also to assess the experiences of community researchers who had no educational background in healthcare, or in administering spirometry testing.
In the PROMPT project, four community researchers were selected from the study target population comprised of current or previous tobacco and poly-substance users, who were homeless or at-risk for homelessness and resided in the inner-city region of Ottawa. The community researchers were recruited by word of mouth and selected after interviews. Candidates were selected based on their keen interest in developing research in their community, previous experience as well as communication and networking skills. This study was approved by the Ottawa Health Science Network Research Ethics Board, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Community researcher training focused on confidentiality, privacy, the Tri-Council Policy Statement-2 , verbal and non-verbal communication, diversity of the study participants, general ethical concerns in research with respect to working with the most at-risk populations, up-to-date health disparity literature, inclusivity and conflict resolution. The community researchers underwent training to obtain participants' consent and to administer the study questionnaires. In addition, they underwent standardized hand-held spirometry training and certification as per the Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease - BOLD study  and the Canadian Cohort of Obstructive Lung Disease - CanCOLD study spirometry training guidelines . Although standardized training material was used, the vocabulary was adapted in order to be understood by the community researchers, as they did not have a background in healthcare. The project and training was implemented at the community research office, The Bridge Engagement Centre (The Bridge), located in downtown Ottawa, where the majority of Ottawa's most at-risk PWUD, homeless or at-risk for homelessness populations are concentrated. The six-day training was led by a respirologist (SP) trained in epidemiology, pulmonary function testing and interpretation. Spirometry was performed with the 'EasyOne' hand-held diagnostic spirometer from NDD Medical Technologies, as per the guidelines [15, 26] (See Fig. 1). To ensure the quality of the spirometry test, community researchers were required to achieve at least 8 manoeuvres of grade A or B programmed by the hand-held spirometer .
Community researchers' feelings of safety and comfort were at the core of all training sessions. Training was conducted in a low-threshold and non-judgmental fashion at The Bridge. The training was organized in a small group with the four community researchers and was adapted to their level of knowledge, comfort and education level. The group sessions included didactic presentations on research concepts, lung physiology and spirometry, discussions and hands-on practice with administration of consent, surveys and the hand-held spirometer. Community researchers were encouraged to ask questions and open topics of discussion with the team during the training session. To facilitate this open environment into the training session, frequent breaks were planned into the schedule, to include opportunities for community researchers to ask questions.
Community researchers filled out a short questionnaire before and after each of the six training sessions. Training sessions included a single one-on-one, and six small-group training sessions over the period of 4 weeks. A total of 19 questionnaires were completed: 9 before and 10 after completion of the training sessions. The items on the questionnaire (Appendix A: Table 1) attempted to measure the following primary outcomes: community researchers' overall satisfaction and experience with the project training, self-reported knowledge of lung function, confidence in administering spirometry, and objective knowledge which was assessed by skill-testing questions. Recommendations for changes in the training process were also sought with an open-ended question at the end of the questionnaire. As per the PROMPT project procedures, community researchers were paid an honorarium of $15 per hour for attending all training sessions, for a total of 48 h.
The community researchers participated in all research phases of the PROMPT project, which consisted of: conception of the research question, designing questionnaires for program implementation as well as knowledge creation, translation and mobilization (data cleaning, analysis, abstracts, posters, manuscript writing and presentations). The majority of research activities including participant enrollment, obtaining consent, administering surveys, testing, follow-up visits, and manuscript writing took place at the Bridge Engagement Centre, where team members worked hand in hand. The community researchers recruited and enrolled a total of 80 PROMPT participants and were responsible for obtaining consent, initial intake survey administration, administering spirometry testing and monthly follow-ups. A nurse and a research coordinator were on site during spirometry testing to provide assistance in case of an adverse reaction. Recruitment and retention strategies designed by the community researchers were implemented, with an emphasis on social-network based approaches. An interview with the two most involved community researchers was held after completion of the PROMPT project to learn about their experience and to receive feedback about the project. Open ended questions were asked in relation to the community researchers' participation in the project in the following three categories: 1) personal gains and challenges with project leadership, 2) perceived gains and challenges faced by the community and participants, and 3) insights about overall project successes and challenges. The interview was audio recorded, transcribed and reorganized into the three categories.
The demographic information of the community researchers is specified in Table 2 (Appendix B). Three of the four community researchers were male, and between the ages of 40–50; and one of the researchers was between 30-40 years of age. Their level of education varied from having a high school diploma to some college or university education. None of the community researchers' had a background in healthcare or health education. All participants completed the project training and spirometry certification successfully. Below is the community researchers' self-reported knowledge assessment for the spirometry training they underwent, as well as their overall experience in their role within the PROMPT project.
The following section is an analysis of the results from the completed pre- and post-training questionnaires that were administered. Responses to questions about self-reported knowledge and confidence in administering hand-held spirometry tests illustrates that participants had minimal knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system prior to the training. An improvement in both self-perceived knowledge and confidence in administering hand-held spirometry was observed when comparing participants' responses before and after the entire training program (See Fig. 2). Importantly, after completion of the final training session, the participants felt very confident in being able to administer a good quality lung function test. Community researchers indicated, on their first pre-training workshop questionnaire, that they believed further training would help improve the quality of the spirometry result. However, upon completion of the training, in the final questionnaire, they disagreed that they needed further training.
When comparing the mean of the answers to the pre-and post-training session skill-testing questions asked on each day of the training, there was no significant improvement as shown below in Fig. 3.
The type of training they would most benefit from varied considerably amongst the community researchers. In the pre-training workshop questionnaires, community researchers indicated a preference to observe the procedure performed by the trainer, while unsupervised practice was selected more often by the community researchers in the post-training workshop questionnaires (See Fig. 4). Post-training questionnaires demonstrated that the training workshops were very helpful. Community researchers did not provide any constructive feedback about the training on the open-ended survey question listed in the post-training questionnaires.
The following is an analysis of the results from the interview at the end of the study with the two most involved community researchers to understand their: 1) personal gains and challenges with project leadership, 2) perceived gains and challenges faced by the community and participants, and 3) insights about overall project successes and challenges.
Navigating issues around power were challenging for both the academic researchers and community members. The delicate balance between day-to-day challenges experienced by project participants and the demands of the rigorous research protocol at times led to feelings of tension, underpinned by the experience of a power differential between members of the research team. For example, it was challenging on occasion to negotiate the follow-up schedule mandated by the research protocol and the accommodation of various needs and challenges faced by community researchers and participants on access to transportation, legal issues and/or infrequent and unreliable communication. However, community researchers had an overall, very positive experience participating in this project.
The second part of this questionnaire assessed the community gains and challenges that were experienced and/or observed by the community researchers. The community researchers had not expected that as many of the study participants would reduce or quit tobacco use as they in fact did. They were also surprised to observe that this change in tobacco smoking among study participants impacted several of the other determinants of health, which then positively impacted both their lives and health. They noted that this commitment to reduce smoking was an accomplishment in itself, and was associated with building confidence within the community, and was also a source of motivation among the group. Additionally, a community researcher commented, "When people stopped coming, I thought they might be out partying when in fact some were getting jobs, going to rehab, or in the hospital getting better. At times, we stigmatize our own community and ourselves." This comment provides valuable insight not only on the positive changes that participants were making for the betterment of their health and quality of life, but also the problematic and harmful misunderstandings, perceptions, and stigma that can be associated with their actions.
Furthermore, community researchers felt that having a limited capacity for the PROMPT intervention was a factor that caused division in the community. Overall, we learned that while implementing the project with a shoestring budget itself is challenging, implementing it in a significantly marginalized population adds another layer of threat due to the challenges they face. Therefore, not having enough funding to cover all costs and enroll more participants after the project led to traction in the local community, and was difficult at best. Community researchers felt that the project taught them a great deal personally and communally.
Intervening in the lives of participants who smoked and came from at-risk communities initially led to perceived challenges of program inertia, and uncertainty about project success. Community researchers indicated that the resistance to make changes to the program was influenced by the need to maintain trust among study participants, as this community "often has trust issues from past experiences." Secondly, uncertainty with respect to program success was also identified as a challenge as community researchers felt accountable as program leaders. They expressed that, "service providers can just go back to the office, but as a peer you can't hide from your own community." In addition to these perceived and actual challenges, came perceived and real successes. Community researchers found that participants were motivated and therefore easy to recruit; that front line health professionals involved in the study were able to provide support that extended beyond smoking cessation; and that the OCEAM, which was achieved through the PROMPT program, is a framework that they believe will impact the way others studies are run. A community researcher stated, "Many people are interested in integrating elements of our project into their own. I hope we can show people it works, and the snowball effect that will happen from it…I have faith that this will turn into a model that others will use." This statement demonstrates that the community researchers were pleasantly surprised by the project's outcomes and benefits gained by their community. They truly believe that other research teams working in various settings could adapt this community engagement model into their diverse programs.
