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Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública
INVESTIGACIÓN ORIGINAL ORIGINAL RESEARCH
The association of nutrition behaviors and physical activity with general and central obesity in Caribbean undergraduate students
Asociación de los comportamientos nutricionales y la actividad física con la obesidad general y central en estudiantes de pregrado del Caribe
Melecia WrightI; Linda AdairI; Caryl JamesII; Omowale Amuleru-MarshallIII; Karl PeltzerIV; Supa PengpidIV; T. Alafia SamuelsV
IDepartment of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America. Send correspondence to: Melecia Wright, meleciaw@live.unc.edu
IIUniversity of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Kingston, Jamaica
IIISt. George's University, University Centre, St. George, Grenada
IVHuman Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
VUniversity of the West Indies, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Cave Hill Campus, St. Michael, Barbados
OBJECTIVE: To quantify the prevalence of obesity and obesity-related factors in a crosssectional, observational study of Caribbean students using the results of three recent surveys of health behavior among undergraduates in Barbados, Grenada, and Jamaica.
METHODS: A total of1 578 Caribbean undergraduate students from Barbados, Grenada, and Jamaica (ages 18-30 years) completed questionnaires and had physical measurements recorded. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for the association of nutrition behaviors with prevalence of obesity (body mass index > 30 kg/m2 ); elevated waist-to-height ratio (W/ht) (> 0.50); and high waist circumference (WC) (> 88 cm in females, > 102 cm in males). Models were adjusted for age, year in university, socioeconomic status, and sex.
RESULTS: There was a higher prevalence of obesity (13% versus 10%), high WC (21% versus 7%), and high W/ht (35% versus 25%) in females relative to males. Compared to females, males had reduced odds of obesity (OR 0.46), high WC (OR 0.22), and high W/ht (OR 0.61) (P < 0.05 for all). Both females (46%) and males (24%) reported high levels of physical inactivity. Fruit and vegetable consumption was low (approximately two servings per day). Many students reported avoiding fatty foods (40%); this behavior was associated with high W/ht (OR 1.68), obesity (OR 1.90), and high WC (OR 1.82) (P < 0.05 for all). Irregular breakfast consumption, age, and year of study were also positively associated with obesity. Physical activity was not significantly associated with any obesity measure.
CONCLUSIONS: There was a low prevalence of healthy behaviors and a high prevalence of obesity in this sample of Caribbean young adults.
Key words: Obesity; obesity, abdominal; diet; exercise; students; Barbados; Grenada; Jamaica; Caribbean region; West Indies.
OBJETIVO: Cuantificar la prevalencia de la obesidad y los factores relacionados con esta mediante un estudio transversal y de observación de estudiantes del Caribe, que utilizó los resultados de tres encuestas recientes sobre comportamientos con respecto a la salud en estudiantes de pregrado de Barbados, Granada y Jamaica.
MÉTODOS: Un total de 1 578 estudiantes de pregrado caribeños de Barbados, Granada y Jamaica, de 18 a 30 años de edad, completaron cuestionarios y se sometieron a una serie de mediciones antropométricas, que fueron registradas. Se utilizó un modelo de regresión logística multivariable para calcular las razones de posibilidades (OR) de las asociaciones de los comportamientos nutricionales con la prevalencia de obesidad (índice de masa corporal > 30 kg/m2); índice cintura-talla (ICT) elevado (> 0,5); y circunferencia de la cintura (CC) elevada (> 88 cm en mujeres, > 102 cm en hombres). Los modelos se ajustaron para la edad, el número ordinal del curso universitario, la situación socioeconómica y el sexo.
RESULTADOS: Se observó una mayor prevalencia de obesidad (13 frente a 10%), CC más elevada (21 frente a 7%) e ICT más elevado (35 frente a 25%) en las mujeres que en los hombres. En comparación con las mujeres, los hombres mostraron menores probabilidades de obesidad (OR 0,46), CC elevada (OR 0,22) e ICT elevado (OR 0,61) (P < 0,05 para todos ellos). Tanto las mujeres (46%) como los hombres (24%) notificaron altos niveles de inactividad física. El consumo de frutas y verduras era bajo (aproximadamente de dos raciones por día). Muchos estudiantes notificaron que evitaban los alimentos grasos (40%); este comportamiento se asoció con ICT elevado (OR 1,68), obesidad (OR 1,90) y CC elevada (OR 1,82) (P < 0,05 para todos ellos). El consumo irregular en el desayuno, la edad y el número ordinal del curso universitario también se asociaron positivamente con la obesidad. La actividad física no se asoció significativamente con ninguna medición de obesidad.
CONCLUSIONES: En esta muestra de adultos jóvenes del Caribe se observó una baja prevalencia de comportamientos saludables y una alta prevalencia de obesidad.
Palabras clave: Obesidad; obesidad abdominal; dieta; ejercicio; estudiantes; Barbados; Grenada; Jamaica; Región del Caribe; Indias Occidentales.
The nutrition transition and the escalating prevalence of obesity are major public health issues in low- and middle-income countries (1). In these settings, obesity is related to increasing levels of physical inactivity, rapid urbanization, and the Westernization of the diet (2). Obesity-related diseases are among the leading causes of death in the Caribbean region and include heart disease (16%), cancer (15%), cerebrovascular diseases (10%), diabetes (10%), and hypertension (6%) (3). It is important to understand the factors that drive obesity within the Caribbean context to design appropriate health interventions.
The emerging adulthood period (18-25 years) is increasingly recognized as an important period of health behavior formation. This period affords new independence, especially among university students, during which lifestyle patterns may become ingrained (4, 5). Characterizing the prevalence of health behaviors in university students may help to identify useful targets for health promotion. To date, the prevalence of obesity and its related factors have not been well described in Caribbean university students. To help fill this gap, this cross-sectional, observational study quantified the prevalence of obesity and obesity-related factors in Caribbean students, using the results of three recent surveys of health behavior among undergraduates in Barbados, Grenada, and Jamaica. Quantifying the knowledge (risk awareness), attitudes, and behaviors in this population may inform interventions that improve health behaviors and ultimately mitigate chronic disease risk.
In this study, the authors characterized nutrition and physical activity knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors in Caribbean undergraduates and estimated how health behaviors were associated with prevalence of overweight, general obesity, and central (abdominal) obesity. The authors hypothesized that beneficial health behaviors would be inversely associated with obesity.
Study population
In 2013 and 2014, undergraduate students from universities in Barbados, Grenada, and Jamaica were invited to participate in a cross-sectional, observational prevalence study. In Barbados, a random sample pool of 800 males and 600 females was extracted from the university's register of undergraduates. In Grenada, the entire undergraduate population (n = 823) was invited to participate in the study. The Jamaican survey used a stratified random sample procedure in which the primary sampling unit was each university department. Departments were randomly selected from larger academic faculties, after which courses within each selected department were randomly selected with probability of selection proportional to the size of each course; a sample pool of 800 undergraduates was selected in this manner. The analytical sample used male and female respondents who were 18 to < 30 years old and of Caribbean origin.
Respondents completed self-administered questionnaires anonymously and provided data related to multiple dimensions of health knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. To protect participant anonymity, questionnaires were numbered and students were instructed to submit them in sealed envelopes with no identifying information. These were completed in the classroom. All participants provided signed informed consent forms; the ethical research board from each university approved the study. The Jamaican and Barbadian questionnaires were pilot-tested for cultural appropriateness.
Trained personnel measured weight, height, and waist circumference (WC) using standard techniques. Measurements were taken after questionnaires had been completed and submitted. The anthropometric measures included 1) underweight (body mass index (BMI) < 18.5 kg/m2 ); 2) overweight (BMI > 25 kg/m2 and < 30 kg/m2 ); and 3) obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2 ). These cutoff values are consistent with those recommended for categories of BMI by the World Health Organization (WHO) (6). Central obesity was also quantified by elevated WC (> 88 cm in females, > 102 cm in males); this threshold is associated with "substantially increased" risk according to WHO (6). A second marker of central obesity, elevated waist-to-height ratio (W/ht) (> 0.50), was chosen because a single cutoff value is used for males and females (7).
Explanatory variables
The explanatory variables included the nutrition- and physical activity-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors described below.
Nutrition. Respondents were asked to indicate whether they believed heart disease and high blood pressure were influenced by overweight. This nutrition knowledge variable, which was ordinal (scored from 0-2), was taken from the European Health and Behaviour Survey (8) and has been used elsewhere (9). Cronbach's alpha indicated low reliability and consistency for this basic indicator of risk awareness (a = 0.28). To capture attitudes related to nutrition, participants were asked to rank the importance of the following nutrition-related health habits on a scale of 1-10: restricting animal fat intake, consuming sufficient fiber, maintaining normal body weight, consuming sufficient fruit, restricting salt intake, consuming breakfast daily, and restricting red meat intake (9). The mean of these reported attitudes served as the nutrition attitude variable, which had strong reliability and consistency based on Cronbach's alpha (a = 0.82 in Barbados, 0.87 in Grenada, and 0.84 in Jamaica.)
Obesity-related nutritional factors or behaviors were adopted from the European Health and Behaviour Survey (8, 9). These included 1) frequency of breakfast consumption (an ordinal variable scored as 0 for "almost every day," 1 for "sometimes," and 2 for "rarely or never"); 2) frequency of red meat consumption (an ordinal variable scored as 0 for "never," 1 for "< weekly," 2 for "about every week," 3 for "every 2 or 3 days," and 4 as "daily"); 3) number of meals consumed per day; and 4) number of between-meal snacks consumed per day. Students were asked whether they consciously avoided foods that contained fat or cholesterol ("yes"/"no") or consciously tried to consume more fiber ("yes"/"no") (9). Those who answered "yes" were asked to provide examples of foods typically avoided. Students reported the mean number of servings of vegetables and fruits typically consumed each day (with one serving defined as 80 g) (10). The students were also asked whether they were dieting or trying to lose weight (9).
Physical activity. The physical activity knowledge variable was given an ordinal score (from 0 to 2) based on whether participants accurately reported that exercise could influence heart disease and blood pressure. Attitude toward physical activity was also an ordinal variable, with a possible range of 1-10, based on the perceived importance of exercising regularly (11). Physical activity was classified using the validated (12) International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) short form and was based on self-report of the typical number of minutes spent each week 1) walking (assuming 3.3 metabolic equivalents (Mets) per minute); 2) in moderate activity (e.g., carrying light loads or regular bicycling) (4 Mets per minute); and 3) in vigorous activity (e.g., fast bicycling, aerobics, etc.) (8 Mets per minute) (13). The final variable was ordinal and ranged from 1-3 (scored as 1 for "inactive" (< 600 Met minutes per week); 2 for "moderately active" (600 to < 3 000 Met minutes per week); and 3 for "very active" (> 3 000 Met minutes per week).
Additional covariates. Confounding in regression analyses was controlled by adjusting for year in university (ordinal); age in years; sex (male = 1, female = 0); and socioeconomic status. Socioeconomic status was an ordinal variable ranging from "quite poor" family background ("within the lowest 25% in your country") to "not very well off" ("within the 25%-50% range for your country"), "quite well off" ("within the 50%-75% range for your country"), or "wealthy" ("within the highest 25% in your country") (9).
Statistical analyses. Descriptive, bivari-ate comparisons of the three countries were executed using chi-square and one-way ANOVA tests for categorical and continuous variables respectively. Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated using multivariable logistic regression. Knowledge and attitude variables were excluded in order to focus on behavioral correlates of obesity risk because the latter are considered more proximal determinants of health. The first regression analyses were conducted using pooled data from all three countries; these initial analyses included statistical interactions between a dummy (indicator) variable for each country multiplied by each nutrition covariate. A likelihood ratio test was then conducted to see which interactions and covariates significantly contributed to model fit. Variables were retained if 1) the variable was selected a priori as a potential confounder and 2) the variable (or set of country x behavior interactions) significantly contributed to model fit for at least one obesity outcome, as indicated by a P value < 0.05 for the likelihood ratio test. Where country-specific interactions were retained, estimates presented in the regression table may be interpreted as the ORs associated with that covariate within the context of that country's sample. Jamaica served as the reference country. There was no evidence of multicollinearity (variance inflation factors did not exceed 2.5). All analyses were conducted in Stata 12 (StataCorp LP, College Station, Texas, United States).
