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Home News Memes: The New Social Phenomenon
Memes: The New Social Phenomenon
Fatima Mirza
In an era where th e Internet reigns supreme in the lives of the young adults, you see them everywhere. Just log into your Facebook or Tumblr account and you'll see hundreds of the comic-like pictures. They are the memes—popular images and graphics that use various reoccurring themes to convey a humorous message viewers can often relate to.
Their origin can be traced to pioneering sites such as 4chan and Reddit, where they continue their spread at impressive rates. As ubiquitous as they are in multiple social networking platforms, this emerging social phenomena has both fascinated and puzzled researchers and marketing professionals alike. The rapid growth of memes of different forms have even prompted web sites in their honor, as well as a web series called "Know Your Meme" which was later adapted to a television show in March 2011, documenting the origin and rise of the most viral characters and images on the Web.
Some of the most popular memes incorporate reaction faces and phrases that make fun of everyday situations that would normally be considered serious. The Socially Awkward Penguin is in a meme category known as advice animals, which depicts an animals with a color wheel background. The Socially Awkward Penguin narrates uncomfortable encounters like "Start telling a joke…forget your punchline" and "You wave back. They weren't waving at you… pretend to adjust your hair." From its emergence in 2009, The Socially Awkward Penguin remains a popular meme.
The "Forever Alone" Guy is one of this kind, depicting a despondent looking Rage face on a dark blue background. Prior to the explosion of other meme categories, Rage Comics pioneered the imageboard of 4chan, one of the meme capitals of the Internet, portraying various demeanors and thoughts associated with certain situations. The rudimentary sketches that make up the Rage faces are what make the meme category comical to begin with, but the punchline, expressed in capital letters, add the real kick in mocking unfortunate social situations.
The "Forever Alone" Guy, in his own pitiful despair, pays particular homage to single individuals, but while it would normally be considered mean to poke fun at their relationship status, the point is to show that the best way to enjoy it is to be facetious about it. Some notable examples include "My girlfriend is like my iPad…. I don't have an iPad" and "I'm going to spend Valentine's Day with my Ex… Box 360." Since its rise in 2009, The "Forever Alone" Guy promoted the emergence of other Rage faces on 4chan and online comedy sites, such as the "Y U No" guy, a disgruntled character with its hands outstretched, speaking with broken grammar to voice frustration and the "Me Gusta" Guy, who is commonly found expressing satisfaction in awkward situations. Rage faces have expanded beyond single images to vertical comic strips and animations.
Due to their relateable appeal, the language that characterize Rage comic and advice animal memes, including broken grammar and SMS shorthand have been integrated into the way in which online users interact. While it is clear that such usage would be unfitting in a more formal setting, it has become commonplace in everyday conversation, which offers a plethora of benefits. For the more socially reserved, sharing GIFs online can help ease the transition into conversations. Similarly, memes may act as a medium to break the ice with a potential romantic interest, to express one's comedic side, or to convey that one is in the know in the Internet community. Broken phrases including "Y U No" and hashtags, or phrases used as tagging methods, may be terse, but speak volumes about the extent of an individual's involvement in social networking sites. Because memes have exploded into such a rampant social phenomenon, the most active age groups on the Internet, primarily adolescents and young adults, place high value on being a part of it. Thus, our generation uses memes as a tool to relate to each other in the social arena.
Recently, Facebook pages of memes have emerged dedicating the memes specific to the student experience at various universities. Since early February, UC Riverside has joined the craze, with students generating their own memes using online generators and sharing them on the UCR Memes page. Within 24 hours, over 1,700 users liked the page.
The First World Problems meme is among the scores of popular images, featuring the face of a young woman in tears, quibbling over frivolous problems that only privileged individuals would do. Judging from the many likes garnered, students have nonetheless identified with her: "Meets with Academic Advisor…ends up even more confused," and "The trolley service is cancelled. Now I have to walk to the UV." Other memes, such as the "Y U No" guy, have lamented, "Kmart on Iowa… Y U No Target." Another "Y U No" has the text, "UCR memes…Y U No let me sleep" encapsulates the social craze across the UC Riverside community.
Today, there are two Facebook pages for memes centered around the UCR experience. Both have reached well over 2,000 likes, and have been circulating on countless UCR student's pages. One meme that is specific to UCR is the image of the woman on classes.ucr.edu, which is paired with different texts that relate to campus life. The tone of the meme is to discuss problems UCR students encounter in a sarcastic manner, such as, "School budget crisis…hires Lil Jon to perform." Another reads, "Assigns you an early registration date…crashes GROWL when you log in."
As one can see, there are hundreds of memes revolving around the UCR experience. Some touch upon problems that students have with mobilenet, others are about disappointing UCR Dining experiences, even more about the pestering petitioners that approach students passing the Bell Tower.
Suffice it to say, memes serve as both a creative and comical medium to find commonalities with individuals of the same group. When asked about the reason behind his interest in memes, third year Jeffrey Reichenberger describes, "It's like an abridged story from a friend that's both funny and sad."
Senior Vivek Kommineni reasons, "They all have some truth behind it and most people like to laugh at themselves and say 'Oh, I guess it's true." Hence, it is no wonder that our students can spend over an hour scrolling through memes alone, with an addictiveness attributable to their tongue-in-cheek humor.
Nonetheless, the success of the meme depends on the right delivery. While some UCR memes have found success in mocking situations that pester the UCR student, others have been overlooked or deemed irrelevant. For the more involved Facebook user, it is advisable to follow the formula in generating memes: incorporate bold text and make sure the phrases are witty and short-and-sweet. Otherwise, you might just #FAIL or end up like the Socially Awkward Penguin.
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Lisa Marie Presley, 54, rushed to hospital after suffering sudden cardiac arrest (She has been announced dead) (Abomination Shot Adverse Event)
https://endtimeheadlines.org/2023/01/lisa-marie-presley-54-rushed-to-hospital-after-suffering-sudden-cardiac-arrest/
Lisa Marie Presley reportedly was rushed to a hospital Thursday after suffering cardiac arrest. EMTs responded to a call reporting a possible cardiac arrest at Presley's home in Calabasas, Calif., and upon arrival, paramedics performed CPR on the 54-year-old and administered epinephrine, TMZ reported, citing sources.
The outlet noted that first responders were able to find a pulse before Presley was transported to a nearby hospital. Her current condition remains unclear. During Butler's acceptance speech, which made headlines over the fact that he spoke still using Elvis' signature Southern drawl, the actor, 31, paid tribute to both Priscilla, 77, and Lisa Marie.
"The Presley family, thank you, guys, for opening your hearts, your memories, your home to me," he told the Tennessee natives. "Lisa Marie and Priscilla, I love you forever."
Pfizer Adverse Events Doc- cardiac (15 Findings), cardiac arrest (1 Finding)Download
The Depopulation Agenda Plan is commencing..
FDA no longer needs to require animal tests before human drug trials | Science | AAAS
FTX crypto exchange recovers $5 billion