Overall, the community researchers reported regaining confidence in the professional community, and provided constructive feedback on the project processes. In addition, they indicated a gain in self-confidence, feelings of inspiration, and a gain in knowledge and skills through their active participation in the project. PROMPT project outcomes unexpectedly impressed the community researchers, as participants not only reduced and/or quit tobacco smoking, but also other illicit substances such as fentanyl and oxycontin. Furthermore, community researchers were pleasantly surprised to observe that many of the PROMPT participants made additional improvements in other areas of their life; such as making the decision to return to school or work, eating healthier, and engaging in community-based work . More specifically, the feasibility study demonstrated that of the 80 participants recruited in this study, 79% reported reducing their tobacco intake, 9% reported quitting tobacco use, 18.8% reported reducing poly-substance use, and 30% improved their general socio-economic status gradually helping them to improve their health and quality of life .
This study has demonstrated that CBPAR, with a true partnership between community researchers and academicians throughout the research process, is feasible and more importantly mutually beneficial. In the PROMPT project, it is clear that community researchers were essential to the project's design, implementation and success. Community researchers gained self-confidence, motivation, knowledge and skills through their active participation in the project. Furthermore, various tools to measure the effectiveness of patient engagement strategies are emerging and available. For example, the Centre of Excellence on Partnership with Patients and the Public developed an evaluation toolkit to improve engagement at all levels of the health system, whether it be in health research or healthcare. The toolkit consists of 27 distinct evaluation tools, which are sorted for the organization, project, or participant levels . Moreover, patient engagement can improve patients' knowledge and experience, use of health services, health behaviour, and health status . The PROMPT project demonstrated that health behavior and health status of community researchers and the majority of the project participants did improve . However, involving patients can be challenging if one considers multiple goals of care for an individual . Setting priorities and defining goals in partnership with patients could mean that researchers might have to adapt and compromise some of their own research aims. Research methods may need to evolve to suit the community researchers', as well as community and participants' goals. This evolution might bring challenges around power and decision-making . This project did bring out some of these challenges as demonstrated in the discussion held at the end of project with the community researchers, who reported sensing a hierarchy and resistance from academic researchers to evolving change in order to maintain scientific rigor.
Standardized spirometry training of community researchers' representative of the PROMPT project target population, with no healthcare educational background, was effective in increasing knowledge, confidence and self-reported readiness to administer spirometry. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on spirometry training for community researchers who do not have a healthcare background. Community Based Participatory Action Research (CBPAR) though gaining popularity, is still rare. Ideally in CBPAR, community members should participate in all phases of a research study. In the PROMPT project, community researchers were involved throughout the project, from formulating the study question to knowledge mobilization through the Ottawa Citizen Engagement and Action Model (OCEAM) . The community researchers demonstrated exceptional leadership, especially in maintaining confidentiality and privacy with respect to the research process and participant information. The CBPAR framework presents multiple advantages and challenges. Equitable partnership between community members and academics is beneficial  but specific means to achieve this and optimize outcomes still remain unclear .
The quality of spirometry test results depends on several elements such as the participant's effort and cooperation, underlying lung disease severity, the equipment, and the technicians. More specifically, spirometry standardization requires the technicians to provide appropriate instructions and corrections . The most common issue encountered during lung function testing is an insufficient respiratory effort. Technicians need to encourage patients to continue forceful exhalation during spirometry and the manoeuvre is repeated until it meets criteria. A CanCOLD sub-study has shown that technicians' prior experience did not affect the quality of spirometry testing as long as they received standardized training . However, that study was performed with health care workers that supposedly had a basic knowledge of human physiology and lung function. The PROMPT project was unique, in that the community researchers were selected from the study target population, which is an essential element of the community based participatory approach. They were also not required to have any prior health care training, and were therefore specifically trained to administer spirometry for the PROMPT project. None of the community researchers had significant background, knowledge, training or education on basic knowledge of human physiology and lung function, or healthcare education. Although the community researchers had limited knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system and of spirometry testing prior to the training, the primary outcomes, perceived knowledge and confidence in administering spirometry, improved after training. Additionally, there was self-reported readiness to administer acceptable quality spirometry testing after completion of the training.
The pre- and post-spirometry questionnaire analysis has several limitations that could attribute for the lack of significance of average scores on the pre- and post-training skill-testing questions. First, the study group was small. Also, averages of the scores on the pre- and post-training questionnaires were similar. This is potentially due to the fact that questionnaires were administered twice daily, before and after the training sessions. Results of post-training questionnaire scores were similar to the following day's pre-training since no activities related to the study occurred between them. In addition, by repeating questionnaires, the community researchers likely had remembered the skill-testing questions. Such regular repetition could have biased the results. Perhaps the questionnaires should have been administered only at the very beginning and at the very end of the entire training. There was high satisfaction with training and there were no recommendations for changes in our training process. If modifications were to be made to the training it would not be based on these results. Though we used standardized CanCOLD spirometry training , we simplified the language to ensure it was accessible to the community researchers, as they did not have a background in healthcare. In addition, we attempted to adapt the training by administering it in interactive, small-group teaching sessions. This allowed time for questions, repetition and ample hands-on experience. When creating or modifying training programs for community researchers, knowledge and skill building should be the focus, with a greater proportion of the training dedicated to hands-on experience, the preferred learning method for adults . The Guidelines for Practice and Training of Peer Support also suggest that adapted scheduling and accessibility are important considerations for such training programs .
For the training and PROMPT project protocol, the 'EasyOne' hand-held spirometer was used ensuring quality of the test with its integrated quality control. Although our results show that community researchers felt the training was sufficient, further research is required to assess community researchers' effectiveness in implementing acceptable quality spirometry long term. Implementation of this training protocol for community researchers will save resources for the general population and encourage enrolment of vulnerable and the most at-risk populations in future research studies. This could also be a model used in the community to increase access to outpatient medical services, as spirometry is not adequately used in the community to diagnose diseases such as asthma and COPD [34, 35]. Importantly, most people with COPD in Canada remain undiagnosed; and the overall health system burden caused by exacerbations in those with undiagnosed COPD is considerable . Community research support fosters hope and motivation to change, in addition to facilitating access to vital health care services. In fact, community supported recovery has been demonstrated to hold promise for improving clinical outcomes .
Health promotion through community-based interventions is a promising approach to address health disparities of the most at-risk populations by providing care that is responsive to the needs and circumstances of patients. The development of tailored and culturally sensitive training programs is feasible and requires further patient and community engagement. This project demonstrated that community members with lived experience, who represent the PROMPT target population, could be successfully engaged and trained in project design and implementation, including administering tests and procedures such as hand-held spirometry. Hand-held spirometry training as per CanCOLD's guidelines, for non-healthcare, spirometry naϊve community researchers, was feasible and effective in improving knowledge, confidence and self-reported readiness to administer hand-held spirometry in a CBPAR project. Implementation of the study's training protocol for community researchers would save health care resources and encourage enrolment of vulnerable populations in future research studies. Research is still required to assess community researchers' effectiveness in implementing acceptable quality spirometry testing over time.
We thank all the peer researchers for believing in this project and participating whole-heartedly.
Data can be available on request to corresponding author.
CC, TK, KF, TR, SP made substantial contributions to conception and design, CC, AH, SP, SJ Contributed to acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; CC, AH, TK, SJ, KF, TR, SP have been involved in drafting the manuscript or revising it; CC, AH, TK, SJ, KF, TR, SP given final approval of the version to be published and agree to be accountable for the work.
Catherine Charron, Alzahra Hudani, Tina Kaur, Tiffany Rose, Kelly Florence, Sadia Jama and Smita Pakhale have no conflicts of interest.
1. How much do you know about the anatomy and function of the respiratory system?
2. How would you describe your knowledge of the lung function tests?
3. How confident are you that you can administer and obtain a good quality lung function test with your current knowledge and abilities?
4. Do you believe training or further training in lung function testing would help you improve the quality of the test result?
1. What does FEV1 stand for?
2. A good lung function test is 3 manoeuvres that have no mistakes and that have similar results, how many times should you repeat the test until you obtain a good result?
1. What type of training or practice could you benefit more from?
2. Was the training workshop helpful?
NHS England. Everyone Counts: Planning for Patients from 2014/15 to 2018/19. UK: NHS England. https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/5yr-strat-plann-guid-wa.pdf.
Pakhale S, Kaur T, Florence K, Rose T, Boyd R, Haddad J, et al. The Ottawa citizen engagement and action model (OCEAM): a citizen engagement strategy operationalized through the participatory research in Ottawa, management and point-of-care of tobacco (PROMPT) study: a community based participatory action research project in Inner City Ottawa. Res Involv Engagem. 2016;2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40900-016-0034-y.
O'Mara-Eves A, Brunton G, Oliver S, Kavanagh J, Jamal F, Thomas J. The effectiveness of community engagement in public health interventions for disadvantaged groups: a meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2015;15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1352-y.
Centre of Excellence on Partnership with Patients and the Public. Patient and Public Engagement Evaluation Toolkit. CEPPP | Centre of Excellence on Partnership with Patients and the Public. https://ceppp.ca/en/our-projects/evaluation-toolkit/. Accessed 5 Oct 2018.
Sunderland K, Mishkin W. Guidelines for the practice and training of peer support. Calgary, AB: Mental Health Commission of Canada. Mental Health Commission of Canada; 2013. https://www.mentalhealthcommission.ca/English.


