text:
Q: In Erlang's EUnit, assert that a function was called with an anonymous function I have some code that looks like this:
-module(ca_data).
-export([delete_ca_data/1]).

% ...

delete_ca_data(N) when N < 1 -> ?NEGATIVE_ID_ERROR;
delete_ca_data(N) -> util_db_generic:delete_object(ca_data, N, fun(_) -> ok end).

% ...

And I have some test code that looks like this:
wrap_meck(MockMod, MockArgs, F) ->
    meck:new(MockMod, MockArgs),
    try
        F()
    catch Ex ->
        throw(Ex)
    after
        meck:unload(MockMod)
    end.

delete_ca_data_test() ->
    F = fun() ->
        meck:expect(util_db_generic, delete_object, fun (_, _, _) -> ok end),

        ?assertEqual(?NEGATIVE_ID_ERROR, ca_data:delete_ca_data(-1)),

        ?assertEqual([], meck:history(util_db_generic)),

        meck:expect(util_db_generic, delete_object, fun(_, _, _) -> ok end),
        ?assertEqual(ok, ca_data:delete_ca_data(1)),

        ?assertEqual(
            [{self(), {util_db_generic, delete_object, [ca_data, 1, fun(_) -> ok end]}, ok}], % Uh-oh
            meck:history(util_db_generic)
        )
    end,
    wrap_meck(util_db_generic, [], F).

Unfortunately, the util_db_generic:delete_object function is called with a function created in the module under test.
This provides some issues when trying to assert the history of the function calls (for example, on the line marked "Uh-oh"). Since this function is created in-situ (and the memory pointer is effectively random), it's challenging to assert what this function should look like. This code does not result in any compilation error. However, the asserts will never return as valid, since there are two different functions being asserted against each other (one created in the ca_data module, and one in the testcase). I tried using ?assertMatch and changing the fun(_) -> ok end's out for _s, but I am getting this compilation error on the assert line:
illegal pattern

How can I match these results?

A: The assertion you want might look something like this:
?assertMatch(
    [{Self, {util_db_generic, delete_object, [ca_data, 1, Fun]}, ok}] when Self == self() andalso is_function(Fun, 1), % Yay?
    meck:history(util_db_generic)
)

This matches the ?assertMatch documentation, in that you would write the same in a case statement like this:
case meck:history(util_db_generic) of
    [{Self, {util_db_generic, delete_object, [ca_data, 1, Fun]}, ok}] when Self == self() andalso is_function(Fun, 1) ->
        true;
    _ ->
        false
end

(Note, the case statement could have been shorter with a , in-between the guards but that does not work in the macro so here we have to use andalso instead)
The reason you have to match the pid to Self first and then check it in a guard is that no function calls are allowed in match expressions:
1> [self()] = [self()].
* 1:2: illegal pattern

Therefore, you have to bind it first and then check the value in a guard. If course, what you wrote above, binding Self outside of the expression also works. It is just a matter of taste and/or readability (in fact, I think binding Self first is clearer).

A: While the Erlang documentation is usually good, this is one point where it lets the user down. The assertMatch documentation states:
Evaluates Expr and matches the result against GuardedPattern, if testing is enabled. ... GuardedPattern can be anything that you can write on the left hand side of the -> symbol in a case-clause, except that it cannot contain comma-separated guard tests.

And the documentation for self() states:
Allowed in guard tests.

However, the self() function cannot be used this the assertMatch macro. I am unclear on why, but experiment has proved this out.

EDIT 1:
The plot thickens! When I edit the test code to look like this:
delete_ca_data_test() ->
    F = fun() ->
        meck:expect(util_db_generic, delete_object, fun (_, _, _) -> ok end),

        ?assertEqual(?NEGATIVE_ID_ERROR, ca_data:delete_ca_data(-1)),

        ?assertEqual([], meck:history(util_db_generic)),

        meck:expect(util_db_generic, delete_object, fun(_, _, _) -> ok end),
        ?assertEqual(ok, ca_data:delete_ca_data(1)),

        Self = self(),

        ?assertEqual(
            [{Self, {util_db_generic, delete_object, [ca_data, 1, _]}, ok}], % Uh-oh
            meck:history(util_db_generic)
        )
    end,
    wrap_meck(util_db_generic, [], F).