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Home Special ArticlesArchived Articles	At the Movies: "Cloud Atlas" Is a Force to Be Reckoned With
At the Movies: "Cloud Atlas" Is a Force to Be Reckoned With
by admin November 2, 2012
by admin November 2, 2012 0 comment
Thirteen years ago, "The Matrix" was released, and its themes of oppression and revolution connected deeply with critics and audiences alike.
By Noah Gittell
Thirteen years ago, "The Matrix" was released, and its themes of oppression and revolution connected deeply with critics and audiences alike. The filmmakers – siblings Andy and Lana Wachowski – were similarly oppressed by its success and have spent the last decade failing to live up to it. But now their time has come. In the last several years, the spirit of revolution has come alive in America in the Tea Party and Occupy Wall Street, and Hollywood is finally taking notice. Themes of inequality and revolution are prevalent this year in "The Hunger Games", "The Dark Knight Rises", and "Les Miserables", among others. So, it is only natural this is the year the Wachowskis release "Cloud Atlas", their best film since "The Matrix", and that it revolves around the same themes that have always characterized their work.
"Cloud Atlas" is big, bombastic, and ambitious – and its newness will surely polarize audiences and critics alike. The plot is too enormous to describe, its themes are dense and immeasurable, and its feel … well, it feels unlike anything I have seen on film. It follows the structural template of a fairly new genre, the geopolitical drama; these films, like "Syriana" or "Babel", have large casts of characters who, while separated by age or geography, are all seeking the same things. But "Cloud Atlas" expands this world by leaps and bounds – eras and eons – with a story that encapsulates dozens of characters from the past, present, and future. While its purpose is sometimes difficult to grasp and its philosophy too bluntly stated at times, the sheer power of the film is overwhelming.
The film marks an unusual challenge for its cast, as each actor plays multiple roles. Tom Hanks plays a nuclear scientist in the 1970s, a tribesman in some unnamed future, and a British thug with a cockney accent. Hugh Grant appears as a sexist CEO, a sleazy restaurant manager, and an evil warlord. Jim Broadbent is the world's greatest composer and an aging book publisher. Halle Berry is an investigative reporter, the composer's wife, and an ambassador from the future.
Some of the actors even cross gender roles, and each of them portrays characters of varying age. Using actors in multiple roles to demonstrate the interconnectivity of life is a simple trick, but it works. Since each character is driven by the same things – namely, freedom and love – the actors are not required to create unique, fully developed characters. In a way, each actor plays his or her multiple roles as a singular soul, who displays emotional growth with each passing era. The Buddhist notions of karma and reincarnation factor heavily into the proceedings.
It is a lot to keep track of, but one of the miracles of "Cloud Atlas" is that it never confuses. The film is essentially a three-hour montage, as it cuts back and forth between storylines and eras, often with overlapping dialogue and narration. It may sound like an exhausting, head-swimming experience, but it holds together quite well and is not at all boring.
If the film has a failure, it's that its philosophy never quite sticks. At its worst, it recalls the "Matrix" sequels in which the films' philosophies were often stated directly in monologue instead of being dramatized. At times, "Cloud Atlas" suffers from the same malady, but the stories are so strong and the drama so compelling that this proves to be just a minor quibble.
And throughout, that spirit of revolution lifts the film from mere entertainment into what would best be termed a cathartic experience. The characters face down racism, sexism, ageism, bigotry, evil corporate schemes, and colonial domination. Even its most lighthearted sub-plot — of an elderly yet capable man who, after being wrongly imprisoned in a retirement home, plots his escape — burns with a palpable sense of purpose. Beneath its many stories beats a single soul, struggling and striving for freedom from oppression and love that is not bound by circumstance. To dig too deeply into its political subtext would be a fool's errand.
"Cloud Atlas" is not meant to be analyzed, dissected or parsed for political content, but loved, hated, fiercely defended or passionately rebuked. And if that doesn't make you want to see it, then why go to the movies at all?
My Rating: See it in the Theater
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it increased the forward projection of my chin. im overlaying and animating the transition in photoshop rn. i will make a thread in a little while.
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If Ads Don't Work, Can Publishers Strike Subscription Gold?
Erin Griffith
A new crop of startups wants readers, rather than advertisers, to fund internet content.
Tony Haile spent seven years trying to save the internet from click-based hell. As CEO of Chartbeat, a software and data provider to publishers, he showed editors, in real time, which stories were "trending" on their sites. He hoped the information would convince media companies and advertisers that their primary way of doing business online—through banner ads, sold through split-second digital auctions for fractions of pennies—could not last. At industry conferences, he presented chart after chart showing the emerging duopoly of Facebook and Google, the commoditization of quality journalism, and the perils of clickbait content strategies.
It was hard to disagree. Analysts estimate that Google and Facebook captured all, or virtually all, of the growth in digital ads last year. Elsewhere, readers don't look at display ads, let alone click on them. The average clickthrough rate is a measly 0.05 percent, so publishers covered their sites with increasingly obtrusive ads. In 2016, the use of ad blockers increased by 30 percent, according to PageFair, which tracks the data. Meanwhile, advertisers are increasingly concerned about paying for fraudulent clicks from bots or seeing their ads next to offensive content. Despite these challenges, Chartbeat's solution—selling ads based on metrics like time spent and engagement—failed to catch on.
"Change is remarkably slow," Haile says of the publishing industry. "[It] was like I saw someone on the street having a heart attack and I was going up and telling them to eat vegetables. It's a good long-term plan, but it wasn't going to get us where we needed to go fast enough." In 2016, he stepped down as CEO of Chartbeat.
Now Haile is back with a new company that's tackling the same problem very differently. Rather than lobby advertisers to pay more to appear near quality content, he wants to convince media consumers to pay. Scroll, his subscription-based startup, plans to launch early next year. "I guess I'm a glutton for punishment," he says.
Scroll is part of a growing class of venture-backed companies that see subscriptions as a way to absolve the internet of its original sin, advertising. Many are aimed at smaller publishers. But these newcomers arrive as major media brands, including Spotify, The New York Times, and The Washington Post report growing revenue streams from subscriptions.
Ever since the first banner ad ran on an early version of Wired.com in 1994, advertising has been the dominant way to make money from internet content. As the 1998 book Burn Rate outlines, "Wired's stature in the Internet community, and Time's stature in the advertising community nearly overnight made advertising part of everyone's plans for the Web." Publishers gave the product away for free to amass scale, then sold ads against clicks. In 2016 advertisers spent $72.5 billion on digital ads in the US.
In the '90s, no one foresaw the fraud, commoditization, ad blockers, brand-safety issues, or clickbait battles that now trouble the industry. The swirl of problems, combined with the media industry's revenue struggles, has conjured descriptions of an industry that's "off the rails," facing a "moral struggle," and in danger of a "subprime advertising crisis." Even industry insiders join the self-loathing. Consider a recent Advertising Week conference panel titled "We Must Be Able to Do Better Than This." One venture capitalist has called digital advertising "a prank the tech industry played on the media industry."
The Crisis of Attention Theft—Ads That Steal Your Time for Nothing in Return
Google and Facebook Still Reign Over Digital Advertising
Davey Alba
Ad-Blocking Just Might Save the Ad Industry
Hence the renewed interest in subscriptions, despite the model's mixed past record. Paid social networks like App.net and Diaspora flamed out despite hype, while subscription content startups such as Andrew Sullivan's The Dish struggled or remained niche. The newcomers include Patreon, whose software platform allows bloggers, YouTubers, and podcasters to collect pledges directly from their fans. The site now has more than 50,000 creators, some of whom earn six figures a year. (Patreon takes a 5 percent commission.) "If you're an aggregator like Google or Facebook, then ads are a great way to make money, but if you are a person who has a blog with 20,000 readers every month and you monetize it with ads, you make maybe $150 a month," says CEO Jack Conte. "That's a basketball stadium full of people waiting to read your next thing, and you only get $150. It's been clear that doesn't work."
In September, Patreon raised $60 million in new venture funding from Thrive Capital, valuing the company, founded in 2013, at a reported $450 million. Conte says investors are excited about subscription businesses because the revenue is predictable, and companies like his have shown that the model can work. "The idea that people want to pay for content is no longer a question. It's a proven theory," he says.
Thrive Capital partner Chris Paik says Patreon's pledges work better than paywalls for sites with small but passionate audiences. Patreon subscribers don't gain access to exclusive content—they subscribe because they want to support the creator. Twitch, another Thrive Capital investment that sold to Amazon for almost $1 billion in 2014, used a similar model.
San Francisco-based Scribd started 10 years ago as a free document-sharing site, amassing 100 million monthly visitors to its document database. That's a sizable audience, but it's a rounding error for Facebook and Google. After trying "just about every business model" from advertising to a la carte payments, CEO Trip Adler says subscriptions have proved the most effective. Now 500,000 subscribers pay Scribd $8.99 per month to access books and articles through its app.
It took Evan Williams almost two decades and three companies—each aimed at giving people tools to communicate their ideas—to learn the same lesson. His first startup, publishing platform Blogger, sold to Google early in its development. The second, Twitter, is responsible for some of the most incredible and horrible content on the internet, supported by a $2.5 billion advertising business. The third, Medium, started as a fancy version of Blogger before expanding into ad-supported journalism and content creation. Medium was an early partner in Chartbeat's experiment selling ads based on engagement. In January, Medium morphed again, laying off one-third of its staff and adopting a subscription model.
Williams acknowledges that Medium has had the luxury of time (five years) and money ($132 million raised) to find a business model. Its current approach—putting a portion of its content behind a paywall and asking people to pay $5 per month—is no sure bet. But Williams believes it's inevitable that people will pay for digital content, noting that "the whole world is going this way." He hopes Medium's ad-free content and personalized recommendations will persuade readers to pay for the service. Without sharing subscription rates, he says "the signs are good that it's working."
Other startups chasing subscription gold continue to crop up. SubStack, which offers subscription software for publishers, plans to launch with its first client this month. DoubleBounce, a payments platform for internet creators founded by a former Chartbeat employee, launched last year.
Haile's Scroll may be the most radical of the pack. The company plans to charge $5 a month to read content from its partners without ads. The fee is intended to compensate publishers for forgoing ads on those pages. The model is similar to Spotify, where anyone can stream music on the site for free, but 60 million Spotify Premium members pay $9.99 per month to listen without ad interruptions. Haile's cofounder, Sachin Doshi, was VP of content and distribution at Spotify for five years. Scroll is in the process of inking deals with 40 publishers.
Yes, these are many of the same publishers that didn't heed Haile's warnings at Chartbeat. This time, he says, the publishing industry is more open to change and eager for additional revenue sources to supplement advertising. "There's a growing understanding that the idea of monocultural approach to revenue among publishers is not the future," he says. "You're going to need a bunch of different ways to make money as you go."
TopicsInternetPublishingAdvertising