Response rates to the questionnaires were 42% (582 out of 1 400), 53% (435 out of 823), and 94% (756 out of 800) in Barbados, Grenada, and Jamaica respectively. Of these, a total of 577, 701, and 300 students respectively were of Caribbean origin and 18 to < 30 years old and were thus included in the descriptive analyses. Anthropometric data were only available for 167 respondents from Grenada. Table 1 shows the socio-demographic and other characteristics for the three surveys. The Barbadian sample had relatively fewer non-black students (14%) than Grenada and Jamaica (38% and 40% respectively). There was a higher percentage of males in the Barbadian sample (57%) relative to the other two countries (30% in Grenada and 24% in Jamaica). A large proportion of the students in the Jamaican sample were in their first year of university (74%). Relatively fewer Barbadian students lived on campus (3%) than Grenadian (13%) and Jamaican (26%) students.
The physical activity, nutrition, and anthropometry characteristics are displayed in Table 2. In the full sample, approximately 24% of males and 46% of females reported low levels of physical activity. Overall, 35% of the males and 39% of females reported consuming red meat daily. However, this behavior was most common in Grenadian males (56%) and females (54%). Approximately 40% of students from both sexes reported consciously avoiding fatty foods or cholesterol, but this behavior was least prevalent in the Jamaican undergrads of both sexes (approximately 34%). The specific fatty foods that were avoided included dairy (ice cream, cheese, and butter); deep-fried foods (especially potato fries); refined carbohydrates and pastries; macaroni pie (a Caribbean version of macaroni and cheese); and certain meats, including bacon, burgers, and pork. Fiber-rich foods consciously consumed included whole grain cereals (brown rice, whole wheat flour, fiber bars, and bran foods); legumes; vegetables; certain ground provisions (e.g., yams and other root tubers); and fruits. Mean vegetable and fruit consumption was low overall (less than two servings per day) but these values were lowest in the Jamaican males and females. Students were more aware of the risks of overweight with respect to heart disease and high blood pressure (with mean scores for awareness exceeding 1.3 out of a possible 2) than they were aware of the benefits of exercise in mitigating risk of these diseases (the mean scores did not exceed 0.8 out of a possible 2). Overall, participants reported that nutrition and physical activity were very important to them, assigning them a score of 7 or 8 (out of 10), indicating a positive attitude toward health.
Burden of overweight and obesity by sex and country
Prevalence estimates for three anthropometric markers of excess adiposity are displayed in Table 2. Mean BMI was 24.29 kg/m2 for males and 23.93 kg/m2 for females. Overweight prevalence was 24% in males and 18% in females. Obesity prevalence was lower: 10% and 13% in males and females respectively. Barbadian students had the highest mean BMI (25.35 kg/m2 in females and 24.77 kg/m2 in males) and the highest prevalence of obesity (18% and 13% in females and males respectively). Of the females, the Jamaican students had the highest prevalence of high WC (23%) and high W/ht (38%). Of the males, the Grenadian students had the highest prevalence of high WC (30%) and high W/ht (26%).
Multivariable logistic regression relating behavior to obesity
Table 3 shows the results of the multivariable logistic regression of four anthropometric markers of excess adiposity onto demographic characteristics and behavior. Age and avoidance of fatty foods were significantly associated with increased odds of overweight. Males also seemed to have higher odds of overweight, but this was not statistically significant. Conscious avoidance of fatty foods; age; and year of study showed positive association with obesity. Males had significantly lower odds of being obese (OR 0.46) and having high WC (OR 0.22). This means that females were nearly twice as likely to be obese and almost five times as likely to have high WC. The Barbadian students were significantly more likely to be obese relative to Jamaican students. Irregular breakfast consumption was also positively associated with obese BMI in Barbados and elevated W/ht and WC in Jamaica.
The study analyses revealed a high burden of overweight and obesity among this Caribbean university student population. A recent study of undergraduates from 22 low- and middle-income countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean (including data from the studies reported herein) estimated an overall prevalence of obesity as 5.2% in males and 5.8% in females (14). The results reported here reveal a much higher prevalence of obesity in the Caribbean context (10% in males and 13% in females). In a region where the primary causes of death are obesity-related illnesses (3), the high obesity prevalence is worrisome in this relatively young and educated sub-population of Caribbean adults. More investigation is warranted to identify actionable predictors that may help to diminish lifestyle disease risk in the long term.
Lack of regular physical activity is an established risk factor for a range of chronic diseases (15). Despite this, students expressed limited awareness of the links between exercise and heart disease and hypertension risk. A total of 24% of all males and 46% of all females were in the lowest category of physical activity. Although this variable was not significantly associated with any of the three indicators of obesity, as physical activity is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (16), the rates of physical inactivity in this sample-particularly among the women-is cause for concern.
As hypothesized, the results of this study indicated that infrequent breakfast consumption was positively associated with elevated W/ht and elevated WC in Jamaica and BMI > 30 kg/m2 (obesity) in Barbados. This is concordant with previous studies that reported that skipping breakfast is associated with higher prevalence of overweight (17), metabolic risk (18), and poor health behaviors (19). As only 52% (female students) and 58% (male students) reported consuming breakfast almost every day, there is still room for improvement.
Mean reported fruit and vegetable consumption was two or three servings per day across all three countries in both males and females. This is lower than WHO's recommended five servings (400 g) per day (20). These results are slightly better than those obtained from a global study of fruit and vegetable intake that found that WHO's "America B" subregion, which includes the Caribbean, had the lowest overall mean consumption (approximately two servings) of the nine regions analyzed (21). Using survey data, the authors estimated a mean intake of 148 g (for males) and 167 g (for females) for the 15-29 year age group (21). Although vegetable and fruit consumption patterns were not significantly associated with obesity in the regression analyses, low consumption of these foods has been identified as an important modifiable risk factor for lifestyle diseases (22). Increasing intake fruit and vegetable intake may be an important step in fostering healthy behaviors.
Although snacking was not significantly associated with obesity, when country-stratified analyses were executed, there were indications of negative (Jamaica) and positive (Grenada) associations between number of snacks and obesity. However, these interactions did not meet the a priori criterion for inclusion in the full sample analyses (i.e., the likelihood ratio test P value exceeded 0.05). The authors suspect that these findings may be due to the instrument used, as the questionnaire was not optimized to identify the types, quantities, and energy intake of foods consumed. It is unclear whether "snacks" actually served as meal replacements or additional sources of calories in these countries. Obtaining more details regarding the types of snacks consumed would help clarify which kinds of snacks are related to excess adiposity in these student populations (23).
Red meat consumption was not significantly related to overweight/obesity, but the high prevalence of daily red meat consumption in Grenada (> 50% in both males and females) warrants some concern. Red meat consumption has been associated with cardiovascular disease in several studies (24). Despite potential health risks, red meat does provide heme iron, which can reduce iron-deficiency anemia (24). This is a moderate public health issue in the three countries studied; prevalence of anemia among nonpregnant women of reproductive age is 17%, 24%, and 24% in Barbados, Grenada, and Jamaica respectively (25). Although the main focus of these analyses was overweight/obesity, more detailed surveys about dietary practices as well as other dimensions of health are needed to inform any dietary interventions in this demographic.
Intriguingly, conscious avoidance of fatty foods was positively related to all four measures of excess adiposity. The 22-country analysis of undergraduate students' health behavior also found a positive association of avoidance of fatty foods/cholesterol with BMI > 30 kg/m2 (14). This finding may 1) be an artifact of social desirability, with heavier participants reporting healthy dietary choices to conform to their perceptions of socially appropriate behavior and/or 2) indicate reverse causality (i.e., overweight/obese students are consciously modifying their diets in reaction to their weight). Overall, the students surveyed in the study reported here indicated a positive attitude toward health. Furthermore, between 80% of obese females and 76% of obese males expressed a desire to lose weight, and 55% of obese females and males reported being on a diet (data not shown). However, students may need help turning these attitudes and desires into actions. Altogether, the findings of this study suggest a strong interest in improving weight status.
A striking sex disparity exists in the prevalence of central obesity measured by both elevated W/ht (35% of females and 25% of males) and high WC (21% in females and 7% in males). This sex disparity in weight status has been previously described in all three countries studied (26-30). The prevalence estimates presented here suggest that females were far more inactive than males, and this may be a contributor to their higher obesity rates. Although the regression results showed that males were less likely to have these obesity outcomes, the prevalence of obesity among males was still high. Gender-specific exploration of larger, Caribbean cohorts may reveal more information about the lifestyle behaviors that drive this phenomenon.
Age is a well-established risk factor for weight gain, but it is especially intriguing that the year of study had an independent association with obesity. A review and meta-analysis determined that while weight gain occurs during the first year, most of the weight gained during university occurs in the last three years (31). There may be obesogenic factors in the university environment that promote weight change. One study found that proximity to grocery stores, dining halls, and gyms modified weight gain of students in university dormitories (32). Longitudinal studies are needed to characterize the nature of the university environment in the Caribbean as well as social cues that may promote weight gain during these years.
The study had several limitations. First, the cross-sectional design did not allow for causal inferences. Therefore, the survey did not necessarily capture behaviors that led to obesity but may have captured behaviors inspired by obesity. Second, only the physical activity portion of the questionnaire was validated; the nutrition portion was not validated and participants may have had difficulty estimating fruit and vegetable consumption as they had no examples of what constitutes one 80-g serving. Third, it is not possible to generalize the findings because university students are not representative of their age group (i.e., the association of these behaviors and socio-demographic factors with overweight/obesity may differ from that which exists in their nonuniversity peers in the wider population). The results from Barbados are likely more representative than the estimates for Jamaica and Grenada because of the higher proportion of Barbadian college- aged youth enrolled in university. The most recent UNESCO data show that 61% of Barbadians 16-20 years old are enrolled in tertiary institutions versus 29% of Jamaicans and 53% of Grenadians 17-21 years old (33). Nevertheless, the selectivity of the sample is a major cause of concern, exacerbated by response rates that varied across samples and the fact that a significant proportion of the Grenada sample did not return to have anthropometry measured. Those who did respond to the three surveys, and contributed anthropometry (particularly in Grenada), are likely to be more motivated and interested in health than their university peers. Other factors that may further reduce generalizability of the study findings include 1) those responding to the Barbadian survey were more likely to be male (57%) than the university population of that country (34%, according to internal correspondence), and 2) first-year students were overrepresented in the Jamaican sample (74%). More detailed study of the dietary and lifestyle practices in this demographic may help explain the large burden of overweight and obesity found in this study by isolating sexspecific risk factors, determining the frequency and type of snacking in university students, and further clarifying the obesogenic characteristics of the university environment.
The use of data from three island nations in the region makes this the only large-scale study of university undergraduates in the Caribbean. The results reveal 1) a high prevalence of overweight BMI, high waist circumference, high W/ht, and obese BMI and 2) a low prevalence of healthy physical and dietary behaviors in a sub-population whose educational profile is expected to facilitate a more favorable distribution of health knowledge and behaviors that could help mitigate disease risk.
Acknowledgments. The authors express gratitude for the assistance of the following individuals: Zuri Amuleru- Marshall (Grenada); Lisa Bishop (Barbados); and Wendy Crawford-Daniel, Alex Gardner, Abigail Harrison, Matthew McKenzie, and Longman Mills (Jamaica).
Funding. This study was supported by a Research Award Fund from the University of the West Indies Cave Hill Campus (St. Michael, Barbados) and a C.V. Starr Scholarship from the Center for Global Initiatives at the University of North Carolina (Chapel Hill, NC, United States).
Conflicts of interest. None.
Disclaimer. Authors hold sole responsibility for the views expressed in the manuscript, which may not necessarily reflect the opinion or policy of the RPSP/PAJPH and/or PAHO.
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33. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Data centre [Internet]. Education indicators: gross tertiary enrolment ratio. Paris: UNESCO; 2015. Available from: http://www.uis.unesco.org/DataCentre/Pages/BrowseEducation.aspx Accessed on 19 May 2015.
Manuscript received on 8 January 2015.
Revised version accepted for publication on 26 May 2015.
Organización Panamericana de la Salud Washington - Washington - United States
E-mail: contacto_rpsp@paho.org