the code compiles and runs correctly! This is, to me, a surprising result! The function (that should be able to be used in guards) is not allowed, but the return from the function is! Interesting!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Jerusalem the Golden, 1
The Hebrew of your poets, Zion,
is like oil upon a burn,
cool as oil;
after work,
the smell in the street at night
of the hedge in flower.
Like Solomon,
I have married and married
the speech of strangers;
none are like you, Shulamite.
--Charles Reznikoff*
The Poets and Their Poems
Yehudah Halevi
Samuel Hanagid
Abraham Ibn Ezra
Moses Ibn Ezra
Solomon Ibn Gabirol
Joseph ben Tanchumha-Yerushalmi
Acknowledgments/Sources
About the Site Editor
Souls in the Garden
SEARCH FOR NEW EDITOR OF THIS WEB SITE
*From The Poems of Charles Reznikoff 1918-1975, Seamus Cooney, ed. (Boston: David R Godine Publisher, 2005). Copyright © 2005 by The Estate of Charles Reznikoff. Reprinted by permission of the publisher
In this age of the internet, bibliographies, books, and print articles may seem like dinosaurs, but in this field, they are still the main courses of information. These lists will be updated from time to time. For now the focus, though not entirely, is on the five major Spanish-Hebrew poets whose poems are represented on the web site and on books and articles in English or English-Hebrew, with some works in Hebrew only and a few in Spanish or Spanish-Hebrew; Web sites and Links to Web sites are included here. Many articles and some books are now available online, either in periodical databases accessible through libraries or in electronic collections such as Google Books.
Bibliographic Essay
Poets, Poetry, Scholarship, and Biography
Individual Poets
Books and Articles of Interest to General Readers
Additional Reading (more specialized)
Specialized Bibliographies
Links to Web Sources
Archives, Libraries, and Organizations
Although the advent of the Internet seems to be jeopardizing the existence of physical texts like books and articles and often the familiar way information is organized, I still like bibliographies and little essays written about books. Hence this section of the web site. All books and articles discussed below are listed in one of the bibliographic lists below. Only English-language books and articles are reviewed here, with a focus on the Spanish-Jewish poets.
For detailed overviews of the Spanish period, there are Ashtor and Baer; more recent books are Gerber and Sachar. For a general overview of medieval Jewish literature and its historical context, look at Scheindlin, "Merchants and Intellectuals, Rabbis and Poets ." Good current overviews of medieval Hebrew poetry and of other medieval Jewish literature are Adelman on this web site and Scheindlin, "Medieval Hebrew Literature" ; somewhat older overviews that are lengthy and contain different information and reflect different perspectives are Waxman and Baron . For more specialized and sophisticated treatments of poets and topics, Brann and Menocal, Scheindlin, and Sells are recommended. Dan Pagis was a famous scholar who published mostly in Hebrew, so look for Hebrew Poetry of the Middle Ages and Renaissance, his one book in English. An excellent overview of the field of medieval Hebrew literature and its study is Rosen . Petuchowski is a collection of liturgical poems with commentaries; it is challenging but worth reading. Rosen's Unveiling Eve examines gender in medieval Hebrew literature.
Almost all of the anthologies and translation collections of individual poets listed after this essay contain introductory essays and biographical information.
To get a taste of the work of two influential scholars of the past, read Schirmann's article on Samuel Hanagid and the introductions by Brody to the anthologies on Yehuda Halevi and on Moses Ibn Ezra . Another scholar, Franz Rosenzweig, the challenging twentieth-century Jewish philosopher who wrote the visionary Star of Redemption, translated ninety-two of Yehuda Halevi's poems into German, and these are now available in an English translation along with Rosenzweig's notes on the poems.
A modern scholar whose work is high-level, carefully written, and actually readable by the nonspecialist is Raymond P. Scheindlin, many of whose works are listed in the various lists that follow this essay. Additional articles by him can be found in periodical databases. His periodical articles are perhaps best approached after reading some of the poets and some of the more general books, articles, or chapters on the subject—for example, those described above in the second paragraph of this bibliographic essay .
The most extensive anthology of medieval Hebrew poetry is Peter Cole, The Dream of the Poem: Hebrew Poetry from Muslim and Christian Spain 950-1492. The best general anthology of Hebrew poetry, and one that also contains the greatest selection of medieval Hebrew poems (in English and Hebrew), is T. Carmi, The Penguin Book of Hebrew Verse. This book is a must! Unfortunately, the translations are in prose; fortunately, the prose translations are better than most verse versions. Two anthologies that can serve as texts for self-study are Scheindlin, The Gazelle and Wine, Women, and Death. David Goldstein's The Jewish Poets of Spain is worth owning but out of print; I bought my copy used on the Internet. Two very old, out-of-print anthologies worth looking at by readers interested in such books are Alice Lucas's The Jewish Year and Nina Davis's Songs of Exile; many of the poems in these two books are included on this web site, but there is nothing like reading poetry in real books and also like holding these older books. One classic Hebrew anthology will be mentioned, Schirmann, Hebrew Poems from Spain and Provence; unfortunately copies are hard to find, and those that are found are expensive. And finally, Jerome Rothenberg (with the help of Harris Lenowitz) has assembled another wonderful Rothenbergian anthology, doing for Jewish literature what he did for Native American literature in Shaking the Pumpkin and for other indigenous literatures in Technicians of the Sacred. Although the amount of medieval Hebrew literature is small, the book, in its newer or older editions, is highly recommended as a refreshing and often desperately needed antidote to more traditional approaches to literature and translation.
Whatever translation collections you can find of individual poets are worth looking at, but only the newer collections are in print and most are in paperback. These are more recent books that look and feel (more or less) like real poetry books rather than collections of poems embedded in commentaries or commentaries with poetic examples: For Yehuda Halevi there are Levin and Rosenzweig (the latter is a "more or less"); for Solomon Ibn Gabirol there are Cole and Loewe (the latter is another "more or less"); for Samuel Hanagid there are Cole, Halkin, and Weinberger; for Abraham Ibn Ezra there is Weinberger; and for Moses Ibn Ezra there is no one new, so you will need to find Brody/Solis-Cohen. Several editions containing just Ibn Gabirol's long poem "Keter Malchut" are Lewis and Slavitt.
As Jacques Pepin might say if he were closing a bibliographic essay instead of a cooking show: "Happy Reading!"
I list older books because these are available in some libraries and for some readers may be the only collections available. In addition, some readers may like the older translations better than the newer ones. Note that with only a few exceptions, anthologies published before 1980 containing translations by different people almost always contain the same older translations, by Emma Lazarus, Alice Lucas, Nina Salaman, Solomon Solis-Cohen, Israel Zangwill, and others. All of the very old books are out of print; some of the better collections, old and new, are marked "out of print." Many of the out-of-print books can be found in used bookstores or bought on-line. Most English or bilingual collections of poems also contain introductions and other scholarly apparatus, and so they may be listed twice in a poet section.
۞Abulafia, Todros
Yellin, D., ed. Gan Hameshalim veHahidot [Diwan of Don Todros Abu-l-afia]. Jerusalem, 1932-1937. In the future I hope to add translations of poems by this poet to the web site.
۞Dar'i, Moses ben Abraham
Nemoy, Leon, ed. Karaite Anthology: Excerpts from the Early Literature. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1952, 1980. See pp 133-146.
Yeshaya, Joachim J.M.S. Medieval Hebrew Poetry in Muslim Egypt: The Secular Poetry of the Karaite Poet Moses ben Abraham Dar'i. Karaite Texts and Studies, vol. 3. Leiden and Boston, 2010.
Yeshaya, Joachim J.M.S. Poetry and Memory in Karaite Prayer: The Liturgical Poetry of the Karaite Poet Moses ben Abraham Dar'i. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2014
۞'Emrˉanˉi
Yeroushalmi, David, ed. and trans. The Judeo-Persian Poet 'Emrˉanˉi and His 'Book of Treasure': 'Emrˉanˉi's Ganj-nˉame, a Versified Commentary on the Mishnaic Tractate Abot. Leiden: Brill, 1995. This writer lived 1454-1536.
۞Halevi, Yehuda
Brody, Heinrich, ed. Diwan des Abu-l-Hasan Jehuda ha-Levi [Yehuda Halevi: The Diwan]. 4 vols. Berlin: Schriften des Vereins Mekize Nirdamim, 1894-1930. Reprinted with introduction, bibliography, additions, and indices by A. M. Habermann. Fransborough: Gregg International, 1971.
Schirmann, H., ed. Yehuda Halevi: Shirim Nivharim. Jerusalem, 1956.
Yarden, D., ed. Shirei Haqadosh LeRabbi Yehuda Halevi [The Religious Poetry of Rabbi Yehuda Halevi]. Hebrew. 4 vols. Jerusalem, 1978-1985.
Brody, Heinrich, ed., and Nina Salaman, trans. Selected Poems of Jehudah Halevi. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1924, 1952 (1974 paperback edition). Bilingual edition containing dated but enthusiastic translations. Out of print but available in libraries.
Ha-Levi, Yehuda. Nueva Antologia Poetica. Translated by Rosa Castillo. Madrid: Hiperion, 1997.
Halevi, Yehuda. Poems from the Diwan. Translated by Gabriel Levin. London: Anvil Press, 2003. Appears to be the first book of English translations of Halevi (with the exception of the English translations, published in 2000, of Franz Rosenzweig's German translations) in over eighty years. In print.
Rosenzweig, Franz, trans. Ninety-Two Poems and Hymns of Yehuda Halevi. Translated by Thomas Kovach, Eva Jospe, and Gilya Gerda Schmidt and edited by Richard A. Cohen. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2000. Contains English translations, with extensive commentary, of the German translations of Halevi by the important Jewish philosopher. In print.
Scholarship and Biography
Brann, Ross. "Judah Halevi." In The Literature of Al-Andalus. Edited by Maria Rosa Menocal, Raymond P. Scheindlin, and Michael Sells. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
_________. "A Way with Words or Away with Words? Judah Halevi." In Ross Brann, The Compunctious Poet: Cultural Ambiguity and Hebrew Poetry in Muslim Spain. London and Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991.
Brener, Ann. Judah Halevi and His Circle of Hebrew Poets in Granada. Leiden: Brill Styx, 2005. Includes poems.
Goitein, S.D. A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza. Vol V, The Individual: Portrait of a Mediterranean Personality of the High Middle Ages as Reflected in the Cairo Geniza. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988. See pp 448-468.
Halevi, Jehudah. Selected Poems of Jehudah Halevi. Edited by Heinrich Brody and translated by Nina Salaman. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1924, 1952 (paper 1974). See the Introduction.
Kayser, Rudolf. The Life and Times of Jehudah Halevi. New York: The Philosophical Library, 1949.
Scheindlin, Raymond P. "Contrasting Religious Experience in the Liturgical Poems of Ibn Gabirol and Judah Halevi." Prooftexts 13 (1993): 141-162. A careful examination that concludes that although some of the poems of these two great poets seem very similar, in fact they reflect very different persepctives.
_________. Song of the Distant Dove: Judah Halevi's Pilgrimage. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
Zinberg, Israel. A History of Jewish Literature. Vol 1, The Arabic-Spanish Period. Translated and edited by Bernard Martin. Cleveland: Case Western Reserve University, 1972. See pp 83-103.
۞Hanagid, Samuel
Abrahamson, S.R., ed. Shmuel Hanagid: Ben Kohelet. Tel Aviv. 1953,
_________________. Shmuel Hanagid: Ben Mishlei. Tel Aviv. 1949,
Habermann, A.M., ed. Rabbi Shmuel Hanagid: Divan. Tel Aviv, 1947.
Jarden, D., ed. Samuel Hagagid. Vols 1-3. Jerusalem: 1966-1983.
Sassoon, David Solomon, ed. Diwan of Shemuel Hannaghid. Oxford University Press. London: Humphrey Milford. Available at http://www.hebrewbooks.org/9415
Halkin, Hillel, trans. Grand Things to Write a Poem on: A Verse Autobiography of Shmuel Hanagid. Jerusalem: Gefen, 2000. Imaginative collection of translations.
Cole, Peter, trans. Selected Poems of Shmuel HaNagid. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996. English translations, an introduction, and copious notes. One of the first contemporary collections of translations of the poems of a single medieval Hebrew poet that "looks like a book of poetry."
Weinberger, Leon J., trans. Jewish Prince in Moslem Spain: Selected Poems of Samuel Ibn Nagrela. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1973.
Ashtor. Eliayhu. The Jews of Moslem Spain. Two vols. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1973. See vol 2/3, ch 2, "Samuel the Nagid and His Son," pp. 41-189.
Brann, Ross. "Andalusian Hebrew Poetry and the Hebrew Bible," pp 47-58. In Ross Brann, The Compunctious Poet: Cultural Ambiguity and Hebrew Poetry in Muslim Spain. London and Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991.
Halkin, Hillel. Grand Things to Write a Poem on: A Verse Autobiography of Shmuel Hanagid. Jerusalem: Gefen, 2000.
HaNagid, Shmuel. Selected Poems of Shmuel HaNagid. Translated by Peter Cole.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996.
Ibn Nagrela, Samuel. Jewish Prince in Moslem Spain: Selected Poems of Samuel Ibn Nagrela. Translated by Leon J. Weinberger. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1973.
Levin, Israel. Samuel Hanagid: His Life and Poetry [Hebrew]. Tel Aviv, 1963.
Scheindlin, Raymond P. Wine, Women, and Death: Medieval Hebrew Poems on the Good Life. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1986 (paperback: New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).
Schirmann, Jefim. "Samuel HaNagid, the Man, the Soldier, the Politician." Jewish Social Studies XIII:1 (January 1951), 99-126. (Available in online periodical databases accessible from many libraries.)
Zemazch, Eddy M. "Hanagid on God and Men." Prooftexts 24 (2004), 87-98. The author argues that much of Hanagid's work expresses not "theological hedonism," as argued elsewhere by Dan Pagis, but "brave existential pessimism": "Hanagid tells us to live it up, not because he knows that God wants it, but because he knows that we want it."
۞Ibn Ezra, Abraham
Levin, Israel, ed. Shirei Haqadosh shel Avraham Ibn Ezra [Religious Poetry of Abraham Ibn Ezra] 2 vols. Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1975-1982.
Weinberger, Leon J., trans. Abraham. Twilight of a Golden Age: Selected Poems of Abraham Ibn Ezra. Tuscaloosa and London: University of Alabama Press, 1997.
Ibn Ezra. Abraham. Twilight of a Golden Age: Selected Poems of Abraham Ibn Ezra. Translated by Leon J. Weinberger. Tuscaloosa and London: University of Alabama Press, 1997.
Levin, Israel. Abraham Ibn Ezra: His Life and Poetry [Hebrew]. Tel Aviv, 1970.
Zinberg, Israel. A History of Jewish Literature. Vol 1, The Arabic-Spanish Period. Translated and edited by Bernard Martin. Cleveland: Case Western Reserve University, 1972. See pp 153-162.
۞Ibn Ezra, Moses
Bernstein, Shimeon, ed. Moshe Ibn Ezra: Shirei Hahol [Moses Ibn Ezra: Secular Poems]. Tel Aviv: Masada, 1956-1957.
Bialik, Hayim Nahman, and Y.H. Ravnitzky, eds. Shirei Moshe ben Yakov Ibn Ezra [Poetry of Moses ben Yakov Ibn Ezra]. 2 vols. [vol 1 is secular; vol 2 is religious] Tel Aviv: Dvir, 1928. Available as documents 117-121 (.pdf) at http://www.teachittome.com/seforim2/seforim5.html.
Brody, H. ed. Moses Ibn Ezra: Shirei Hahol [Moses Ibn Ezra: Secular Poems]. Vol 1. Berlin, 1935. Vol 2, Jerusalem, 1942. Vol 3. Edited by Dan Pagis. Jerusalem: Schocken, 1978.
Ibn Ezra, Moseh. Antologia Poetica. Bilingual edition. Translated by Rosa Castillo. Madrid: Hiperion. Spanish-Hebrew.
Brody, Heinrich, ed., and Solomon Solis-Cohen, trans. Selected Poems of Moses Ibn Ezra. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1974. Bilingual. Out of print but available in libraries.
Brann, Ross. "The Regenerate Poet: Moses ibn Ezra." In Ross Brann, The Compunctious Poet: Cultural Ambiguity and Hebrew Poetry in Muslim Spain. London and Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991.
Brody, Heinrich. Introduction to Selected Poems of Moses Ibn Ezra, edited by Heinrich Brody and translated by Solomon Solis-Cohen. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1934, 1945 (paper 1974).
Brody, H. "Moses Ibn Ezra: Incidents in His Life." The Jewish Quarterly Review. New Ser. 24:4 (April 1934), 309-320. Examines the poet's life via his poetry and other sources. Available via JSTOR, available online through libraries.
Dana, Joseph. "Meaningful Rhyme in the Hebrew Poetry of Spain (Selected Examples from the Sacred Poetry of Rabbi Moses Ibn Ezra)." The Jewish Quarterly Review. New Ser. 76:3 (January 1986), 169-189. Available via JSTOR, available online through libraries.
Pagis, Dan. Shirat Hahol veTorat Hashir leMoshe Eben Ezra U'Vene Doro [The Secular Poetry and Poetic Theory of Moshe Ibn Ezra]. Jerusalem: Mossad Bialik, 1970.
Scheindlin, Raymond P. "Moses Ibn Ezra." In The Literature of Al-Andalus. Edited by Maria Rosa Menocal, Raymond P. Scheindlin, and Michael Sells. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Recommended.
Schramm, Gene M. "Moses Ibn Ezra's 'Graves': The Analysis of a Short Poem." Procedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research." 30 (1962), 129-139. Perhaps of value to linguists. Available via JSTOR, available online through libraries.
Zinberg, Israel. A History of Jewish Literature. Vol 1, The Arabic-Spanish Period. Translated and edited by Bernard Martin. Cleveland: Case Western Reserve University, 1972. See pp 65-81.
Musical Setting
Castelnuovo-Tedesco, Mario. The Divan of Moses Ibn Ezra. Naxos, 2013. Sound recording or streaming.
__________. The Divan of Moses-Ibn-Ezra: A Cycle of Songs for Voice and Guitar, opus 207. Ancona, Italy: Berben Edizioni Musicali, 1973. The score.
۞Ibn Gabirol, Solomon
Bialik, Hayim Nahman, and Y.H. Ravnitzky, eds. Shirei Shlomo ben Yehudah Ibn Gabirol [Poems of Shlomo ben Yehuda Ibn Gabirol] 5 vols. Tel Aviv: Dvir, 1924-1932. Five volumes (titled Shirei Shlomo Ibn Gabirol) available as documents 117-121 (.pdf) at http://www.teachittome.com/seforim2/seforim5.html .
Brody, Hayim, Jefim Schirmann, and Israel Ben David, eds. Shlomo Ibn Gabirol: Shirei Hol. Jerusalem: Schocken Institute, 1975.
Schirmann, H., ed. Shlomo Ibn Gabirol: Shirim Nivharim. 4th ed. Jerusalem-Tel Aviv: Schocken, 1967.
Yarden, Dov., ed. Shirei Hakodesh leRabbi Sholmo Ibn Gabirol im Perush. 2 vols. Jerusalem: Dov Yarden, 1971-3.
_____________. Shirei Hahol leRabbi Shlomo Ibn Gabirol im Perush. 2 vols. Jerusalem: Dov Yarden, 1975-6.
Cole, Peter, trans. Selected Poems of Solomon Ibn Gabirol. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001. English translations, an alphabetically organized introduction, and copious notes. Another collection of recent translations that looks and feels like a poetry book.
Davidson, Israel, ed., and Israel Zangwill, trans. Selected Religious Poems of Solomon Ibn Gabirol. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1974. Bilingual. Out of print but available in libraries.
Ibn Gabirol, Solomon. A Crown for the King. Translated by David R. Slavitt. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
Lewis, Bernard, trans. The Kingly Crown by Solomon Ibn Gabirol. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2003.
Loewe, Raphael. Ibn Gabirol. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1990. Poems interspersed with commentary.
Scheindlin, Raymond P., trans. Vulture in a Cage: Poems by Solomon Ibn Gabirol. Brooklyn, NY: Archipelago Books, 2016.
Cole, Peter, trans. Selected Poems of Solomon Ibn Gabirol. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001.
Davidson, Israel, ed., and Israel Zangwill, trans. Selected Religious Poems of Solomon Ibn Gabirol. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1974.
Goldberg, Isaac. Solomon Ibn Gabirol: A Bibliography. Word Works Books, 1998.
Loewe, Raphael. Ibn Gabirol. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1990.
__________________. "Ibn Gabirol's Treatment of Sources in the Kether Malhuth." In Studies in Jewish Religious and Intellectual History Presented to Alexander Altmann on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday. Edited by Rafael Loewe and Siegried Stein. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1979.
__________________. "Ibn Gabirol's Religious Poetry and Sufi Poetry." Prooftexts 13, 2 (1993): 141-162.
__________________. The Gazelle: Medieval Hebrew Poems on God, Israel, and the Soul. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1991 (paperback: New York: Oxford University Press, 1999). In print.
__________________. "Poet and Patron: Ibn Gabirol's Poem of the Place and Its Gardens." Prooftexts 16 (1996) 31-47.
__________________. Wine, Women, and Death: Medieval Hebrew Poems on the Good Life. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1986 (paperback: New York: Oxford University Press, 1999). In print.
Silver, Warren A. The Green Rose. New York: The Dial Press, 1997. A historical novel about Solomon ibn Gabirol.
Zinberg, Israel. A History of Jewish Literature. Vol 1, The Arabic-Spanish Period. Translated and edited by Bernard Martin. Cleveland: Case Western Reserve University, 1972.
۞Ibn Khalfun, Isaac
Brener, Ann. Isaac Ibn Khalfun. Leiden: Brill Styx, 2003. Includes poems.
۞Labrat, Dunash ben
Kovetz Shirei R'Dunash ben Labrat. Warsaw, 1894. Available as document 98 (.pdf) at http://www.teachittome.com/seforim2/seforim/kovetz_shirei_r_dunash_ben_labrat.pdf. In the future I hope to add translations of poems by this poet to the web site.
ANTHOLOGIES (*recommended)