... a green saphire in the blue waters of the Adriatic!
You'll find the island of Korcula in the central archipelago of Dalmatia.
It covers an area of about 280 square kilometers and contains a modest population of 17,038 people. Klupca and Kom are the two highest peaks, at 568 m and 510 m respectively.
The island offers the visitor a temperate climate with an average January temperature of 9.8 degrees and July highs of up to 26.9 degrees.
Most of the island is rich in the flora of the Mediterranean, although certain areas contain pine forests. The majority of the local economy focuses on farming, wine, fishing, shipbuilding, and tourism.
Summer tourists have been flocking to the island for many years, while visitors coming to experience boating on the blue waters surrounding Korcula has grown in popularity only recently.
The main towns situated along the coast of the island include Korcula, Lumbarda, Vela Luka, and Raciste. Located in the interior are Blato, Zrnovo, Smokvica, Cara and Pupnat.
The island's regional road connects most of these destinations - you can reach the island itself by ferry from the Croatian mainland.
This beautiful island in the Mediterranean has a long and storied past, going back to the Neolithic era and the Bronze Age. The Greeks colonized the area as well during the 5th and 6th centuries BC. At this point in history the island was called Korkyra Melaina.
Then the Romans took over in 35 BC - you can still see parts of ancient Roman settlements in the area of Lumbarda, Vela Luka, Blago and on Pelegrin. In 493 AD the island was transferred over to the rule of the state of Ostrogoth, going to Byzantine rule in 555.
As the 9th century rolled around, the Nerentani took over until the year 1000 when Venice ruled over the land in the vicinity. In 1180 the Hungarian-Croatian king ruled it, and from 1221 onward there were several rulers in charge from places as diverse as Venice, Bosnia, and the Dubrovnik Republic in the 15th century.
The island was often the center of attack from the Turks and pirates at the beginning of the 18th century, which is why important spots on the island were fortified to provide protection to the residents. In fact, the town was heavily fortified.
Essentially, the island went through many different rulers and kingdoms as the history of the region unfolded over the centuries, even coming under the rule of Italy in recent history between 1918-1921. It was then annexed to Croatia.
The town of Korcula is in the center of the island and boasts a diverse and interesting cultural heritage. You can view the town ramparts to get a feel for the type of fortification system that was set up to protect the town, and walk through the old streets.
The town is a popular tourist destination in southern Croatia. The local economy consists of shipbuilding, especially in Vela Luka, as well as stone cutting. This involves the extraction of white marble from a quarry on the east coast.


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\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}

Current versions of TCP \cite{rfc793} like TCP--CUBIC \cite{ha_rhee_xu:2008} and Compound--TCP \cite{tan_song_zhang_sridharan:2005} use elaborate techniques to avoid and to cope with network congestion, which is the main reason for packet losses in wired networks. However, the increasing deployment of wireless networks like IEEE-802.11 (WLAN) or IEEE-802.16 (WiMAX) imposes new challenges on TCP as a reliable transport protocol. In wireless networks, packet losses can occur due to effects like shadowing, interference, and multipath propagation to mention only a few. The problem is, that TCP in all it's current implementations reacts on packet losses with some congestion avoidance strategy, thus reducing throughput and transmission round--trip time.

During the last few years, network coding became a prominent field of interest in the communications- and coding community. The main idea is to view packets as elements of an algebraic structure, e.g. a finite field or a vector space. Then, packet losses correspond to erasures and there exist well--known algebraic techniques to correct them. The most important example of this approach is probably random network coding \cite{ho_koetter_medard_karger_effros:2003} based on the Rank metric \cite{silva_kschischang_koetter:2007, silva_kschischang:2007a, koetter_kschischang:2008}, the corresponding codes are frequently called Rank-- or Gabidulin codes \cite{gabidulin:1985, gabidulin_bossert:2008, bossert_gabidulin:2009}.
In this paper we follow a different approach for network coding, first proposed by Kabatiansky and Krouk \cite{kabatiansky_krouk_semenov:2005} and further developed and extended by Sidorenko et al. \cite{sidorenko_shen_krouk_bossert:2008}.
It utilizes MDS codes and the traditional Hamming metric. With MDS codes, it is possible to correct errors and erasures, the tradeoff parameter between the two can be selected by the system designer.

The idea of combining TCP with network coding was first presented by Sundararajan et al. \cite{sundararajan_sha_medard_mitzenmacher_barros:2008}, following the Rank metric approach.
We complement their work by following the Hamming metric approach and by introducing a new {\em MDS Network Coding layer (NC layer)} between the IP and TCP layer.
The NC layer is transparent to the established layers which enables an easy deployment.

The paper is organized as follows. In Section~\ref{sec:MDS} we explain MDS codes and show their most important property for network coding. In Section~\ref{sec:layer}
we explain the NC layer together with algorithmic descriptions of the transmitter and receiver sides. The properties and capabilities of TCP with the NC layer are
investigated in Section~\ref{sec:sim} by simulation. We also analyze how network coding--capable nodes affect a mixed network environment.

\section{Maximum Distance Separable (MDS) Codes}\label{sec:MDS}

Let $\vec{a}:=(a_0, \ldots, a_{n-1})$ and $\vec{b}:=(b_0, \ldots, b_{n-1})$ be two vectors over an extended Galois field $\ensuremath{\mathbbm{F}}_q$ with $q=2^m$
where $m$ is a non-negative integer.
The {\em Hamming distance} $\Hd{\vec{a}, \vec{b}}$ is defined as the number of differing coordinates of $\vec{a}$ and $\vec{b}$, i.e.
\begin{equation*}
\Hd{\vec{a}, \vec{b}}:=\vert\{i:a_i\neq b_i, 0\leq i\leq n-1\}\vert.
\end{equation*}

Let $\mathcal C$ be a subspace of $\ensuremath{\mathbbm{F}}_q^n$ with dimension $k$.
Define the {\em minimum distance $\ensuremath{d_\mathrm{min}}$} as
\begin{equation*}
\ensuremath{d_\mathrm{min}}:=\min_{\vec{a}, \vec{b}\in {\mathcal C}}\{\Hd{\vec{a}, \vec{b}}\}.
\end{equation*}
Then, $\ensuremath{\mathcal{C}}(q;n,k, \ensuremath{d_\mathrm{min}}) := {\mathcal C}$ is called a $q$-nary linear block code of length $n$, dimension $k$ and minimum distance $\ensuremath{d_\mathrm{min}}$.

One basic result of Coding Theory is the {\em Singleton Bound}, which bounds the minimum distance for given code length and dimension. The following results were established in \cite{singleton:1964}, see also \cite{macwilliams_sloane:1992}.

\begin{theorem}[Singleton Bound]
The minimum distance of a block code $\ensuremath{\mathcal{C}}(q; n, k, \ensuremath{d_\mathrm{min}})$ is bounded by
\begin{equation*}
\ensuremath{d_\mathrm{min}}\leq n-k+1.
\end{equation*}
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
By definition of $\ensuremath{d_\mathrm{min}}$ there are no two codewords in $\ensuremath{\mathcal{C}}$ with $\ensuremath{d_\mathrm{min}}$ coinciding coordinates, but there might be codewords with $\ensuremath{d_\mathrm{min}}-1$ coinciding coordinates. Their quantity is at most $q^{n-\ensuremath{d_\mathrm{min}}+1}$. The total number of codewords must be smaller or equal than this quantity, hence $q^k\leq q^{n-\ensuremath{d_\mathrm{min}}+1}$.
\end{proof}

An interesting subset of the block codes are those, that have maximum possible minimum distance.

\begin{definition}[MDS Code]
A block code $\ensuremath{\mathcal{C}}(q; n, k, \ensuremath{d_\mathrm{min}})$ is called {\em Maximum Distance Separable (MDS)} if it fulfills the Singleton Bound with equality, i.e.
\begin{equation*}
\ensuremath{d_\mathrm{min}}= n-k+1.
\end{equation*}
\end{definition}

It can be shown that there are no MDS codes over $\ensuremath{\mathbbm{F}}_2$ besides the repetition codes, the single parity check codes and the codes without any redundancy. Probably, the most important MDS codes are the {\em Reed--Solomon (RS)} codes \cite{reed_solomon:1960, macwilliams_sloane:1992} over $\ensuremath{\mathbbm{F}}_q$ with $q>2$. In our considerations, we will always assume that $q$ is a power of two, i.e. $q=2^m$. In this case, Elements of $\ensuremath{\mathbbm{F}}_q$ can be represented by binary vectors of length $m$. We do not use any of the code's properties in this paper except that they are MDS.

The core of our proposed scheme is the following well--known property of MDS codes.

\begin{theorem}\label{theorem:k-is-enough}
If $\ensuremath{\mathcal{C}}(q; n, k, \ensuremath{d_\mathrm{min}})$ is an MDS code, then any $k$ coordinates of $\vec{c}\in\ensuremath{\mathcal{C}}$ unambiguously determine $\vec{c}$.
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
We have $\ensuremath{d_\mathrm{min}}=n-k+1$, hence in any codeword at most $k-1$ positions can coincide. Thus any $k$ positions uniquely determine the codeword.
\end{proof}

This allows the following procedure. Assume that a binary message of length $kq$ bit should be transmitted. Let us denote a symbol from $\ensuremath{\mathbbm{F}}_q$ as a {\em segment}. The binary message can be considered as an information vector containing $k$ segments. Theses segments can be encoded into $n\geq k$ segments using an MDS code $\ensuremath{\mathcal{C}}(q; n, k, \ensuremath{d_\mathrm{min}})$. The resulting $n$ segments are transmitted over a network. Then, by Theorem~\ref{theorem:k-is-enough}, the receiver is able to reconstruct the $n$ segments if it receives {\bf arbitrary} $k$ segments.