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via Friendly Atheist: Franklin Graham: The 10 Republicans Who Voted to Impeach Trump Are Like Judas
By Hemant Mehta
Read Friendly Atheist at Patheos
In case you need a reminder that the evangelical Christians who support Donald Trump and his insurrection are hardly a fringe group of extremists, here's evangelist Franklin Graham condemning the 10 Republicans who decided to put country before party and voted for Trump's second impeachment:
Shame, shame on the ten Republicans who joined with Speaker Nancy Pelosi and the Democrats in impeaching President Trump yesterday. After all that he has done for our country, you would turn your back and betray him so quickly?…
… But the House Democrats impeached him because they hate him and want to do as much damage as they can. And these ten, from his own party, joined in the feeding frenzy. It makes you wonder what the thirty pieces of silver were that Speaker Pelosi promised for this betrayal.
Graham is so stuck inside his Christian bubble, he thinks his enemies are Republican members of Congress whose staffers feared for their own lives because Trump and his allies told people to help him overturn the election results by marching on the Capitol, then did nothing when the violence began, then hesitated to put a stop to it, then said nothing of consequence after five people died. Those Republicans voted to impeach Trump for his role in the insurrection after mostly standing by his side for four years.
And now Graham thinks they're traitors to the country — and to his faith. For what it's worth, Pelosi promised them nothing. If anything, those Republicans now face consequences from their own party for daring to be patriots for once.
But this is what Graham does. He's as responsible as anyone else for creating this irrational hostilities. He uses his platform — with over 9.5 million followers on Facebook — to spread lies on behalf of Trump using the language of the Bible.
Christians don't get to have the luxury of writing off certain white evangelicals as some sort of fringe element within their faith when one of the most prominent preachers in the country — with one of the most famous names in modern Christianity — is among the leading proponents of misinformation and division.
Christians with a platform need to denounce Graham and everyone associated with his brand of faith immediately. If they're too cowardly to do so, then they should at least stop complaining about the criticism people are throwing at conservative Christians. They deserve every bit of it.
White evangelical Christianity is synonymous with Trumpism. It will continue to be that way unless other white evangelicals with platforms decide to publicly and forcefully separate themselves from Graham, his ministries, and everyone connected to his brand of hate.
How do we make our way back into love, beauty and creation? Discover my book Letter to Lucy: A Manifesto of Creative Redemption—In the Age of Trump, Fascism and Lies, a multi-touch book about art, love and parenting, from the fall of the Byzantine Empire to the prophetic music of Green Day and everything in between. Read the first chapter for free on your kindle fire or iOS device. Available now on Apple Books and Amazon Kindle Fire.
via Washington Post: For some Christians, the Capitol riot doesn't change the prophecy: Trump will be president
No Healing Without Accountability

