text:
The Late Scholastic Origin of Free Market Economics
Tracing the True Origins of Pro-Market Thinking
Politics Justice Private Property Scarcity Inflation
Students of free enterprise usually trace the origins of pro-market thinking to Scottish professor Adam Smith (1723-90). This tendency to see Smith as the fountainhead of economics is reinforced among Americans because his famed book An Inquiry into the Nature and the Causes of the Wealth of Nations was published the year of American independence from Britain.
There is much that this view of intellectual history overlooks. The real founders of economic science actually wrote hundreds of years before Smith. They were not economists as such, but moral theologians, trained in the tradition of St. Thomas Aquinas, and they came to be known collectively as the Late Scholastics. These men, most of whom taught in Spain, were at least as pro-free-market as the Scottish tradition came to be much later. Plus, their theoretical foundation was even more solid: they anticipated the theories of value and price of the "marginalists" of late-nineteenth-century Austria.[1]
If Italian city-states began the Renaissance of the fifteenth century, Spain and Portugal explored the new world in the sixteenth, and emerged as centers of commerce and enterprise. Intellectually, Spanish universities spawned a revival of the great Scholastic project: drawing on ancient and Christian traditions to investigate and expand all the sciences, including economics, on the firm ground of logic and natural law.
Because natural law and reason are universal ideas, the Scholastic project was to search for universal laws that govern the way the world works. And though economics was not considered a separate discipline, these scholars were led to economic reasoning as a way of explaining the world around them. They searched for regularities in the social order and brought Catholic standards of justice to bear on them.
Francisco de Vitoria
The University of Salamanca was the center of Scholastic learning in sixteenth-century Spain. The first of the moral theologians to research, write, and teach there was Francisco de Vitoria (1485-1546). Under his guidance, the university offered an extraordinary 70 professorial chairs. As with other great mentors in history, most of Vitoria's published work comes to us in the form of notes taken by his students.
In Vitoria's work on economics, he argued that the just price is the price that has been arrived at by common agreement among producers and consumers. That is, when a price is set by the interplay of supply and demand, it is a just price. So it is with international trade. Governments should not interfere with the prices and relations established between traders across borders. Vitoria's lectures on Spanish-Indian trade—originally published in 1542 and again in 1917 by the Carnegie Endowment—argued that government intervention with trade violates the Golden Rule.
Yet Vitoria's greatest contribution was producing gifted and prolific students. They went on to explore almost all aspects, moral and theoretical, of economic science. For a century, these thinkers formed a mighty force for free enterprise and economic logic. They regarded the price of goods and services as a consequence of the actions of traders. Prices vary depending on the circumstance, depending on the value that individuals place on goods. That value in turn depends on two factors: the goods' availability and their use. The price of goods and services are a result of the operation of these forces. Prices are not fixed by nature, or determined by the costs of production; prices are a result of the common estimation of men.
Martín de Azpilcueta Navarrus
One student was Martín de Azpilcueta Navarrus (1493-1586), a Dominican monk, the most prominent canon lawyer of his day, and eventually the adviser to three successive popes. Using reasoning, Navarrus was the first economic thinker to state clearly and unequivocally that government price-fixing is a mistake. When goods are plentiful, there is no need for a maximum-set price; when they are not, price control does more harm than good. In a manual on moral theology (1556), Navarrus pointed out that it is not a sin to sell goods at higher than the official price when it is agreed to among all parties.
Navarrus was also the first to fully state that the quantity of money is a main influence in determining its purchasing power. "Other things being equal," he wrote, "in countries where there is a great scarcity of money, all other saleable goods, and even the hands and labor of men, are given for less money than where it is abundant."
For a currency to settle at its correct price in terms of other currencies, it is traded at a profit, an activity which was controversial among some theorists on moral grounds. But Navarrus argued that it was not against the natural law to trade currencies. This was not the primary purpose of money, but "it is nonetheless an important secondary use." He made an analogy with another market good. The purpose of shoes, he said, is to protect our feet, but that doesn't mean they shouldn't be traded at a profit. In his view, it would be a terrible mistake to shut down foreign exchange markets, as some people were urging. The result "would be to plunge the realm into poverty."
Diego de Covarrubias y Leiva
The greatest student of Navarrus's was Diego de Covarrubias y Leiva (1512-1577), considered the best jurist in Spain since Vitoria. The emperor made him chancellor of Castile, and he eventually became the bishop of Segovia. His book Variarum (1554) was the clearest explanation on the source of economic value to date. "The value of an article," he said, "does not depend on its essential nature but on the estimation of men, even if that estimation is foolish." It seems like such a simple point, but it was missed by economists for centuries until the Austrian School rediscovered this "subjective theory of value" and incorporated it into microeconomics.
Like all these Spanish theorists, Covarrubias believed that individual owners of property had inviolable rights to that property. One of many controversies of the time was whether plants that produce medicines ought to belong to the community. Those who said they should pointed out that the medicine is not a result of any human labor or skill. But Covarrubias said everything that grows on a plot of land should belong to the owner of the land. That owner is even entitled to withhold valuable medicines from the market, and it is a violation of the natural law to force him to sell.
Luis de Molina
Another great economist in the Vitoria-line of thinkers was Luis de Molina (1535-1601), among the first of the Jesuits to think about theoretical economic topics. Though devoted to the Salamancan School and its achievement, Molina taught in Portugal at the University of Coimbra. He was the author of a five-volume treatise De Justitia et Jure (1593 and following). His contributions to law, economics, and sociology were enormous, and his treatise went through several editions.
Among all the pro-free-market thinkers of his generation, Molina was most consistent in his view of economic value. Like the other Late Scholastics, he agreed that goods are not valued "according to their nobility or perfection" but according "to their ability to serve human utility." But he provided this compelling example. Rats, according to their nature, are more "noble" (higher up the hierarchy of Creation) than wheat. But rats "are not esteemed or appreciated by men" because "they are of no utility whatsoever."
The use-value of a particular good is not fixed between people or with the passage of time. It changes according to individual valuations and availability. This theory also explains peculiar aspects of luxury goods. For example, why would a pearl, "which can only be used to decorate," be more expensive than grain, wine, meat, or horses? It appears that all these things are more useful than a pearl, and they are certainly more "noble." As Molina explained, valuation is done by individuals, and "we can conclude that the just price for a pearl depends on the fact that some men wanted to grant it value as an object of decoration."
A similar paradox that befuddled the classical economists was the diamond-water paradox. Why should water, which is more useful, be lower in price than diamonds? Following Scholastic logic, it is due to individual valuations and their interplay with scarcity. The failure to understand this point led Adam Smith, among others, off in the wrong direction.
But Molina understood the crucial importance of free-floating prices and their relationship to enterprise. Partly this was due to his extensive travels and interviews with merchants of all sorts. "When a good is sold in a certain region or place at a certain price," he observed, so long as it is "without fraud or monopoly or any foul play," then "that price should be held as a rule and measure to judge the just price of said good in that region or place." If the government tries to set a price that is higher or lower, then, it would be unjust. Molina was also the first to show why it is that retail prices are higher than wholesale prices: consumers buy in smaller quantities and are willing to pay more for incremental units.
The most sophisticated writings of Molina concerned money and credit. Like Navarrus before him, he understood the relationship of money to prices, and knew that inflation resulted from a higher money supply. "Just as the abundance of goods causes prices to fall," he wrote—specifying that this assumes the quantity of money and number of merchants remain the same—so too does an "abundance of money" cause prices to rise—specifying that quantity of goods and number of merchants remain the same. He even went further to point out how wages, income, and even dowries eventually rise in the same proportion to which the money supply increases.
He used this framework to push out the accepted bounds of charging interest, or "usury," a major sticking point for most economists of this period. He argued that it should be permissible to charge interest on any loan involving an investment of capital, even when the return doesn't materialize.
Molina's defense of private property rested on the belief that property is secured in the commandment, "thou shalt not steal." But he went beyond his contemporaries by making strong practical arguments as well. When property is held in common, he said, it won't be taken care of and people will fight to consume it. Far from promoting the public good, when property is not divided, the strong people in the group will take advantage of the weak by monopolizing and consuming all resources.
Like Aristotle, Molina also thought that common ownership of property would guarantee the end of liberality and charity. But he went further to argue that "alms should be given from private goods and not from the common ones."
In most writings on ethics and sin today, different standards apply to government than to individuals. But not in the writings of Molina. He argued that the king can, as king, commit a variety of mortal sins. For example, if the king grants a monopoly privilege to some, he violates the consumers' right to buy from the cheapest seller. Molina concluded that those who benefit are required by moral law to offset the damages they cause.
Vitoria, Navarrus, Covarrubias, and Molina were four of the most important among more than a dozen extraordinary thinkers who had solved difficult economic problems long before the classical period. Trained in the Thomist tradition, they used logic to understand the world around them, and looked for institutions that would promote prosperity and the common good. It is hardly surprising, then, that many of the Late Scholastics were passionate defenders of the free market.
The members of the School of Salamanca would not have been fooled by the fallacies that dominate modern economic theory and policy today. If only our modern understanding could once again arrive at that high road paved for us more than 400 years ago.
1. The scholar who rediscovered the Late Scholastics was Raymond de Roover (1904-1972). For years, they had been ridiculed and sloughed off, and even called pre-socialists in their thought. Karl Marx was the "last of the Schoolmen," wrote R. H. Tawney. But de Roover demonstrated that almost all the conventional wisdom was wrong (Business, Banking, and Economic Thought, edited by Julius Kirchner [Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974]).
Joseph Schumpeter gave the Late Scholastics a huge boost with his posthumously published 1954 book, History of Economic Analysis (New York: Oxford University Press). "It is they," he wrote, "who come nearer than does any other group to having been the `founders' of scientific economics." About the same time there appeared a book of readings put together by Marjorie Grice-Hutchinson (The School of Salamanca [Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1952]). A full-scale interpretive work appeared later (Early Economic Thought in Spain, 1177-1740 [London: Allen & Unwin, 1975]).
In our own time, Alejandro Chafuen (Christians for Freedom [San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1986]) linked the Late Scholastics closely with the Austrian School. In the fullest and most important treatment to date, Murray N. Rothbard's An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought (London: Edward Elgar, 1995) presents the extraordinarily wide range of Late Scholastic thought, and offers an explanation for the widespread misinterpretation of the School of Salamanca, plus an overarching framework of the intersection between economics and religion from St. Thomas through the mid-nineteenth century.
Jeffrey Tucker is a former Director of Content for the Foundation for Economic Education.