\section{Network Coding Layer}\label{sec:layer}

We are now ready to explain our proposed scheme for End--to--End algebraic network coding based on MDS codes. It works as a transparent new layer between the Internet and the Transport layer of the Internet protocol stack \cite{rfc1122:1989}, see Figure~\ref{fig:stack}. Transparent means that the functionality of the NC layer is hidden to the existing layers, which simplifies deployment in existing networks.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=150pt]{stack}
\caption{The Internet protocol stack extended by the NC layer.}
\label{fig:stack}
\end{figure}

In our considerations, we identify the Transport layer with the TCP layer and the Internet Layer with the IP layer.
For simplicity, we assume a half duplex communication, i.e that payload data is only transmitted in one direction.
Further we assume that the connection setup and termination is always initiated by the transmitter side TCP instance.
The generalization to full duplex is straightforward and does not yield any additional insights.

Connection management segments like SYN or FIN usually pass the NC layer in a transparent manner. However, such segments invoke some special connection management segment handling routines, see Section~\ref{subsec:conman} for details about connection management.

At the transmitter, data segments arriving from the TCP are buffered until $k$ segments are in the buffer. As soon as the
buffer contains $k$ segments (the information vector), they are encoded\footnote{See Section~\ref{subsec:header} for details
about which parts of the TCP segments are encoded.} into $n$ segments (the codeword) using an MDS code $\ensuremath{\mathcal{C}}(q; n, k, \ensuremath{d_\mathrm{min}})$.
The parameters $q$ and $k$ of the code must be chosen such that their product $kq$ matches the data segment sizes arriving from the TCP.

To cope with this restriction the NC instance has to change the \emph{Maximum Segment Size (MSS)} parameter \cite{rfc879}
offered by the receiving TCP instance during the connection negotiation If the transmitting TCP instance uses segment
sizes less than the (modified) MSS, the NC layer has to pad the data.
Another approach would be to implement a strategy for segmenting in the NC layer.
For convenience we assume in the following that the TCP instance always uses segments with size equal to the MSS.

After encoding, the $n$ segments are passed to the IP layer.
At the receiver, the NC layer acknowledges every received segment from the IP layer. It collects up to $k$ segments in a buffer.
This quantity is sufficient for decoding since $\ensuremath{\mathcal{C}}$ bears the MDS property. After decoding, the NC layer hands the decoded $k$ segments (the segments which arrived from the TCP at the transmitter) to the receiver side TCP.

Back at the transmitter, the NC layer counts the acknowledgments of coded segments. If their number is greater than some system parameter which we call the {\em speculative ACK threshold}, then the NC layer acknowledges all $k$ data segments to the TCP. This is a {\em speculative acknowledgment} since at this time the receiver side TCP did not necessarily receive all the $k$ data segments -- some might still be stuck within the NC layer. However, the receiver side NC layer will be able to reconstruct the missing data segments from one of the following received codewords. Our simulations show that this happens very fast if the system parameters are chosen appropriately.

The NC layer behavior at the transmitter and receiver is shown in Algorithms~\ref{alg:transmitter} and \ref{alg:receiver}, respectively.
Note that the procedures handle\_TCP\_handshake() and handle\_TCP\_teardown() are both capable of handling incoming SYN segments from TCP and IP.

\begin{algorithm}[htbp]
{%

  \While{true}
  {

    $\mathrm{buffer} \leftarrow [\;]$\;
    $\mathrm{ACKcount} \leftarrow 0$\;

    \While{$\vert \mathrm{buffer} \vert < k$}
    {
      receive TCP segment from TCP\;

      \If{TCP segment is SYN}
      {
        handle\_TCP\_handshake()\;
      }
      \ElseIf{TCP segment is FIN}
      {
        handle\_TCP\_teardown()\;
        reset NC layer\;
      }
      \ElseIf{TCP segment is RST}
      {
        forward segment to IP\;
        reset NC layer\;
      }
      \Else
      {
        put TCP segment into buffer\;
      }

    }

    encode $k$ TCP segments into $n$ NC segments\;
    hand over the $n$ NC segments to IP\;

    \While{$\mathrm{ACKcount} < s$}
    {
      receive NC acknowledgment from IP\;
      $\mathrm{ACKcount} \leftarrow \mathrm{ACKcount} + 1$\:
    }

    acknowledge all buffered segments to TCP\;

  }

}
\caption{Network Coding Layer at the Transmitter}
\label{alg:transmitter}
\end{algorithm}

\begin{algorithm}[htbp]
{%

  \While{true}
  {

    $\mathrm{buffer} \leftarrow [\;]$\;

    \While{$\vert \mathrm{buffer} \vert < k$}
    {

      receive NC segment from IP\;

      \If{NC segment is SYN}
      {
        handle\_TCP\_handshake()\;
      }
      \ElseIf{NC segment is FIN}
      {
        handle\_TCP\_teardown()\;
        reset NC layer\;
      }
      \ElseIf{NC segment is RST}
      {
        forward segment to TCP\;
        reset NC layer\;
      }
      \Else
      {
        put NC segment into buffer\;
      }

       hand over NC acknowledgment to IP\;
    }

    decode $k$ NC segments into $n$\;
    extract $k$ information segments, hand over to TCP\;
    discard TCP acknowledgment\;

  }

}
\caption{Network Coding Layer at the Receiver}
\label{alg:receiver}
\end{algorithm}

After the coarse description of the NC layer, we now focus on some details. The NC layer copies most of the TCP layer's functionalities,
 e.g. sequence numbers and the header structure. The following subsections deal with the relations, similarities and differences between the NC and the TCP layer.

\subsection{Header Structure}\label{subsec:header}

The NC layer protocol reuses parts of the TCP header without any modification. To reduce protocol overhead, these common header parts can be
stripped off the TCP header before encoding of the TCP segments. They can be easily reconstructed at the receiver side by simple extraction from the NC header. The common and stripped--off header parts are source port, destination port, all control flags except ACK, and sequence number. See notes about the latter one in Section~\ref{subsec:seqnum}. The reused and stripped--off header fields are blue shaded in Figure~\ref{fig:headers}.

The remaining TCP header fields are not required by the NC layer. Thus, they are not part of the NC layer header and become part of the encoded TCP segment, i.e. the NC layer payload data. The TCP header fields which are encoded include acknowledgment number, offset, reserved, window, checksum, urgent pointer and options. They are non-shaded on the left-hand side of Figure~\ref{fig:headers}.

Besides the reused TCP header fields, the NC layer adds two additional header fields, i.e. symbol indicator (symb.) and NC options.
The new fields are yellow shaded on the right-hand side of Figure~\ref{fig:headers}. The symbol indicator is responsible
to determine the position of a segment within an MDS codeword, for details see the following section.
The NC options are not used in the current basic version of our protocol. They might be used to signal adaptions
of code rate or speculative ACK threshold in later versions.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=252pt]{headers}
\caption{Header structure of the TCP (left) and NC (right) layers.}
\label{fig:headers}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Sequence Numbers and Acknowledgments}\label{subsec:seqnum}

We have already mentioned the symbol indicator field in the previous section. In the TCP layer, the sequence number is responsible to order segments at the receiver side. The sequence number is incremented by one for each transmitted segment. Consider an information vector consisting of $k$ TCP segments. The position of each TCP segment is uniquely determined by it's sequence number. But now the information vector is encoded into a codeword consisting of $n$ segments. The NC layer should be able to uniquely determine the position of each segment, this is achieved by the symbol indicator field.

The procedure is as follows: The first $k$ segments of an MDS codeword simply copy the sequence numbers from TCP to their NC sequence number field. Their symbol indicator field is set to all zeros. The remaining $n-k$ segments share the sequence number of the $k$-th segment but their symbol indicator field is incremented by one for each segment. Simple concatenation of sequence number and symbol indicator provides unique identification of each segment's position within an MDS codeword. More precisely, let $\mu$ denote the TCP sequence number and $\nu$ the symbol indicator. Then the value $2^8 \mu+\nu$ uniquely determines the position of each segment.

The length of the symbol indicator field is $8$ bit, hence an MDS codeword can contain at most $256$ redundancy segments. This bounds the minimal code rate by
\begin{equation*}
R=\frac{k}{n}=\frac{k}{k+(n-k)}\geq\frac{k}{k+256}\geq\frac{1}{257},
\end{equation*}
which seems to be sufficient for all practical applications.

No TCP acknowledgments are transmitted over an NC enabled network. On the receiver side, any TCP acknowledgments are discarded immediately. On the transmitter side, the TCP acknowledgments are ''transmitted'' only between the NC and the TCP layers. Hence, the ACK flag is the only flag which is not reused and stripped off before encoding. It is overwritten by the NC layer and used for NC acknowledgment segments, i.e. NC layer segments with empty payload transmitted from the receiver to the transmitter.

\subsection{Connection Management}\label{subsec:conman}
Besides the change of the MSS, the NC layer does not introduce any new routines for connection setup and teardown.
This functions are inherited from the TCP layer.
If any connection management segment is detected by the NC layer it starts the corresponding routine.
In case of a TCP teardown or a connection reset, the NC layer schedules a self--reset immediately.
The result of this is that the TCP and the NC layer share a common state for the full duration of a connection.