text:
package com.opengamma.financial.analytics.model.option;

import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Set;

import org.threeten.bp.Clock;
import org.threeten.bp.ZonedDateTime;

import com.opengamma.analytics.financial.model.interestrate.curve.YieldAndDiscountCurve;
import com.opengamma.analytics.financial.model.interestrate.curve.YieldCurve;
import com.opengamma.analytics.financial.model.option.definition.StandardOptionDataBundle;
import com.opengamma.analytics.financial.model.volatility.surface.VolatilitySurface;
import com.opengamma.analytics.math.curve.ConstantDoublesCurve;
import com.opengamma.engine.ComputationTarget;
import com.opengamma.engine.function.FunctionCompilationContext;
import com.opengamma.engine.function.FunctionInputs;
import com.opengamma.engine.target.ComputationTargetType;
import com.opengamma.engine.value.ValuePropertyNames;
import com.opengamma.engine.value.ValueRequirement;
import com.opengamma.engine.value.ValueRequirementNames;
import com.opengamma.financial.security.FinancialSecurityTypes;
import com.opengamma.financial.security.option.EquityOptionSecurity;

/**
 * Function for the Black-Scholes stock option function (i.e. equity option, no dividends)
 */
@Deprecated
public class AsayMarginedFutureOptionModelFunction extends BlackScholesMertonModelFunction {

  @Override
  protected StandardOptionDataBundle getDataBundle(final Clock relevantTime, final EquityOptionSecurity option, final FunctionInputs inputs) {
    final ZonedDateTime now = ZonedDateTime.now(relevantTime);
    final Double spotAsObject = (Double) inputs.getValue(getUnderlyingMarketDataRequirement(option.getUnderlyingId()));
    if (spotAsObject == null) {
      throw new NullPointerException("No spot value for underlying instrument.");
    }
    final double spot = spotAsObject;
    final YieldAndDiscountCurve curve = YieldCurve.from(ConstantDoublesCurve.from(0.));
    final VolatilitySurface volatilitySurface = (VolatilitySurface) inputs.getValue(ValueRequirementNames.VOLATILITY_SURFACE);
    final double b = 0;
    return new StandardOptionDataBundle(curve, b, volatilitySurface, spot, now);
  }

  @Override
  public boolean canApplyTo(final FunctionCompilationContext context, final ComputationTarget target) {
    //REVIEW yomi 03-06-2011 Elaine needs to confirm what this test should be
    /*
    if (target.getSecurity() instanceof FutureOptionSecurity) {
      return ((FutureOptionSecurity) target.getSecurity()).getIsMargined();
    }
     */
    return true;
  }

  @Override
  public Set<ValueRequirement> getRequirements(final FunctionCompilationContext context, final ComputationTarget target, final ValueRequirement desiredValue) {
    final Set<String> curveNames = desiredValue.getConstraints().getValues(ValuePropertyNames.CURVE);
    if (curveNames == null || curveNames.size() != 1) {
      return null;
    }
    final String curveName = curveNames.iterator().next();
    final EquityOptionSecurity option = (EquityOptionSecurity) target.getSecurity();
    final Set<ValueRequirement> requirements = new HashSet<>();
    requirements.add(getUnderlyingMarketDataRequirement(option.getUnderlyingId()));
    requirements.add(getVolatilitySurfaceMarketDataRequirement(option, curveName));
    return requirements;
  }

  @Override
  public String getShortName() {
    return "AsayMarginedFutureOptionModelFunction";
  }