The five-colored butterfly was very beautiful, and as it flapped its wings, they released five-colored powder. There was also a blood sparrow next to it. This blood sparrow belonged to Blood God. but it was captured by the five-colored butterfly.
The five-colored butterfly flew out and its left wind gently flapped. The storm sweeping toward it suddenly trembled!
The five-colored butterfly's left wing flapped again.
The power of law appeared and the destructive shockwave was pushed back. It was as if a pair of large, invisible hands had forced it back.
The third time the five-colored butterfly's left wing flapped, three more butterflies appeared, and they also flapped their wings. The destruction force sped up and it rushed toward the rapidly shrinking vortex.
Just as the vortex was about to disappear, the destructive force and that sliver of law from the five-colored butterfly penetrated the vortex.
In the Alliance Star System, there was a sea of souls that no outsider knew about. There were large amounts of land floating within this sea of souls. On one of the islands, there were many buildings. A vortex suddenly appeared next to one of the tall, black buildings.
The moment the vortex appeared, there were sounds of explosions and a large amount of blood sprayed out. The origin soul of the young man in blue flew out from the vortex. It looked as if he was about to collapse at any moment.
Just at this instant, the door of the building suddenly opened, revealing an old man with a very gloomy expression. He was simply too fast and directly grabbed the origin soul.
"Grandpa, save me!" The blue-robed young man, who could barely open his eyes, uttered these words before going into a coma. His origin soul gradually dissipated. Although it didn't collapse, it was extremely weak.
Wang Lin frowned, he could feel that the moment the power from the five-colored butterfly entered the vortex and attacked the youth, there was a flash of black light that dissolved a majority of the force. Although this black light collapsed, the youth in blue was only seriously injured, not dead.
"Life-saving treasure!" As Wang Lin pondered, he walked toward Lei Ji. Looking at the green light coming from his joints, he pressed down his right hand at each spot.
Every time his fingers landed, the green light would turn into a soul fragment and disappear.
A moment later, there was no more green light on Lei Ji's body. Lei Ji let out a sigh of relief and looked at Wang Lin with respect.
Lei Ji's giant body turned into a mountain and flew through the stars. Wang Lin sat on his back, and beside Wang Lin was the big-headed boy, who was healing.
They were getting closer and closer to planet Tian Yun.
Ten days later, Wang Lin looked at the familiar space before him. He knew that not far away was the area that belonged to the rank 7 cultivation country of Tian Yun. During these 10 days, he was thinking about what he should do during this trip to planet Tian Yun. However, even more so, he was pondering over the hand seals Esteemed Xuan Bao had used with the four-colored butterflies.
Back then, he carefully memorized the hand seals, but no matter how many times he tried them during these 10 days, he felt nothing.
At this moment, Wang Lin stood up and looked ahead. He slowly said, "Big Head, you and Lei Ji go find an abandoned planet. Hide yourselves and wait for me. If I'm fine, I'll let you two come. If you hear no news from me, then the two of you quickly leave this place."
With that, Wang Lin's body flickered and he left Lei Ji's back. He moved forward with his white robe and his flowing, black hair, which made him look very much like a celestial.
As he walked, Wang Lin once more stepped into planet Tian Yun's sphere of influence.
"This trip… Is a blessing and disaster; however, there are some things that must be done! Besides, this crisis might not be as difficult to resolve as I thought! In truth, all of it had to do with the celestial cave token!"
Wang Lin slowly moved forward as he pondered.
"All of them want that celestial cave token. The token, the matter with Blood God, the All-Seer's scheme, and various other things forced me to leave.
"Back then, my cultivation was too weak and I had no power to resist; I stood no chance against the All-Seer… Even though I still can't stand up to the All-Seer, it will not be so easy for him to kill me!" Wang Lin touched the spot between his eyebrows. His real ace was not his magical treasure or spells, but the third eye between his eyebrows!
"After viewing the second Battle Scroll, I gained another sliver of source origin energy… This is my real life-saving spell!
"After all, the All-Seer and I haven't publicly turned against each other. I'm still a disciple of the All-Seer. In addition, what's more important is that Huanglong said I'm a person of planet Suzaku. A disciple of the Vermillion Bird branch of the Four Divine Sect… This is something worth pondering…" Wang Lin revealed a sneer and pressed down between his eyebrows.
The third eye immediately appeared between his eyebrows and then was replaced by the ancient god stars. Soon, a bead appeared, then all of it disappeared, leaving only a red mark that gave off trace of heat.
"If it wasn't for the fact that Master Flamespark gave me enough origin energy to reach the mid stage of Nirvana Scryer once my domain reached a certain level and the fact that I obtained the inheritance from Lou Chen to become a 5-star royal ancient god, I wouldn't have even noticed this extra mark on me!
"This mark contains the power of the world. When my divine sense gathers on it, I hear the faint cry of the Vermillion Bird… I didn't have this when I went back to planet Suzaku, so based on this, it must be related to Sect Head Huanglong."
Wang Lin's eyes lit up. The Vermillion Bird mark on his forehead flickered and he charged forward.
Planet Tian Yun appeared in the distance in Wang Lin's eyes. Looking at the familiar planet, he couldn't help but sigh. He could never forgot how he came directly here after leaving planet Suzaku and was accepted as a disciple of the Purple Division.
"In a flash, hundreds of years have passed…" Wang Lin shook his head and walked forward.
"When I first came here, I was only a Soul Transformation cultivator. The second time I'm here, I can battle Nirvana Cleanser cultivators!" Wang Lin moved forward but was surprised. He immediately stopped and stared at planet Tian Yun ahead.
He saw flashes of golden light above planet Tian Tun. They were rays of sword energy that were stacked together. After taking a closer look, they were all gathered above the Heavenly Fate Sect on planet Tian Yun.
"Ling Tianhou!" Wang Lin's expression changed when he felt Ling Tianhou's aura among those flying swords.
After pondering for a bit, Wang Lin didn't stop and flew forward.
Outside the Heavenly Fate Sect, countless rays of sword energy filled the sky as if there was a sword storm. There was a cultivator on every single sword, and they were all disciples of the Da Lou Sword Sect.
Before him was a fierce red Qilin. This Qilin was extremely fierce and its eyes were like lightning. Endless flames came from its body and two streams of hot air came out of its nostrils. On its back sat a skinny old man with a gloomy expression.
This old man had four illusionary swords behind him. They gave off a powerful aura as they flickered. He was Ling Tianhou!
Aside from this old man, there were four more cultivators that seemed to be very powerful. Of the four of them, three were men and one was a woman. The three men were all old men with white hair, and their eyes were like the sun and moon.
One of them was wearing a black and white robe with a yin and yang pattern. His expression revealed nothing as he calmly sat on a giant gourd. Behind him were nine people. These nine people were clearly his disciples, as they floated respectfully behind him.
The other old man was very large, as if he was a meat mountain. He sat on a purple bamboo chair being carried by four big, shining fellows.
The third old man was wearing a yellow robe and was as skinny as a corpse, but his body gave off a powerful sense of vitality. He had no followers and he stood alone in the sky with an indifferent expression.
The final person was a woman. She was younger, middle-aged. This middle-aged woman didn't dress up. Her clothes were very ordinary, as if she was just a woman from a village among mortals.
However, she gave off an earthly aura from her body. Behind her were four women. They were all very beautiful and their beauty could be considered unsurpassed! This was especially true of the woman in the left, who was wearing a pink dress and was stunning! They attracted the gazes of a majority of the Da Lou Sword Sect cultivators, but the four women paid them no attention and calmly looked ahead.
Ling Tianhou said, "All-Seer, back then your disciple Wang Lin took the token, and afterward you said that a mystery of the heavens will be revealed today. This old man wants to see what your so-called mystery of the heavens is!"
Back then, these old monsters all sent Greed to find Wang Lin. However, no more news of this matter came back, and a majority of the seals they left on Greed had disappeared.
The matter at the Demon Spirit Land was very crucial, so the old monsters had come looking for the All-Seer because they were anxious. After all, Wang Lin was someone from the Heavenly Fate Sect.
Back then, the All-Seer had a calm expression and only said one sentence!
"When green and purple light fills the sky, you all can come to my Heavenly Fate Sect and see the mystery of the heavens!"
Early this morning, the originally clear sky above planet Tian Yun was suddenly shrouded by green and purple. The colors were gorgeous and seemed to color the entire planet.
Then Ling Tianhou immediately came here with his disciples. At the same time, several old monsters who knew of this matter rushed over to the Heavenly Fate Sect.
After all, the All-Seer's divination ability was famous in the Alliance!
The All-Seer, who was wearing white, calmly stood in the sky. Beside him were the Heavenly Fate disciples that all looked into the sky with cold gazes. However, what they looked at even more were the four beautiful women.
"He is here!" The All-Seer's expression was calm and he calmly smiled. His gaze fell on the horizon.
After the All-Seer finished speaking, Ling Tianhou, the three powerful old monsters, and the beautiful woman immediately noticed something.
At this instant, all the cultivators' gazes gathered on the horizon. The four women behind the middle-aged woman didn't even blink and stared intently.
"I don't know what Wang Lin, the one that shook the Demon Spirit Land and caught the attention of all the great cultivators of Allheaven, looks like…" The eyes of woman in the pink dress were filled with curiosity.
He's finally back to this damn planet, and this time he's several times more powerful!! Also All-Seer is pretty darn strong, my take is that he's slightly above the Blood God level... just slightly.