*Carmi, T. The Penguin Book of Hebrew Verse. New York: Penguin, 1981. Outstanding bilingual anthology of Jewish poetry, with excellent selections of medieval Hebrew poetry. The translations are in prose. Also includes sophisticated introduction, essay on versification, bibliography, and biographical notes. In print and widely available in libraries.
*Cole, Peter. The Dream of the Poem: Hebrew Poetry from Muslim and Christian Spain 950-1492. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007. A vast recent collection of English translations by Cole, who is a poet and scholar. Includes an introduction and extensive notes. This is the most extensive collection of its kind ever published. Highly recommended.
*Cole, Peter, trans and annotator. The Poetry of Kabbalah: Mystical Verse from the Jewish Tradition. Co-edited and with an afterword by Aminadav Dykman. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012.
Davis, Nina. Songs of Exile. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1901. The later collection (see Halevi, Jehudah, Selected Poems of Jehudah Halevi, below) by the future Nina Salaman includes somewhat different versions of these translations. Out of print and not widely available in libraries.
Fleg, Edmond. The Jewish Anthology. Translated by Maurice Samuel. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1925. (Later editions published by Behrman's Jewish Book House in 1933 and 1940.) Has a selection of religious poems. Out of print.
Glatzer, Nahum M. Language of Faith. New York: Schocken Books, 1974/75. Translations of liturgical poems and prayers.
Goldstein, David. Hebrew Poems from Spain. New York: Schocken Books, 1965. A respectable selection of English translations of poems by thirteen poets, including HaNagid, Halevi, ibn Gabirol, the two ibn Ezras, and other poets, with a brief introduction, notes, and biographical sketches. Out of print.
*_____________. The Jewish Poets of Spain, 900-1250. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1971. Expanded version of previous book but in smaller format. Out of print but available in libraries.
Gross, David C., ed. Love Poems from the Hebrew. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1976. Contains older translations by J. Chotzner, Alice Lucas, Israel Abrahams, Emma Lazarus, and Amy Levy not found in some of the other anthologies. Note, however, that the "Three Love Poems" attributed to Halevi/Lazarus do not appear in Lazarus' vol. 2 of her collected poems, as the acknowledgements state. Out of print but available in libraries.
Hazlper, B(enzion). Post-Biblical Hebrew Literature: An Anthology. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1921/1943. Vol 1 contains Hebrew poems; vol 2, English translations. Out of print but available in libraries.
Kravitz, Nathan. 3000 Years of Hebrew Literature: From the Earliest Times Through the 20th Century. Ohio: Swallow, 1972. Out of print.
Lazarus, Emma. Emma Lazarus: Selected Poems and Other Writings. Edited by Gregory Eiselein. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadway Press, 2002. Contains most of her translations of medieval Hebrew poetry. In print. (The original, 1888 edition of her poems is out of print.)
Leviant, Curt. Masterpieces of Hebrew Literature: A Treasury of 2000 Years of Jewish Creativity. New York: Ktav, 1969. Includes a selection of poems by HaNagid, ibn Gabirol, Moses ibn Ezra, and Halevi. Except for David Goldstein's translations of HaNagid, the translations were done between 1859 and 1934. Out of print but available in libraries.
Lowe, Raphael. Shirim ve-Targume Shirim: Poems and Translations. Lod, Israel: Haberman Institute, 2010.
Lucas, Alice. The Jewish Year. New York: The Bloch Publishing Company, 1926. Anthology. Out of print but available in some libraries.
Mezey, Robert, ed. Poems from the Hebrew. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1973. See the section "The Poets of Moorish Spain," pp 57-67, for a selection of translations by Mezey and by David Goldstein (taken from the latter's anthology). Out of print but available in libraries.
Millgram, Abraham. An Anthology of Medieval Hebrew Literature. New York: Abelard-Schuman, 1961. The first section of the book includes older translations of poems. Out of print but widely available in libraries.
Moreen, Vera Basch, trans. In Queen Esther's Garden: An Anthology of Judeo-Persian Literature. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000. In print.
Nemoy, Leon, ed. Karaite Anthology: Excerpts from the Early Literature. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1952, 1980. For poets and poetry, see sections on Salmon ben Jeroham (pp 69-82), Moses ben Abraham Dar'i (pp 133-146), and Moses ben Samuel of Damascus (pp 147-169).
*Petuchowksi, Jakob J. Theology and Poetry: Studies in the Medieval Piyyut. London: Routledge, 1978. Excellent collection of liturgical poems with commentaries. Out of print.
*Rothenberg, Jerome, Harris Lenowitz, and Charles Doria. A Big Jewish Book: Poems and Other Visions of the Jews from Tribal Times to Present. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1978. Interesting, eclectic anthology containing some medieval Hebrew poetry translated by contemporary or modern poets Rothenberg, Lenowitz, George Economu, Charles Reznikoff, and Robert Mezey. Out of print.
*Rothenberg, Jerome, and Harris Lenowitz, eds. Exiled in the Word: Poems & Other Visions of the Jews from Tribal Times to the Present. Port Townsend, WA: Copper Canyon Press, 1989. Shorter, revised version of the above.
Salaman, Nina. Apples and Honey: A Gift-Book for Jewish Boys and Girls. Various Publishers, including Behrman and Doubleday, 1922-1927. Out of print but available in some libraries. Contains some translations of poetry but nothing not found in other books from this period.
*Scheindlin, Raymond P. The Gazelle: Medieval Hebrew Poems on God, Israel, and the Soul. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1991 (paperback: New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).
*__________________. Wine, Women, and Death: Medieval Hebrew Poems on the Good Life. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1986 (paperback: New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).
*Schirmann, Hayim (Jefim), ed. HaShirah HaIvrit B'Sepharad U'Provence [Hebrew Poems from Spain and Provence]. 1st ed. 2 vols. Jerusalem and Tel Aviv: Mossad Bialik and Dvir, 1954, 1959. 2nd ed. 4 vols. 1960-1. Classic Hebrew anthology.
*Schirmann, Hayim (Jefim), ed. Shirim Hadashim Min HaGenizah [New Hebrew Poems from the Genizah]. Jerusalem: Publications of the Israel Acaemy of Sciences and Humanities, 1965. Classic Hebrew anthology.
BOOKS AND ARTICLES OF INTEREST TO GENERAL READERS (*recommended)
(General books and articles are listed here; books and articles on individual poets are listed above)
Abrahams, Israel. Chapters on Jewish Literature. 1899. See chapters 11 and 12 on the Spanish-Jewish poets (http://www.authorama.com/chapters-on-jewish-literature-10.html and http://www.authorama.com/chapters-on-jewish-literature-12.html), and 18 on Italian-Jewish poetry (http://www.authorama.com/chapters-on-jewish-literature-18.html).
*Adelman, Howard Tzvi. "Poetry and History in Jewish Culture." Located on this web site.
Alvarez, Ana Maria Lopez, Ricardo Izquierdo Benito, and Santiago Palomero Plaza. A Guide to Jewish Toledo. Toledo, Spain: Codex Ediciones, 1990. ISBN 84-7788-113-8
*Ashtor. Eliayhu. The Jews of Moslem Spain. Two vols. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1973. See in particular vol 1, ch 6, "The Efflorescence of Jewish Culture," pp 228-263; and vol 2/3, ch 2, "Samuel the Nagid and His Son," pp. 41-189. Note lengthy section on HaNagid.
Baer, Yitzchak. History of the Jews in Christian Spain. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1960, 1966. See vol 1, pp. 60-64 on Moses Ibn Ezra, pp 67-76 on Yehuda Halevi, and pp 237-240 on Todros Abulafia; vol 2, pp 134-137, on Solomon de Piera.
*Baron, Salo Wittmayer. A Social and Religious History of the Jews. Vol VII, Hebrew Language and Letters. New York: Columbia University Press; Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1958. See Chapter XXXI "Worship: Unity Amidst Diversity" (in particular the section on liturgical poetry, pp 89-105) and Chapter XXXII "Poetry and Belles-Lettres (pp 135-213).
Brann, Ross. "Hebrew Literary Culture in Spain (al-Andalus) in the Age of the Geniza." In The Solomon Goldman Lectures. Vol VIII, edited by Dean Phillip Bell and Hal M. Lewis. Chicago: Spertus Institute of Jewish Studies Press, 2003. Good overview.
Dimitrovsky, Chaim Z. "Zion in Medieval Literature: I. Poetry." In Zion in Jewish Literature, edited by Abraham S. Halkin. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1988. An essay that may interest readers of Jehudah Halevi's poems on Zion.
*Elbogen, Ismar. Jewish Liturgy: A Comprehensive History. Translated by Raymond P Scheindlin. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1993. Classic book on liturgy, containing a fair amount of information on liturgical poetry. Accessible to the reader at least somewhat familiar with the liturgy.
Gerber, Jane. The Jews of Spain: A History of the Sephardic Experience. New York: The Free Press, 1992.
Goitein, S.D. Jews and Arabs: Their Contacts Through the Ages. Rev. ed. New York: Schocken Books, 1974. See "The Acme of Jewish-Arab Synthesis: The Hebrew Poetry of the Middle Ages" in ch 7, pp 155-167. Short, accessible overview.
*Goitein, S.D. A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza. Vol V, The Individual: Portrait of a Mediterranean Personality of the High Middle Ages as Reflected in the Cairo Geniza. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988. See section on Judah Halevi, pp 448-468. Other poets and their poetry are discussed in briefer sections in this and some of the other volumes.
Habermann, A.M. "The Beginning of Hebrew Poetry in Italy and Northern Europe: 2: Northern Europe and France," ch XI, pp 267-27. In The World History of the Jewish People. Vol 11, The Dark Ages: Jews in Christian Europe 711-1096 (2nd series: Medieval Period, vol 2, The Dark Ages). Edited by Cecil Roth. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1966.
Halkin, Abraham S. "Judeo-Arabic Literature." In Great Ages and Ideas of the Jewish People. Edited by Leo W. Schwartz. New York: Modern Library, 1956.
Halkin, Abraham S., ed. Zion in Jewish Literature. New York: Herzl Press, 1961.
Hoffman, Adina, and Peter Cole. Sacred Trash: The Lost and Found World of the Cairo Genizah. New York: Schocken Books, 2011. The Cairo genizah was a storage space in the old synagogue of Cairo in which were found several hundred thousand documents, including poems by many medieval Jewish poets.
*Jewish Spain. Spain: Turespana. Nice little free booklet published by the Spanish National Tourist Office. See www.redjuderias.org. for ordering information (be patient as you navigate the site) and other information on Jewish Spain.
Kayser, Rudolf. The Life and Times of Jehudah Halevi. New York: The Philosophical Library, 1949. Dated and not scholarly but readably covers the basics.
Magnus, Lady Katie. Jewish Portraits. Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press, 1972 (rpt. edition of work published in 1888 and reprinted in 1925). Has a chapter on Yehudah Halevi.
*Menocal, Maria Rosa, Raymond P. Scheindlin, and Michael Sells. The Literature of Al-Andalus. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Includes many unique perspectives on the subject. Specific chapters cover Yehuda Halevi, Moses Ibn Ezra, and Abraham Ibn Ezra.
Musica y Poesia del Sur de al-Andalus [Music and Poetry from the South of al-Andalus]. Reales Alcazeres de Seville, 5 April to 15 July 1995. Exhibition catalogue. In English, Spanish, and French. ISBN 84-89016-11-9.
*Pagis, Dan. Hebrew Poetry of the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1974. Three appealing lectures.
Rosen, Tova. "The Muwashshah." In The Literature of Al-Andalus. Edited by Maria Rosa Menocal, Raymond P. Scheindlin, and Michael Sells. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. A good if somewhat challenging piece on one of the key poetic forms in medieval Hebrew (and Arabic) poetry.
Roth, Cecil. The Jews in the Renaissance. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1959. See ch 5, "In the Steps of Dante," pp 86-110, and ch 13, "The Renaissance in Jewish Literature," pp 305-334.
*Sachar, Howard M. Farewell España: The World of the Sephardim Remembered. New York: Random House, 1994. See in particular Chapter 1.
*Scheindlin, Raymond P. "Medieval Hebrew Literature." In From Mesopotamia to Modernity: Ten Introductions to Jewish History and Literature." Edited by Burton L. Visotzky and David E. Fishman. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999. The best recent print overview of the subject.
*__________________. "Merchants and Intellectuals, Rabbis and Poets." In Cultures of the Jews: A New History. Edited by David Biale. New York: Schocken Books, 2002. Excellent, lengthy overview of intellectual life and its sociocultural milieu in medieval Spain and the Near East.
Schirmann, J. "The Beginning of Hebrew Poetry in Italy and Northern Europe: 1: Italy," ch XI, pp 249-266. In The World History of the Jewish People. Vol 11, The Dark Ages: Jews in Christian Europe 711-1096 (2nd series: Medieval Period, vol 2, The Dark Ages). Edited by Cecil Roth. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1966. Section by towering figure in study of medieval Hebrew poetry.
Spiegel, Shalom. "On Medieval Hebrew Poetry." In The Jews: Their History, Culture, and Religion. Vol 2. Edited by Louis Finkelstein. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1949. [Rptd in The Jewish Expression. Edited by Judah Goldin, pp 174-216 (New York: Bantam Books, 1970).]
Stillman, Norman A. The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1979.
*Waxman, Meyer. A History of Jewish Literature. New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1960. See vols. 1 and 2. Lengthy chapters in both volumes on medieval Hebrew poetry, plus a separate section on Abraham ibn Ezra.
Zinberg, Israel. A History of Jewish Literature. Vol 1, The Arabic-Spanish Period. Translated and edited by Bernard Martin. Cleveland: Case Western Reserve University, 1972. Also see vols 2 (Case Western Reserve University, 1972) and 5 (Hebrew Union College, 1974).
Benjamin, Anne Myra Goodman. Decadence in Thirteenth Century Provencal and Hebrew Poetry. Ann Arbor: M.A.R.C. Publishing, 1987.
Borras, Judit Targarona, and Angel Saenz-Badillo, eds. Poesia Hebres en Al-Andalus. Granada: Universidad de Granada, 2003.
Brann, Ross. The Compunctious Poet: Cultural Ambiguity and Hebrew Poetry in Muslim Spain. Baltimore; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. Sophisticated treatment of the subject.
Brann, Ross, and Adam Sutcliffe, eds. Renewing the Past, Reconfiguring Jewish Culture: From al-Andalus to the Haskalah. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.
Davidson, Israel. Thesaurus of Medieval Hebrew Poetry. New York: Ktav, 1970. 4 vols. Valuable introductory material describing nature of this important work, a brief history of scholarship in the field, and mind-boggling catalogue just of over 35,000 published medieval Hebrew poems. Primarily in Hebrew, though.
Decter, Jonathan P. Iberian Jewish Literature: Between al-Andalus and Christian Europe. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007.
Dishith, Judith. "Images of Women in Medieval Hebrew Literature." In Women of the Word: Jewish Women and Jewish Writing. Edited by Judith R. Baskin. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1994.
Einbinder, Susan L. Beautiful Death: Jewish Poetry and Martyrdom in Medieval France. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002.
Elinson, Alexander E. Looking Back at al-Andalus : The Poetics of Loss and Nostalgia in Medieval Arabic and Hebrew Literature. Leiden and Boston, Brill, 2009.
Fleischer, Ezra. Shirat Hakodesh HaIvrit beYamei Benayyim [Hebrew Liturgical Poetry in the Middle Ages]. Jerusalem: Keter, 1975.
Guetta, Alessandro, and Masha Itzhaki, eds. Studies in Medieval Jewish Poetry: A Message Upon the Garden. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2008.
Hamilton, Michelle M., Sarah J. Portnoy, and David A. Wacks, eds. Wine, Women and Song: Hebrew and Arabic Literature of Medieval Iberia. Newark, DE: Juan de la Cuesta, 2004. See chapters by Portnoy and by Hamilton.
Hollender, Elisabeth. Clavis Commentariorum of Hebrew Liturgical Poetry in Manuscript. Leiden: Brill, 2005. Index of commentaries on liturgical poetry.
Hollender, Elisabeth. Piyyut Commentary in Medieval Ashkenaz: Berlin and New York: Waler de Gruyter, 2008.
Idelsohn, A.Z. Jewish Liturgy and Its Development. Mineola, NY: Dover, 1995. (Reprint edition.)
Kozody, James. "Reading Medieval Hebrew Love Poetry." AJS Review 2 (1977).
Lange, Nicholas de. Hebrew Scholarship and the Medieval World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. See in particular chapters 9-12.
Loewe, Raphael. Shirim ve-Targume Shirim: Hebrew Poems and Translations. Israel: Haberman Institute, 2010.
Loewe, Rafael J. "The Bible in Medieval Hebrew Poetry." In Interpreting the Hebrew Bible: Essays in Honor of E.I.J. Rosenthal. Edited by J.A. Emerton and Stefan C. Reif. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
Newmeyer, Stephen T. "Climate as Science and Metaphor in the Writings of Jehuda Halevi." In Climate and Literature: Reflections of Environment. Edited by Janet Perez and Wendell Aycock. Lubbock, TX: Texas Tech University Press, 1995. Unusual slant; useful for its summary of some basic ideas.
Pagis, Dan. Hidush uMasoret beShirat Hahol [Change and Tradition in Secular Hebrew Poetry: Spain and Italy]. Jerusalem: Keter, 1976.
Pessin, Sarah. Ibn Gabirol's Theology of Desire: Matter and Method in Jewish Medieval Neoplatonism. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
Rosen, Tova. Unveiling Eve: Reading Gender in Medieval Hebrew Literature. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003. Sophisticated, well-written scholarly book.
Rosen, Tova, and Eli Yassif. "The Study of Hebrew Literature of the Middle Ages: Major Trends and Goals." In The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Studies. Edited by Martin Goodman. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Excellent overview of development of, and present, scholarship in the field.
Roth, Norman. "Deal Gently with the Young Man: Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain." Speculum 57:1 (1982): 20-51. See Links section of the Web site for two poems from this article.
Saenz-Badillos, Angel. A History of the Hebrew Language. Translated by John Elwolde. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Specialized, with a lengthy chapter (7) on medieval Hebrew.
Saperstein, Marc, and Nancy E. Berg. "'Arab Chains' and 'the Good Things of Sepharad': Aspects of Jewish Exile. AJS Review 26, 2 (2002) 301-326.
Schippers, Arie. Spanish Hebrew Poetry and the Arabic Literary Tradition: Arabic Themes in Hebrew Andalusian Poetry. Leiden: Brill, 1994. Mostly a thematic catalogue, as indicated, which has its uses, although different people might catalogue the poems differently.
Schirmann, J. "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry." Sefarad 15 (1955): 55-68.
__________. History of Hebrew Poetry in Muslim Spain. [Hebrew]. 2 vols. Edited by Ezra Fleischer. Jerusalem: Magnes, 1995.
Sirat, Colette. Hebrew Manuscripts of the Middle Ages. Edited by Nicholas de Lange. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Stern, S.M. Hispano-Arabic Strophic Poetry: Studies. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974. Technical book by important scholar.
Tanenbaum, Adena. The Contemplative Soul: Hebrew Poetry and Philosophy Theory in Medieval Spain. Leiden: Brill, 2002. Elegant, sophisticated book.
_________. "On Translating 'Keter Malhut.'" Prooftexts 20, 3 (2000): 349-362.
Tobi, Yosef. Proximity and Distance: Medieval Hebrew Poetry and Arabic Poetry. Translated by Murray Rosovsky. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2004.
_________. Proximity and Distance: Medieval Hebrew and Arabic Poetry. Leiden: Brill, 2004. Scholarly book with strong focus on poetics.
Wacks, David A. "David A. Wacks: Research and Teaching on Medieval Iberian and Sephardic Culture." davidwacks.uoregon.edu.
Weinberger, Leon J. Jewish Hymnography: A Literary History. London and Portland: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 1998. Valuable especially for the reader unable to read scholarly Hebrew works.
Yellin, David. Torat Hashira Hasefaradit. Jerusalem, 1940; rpr. 1972.
Zwartes, Otto. Love Songs from al-Andalus: History, Structure, and Meaning of the Kharja. Leiden and New York: Brill, 1997.
Hollender, Elizabeth. www.rimon.de/shira.
Special List of Books in Medieval Hebrew Poetry and Liturgy. Davidson Library of Judaica. New York: City University of New York, 1948. https://archive.org/details/speciallist00city .
Every year scholars, students, and poetry lovers attend gatherings of individuals interested in medieval Hebrew poetry. These include conferences, conventions, meetings, classes, lectures, tours, readings, publication parties, and other such events. Some of these events are listed in the calendar below.
Conferences and Colloquia
Association for Jewish Studies
www.ajsnet.org
Medieval Hebrew Poetry Colloquium under the auspices of the European Association for Jewish Studies, held every two or three years.
The following colleges offer or have offered classes on medieval Hebrew poetry on a regular or occasional basis, list such courses in their catalogue, cover medieval Hebrew poetry in other classes, or have faculty members specializing in medieval Hebrew poetry or literature.
Brandeis University, Waltham, MA
Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
Gratz College, Elkins, Park, PA, www.gratz.edu
Hebrew College, Boston, MA, www.hebrewcollege.edu
Hebrew Union College Jewish Institute of Religion, Cincinnati, OH
Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
Jewish Theological Seminary of America, New York, NY, www.jtsa.edu
Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
University of California, Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
University of Texas, Austin, TX
University of Washington, Seattle, WA
The Friedberg Genizah Project. https://fjms.genizah.org.
Taylor-Schechter Genizah Research Unit. http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/departments/taylor-schechter-genizah-research-unit.
© 2019 Henry Rasof ][ site maintained by Boulder website designer Robert Piller