  @Override
  public ComputationTargetType getTargetType() {
    return FinancialSecurityTypes.EQUITY_OPTION_SECURITY;
  }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Do you have an Item Limit for consignors?
As always, we encourage you to bring your best items so that you sell a high percentage of your things. A consignor who brings 50 great items will do better than a consignor who brings 100 items that are lesser quality and marked too high. There is NO limit to the TOTAL number of items you can bring. * Infant sizes 0-9 months are limited to 25 entered items.
What are my Consignor Options regarding printing barcode labels to stick onto my tags?
Can I bring my spouse or mother with me to the Pre-Sale Event?
We are allowing volunteers and consignors to bring either their spouse or parent with them to help them shop, not a sister or best friend. You may give your guest pass to your sister or friend & meet them at the Guest Sale later in the evening. Our volunteers and consignors have worked hard to earn this special shopping privilege and we want to honor them. We will be checking!
Can I bring children to the Pre-Sale?
We strongly suggest that you NOT bring your children to the Pre-Sale. Just bring a tape measure and their measurements and enjoy a mom's night out.
We suggest you set the price at 25-30% of the retail value. Baby Equipment, Furniture and Large Indoor/Outdoor Toys usually sell for more and are in high demand. There is usually an abundance of 0-9 month sizes, so they must be priced competitively in order to sell. Maternity and Junior clothing are not shopped as heavily, so price these competitively, also.
Can I use wire hangers?
Use children's plastic hangers for infant and toddler sizes. Use larger plastic hangers for remaining. No wire hangers, please!
Can I enter additional batches?
Yes, you may enter additional batches if you already concluded your original batch and have more items that you would like to include. Also, if you have over 300 items that you are entering, you will need to start a new batch.
How do I secure small pieces with Toys or Equipment?
Place them in a ziploc bag and then seal the ziploc with clear packing tape. This is important!
When I sell items in a ziploc bag, how do I attach the price tag?
First, be sure to affix the barcode label to the string tag; do not stick it directly onto the item or the bag. Then attach the string tag to the item and tag inside the bag. Make sure the tag is visible.
Do you have a Rhea Lana tote from previous sales - these make great shopping bags! If not, we suggest you bring a laundry basket or Thirty One large totes make great shopping bags! Strollers cannot be used as shopping carts!
What if my item is not worth your minimum price guideline of $3.00?
If it meets our "excellence quality" standards, then group it together with one or two more like items. Pin them together on a hanger, or group them in a ziplock bag and put one price for the entire group.
Should I iron my clothes?
Wrinkled clothes do not sell! We will likely send them home to you if they are extremely wrinkled. Please do what is necessary to make your clothes look clean and nice. Remember, the better they look, the more likely they are to sell!
I don't smoke, but my husband does, what if there is a small amount of smoke odor in my children's clothing that I am bringing to sell?
We are not able to accept ANY clothing that has odor of any kind. When it is hung on the rack with other clothes, the odor spreads. We must be sensitive to children and families with allergies and we absolutely cannot sell any items with smoke odor, pet odor, or any other kind of odor.
Will you be featuring local businesses and non-profit organizations?
Yes! We have lots of sponsorship opportunities at affordable prices. Let us help you reach your target market - moms with families. We have Vendor Booths and offer website sponsorships. Contact Dawn at dawns@rhealana.com or (602)373-9261.


text:
Ланьцутський повіт () — один з 21 земських повітів Підкарпатського воєводства Польщі. Утворений 1 січня 1999 року внаслідок адміністративної реформи.

Загальні дані

Повіт знаходиться у центральній частині воєводства.
Адміністративний центр — місто Ланьцут.
Станом на  населення становить  осіб, площа  км².

Демографія

Історія
У 1945 році у Ланьцутському повіті налічувалося 5083 українців, які підлягали виселенню до УРСР відповідно до договору про польсько-український обмін населенням між СРСР і ПНР від 9 вересня 1944 року. З них з жовтня 1944 до 1 травня 1945 року до України було депортовано 2082 особи (487 родин).

Примітки

Повіти Польщі
Повіти Підкарпатського воєводства

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Elegance and drama come together in this, the final chapter in our four light setup demonstrations.
In this photography class Karl and Urs use small pockets of light to reveal just the right amount of exposure in key areas. Through careful control of their four lights, they are able to create a sense of luxury and desirability.
Though the final result may look complicated, this setup is in fact an easy-to-follow setup that requires just four lights and basic modifiers.
I have watched and listened to chapters 1 -15 on Portraits and also some of the chapters on one, two or three light set-ups. For the purpose of my question, let's agree that Speedlites are Flashes only while Strobes have both flash and modelling lamps. My question is, when using a four light set up for example, you will have a key/main light, a backlight, rim light or hair lights etc. in this instance I understand the lights are the modelling lamps that are positioned in varied angles for the shoot. When the final shoot is taken, do you use all the flashes from the 4 Strobes or just one flash and others are the modelling lamps?
Hi Laurenta, no we always use the flash part from each and all of the lights, we never use the modelling lamps for any part of the lighting. Modelling lamps are purely so we can see what the direction of the light will look like.
Such a beautiful look!! A great use of the soft box and grids. This course has been amazing. I've learned so much. I know I've watched all setups from 1-4 lights but practice wise I'm still at the one light setups for portraits. I re watch before trying setups and usually I see some things I either forgot or missed first time around. It has been very inspiring for sure.
Love this look. So very creative and different to standard norm lighting we see.
Thanks Brett, I find it very seductive looking!


text:
International Inheritance Laws
Order by:	 Newest Alphabetical Most Popular
View document Hong Kong Uploaded by Muhokoro on May 12, 2013
Description: In 1993, the Ping Shan Heritage Trail was established by the Antiquities and Monuments Office-(AMO) with the full support of the Ping Shan Tang Clan. It links various historic buildings, which are located along a convenient walking route. In 2007, the AMO and the Ping Shan Tang Clan collaborated again for the opening of the Ping Shan Tang Clan Gallery cum Heritage Trail Visitors Centre (the Centre) to introduce local folk culture and heritage along the Trail.
 The Centre comprises three galleries:
 1.	The Ping Shan Tang Clan Gallery displays various relics belonging to the members of the Tang Clan who personally relate their history, customs and cultural life.
 2.	The Gallery of Ping Shan Heritage Trail introduces monuments and buildings along the Ping Shan Heritage Trail.
 3.	The Community Heritage Gallery presents special thematic exhibition organized by schools or community organizations on the history and culture of Hong Kong, especially the New Territories.
 4.	Hang Tau Tsuen, Ping Shan, Yuen Long, New Territories
 E-mail: amo@lcsd.gov.hk
 After viewing some sites like that of culture and heritage museum in Hong Kong, I must herald the fact that they are worth visiting in other to have the feeling of Hong Kong. It is a country full of heritage antiquities and historical artifacts. Below are some great pictures that substantiate this point.
 A B C D E F G H I J K L

 DEFINITIONS: (A) Hong Kong National Flag. (B) Hong Kong Heritage Museum. (C) Inside of the Heritage Museum. (D) Shan Tin. (E) Another part of the Inner side of the Heritage museum. (F) Vintage Noah's Ark (G) Noah's Ark. (H)Jimmy Hoffa found in Noah's Ark. (I) Hard Pottery Urn. (J)Yazhang and stone ornament. (K) Prehistory. (L) Stone mound for casting bronze.

View document Hong Kong - Ping Shan Heritage Trail Uploaded by Muhokoro on May 12, 2013
Description: In 1993, the Ping Shan Heritage Trail was established in 1993 by the Antiquities and Monuments Office (AMO) with the full support of the Ping Shan Tang Clan. It links various historic buildings which are located along a convenient walking route. In 2007, the AMO and the Ping Shan Tang Clan collaborated again for the opening of the Ping Shan Tang Clan Gallery cum Heritage Trail Visitors Centre (the Centre) to introduce local folk culture and heritage along the Trail.
 The Centre comprises three galleries:
 1.	The Ping Shan Tang Clan Gallery displays various relics belonging to the members of the Tang Clan who personally relate their history, customs and cultural life.
 2.	The Gallery of Ping Shan Heritage Trail introduces monuments and buildings along the Ping Shan Heritage Trail.
 3.	The Community Heritage Gallery presents special thematic exhibition organized by schools or community organizations on the history and culture of Hong Kong, especially the New Territories.
 4.	Hang Tau Tsuen, Ping Shan, Yuen Long, New Territories
 E-mail: amo@lcsd.gov.hk

View document China Uploaded by arashid on April 17, 2013
Description: Assignment: Inheritance Laws in China

 It has only been in the recent past that China has begun to address the issue of modern inheritance and estate planning. In 1985, China adopted a law that gave clarity to the succession of private property known as, Law of Succession of the People's Republic of China. While China's law of succession has some similarities to the laws of intestacy in New York; the one thing clearly missing from all 37 articles of the law is the testamentary age of a testator.
 There is no requirement that a testator have an attorney to make a will, a notary handles most of the administrative duties of inherited property. However, there is no shortage of Law Firms that will assist in helping people draft a will. One of many such law firms is Yingke Law Firm, www.attorneytianjin.com, located in Tianjin, China. This law firm, like many others in China, conspicuously notes that it handles inheritance issue for foreigners. This is a big issue since more and more foreigners are acquiring property in China.
 There is no probate or surrogate's court, so inheritance disputes are usually resolved in the court that has jurisdiction over the disputed property or the court that has jurisdiction over the place where the decedent lived at the time of death. In accordance with the intestate Succession Law of China, the decedent's spouse, children and parents inherit equal shares of the decedent's property. If none of these individuals survive the decedent, the decedent's brothers, sisters and grandparents will inherit the decedent's property.
 Sources:
 http://www.lawinfochina.com/display.aspx?lib=law&id=56&CGid=
 http://www.phillipsnizer.com/publications/articles/ModernInheritChina2-07_art.cfm

 Part 2

 My museum art piece is a Tomb figurine featured in the National Museum of China, located in Beijing. It is a figure of a storyteller that dates between 25-220 A.D. from the Han Dynasty. The piece was excavated in 1957 from tomb No. 3, Tianhuishan, Chengdu, Sichuan Province

 In ancient China tomb figures were puppets buried with the dead, usually made of clay, wood or bronze. The images included slaves, dancers and music performers, soldiers, and cattle-drawn carriages, cooking utensils, and domesticated animals. The figures are considered divine objects that protect the tombs. Arguably the most famous Chinese tomb figures are the Terra Cotta Army of the Qin Dynasty.