\section{Simulation Results}\label{sec:sim}

In this section we give simulation results to obtain some insights in the general behavior,
 advantages and disadvantages of the proposed End--to--End algebraic network coding based on MDS codes scheme.
 All simulations were done using the network simulator NS--2 \cite{ns-2} and a basic network topology with one bottleneck link, see Figure~\ref{fig:topology}. Traffic is generated by two FTP sources A1 and A2 which transmit to sinks S1 and S2, respectively. The bottleneck in this setup is link N3$\rightarrow$N4, with a reduced data rate of only 1 Mbit/s. NC layer segments are erased within the network with probability {\em PER (packet erasure rate)}.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=210pt]{topology}
\caption{Basic network topology for throughput and fairness simulations.}
\label{fig:topology}
\end{figure}

For all simulations we have used an algebraic code with rate $R=k/n=1/2$ and MDS property. We refrain from giving the detailed code parameters here since this section is devoted to the general behavior of the NC scheme.

Figure~\ref{fig:comparison} compares the achievable network throughput in TCP segments per second for a range of PER values. As expected, the NC--enabled TCP is outperformed by traditional TCP in channels with low PER. However, when the channel state deteriorates the traditional TCP throughput quickly falls below the NC--enabled version's throughput, which remains more or less constant over the full PER range. This gives rise to a natural extension of the NC scheme, which adapts the coding rate according to the current state of the channel. The NC options field in the NC layer header can be utilized for this purpose, see Section~\ref{subsec:header}.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=252pt]{TCP_NC_comp}
\caption{Throughput comparison between NC--enabled TCP and traditional TCP for a range of packet erasure probabilities.}
\label{fig:comparison}
\end{figure}

The throughput gain of NC--enabled TCP can be interpreted as follows. In a traditional TCP environment, the protocol copes with increased PER by retransmission of non-acknowledged segments by {\em adaptive repeat request (ARQ)}. This causes a significant amount of delay, especially when the PER is very high. The NC--enabled TCP's strategy to cope with increased PER is to send redundant segments in advance, such that the receiver is not required to wait for requested retransmissions even if segments were erased in the network. Depending on the round trip time and the selected code parameters, this enables the NC--enabled TCP to achieve a higher throughput than traditional TCP as shown by our simulations.

Besides throughput, the most important performance measure of the NC--enabled TCP is fairness, i.e. how fair available network capacities are distributed among the transmitting nodes of a network. We should distinguish between fairness
\begin{itemize}
\item of the NC--enabled TCP against traditional TCP and
\item of a pure NC--enabled environment.
\end{itemize}
The fairness simulation results for both cases are shown in Figure~\ref{fig:nc_vs_tcp} and Figure~\ref{fig:nc_vs_nc}, respectively. In both figures, two connections are active over the bottleneck link. In terms of Figure~\ref{fig:topology} this means that node A1 is transmitting to node S1 and node A2 is transmitting to node S2.

In the NC/TCP case of Figure~\ref{fig:nc_vs_tcp}, it can be seen that NC--enabled TCP does not behave fair against traditional TCP. It dominates the bottleneck link and at any time instance achieves a higher throughput compared to traditional TCP. However, traditional TCP still can use a constant and non-zero share of the bottleneck's capacity, and hence gradual deployment of NC--enabled TCP is still feasible.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=252pt]{nc_vs_tcp}
\caption{Fairness comparison in a mixed environment where the traditional TCP transmission starts before the NC--enabled TCP transmission.}
\label{fig:nc_vs_tcp}
\end{figure}

In the NC/NC case of Figure~\ref{fig:nc_vs_nc}, we observe that after a short balancing period, both NC--enabled TCP links receive approximately the same share of the bottleneck's capacity. Thus, our scheme can be considered as fair in a homogeneous environment.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=252pt]{nc_vs_nc}
\caption{Fairness comparison in an NC--enabled TCP environment.}
\label{fig:nc_vs_nc}
\end{figure}

For reference, we also give fairness simulation results for a pure traditional TCP environment in Figure~\ref{fig:tcp_vs_tcp}.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=252pt]{tcp_vs_tcp}
\caption{Fairness comparison in a traditional TCP environment.}
\label{fig:tcp_vs_tcp}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusions}
In this paper we proposed a network coding scheme based on MDS codes for application in TCP/IP networks over wireless links. A new layer between the IP and TCP layers was introduced, which hides segment losses caused by the data link layer to the TCP. This is achieved by encoding a set of $k$ TCP segments into a larger set $n$ of encoded NC layer segments and transmitting the larger set. The receiver is then able to reconstruct all $n$ segments by receiving an arbitrary subset of cardinality $k$ by using the MDS property of the used code.

By simulations it was shown that the throughput of a connection is superior compared to traditional TCP if the packet erasure probability is sufficiently large.

Furthermore, the fairness between two TCP streams was studied. It turns out that an NC--enabled TCP stream dominates a traditional TCP stream. However, the fairness property is retained if both streams use NC--enabled TCP.

The proposed network coding scheme rises up an abundance of new research questions. First, optimal code parameters should be derived for realistic settings, i.e. the product of symbol length and dimension should match the average segment size of TCP to avoid padding. Second, the scheme should be modified such that it can adapt to the channel conditions. It is counter-productive to apply encoding of segments when the packet erasure rate is small and in this case the coding rate bounds the achievable throughput. In an adaptive version of the scheme, the code rate might be adapted such that high rates (in the extremal case even code rate $R=1$ which means no encoding at all) are used at low packet erasure rates and smaller code rates are used in the opposite case. Third, one might think about exploiting the error correction capabilities of the utilized MDS codes, i.e. to cope with maliciously introduced packet errors.

\def\noopsort#1{}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
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Album review: TOSELAND – Cradle The Rage
Posted on March 7, 2016 by jason
Share the post "Album review: TOSELAND – Cradle The Rage"
52 Music [Release date 11.03.16]
Second album from the band Toseland, the band fronted by James Toseland, who switched bikes for the stage and music. The band's debut album, Renegade' gained favourable reviews including our own David Wilson who gave it a four star review. Since then the band have appeared at various festivals and their own successful headline tours.
Album number two and Toby Jepson is still at the production helm, plus co-writer with James Toseland and Mike Fraser (Bryan Adams/Motley Crue) handles mixing duties. The album reminded me of Little Angels, notably on the ballad 'Fingers Burned', no real surprise given Toby Jepson's involvement.
'Puppet On A Chain' is the lead track and rightly so as it is so damn catchy. One of the songs of the year and no mistake. Mind you 'Livin' A Lie' could be a another featured song as again it has a massive hook filled chorus, plus an OTT guitar solo, superb stuff. Loving the drums on the album too, Joe Yoshida belts it out none more so on 'Nothin' You Can Do About It' and listen to those cymbals crashing all over it.
A real party rock album – crank up the speakers and enjoy from start to finish. He was a champion at bike racing and he is making a damn good go of it in the music business. ****
Review by Jason Ritchie
This entry was posted in ALBUM REVIEWS, ALBUM REVIEWS (Mobile), All Posts and tagged album, Cradle The Rage, hard rock, James Toseland, Little Angels, review, rock, Toby Jepsson, Toseland. Bookmark the permalink.
Album review: SPIRITUAL BEGGARS – Sunrise To Sundown
Album review: THE GRAND – The Rebel Son
Album review: ALAN REED – Honey On The Razor's Edge
Album review: CADO BELLE – Cado Belle (reissue)
Album review: THE MOODY BLUES – In Search Of The Lost Chord (50th Anniversary edition)


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text:
Win A Pro Documentary On Friday
Samsung's Win A Pro Contract competition is the subject of a ground-breaking two-part documentary on Sky Sports One this Friday (May 23), kicking off a weekend of Football League action.
The first episode of 'Pro Contract – The Football Dream' will air at 5:00pm on Sky Sports One, followed by Episode Two at 5:30pm. Sky Sports One will repeat the two episodes on Saturday (May 24) and Sunday (May 25) at 1pm, just before the Football League Play-Off Finals get underway.
Samsung's nationwide competition, offering three talented amateur footballers the chance to win a one-year professional contract with partner clubs Leyton Orient, Swindon Town and Wycombe Wanderers, has just completed its fourth season.
A record breaking 5,700 players entered this year's competition, launched by Matt Le Tissier in June 2013, and now three talented players have been chosen by Russell Slade, Mark Cooper and Gareth Ainsworth to sign with their respective clubs next season.
Winger Nathan Evans 19, of Middlesbrough, will join Wycombe Wanderers, defender Josue Antonio, 18, of Mitcham, will sign up with the Swindon Town squad and midfielder Jake Burgess, 16, from Salisbury, will join League 1 Play-Off Final contenders Leyton Orient.
Kicking off with the first round of tense trials back in November 2013, the documentary will feature interviews with players, coaches and managers involved in the process, including QPR striker Charlie Austin who supported the Finalists at Orient's Matchroom Stadium in March.
'Pro Contract – The Football Dream' will document the highs and lows of hopefuls chasing their dream, and will provide a rare insight behind-the-scenes of what it takes to become a professional footballer, and how it finally feels to achieve that dream.
Transmission details:
? Pro Contract – The Football Dream, Episode One, Friday May 23, 5:00pm, Sky Sports 1 HD
? Pro Contract – The Football Dream, Episode Two, Friday May 23, 5:30pm, Sky Sports 1 HD
? Pro Contract – The Football Dream, Episode One, Saturday May 24, 1pm, Sky Sports 1 HD
? Pro Contract – The Football Dream, Episode Two, Saturday May 24, 1:30pm, Sky Sports 1 HD
? Pro Contract – The Football Dream, Episode One, Sunday May 25, 1pm, Sky Sports 1 HD
? Pro Contract – The Football Dream, Episode Two, Sunday May 25, 1:30pm, Sky Sports 1 HD
Streaming Pass: Forest Green Rovers in E10
After a third straight league win against Morecambe, The O's will continue their run of winning home games - and look to add another three points.
access_time 7 hours ago
INTERVIEW: Nick Freeman Joins Leyton Orient On Loan
Leyton Orient's newest loan signing Nick Freeman has spoken about his switch to The O's, and why it was such a good fit for him.
access_time 1 day ago
MAGUIRE-DREW JOINS CRAWLEY ON LOAN
JMD loaned to Crawley.