text:
module Wechat
  class CorpApi < ApiBase
    attr_reader :agentid

    def initialize(appid, secret, token_file, agentid, network_setting, jsapi_ticket_file)
      super()
      @client = HttpClient.new(QYAPI_BASE, network_setting)
      @access_token = Token::CorpAccessToken.new(@client, appid, secret, token_file)
      @agentid = agentid
      @jsapi_ticket = Ticket::CorpJsapiTicket.new(@client, @access_token, jsapi_ticket_file)
      @qcloud = nil
    end

    def agent_list
      get 'agent/list'
    end

    def agent(agentid)
      get 'agent/get', params: { agentid: agentid }
    end

    def checkin(useridlist, starttime = Time.now.beginning_of_day, endtime = Time.now.end_of_day, opencheckindatatype = 3)
      post 'checkin/getcheckindata', JSON.generate(
        opencheckindatatype: opencheckindatatype,
        starttime: starttime.to_i,
        endtime: endtime.to_i,
        useridlist: useridlist
      )
    end

    def user(userid)
      get 'user/get', params: { userid: userid }
    end

    def getuserinfo(code)
      get 'user/getuserinfo', params: { code: code }
    end

    def convert_to_openid(userid)
      post 'user/convert_to_openid', JSON.generate(userid: userid, agentid: agentid)
    end

    def convert_to_userid(openid)
      post 'user/convert_to_userid', JSON.generate(openid: openid)
    end

    def invite_user(userid)
      post 'invite/send', JSON.generate(userid: userid)
    end

    def user_auth_success(userid)
      get 'user/authsucc', params: { userid: userid }
    end

    def user_create(user)
      post 'user/create', JSON.generate(user)
    end

    def user_delete(userid)
      get 'user/delete', params: { userid: userid }
    end

    def user_batchdelete(useridlist)
      post 'user/batchdelete', JSON.generate(useridlist: useridlist)
    end

    def batch_job_result(jobid)
      get 'batch/getresult', params: { jobid: jobid }
    end

    def batch_replaceparty(media_id)
      post 'batch/replaceparty', JSON.generate(media_id: media_id)
    end

    def batch_syncuser(media_id)
      post 'batch/syncuser', JSON.generate(media_id: media_id)
    end

    def batch_replaceuser(media_id)
      post 'batch/replaceuser', JSON.generate(media_id: media_id)
    end

    def department_create(name, parentid)
      post 'department/create', JSON.generate(name: name, parentid: parentid)
    end

    def department_delete(departmentid)
      get 'department/delete', params: { id: departmentid }
    end

    def department_update(departmentid, name = nil, parentid = nil, order = nil)
      post 'department/update', JSON.generate({ id: departmentid, name: name, parentid: parentid, order: order }.compact)
    end

    def department(departmentid = 1)
      get 'department/list', params: { id: departmentid }
    end

    def user_simplelist(department_id, fetch_child = 0, status = 0)
      get 'user/simplelist', params: { department_id: department_id, fetch_child: fetch_child, status: status }
    end

    def user_list(department_id, fetch_child = 0, status = 0)
      get 'user/list', params: { department_id: department_id, fetch_child: fetch_child, status: status }
    end

    def tag_create(tagname, tagid = nil)
      post 'tag/create', JSON.generate(tagname: tagname, tagid: tagid)
    end

    def tag_update(tagid, tagname)
      post 'tag/update', JSON.generate(tagid: tagid, tagname: tagname)
    end

    def tag_delete(tagid)
      get 'tag/delete', params: { tagid: tagid }
    end

    def tags
      get 'tag/list'
    end

    def tag(tagid)
      get 'tag/get', params: { tagid: tagid }
    end

    def tag_add_user(tagid, userids = nil, departmentids = nil)
      post 'tag/addtagusers', JSON.generate(tagid: tagid, userlist: userids, partylist: departmentids)
    end

    def tag_del_user(tagid, userids = nil, departmentids = nil)
      post 'tag/deltagusers', JSON.generate(tagid: tagid, userlist: userids, partylist: departmentids)
    end

    def menu
      get 'menu/get', params: { agentid: agentid }
    end

    def menu_delete
      get 'menu/delete', params: { agentid: agentid }
    end

    def menu_create(menu)
      # 微信不接受 7bit escaped json(eg \uxxxx),中文必须 UTF-8 编码,这可能是个安全漏洞
      post 'menu/create', JSON.generate(menu), params: { agentid: agentid }
    end

    def material_count
      get 'material/get_count', params: { agentid: agentid }
    end

    def material_list(type, offset, count)
      post 'material/batchget', JSON.generate(type: type, agentid: agentid, offset: offset, count: count)
    end

    def material(media_id)
      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn('material is deprecated. use get_material instead.')

      post 'material/get_material', JSON.generate(media_id: media_id), params: { agentid: agentid }, as: :file
    end

    def get_material(media_id)
      post 'material/get_material', JSON.generate(media_id: media_id), params: { agentid: agentid }, as: :file
    end

    def material_add(type, file)
      post_file 'material/add_material', file, params: { type: type, agentid: agentid }
    end

    def material_delete(media_id)
      get 'material/del', params: { media_id: media_id, agentid: agentid }
    end

    def message_send(userid, message)
      post 'message/send', Message.to(userid).text(message).agent_id(agentid).to_json, content_type: :json
    end

    def news_message_send(userid, title, description, link_url, pic_url)
      post 'message/send', Message.to(userid).news([{ title: title,
                                                      description: description,
                                                      url: link_url,
                                                      pic_url: pic_url }])
                                  .agent_id(agentid).to_json, content_type: :json
    end

    def custom_message_send(message)
      post 'message/send', message.is_a?(Wechat::Message) ? message.agent_id(agentid).to_json : JSON.generate(message.merge(agent_id: agentid)), content_type: :json
    end

    def msgaudit_get_permit_user_list(type = nil)
      post 'msgaudit/get_permit_user_list', JSON.generate(type: type)
    end

    def msgaudit_check_single_agree(info)
      post 'msgaudit/get_permit_user_list', JSON.generate(info: info)
    end

    def msgaudit_check_room_agree(roomid)
      post 'msgaudit/check_room_agree', JSON.generate(roomid: roomid)
    end

    def msgaudit_groupchat(roomid)
      post 'msgaudit/groupchat/get', JSON.generate(roomid: roomid)
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
By Chuck Cutolo
Don't believe the tax-reform hype
Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin heads a news conference on tax reform last week in Washington. Credit: Getty Images / Alex Wong
"It will increase taxes on millions of middle class families; it will do nothing to reduce the deficit and, in fact, will make it more of a problem; and it will give special tax breaks to the wealthy and powerful."
What the critics are saying about tax reform in 2017?
Nah, it's what the critics were saying about tax reform in 1986.
And I had a special vantage point for hearing those words back then, and they sound so familiar to what's being said today. In 1986, I had the good fortune to be the legislative director and tax staffer for then-Sen. Carl Levin (D-Mich.), who took the bold and politically risky position of being against the tax reform bill that Congress voted on that year.
Levin opposed the Tax Reform Act of 1986 for several reasons, but central to his criticism was that regardless of the "no middle class tax increase assurances" that its proponents on both sides of the aisle and on both ends of Pennsylvania Avenue were giving, it was going to end up being a tax increase for millions of middle class families. Levin was able to ferret this information out as a result of his persistent requests to the Congress' Joint Committee on Taxation, which is House and Senate tax-writing committees' numbers cruncher. What its analysis showed was that about 13 million middle class taxpayers would receive tax increases even though the legislation was advertised as tax relief for average Americans.
True, this report came with the caveat, which would apply to the analyses of this year's tax reform effort as well: When a bill has as many interacting provisions as does tax legislation, then projections are uncertain. But as Levin pointed out at the time, "If the Committee cannot confidently quantify 'losers,' that means it cannot confidently quantify 'winners,' either." So, now, as then, the soothing assurances to many of Long Island's middle class families by the bill's supporters that tax reform will make them better off may be as empty as a promise that "the check's in the mail."
And this year, we're already seeing how these assurances lasted only a little longer than a snow cone on a 95-degree, mid-July day. Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell's promise that "nobody in the middle class is going to get a tax increase" and House Speaker Paul Ryan's that "everybody gets a tax cut" melted down even before the debate on these bills has had time to really heat up. In his "clarification," McConnell said, "You can't guarantee that absolutely no one sees a tax increase." Ryan's too cute nuance was, "At every income level, there's a tax cut for the average family."
The reason why McConnell and Ryan had to risk giving us verbal whiplash is that several analyses already project that many middle class families, especially those on Long Island, will receive tax increases from either the House or Senate tax reform plans. Restrictions or eliminations of the deductions for mortgage interest, state income taxes, property taxes, student loans, and the personal exemption will more than offset for some middle class families the benefits that they might see from lower tax rates or an increase in the standard deduction.
The Tax Reform Act of 1986 passed Congress by wide margins. It's still praised by many for making the tax code fairer, although others see it as having played a key role in the real estate downturn of the late 1980s. But in casting his nay vote on Sept. 27, Levin ended off with words that members of Long Island's congressional delegation would do well to ponder now: "I cannot explain to anyone why the noble goals of tax reform had to come at this unacceptably high price . . . We Americans pride ourselves on our common sense — on our shrewdness. But in this bill, we have not paid less to get more. We have ended up paying more to get less."
For 12 of his 17 years on Capitol Hill, Chuck Cutolo was a legislative director for then-Sen. Carl Levin (D-Mich).
Sign up for The PointThe Point is Newsday Editorial Board's new daily newsletter taking you behind closed doors into the New York political scene. A must-read for those who want exclusive insights into local, city and state politics and policy. Don't miss The Point. Sign up now. See Matt Davies' latest cartoonMatt Davies is Newsday Opinion's cartoonist. Jimmy Margulies cartoonsMargulies is an award-winning editorial cartoonist. Submit your letter

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
A ponte de Justiniano ou ponte Sangário é uma ponte romana sobre o rio Sakarya na Anatólia, atual Turquia. Foi construída pelo imperador bizantino Justiniano I (527-565) para melhorar as comunicações entre a capital Constantinopla e as províncias orientais do império.

Com um tamanho extraordinário de 430 metros, a ponte foi mencionada por vários escritores contemporâneos e tem sido associada a um suposto projeto, inicialmente associado a Plínio, o Jovem, ao imperador Trajano, de construir um canal navegável que iria contornar o Bósforo.

Ligações externas

Justiniano
Justiniano
Justiniano
Construções de Justiniano

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


What exactly is a speech that is persuasive? Very often you're in a posture for which you need certainly to compose a fantastic message which is aimed towards convincing visitors to perform a specific action. These might be issues that are different like persuading individuals to protect the character, stop littering or carry on a conference.


So, I've never bothered to explain the title of this blog, though it's probably self-explanatory that #blackprofessionalmagic was inspired and derived from the #blackgirlmagic movement. #BlackGirlMagic celebrates the untouchable greatness of Black girls across the world. It acknowledges the inability of our unique beauty, intellect, and talents to be replicated by any other group; it encourages us to walk in courageous boldness, no matter how hard society tries to tear us down; it reminds us that we were purposefully and intricately designed to inspire and impact those around us in exceptional, enviable ways. Let's face it, y'all, there's really nothing better than being a Black girl.


Ismet Prcic (ISS-met PER-sick) was born in Tuzla, Bosnia-Herzegovina, in 1977 and immigrated to America in 1996. He holds an MFA from the University of California, Irvine, and was the recipient of a 2010 NEA Award for fiction. He is also a 2011 Sundance Screenwriting Lab fellow. He lives in Portland, Oregon with his wife.