 I thought the tomb figure I selected represented the deceased as a person who was happy and liked to be entertained because the figure has a big smile and is appearing to be beating a drum and dancing.

 http://en.chnmuseum.cn/english/tabid/549/Default.aspx?AntiqueLanguageID=2367

View document Karina Lima Uploaded by Karina on April 17, 2013
Description: Please post your work rather than an attachment.
View document Senegal Uploaded by Diana on April 16, 2013
Folders:
Docs 39
Home / Projects / International Inheritance Laws

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
By 818612, Updated
Reverand Parris catches the girls performing witch craft deep in the woods, late at night. Of the girls in the woods he notices Tituba, Abigail, and Betty.
Reverand Parris sees that Betty won't wake up, and he believes that it is caused by the girls he saw dancing the forest the night before.
Abigail want to marry John Proctor and she thinks that if she removed Elizabeth from the situation she will be able to marry John Proctor. So she accuses Elizabeth of being a witch and Elizabeth gets thrown in jail.
After trying to convince the court that Elizabeth is innocent, Proctor gets thrown in jail too. At first he accepted that he was going to die but his wife was able to convince him that he should try and pretend that he was a witch to keep his life.
After confessing to something he didn't do, the church wanted to use his name as a confession that he was a witch. But he decided that wasn't worth keeping his life for.
The church was convinced that he was "of the devil" and he needed to be hung. John Proctor has died, and Elizabeth dies after giving birth, and Abigail has left the colonies to start a new life.


His style is highly realistic and arguably fits the criteria of trompe l'oeil in that the objects are to scale, are arranged on a flat plane, and thrust forward into the viewer space. There is a suggestion of some disorder, giving the impression that a person has just been there. It is also thought that he influenced Michael Harnett, the founder of trompe l'oeil still life painting, and ... Displaying 750 of 2951 characters.


text:
Next Stop, Japan
Scenery & Outdoors
Hiroshima Prefecture
Hiroshima City
広
しま
市
Hiroshima, the city of water and peace, is a modern and culture-rich city. Over 1.1 million people live in the city.
The city is built on the Ota River delta in one of the most sheltered harbors on the Seto Inland Sea. The city enjoys the mild climate provided by its position in the Seto Inland Climate Zone. It is sheltered by the Chugoku Mountains in the north and the Shikoku Mountains in the west from the worst of late summer and winter storms. The average temperature for January is 5.9C and August is 28.1C.
Oysters from the Hiroshima region have been renowned for their flavor through out Japan for over 400 years. Miyajima is host to an oyster festival on the second Saturday and Sunday in February. Hiroshima is also famous for its style of Okinomiyaki.
This historic city is much more than its Peace Memorial Park and a stepping stone to Miyajima. It has much to offer year-round for any kind of tourist. World-class museums, gardens, temples, professional baseball, shopping and more are all to be found in Hiroshima City.
See Also: Hiroshima's History
Asa Zoological Park
The city zoo is a popular attraction, but its location in the northern suburbs of the city makes it hard to visit to without a car. Around 160 different species (1,500 animals - fish not included) of mainly African and Asian animals are on display at the zoo. The zoo is closed during the New Year and every Thursday. The bus going to the zoo can be boarded at Hiroshima Station.
Hiroshima Botanical Garden
The Hiroshima Botanical Garden opened in 1976 and they have played in important role in preserving rare native plant species from around the world through seed exchange programs with other gardens in over 30 countries. The garden is most popular during the spring time but its large greenhouses and temperature controlled buildings make it interesting to visit anytime during the year. The garden is located in Itsukaichi west of the city.
Shopping - Hondori Street
Hondori Street is Hiroshima's main covered shopping avenue. The busiest and most stylish shopping area in the city starts from just east of the Peace Memorial Park and runs two blocks south of Aiodori Avenue until it reaches the Parco Shopping Mall.
Besides countless clothing shops, the street is home to Andersen Bakeries, Edion (Electronics) and the Sun Mall. Two blocks north on Aiodori are three big department stores: Sogo, Fukuya and Tenmaya. Tokyo Hands (DIY and lifestyle store), Edion's second building and the Shareo Underground mall are also on Aiodori.
Hijiyama Park (Hiroshima City Museum of Contemporary Art)
The Hiroshima City Museum of Contemporary Art is located in Hijiyama Park which has always served as a cool and refreshing area in the city. The museum contains a wide-ranging collection of notable contemporary artists from Japan and all over the world. There is also a library which contains only manga (Japanese comic books) in the park.
Mitaki
Mitaki is northwest of Yokogawa Station. Mitaki Temple, a relaxing forest retreat, is located there. Mount Mitaki, which you walk partly up to get to the temple, is one of the best locations to look out over the city. The temple grounds are popular for leaf viewing in late November.
Hiroshima's largest company, Mazda, controls a large section of land east of the city. Many models of Mazda cars are made at the factories including the MX-5/Miata and Mazda RX-7. Mazda has even built their own bridges across the rivers into the factories.
Website: Mazda Museum (English)
Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park
This park and Miyajima are the two places everyone will want to see when they visit Hiroshima. The park is built on land surrounding the epicenter of the blast. There are two museums: one a peaceful dedication to victims and the other a powerful message about the human cost of the terrible weapons unleashed on the city.
Memorial Cathedral of World Peace
Memorial Cathedral of World Peace, one of the largest Roman Catholic cathedrals in Asia, was built in 1954. Father Hugo Lassalle's appeal for a place to pray for peace were answered with world-wide support. Its main tower is 46 meters tall.
Hiroshima Castle
The castle was originally constructed in 1589 by Terumoto Mori who ruled most of western Honshu. He built this representative flatland castle on an area called Koi-no-ura (Carp Inlet) which gave it the nickname "Carp Castle" or Rijo in Japanese. The current castle was rebuilt in 1958 after the war and houses artifacts from Hiroshima's past.
Strolling through the castle grounds is a relaxing break from the city bustle.
Shukkeien Garden
This garden was constructed by Ueda Soko for the lord (Daimyo) of Hiroshima in 1620. It is said to have initially been designed as a miniaturized landscape of Lake Xihu (West Lake) in Hangzhou, China. Tea ceremonies are held year-round at the gardens.
Baseball - Hiroshima Toyo Carp
Hiroshima's professional baseball team is called the Carp after the nickname for Hiroshima Castle. They were a fairly successful team which won their Central League division six times (1975, 1979, 1980, 1984, 1986, 1991) and three championships, but, they haven't been a contender for either in well over 10 years. They play at the new MAZDA Zoom-Zoom Stadium Hiroshima.
Website: Hiroshima Toyo Carp (Japanese)
Miyajima - Itsukushima Shrine
While not in the city, Miyajima makes a great day trip from Hiroshima City. The view of the Itsukushima Shrine with its vermillion gate in front and Mt. Misen towering behind is considered one of Japan's three best views.
City Transportation
Astram Line
The Astram Line is a local rapid transit commuter train line which terminates in Hiroshima's underground Shareo shopping mall and in Hiroshima's north-west suburbs. It was built to help relieve traffic from Hiroshima's suburbs into the city and opened August 20th, 1994. For the most part, it uses an elevated track that resembles a monorail but the first three stations at Hondori (Shareo) and the city offices are underground. The Asa Zoo, Hiroshima Regional Park, Big Arch Stadium (J-League Soccer) and several universities are located close to this train line. Trains run every few minutes from 6 am to midnight.
Hiroden Streetcars
The streetcars (Hiroden - Japanese) are a popular and cheap way to get around Hiroshima City. It costs a flat fare of 160 yen in the city to ride and day passes can be bought. PASPY cards can be used in the streetcars as well as on buses and the Astram Line. The #2 streetcar line extends all the way to Miyajimaguchi from the station (260 yen).
Hiroshima Bus Center
The Hiroshima Bus Center (HBC - Japanese) is located on 3rd floor of the Sogo Department store near Kamiya-cho which is east of the peace park on Aoidori. This station serves as the hub for all bus traffic coming and going from Hiroshima. Many highway buses also stop at Hiroshima Station's Shinkansen entrance as well.
The easiest way to move between the bus center and JR Hiroshima Station is by streetcar.
Hiroshima Station
JR Hiroshima Station (JR West - Japanese) is the located east of the city center. It is the largest and busiest station in Hiroshima Prefecture. Local and Shinkansen (Bullet trains) leave and arrive constantly as over 73,000 passengers use the station per day. A brisk 15 minute walk or 5 minute city streetcar ride will get you into the heart of the city.
When to Visit Hiroshima
As visiting Hiroshima requires a fair bit of activity outside, it is best to visit during March, April, May, October or November. The city's main fireworks show occurs in late July. While hot, rainfall is not as frequent during August.
ºC ºF
Min and Max Temperature by Month
Average Rainfall by Month
Main Article: When to Visit Japan
Hiroshima Station is a hub for both local and Shinkansen (Bullet) trains. Hiroshima Airport (Ext. Link) is a lengthy 50 minute bus ride away from the city in the east.
Posted: April 4, 2011 Updated: August 25, 2015
Minami Ward
Hiroshima City (Japanese)
Hiroshima Navigator (Japanese)
Hiroshima Navigator (English)
Fukuyama
E - 35 minutes (Shinkansen)
E - 1 hour (Shinkansen - 25 minutes)
Miyoshi
NE - over 1 hour
Kure
SE - 30 minutes
S - 40 minutes (train)
All rights reserved © 1999-2015 Matthew Bystedt


