One of the principles of Muslims (Shia Islam) is Imamate which means leadership and is a universal authority over people's religious and worldly affairs. Imams are religious experts who are consciously and willingly infallible and perfect leaders who provide believers with Islamic teachings and laws to help them reach prosperity and perfection.
The prophets have brought us the religion, its axioms, and God's commandments using revelation they received from God, whereas Imams protect the religion against any kind of deviation or distortion and are responsible for the performance of God's commandments.
In other words, prophets show us the right way towards the divine source, i.e., God, but Imams guide us through this path step by step until we reach it. Apart from the necessity that the Prophet's path should be known, there have to be leaders (Imams) who are perfect themselves and can teach people and stimulate their energy to help them realize their full potential at any time.
The second difference is that prophets had direct communication with God, and God's commands were revealed to them, but Imams have not been direct receivers of God's message; rather, they got it from prophets, and at times, they were supposed to interpret and update that message.
However, whatever roles the prophets had, have been all transferred to Imams. Moreover, our major prophets were Imams, too; they were also responsible for the protection of God's religion as well as performing His orders in the society and had significant roles in guiding people.
As mentioned above, not every prophet was Imam, nor did every one of them have the opportunity to expand and interpret the commandments they received from God. There are two important examples of the greatest prophets that were also Imams; Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and Prophet Abraham.
"[Allah] said, I am making you the Imam of mankind " (2:124).
This dignity was also given to our last prophet -Muhammad (PBUH) - who conveyed the message of God at the beginning of his mission and in the meantime he carried on teaching people and leading them to the right path.
According to Shia viewpoints, Imamate is proved to be the grace of God (Lutf), which is one of His attributes defined as 'beneficence' or 'kindness' that would help to bring His creatures nearer to His obedience and facilitate their moral rectitude. In fact, that is the grace of God that requires Him to appoint Imams to keep people away from God's disobedience.
People are different in obtaining awareness; some are capable of finding the right path, some are not; Imams help both groups to find their way through perfection.
23 years of preaching did not give Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) the opportunity to teach people Islamic laws, thoughts, and beliefs completely. So, there had to be perfect people, trained by the prophet to give humans all the Islamic teachings and to guarantee the endurance of religion.
Prophets are necessary to strengthen the rational knowledge of humans by their words. Although people can rationally understand the majority of realities about religious principles, there are still uncertainties in their hearts which can prevent them from carrying out such principles wholeheartedly.
However, when these rational perceptions are strengthened by prophetic words then all of these doubts and distrusts would be obliterated, and humans can approach their sacred goals. There are some affairs whereby the common sense of human beings cannot identify their advantages and disadvantages.
In such cases, people should resort to religious leaders to help them distinguish the good from what is not. Many things can be useful, and some others can be harmful. Before ascertaining which is which, human beings are not able to distinguish between the good and the bad purely by relying on their intellectual power. Consequently, they feel the need for someone who can clarify these qualities, and this is something which is only within the power of religious leaders who are connected to the divine through revelation .
God has a purpose for his actions, and since He is absolute perfection, the ultimate purpose of His divine action is creating the human being, and the aim of human creation is his perfection, the best example of whom are Imams. Furthermore, the human is the noblest of all creatures and Imams are the noblest of them who reach perfection before anyone else on earth. In other words, life, existence, knowledge, power, and beauty cannot be given to or obtained by the other creatures before they are manifested in perfect beings, Imams.
"Today I have perfected your religion for you, and I have completed My blessing upon you, and I have approved Islam as your religion" (5:3).
The religion is considered complete only if it includes all the necessary constituent parts. Perfect versus incomplete, however, has a different meaning. A complete compound object can potentially turn to something it is capable of; that is one can change and pass through the stages of perfection until they reach it and as long as they have not attained that very last stage, they are still incomplete.
The religion of Islam gets completed when God's commandments (favors) like praying (Salat), fasting (Sawm), Zakat, Khums, etc. are all sent to us. Imamate completes the religion, for it is the last favor sent to human.