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
package com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.cmd.parser;

import com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.cmd.CommandParser;
import com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.cmd.impl.XDelCommand;

import static com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.cmd.CommandParsers.toBytes;

/**
 * @author Leon Chen
 * @since 2.6.0
 */
public class XDelParser implements CommandParser<XDelCommand> {
    @Override
    public XDelCommand parse(Object[] command) {
        int idx = 1;
        byte[] key = toBytes(command[idx]);
        idx++;
        byte[][] ids = new byte[command.length - 2][];
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            ids[j] = toBytes(command[i]);
        }
        return new XDelCommand(key, ids);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Tertiary sector of the economy
The tertiary sector of the economy (also known as the service sector or the service industry) is one of the three economic sectors, the others being the secondary sector (approximately the same as manufacturing) and the primary sector (agriculture, fishing, and extraction such as mining).
The service sector consists of the "soft" parts of the economy, i.e. activities where people offer their knowledge and time to improve productivity, performance, potential, and sustainability. The basic characteristic of this sector is the production of services instead of end products. Services (also known as "intangible goods") include attention, advice, experience, and discussion. The production of information is generally also regarded as a service, but some economists now attribute it to a fourth sector, the quaternary sector.
The tertiary sector of industry involves the provision of services to other businesses as well as final consumers. Services may involve the transport, distribution and sale of goods from producer to a consumer, as may happen in wholesaling and retailing, or may involve the provision of a service, such as in pest control or entertainment. The goods may be transformed in the process of providing the service, as happens in the restaurant industry. However, the focus is on people interacting with people and serving the customer rather than transforming physical goods.
For the last 100 years, there has been a substantial shift from the primary and secondary sectors to the tertiary sector in industrialised countries. This shift is called tertiarisation.[1] The tertiary sector is now the largest sector of the economy in the Western world, and is also the fastest-growing sector.
Difficulty of definition
Theory of progression
Issues for service providers
List of countries by service output
Examples of tertiary industries may include the following. :
Healthcare/hospitals
News medias
It is sometimes hard to define whether a given company is part of the secondary or tertiary sector.
For example, public utilities are often considered part of the tertiary sector as they provide services to people, while creating the utility's infrastructure is often considered part of the secondary sector, even though the same business may be involved in both aspects of the operation.
In order to classify a business as a service, one can use classification systems such as the United Nations's International Standard Industrial Classification standard, the United States' Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code system and its new replacement, the North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS), the Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community (NACE) in the EU and similar systems elsewhere. These governmental classification systems have a first-level hierarchy that reflects whether the economic goods are tangible or intangible.
For purposes of finance and market research, market-based classification systems such as the Global Industry Classification Standard and the Industry Classification Benchmark are used to classify businesses that participate in the service sector. Unlike governmental classification systems, the first level of market-based classification systems divides the economy into functionally related markets or industries. The second or third level of these hierarchies then reflects whether goods or services are produced.
Economies tend to follow a developmental progression that takes them from a heavy reliance on agriculture and mining, toward the development of manufacturing (e.g. automobiles, textiles, shipbuilding, steel) and finally toward a more service-based structure. The first economy to follow this path in the modern world was the United Kingdom. The speed at which other economies have made the transition to service-based (or "post-industrial") economies has increased over time.
Historically, manufacturing tended to be more open to international trade and competition than services. However, with dramatic cost reduction and speed and reliability improvements in the transportation of people and the communication of information, the service sector now includes some of the most intensive international competition, despite residual protectionism.
Service providers face obstacles selling services that goods-sellers rarely face. Services are not tangible, making it difficult for potential customers to understand what they will receive and what value it will hold for them. Indeed some, such as consultants and providers of investment services, offer no guarantees of the value for price paid.
Since the quality of most services depends largely on the quality of the individuals providing the services, it is true that "people costs" are a high component of service costs. Whereas a manufacturer may use technology, simplification, and other techniques to lower the cost of goods sold, the service provider often faces an unrelenting pattern of increasing costs.
Differentiation is often difficult. For example, how does one choose one investment adviser over another, since they often seem to provide identical services? Charging a premium for services is usually an option only for the most established firms, who charge extra based upon brand recognition.
Service output as a percentage of the top producer (USA) as of 2005 Below is a list of countries by service output in 2011.
Output of tertiary sector in 2011
Output in billions of US$
Composition of GDP (%)
% of Global Tertiary Sector
World 43,967.335 62.8% 100.0%
13,128.911 73.1% 29.9%
1 11,554.714 76.7% 26.3%
2 4,368.116 74.6% 9.9%
10 1,110.208 58.9% 2.5%
14 751.426 63.4% 1.7%
Remaining Countries 5,627.819 12.8%
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There aren't too many good gamer's games on the Nintendo Wii, so when Muramasa: The Demon Blade started getting advertised, I started getting really excited. Finally, a reason to dust off the Wii and play something other than Virtual Console games.
With 108 blades available, Muramasa is also a completionist's dream. With the interest of making it a little easier to determine what weapons are available, I've crafted the following file, listing all the blades with their type, attack, secret arts, and effects, as well as which of the two character's trees it belongs to (those shared blades are noted as such, however some I still need to set).
I still want to complete the requirements, as well as make it sortable and a little more robust.
View the Muramasa: The Demon Blade weapon database.
I tried to pick semi-easy-on-the-eyes colors, to help break out the listing a bit.
Comments are of course welcome.


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gen z · research · student ministry · авг. 24, 2020
What YOU Need To Know About Gen Z | Chandler Boyce
Generation Z is the world's current generation of teens and young adults. There are differing estimates as to when Millennials left off and Gen Z began, but most researchers place the birth years between 1995-2012, making the oldest Gen Zer about age 25 and the youngest about age 8. Research on this cohort of young people shows that they are not just Millennials 2.0. Each generation is shaped by unique circumstances and influences that help form their generational hallmarks.
For Gen Z those influences certainly include growing up on the internet and social media and living in a world that is constantly accelerated and changed by digital platforms.
Gen Z has also witnessed some of the world's milestone events during their formative years:
The economic recession of 2008
The election and re-election of the first African American president of the United States
The legalization of gay marriage
The COVID-19 global pandemic
Research helps us examine the world these young people are growing up in and the effects they say it is having on them. In this report, we share some of OneHope's research on today's teens alongside other studies and statistics that help shed insight on Generation Z in the United States.
Three in four Gen Z'ers in the United States indicate they have friends from different backgrounds, races, and beliefs.
This is not surprising considering diversity within North America has increased with every passing generation. Today's teens are the most diverse the world has ever seen. Almost half (48%) of Generation Z in the United States are non-caucasian, Almost half (48%) of Generation Z in the United States are non-caucasian, compared to only 18% of Baby Boomers when they were children and teens. Racial diversity is not the only thing increasing.
According to a 5-year study of people in the United States, the number of young people who identify as LGBT is steadily increasing while older generations are remaining the same.
Another study revealed that as many as 1 in 3 U.S. Gen Z'ers say they are LGBT. "People question [their gender] because it's popular to question," said a teen in a focus group OneHope conducted in 2019. Another teen said, "It's almost worshipped. If you are transgender or struggling with this, it's cool."
Check out the full report from Feed!
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Serum Institute of India launches Rabishield, in partership with MassBiologics.
MassBiologics collaborator AbCellera Announces their Success.
Grifols Obtains Exclusive Rights to Market and Distribute MassBiologics' Td Vaccine in US.