01/8Best breakfasts for weight loss!
Breakfast is the most important meal of the day. It has been scientifically established that rightly chosen breakfast contributes the most in weight loss. It is that one meal of the day which can make or mar your efforts in losing those extra kilos. It is very important that your breakfast is rich, wholesome and loaded with nutrition. It is advisable to have a protein packed breakfast that keeps you satiated through the day. But if you are planing to slim down, avoid unnecessary fats and sugars in your breakfast. Here is a list of seven healthy breakfasts recommended by nutritionists that will definitely aid in losing those unwanted inches.
There can be nothing more filling than an egg sandwich. A right combination of carbs, greens and protein, this is the best thing to have on a busy day. This easy sandwich will keep you satiated for long and will also bring down your cravings. Try this easy-to-make breakfast recipe.
A great side dish to the meals, this Cheesy Spinach Salad is rich in vitamins and minerals. Spinach lowers cholesterol and is a rich source of protein, zinc, fiber, folate, iron and many more. If you are diet conscious and want something tasty, easy-to-cook and nutritious, this is the best option. It is a light meal in itself for when you aren't too hungry. Since no cooking is involved, this easy and quick recipe is a bliss for the ones who do not enjoy cooking much.
Rich in fibre and protein, Spicy Quinoa and Oats Porridge is an easy-to-make breakfast recipe for a weekend. Prepared using oats, quinoa, peas, onions, tomatoes and a few spices, this simple recipe is light on stomach and can be digested easily. You will be surprised to know that this one dish can cover your daily quota of nutrients. Pack the dish in kid's lunchbox and they will finish it in no time. Try it for your friends and family and enjoy with your loved ones!
Oats Upma is a combination of oats, chana dal, curry leaves and a variety of veggies. This South Indian recipe is a healthy and a tummy filling recipe to kick start your day with. It is a tasty and an easy-to-make breakfast recipe which would be loved by kids as well as adults.
Veg Curd Sandwich is an easy-to-make breakfast recipe. Made with hung curd and fresh veggies, this delicious and quick recipe can be packed into your kid's lunchbox. Rich in fibre and proteins, this healthy recipe is also suggested for people looking forward to weight loss. Try this amazingly delicious breakfast recipe that can be made in minutes.
If you're bored with the regular breakfasts and want something different yet delicious, then Multi-grain Chilla to the rescue! Multi-grain Chilla is an easy breakfast recipe made with wheat flour, gram flour and black millet flours. Here's an instant, crispy and perfect filling recipe to accompany your tea or for a quick breakfast on a lazy weekend morning. This tasty recipe can be served with green chutney or tomato ketchup. It is a quick recipe and will not take much of your time.Try it and enjoy!
Looking for a low carb salad which is satiating too? This Shredded Chicken Salad is the perfect thing to have when you are on a diet. Rich in lean protein, vitamin and minerals, this chicken salad is a complete meal in itself and a must try for those who are looking for a healthy recipe. This easy chicken recipe can be made in minutes and is ideal not just for breakfast, but also as lunch or dinner. Try it on days you feel to tired to cook an elaborate meal or on days you are inviting guests for lunch or dinner.


We are extremely grateful for any donations, which will be put to good use in supporting our museum.
We are able to accept donations in Pounds Sterling, US Dollars, and Euros. Please use the "Donate" button adjacent to the currency you would like to use and then enter the amount you wish to donate on the Pay Pal page.


November 24, 2018 - Heavy eucalyptus on the nose. Vegetal, but seemingly more common in the 2011s. Tannins are smooth and still maintaining their grip and texture. Dark fruit, blueberry, cassis, and some kirsch.


A gorgeous black lacquered wood box that will dress up any cufflink purchase. Even a pair of $19 cufflinks will look like you spent much more with this classy wood cufflink box. Add a special touch by personalizing this box. Either way this box is sure to please!


text:
Top Irish Casinos
Famous Sligonians
Declan Bree (born 1951)
Declan Bree was born in 1951, is a former Irish Labour Party politician, founder and former member of the Sligo/Leitrim Independent Socialist Party, is currently an independent polician and a member of Sligo Borough Council and Sligo County Council.
He was elected a TD for Sligo-Leitrim in the 1992 general election but lost his seat in the 1997 election, an Irish politician, founder and former member of the Sligo/Leitrim Independent Socialist Organisation, is currently the longest serving member of Sligo Borough Council.
Councillor Declan Bree, has an outstanding record in both local and national politics as a campaigning voice for social justice, he was first elected to Sligo Corporation and Sligo County Council in 1974 and has retained his seat on both authorities at each subsequent election, he was Mayor of Sligo in 2004 and was Chairman of Sligo County Council in 1986.
Declan, former mayor of Sligo Town, is also the outgoing Chairman of the Health Service Executive's Regional Health Forum West, and he is also outgoing Chairman of the Western River Basin Advisory Council.
He has served at many levels in local, regional and national politics, including membership of the Borough of Sligo Vocational Education Committee , the County Sligo Vocational Education Committee, Sligo Harbour Commissioners, the Board of Sligo North West Airport, the Sligo/Leitrim Regional Development Organisation, the Board of Management of the Sligo Institute of Technology , the North Western Health Board, the Border Regional Authority, the Governing Body of University College Galway , the E.U. Committee of the Regions and he served as a Dail Deputy for Sligo/Leitrim from 1992 to 1997.
A member of Ireland's radical socialist youth organisation the Connolly Youth Movement in the late 1960's and early 70's, he went on to become National Chairperson of the movement. A founder and former Chairperson and General Secretary of the Sligo/Leitrim Independent Socialist Organisation he has been a lifelong political activist campaigning on issues stretching from the campaign against the war in Vietnam and the movement for Civil Rights in Northern Ireland to the current campaign against the war in Iraq.
He was a member of the Labour Party from 1992 until his resignation from the Party in May 2007, he was the Sligo/Leitrim Campaign Director in both Divorce referendum campaigns and he was a life long member of the Irish Anti-Apartheid Movement, he was also active in solidarity campaigns with Chile, Nicaragua and East Timor, he continues to actively support the international campaign of solidarity with Palestine and with the Republic of Cuba.
He is the President of the Connolly Forum (Sligo) and he is Secretary of the Gralton Labour History Committee (Leitrim) and is a patron of the People's Movement – Gluaiseacht an Phobail.
An active trade unionist he is a former member of the Western branch Committee of the Federated Workers Union of Ireland, he is currently a member of the Sligo branch of SIPTU and a member of the Executive of the Local Authority Members Association.
Involved in numerous voluntary and cultural organisations over the years he is a member of Comhaltas Ceoltoiri Eireann, a former Sligo County Secretary of Comhaltas, and was Cathaoirleach of the host branch of Comhaltas when Fleadh Cheoil na hEireann was awarded to Sligo.
Declan is currently a member of the Board of Directors of the Hawk's Well Theatre and a member of the Board of the Model Arts Centre and Niland Gallery.
As a pastime Declan Bree enjoys reading, attending the occasional play or concert when time permits, listening to good traditional and folk music and enjoying a pint of Guinness in good company.
In May 2007, Declan Bree resigned from the Labour Party, citing differences with their pre-electoral pact with Fine Gael, and his clashes with party leader, Pat Rabbitte.
Copyright © 2002-2020 (The Sligo Town Website) All rights reserved. Site Map


Crete net TV is a TV channel from Greece. The channel Crete net TV is broadcasted from Greece for everyone (mostly watched by Greeks).
The channel (Crete net TV) streemed from a third party server. If you think the contents of Crete net TV channel belongs to any other company/TV station or not a channel of Greece, please do not hesitate to contact us referencing channel name Crete net TV and unique channel ID: 613. Alternatively, please report Crete net TV TV if any other problem can be seen.
Last watched 2013-02-09 at 21:03:44.
More channels like Crete net TV!


text:
Want to contribute? Great! First, read this page (including the small print at the end).

### Before you contribute
Before we can use your code, you must sign the
[Google Individual Contributor License Agreement]
(https://cla.developers.google.com/about/google-individual)
(CLA), which you can do online. The CLA is necessary mainly because you own the
copyright to your changes, even after your contribution becomes part of our
codebase, so we need your permission to use and distribute your code. We also
need to be sure of various other things—for instance that you'll tell us if you
know that your code infringes on other people's patents. You don't have to sign
the CLA until after you've submitted your code for review and a member has
approved it, but you must do it before we can put your code into our codebase.
Before you start working on a larger contribution, you should get in touch with
us first through the issue tracker with your idea so that we can help out and
possibly guide you. Coordinating up front makes it much easier to avoid
frustration later on.

### Code reviews
All submissions, including submissions by project members, require review. We
use Github pull requests for this purpose.

### Running tests
We use [`tox`](https://tox.readthedocs.io/) for running our tests. To run tests
before sending out a pull request, just
[install tox](https://http://tox.readthedocs.io/en/latest/install.html) and run

```shell
$ tox
```

to run tests under all supported environments. (This will skip any environments
for which no interpreter is available.) `tox -l` will provide a list of all
supported environments.

`tox` will run all tests referenced by `tests/main.py` and
`legacy_tests/main.py`.

### The small print
Contributions made by corporations are covered by a different agreement than
the one above, the
[Software Grant and Corporate Contributor License Agreement]
(https://cla.developers.google.com/about/google-corporate).