The perfection of Islam, though, concerns the truth of this religion, not the exoteric laws and commands. One cannot fully understand the reality of Islamic doctrines, i.e., monotheism (Tawhid), prophethood (Nubuwwah), the afterlife (Ma'ad), alone without Imams. Therefore, Imamate, the last stage of human evolution, improves the quality of faith without which the religion cannot reach its perfection.
God has never left the earth devoid of an Imam; Imam Mahdi is our current Imam and the ultimate savior of humankind who has been living in occultation since 874 AD and will return with Christ to fill the earth with peace and justice.
So the concept of Imamate, rooted in the revelation of God, is approved in important verses of the Quran, and what's more, it is rationally based on the reasons mentioned above. God has created humans to give them the opportunity to go through the right path to attain eternal bliss and perfection. That is why He has appointed for us infallible Imams as successors of the last prophet -Muhammad (PBUH) - to help us achieve this purpose.
The foundation of each person's life is the faith they have in what they believe. As other belief systems, in Islam, there are some "axioms"- basic principles or self-evident truths- whose acceptance is regarded as the leading entry to this religion.
Unlike Saint Augustine's [i] claim that says: "I believe in order to understand," which shows a lack of reason in at least some sects of Christianity, in Islamic reasoning, rational thinking is a priori and prerequisite for the realization of faith.
In Islam, faith is nothing beyond human's reason and understanding; in other words, the axioms of this religion are the fundamental principles that are rational by themselves and can be ascertained by people's common sense. So stepping into the stage of this faith depends on the submission that is gained through preliminary investigation of its axioms.
Additionally, faith is not accepted in Islam unless these doctrines are freely investigated and understood by every individual either commonsensically or intellectually, so Imitation is not permitted at this stage. Consequently, the basic principles or doctrines of Islam are defined as axioms that have to be testified on the verge of converting to Islam.
One might wonder what these axioms are. The most certain and evident of them are monotheism (Tawhid), prophethood (Nubuwwah) and the afterlife (Ma'ad), which are innate in human's nature separately. 'Tawhid' or monotheism is the most fundamental religious knowledge that holds God exists, is The Only One and independent of the entire creation. It declares the unity and uniqueness of God as the only creator and sustainer of the universe.
The realization of this concept (the existence and oneness of God) is before the other two (prophethood and afterlife), that is its acceptance leads to the affirmation of them rationally.
Prophethood is God's blessing and favor that is bestowed on an individual chosen by Him to convey His message. Every prophet states that all he receives is from Allah and for the well-being of humanity. He confirms what was revealed before him and what may be revealed by a future prophet.
Thus the revealed message is always the same in essence and purpose, and it cannot deviate from prior or future revelations. Prophets are needed for conveying God's instructions and guidance to humankind. Without this knowledge, we would be unable to answer the fundamental questions of our existence either here in this world or the world that is to come.
Information about the afterlife, as the third fundamental axiom in Islamic teaching, is provided by the prophets whose truth we have testified. They have told us to have faith in the continued existence of human being after death and that there will be a day of judgment when all humans will be held accountable for their actions and divided between the eternal destinations of Paradise and Hell.
In brief, Islam is the religion of rational thinking that encourages its followers to individually investigate and question the truth of its doctrines before accepting them, to reach firm belief through common sense or intellect; this makes them submit to God's commands willingly and contently.
[i]. An early Christian theologian and philosopher.
Now that we have gone through the axiom of monotheism and accepted it as a logical and rational principle, we should note that this belief is much more complicated than it seems. In order to reach a firm belief in the existence of God and His Oneness, one has to follow each of its stages.
These degrees include "unity of the essence of Allah", "unity of the attributes of Allah", "unity in what Allah does" and "unity in worship". The first three of these belong to the realm of theoretical monotheism, while the last one is among practical monotheism. Here we will have a brief look at each of these steps.
This stage of monotheism is defined as believing that God is One and Unique in His essence. The very first thing that one assumes regarding Allah is that of His Self-dependence; He is a being who is not dependent on any other beings in any way, while everything depends on Him and seeks His help.