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Broken Season 2: Premiere Date, Cast, Recap, Update
Diksha Sundriyal
BBC has a reputation for producing quality drama, often with minimal possible episodes. With such limit, the writers make sure to keep it intense and engaging enough for the audience, and they rarely fail. 'Broken' is a six-part series created by Jimmy McGovern for BBC One. He is also known for his work in 'Cracker', 'Banished,' and 'Gunpowder, Treason and Plot'.
Shot in Liverpool, the series is directed by Ashley Pearce and Noreen Kershaw. It is produced by Donna Malloy while Colin McKeown, McGovern and Sean Bean, who is also the star of the show, serve as executive producers. It follows the story of a Catholic priest who tries to help the troubled people in his parish. While people lose the burden of their problems by sharing it with him, it makes his baggage weigh heavier.
Broken Cast: Who's in It?
The lead role of Father Michael Kerrigan is played by Sean Bean. He is best known for portraying the characters that often meet a violent end. Come to think of it, a lot of scenarios involving his death have been explored by a good number of films. His most famous roles include titles like 'Game of Thrones', 'The Lord of the Rings' trilogy and 'Sharpe'. He has also appeared in films and TV shows like 'GoldenEye', 'The Martian', 'Henry VIII', 'Silent Hill', 'Jupiter Ascending', 'The Island', 'Troy', 'Equilibrium' and 'Ronin'.
Adrian Dunbar plays the role of Father Peter Flaherty. Dunbar's list of roles is a long one and includes names like 'The Hollow Crown', 'Line of Duty', 'Ashes to Ashes', 'Whistleblower', 'Tough Love', 'A Statement of Affairs', 'The Last Confession of Alexander Pearce' and 'Hear My Song'.
Anna Friel appears in the role of Christina Fitzsimmons. Friel is best-known for portraying the lead role in British crime series, 'Marcella'. Her other notable credits include 'The Heavy Water War', 'American Odyssey', 'Public Enemies', 'Pushing Daisies', 'The Jury', 'Our Mutual Friend', 'Brookside', 'Good People' and 'The War Bride'.
Muna Otaru plays the role of Helen Oyenusi. Otaru is known for her roles in 'The Keeping Room', 'Whitechapel' and 'The Wire'. Mark Stanley plays the role of PC Andrew Powell. He has appeared in various films and TV shows like 'Game of Thrones', 'Mr Turner', 'Star Wars: The Force Awakens', 'Love, Lies and Records' and 'Little Women'.
The role of PC Dawn Morris is played by Aisling Loftus. Loftus' acting credits include names like 'Mr Selfridge', 'War and Peace', 'Pride and Prejudice and Zombies', 'This Is England', 'Midsomer Murders' and 'A Discovery of Witches'.
Paula Malcomson plays the role of Roz Demichelis. Malcomson is known for her roles in 'Lore', 'Ray Donovan', 'Sons of Anarchy', 'Caprica', 'John from Cincinnati', 'Deadwood', 'We Have Always Lived in a Castle', 'The Hunger Games' series, and 'The Green Mile'.
Ned Dennehy plays the role of Karl McKenna. He is known for his work in films and TV shows like 'Glitch', 'Parade's End', 'Peaky Blinders', 'Versailles', 'Luther', 'Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows- Part 1' and 'Banished'.
Danny Sapani plays the role of Daniel Martin. Sapani has worked in various films and TV shows, such as 'Penny Dreadful', 'Black Panther', 'Misfits', 'The Crown', 'Doctor Who', 'Star Wars: The Last Jedi' and 'Harlots'.
The supporting cast includes names like Clare Calbraith ('Downton Abbey', 'EastEnders', 'Midsomer Murders', 'Requiem', 'The Alienist'), Paul Copley ('Downton Abbey', 'Blow dry', 'Remains of the Day'), Iain Hoskins, Vanessa Earl, Steve Garti, Jerome Holder, Lauren Lyle ('Outlander'), David McClelland, Faye McKeever ('Little Boy Blue', 'Shameless', 'The Moorside'), Eileen Nicholas, Naomi Radcliffe ('Band of Gold', 'Born and Bred', 'The Visit'), Sam Rintoul, Rochenda Sandall, Matthew Wilson.
Broken Plot: What's It About?
'Broken' stars Sean Bean as Father Kerrigan. He is haunted by his childhood trauma and recently, they have come back to haunt him with increased intensity. It would do him some good to take a break and get himself together. However, these are troubled times in his parish and if he isn't there to help his flock, who will? In the course of six episodes, we are introduced to various facets of the struggles that people face and what's the worse that can happen to them because of it. A woman is too broke to provide for her three children. Even though she tries to find a job, her only support is her mother's pension.
But what happens when the old woman dies and the pension stops? A young man, who had recently been released from a mental care facility, falls victim to a shootout. The priest not only has to handle his own guilt for not reaching out to the man, but he also has to share the grief of his mother and the shame of the police officer who finds himself, and his colleagues, responsible for his death.
Broken Season 2 Release Date: When Will It Premiere?
'Broken' season 1 premiered on May 30, 2017. The series was highly praised for its writing that brought out the deep emotions of the characters and helped the audience relate with them which further increased the impact of the story. The acting, particularly Bean's, was also applauded, and the show enjoyed good ratings. Generally, these things mean that the possibility of another season is pretty high. However, the creators of 'Broken' haven't yet decided on that. Also, even if the series returns, it is unlikely that Bean would reprise his character.
McGovern said that the actor would want to pursue other projects, mainly because the exhausting season had demanded so much of him that another season wouldn't offer anything new. He also said that the series might return if BBC allows them to. However, it would probably be focused on entirely different characters and setting. Another parish and other Father would bring variety and a chance to offer new perspectives to the profession, the religion and the followers. No official announcements have been made about it yet, but the chances of another season looks slim. Our best guess is that in the unlikely scenario of the show getting renewed, 'Broken' season 2 release date could be sometime in 2020 or 2021. We will update this section as soon as we hear more.
Broken Trailer
'Broken' is an intense watch, an emotional rollercoaster that will wrench the feelings out of you. If you want to relive the series, just head over to BBC. Here is the trailer of season 1 to reignite your repressed emotions.
Read More: Best British Shows on Netflix


WASHINGTON—Today, 140 Democratic members of the U.S. House of Representatives called on President Trump to follow the letter and spirit of the law by imposing sanctions against those behind Russia's attacks on American democracy. In a letter led by Foreign Affairs Committee Ranking Member Eliot L. Engel, the lawmakers underscored that President Trump has failed to punish those responsible for meddling in the 2016 election from overseas and has done nothing to prevent future attacks, which his Administration acknowledges are already underway.
Full text of the letter follows and can be found, with a list of the members who signed, here.
Your apparent refusal to hold Russia accountable for meddling in American democracy has allowed President Putin to operate with impunity. Our country has been left vulnerable to another Russian attack on our election system. The latest example-your unwillingness to impose any sanctions required by the bipartisan Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act-adds to a pattern by which you have ignored every tool available for responding to the attack on our democracy. We strongly urge you to reverse course, follow the letter and spirit of the law, and demonstrate that the security of our country and integrity of elections are sacrosanct.
The law could not be clearer that you faced a deadline for imposing sanctions against those who do business with Russia's military and intelligence sectors-the very arms of the Russian government responsible for attacking American democracy. The relevant section of the law states, "180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the President shall impose five or more of the sanctions" laid out in the legislation. January 29th marked 180 days. You even had the opportunity to announce sanctions and then invoke the law's waiver authority. You didn't. You failed to meet this deadline. Nor did you meet the earlier deadline to punish those responsible for the cyberattacks during the 2016 elections.
The State Department's explanation that the mere threat of sanctions will stop Russia from interfering in our elections is naive and unacceptable. Those responsible for meddling in our democracy—in the past and going forward—must face consequences.
Congress's intent when we sent you this law was clear. This bill was bipartisan, having garnered more than 400 votes in the House and overwhelming support in the Senate. We expected that you would take action against an adversary that threatens the very heart of our democracy.
However, your actions over the last year have shown that you will constantly excuse President Putin and deny his well established assistance to your campaign in 2016. With this latest action, you are ignoring the law and the prerogatives of a coequal branch of government and letting Russia know you will do nothing to stop additional interference in our elections—interference that will presumably benefit your own political objectives.
We've given you the tools needed to meet this challenge. If you continue to leave those tools on the shelf, we will push for additional legislative action with more stringent requirements. If you refuse to protect the United States from a hostile foreign government, Congress must act on our own. The future of our democracy is on the line.


Further, if the plan gets accepted, then the central bank will block the use of unapproved cryptocurrencies for payment purpose. A part of the report also states that the Central Bank of Iran will not confine anyone directly from personally holding or transferring little amounts of approved cryptocurrency.
But still it's not clear on which cryptocurrency will get the approval and which will get banned in the near future. As per reliable sources, securities regulators wish to settle all the transactions pertaining to bitcoin within the country in the Iranian rial. Further, the report is still in a draft stage and not an official guideline yet and would be intensely discussed at the time of Electronic Banking and Payment Systems conference in Tehran that begins on Jan. 29.
Moreover, the report draft also mentions that just like an Iranian cannot own euros in excess of ten thousand outside the preview of their regulated bank accounts; likewise, they would not be able to hold large amounts of cryptocurrency.
However, such a move has been made by the Iranian government to protect the fiat Iranian rial from tough competition, as per the sources. The report also states that tokens which were attached to fiat currencies, precious metals and commodities and used for payment purpose would also be banned and hence cannot be further used as a means of payment. However, Tokens that are tagged to Iranian rial will be allowed as a means of payment provided they are issued by central bank.
The report further says that all the Iranian exchanges will be required to obtain licenses for their future transactions. But blueprints are still not clear with respect to the flow and timing of process to be followed in the future. There is no transparency with respect to their vision on how they will proceed.
As per the draft, the central bank will also form a list with the number of cryptocurrencies that would be allowed to trade, which they will keep updating every three months .
Presently, the Iranian exchanges are collecting know-your-customer details which include addresses and government-issued Ids. except to which, they are just operating like independent sellers rather than their corporate counterparts abroad. An unidentified blockchain entrepreneur in Iran reacted to the present situation and stated that "Getting an exchange license is not an easy task," and argued that such regulations might disable the development of the industry.
While on the other hand, he states that the government has finally recognizing bitcoin as an asset and has not out-casted it completely as it has still kept some margin of payment for people to hold and use it to transfer small amounts of crypto for non-corporate purposes.