Cavity prevention is the foundation of what we do here at Kid N More Dentist. Tooth decay, caused by the effects of plaque and tartar, and assisted by the consumption of sugar, leads to toothaches, weakened teeth, fillings, and sometimes the early loss of baby (primary) teeth. By following the helpful guidelines provided by our dentist in San Antonio Texas, however, your child can count on cavities being far more infrequent when she or he visits our office.
The number one suggestion is to ensure that your child has a nutritious diet that is limited in sugar from both foods and drinks. Even some otherwise healthful items can contain a lot of added sugar, such as fruit juices. Snacks should be limited, and sticky foods should be avoided to the greatest extent possible. If you can make treats part of his or her meal, so much the better. It is also a very good idea to make certain that your child brushes first thing in the morning, before bed, and after meals. Daily flossing also assists greatly in the reduction of plaque that remains in your child's mouth. Plaque that is not removed hardens into tartar, and can no longer be eliminated by brushing and flossing. Our dentist in San Antonio would like to see your child at least twice per year for a complete exam and a teeth cleaning. This is to detect any cavities early, and to eradicate all traces of plaque and tartar to make future cavities less likely. Our dentist in San Antonio Texas will also discuss the benefits of sealants in protecting your child from the formation of cavities.
For many reasons, it is essential to keep your child's teeth in top condition. Baby teeth are designed to remain healthy and then fall out on a certain schedule. It's our job to facilitate that process by not having teeth lost too soon. Call us and schedule an appointment to bring your child in.
This entry was posted in dentist and tagged dentist, Pediatric cavity prevention, San Antonio Texas, Tooth decay, toothaches on March 9, 2017 by pjdhanoa.


text:
DHS bulletin urges law enforcement to be on high alert ahead of 9/11 anniversary
by SOFREP Sep 3, 2016
State and local law enforcement agencies around the United States are being urged to remain on high alert for potential terrorist activity leading up to the 15th anniversary of the Sept. 11 attacks.
The Department of Homeland Security, in an intelligence notification distributed on Monday and obtained by Fox News, warned law enforcement partners that terrorists – specifically those aligned with ISIS – "may be inspired or directed to conduct attacks against events associated with 9/11 memorial commemorations or other mass gathering targets timed to this date."
The report notes the symbolism associated with the somber anniversary as a motivating factor for a potential terrorist attack.
The DHS Office of Intelligence and Analysis, which distributed the bulletin in coordination with the FBI, stated, however, that it is "unaware of any specific, credible information" of a plot against the U.S. homeland.
Despite there being no specific, credible threat, intelligence officials warn of terrorists' demonstrated desire to conduct attacks within the United States. Those calls have come repeatedly via ISIS propaganda and its digital magazine Dabiq, and within the pages of Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula's (AQAP) magazine Inspire.
The intelligence notification specifically cited recent ISIS-inspired and directed attacks – from Nice, France to Orlando, Fla., to Istanbul, Turkey – as a caution to U.S. law enforcement agencies to remain vigilant in the face of an "ongoing heightened threat environment."
"These incidents involved tactics ranging from unsophisticated, opportunistic attacks by lone ISIL-inspired individuals using firearms, edged weapons, improvised explosive devices (IEDs), and commercial vehicles, to more sophisticated, coordinated operations in Europe possibly directed by the group in Syria, using multiple operatives wearing person-borne improvised explosive devices (PBIEDs)," the intelligence bulletin noted in summarizing recent successful ISIS-linked attacks.
Law enforcement sources told Fox News the FBI remains at a heightened posture given the dynamic terrorism threat climate worldwide. Additionally, Fox News is told that major U.S. cities can expect to see a robust physical presence of local and state law enforcement at landmarks, highly populated areas, and transit hubs around the 9/11 anniversary.
The threat environment posed by homegrown violent extremists, in particular, has U.S. security officials working around the clock to identify and monitor individuals walking the path to radicalization. That job is made all the more difficult due to ISIS' strong presence on the Internet and the "going dark" dilemma, in which ISIS operatives direct followers to encrypted apps in an effort to recruit, plot, and communicate under the nose of authorities.
Read more at Fox News
Image courtesy of news1130.com
Terrorism has been democratized, so too must counterterrorism
On this day--October 8th: The Department of Homeland Security is created
Why We Cannot Deter Terror in America - It's Not Politically Correct
Potential terrorism threat around election day
Understanding Paris: Why Was Paris Attacked?
U.K. and U.S. each announce new restrictions on electronic devices on aircraft leaving Muslim nations


Thread: Original FF Creator Tool 0 Failure! Temperature dropping check wiring.
Having issue with original FF Creator Dual. When preheating, the right extruder begins to preheat, but takes forever to reach 240c. The readings will stay below 200c, but the filament begins to melt while waiting. Eventually I first see timed out while waiting for heater or something like that, then the machine will begin to print anyway. The temps will read correctly for a second, and they will be up and down before I see Tool 0 Failure! Temperature dropping check wiring. Then I cannot exit out of that, and I will hear the clicking sound that you hear when the filament cannot extrude because there is not enough heat.


PSAB: Why did you choose to use your actual name for your band instead of making up a band name, like most bands out there?
possibly get brought into a band some day.
PSAB: You released your debut album The Reckoning late last month. How has the feedback been for the album thus far?
if only 2000 people bought it!
PSAB: How's the metal scene in Bradford?
it's certainly tough trying to get your name out there.
PSAB: If you could have any musician featured on a new song, which musician would that be?
and really down to earth guys.
PSAB: What types of music play the most influence on your music? Anything out of the ordinary?
PSAB: Any shout outs to gives?
certainly would not have been possible just yet.


Visit our website www.blackrockgalleries.com for our full terms & conditions.
BRG is pleased to offer this collection of decorative arts including property from a major moving and storage company. This property comes from affluent New England homes and was forfeited to the moving company for non payment. Happy bidding!


text:
'Wouldn't Speak to Glenn McGrath or Shane Warne': Former England Captain Thinks England Are Being Too Nice to Australian Counterparts
England are being "too nice" and need to "get nasty" against Australia in the Boxing Day Test to fight back in the ongoing Ashes series, feels former skipper Michael Vaughan. England suffered heavy defeats in the first two Tests to be down 0-2 in the five-match series.
"It's too nice," Vaughan, who led England to 26 wins in 51 Tests, including the 2005 Ashes, said on Fox Cricket's Follow-On podcast. "I see on the morning of the game they are all talking to Mitchell Starc and Nathan Lyon. I never had a conversation with Steve Waugh back in the day. I wouldn't have dared go and speak to Glenn McGrath on the morning of the game or Shane Warne. You just didn't."
Also Read: Former Pakistan Bowler Picks England Cricketer Ahead of Kohli, Rohit And Rahul in T20I XI
"It's all a bit friendly. I'd get nasty with them They somehow need to find that on day one. Get into the scrap. Chirp, do whatever, just get into the scrap."
Vaughan wants England to bring a change in their attitude on the field. "They are at that stage now where they have to change something," the 47-year-old vaughan, who scored 5719 runs in 82 Tests, said.
"It might be that they all get nasty, get nasty with each other. They all fall out. Who cares, but then come out and show a bit of spirit I actually want to see a bit of mongrel in the England side."
Former skipper Michael Atherton, meanwhile, said Joe Root may lose his Test captaincy if England doesn't arrest the slide and overturn the 0-2 deficit in the ongoing series. Root (23) surpassed Alastair Cook (22) to become the England captain with most losses in Test cricket following their 275-run loss in the Pink-ball Test at the Adelaide Oval.
Also Read: Archer Has 2nd Surgery On Elbow, Will Miss West Indies Tour
"If the tour continues to go this badly, it is hard to see how Root will remain as captain," Artherton, who captained England in 54 Tests, told The Times. "Ashes tours have often done for England captains and Root is nearer the end of his cycle than the beginning. There is not a rash of alternatives, but the notion that there is no one to take over is the worst rationale for keeping the job."
The 53-year-old also slammed head coach Chris Silverwood for taking "poor decisions", mainly in terms of selection of the team for the two Tests.
"As the head coach and main selector, he has to shoulder along with Joe Root. There have been a rash of poor decisions so far selection, mainly for which he now has the final call," Artherton said.
"For the past 12 months, lots of selections have been suspect; the move to invest responsibility for selection with the head coach was always a bad one."
The third Test begins in Melbourne on December 26 and Atherton feels England need to address their batting woes. "The batting needs urgent attention more generally, but given that no one else has played any cricket, I would give the same batsmen another chance," he said.
Tags: Ashes 2021-22, Australia cricket team, cricket news, England cricket team, Joe Root, latest cricket news, latest sports news, Michael Vaughan, Pat Cummins, sports news
Bayern Munich to Ring Changes for FC Barcelona Behind Closed Doors
RUB vs EME Dream11 Team Prediction: Check Captain, Vice-Captain, and Probable Playing XIs for KCA Pink T20 Challengers 2021 match, December 24, 9:00 am IST
IND vs SA: Saba Karim Lauds Decision to Appoint KL Rahul Vice-Captain
Watch: Arsenal Defender Gabriel Fights Masked Robber Who Tried to Steal His £45,000 Mercedes
Australia vs England, Ashes 2021-22, 4th Test, Day 4 Live Score: Australia 66/2 at Lunch, Lead by 188 Runs
Ranji Trophy Indefinitely Postponed Due to Rise in Covid-19 Cases: Reports


Is your church family looking for a place to share a very special day together? If so, Holiday Hill resort is a great choice for your church picnic whether from Connecticut or New York. Our all-inclusive* package includes use of the facilities, an attentive staff, a menu that lasts all day, and entertainment for all ages. Your committee members do the paperwork, take reservations, collect money, coordinate transportation and keep in touch with us about attendance as the day draws closer. Then once you arrive at Holiday Hill, our staff takes over - cooking, serving, cleaning, entertaining - that's our job - so you can relax and enjoy the day, along with everyone else.
We host church picnics during our shared site days on certain Saturdays and Sundays throughout the season. Not every Saturday or Sunday is available, so please be sure to ask us specifically which dates are open.
During our shared events, each group has a reserved seating area and your guests are able to enjoy all of the food, fun and entertainment at their own leisure. Our managers and staff are always on hand to keep things running smoothly.


From harboring women academics persecuted by totalitarian regimes during World War II to developing leaders in business, higher education, science, and technology, AAUW International Fellowships have supported some outstanding players in the global struggle for equality for all women and girls.
Since 1917, the International Fellowships program has funded more than 3,600 women representing 145 countries. The program was expanded in 1999 to include International Project Grants, which are awarded to International Fellowship alumnae to launch community-based projects in their home countries. For the 2017–18 academic year, more than $1 million will be awarded in International Fellowships.
Tererai Trent, Ph.D., (2001–02) is an author, scholar, humanitarian, and 2017 AAUW Alumnae Recognition Awardee. She founded Tererai Trent International with the mission of providing quality education in rural Africa, was featured in Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn's book Half the Sky, and has appeared on the Oprah Winfrey Show, where she was named Oprah's all-time favorite guest.
Applications are open from August to December; start preparing your materials now.
Reach out to fellows and grantees to speak at your next branch program!
Learn more about AAUW's global community and initiatives.