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Luck Of The Irish Lyrics And Guitar Chords. music 3/4 Written by John Lennon and Yoko Ono. From the album '' Some Time In New York City'' 1972 an re released in 2005. A protest song depicting events in Ireland's history, with the first verse dealing with The Great Hunger'' [famine] 1845-1851. As I said already on notes to a previous song that the Irish exported more food to England during the Great Hunger than they did in the previous ten years, one of the reasons for exporting food out of the country in times of hardship is that the landlords were British. John Lennon was a brave man to write this song but it probibly got no radio airplay. Was this song banned ? does anybody remember ?.
You'd be (Bm)sorry and (Am)wish you were (D7)dead.
And you'd (Bm)wish you was (D7)English in(G)stead.
Drove the (Bm)people a(Am)way from their (D7)land.
Was (Bm)raped by the (D7)British bri(G)gands!
There'd be (C)shamrock all (Am)over the (D7)world.
Then the (C)world would be as (Am)high as the (D7)Mountain of (G)Mourne.
How the (Bm)English di(Am)vided the (D7)land.
And the (Bm)poets of (D7)auld Ire(G)land.
The (C)world would be (Am)like Galway (D7)Bay.
The (C)world would be (Am)one big (D7)Blarney (G)Stone.
Why the (G)hell are the (C)English there (G)anyway?
As they (Bm)kill with (Am)God on their (D7)side!
Blame it (G)all on the (C)kids and the (G)I.R.A.
As the (Bm)bastards com(D7)mit geno(G)cide!
Yes, you'd (Bm)wish you were (D7)English in(G)stead.