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Cooperative Extension of Tioga holds annual dinner
At its annual fundraising dinner, the Cornell Cooperative Extension of Tioga County held a silent auction to benefit the program, earning nearly $600.
Cooperative Extension of Tioga holds annual dinner At its annual fundraising dinner, the Cornell Cooperative Extension of Tioga County held a silent auction to benefit the program, earning nearly $600. Check out this story on ithacajournal.com: http://ithacajr.nl/2nxKDEf
Sarah Mearhoff, smearhoff@ithacajournal.com | @sarah_mearhoff Published 11:18 p.m. ET Dec. 4, 2017 | Updated 3:12 p.m. ET Dec. 5, 2017
Prizes up for raffle at the Cornell Cooperative Extension Tioga County's annual dinner and meeting.(Photo: Sarah Mearhoff / staff photo)Buy Photo
After a year of hard work, the Cornell University Cooperative Extension of Tioga County celebrated Monday at the Owego Treadway Inn for its annual fundraising dinner and meeting.
An evening of dinner and ice cream was punctuated by a presentation on the program's 2017 work, six awards given to notable CCE volunteers, and a silent auction to benefit the nonprofit.
In combination with an anonymous donor who pledged to match the auction's profits up to $200, the silent auction earned $590 for the program.
Cornell Cooperative Extension operates in every New York state county and in New York City, providing Cornell's research to local communities. In Tioga County, the Extension provides programs in parenting, nutrition, health, agriculture, youth employment and more.
"We are here to implement education programs that we extend the research knowledge of the university, as well as local experience and knowledge," said Andrew Fagan, who is the executive director of Tioga and Chemung counties' Extensions.
With that knowledge, Fagan said, local residents can "put it to work to improve their quality of life, whether for the individual, or the community, or their farm, or their family."
Cornell Cooperative Extension Tioga County held its annual dinner and meeting Monday at the Owego Treadway Inn. (Photo: Sarah Mearhoff / staff photo)
To do this takes the effort of volunteers and employees, who write grant proposals, organize fundraisers and provide the manpower to execute the program.
As she took her award Monday, CCE Tioga volunteer Nancy Eckstrom said, "It's not just one person."
"It's a lot like stone soup," she said. "We've been very creative in how we've brought some resources together. ... Everyone's got a little something to give, and the community is excited about it."
Follow @sarah_mearhoff on Twitter.
Read or Share this story: http://ithacajr.nl/2nxKDEf
Anonymous donor pledges $200,000 to New Roots
Ithaca reveals 'troubling failure' to investigate cases, including sex crimes
Officials: State grant will help Cass Park reach its potential
Ulysses Town Talk: What does future hold for Trumansburg?
Jan. 3, 2020, 8 p.m.
Officer Mary Orsaio looks to bridge gap between IPD and LGBTQ community
Ithaca police respond to calls of shots fired


We ONLY employ professionally trained technicians who can remove mice and other pests safely, legally & effectively in Mortlake.
At Pest Exterminators London, we're devoted to mice control and extermination.
We offer a efficient mice control service that will dispatch pests in your flat in Muswell Hill. Our specialist mice pest controller will be able to assess the scope of the infestation, provide you with expert advice and offer a free quote.
Our friendly service will get rid of mice in your house, which it has in countless landlords across Muswell Hill and Crofton too. We're here to provide you with effective mice control.
Pest Exterminators can send an dependable mice pest controller to your home within the same day.
If you want us to eliminate mice in your property, call us on 0800 772 3262 today. PEST EXTERMINATORS London is here to help you when you need us most!
At PEL, our team of professionals follow and carry out an long-lasting service that promises a 93% success rate on our first visit.
Step 1. Will visit your property or home within 24 hours. A member of our trusted team will evaluate the property for signs and areas for mice. They'll explain the process needed to remove the pests and clear your invaded property.
Customer-oriented and meticulous. At PEL, we're committed in providing homeowners or residents with reliable pest treatments. We guarantee to exterminate mouse exterminator in Muswell Hill.
Our team of specialists are trained to analyse the extent of your infested property and carry out a 100% removal of Birds, Beetles and Woodworm.
This includes flat and house. Our pest services are also available for place of work, shops and factories.
PEL (London) takes great pride in the popular experience we offer to tenants in Muswell Hill. Whether you need us on bank holidays or weekends, you can be certain that Pest Exterminators is here to help you immediately. If you're are searching for an experienced pest service, then you've found the right team of experts.
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Lean Cuisine and its associated trademarks are used under licence.
3. All Lean Cuisine and related trademarks and logos displayed on this website are the registered or are licensed trademarks of Vesco Foods Australia. It is prohibited to use the trademarks on any content displayed on this website without prior written consent from Vesco Foods Australia.


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L'étape réactionnelle d'une réaction chimique est définie comme :

Articles connexes
 Étape cinétiquement déterminante
 Mécanisme réactionnel
 Coordonnée de réaction
 Réaction concertée

Références

Réaction chimique
Cinétique chimique

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Once the Netistrar Registrar module has been enabled within WHMCS you are able to send customer orders for new domains and incoming transfers to Netistrar. Depending upon your specific configuration (and in particular payment configurations) this may be an automatic process or you may send orders manually to Netistrar once payment has been received.
For completed domain orders, all of the core WHMCS domain management options are made available to your customers within the My Domains section of the client area.
Manage Nameservers (NB: This is done from the My Domains listing via the tools dropdown).
Under ICANN rules, any changes to the Registrant contact key fields for a domain name (Name, Organisation Name, Email Address) are subject to additional confirmation by email to the existing Registrant. Once these changes have been made using the WHMCS contact editor they will not be applied immediately but instead a validation email will be sent to the existing registrant to confirm changes. This is displayed to the customer in WHMCS with a message as shown below.
Under ICANN rules, new domain registrations, transfers and changes to key Registrant data (as described above) attract a 60 day lock period where domains cannot be transferred away from the current Registrar. This is displayed to the customer in WHMCS with a message as shown below.