Founded in 1997, ROBERTO DEL CARLO began as a small artisanal workshop in the Tuscan hills of Lucca. Traditional production processes and fine materials combined with modern design gave life to a women's footwear collection that captured the market's attention right from its very debut. The upper, which completely covers the heel using a technique akin to tailoring, is the company's hallmark, which, combined with superior raw-cut hides in natural tones, conveys a strong, clear style message. Zuzana Serbák worked as footwear designer within a design team together with master craftsmen and technicians and thus experienced the whole process of creating collections in every detail. Zuzana's role included trends research, mood boards, proposing new ideas and designs, reflecting company's history and creating continuity with past, developing construction, uppers, heels, metal parts, soles, insoles and lining up to the packaging. Also correcting prototypes and constructing ranges, arranging style lines, sourcing materials and choosing colors.
Influenced by 60's overtones. Patchwork detailed upper completely covers the heel. Artisanal details, delicate bows, masculine tassels, rustic stitched and cushiony panels. Cream, beige, honey and burnt sienna are twinned with more vibrant autumnal colors like rust, bordeaux, moss green, plum and ocean blue.
Natural wooden and cork heels, sandals with wedges sculpted in wood feature ridges that appear worn by time. Brightly colored patent leather, brick, sienna, tobacco with mustard and evanescent watercolor shades. Dip dyeing and brushstrokes like aquarelle. Contemporary finishes that create new reflections for materials with a history. Quilted puffy details for sporty touch. Bicolor and bimaterial conjunction on youthful wedges.
Masculine details on feminine forms, well-defined thick heels, raw edges. Covered heels, asymmetric details, geometry influenced designs, metallic inserts. Natural winter shades with flashes of bright red and fuchsia.


text:
Noyes is an English surname of patronymic origin, deriving from the given name Noah. Notable people with the surname include:

 Albertina Noyes (born 1949), American figure skater
 Alfred Noyes (1880–1958), English poet
 Arthur Amos Noyes (1866–1936), American chemist, inventor and educator
 Arthur Noyes (organist) (1862–1929), church organist in South Australia
 Arthur Percy Noyes (1880–1963), psychiatric administrator and educator
 Arthur H. Noyes (1853–1915), U.S. federal judge
 Beppie Noyes (1919–2007), American author and illustrator
 Blanche Noyes (1900–1981), American pioneering female aviator
 Clara Noyes (1869–1936), American nurse and Director of the Red Cross Nursing Service during World War I
 Crosby Stuart Noyes (1825–1908), American newspaper publisher
 Dorothy Noyes (born 1960), American folklorist and ethnologist
 Edward Noyes (c. 1858–1920), co-founder of Australian engineering company Noyes Brothers
 Edward Follansbee Noyes (1832–1890), Republican politician from Ohio
 Eliot Noyes (1910–1977), American architect and designer
 Florence Fleming Noyes (1871–1928), American classical dancer
 Frances Noyes Hart (1890–1943), American writer
 Frederick Bogue Noyes (1872–1961), American dentist
 Fred W. Noyes Jr. (1905–1987), American artist and entrepreneur, founder of the Noyes Museum of Art
 George Lorenzo Noyes (1863–1945), American artist and mineralogist
 Haskell Noyes (1886–1948), American conservationist
 Henry Noyes (c. 1860–1922) co-founder of Australian engineering company Noyes Brothers
 Henry Halsey Noyes (1910–2005), American writer
 Henry Sanborn Noyes (1822–1870), president of Northwestern University
 Jansen Noyes, Jr. (1918–2004), American investment banker
 John Noyes (politician) (1764–1841), Vermont politician
 John Noyes (entomologist) (born 1949) Welsh entomologist
 John Humphrey Noyes (1811–1886), founder of the Oneida Community in the US
 Joseph C. Noyes (1798–1868), United States Representative from Maine
 Kenny Noyes (born 1979), American motorcycle road racer
 Maty Noyes (born 1997), American singer-songwriter
 Newbold Noyes, Jr. (1918–1997), American publisher
 Nicholas Noyes, colonial minister during the time of the Salem witch trials of 1692
 Paul Noyes, American football coach in the 1893 season
 Peter Noyes, former Vice-Chancellor of University of Wales, Newport
 Peter Noyes, English MP for Andover in 1614
 Samuel Noyes (1754–1845), co-founder of the Noyes Academy
 Walter Chadwick Noyes (1865–1926), American judge
 William A. Noyes (1857–1941), American analytical and organic chemist
 William Curtis Noyes (1805–1864), American jurist
 Win Noyes (1889-1969), American baseball pitcher

See also
 General Noyes (disambiguation)
 Kenneth Noye, British criminal
 Noyce, a variant of the surname

References

English-language surnames
Patronymic surnames


This is another one of those posts that I have been writing in my head for years.
I believe addiction, worry, and worship are interchangeable words.
This is not a new idea. I've seen the "Exchange your worry for worship" memes and even reposted them. I still want to flesh it out—perhaps only so I can "know what I think once I see what I say," as EM Forester once said.
Ditching my smartphone for a dumb one has made this concept of addiction = worry = worship even more evident.
I sincerely love God, and I am trying my best to work on my "stuff" alongside you. But my loving of God doesn't negate the fact that I'm still in my pre-heavenly state (i.e. a sinner).
I honestly didn't believe I was addicted until it was gone. Only after it broke did I hear the inner metronome that whispered Check your phone every few minutes like a phantom limb.
"The best way to tell if you are addicted to something is not...when things are going well, but when you are in trouble," Tim Keller said. "We are all in bed with something, but you can tell when it's taken away."
When it was gone, I felt (feel) free. Younger. Less like my brain is wrinkling its eyebrows from the stress of posting, liking, commenting, and retaining information that is WAY TOO MUCH to retain.
I also found I like people more as individuals. If I'm talking to you, I am really talking to you. If I'm with my kids, I'm really *trying* to be with them. (Emphasis on trying. I don't nail this.) If I'm commenting or liking your posts, I genuinely like them. Instead of half-engaging 5,000 things simultaneously, I am trying to engage less more deeply.
It's opening up more of my brain and heart to simply be and feel.
But guess what? Being and feeling are terrible when avoidance is our usual mode of operation. Within days of ditching the smartphone, I found myself running to the freezer more frequently to eat cookies.
I also found myself replacing phone scrolling time with worrying about life. Worrying is a form of worshipping my problems.
I am made to worship. I am made to be addicted—to one thing. Not God and my phone. Not God and sugar. Not God and fixing my life.
It is only when I am addicted to (ie. worshipping) Jesus that the rest of my life is righted, including phone use, cookie eating, and healthily caring about my life.
There is nothing intrinsically wrong with these things. When I avoid being the person God made me to be in the world he made me to live, that is when anything becomes a problem. Because then I am not living; I am escaping. I am floating.
Those of us who are floating instead of living are neither a threat to the enemy nor an asset to the King. Because we are asleep. Satan doesn't have to mess with us, and God can't use us.
When an evil spirit leaves a person, it goes into the desert, seeking rest but finding none. Then it says, "I will return to the person I came from." So it returns and finds its former home empty, swept, and in order. Then the spirit finds seven other spirits more evil than itself, and they all enter the person and live there. And so that person is worse off than before.
They are ready for whatever might come their way. Which, we slip into sin. We never slip into holiness.
We cannot simply remove our phones, our sugary habits, or worry. Saying "Stop it" like Bob Newhart doesn't work. We are addicts. Let's addict ourselves to the only one who can make us sober through worship of Him.
Read: Every day I start with zero. I don't wake up like, "Yay! Jesus and humans are great! I love not sleeping!" (I got two kids two-and-under and a job, ya'll.) I'm tired. But then I read and pray, and I feel a bit better. Not outrageously so, but a bit. I joked with one of my sisters this week that you don't hear yourself "level up" like a video game when you read the Bible. You only see it when you respond peacefully in a situation where you did not before.
Respond: Have you noticed an addictive behavior in yourself? Is it hard to name it as an addiction? Why? Have you ever removed a negative habit in your life, and then felt some other draw immediately? What helps you stay singularly addicted to/worshipping God?
Wise words, Laurie, and once again so authentic. I appreciate your insight and found so much truth! "No one can serve two masters" as you quoted, but we can sure fool ourselves into thinking we can serve two, or three, or four. Addictions often do not feel like choices but they are and being addicted to our Creator is a choice we need to make daily. Thanks for sharing!
Yes! I fool myself every day...trying to kid myself that whatever I am doing alongside worshipping God is "normal" and "fine." Not so much. Thanks! Thanks for reading!
Wow! I just found and read this post. and I am... I don't even know how to put it... I feel like it is describing a part of me that really needs a voice. I've been being addicted to so many things (food, social media, entertainment, etc.), but not God.
Praise God. You are welcome!
Thank you most of all for the "Next Right Step section.
You are welcome, Laura! I just reread this one and felt that same *sigh* *ugh* conviction in my own heart. Jesus, addict us to you.


text:
Il capezzolo è una papilla cutanea presente nei Terii, la sottoclasse che raggruppa la quasi totalità dei mammiferi viventi.

Descrizione
In questa formazione anatomica, particolarmente innervata, sboccano i dotti galattofori, generalmente in numero di 15-20.
Nella nostra specie si presenta sporgente al centro dell'areola. Il capezzolo, come l'areola, è una struttura presente anche negli individui di sesso maschile, ma solo negli individui femminili l'apparato mammario diventa pienamente funzionale all'allattamento della prole. Nell'ambito delle attività sessuali, è associato alle zone erogene del corpo umano e può essere soggetto a inturgidimento (telotismo).

Piercing del capezzolo

Il capezzolo è una delle zone del corpo soggette alla pratica del piercing. Sebbene storicamente poco diffusa, alcuni testi controversi ne attribuiscono l'uso nelle donne presso alcune corti mediavali e barocche, come ad esempio la corte di Isabella di Baviera o quelle del re Luigi XIV di Francia e del re Carlo II d'Inghilterra. Varie fonti, inoltre, ne attesterebbero una certa diffusione nell'altra società parigina, londinese e della East Coast statunitense nell'ultimo decennio del XIX secolo.

Nelle culture tribali, tale piercing era invece praticato dai maschi dalla tribù dei Karankawa, una popolazione di nativi americani estinta che abitava il golfo del Messico, che usava dipingersi il corpo, tatuarsi e perforare il labbro inferiore e i capezzoli con piccoli pezzi di canna.

Nel mondo occidentale moderno la pratica si è diffusa inizialmente nelle culture underground attorno agli anni cinquanta-sessanta, per poi emergere negli anni novanta del XX secolo, divenendo pratica abbastanza comune negli ultimi decenni grazie all'utilizzo e all'esibizione di tale tipo di piercing da parte di molte celebrità del mondo della musica, dello spettacolo o della moda. Viene altresì talvolta praticato quale cura definitiva per il capezzolo introflesso.