Secondly, one has to believe in His Creatorship; that He is the creator and the ultimate source of all the existing things, all things are from Him, and He is not from anything. Accordingly, He is called the First Cause. The unity of essence, thus, means that this being is not multiplicable, and there is nothing like it. Since the self-existing truth is one, then this world has only one source and one end; it has neither originated from various sources nor will return to various ones, the whole universe has one center, one pole, and orbit.
It is defined as the recognition that the essence and the attributes of Allah are identical and that His various attributes are not separate from each other. While the Unity, in essence, refers to God's Oneness, denying the existence of any peer or like for Him, the Unity in attributes means the negation of any kind of multiplicity or plurality within His essence.
All the attributes implying perfection and beauty belong to Him, and they are not at all separate from Him. The separation of the essence from the attributes and their separation from each other are the characteristics of a limited being, while God is infinite and such characteristics cannot be ascribed to Him. Accordingly, Allah has attributes which are unlimited – like His own self – and identical with His essence.
The Unity of His work is to recognize that the world with all its systems is the work of Allah alone and has originated from His will only. Nothing in this world has occurred on its account and independent from God; every agent, cause or power owes its existence and effect to Him.
As He has no partner in His essence, He has no peer in what He does either. While human beings, as one of these agents and causes, have control over their own actions and can influence their destiny, they are not at all out of God's will and supervision; otherwise, we should consider them as God's partners, which will ultimately deny God's unity in essence.
Reaching this stage is when one only worships God and has prepared himself for praying Allah, the One. Based on Islamic doctrine, the act of worship has its own degrees, the clearest of which is the performance of the rites for Allah's glorification and exaltation.
According to Holy Quran, worship is not limited to the actual performance of prayer but includes any form of spiritual orientation and idealization; the person whose purpose and motivation in life only satisfies his own whim has, in fact, led his spiritual direction toward it and thus worshiped it instead of God. So, the unity in worship is to see Allah as the only one who is fit to be worshiped and obeyed unconditionally and regard Him as the only purpose and direction of one's conduct.
What Is the Difference between Theoretical and Practical Monotheism?
The first three degrees are all theoretical and a matter of creed - they should be recognized and acknowledged, and require rational thinking- while the fourth one is practical and a necessity for all of our actions.
Moreover, the theoretical monotheism gives an insight to perfection while practical monotheism is the actual movement toward it; it is only seeing God's Oneness and finding knowledge about it while practical monotheism is experiencing and feeling these beliefs tangibly in all walks of life.
In other words, the theoretical monotheism provides the basis and foundation of practical monotheism; on the other hand, without bringing those beliefs into action, they would become deficient and imperfect.
The foundation of the holy religion of Islam is built upon the belief in monotheism, to the extent that without its acceptance, one cannot be called Muslim at all. This fundamental axiom is basically defined as the fact that God exists and that He is the only one; in other words, one must not only testify to the existence of a creator, a divine source, and a higher power, but also to His absolute uniqueness and singularity.
Is Human Able to Know His God?
We might wonder if we are able to understand or imagine God's existence, the answer is yes but in quite a different way than other things. The concept of a divine source is philosophical and abstract; therefore we cannot feel or imagine it tangibly and vividly, however, our mind can understand such concepts by a kind of rational investigation and scrutiny in a general way.
How Can Human Beings Realize God's Existence?
There are some specific ways to understand the existence of God based on Islamic doctrine, including "innate disposition", "scientific or pseudo-philosophical reasoning" and "philosophical reasoning".
Perhaps the easiest form of realizing God's existence is with the use of "innate idea" which is present in every human being. According to Islamic teaching, all of us have some desires and characteristics with which we were born and that we unconsciously seek in our lives.
One of the most important inborn desires in human beings is the yearning for a God and creator; in other words, every person with his/her special creation and distinctive spiritual characteristics knows his/her God without needing any exterior knowledge. Many psychologists have claimed the existence of a hidden self, called the unconscious, which contains the innate and unknown desires of human beings; the desires that control their actions and influence their decisions. The force in the search of God, also, can be traced in this part of the human mind.