Looking for the antecedents, the triggers, the underlying causes for health problems is the backbone of functional health. Approaching these conditions, with all of their pinpoint, specific symptoms, as a larger entity. Solving not just the symptoms, but the very root of the problems. Diseases and ailments such as diabetes and arthritis have causes that can be treated and through that treatment the symptoms addressed. The Broken Brain docuseries from Dr. Mark Hyman is one of the newest, best tools to do just that.
A keystone to the school of thought of functional medicine is the mind-body connection, it's where we took our name from. Approaching the body as an entire entity of linked subsystems that make up the healthy (or unhealthy) whole system, is not the traditional way of medicine but we feel it is the only way to see real improvement. Doctors often focus on individual systems, whether because of specialties or because of ignorance, many doctors stick to a routine of identify, diagnose, prescribe. That prescription rarely targets the root problem.
We are constantly on the prowl for functional approaches to the myriad health problems afflicting us. Thyroid conditions, hormonal issues, and more all looked at through a lens of dietary and lifestyle changes. What can be solved when our bodies are treated correctly, holistically?
With that inquisitive nature, we approach Dr. Hyman's Broken Brain docuseries. Looking for what he offers when to comes to brain health and how to approach it.
The big piece we see here, that we didn't know (though if we are honest we always suspected, after all as we said, no system in the body is truly independent of the others) is just how linked brain health is to all the other pieces that make up our health. But before we get into that, let's take a step back and address the primary subject matter of the docuseries.
For a long time, the brain was always seen as a sort of fixed thing. Unlike, say, muscles, for instance, brains were thought to be irreparable and incapable of growth. You had what you had and as time and life went on if your mind degraded that was that. That sort of neurological nihilism, if we can borrow a term from the docuseries, leads to people (and worse some doctors!) not attempting to even fix brain or psychiatric diseases but accepting their status as unchangeable.
That was the older way, and perhaps still the most pervasive understanding of brain health. But it is not the correct way.
It is clear now, that is no longer the case. Dr. Mark Hyman and many others (including the dozens he brings on board in his docuseries) in neuroscience are recognizing the brain as being neuroplastic. They change, they adapt, and they can heal!
The broken brain can be fixed, the damage can be prevented!
That's what this docuseries is all about.
A little bit more about Dr. Mark Hyman, if you have not heard about him previously. He is a practicing family physician, speaker, educator, Director of the Cleveland Clinic Center for Functional Medicine, ten-time #1 New York Times bestselling author and a whole bunch more. He is also a chairman of the board for the Institute for Functional Medicine. Basically, he is our kind of guy.
Not only is he a functional medicine guru, but the subject of his docuseries, the idea of a Broken Brain is something he has suffered through himself. In the first episode, he details his own journey, the trials and tribulations of his experience going from functioning professional to the debilitated doctor. Seemingly overnight his ability to recall basic information, to think clearly, all was thrown into an upset.
Hyman then went from doctor to doctor, receiving diagnosis after diagnosis, and pill after pill all meant to alleviate the symptoms. He, like 26% of Americans, was suffering from some form of psychiatric disorder. He joined over 20 million who suffer from depression, 40 million who have anxiety.
But the unfortunate truth for Dr. Hyman and so many others is that their illnesses are not properly diagnosed. They are not properly treated. They are not properly able to heal. Symptoms were addressed, yes, but the root cause of these was not meaning that those like Dr. Hyman would constantly be afflicted.
Dr. Hyman went outside these standard routes and approached the problem from another angle. He flipped the script and instead of attempting to alleviate symptoms dug deeper looking for the core causes of a broken brain.
He, as well as dozens of health professionals with whom he shares the screen take a holistic, functional medicine tact to the broken brain.
This is where it really comes into play with our whole bag here at Body Brain Medicine. Much like the functional approach to diseases like diabetes, thyroid disorders, or arthritis, brain disorders have a number of actors that can be addressed to improve brain health and cognitive function. Focusing on the brain itself won't see the kind of results necessary to fix the broken brain.
One of these routes for healing is discussed more in the second episode of the docuseries, 'Gut-Brain Connection.' In it, one of Dr. Hyman's guests, Raphael Kellman, pioneer of microbiome medicine and author of The Whole Brain and The Microbiome Diet discusses the nature of the brain-gut connection. The microbiome, as he details it sends thousands of signals from the gut to the brain which in turn sends signals throughout the body.
Why would a brain be unhealthy, or broken? Things like toxins, hormonal imbalances, poor nutrition, digestive, immune, and/or metabolic imbalances or even food allergies all can exert influence over brain health. And almost every one of those possible triggers has an origin, a jumping off point in our guts.
Is just one of those pieces that make the Broken Brain docuseries crucial viewing in our Functional Medicine catalog. We aren't going to go into each and every episode of the docuseries. Not only would doing so be depriving you of the real benefits of hearing these life-changing philosophies and practices in the words of the experts who have discovered them, we also would not be able to do them justice in the simple summarizing of these deep concepts.
Tackling neurological nihilism, recognizing that the brain, like all other parts of the body, is able to be improved, allows for new and effective approaches to cognitive health. Dr. Hyman is one of the few on the cutting edge of this method and even his website's blog is a wealth of information.
take this approach to our cognitive health as well. If you are suffering from any sort of mental fatigue, brain fog, anxiety, depression, or the myriad other symptoms of something worse, you owe it to yourself to look for the possible root causes beneath it all. You may not need that antidepressant, you may have an undiscovered foot allergy making you irritable.
All of this is to say that when it comes to the brain, addressing the body may just be the correct path. That makes a whole lot of sense to us here at Body Brain Medicine, and we hope it does to you too. Check our Dr. Hyman's docu-series, Broken Brain and gain an enormous amount of information and resources. Our own list of researchers, books, and films to check out hit over 20 in just the first two parts of the 8 part series!
If you suffer from any of those afflictions, we hope that the information provided here and by Dr. Hyman is what you need to see real, life-changing results. If you don't have any of these symptoms, then perhaps through some of these methods you can future proof your brain from ever having to succumb to their terrible power.
Through treating the body the brain can be healed, our body is a system of interlinked subsystems that all require each other to work in harmony. If ever even one should fall into disrepair or dysfunction the systemwide effects can be staggering. Functional medicine, like that offered by Dr. Hyman, is the answer to repairing and resetting all those damaged systems.


I really can't wait until Ubisoft starts principal photography on its film projects based on Assassin's Creed and Splinter Cell. To produce these films, Ubisoft decided its best to create its own studio, Ubisoft Motion Pictures, in order to have creative rights and to respect the source material. It definitely reminds me of Marvel forming Marvel Studios to create hits like Iron Man, Captain America, Thor, and The Avengers.
Ubisoft announced recently that Tom Hardy is going to play Sam Fisher in the Splinter Cell film. Today Ubisoft has announced that it will be teaming up with New Regency again, under a different deal separate from the Assassin's Creed one. Ubisoft will lead the project and New Regency will help support. Eric Warren Singer (The International) is attached to pen the script for the film.
I'm still not entirely sold on Tom Hardy as Sam Fisher, since I'm not convinced he can pull off a voice similar to Michael Ironside's Sam Fisher. Prove me wrong, Hardy, prove me wrong.
If Ubisoft can get this out quickly, I'm going to feel sorry for the other studios still sitting on their asses with the Metal Gear Solid, Uncharted and Mortal Kombat.