Questo tipo di piercing si attua forando orizzontalmente, verticalmente o diagonalmente il capezzolo alla sua base con un ago e inserendovi poi un gioiello a forma di barra, chiuso da due sfere, o un anello, anch'esso chiuso da una sfera che ne impedisce così il facile movimento, al fine di favorirne la guarigione.

Note

Bibliografia

Voci correlate
 Areola (anatomia)
 Malattia di Paget del capezzolo
 Piercing del capezzolo
 Politelia
 Seno
 Stimolazione orale dei capezzoli
 Telotismo

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Mammella


text:
[Chariots of War III]
Karl Urban spent 12 hours on a plane from Aukland to get to the Con. He was unshaven and bedraggled as a result, but chirpy and alert as any kiwi. This was his first UK Con.
What is your favourite role - Cupid or Caesar?
Karl doesn't care. He likes things about both. Caesar is evil, and dares to do things nobody else dares. Cupid is lots of fun, though he had to spend a month in the gymn to get in shape.
Why did they change the actor who does Brutus?
There were three, at least. Karl lost count. TPTB weren't satisfied. The first guy was unavailable, and they didn't like the second guy.
The film Gladiator - how would you have played it differently?
Joachim Phoenix did a really incredible job. Karl declined to comment further.
Is your portrayal of Caesar based on history?
When Karl did Cupid, he learned about positive energy. The wings are glued on for ten hours at a time, and he can't complain because nothing can be done. Positive energy comes back at you tenfold. He was in the make-up trailer and Rob Tapert [who he didn't know] came in and asked if he wanted another acting role. Karl agreed, and Tapert left. The make-up girl was shocked, and told Karl That's the big cheese. He's never done that before. Karl bumped into Tapert the next day, who told him You got the job.
Karl read the Catherine McCullough history books, and recounted the tale of how Julius Caesar got his revenge on the pirates who kidnapped him. He counted the bays.
The character of Caesar in Xena owes more to Nero and others. In RL he was a great man and a brilliant tactician.
In one scene as Caesar, Karl held a knife to Gabby's throat. Xena bursts in and gives him an Eastwood-type gaze.
In the episode Destiny there is a bedroom scene with Lucy Lawless in a red dress. He desperately tried not to blink as Lucy crawled across the bed. His contact lens fell out ...
Lucy Lawless made up lines. Instead of using Karl's name she called him Dickhead!
Once when Karl was walking with Lucy Lawless in town, she chatted to an immigrant guy. She's very altruistic.
What are your favourite Caesar episodes?
The early ones. They were written by Steven Sears, who now does Sheena, Queen of the Jungle The new writers didn't do Caesar as articulate. Karl looked forward to Season Six, as a chance to do the character. Working with Clare Stansfield is fun, she's really naughty. He was on camera, and tried to keep a straight face as she grabbed his ass.
You're wearing a Lord Of The Rings baseball cap - explain!
Karl is the star of 2 of the films - the second and third. He plays the chief rider of the Riders of Rohan. LA Casting Dept guys are intimidated by his knowledge of the character.
Caesar's army is only ten men. In Lord Of The Rings he commands five hundred men! His costars include Viggo Mortensen and Liv Tyler . His work on Xena helped him to take the next step. It'll give Star Wars a run for its money.
The Death of Caesar - did it do the RL event justice?
Probably not. The best version Karl's scene was by Timothy Dalton in the recent Cleopatra. Dalton's Caesar was like a vicious animal, but implied How dare you?, but also accepted it and wanted to die with honour. Overall it was a pretty good job.
What kind of character would you like to play in the future?
When he's reading a script, Karl looks for something that moves him. The role's screen time isn't important, it's the impact. Christopher Walken does the opposite of whatever the stage directions tell him to. For example, if the character's sad he laughs.
Tell us about the Practical Jokes played on set.
Karl walks into the audience to the woman who asked him the question.
When they filmed the first meeting of Xena and Caesar:
Lucy - What's your name?
Karl - Bond, James Bond.
Lucy - Take Mr Bond down to the hold.
Do you put yourself into the characters?
Cupid and Caesar have very different body language.
Karl did a recent film with Danielle Cormack called The Price of Milk. He only got the script on the day, but became a proficient dairy farmer.
How did you get into acting?
Karl did his first job aged 8 or 10. When he left college he decided he wanted to be an actor. He got a job as a dishwasher in a cafe. You get to a point in life where you decide to invest in your craft. Being on the set every day helps you get comfortable with the environment. Acting is instinctive, but you need technical skills [light, sound, etc]. Something Karl learned from Lucy Lawless was not to re-take scenes after you make a flub: keep rolling, re-do the flubbed line, go on with the scene.
Is it difficult to do the fake accent?
In the first couple of years he worked on dialogue. He watched lots of bad TV such as Star Trek. Spock? Are you out of your Vulcan mind?
At the Pasedena Con you avoided the question, boxers or briefs?
Boxers? No. What are briefs? A thong? Speedos? No! Jockey things. Not too tight ...
What's the scariest thing you've ever seen?
The tiger in Gladiator
Alien [Ridley Scott conveys the loneliness of space]
Charley & The Chocolate Factory [you WANT to be good!]
What are your favourite Caesar lines?
Divide a woman's emotions from he sensibilities, and you have her.
Break their legs!
When's The Price of Milk coming here?
The UK has few independant films. It recouped its costs in the States.
What's it like working with Alexandra Tidings ?
Karl told himself - Never forget she's your mother! Just look at her EYES!
They were given the script for the episode For Him The Bell Tolls, and both realised that the Xena writers didn't get the Hercules characters right. They re-wrote the scene.
If you could do Caesar again, would you do it the same?
That depends on how it's written. The bad-guy stereotype is cliched. Karl wished he'd protected the character in Season 3.
It's a Good Day To Die A Pompey episode Karl turned up, and got told You've got to learn a 28-point sword move. Pompey was played as cocky and arrogant, which Karl feels worked well.
Who's the most like Caesar today?
Karl - Dubyah! I don't know how he got elected.
Slobodan Milsovich. And Saddam, let's not forget him.
What is your funniest memory on Xena?
Watching Kevin Smith try to chat up Hudson Leick. She said something, and he said That would be an oxymoron. She said There's a lot going on up there.
Who have you kept in touch with from the rest of the cast?
Lucy, Alex, and the guys he meets at the Cons. Danielle.
The show was the backbone of the local TV industry, and gave stable work to lots of people.
Did you pinch much from the set?
Danielle and Karl had a competition to steal underwear. Kids, if you've got to steal, steal underwear. Nobody will want it back after you've worn it. Unless you're really famous.
Are you growing your beard and moustache for a specific role?
Karl - For Pacific Rose? I don't remember her. No, it's pure apathy.
Did you take the Caesar costume?
Karl - I loved the costume - This is me! I can use the line "Break her legs!" ... in a nightclub!
Karl didn't steal that, only underwear. He didn't steal boxers, only thermals. Not Aphrodite's bra. Some people!
You had a theatre role - "4 Skins" - where you did full frontal nudity. How would you feel if someone here had seen it?
Karl - What Row?
Karl - What night?
Premiere and First.
What's Michael Hurst like?
He's a fine actor, I'd like to work with him again.
Would you like to be in a "Xena" spin-off?
If I could play Xena!
Have you ambitions to play a character?
Argo! No, don't go there. Iago in Othello Willy Wonka with the Jim Carey remake.
Was there a difference between the end and the start of the series?
They only used a 16mm camera in the episode Altered States. There was a sense of sadness in the Sixth Season, with people moving on. Lucy had a son, and Renee got married.
What happened to the costume?
Auctioned. Kevin Smith's leather pants - the boys in Soho would LOVE to get their hands on them.
Karl didn't like doing Caesar on Hercules. It didn't work with how the character was set up.
Did you prefer Cupid?
Blondes have more fun! Destiny - Caesar on the docks, beaten with a salami. Karl shut his eyes, opened them and he was there ...
Play The Six Degrees Of Karl Urban
Type in another stars name and link them together!
to using Movies & TV TV Movies
Karl's appearances
Return to the ORBzine Homepage.
© Speculator 1999-2005