text:
Posted on April 21, 2006 October 9, 2017 © 2023 by Linda Moulton Howe
Unusual Animal Deaths in Garland County, Arkansas
"The two dogs were both, we thought, shot in the head at first, because there was a little bit of blood and there was some kind of round, cylindrical hole in their heads. But there was no exit wounds and when we had the vet do an x-ray on them, there was no bullet."
- Capt. Ray Shoptaw, Garland County Sheriff's Office, Hot Springs, Arkansas
Unusual animal deaths occurred in northern Garland County, Arkansas, west of Little Rock, from November 2005 into February 2006.
April 21, 2006 Hot Springs, Arkansas - The worldwide animal mutilation mystery that I've investigated since the fall of 1979, is most commonly reported for cattle and horses. But wild animals such as deer and elk have also been found with their rectums cored out and sexual organs removed along with jaw flesh, tongue, eye and ear - with no signs of blood. In fact, several pathology examinations of tissue in mutilated animals have confirmed cauterization with a cutting instrument hot enough to prevent bleeding. In addition to cattle, horses and wild animals, every kind of farm and domestic animal has also been affected, including house pets such as cats and dogs. Those cases are especially terrible because the pet owners are devastated to find a beloved dog or cat dead with its paws cut off, or head cut off, or even skinned.
CategoriesReal X-Files Tagsanimal death, animal mutilations, Arkansas, Capt. Ray Shoptaw
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text:
Q: What is this magic orb? What is this magic orb/stone? Is it the Orb of Aldur? And what is that?
Sorry to ask this question, but it has just been a while since I last read the series, and I kinda want a refresher in order to best understand.