The reasons that are mentioned under this division include the "Teleological Argument", "Causal Argument", "Occurrence Argument" and "Guidance Argument".
According to "Teleological Argument", a comprehensive and efficient system is the one whose components are in balance and harmony and are ordered in a way to achieve a certain goal. If we consider the universe as an enormous system with complex functions and a web of relations, we could easily notice its sophisticated order and discipline.
Every element in this world is built with a kind of inner structure that enables it to do its job on a regular basis. For sure, this regularity has not happened accidentally. For this huge system to work properly, a wise and powerful creator is required, one who is aware of every incident that takes place in the universe and has control over them.
Based on this argument, this world and all other creatures had not existed before and came to be at a specific point in time. Consequently, since they have occurred and started to exist, they need a creator for their occurrence.
When we look around, we find ourselves surrounded by things whose existence is depended on something else, they go through changes – for better or worse-, and they are described concerning other things – i.e., their attributes are relative. We may first try to justify each incident by another one; however, ultimately we will realize that the summit of this chain must be a higher force who is unique and untainted by any flaw and inconsistency.
Furthermore, everything in this universe –including the universe itself- has initiated and will be terminated at a specific time; in other words, nothing in this world is infinite, and everything is born from its own kind – e.g., A human from a human, a horse from a horse, etc.
Thus the universe cannot be created spontaneously and out of itself or from a pile of dust, an animal or a tree, since the origin of every living creature is always another living creature. If we suppose that every kind of creature gains its existence from single or multiple origins, or consider the initial origin of them an ameba, then again we are faced with this question that how this ameba has been created. Here we arrive at this conclusion that there is a single, omnipotent, divine source who has caused the life on earth [i].
While "Teleological Argument" tries to prove Monotheism with regard to the complex inner structure of the creatures in the world that makes them capable of being in line with their role and objective in the universe, "Guidance argument" focuses on what these creatures actually do and how they do it.
Based on this argument, the creatures in this world, after being perfectly created, are guided by a mysterious insight and intelligent force through their course of actions. However, the path that they follow in their deeds is the result of an external cause, rather than their own built-in features. This sophisticated outer force is no one other than God, the one and only.
The "Causal Argument", also known as the principle of causality, is one of the primary propositions known to people in their ordinary lives. This principle states that there is a cause for everything. In other words, every single thing that happens and every single effect, or existence, has a cause. But there must be a start to this series of events. It is believed that the beginning of this chain is a power, which is beyond all other powers and can cause everything to exist.
This kind of reasoning, which is totally rational and philosophical, is based on the study of the existence and the existent. Briefly, philosophers claim that the existence of a "Necessary Being" [ii] is essential; meaning that if the "Necessary Being" did not exist, nothing would have started to exist and since there are things here, then a "Necessary Being" must certainly exist.
Why is God One and Unique?
First of all, as we said before, the creator of this world should be infinite and eternal. Accordingly, we cannot consider a like for an infinite being, since He is dominant over everything and no time or place is empty of Him. Furthermore, plurality necessitates a difference; that is two beings are separate if one has something that the other lacks, so they cannot be considered perfect.
Secondly, since God is an absolute and pure being, then we cannot find any incongruity in Him, and thus there is no need for another being to make amends for His inconsistencies.
Moreover, if there were two "Necessary Beings", they must have had a gap or lapse among themselves. Consequently, the existence of a third being becomes crucial, and this process goes on endlessly.
Finally, the unity of the universe and its oneness and the fact that there exists no inconsistency and malfunction in the elements of this world, lead us to look for a single and unique being as its creator.
To conclude, monotheism (Tawhid) as the main entry to the religion of Islam which needs to be understood rationally and then fully accepted, rejects any dualistic, Trinitarian or polytheistic beliefs. This axiom is not only the cornerstone of the other Islamic axioms but also a necessity for practicing the practical principles of the religion. Even though individual investigation and understanding will bring faith in monotheism, this belief will not be complete without total acceptance of prophethood (Nubuwwah), and this takes us to the next axiom.
[ii]. There are two sorts of existent entities: those that exist but could have failed to exist, and those that could not have failed to exist. Entities of the first sort are contingent beings; entities of the second sort are necessary beings .