text:
…..SoSuterBill…..
Showbiz and leisure news, views, interviews and reviews by BILLY SUTER
Who is Billy Suter?
Win tickets to KickstArt's 'Camelot'
Posted on April 25, 2018 May 29, 2018 by sosuterbill
Steven Stead as King Arthur and Jessica Sole as Guinevere in Camelot, running in Durban from May 18 to June 3. The 1967 film version won three Oscars.
BY BILLY SUTER
DURBAN'S award-winning KickstArt theatre company follows hot on the heels of its stage comedy, The Play That Goes Wrong, with an evergreen musical – Lerner and Loewe's classic Camelot, which runs from May 18 to June 3 at the Elizabeth Sneddon Theatre on the University of KwaZulu-Natal campus.
And even better news is that this site has THREE DOUBLE TICKETS to give away to attend the first preview performance at 7.30pm on Friday, May 18. Details on how to enter the competition appear at the end of this article.
First staged on Broadway in 1960, when it took four Tony Awards, Camelot tells of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table. It features such popular songs as Camelot, If Ever I Would Leave You, Take Me to the Fair, It's May and I Loved You Once in Silence.
The show became a hit 1967 film starring Richard Harris, Vanessa Redgrave, Franco Nero and a very young David Hemmings. The movie, nominated for five Oscars, took three – for set/art direction, costume design and adapted score.
Adapted from the epic T H White novel, The Once and Future King, the musical centres on King Arthur marrying Guinevere and them having to deal with her romance with Arthur's top knight, Sir Lancelot.
Steven Stead, who is directing the Durban production with assistance from Mervyn McMurtry, will play Arthur, Jessica Sole has been cast as Guinevere and Lyle Buxton will portray Lancelot. Also in the cast are Peter Court as Merlin/King Pellinor, Nathan Kruger as the evil Mordred, and Anne-Marie Clulow as the magical wood nymph, Nimue.
With sumptuous Game of Thrones-inspired costumes by Durban designer Terrence Bray, atmospheric sets by Greg King and choreography by Janine Bennewith, this promises to be a romantic, swashbuckling spectacle.
The original Broadway production of Camelot starred Julie Andrews as Guinevere, Richard Burton as Arthur, Robert Goulet as Lancelot in his first Broadway role, and Roddy McDowall as Mordred. That production ran on Broadway for 873 performances. Excerpts from this watershed production made for The Ed Sullivan Show on TV can be viewed on YouTube. Camelot's Broadway soundtrack recording was the top-selling album for 60 weeks in the US.
Tickets for the Durban production, which the producers have advised is not suitable for children younger than eight, cost R185, R215 and R255. Note that there are no concession discounts. However, tickets for preview performances at 7.30pm on Friday, May 18, and 2.30pm on Saturday, May 19, cost R185 throughout.
Booking is at Computicket, but for school performances, charity fundraisers or block bookings of 50 seats or more, contact kickstart@letni.co.za.
WIN ONE OF THREE SETS OF DOUBLE TICKETS TO 'CAMELOT'
To put yourself in line to win one of THREE sets of double tickets to attend KickstArt's Camelot at Durban's Elizabeth Sneddon Theatre, at 7.30pm on Friday, May 18, you simply have to be a follower of my site. At no cost.
If you are not already a follower, simply leave your email address in the space provided at the end of the cover page of this site, sosuterbill.com
You will then be a follower, and receive email notification whenever I file a new story.
Once you have subscribed (there is no cost), send your NAME and PHONE NUMBER via email to sosuterbill@gmail.com and place the words 'CAMELOT COMP ' in the subject field.
NOTE: The three lucky winners of double tickets were chosen and notified after 6pm on Friday, May 4. They were T Allison, Jess Kell and Helen Barton.
Posted in TheatreTagged Camelot, Competitions, Durban theatre, Elizabeth Sneddon Theatre, Greg King, Jessica Sole, Kickstart, Lancelot, Lerner and Loewe, Lyle Buxton, Musicals, Steven Stead
Classy cabaret by a fine trio
Guilt, fear and desperate Dan
6 thoughts on "Win tickets to KickstArt's 'Camelot'"
Lilian Gouws says:
Please notify me of new shows
tashanaidoo1 says:
Jonathan Orton says:
Liz Benjamin says:
Thanks for your support of theatre in Durban.We appreciate your detailed reviews.
sosuterbill says:
My pleasure. Thanks for the kind words,
Kickstart and the Sneddon put on amazing productions.
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text:
Humanfilm
Hivos
DOEN Foundation
British report on the role of art and culture in integration
Latin-American artistic network aids social development
The art of survival at the Academy of Fine Arts in Kinshasa
Nástio Mosquito's collage of perspectives
The importance of supporting art and culture
Binyavanga Wainaina: 'We want to show the world how we view ourselves'
International poetry festival in Macedonia
New sales market for Brazilian woodworkers thanks to recycling / design project
Mobile cinema relief for Iraq
What can you do when nearly all of the cinemas in the country have been destroyed by bombs and warfare, obliterating a flourishing film industry? When people can no longer go to the cinema, you bring the cinema to the people, was the reasoning that inspired Dutch-Iraqi film maker Al-Daradji in 2007. Although people laughed at the idea at the time, this summer his mobile cinema is touring Iraq to bring films to various locations.
In a country at war where nothing has happened for years after sunset for the sake of security, as dusk fell a small, outdoor cinema was erected to which all were welcomed. Al-Daradji and his team play Iraqi films until late in the evening. When the mobile cinema opened for the first time early in August, 300 people and a horde of media flocked to the site. It is now known to all: two weeks ago a mosque in a small village emptied during evening prayers when the film started rolling.
"The responses are magnificent", says Al-Daradji. "One elderly woman thanked me, in tears, for bringing back her youth. Young people have often never seen a film on a large screen. Of the two hundred and seventy-five cinemas that once existed in Iraq, only four are left. Our once-flourishing film industry was annihilated; even the students of film academies have never been to the cinema."
Al-Daradji hopes that his project will make an impression on the government. "More attention needs to be devoted to culture. I am convinced that the cinema can have an enormous effect. It teaches you to view the world through different eyes. I came to understand other cultures through their films. All major conflicts are rooted in a lack of understanding. Films can nurture understanding and hopefully help to combat violence."
Al-Daradji also hopes Iraqis will take a more detached view of their own situation. "They are surrounded by violence and the war, but have no way to reflect upon that fact because there is no distance. All of the films we play are about Iraq and were made in the country itself. By looking at your country and the conflicts as a viewer, from the dark and at a distance, you can think more clearly about it, and perhaps arrive at a different, and more thoroughly contemplated, viewpoint." The mobile cinema will tour Iraqi through the end of September. There are vague plans to repeat the project next summer. But what Al-Daradji really hopes is that his cinema will no longer be needed by then.
Marjolijn van Heemstra
The mobile cinema is supported by Hivos and DOEN Foundation.


Publication information: Book title: The Ethics of Animal Experimentation: A Critical Analysis and Constructive Christian Proposal. Contributors: Donna Yarri - Author. Publisher: Oxford University Press. Place of publication: New York. Publication year: 2005. Page number: iii.