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The coronavirus outbreak has wreaked havoc on the San Diego apartment market.
Landlords are not only dealing with added expenses from social distancing protocols, shuttered amenities and declining rent payments brought about by high unemployment, but also an eviction moratorium and a new rent cap that went into effect in 2020.
The eviction moratorium makes it especially difficult for investors. If residents have not paid their rent, and can't be evicted, the landlord won't receive income on those units. For a smaller complex, that could push the investor underwater on their loan.
Deal flow has cooled to the lowest level in nearly a decade, when only 64 trades were recorded in San Diego during the second quarter totaling about $300 million. However, the third quarter is on pace for deal volume to collapse even further. Just 28 transactions have been recorded in the first two months. That pace could eclipse the lowest deal flow from the Great Recession if it were to continue through September.
The multifamily sector isn't alone, though. Every property type in San Diego has recorded a notable deceleration in deal flow and sales volume during the quarter as investors have increasingly taken to the sidelines as the pandemic drags on with no end in sight.
Only $80 million in apartment sales recorded in July and August. San Diego is on its way to posting the lowest quarterly sales volume since the middle of 2010, when only $75 million in sales were confirmed by CoStar. However, that sales volume came at a time when sales prices weren't disclosed in California, and likely included several deals where a price wasn't captured.
The largest deal of the third quarter so far was for the 27-unit Regency Park Apartments in El Cajon. The community sold for $5.7 million, or about $213,000 per door, at a 4% capitalization rate.
The market price, which is based on the estimated price of all properties in the market and informed by actual transactions, has barely budged since the end of 2019, holding firm at $327,000 per unit. It is expected that this price could further soften.
But transaction pricing, based on the properties that have actually sold, is only about $210,000 per unit, as no core assets have sold and few are actively listed. The sales price is tracking at about a 5% discount relative to the asking price, which is right where the Regency Park Apartments deal came in.
About the only certainty in the market right now is that so much remains uncertain. The length of the pandemic, liquidity, loan defaults, an eviction moratorium, lingering unemployment, sluggish commercial leasing and countless other factors weigh on buyers and sellers alike in the current environment.
Article provided by CoStar
Absolute Internet-Proof Investment? Collision Centers May Offer an Option


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Q: Disable HammerJS swipe and drag events on computer? (i.e. disable on mouse events?) I'm using Hammer.js found here:
http://eightmedia.github.io/hammer.js/
and I set-up/create the Hammer object like this:
var hammertime = Hammer(document.body)
                      .on("pinchin drag swipe", function(event) {
                        var alpha_value = $( "#collide_alpha" ).slider( "option", "value" );
                        var beta_value = $( "#collide_beta" ).slider( "option", "value" );
                        if(alpha_value < 50) {
                          $( "#collide_alpha" ).slider( "value", ~~(+alpha_value+(event.gesture.distance/30)) );
                        } else if(alpha_value <= 100) {
                          $( "#collide_alpha" ).slider( "value", ~~(+alpha_value-(event.gesture.distance/30)) );
                        }
                        if(beta_value < 50) {
                          $( "#collide_beta" ).slider( "value", ~~(+beta_value+(event.gesture.distance/30)) );
                        } else if(beta_value <= 100) {
                          $( "#collide_beta" ).slider( "value", ~~(+beta_value-(event.gesture.distance/30)) );
                        }
                      });

After, I tried to do this:
// Try to disable the mouse movements on computer
hammertime.STOP_MOUSEEVENTS = true;
hammertime.NO_MOUSEEVENTS = true;

But that doesn't work, so how should I disable the events just for computers? but leave them active for iPhone and Android. I don't care about Windows 8 touch-screens at the moment so I don't mind that it would not work for those.

A: I normally try and detect if the device is a touch screen before firing hammer. Its better to only load when you need it rather than when you dont
One of the most supported ways off doing this is
var is_touch_device = 'ontouchstart' in document.documentElement;

Then just wrap your hammer initialisation in
if(is_touch_device){
  // hammer stuff
}

Alternatively you could sniff the user agent if you only care for a few devices but this could be a bit clunky and prone to missing things.

A: I use Modernizr to decide if I should run hammer:
     if ( Modernizr.touch )
     {
        $("#cr-stage").hammer().on( "swipeleft swiperight swipeup swipedown doubletap pinchin", gesture );
        $("#cr-stage").hammer().on( "release", releaseGesture );
     }

This is more reliable than user agent sniffing.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Hernandez, Mollerus earn MLB Draft League weekly honors
Ryan Hernandez and Josh Mollerus named Draft League Hitter and Pitcher of the Week, respectively
NEW YORK -- The MLB Draft League announced that West Virginia's Ryan Hernandez and State College's Josh Mollerus were named Hitter and Pitcher of the Week, respectively, for the period of July 11 to July 17. Hernandez, 23, earned Hitter of the Week honors for the final week of the
NEW YORK -- The MLB Draft League announced that West Virginia's Ryan Hernandez and State College's Josh Mollerus were named Hitter and Pitcher of the Week, respectively, for the period of July 11 to July 17.
Hernandez, 23, earned Hitter of the Week honors for the final week of the MLB Draft League's first half after batting .667 (10-for-15) with four home runs and 11 RBI in five games for the Black Bears. He led all MLB Draft League hitters during the period in average, OBP (.739), slugging (1.533), OPS (2.272), home runs, RBI, total bases (23) and walks (7).
Hernandez hit six home runs over his final seven games to finish as the MLB Draft League's first-half home run leader (8). Hernandez went deep four times in three games for West Virginia on the week, homering in the Black Bears' first-half title-clinching win on July 14 and then hitting a pair of long home runs in the Black Bears' first-half finale on Saturday. He tallied at least one hit and one RBI in all five games and had four straight multi-hit, multi-RBI games to finish the week.
Hernandez batted .369 (31-for-84) and led the Draft League in home runs, RBI (24), slugging (.714) and OPS (1.169) during the first half, appearing in 22 games (101 PAs). He also finished second in total bases (60) and sixth in hits. The Boston, Mass., native turned in a career-best performance as a University of Houston senior this past spring, batting .304/.402/.565 with 14 home runs, 14 doubles and 56 RBI in 61 games.
Draft League Data: Hernandez's batted-ball data from last week underscores his video-game-like slash line. The right-handed hitter had an average exit velocity of 91.3 mph on his batted balls, with a 102.4-mph max EV, as well as a 62% Hard Hit% and 53.8% LD%. He controlled the zone incredibly well (81% Z-Contact%, 22.7% Chase%) and hammered every pitch type: fastballs (2.857 OPS), breaking balls (1.357 OPS) and offspeed pitches (2.668 OPS).
Mollerus, 22, is the second straight State College hurler to be recognized as Pitcher of the Week – following Mason Olson – earning the honor after he totaled four scoreless innings of one-hit ball with nine strikeouts across two relief appearances. The right-hander fired two perfect innings, striking out four, on July 13 against Mahoning Valley and then fanned five of the seven Williamsport batters two days later.
Mollerus was a first-half bullpen staple for the Spikes, pitching to 4.82 ERA with 31 strikeouts and nine walks in 18.2 innings (12 appearances). He was particularly good in July, registering a 0.90 ERA and .216 BAA while punching out 16 batters in 10 innings (five appearances). The Campbell, Calif., product enjoyed a strong senior season at the University of San Francisco, going 4-2 with five saves in 24 appearances. He posted a 3.96 ERA over 36.1 innings, compiling 52 strikeouts against just nine walks for the Dons.
Draft League Data: Mollerus was effective with each of his three pitches during his July 15 relief outing. He posted a 31% Whiff% with his fastball, sitting 91-92 mph (T93) at 2300+ rpm with 18-plus inches of Induced Vertical Break, and complemented his heater with an 85-86-mph cutter with which he recorded a Whiff% and Chase% of 75% and 100%, respectively. Mollerus also registered a 33% Whiff% and 67% Chase% with his spin-killing changeup (1581 rpm avg.) at 84-85 mph.
For more information about the MLB Draft League, visit mlbdraftleague.com or follow @mlbdraftleague & @draftleaguedata on Twitter, and @mlbdraftleague on Instagram.
State College Spikes
Mahoning Valley Scrappers


text:
package monitor_test

import (
	"database/sql"
	"errors"
	"sync"
	"time"

	"code.cloudfoundry.org/bbs/db/sqldb/helpers/monitor"
	. "github.com/onsi/ginkgo"
	. "github.com/onsi/gomega"
)

var _ = Describe("Monitor", func() {
	var mon monitor.Monitor

	BeforeEach(func() {
		mon = monitor.New()
	})

	Describe("#Monitor", func() {
		Context("when no errors occur", func() {
			It("increases total and succeeded counts by 1 and returns nil", func() {
				err := mon.Monitor(func() error {
					return nil
				})
				Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())

				Expect(mon.Total()).To(BeEquivalentTo(1))
				Expect(mon.Succeeded()).To(BeEquivalentTo(1))
				Expect(mon.Failed()).To(BeEquivalentTo(0))
			})
		})

		Context("when a generic error occurs", func() {
			It("increments the total and failed counts by 1 and returns the error", func() {
				err := mon.Monitor(func() error {
					return errors.New("boom!")
				})
				Expect(err).To(MatchError("boom!"))