text:
Home Today's Saints November 22
Memorial of St. Cecilia
St. Cecilia, virgin and martyr. According to ancient tradition, she was martyred in Rome around the year 232. She is held as the patroness and inspirer of sacred music.
Mass Readings
Other featured Saints
St. Benignus of Milan, bishop (†circa 470). Governed his diocese with strength and wisdom during the upheavals produced by the barbarian invasions.
St. Peter Esqueda Ramírez, priest and martyr (†1927). Imprisoned and shot for being a priest, during the religious persecution in Mexico.
St. Philemon, (†first century). In the Pauline letter addressed to him, the Apostle of the Gentiles praises his faith and his love of Christ.
St. Ananias, martyr (†345). Died after undergoing appalling tortures, during the persecution of King Sapor II, in Persia.
Blessed Thomas Reggio, bishop (†1901). Archbishop of Genoa, Italy, he founded the Congregation of the Sisters of St. Martha, and strove to improve clerical formation and lay apostolate.
Blessed Salvador Lillo, Franciscan priest, and companions (†1895). Martyred in the region of Marasc, Turkey, for refusing to obey the demand of the Ottoman authorities to renounce their Faith.
St. Cecilia - St. Mary's Procathedral, Hamilton, Canada
Guardian Angel of St. Cecilia appears to Valerian, seen also by his brother Tiburcius, who converted shortly after - Painting of the Church of St. Cecilia, São Paulo (Brazil) by Benedito Calixto, Photo: Timothy Ring
After his conversion by his spouse, Valerian is baptized by Pope Urban I- Painting of the Church of St. Cecilia, São Paulo (Brazil) by Benedito Calixto, Photo: Timothy Ring
Martyrdom of St. Cecilia - Photo: Timothy Ring
Statue of St. Cecilia, in the church that bears her name in São Paulo (Brazil), Photo: Timothy Ring
St. Cecilia - Chuch of St. Urban, Troyes, France
First Reading – Dn 1:1-6, 8-20
In the third year of the reign of Jehoiakim, king of Judah,
King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon came
and laid siege to Jerusalem.
The Lord handed over to him Jehoiakim, king of Judah,
and some of the vessels of the temple of God;
he carried them off to the land of Shinar,
and placed the vessels in the temple treasury of his god.
The king told Ashpenaz, his chief chamberlain,
to bring in some of the children of Israel of royal blood
and of the nobility, young men without any defect,
handsome, intelligent and wise,
quick to learn, and prudent in judgment,
such as could take their place in the king's palace;
they were to be taught the language and literature of the Chaldeans;
after three years' training they were to enter the king's service.
The king allotted them a daily portion of food and wine
from the royal table.
Among these were men of Judah: Daniel, Hananiah,
Mishael, and Azariah.
But Daniel was resolved not to defile himself
with the king's food or wine;
so he begged the chief chamberlain to spare him this defilement.
Though God had given Daniel the favor and sympathy
of the chief chamberlain, he nevertheless said to Daniel,
"I am afraid of my lord the king;
it is he who allotted your food and drink.
If he sees that you look wretched
by comparison with the other young men of your age,
you will endanger my life with the king."
Then Daniel said to the steward whom the chief chamberlain
had put in charge of Daniel, Hananiah,
Mishael, and Azariah,
"Please test your servants for ten days.
Give us vegetables to eat and water to drink.
Then see how we look in comparison with the other young men
who eat from the royal table,
and treat your servants according to what you see."
He acceded to this request, and tested them for ten days;
after ten days they looked healthier and better fed
than any of the young men who ate from the royal table.
So the steward continued to take away
the food and wine they were to receive, and gave them vegetables.
To these four young men God gave knowledge and proficiency
in all literature and science,
and to Daniel the understanding of all visions and dreams.
At the end of the time the king had specified for their preparation,
the chief chamberlain brought them before Nebuchadnezzar.
When the king had spoken with all of them,
none was found equal to Daniel, Hananiah,
Mishael, and Azariah;
and so they entered the king's service.
In any question of wisdom or prudence which the king put to them,
he found them ten times better
than all the magicians and enchanters in his kingdom.
Responsorial Psalm – Daniel 3:52, 53, 54, 55, 56 (R.52b)
R. Glory and praise for ever!
"Blessed are you, O Lord, the God of our fathers,
praiseworthy and exalted above all forever;
And blessed is your holy and glorious name,
praiseworthy and exalted above all for all ages." R.
"Blessed are you in the temple of your holy glory,
praiseworthy and glorious above all forever." R.
"Blessed are you on the throne of your Kingdom,
praiseworthy and exalted above all forever." R.
"Blessed are you who look into the depths
from your throne upon the cherubim,
"Blessed are you in the firmament of heaven,
praiseworthy and glorious forever." R.
Gospel – Lk 21:1-4
When Jesus looked up he saw some wealthy people
putting their offerings into the treasury
and he noticed a poor widow putting in two small coins.
He said, "I tell you truly,
this poor widow put in more than all the rest;
for those others have all made offerings from their surplus wealth,
but she, from her poverty, has offered her whole livelihood."
Previous articleNovember 21
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The first loose midriff Cover - Up Bandeau that every woman will feel comfortable and confident in. Covers stretch marks, bulges, wrinkles and more.
"No roll" tabs allow for a variety of different fashion straps for additional support or to accessorize and accent any outfit.


text:
Q: VB.NET Create FOREIGN KEY in existing table in Access using SQL? I've been having issues with creating relationships programatically in VB.NET for a piece of coursework. I keep getting the error of "Relationship must be on the same number of fields with the same data types." despite the fact that it is an AUTOINCREMENT into a NUMBER.
Here is the code which i am using, bearing in mind that it creates the table just fine. Any help will be much appreciated.
CODE:
    Dim con As OleDbConnection

    Dim command As OleDbCommand

    Dim cat As New Catalog
    If My.Computer.FileSystem.FileExists("C:\Users.......\TEST.accdb") = False Then
        Dim str(3) As String
        cat.Create("Provider=microsoft.jet.oledb.4.0;Data Source = C:\Users........\TEST.accdb;jet oledb:engine type=5")
        cat = Nothing
        con = New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.JET.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source =C:\Users.......TEST.accdb")
        con.Open()
        str(0) = "CREATE TABLE [tbl_Student] ([StudentID] AUTOINCREMENT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, [CourseID] NUMBER)"
        str(1) = "CREATE TABLE [tbl_Course] ([CourseID] AUTOINCREMENT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY)"
        For i = 0 To 1
            command = New OleDbCommand(str(i), con)
            command.ExecuteNonQuery()
        Next
        con.Close()

        con = New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.JET.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source =C:\Users........TEST.accdb")
        con.Open()
        Try
            str(3) = "ALTER TABLE [tbl_Student] ADD FOREIGN KEY (CourseID) REFERENCES tbl_Course(CourseID)"
            command = New OleDbCommand(str(3), con)
            command.ExecuteNonQuery()
        Catch ex As Exception
            MsgBox(ErrorToString)
        End Try
        con.Close()
    End If

A: NUMBER isn't a defined data type for CREATE TABLE in Access. I'm surprised it works at all.
Use LONG instead.
See Microsoft Access Data Types (column "Data type (CREATETABLE)")

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Members of the OPEC cartel have agreed to cut production -- but the long-term impact of this decision on oil prices remains to be seen.
After months of bickering and infighting, members of the OPEC cartel have finally reached an agreement to reduce oil production. On Wednesday, the cartel announced plans to reduce its output by about 1.2 million barrels per day (bpd) from recent levels, to 32.5 million bpd. OPEC also said that it expected producers outside the cartel to cut production by 600,000 bpd.
News of the deal sent Brent crude prices up by about 8%. Many U.S. energy stocks jumped even more. For example, shares of EOG Resources (NYSE:EOG) soared 11% on Wednesday, while shares of Continental Resources (NYSE:CLR) skyrocketed a stunning 23%.
EOG Resources and Continental Resources Wednesday Stock Performance data by YCharts.
Indeed, OPEC hopes to increase oil prices to about $55 to $60 per barrel through its output cuts. Yet the impact of this OPEC agreement depends on the answers to three vital questions.
Will Russia join the production cuts?
OPEC has stated that producers outside the cartel will help rebalance the oil market by cutting production by 600,000 bpd. Russia, which is currently the world's top oil producer, is critical to achieving these targeted cuts.
Russia has agreed to reduce its production by up to 300,000 bpd -- but this is "conditional on its technical abilities". Indeed, it is difficult for many Russian oil producers to reduce production without compromising their ability to ramp up output again. Furthermore, since most Russian oil companies are publicly traded, it could be hard to convince any of them to shoulder the burden of cutting production.
Even a 300,000 bpd cut would leave Russia producing more oil than it was pumping in the first half of 2016. Still, that would be better than continued growth. We won't find out how serious Russia is about working with OPEC until 2017.
Can OPEC avoid "cheating" problems?
An even bigger question is whether OPEC members themselves will abide by the agreement. This week's OPEC deal sets output quotas for most OPEC members. (Libya and Nigeria were exempted.) However, each country has a significant incentive to cheat and pocket a few extra dollars by producing beyond the official quota.
In the past, OPEC has suffered significant compliance problems due to this incentive to cheat. Often, Saudi Arabia -- by far the top oil producer within OPEC -- has been forced to shoulder the burden of production cuts singlehandedly. It doesn't seem willing to play this role any longer. If other cartel members ignore their quotas, Saudi Arabia will probably ramp up production again.
If the past is any precedent, OPEC may deliver most of its planned production cuts in the next few months. But the higher oil prices go, the greater the incentive for each country to cheat. To maintain higher prices, OPEC will need to stay disciplined over a period of years.
How will U.S. oil producers respond?
Finally, the actions of U.S. oil companies -- especially lower-cost producers like EOG and Continental Resources -- will play a big role in determining how high oil prices rise. On the one hand, these companies don't want to be too aggressive in case oil prices crash again. On the other hand, they have significantly reduced their costs in the past two years, allowing them to thrive with much lower oil prices.
U.S. oil producers have dramatically reduced their costs since 2014. Image source: Getty Images.
For example, EOG Resources claims that some of its fields are more profitable today with oil at $50/barrel than they would have been in 2012 with oil at $95/barrel. Indeed, with oil above $50, it is profitable to drill in most parts of Texas' prolific Permian Basin and Eagle Ford shale.
EOG recently set ambitious targets for production growth over the next several years. With a flat $50/barrel WTI oil price, it expects to increase output at a 15% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) between now and 2020. If oil prices were sustained at $60 over that period, output would rise at an even more impressive 25% CAGR.
Additionally, higher oil prices will encourage oil companies to tap their inventories of drilled but uncompleted wells, providing a relatively quick boost to production. Continental Resources recently started completing wells in North Dakota. It expects to enter 2017 with 175 remaining uncompleted wells. If prices continue to rise, Continental Resources will step up its well completions next year.
Higher-cost producers may not be as quick to increase production in 2017 and beyond. But the more oil prices rise, the more U.S. shale producers will ramp up drilling activity. The responsiveness of U.S. oil companies to higher oil prices (in the form of higher production) will help determine whether oil prices as high as $60 can be sustained over the next few years.


Tree with abundant white sap. Stipules not surrounding the twigs, not leaving circular scar when dropped. Leaves alternate, distichous (in one plane along the twig), simple, glabrous, lower surface usually whitish. Fruit placed on branches, c. 6 cm diameter, smooth to warty, velvetly hairy, green-yellow, with seeds placed in pink flesh.
Small to large-sized tree, rarely up to 54 m tall, 63 cm diameter; buttresses up to 3.3 m high. Bark grey-brown or orange-brown, smooth to cracking. Twigs 5-7 mm thick, covered with short rough hairs. Stipules non-amplexicaul, ovate, c. 0.4 cm long, hairy outside. Leaves simple, distichous, upper surface glabrous except the midrib, lower surface rough-hairy, often glaucous; oblong or obovate, 12-33 ¡Á 7.5-19 cm, base cuneate or rounded, margin entire, plane, apex acuminate, acumen up to 1 cm long; midrib flat above; lateral veins 10-16 pairs, prominently raised below, sunken above; intercostal venation scalariform, raised below, faint above; petiole 2-5.5 cm long, short-hairy, often glaucous. Inflorescences solitary, axillary; bracts numerous with peltate upper parts. Male heads globose, c. 1.8 cm diameter, sessile or with c. 0.5 cm long hairy peduncle; perianth 3-lobed, covered with short hairs; stamen one, exserted with stout filament. Female flowers with exserted, 3-lobed styles. Syncarps sessile or short-peduncled, subglobose, c. 6 cm across, surface warty, velvety hairy, pale yellow with pink flesh when ripe.
In undisturbed to disturbed mixed dipterocarp forests up to 700 m altitude. On alluvial sites near rivers and streams, and on hillsides. On clay soils.
Borneo: Buruni, Dadah, Salangting, Tampang.