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Joseph Weintraub
Faculty Director of the UG MCFE Program
Faculty Director of the Coaching for Leadership and Teamwork Program (CLTP) and Faculty Director of the Undergraduate MCFE Program
Academic Division: Management
Dr. Weintraub is an Organizational Psychologist who focuses in the areas of individual and organizational effectiveness. He teaches and consults in the areas of leadership development, coaching, team effectiveness, human resources, and performance management. Dr. Weintraub is the Founder and Faculty Director of the Babson Coaching for Leadership and Teamwork Program. His work on coaching has received several awards including the "Management Development Paper of the Year" from the Academy of Management and recognition for innovative practices in business education from the Carnegie Foundation. He is the co-author of the books The Coaching Manager: Developing Top Talent in Business (Sage Publications, 3rd Edition, 2016) and The Coaching Organization: A Strategy for Developing Leaders (Sage Publications, 2007).
Dr. Weintraub has served as Faculty Director at Babson Executive Education working with companies around the world in developing leadership development and coaching programs.
In addition to his work at Babson, Dr. Weintraub is also president of Organizational Dimensions, a management consulting and assessment firm based in Wellesley. His clients have included General Electric, Bose, Fidelity Investments, Serono, Boston Children's Hospital, and the Los Angeles Dodgers.
Ph D, Bowling Green State University
MA, Bowling Green State University
BS, University of Pittsburgh
Academic Interests
Management and Organizational Behavior; Organizational Behavior; Interpersonal Skills; Leadership Development; Organizational Culture; Coaching; High Performance Teams; Human Resource Management Strategy
2018 — Service Award, Babson College
2016 — The Joseph R. Weintraub Faculty/Staff Leadership Award, Babson College
2005 — Charles C. Barton Term Chair ,
2003 — Alumni Leadership Award for Faculty Service , Babson College
Degree Courses 2019
MFE 7510 MGMT CONSULT FIELD EXPER - PROJ LDR
MOB 3515 HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Rao, J.A., Weintraub, J.R., Tietz, M.A., Wong, M.A., Chuan, F. (2018). Six Innovation Pain Points and How to Overcome Them. IESEinsight. Issue: 38, Page: 53-59. IESE Business School.
Weintraub, J.R., Hunt, J.M. (2015). 4 Reasons Managers Should Spend More Time on Coaching. Harvard Business Review. link
Rao, J.A., Weintraub, J.R. (2013). How Innovative Is Your Company's Culture?. MIT Sloan Management Review. Vol: 54, Issue: 3, Page: 29-37. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. link
Weintraub, J.R., Hunt, J.M. (2004). Learning Developmental Coaching. Journal of Management Education. Vol: 28, Issue: 1, Page: 39-61.
Weintraub, J.R., Hunt, J.M. (2004). The Coaching Organization: Building a Learning Culture. Insights Magazine. New England Human Resources Association .
Weintraub, J.R., Hunt, J.M. (2003). The Coaching Manager: Myths and Possibilities. Insights Magazine. New England Human Resources Association .
Hunt, J.M., Weintraub, J.R. (2017). The Coaching Manager: Developing Top Talent in Business, Third Edition. Issue: 3, Page: 360. Sage Publishing. link
Hunt, J.M., Weintraub, J.R. (2011). The Coaching Manager: Developing Top Talent in Business. Issue: 2nd, Page: 328. Sage Publications, Inc..
Weintraub, J.R., Hunt, J.M. (2007). The Coaching Organization A Strategy for Developing Leaders. Sage Publications, Inc.
Weintraub, J.R., Hunt, J.M. (2007). The Manager's Guide to Coaching and Delivering Feedback to the College Intern: Total Internship Management: The Employer's Guide to Building the Ultimate Internship Program. Intern Bridge, Inc.
Weintraub, J.R., Rao, J.A. (2014). Como está a cultura de inovação em sua empresa? (What's Your Company's Innovation Quotient?): HSM Management. Vol: Jan-Feb.
Rao, J.A., Weintraub, J.R. (2013). Becoming A More Innovative Culture: From Assessment To Action: The European Financial Review. Vol: October 20, 2013.
Weintraub, J.R., Eisenman, E., Perkins, S. (2011). The Internal Coach Playbook: Babson Insight. link
Articles - Circular or newsletter (e.g., Babson Insight)
Weintraub, J.R. (2014). Managing Poor Performers: What You Need to Know Before Taking Action: Babson Insight. link
Rao, J.A., Weintraub, J.R. (2013). To Innovate, Get the People Issues Right: Babson Insight. link
Assessing Student Competencies Using Assessors from the Alumni and Business Communities Weintraub, J. AACSB 2017 Assessment and Impact Conference , Phoenix, AZ (2017)
Using Peer Coaching to Develop Talent in Organizations Weintraub, J. Connected Community, Babson Executive Conference Center (2016)
Accountability of Learning Outcomes for Internships: Using 360 Degree Feedback and More Weintraub, J. AACSB Assessment Conference: Driving Accountability and Innovation, Austin, TX (2015)
Weintraub, J. Hunt, J. Organizational Behavior Teaching Conference, Babson College (2008)
Fundamentals of Effective Coaching: Developing Talent in Your Organization Weintraub, J. Hunt, J. Professional Development Seminar Series, (2005)
Weintraub, J. Hunt, J. Why Managers Don't Coach and What to Do About it: Lessons from 2,500 Coaching Managers, Providence, RI (2003)
The State of the Art in Executive Coaching Weintraub, J. Hunt, J. , Seattle, WA (2003)
Building Coaching From the Inside: Can Managers Really Be Effective Coaches? Can Learning Take Place Between Peers? Weintraub, J. Hunt, J. Strei, K. Conference on Coaching for Business Results, New York (2003)
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Evaluating plant invasions from both habitat and species perspectives
Western North American Naturalist
By: G.W. Chong, Yuka Otsuki, T.J. Stohlgren, D. Guenther, P. Evangelista, C. Villa, and M.A. Waters
https://doi.org/10.3398/1527-0904(2006)66[92:EPIFBH]2.0.CO;2
Open Access Version: External Repository
We present an approach to quantitatively assess nonnative plant invasions at landscape scales from both habitat and species perspectives. Our case study included 34 nonnative species found in 142 plots (0.1 ha) in 14 vegetation types within the Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument, Utah. A plot invasion index, based on nonnative species richness and cover, showed that only 16 of 142 plots were heavily invaded. A species invasive index, based on frequency, cover, and number of vegetation types invaded, showed that only 7 of 34 plant species were highly invasive. Multiple regressions using habitat characteristics (moisture index, elevation, soil P, native species richness, maximum crust development class, bare ground, and rock) explained 60% of variation in nonnative species richness and 46% of variation in nonnative species cover. Three mesic habitats (aspen, wet meadow, and perennial riparian types) were particularly invaded (31 of 34 nonnative species studied were found in these types). Species-specific logistic regression models for the 7 most invasive species correctly predicted occurrence 89% of the time on average (from 80% for Bromus tectorum, a habitat generalist, to 93% for Tamarix spp., a habitat specialist). Even with such a modest sampling intensity (<0.1% of the landscape), this multiscale sampling scheme was effective at evaluating habitat vulnerability to invasion and the occurrence of the 7 most invasive nonnative species. This approach could be applied in other natural areas to develop strategies to document invasive species and invaded habitats.
10.3398/1527-0904(2006)66[92:EPIFBH]2.0.CO;2
Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center
Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument


Spend a weekend away from the cares and distractions of everyday living. Attend a Catholic Engaged Encounter Weekend in preparation for your marriage. Upcoming weekend dates are: Sept. 10—12 and Nov. 5—7. For other dates and to learn more visit: www.lafayettecee.orgor to register call Tom & Geraldine Rizzuto at 337-984-7954.


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Hyperaspis binotata är en skalbaggsart som först beskrevs av Thomas Say 1826.  Hyperaspis binotata ingår i släktet Hyperaspis och familjen nyckelpigor. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Nyckelpigor
binotata

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Q: window.getComputedStyles() doesn't work with Jest and React I am trying to run basic assertions about the styling of my component. Right now I am running them on the default React app that the CRA template gives you:
App.js
function App() {
  return (

          Edit src/App.js and save to reload.

          Learn React

  );
}

App.test.js
test("computed styles", () => {
  render(<App />);
  const app = document.querySelector(".App");
  const appStyles = window.getComputedStyle(app);

  console.log(appStyles.width);
});

Nothing is logged to the console. I run the same code in the browser, and in the app itself, and it returns 1440px, the width of my screen. But in Jest, it returns nothing.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Lisa Pavelka is truly passionate about clay and creativity. Lisa has developed her product line for polymer and metal clay artists and designers. Her products can be used with polymer clay, metal clay, and many other mediums. They are great for making embellishments for crafting, scrapbooking, and much more. Her products help you easily create stunning polymer clay and metal clay masterpieces, jewelry, home décor and much more! Discover your inner artist with these premium quality products that will inspire your creativity.
Use Lisa's findings to create beautiful and affordable jewelry quickly and easily. These components are the perfect platform for making and creating with clay, buttons and other mediums.
Lisa Pavelka Signature Series Poly Bonder is a high temperature craft adhesive designed to work perfectly with baked polymer clay craft projects. The instant bond fuses in seconds. Use with paper, ceramics, plastic and more!
It's MAGIC! This one step process is easier than 1-2-3. Magnify your design and easily create enhanced faux dichro effects and domed cabochon effect with multiple layer applications. A must-have to gloss, seal, and protect your polymer clay masterpieces.
Explore the wonderful world of polymer clay crafting with Lisa Pavelka's books and learn why it has become one of the world's most popular and fastest growing art mediums ever.
It's convenient, easy and at your fingertips. Lisa's UV curing light offers quick setting of Magic-Glos™ (an average time of 5–10 minutes) with a powerful, long lasting 6 Watt bulb. Replacement bulbs available online.
These polymer clay craft texture stamps come in a variety of unique patterns. Each is extra deep to give highly detailed results for both dimensional design and surface imprinting.
Lisa's easy-to-use waterslide transfers are great for all types of clay and craft applications. Each package contains 50 to 60 images from different collections. All you need is scissors and water.
Make incredible polymer clay border designs to embellish your clay and crafting projects quickly and easily. These designs make excellent scrapbook borders and photo frames. The open ended cavities make removing borders a snap.
Lisa pioneered the use of Mylar-backed foils for polymer clay with her Faux Dichroic technique, the "Pavelka Peel" and several other applications for creating dazzling artwork with this versatile material.
These embossing cutters are ideal for creating beautiful embellishments, accents, or jewelry components from moldable mediums including: polymer, metal, and air dry paper clays. These versatile tools can be used to cut out the desired shape in seconds with beautiful, consistent results time after time.
Lisa has now added great coverables to her line! Use these pieces to create beautiful and affordable gifts or personal items quickly and easily. These components are the perfect platform for making and creating with clays.
Any artist will tell you that the best and most important tools are your own hands. But what creative person doesn't love tools? A surprising number of clay techniques and projects can be completed with only a few essential tools: a clay blade, a craft knife, and a pasta machine. With hundreds (if not thousands) of tool and accessory options available today, it's hard not to become a tool junkie!


The Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR) released an unclassified letter to the Department of Defense and US Central Command on its investigation into a $2.2 million command and control facility project at Kandahar Airfield, Afghanistan, that was never completed. According to the letter from SIGAR John Sopko, the US Army Corps of Engineers awarded the approximately $5 million contract to an Afghan construction firm in June 2012 with a completion target date of July 2013. The facility was supposed to be a two-story C2 facility with administrative space, a secure communications room, and room for information systems, among other requirements. Over a year later, the project was only 42 percent complete with no plumbing, electrical systems, or stairs installed, leading to its cancellation in April 2014. During a SIGAR visit in February 2015, Train Advise Assist Command-South officials said the operations slated for the C2 facility were changed, and other structures were adequate. Though SIGAR concurred with the decision to cancel, it notes that "depending on what the future of DOD's or the Afghan government's activities at Kandahar Airfield might be," DOD may want to consider completing the construction based on requirements, cost, and maintenance needs.


Five people were injured, with three in serious condition, after a private plane made an emergency landing in an area in Nakhon Pathom province.
A rented Pilatus PC 12 aircraft flew from Kolkata, India, and was scheduled to land at Don Mueang Airport last night. However, due to an engine failure, the pilot attempted to make an emergency landing at Kamphaeng Saen Airport.
However, the plane disappeared from the radar at 7:16pm. It was discovered near Kamphaeng Saen Airport an hour and a half later.
All five people on board were injured and were sent to Chantarubeksa Hospital.
The area where the plane was discovered has been cordoned off from the public and press as the aircraft is being inspected, TNN reported.


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The Fish Stocking Program Loses Its Way
Following the end of World War II, the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG) began experimenting with using airplanes to stock trout into High Sierra lakes. Following initial successes, this program was soon used to stock millions of fingerling trout into lakes in remote areas throughout the State. In the Sierra Nevada, the efficiency of aerial stocking allowed thousands of lakes to be stocked on a regular basis, including those too remote to have been stocked previously. As such, the aerial stocking program created abundant new opportunities for anglers, but also impacted the lakes and streams of the High Sierra on a scale not seen since the melting of the Sierran ice cap 12,000 years earlier. Mountain yellow-legged frogs, already in serious decline due to the smaller-scale fish stocking efforts that preceded the aerial stocking program, were now eliminated from hundreds of additional lakes. On national forest lands, where the CDFG had authority over fish and wildlife, virtually every water body that was suitable for trout was stocked, and mountain yellow-legged frogs were relegated to a handful of lakes that had for one reason or another never been added to the fish stocking list. In the Sierran national parks (Sequoia, Kings Canyon, Yosemite) where authority over fish and wildlife rested with the National Park Service, stocking was less intensive but still resulted in trout being introduced to the majority of water bodies.
Ironically, aerial fish stocking, a remarkable achievement in its time, led to the CDFG backcountry fish stocking program losing its way. Airplanes were a far more efficient means of stocking trout than the previously-used mules, and that efficiency brought with it a certain blindness. For example, thousands of lakes were stocked every year or every other year without any thought being given to whether particular lakes needed to be stocked to provide angling opportunities. Some of these stocked lakes were so remote that they rarely received any human visitors. In other lakes, originally- introduced trout reproduced naturally in inlet and outlet streams and quickly developed self-sustaining populations. Ignorant of their self-sustainability, the CDFG added thousands of additional fingerlings with each stocking. Blinded by the success of the aerial stocking program, the program remained virtually unchanged for 50 years.
By the late 1990s, researchers studying amphibian declines in the Sierra Nevada and in other mountain ranges in the western U.S. were increasingly convinced that introduced trout were a major cause of frog disappearances. Surveys of thousands of water bodies in the High Sierra showed that the presence of trout greatly reduced the likelihood of finding mountain yellow-legged frogs and other vertebrate and invertebrate taxa. Furthermore, experimental removal of trout from a handful of lakes resulted in rapid recovery of mountain yellow-legged frog populations. With mounting evidence indicating that trout introductions had caused unintended but dramatic impacts to Sierra Nevada aquatic ecosystems, and with the potential listing of the mountain yellow-legged frog under the Endangered Species Act, pressure was building on the CDFG to modify the stocking program to reduce these impacts. After 50 years of tremendous public support, it was clear that the program had fallen victim to its own success.
Next week: How change finally came (or didn't come) to the stocking program....
For additional reading, check out the following papers (available at http://vesr.ucnrs.org/pages/knapp/publications/publications.html):
Knapp, R. A., and K. R. Matthews. 2000. Non-native fish introductions and the decline of the mountain yellow-legged frog from within protected areas. Conservation Biology 14:428-438.
Armstrong, T. W., and R. A. Knapp. 2004. Response by trout populations in alpine lakes to an experimental halt to stocking. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61:2025-2037.
Knapp, R. A., D. M. Boiano, and V. T. Vredenburg. 2007. Removal of nonnative fish results in population expansion of a declining amphibian (mountain yellow-legged frog, Rana muscosa). Biological Conservation 135:11-20.
Fascinating stuff. Thanks for the posts.
For The Frogs, It Is Still Winter
Dragging the Fish Stocking Program into the 21st C...
Fish Stocking in California - An Early History


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I made these Strawberry Jello Parfaits recently for a birthday party that I had (Black & Red Party Theme Ideas) and they were the hit of the party!
I love this recipe for many reasons; they are super easy to make, they can be made up to two days in advance, the flavor of Jello can be changed to match your party colors AND they are delicious!!!
Make Jello according to package directions. Chill until slightly thickened (about 15-20 minutes). Set aside 1/3 cup of liquid Jello.
Add strawberries to remaining Jello. **Spoon mixture into glasses. Chill glasses at an angle (propped in a muffin tin) until Jello is set.
Once the Jello is set, spoon topping mixture into glasses of set Jello.
Lastly, garnish each glass with one spoonful plain remaining Cool Whip and fresh sliced strawberries.
Place on a platter for a stunning display at any party!
**For this particular recipe, I like to use little plastic 5 oz. cups. They are the perfect appetizer size for parties, after school snack, or an addition to a cold lunch. This recipe will make 8-10 5 oz. servings.
Extra Tip: I usually double this recipe for parties as they go fast!


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WQXR Family Concert: Oran Etkin's Timbalooloo
Originally Aired: Saturday, April 14, 2018
Internationally renowned clarinetist, composer and Timbalooloo children's music class founder Oran Etkin comes to The Greene Space for an interactive family concert!
Timbalooloo fundamentally reimagines the way music is taught and how music is conceived by children during their formative years.
Joined by Oran's friends Clara Net (his Clarinet), the Piano and the Violin, he'll take kids on an interactive musical journey around the world. Share the excitement that Bach felt as he discovered the newly invented pianoforte in the court of King Frederick the Great of Prussia; play a musical game of hide and seek with Mozart; and even explore some of the music that influenced or was influenced by classical composers — from Eastern European Roma ("Gypsy") music to great Jazz composers such as Duke Ellington.
The Timbalooloo band for this concert includes renowned jazz pianist Aaron Diehl and violinist Fung Chern Hwei from the Sirius Quartet.
After the performance, join us for an after-party at Timbalooloo's new SoHo space at 131 Varick Street, between Spring and Dominick Streets.
→ Can't make it in person? Watch our free live stream.
About Oran Etkin
Etkin has been described as a "great clarinet player, excellent improviser" by New York Times critic Ben Ratliff and a "composer of eminent individuality" by his mentor and teacher, the legendary Yusef Lateef. His music is featured on several CDs, including a Grammy Award-winning compilation and he was voted #1 Rising Star Clarinetist in DownBeat Magazine's 2016 Critics Poll. Grateful for the guidance he received from his teachers David Krakauer, Charles Neidich, Dave Liebman, Yusef Lateef and George Garzone, Etkin feels a responsibility to pass on the joys of music to the next generation. He found he can have the deepest impact by reaching children at a young age, so he spent years creating the Timbalooloo Method, for children 3 months old through early elementary. Harvey Keitel, who enrolled his son in 3 years of Timbalooloo classes, remarked that "our son was talking about Herbie Hancock, Mozart, Samba and African music – and he knew the difference!"
Queen of the Night with Thorgy Thor
WQXR Presents
Emmet Cohen Trio
WQXR Christmas Concert