				Expect(mon.Total()).To(BeEquivalentTo(1))
				Expect(mon.Succeeded()).To(BeEquivalentTo(0))
				Expect(mon.Failed()).To(BeEquivalentTo(1))
			})
		})

		Context("when a sql ErrNoRows occurs", func() {
			It("increments the total and succeeded counts by 1 and returns the error", func() {
				err := mon.Monitor(func() error {
					return sql.ErrNoRows
				})
				Expect(err).To(MatchError(sql.ErrNoRows))

				Expect(mon.Total()).To(BeEquivalentTo(1))
				Expect(mon.Succeeded()).To(BeEquivalentTo(1))
				Expect(mon.Failed()).To(BeEquivalentTo(0))
			})
		})

		Context("when a sql ErrTxDone occurs", func() {
			It("does not increment any counts and returns the error", func() {
				err := mon.Monitor(func() error {
					return sql.ErrTxDone
				})
				Expect(err).To(MatchError(sql.ErrTxDone))

				Expect(mon.Total()).To(BeEquivalentTo(0))
				Expect(mon.Succeeded()).To(BeEquivalentTo(0))
				Expect(mon.Failed()).To(BeEquivalentTo(0))
			})
		})

		It("records the max number of queries in flight", func() {
			cleanupCh := make(chan struct{})
			defer close(cleanupCh)

			wg := new(sync.WaitGroup)
			wg.Add(3)

			go mon.Monitor(func() error {
				wg.Done()
				<-cleanupCh
				return nil
			})

			go mon.Monitor(func() error {
				wg.Done()
				<-cleanupCh
				return nil
			})

			go mon.Monitor(func() error {
				wg.Done()
				<-cleanupCh
				return nil
			})

			wg.Wait()
			Expect(mon.ReadAndResetInFlightMax()).To(Equal(int64(3)))
		})

		It("records the max duration of queries", func() {
			mon.Monitor(func() error {
				time.Sleep(10 * time.Millisecond)
				return nil
			})

			mon.Monitor(func() error {
				time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
				return nil
			})

			mon.Monitor(func() error {
				time.Sleep(1 * time.Millisecond)
				return nil
			})

			Expect(mon.ReadAndResetDurationMax()).To(BeNumerically(">", 50*time.Millisecond))
		})

		It("doesn't cause any race conditions", func() {
			blockCh := make(chan struct{})

			updateFunc := func() error {
				<-blockCh
				return nil
			}

			go func() {
				mon.Monitor(updateFunc)
			}()
			// increase the chance of race condition happening
			go func() {
				mon.Monitor(updateFunc)
			}()

			Consistently(mon.ReadAndResetDurationMax).Should(BeNumerically("==", 0))
			close(blockCh)
			Eventually(mon.ReadAndResetDurationMax).Should(BeNumerically(">", 0))
		})
	})

	Describe("#Total", func() {
		It("returns the total number of queries ran", func() {
			mon.Monitor(func() error {
				return nil
			})
			mon.Monitor(func() error {
				return errors.New("foo")
			})
			mon.Monitor(func() error {
				return nil
			})
			Expect(mon.Total()).To(BeEquivalentTo(3))
		})
	})

	Describe("#Succeeded", func() {
		It("returns the number of queries succeeded", func() {
			mon.Monitor(func() error {
				return nil
			})
			mon.Monitor(func() error {
				return sql.ErrNoRows
			})
			mon.Monitor(func() error {
				return nil
			})
			Expect(mon.Total()).To(BeEquivalentTo(3))
		})
	})

	Describe("#Failed", func() {
		It("returns the number of queries failed", func() {
			mon.Monitor(func() error {
				return errors.New("foo")
			})
			mon.Monitor(func() error {
				return errors.New("bar")
			})
			mon.Monitor(func() error {
				return errors.New("baz")
			})
			Expect(mon.Total()).To(BeEquivalentTo(3))
		})
	})

	Describe("#ReadAndResetInFlightMax", func() {
		It("resets the max number of queries in flight to the current number of queries in flight", func() {
			blockCh1 := make(chan struct{})
			finishedCh1 := make(chan struct{})
			blockCh2 := make(chan struct{})
			finishedCh2 := make(chan struct{})

			wg := new(sync.WaitGroup)
			wg.Add(2)

			go func() {
				mon.Monitor(func() error {
					wg.Done()
					<-blockCh1
					return nil
				})
				close(finishedCh1)
			}()
			go func() {
				mon.Monitor(func() error {
					wg.Done()
					<-blockCh2
					return nil
				})
				close(finishedCh2)
			}()

			wg.Wait()

			Consistently(mon.ReadAndResetInFlightMax).Should(BeEquivalentTo(2))
			close(blockCh1)
			<-finishedCh1
			Expect(mon.ReadAndResetInFlightMax()).To(BeEquivalentTo(2))
			Consistently(mon.ReadAndResetInFlightMax).Should(BeEquivalentTo(1))
			close(blockCh2)
			<-finishedCh2
			Expect(mon.ReadAndResetInFlightMax()).To(BeEquivalentTo(1))
			Consistently(mon.ReadAndResetInFlightMax).Should(BeEquivalentTo(0))
		})
	})

	Describe("#ReadAndResetDurationMax", func() {
		It("resets the max duration of all queries ran since last reset to 0", func() {
			mon.Monitor(func() error {
				time.Sleep(10 * time.Millisecond)
				return nil
			})
			mon.Monitor(func() error {
				time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
				return nil
			})

			Expect(mon.ReadAndResetDurationMax()).To(BeNumerically(">", 50*time.Millisecond))
			Expect(mon.ReadAndResetDurationMax()).To(BeZero())
		})
	})
})


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text:
Фаулья () — коммуна в Италии, располагается в регионе Тоскана, в провинции Пиза.

Население составляет 3 672  человека (1-1-2018), плотность населения составляет 86,54 чел./км². Занимает площадь 42,43 км². Почтовый индекс — 56043. Телефонный код — 050.

Покровителем коммуны почитается священномученик Лаврентий, празднование 10 августа.

Демография
Динамика населения:

Администрация коммуны
 Официальный сайт: http://www.comune.fauglia.pi.it/

Ссылки
 Официальный сайт населённого пункта
 Национальный институт статистики
 Национальный институт статистики

Примечание


text:
Q: what happens if this command is executed (get-vm cmdlet)? I was curious what will be the result if the $vm_name was undefined
get-vm -name $vm_name -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue

I did not find any related questions or documentation on this. What i know is undefined variable value is $null but need to know what will be the output of this command
Note: This command was used in VMWare

A: the output of this command is the VM details of the virtualization server "hyper-v"
as follows:

reference :
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/hyper-v/get-vm?view=windowsserver2019-ps


text:
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