Having accepted monotheism as the first and most fundamental Islamic axiom, here we are to investigate prophethood or prophecy as the second most important one which is based on a monotheistic worldview. This axiom illustrates God's mercy by sending prophets to humankind as mediators in order to convey His message and guide people towards what is good.
Prophets are chosen messengers of God for humans to guide them through a virtuous life in order to reach eternal bliss. According to this principle, human's life would be disrupted, and he would not know the purpose of his existence unless he received clear and practical instructions and directions for his life either in this world or hereafter. So the need for prophets is that of guidance which leads human being through his path to perfection.
The necessity of prophethood becomes evident by accepting the existence of God, His Oneness and the fact that He has not abandoned us to find our way by ourselves. In other words, prophethood is undeniable if one finds the need for prophets and the possibility of being guided by them on the one hand, and believes in the flawlessness of God and His Perfection on the other; in fact, God has provided every creature with all the blessing and mercy based on their capabilities.
As it was mentioned before, the belief in prophethood roots in human's monotheistic worldview; that is God as the necessary being is gracious and guides every creature to perfection. This guidance, which is received through the revelation of God, includes all the beings from the tiniest particles to the biggest stars and the most excellent creatures that is human beings.
As a matter of fact, it is God's status as the Lord of the universe that requires him to send revelation to everything in the world according to their capacity. Now one might wonder what the nature of God's revelation is and how this communication with God takes place.
Revelation is the natural ability to navigate, which exists within every creature and is like a spiritual light that helps them find their way. The grades and degrees of this ability differ in accordance with each being's capacity and their level of awareness; that is the revelation sent to humankind is not like the one sent to plants or animals.
In other words, what animals and plants are capable of, is totally different from that of humankind, and so is the one between ordinary people and prophets who receive God's most supreme revelation. Thus, the revelation received by prophets is the same as normal inspirations by nature; however, its degree is determined based on the creatures' position in the universe.
Furthermore, revelation is nothing like the other perceptions of human beings; we notice the things around us with our senses, solve mathematical problems with the help of wisdom and understand other matters using our conscience or nature, but revelation is a divine reception from God to guide humankind.
The first question that arises about the characteristics of prophets is if they are ordinary people like others or not. In fact, they are ordinary in the human being nature of needs (from food, sleeping, having children, dying ...etc.) but extraordinary in receiving revelation and telling us the message from God, being accompanied with miracles, infallibility from committing sins or making the slightest mistakes and fighting against idolatry, superstitions, injustice and cruelty.
The most prominent characteristic of prophets that distinguishes them from the other people, either ordinary ones or geniuses, is the supreme revelation and guidance prophets can get from God through the unseen world. However, this kind of revelation does not exclude them from the rest of human beings; it just makes them perfect role models to teach and guide us further to the straight path.
One of the other most important attributes of prophets is their innocence (Ismah) and infallibility which is defined as the fact that they never, at any point of their lives, committed sins, nor did they approach any kind of disobedience, mistakes or forbidden things.
They maintained their innocence throughout their everyday lives among people; therefore they proved their infallibility and eligibility necessary for prophethood. This innocence also made prophets infallible either in receiving the revelations from God or conveying the orders and messages that were revealed to them to their nations exactly, without missing or adding anything that would mislead them.
God supported His Prophets with miracles, which were supernatural events that took place based on the power of Allah - and not prophets- to prove their truthfulness and neutralize the objections and the obstinacy of the deniers.
The other proof that distinguishes prophets from people who are endowed with brilliant minds that have developed advanced philosophies is the miracles they brought forth, which is far from magic and the concept known to popular culture. A Miracle is actually something beyond the reach of people, natural causes and the physical laws we are all familiar with. Although beyond human's capacity, miracles are possible and not against humans' reason.
When the miracle becomes clear, there can be no doubt either in the message or the one who brought it forth.
After accepting the necessity and importance of prophethood through rational thinking, we need to testify to the existence and truth of certain prophets to whom God granted miracles and whose advent the previous prophets prophesied.