In anticipation of J leaving town for a week on business a couple weeks ago, I got to work food prepping so I could more easily manage the single mom scene during his absence. I've mentioned that I'm crazy about casseroles right now. Mostly because of the simplicity, but also because cold weather just lends itself to these 'stick to your ribs' recipes. Another of my favorites, and part of my food prep prior to J's departure, was this simple chicken noodle casserole.
A short list of ingredients come together to create this creamy and delicious dish. The cheesy/crunchy topping give it that little something extra that will have you reaching for seconds!
Note: I used shredded chicken from my freezer, but you could shred up a rotisserie chicken for simplicity sake if you don't have time to cook and shred a couple chicken breasts at the time of making this recipe.
Note: canned cream of mushroom soup is also an option (about 2 cans) and you'll want to thin with a splash of milk.
Combine the chicken, egg noodles and cream of mushroom soup until the cream of mushroom soup evenly coats the chicken and noodles.
Veggies could most definitely be added to this dish. I'm not a fan of canned peas so those are an absolute no-go for me, but a possible option for those who like that sort of thing. The addition of some lightly steamed broccoli would definitely be complimented by these ingredients.
I prefer to skip the veggies inside and instead serve this simple chicken noodle casserole with a side salad or green beans canned from the 2017 garden. Sweet heaven, there just isn't anything quite like home-canned green beans.
It's so rewarding to get a good homemade meal on the table AND to get to spend quality time with the kids all in the same half hour. A good casserole brings the best of all worlds together with a little planning and prep time on the front end. There's no mommy-guilt when I can spend these extra 30 minutes playing, rather than slaving away in the kitchen.
Want to minimize clean-up? Food prep your casserole in these disposable casserole tins. Added bonus? These disposable tins also come with aluminum lids! A pack of 40 for just $15.99 (seriously, less than 50 cents each) – PLUS free shipping if you're a Prime member – can't be beat!
Affiliate Disclaimer: The product links on this page are amazon affiliate links. I receive a small compensation for products you may purchase via an affiliate link on my blog. THANK YOU for supporting my blogging journey in this way! The opinions on the products are my own. I NEVER recommend/link to products that I am dissatisfied with, or that aren't on my very own wish list.
I am all about casseroles through the cold winter months. At this juncture of life I am REALLY all about casseroles. Anything to simplify the chaos of life with foster babies and I am all in! This Sausage and Potato Casserole is one of my absolute favs. Give it a go and I'm confident you will find it's one of yours too!
The ticket to an amazing sausage and potato casserole is the homemade cream of mushroom soup. I've blogged about this recipe before. Find it by clicking here: Homemade Cream of Mushroom Soup.
I'd encourage you to make a BIG batch of the homemade cream of mushroom soup so that you can put together this sausage and potato casserole for dinner immediately, one for the freezer, and a couple batches of this Comfort Food Casserole for the freezer as well.
I mean, if you're going to make the mess in the kitchen anyway you may as well make it work for you in a handful of ways! Having a few dinners in the freezer is an excellent way of making it W-O-R-K!
If you're not up for the task of homemade cream of mushroom soup, you can certainly use the canned variety. Your sausage and potato casserole will still be delicious – but I promise it will be missing the WOW factor.
Okay – so let's get to work!
Sausage – I use a combination of regular and spicy, but the choice is yours!
Did you notice I didn't indicate any measurements? That was purposeful. This is such a simple recipe that you can't go wrong with any amount of anything. So, consult your taste buds, use your best judgment and just let it flow!
Grease casserole dish and layer in this order: potatoes, cream of mushroom soup, sausage.
This casserole makes for an amazing addition to your food-prep freezer cooking list. DO bake the casserole as instructed above before freezing though. Failure to do so will result in your potatoes turning black as the casserole thaws before cooking at a later date. You can skip the browning of cheese step until re-heating.
After the casserole has cooled, remove foil and add a layer of plastic wrap. Then return foil to pan and pop in the freezer!
Re-heating can be done from frozen…but it takes a very long time. I'd suggest tossing this bad boy in the fridge the night before you intend to re-heat. Then, re-heat (covered — but don't forget to remove the plastic wrap!) until the casserole is warmed through, removing the foil the last 10 min to brown cheese.
If the casserole is completely thawed at the time of re-warming, it will take about 30 min at 350 degrees. If it's still a little frosty on the inside, you may need closer to 45 minutes. Give or take.
Sausage and Potato Casserole is a favorite at our house. It's also versatile! It's not uncommon for us to enjoy this dish for dinner and <if there are any leftovers> with a fried egg on top the following morning!
You can also make this ahead of time – but again – be sure to cook right after assembling so the potatoes don't turn black! Fridge to oven makes for a quick re-heat when you're ready!


Anyone who says women need to quit once married and making babies needs to take a lesson from theses two women. Mary Remmy Njoku and Mercy Johnson Okojie, are both married and with little toddler children, but they are still out there and working as hard as anyboy. Mary and Mercy were spotted at the movie premiere of 'Thy Will Be Done' held last night at the BFI Imax Cinema in London which was the first official screening of the movie.


text:
<?php declare(strict_types=1);

namespace PharIo\Phive;

use function json_encode;
use InvalidArgumentException;
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

/**
 * @covers \PharIo\Phive\JsonData
 */
class JsonDataTest extends TestCase {
    public function testThrowsExceptionIfRawValueIsNotJson(): void {
        $this->expectException(InvalidArgumentException::class);
        new JsonData('foo');
    }

    public function testThrowsExceptionIfRawValueIsNotAJsonObjectOrArray(): void {
        $this->expectException(InvalidArgumentException::class);
        new JsonData(json_encode('foo'));
    }

    public function testGetRawReturnsExpectedValue(): void {
        $raw = json_encode(['foo' => 'bar']);

        $data = new JsonData($raw);
        $this->assertSame($raw, $data->getRaw());
    }

    public function testGetParsedReturnsExpectedValue(): void {
        $input = ['foo' => 'bar'];
        $raw   = json_encode($input);
        $data  = new JsonData($raw);

        $this->assertEquals($input, $data->getParsed());
    }

    public function testTryGetFragmentReturnsFalse(): void {
        $raw  = json_encode(['foo' => 'bar']);
        $data = new JsonData($raw);

        $this->assertFalse($data->tryGetFragment('foobar'));
    }

    public function testTryGetFragmentReturnsTrue(): void {
        $raw  = json_encode(['foo' => 'bar']);
        $data = new JsonData($raw);

        $this->assertTrue($data->tryGetFragment('foo'));
    }

    public function testTryGetFragmentReturnsExpectedValue(): void {
        $raw = json_encode(
            [
                'parent' => [
                    'child' => [
                        'foo' => 'bar'
                    ]
                ]
            ]
        );

        $data = new JsonData($raw);

        $this->assertTrue($data->tryGetFragment('parent.child.foo', $fragment));
        $this->assertSame('bar', $fragment);
        $this->assertTrue($data->tryGetFragment('parent.child', $fragment));
        $this->assertEquals(['foo' => 'bar'], $fragment);
    }
}


text:
The 2021 NAB AFL Women's Under-19 Championships is the eleventh national under-18/19 girls Australian rules football competition. The tournament, which was previously held in 2019 and not in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, was played in April and May and featured eight teams. Due to the pandemic, no winner was declared; instead, a series of challenge matches were played.

Age eligibility
The tournament is usually an under-18s competition; however, due to no championships being staged in 2020 due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2021 edition was increased to an under-19 level.

Format and teams
Eight teams competed in the championships: Vic Metro, Vic Country, South Australia, Western Australia, Queensland, the Allies (representing the Northern Territory, Tasmania, New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory), the Woomeras (an Indigenous under-17 representative program), and the Medleys (a multicultural under-17 representative program). The tournament was originally scheduled to begin in March, and two matches were played; however, due to travel restrictions imposed as a result of a spike of COVID-19 cases in Brisbane, these matches were regarded as "challenge" matches and did not contribute to the overall rankings of the championships. When only the official matches are included, each team only played two matches against randomly scheduled opponents.

Fixtures

All-Australian team
The 2021 Women's Under-19 All-Australian team was selected by a panel of experts, including AFL chair Kevin Sheehan, Tarkyn Lockyer (AFL national talent head coach), Samantha Virgo (Gold Coast), Trent Moseby (Richmond), Todd Patterson (Melbourne) and Jess Smith (AFL National Female Talent Manager).

Team MVPs
At the conclusion of the tournament each competing team named their best player for the tournament. The winner of these 'most valuable player' awards are as follows:

References

2021
2021 in Australian rules football
2021 in Australian women's sport


text:
Q: Linq To Entities Group By Max Date in Join I am trying to write a Linq to Entities Query based on the SQL below
Basically I am looking to get a list of the last 5 orders, the order date being in the child detail table of (TitleDetails)
SELECT t.Name, t.LimpIsbn, t.CasedIsbn, max(td.OrderDate) LastOrder
FROM [inform].[dbo].[Titles] t
left join [inform].[dbo].[TitleDetails] td on t.id = td.TitleId
where td.OrderDate is not null
group by  t.Name, t.LimpIsbn, t.CasedIsbn
order by  max(td.OrderDate) desc

My Code is as follows
var query = Context.Titles
            .Include(x => x.MisAccount)
            .Include(x => x.TitleDetails)
            .Where(x => x.TitleDetails.Any());

if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(model.MisCustomer))
{
    query = query.Where(x => x.MisAccount.Code == model.MisCustomer);
}

if (!User.IsInRole(Permission.CanAccessAllCustomers.ToString()))
{
    var predicate = PredicateBuilder.False<Title>();

     foreach (var customer in validCustomers)
     {
         var cust = customer.Code;
         predicate = predicate.Or(x => x.MisAccount.Code == cust);
     }

    query = query.AsExpandable().Where(predicate);
}

model.LatestOrders = query.Take(5)

The LatestOrders being enumerable in the view.
I have looked at various other sources about Linq Group by, which relate to single table groupings and im struggling to translate this into multi table.

A: Almost like that
var last5Item = from td in Context.TitleDetails.OrderByDescending(i => i.OrderDate).Take(5)
                join t in Context.Titles on td.TitleId equals t.id
                select ..