A: Yes, the stone that the God Aldur is holding at the beginning of Belgarath the Sorceror is the object that would eventually become the Orb of Aldur. At that point he's basically talking to it.
The Orb itself is a magical item that grants its wielder essentially unlimited power. However, it only allows itself to be wielded by those of a specific line, or those who are completely innocent. Gods are powerful enough to eventually force it to serve them, but Aldur didn't because that's essentially slavery.


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Is it April 26th yet?
Like my previous list this however will be more straight forward, this list will contain universes I am knowledgeable enough to use in CaV's, Tourney's and all of that stuff unless otherwise specified.
I've very likely forgotten a lot of characters, Will update this in the future.
These universes I more or less focus on a lot of the time on the vine. Though I do try new topics and expand of course, This is my bread and butter in a sense.
Added Kill la Kill, Durarara, Foxverse Deadpool, DCEU, Kung Fu Panda, Code Geass and Parasite the Maxim.
Canon and Expanded Universe, Don't follow Legends but I can gather feats for it.
Composite Anime and Manga, I can rep any character from this franchise (DB, DBZ, DBGT and Super) though I do prefer the original and Z.
Basically any character from the MCU.
Both secret service and the golden circle, any character here.
I can represent any character from this verse all pre timeskip, post I'm still catching up but I can still dig up feats and use.
All of the anime original and the new 2011 version.
Composite rising, catching up with the other MGS games. Will update.
The series and on going.
The modern movies and books.
I can rep any animated character from this series, Looking to restart at some point.
No CCC stuff though, Looking to expand my knowledge in the fate verse.
The OG Series and Ult.
This series is rather obscure surprisingly, It shares many similarities to RWBY to an extent.
A series filled with OP characters, destruction and a interesting cast of characters, I follow the anime and can dig up stuff from the manga.
On a case by case basis, I can rep anyone from this series. Though I prefer Lelouch over anyone else.
Case by case basis, can rep anyone. Prefer Shinichi over anyone else.
Can use anyone from all three movies, I prefer movies over the series. Haven't seen all of the series but I can dig up feats from it.
On a case by case basis, Still catching up with the rest of season 4 but I can gather feats for it. My preferable favourite to use is Eobard Thawn.
Anyone, Favorite would be DCEU Wonder Woman.
Anyone from both movies. Looking to use Cable or Ajax.
Anyone, But I prefer Ryuko over everyone else.


This document is a reference for Angelfish administrators. If you're new to Angelfish, we recommend taking a few minutes to familiarize yourself with the concepts listed on this page.
Angelfish is a lot more fun to use once you understand how it works!
Angelfish is on-premises web analytics software that can track any of your websites or web-based applications.
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Open a support ticket if you need help - we can usually figure out the log format by looking at a few lines from your log file.
Angelfish is easier to administer when the filename contains a date stamp (e.g. u_ex150725). IIS does this by default, but Apache must be configured to do this.
We recommend using Date Substitution in the Datasource's Location field - it makes Angelfish look for each new daily log.
Once a log file has been processed, Angelfish "remembers" the log file has been processed. This feature is called Log Tracking and it's enabled by default.
Datasources (and Filters) are easier to work with once you learn basic RegEx - it's easy!
Filters are applied during processing and allow you to edit or ignore data before it is written to the report data files.
If you add a filter to a profile or change an existing filter, it will not be applied to your existing report data.
You must delete data and reprocess in order for a new filter to be applied to your report data.
Angelfish includes a handful of predefined filters - you can use / edit / delete them as you see fit.
You can assign the order in which filters are applied in the Filters tab of each Profile. However...Raw filter types are processed before any other filter types.
Raw filters are the only filter types that affects hit-level data (i.e. reports in the IT Reports section).
Sample filter ideas: only show traffic in a subdirectory, remove the Windows domain from a username, exclude traffic from internal employees.
Filters are easier to work with once you learn basic RegEx - it's easy!
Tooltips are everywhere - look for the small gray circles with a question mark. Tooltips are clickable and contain brief explanations of concepts.
Use the Admin Notes field to add a brief explanation for any Profile / Filter / Datasource. You can also use tags to categorize any Profile / Filter / Datasource.
You can double-click Datasources & Filters to move them from the Available column to the Selected column. You can also shift-doubleclick to select and move a list.
It's a good idea to save your web logs - you can always recreate or fix your data if you have the logs.
If you use the AGF tracking method, you can centralize gif collection or track hosted applications like SharePoint Online or SalesForce. Just use the tracking_host variable in angelfish.js to send the tracking gif to a single location.
Angelfish reports are the most useful when they're configured correctly. If you have questions about how to do this, Open a Support Ticket!


Are some curb adapters stronger than others? Well, sure. The structural integrity of a curb adapter depends on the gauge and quality of the steel, the care taken to protect against corrosion, and of course smart design.
Our industry uses G90 galvanized steel as a standard material for curb adapters. The heavier or more massive the material, the stronger it's going to be. Depending on the local climate, a rooftop curb adapter may face winds, rain, ice, hail, dust storms, or even earthquakes. Too light a gauge may also buckle under the weight of an exceptionally heavy unit, so we insist on using the correct weight of steel for the job. Better to spend a little more on stronger materials than be forced to replace a weak curb adapter later on.
As for the threat of corrosion from years of exposure to weather, G90 will hold up to moisture and air pollutants just fine. We also coat our welds with a galvanized paint, heavy on the zinc, to protect them from oxidizing. Zinc coatings actually react with oxygen, moisture and carbon dioxide in the air to form a tough, impermeable layer of zinc carbonate — a second skin that the elements can't eat into any further.
The shape of a curb adapter — the arrangement of ends and folds that give it the desired three-dimensional form — also contributes to structural integrity. Think of a cardboard box — it's just a floppy piece of material until you turn those tabs in and create something that holds itself together. We know how to fold sheet metal to get the maximum amount of strength out of it. That's why you can trust Curbco to fashion a curb adapter that will stand the test of time.


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Warner Bros. Discovery to have a real focus on movie franchises: CEO David Zaslav
Theatrical releases are important for the company not direct to streaming movies.
10 Nov, 2022 - 09:06 AM IST | By indiantelevision.com Team
Mumbai: Speaking to analysts to announce his company's third quarter results, Warner Bros Discovery CEO David Zaslav said that the company is going to have a real focus on movie franchises.
When asked about how he would characterise the content strategy now and what the difference is going to be, he said, "We haven't had a Superman movie in 13 years. We haven't done a Harry Potter movie in 15 years. The DC movies and Harry Potter movies provided a lot of the profits of Warner Brothers Motion Pictures over the last 25 years. So focus on the franchise. One of the big advantages that we have, House of the Dragon is an example of that, Game of Thrones, taking advantage of Sex in the City, Lord of the Rings, we still have the right to do Lord of the Rings movies. What are the movies that have brands that are understood and loved everywhere in the world?"
He added, "Outside of the US most in the aggregate Europe, Latin America, Asia, it's about 40 per cent of the theatres that we have here in the US, and there's local content. So, when you have a franchise film, you can frequently make twice as much money as you would in the US because you get a slot and a focus on the big movies that are loved, that are tentpoles, that people will leave home, leave early from dinner to see, and we have a lot of them: Batman, Superman, Aquaman. What are we doing with Game of Thrones if we can't do anything with JK Rowling's Harry Potter or Lord of the Rings? What are we doing with a lot of the big franchises that we have? We're focused on franchises."
The company has learned what doesn't work. Movies must be released in theatres. "And this is what doesn't work for us based on everything that we've seen, and we've looked at it hard. One is direct to streaming movies. So spending a billion dollars or collapsing a motion picture window into a streaming service does not work too well for us. The movies that we launch in the theatre do significantly better, and launching a two-hour or an hour and 40 minute movie direct to streaming has done almost nothing for HBO Max in terms of viewership, retention, or love of the service. The other is that the entire library, or almost the entire library, shouldn't be on HBO Max and paid for by HBO Max," he stated.
He said, "We have an extraordinary library, Friends, Big Bang Theory, Two and a Half Men. There are 15 or 20 series that are loved and used and nourish the audience on a regular basis. However, there are a large number of series and films that are not being used at all. If none of it's being used, why aren't we putting it on an AVoD, where it will be used?"
"We've looked at what people are watching on Pluto and on Tubi, it's very different. They love Rawhide and Bonanza. They are not watching that. They are not watching old series like Dynasty on Macs. And so there is a platform where people have expectations and what they want to watch, and we've been able to get a real vision into what people are consuming, and ultimately, that gives us a roadmap," Zaslav added.
"So what library is really beneficial to us, and then, and a lot of that stuff, we might keep on there, but it doesn't have to be exclusive. It could also be on AVoD. We could sell it to someone else because no one is subscribing to or staying on a particular one of our services even though it's there. And so, I think what we're really trying to understand is what has worked on the platform and what hasn't, and then based on that, we'll determine how to operate going forward," he stated.
He said that he is pleased with all that the company has accomplished in the first six months as a combined company. "We have had to work through a number of really tough issues, some anticipated, some unexpected, and we continue to make the difficult decisions that we know are necessary to position our company for long-term growth and success.
"As you would expect with a deal of this magnitude, a significant amount of change is required in a dynamic and changing industry and amidst the more challenging economic environment," Zaslav added. In fact, we see this as presenting a meaningful opportunity, one that we have seized wholeheartedly. This is an opportunity to look inside each one of our businesses and really determine what's working and what's not. Is it structured properly? Does it have the right assets, people, and resources to be effective and the best of class in the environment we face today?"
"None of this is easy, and nothing happens overnight. That said, we are fully committed and laser-focused. I believe we have the strongest hand in the industry in terms of the completeness and quality of our portfolio of assets and our IP across sports, news, nonfiction, and entertainment, in virtually every region of the globe and in every language," he pointed out.
"Six months in, we now have a full, strong, and energising leadership team in place, and we are confident we have the right strategy and are making the structural and strategic changes to successfully achieve our goal of becoming the greatest media and entertainment company in the world capable of generating significantly higher earnings and free cash flow than we are today and creating real long-term sustainable shareholder value," he stated.
He went on to elucidate, "Last quarter we laid out three strategic priorities that serve as our guiding principles and influence our decision making, strategically, operationally, and financially. Starting with content, content is the heart of everything we do, and we are investing at historic levels in the highest quality storytelling, sports, and news. All the hard work we are doing now will allow us to continue making meaningful investments in content to support our plans going forward."
Zaslav added that the portfolio is led by the strongest content among the creative executives in the business. And he stressed that one of the things that differentiates these leaders is that they do more than just pick shows and write checks. "They support and nurture our creativity and talent and help them bring their bold visions to life on screens large and small. They are doers who have spent time in the control room developing films and TV shows, writing scripts, and working closely with talent and creatives.
"They know their crafts inside and out; they know what it takes to create compelling, unforgettable experiences for fans worldwide. And they know how to replicate that success and storytelling over and over," he said.
Warner Bros. Discovery CEO & president global streaming and interactive Jean-Briac Perrette said that the audience will tell you what they love; they'll spend time with it. "They'll watch it and rewatch it, and you can see it in terms of ratings on cable and free-to-air, and you can see it on -- we can see it on Max in terms of seeing exactly what people spend time with." And we look at it, and we look at it hard. If we have a scripted show, that's $7.5 million. And if it gets a 0.43, it means that some have written that we're not committed to scripted on TNT. We're very committed to scripting, but we want to measure what people are watching and what they're not. If a repeat of Two and a Half Men or Big Bang Theory gets three times the reading of a brand new show that we greenlit for another season, that's a show that costs us $7.6 million. We're going to cancel that show."
"And we're going to try and get another scripted series that has a chance to really deliver, delight, and engage an audience. But we are being deliberate about measuring how the shows are doing. As I said, let me be very clear: we did not get rid of any show that is helping us. And we got rid of those shows so we could focus on producing new content and using everything we learned on each platform to make new choices."
"It's a business of failure," he said, "but we'd rather take that money and spend it again and have a chance of having a show that engages in delight on either our traditional platforms or our subscription platforms."
Warner Bros. Discoverymovie franchisesDavid ZaslavDC moviesHarry PotterWarner Brothers Motion PicturesHouse of the DragonGame of ThronesSex in the CityLord Of The RingsOTTstreamingHBO MaxTheatresPlutoTubiRawhideBonanzaDynastyMacsInteractive ContentJean-Briac PerretteTwo and a half menBig Bang TheoryAVOD