A: Your sql query can be translated to this linq query:
var query =(from t in Context.Titles
            join td in Context.TitleDetails on t.id equals td.TitleId into tds
            from e in tds.DefaultIfEmpty()
            where e.OrderDate!=null
            group  e.OrderDate by new {t.Name, t.LimpIsbn, t.CasedIsbn} into groups
            from g in groups
            select new { Name = m.Key.Name,
                        LimpIsbn = g.Key.LimpIsbn,
                        CasedIsbn = g.Key.CasedIsbm,
                        LastOrder = g.Max(x => x)})
            .OrderBy(e=>e.LastOrder).Take(5);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


For some reason I really dig Wrey's hands on this page. They've all got great, I don't know, intention to them. I can't describe it right, but they convey her personality very clearly.
For the curious, ten people were killed, which is more than the immediate Rentier family members, because there were other relatives and family friends about since it was a holiday thing. Narancs and Tomas didn't have a very large extended family before Wollen came around and now they don't really have much of any.


the diamond industry fact sheet - DiamondfactsTHE DIAMOND INDUSTRY FACT SHEET . Diamond mining on a non-industrial scale is undertaken involving . different categories in preparation for sale.diamond mining sale fact sheet,March 2015 - Istituto di Alti Studi in Geopolitica e Scienze Ausiliariecalled conflict diamonds, fuel and sustain conflict, as the revenues from their sale . 2 Blood Diamonds and the Kimberley Process Fact. Sheet,. "World. Diamond. Council",. 2008, . mining for diamonds in African countries. Diamonds still today.
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Jun 29, 2016 . Releases and Statements · Photos and Logos · Fact Sheet (PDF) · Media Relations Contacts . When Botswana Sells Its Big Diamond, Who Will Benefit? . It was found last November at an open-pit mine in the southern African . The good luck part ironically began with the fact that when it was still a British.
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. Investor & media contacts · Fact sheet · Listing information · Photo and video gallery . Tonnes (millions), Gross grade (cpht)(1), Contained diamonds (Mcts) . opportunities such as diamond recovery from the tailings dump and the sale of . The mine is a joint venture between Mwana and Naka Diamond Mining (Pty) Ltd.
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A DIAMOND'S WEALTH IS FOREVER: COMPARING ZIMBABWE'S .
Sep 19, 2012 . ZIMBABWE'S AND BOTSWANA'S DIAMOND MINING .. 2, 2011). 2. See, e.g., Zimbabwe Fact Sheet, USAID, aid/locations/sub- .. to reduce the sale of conflict diamonds, 137 these requirements certainly.
Meet the Change Makers: Tiffany's Diamonds and Gold Add .
Dec 1, 2011 . Tiffany's take on mining issues has evolved over a two-decade span that .. This includes the jewelry we sell around the world -- in fact, we're a.
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Apr 29, 2010 . Hundreds of years ago, all diamonds were cut in a cushion shape, so this is also known as an "old mine cut." The sparkle isn't as delicate as it.
We are a mining industry employers' organisation which exists to serve our . Fact sheet . The South African mining sector has, for more than 100 years, been.


Looking for Fun & Adventure? Join Our Team! You'll assist children and adults with disabilities in park-district like programs including: arts/crafts, sports/fitness, dance, camps, Specil Olympics, & more! Work programs that interst youFlexible hours/scheduleCompetitive wages Apply at www.wdsra.com!


Tulsi Kumar, daughter of the Late Gulshan Kumar, is a playback singer of repute. Currently lending her voice to films of the likes of KAJRAARE and KARZZZZ, Tulsi is also coming out with her maiden solo album.
The music recording of the album with the talented Monty Sharma saw music makers of the likes of Himesh Reshammiya, Sameer, Pritam, Annu Malik, Shaan, besides music mogul Bhushan Kumar and T-Series Creative Director Divya Khosla Kumar.
Added Annu Malik who gave Tulsi her break in HUM KO DEEWANA KAR GAYE, 'Tulsi has music in her veins. But she has never been vain and has always been careful so as to get work on merit and make her brother Bhushan proud. She works hard on every song and does riyaz everyday. And this reflects in her voice and her songs.' Himesh and Pritam acknowledged that Tulsi's voice was 'fresh and vibrant,' and therein lays the uniqueness.
Here is looking forward to more of this young talent bank!


text:
January 2003, Volume 57, No. 1 ›
REGULATORY IMPACT
‹ January 2003, Volume 57, No. 1
Anthony Anscombe
Regulating Botanicals in Food
The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act requires that food manufacturers ensure the safety of their products and the truth of label claims made for those products. Over the past several years, FDA has expressed concern that botanical ingredients, while possibly appropriate for dietary supplements, are not proper in conventional foods.
The agency has warned food manufacturers that certain botanicals cannot be used in food because they are neither approved food additives nor Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) substances. FDA has also cited a number of unauthorized or unsubstantiated health, nutrient, and structure–function claims.
For a substance to be considered GRAS, there must be reasonable certainty in the minds of scientists that it is not harmful under its conditions of intended use; the data and information to establish this conclusion must be publicly available; and there must be a basis to conclude that there is consensus among qualified experts about the safety of the substance for its intended use.
The Code of Federal Regulations sets forth procedures by which a manufacturer can obtain FDA affirmation of GRAS status or obtain approval for a substance as a food additive. In most instances, the two procedures will be equally rigorous, and require scientific consensus based on publicly available data. Even where a substance is GRAS, it still must comply with any applicable food-grade specifications of the Food Chemicals Codex; perform an appropriate function in the food; and be used in a concentration no higher than necessary to achieve its intended purpose.
In recent warning letters, FDA has given the manufacturers an opportunity to submit data to establish GRAS status. However, obtaining FDA pre-market affirmation of GRAS reduces the potential that FDA will later conclude that a botanical ingredient is a food adulterant. In certain situations, formal FDA approval of an ingredient as a food additive or GRAS affirmation could be required.
FDA has not authorized any claims that botanical ingredients positively affect any disease state or health-related condition. It has also disapproved "nutrient" claims that do not pertain to ingredients that contribute to the value of nutrients recognized by FDA, or do not meet a number of other regulatory requirements. Unless a nutrient claim has been authorized by statute or regulation, manufacturers must obtain prior approval for that claim.
FDA allows food manufacturers to make "structure and function" claims, but prohibits claims that the botanicals diagnose, mitigate, treat, cure, or prevent a disease. FDA also requires that the structure-function benefit derive from the food's "nutritive value," defined as "a value in sustaining human existence by such processes as promoting growth, replacing loss of essential nutrients, or providing energy."
Over the past few years, several federal courts have struck down FDA regulations that restricted commercial speech more onerously than necessary to advance the government's purposes. On May 16, 2002, FDA requested public comment on whether it could or should treat claims about foods any differently than claims about dietary supplements. A possible result of this process may be some liberalization in the types of claims that food manufacturers can make, as long as those claims are truthful and not misleading.
The regulatory future should continue to evolve as outlined in FDA's January 2000 "Dietary Supplement Strategy." FDA has already begun implementing an adverse-event tracking system that will improve the availability of health-effect information relating to botanicals. FDA should also clarify boundaries between dietary supplements and conventional foods. This will help manufacturers know what claims they can make.
For a variety of reasons, botanical ingredients have not typically undergone the type of large-scale prospective clinical study that usually determines the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products. As consumer and regulatory interest in botanicals persists, however, the amount and quality of scientific research should increase. As it does, the safety and efficacy of botanicals will become more clearly established or refuted, and the clarity of regulatory guidance should proceed apace.
Manufacturers contemplating the use of a botanical ingredient should very carefully evaluate the level of scientific support for its safety and its label claims, and should consider obtaining expert scientific and legal advice on how best to comply with FDA requirements. Careful prospective evaluation could save later, more substantial compliance costs.
by ANTHONY ANSCOMBE
Partner in the law firm of
Sedgwick, Detert, Moran & Arnold
Food Ingredients and Additives


my daughters, mainly my oldest daughter, who can spend hours entertaining herself looking at shirts and things with Chicken Quotes printed on them. She has accumulated an Amazon wish list so long that even when I use the page down button and barely glance at the items it takes days to get to the end. When she first started it I grew increasingly concerned with the seemingly odd behavior. She would sit hours in front of the Laptop, mumbling and chuckling at it, staring intently without blinking, occasionally blurting out "I got to have this!", all while barely even picking up her phone to text her friends. Something was seriously wrong! And then, after two days and getting the 10th Wishlist for Chicken Themed Shirts it finally hit me - she is infected! She's got OCCD, or better known in the Backyard Chicken Fanatic circles as "Obsessive Chicken Clothing Disorder." There is no known cure, other than actually ordering the stuff.
As for me - I am amazed. Little did I know that I could be decked out in chicken gear from the tip of my hair down to my pinky toe, complete with chicken nail decals. I could warm my toes in my rooster slippers, sip from my funny chicken quote mug, go to bed in my chicken pajamas, dream chicken dreams and then wake up the next morning to my Rooster alarm clock. Well, actually, now that I think about it, I don't believe I need to buy that one. We currently have an abundance of roosters, one of which has made it his mission to overnight on the front porch, just so he can jump-start my heart with his earsplitting crows when I trot out on the porch in the morning to gather the dog dishes. If I am half asleep when I go out there, I am usually fully awake within seconds, not just because of his cocka-doodle-doo but also because of the hot coffee I regularly spill on myself when I jump 3 feet in the air because he scares the chicken-you know what out of me.
and sit down for breakfast while perusing the newest issue of Poultry Magazine and Practical Poultry.
And that would just be the beginning of the day! Next I could shower behind Chicken curtains, dress in chicken themed socks, grab my chicken key chain, throw on my Chicken themed Shirt, pack my Rooster Lunchbox and, and..... Sigh. Life is good :-) Can't you just see a world where Chickens can cross the road without having their motives questioned and Chicken obsessed people can fuss over their feathery flock in full theme-gear ?
If you haven't checked out the full variety of merchandise out there for us Chicken Lovers then you should really spend an afternoon cruising the web for Chicken Themed Stuff. YOU WILL OPEN A BRAND NEW HORIZON FOR YOURSELF. Or, start a new addiction, I guess that depends on how you want to look at it.
I have assembled a photo gallery of the coolest stuff available out there for your enjoyment. Don't forget to check the shop pages for some beautiful Rooster and Chicken themed Gifts available right here in the store. And while you do that pour yourself some Red Rooster Coffee - it really is some of the best out there.


text:
Brownie Brown founder Shinichi Kameoka starts new studio
By Stephany Nunneley, Thursday, 14 February 2013 18:26 GMT
Brownie Brown founder Shinichi Kameoka has left the company, which was recently restructured and renamed 1-Up Studio, to form his own development studio. Kameoka has named it Brownies and a place holder has popped up on the firm's new website, teasing a full launch date of March 1. Thanks, Nintendo World Report.