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45. Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip and I'm not even kidding (2006 – 2007)
It's Got: Hubris, creepy romances, a too-little-too-late pregnancy in danger storyline.
I hate this show. I love this show. All of the characters on Studio 60 are massive jackasses. I would give an arm and a leg to work with them. Studio 60 is so far up its own ass. Thar be great treasures up Studio 60's ass. I don't know why I talked like a pirate at the end there.
Meet Aaron Sorkin, a brilliant writer who created a universally lauded show and then acrimoniously departed the network only to return and restore it to greatness. So who's the main character in his new show? Well, meet Matt Albie, a brilliant writer who ran a universally lauded show and then acrimoniously departed the network only to return and restore it to whoo boy.
This is supposedly a series about working in late night sketch comedy. But Sorkin mainly uses it as an excuse to populate a world filled with thinly veiled caricatures of people in his life who have wronged him, then calls them out. And he tries to depict his show-within-a-show as a major force in American politics. Yeah. Set a show in the White House with idealized, speechifying characters, it's compelling television. Try to do the same sort of show, but set it in the world of late night TV, it's deeply self important. Who saw it coming?
Basically, I have issues with Aaron Sorkin the person. He's a guy who minimizes the contributions of other writers on his staff, and has some very real casual misogyny running through a lot of his works. Amazingly, he once managed to distill self importance, sexism, and disdain for modern media into a single quote. ("Hey, Internet Girl!")
On the other hand, Aaron Sorkin the writer has more talent than anyone working in TV I can think of, he can write an impossibly witty walk 'n' talk in his sleep. And now this amazingly gifted, amazingly out of touch man is writing a show about a cutting edge sketch comedy show that has captured the American zeitgeist. The result? A world in which a subpar Gilbert and Sullivan sketch is greeted with wild acclaim.
Studio 60 opens with that Aaron Sorkin staple, a character giving a diatribe about how everyone in the country sucks now. Except you, of course, you tuned into this show. The first half of the season is about how the-show-within-a-show starts to climb in the ratings and shape the national conversation. A fate NOT shared by the show-in-real-life. So it retools into a romantic comedy. You people like a romantic comedy, right? Well, not when it's the creepiest fucking thing I've ever seen featuring not one but two employee/boss relationships between two couples who hate each other then fall in love through sustained campaigns of workplace harassment. Still don't like it? Fine, here's a five episode arc about someone's brother becoming a P.O.W. in Afghanistan which triggers a lengthy exploration about how we as a society never really processed 9/11. It's still set backstage at a comedy show by the way.
I snark, but Studio 60 isn't even a guilty pleasure for me. It's too well written, too well shot, too well acted to hate. I randomly rented it on DVD years ago, and stayed up watching like eleven episodes in a row. I bought it a couple months later, and watched it all again. That was when I heard the backlash, and looked into why the series was so hated. All the petty little vendettas and displays of egotism became obvious, and I felt weird about ever considering myself a Studio 60 fan. That was the end of that.
I watched it again. I didn't mean to. I just wanted to watch the last few episodes, but then I accidentally saw the whole season again. I enjoyed it. I kind of hated that I enjoyed it. And here we are. I can't promise the cycle won't perpetuate, I can't promise I won't go back for more. Studio 60 is a toxic relationship in which the sex is incredible.
I can't act like I don't have a newfound respect for Matthew Perry as an actor. Bradley Whitford, Amanda Peet, and Nate Corddry, they all put in some fantastic work too. I'm less sure about D.L. Hughley and Sarah Paulson, their characters are a bit too irritating for good acting to overcome, but they seem to be all right. I think. More important, I enjoy the episodes. For all the flaws, I enjoy a series about creative people putting on a show. That massive studio is an intoxicating place to spend 42 minutes per episode.
Don't worry, this isn't my Sorkin pick. The West Wing is absolutely going to show up on here sooner or later. But Studio 60, I wish I could quit you. On the other hand, no I don't.
If I Had to Sincerely Praise…: They're melodramatic as hell, but the last five episodes of the season, I have to give it up. They're legitimately fantastic. They give retroactive weight to everything that came before, and when you watch them all in a row, you feel like you're experiencing the same Dark Night of the Soul with the characters.
#46 | THE LIST | #44
Tags: Seasons, studio 60 on the sunset strip
Previous 46. Heroes: Volume 3 and I'm only mostly kidding. (2008)
Next 44. Archer: Season 3 (2011 – 2012)


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Q: Limit of derivative function at infinity
$f$ is a differentiable function on real line such that $$\lim_{x \to \infty}f(x)=1$$ and $$\lim_{x \to \infty}f'(x)=\alpha$$. Then what can be said about $\alpha$

*

*$\alpha=0$

*$\alpha$ may not be $0$ but $|\alpha| \le1$

*$\alpha\geq1$

*$\alpha\leq-1$

I cannot think of any viable option other than 1,but i cannot prove it. Any hint or solution would be appreciated!

A: By the process of elimination:

*

*Taking $f(x)=1$ eliminates answers $3$ and $4$.

*Let's assume that $\alpha$ could be nonzero, that is, there exists some $f$ that satisfies both conditions, and $\alpha\neq 0$. Let $\lambda>\neq0$. Then, define $$g(x)=\lambda\cdot f(x) - \lambda + 1.$$ It is then easy to see that $g$ satisfies condition $1$, i.e. it has a limit of $1$, and its derivative has a limit of $\lambda$. Therefore, we have just proven that if some nonzero $\alpha$ is possible, then all real values are possible, so $|\alpha|\leq 1$ is not the correct answer either.

Therefore, $\alpha=0$ must be the correct answer.

Now I know, that's not what we really want here. We'd rather actually prove that $\alpha=0$. To do that, consider the following facts:

*

*If $\alpha > 0$, then there exists some $M$ such that $f'(x)>\frac\alpha2$ for all $x>M$.

*$f(x)=\int_0^x f'(t) dt + f(0)$

*For any integrable $g$, we have $\int_0^x g(t) dt=\int_0^M g(t)dt + \int_M^x g(t) dt$.

*For any pair of integrable functions $f, g$, if $g(x)>h(x)$ for all $x\in [a,b]$ then $\int_a^b g(x)dx > \int_a^b h(x)dx$.

A: For sufficiently large $ x $ , $ f'$ is locally integrable so we can apply FTC . Let $ a> 0$, By FTC $\lim_{x \to \infty} \int_{x-a}^{x+a} f'(y) dy=\lim_{x \to \infty}(f (x+a)-f (x-a))=0$
If you take $|\alpha| >0$ you get contradiction

A: Because $\lim_{x \to \infty}f(x)=1$, $y=1$ is a horizontal asymptote of the graph of $f(x)$.
Therefore, $\lim_{x \to \infty}f'(x)=0$.


What are those papers blowing down Columbus Avenue? Why, those are your tax returns, driver's licenses, credit reports, bank statements, and 401k statements. It seems that your real estate company, Citi Habitats, dumped an entire years worth of sensitive client documents in the streets of New York.
An anonymous tipster sent us AOL's 153 page internal collections guidebook for prying money out of delinquent account holders. The guide shows that AOL is following some of the debt industry's most egregious collection tactics by encouraging agents to deceive and lie to customers. After the jump we present AOL's scare tactics, tricks to negotiating a substantial discount, and the full collections guide.
A shredder is an indispensable tool for keeping your identity safe and secure. If you receive credit card offers or have old bank statements littering your files, then you can't do without a cross-cutting shredder to slice and dice your personal information into an indecipherable medley of confetti. Frugal For Life points out a few of the many reasons we all should be devout shredders.
Lubbock County farmer, Kelly Kelsey contacted the Lubbock County Sheriff's office, when he discovered this pile of boxes on his land Tuesday evening while he was working in the field.
Hey gang! Remember 27 days ago when posted all those high up Time Warner Cable tech support phone numbers? And everyone was like, dude, this number is disconnected, this area code does not go with this town, and furthermore, you're a dirty brick licker for posting them? Yeah, those were the days.