All prophets brought and taught people the same message and doctrines. These doctrines were gradually sent to humankind based on their capacity and talent, until the chain of prophethood came to an end by the coming of the last prophet, Muhammad (PBUH). He is our final prophet, and no prophet will be born after him. The religion of Islam, as well as all other religious doctrines, were completed and sent to people through his miracle, Quran, so there is no need for another messenger from God.
One reason for God to repeat his message by sending new prophets is the distortion of His teachings by the people of earlier ages. The generations before Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) were not mature and wise enough to record and preserve their holy book and religious lessons.
So the message would normally be changed, distorted or destroyed by them. Accordingly, the message had to be renewed.
The second one is the incapability of the people to receive the whole completed message sent by God due to their lack of maturity and intellectuality; therefore they had to be guided through the right path, little by little and step by step.
The third and the last reason is the need of humankind for people to preach and interpret God's message. The people before Muhammad (PBUH) had not reached the appropriate level of wisdom, awareness, and civilization to be capable of proselytizing, teaching, preaching and sometimes changing their religious lessons according to their needs and situations.
However, by the development and growth of science and people's awareness and maturity, this could be possible for them. As a result, one of the necessities of finality is the human's social maturity to the extent that he is able to protect and preserve his religious and scientific legacies and to preach and teach them himself.
In conclusion, Abrahamic religions have always been the same, from the beginning till the end of the time and all the prophets have tried to encourage people to accept the same doctrine and religion. Their main roles and responsibilities were to receive God's revelations and teach and interpret them for humankind.
The need for these roles, however, was finalized by Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) by whom the whole religion and doctrine were sent since people had the talent, capability, and maturity necessary for the acceptance and preserving God's message. What's more, people had become sensible and mature enough to interpret the prophet's teachings by themselves.


text:
Stanisław Andrzej Hoffmann (ur. 9 listopada 1949 w Zaborowicach) – polski polityk, samorządowiec, lekarz, senator I kadencji.

Życiorys
Ukończył studia na Akademii Medycznej we Wrocławiu. W 1998 uzyskał stopień doktora nauk medycznych na Akademii Medycznej w Poznaniu. Specjalizował się w ginekologii i położnictwie. Podjął pracę w szpitalu w Górze. Od 1998 do 2001 pełnił funkcję ordynatora oddziału w SP ZOZ w tym mieście.

Na początku lat 80. wstąpił do "Solidarności". W stanie wojennym został internowany na okres od 13 do 23 grudnia 1981.

Od 1989 do 1991 z ramienia Komitetu Obywatelskiego zasiadał w Senacie I kadencji, reprezentując województwo leszczyńskie. W latach 1998–2002 pełnił funkcję radnego sejmiku dolnośląskiego z listy Akcji Wyborczej Solidarność, bez powodzenia ubiegał się o reelekcję z listy POPiS. Został też prezesem Towarzystwa Miłośników Ziemi Górowskiej.

Przypisy

Absolwenci Uniwersytetu Medycznego we Wrocławiu
Absolwenci Uniwersytetu Medycznego im. Karola Marcinkowskiego w Poznaniu
Działacze opozycji w PRL
Internowani w Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej 1981–1982
Politycy Akcji Wyborczej Solidarność
Radni sejmiku województwa dolnośląskiego
Senatorowie III Rzeczypospolitej
Ludzie związani z Górą (województwo dolnośląskie)
Urodzeni w 1949

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
One Piece: Grand Battle!, in Japan als One Piece: Grand Battle! Rush (ONE PIECE グラバト! RUSH) bekannt, ist ein Kampfspiel, das von der Firma Ganbarion entwickelt und vom Herausgeber Bandai Namco für die Spielkonsolen PlayStation 2 und Gamecube veröffentlicht wurde. Das Spiel basiert auf der Mangareihe One Piece. Das Spiel wurde am 17. März 2005 in Japan veröffentlicht. 7. September 2005 kam das Spiel in den Vereinigten Staaten und am 7. Oktober auch in Europa. Es ist die Fortsetzung von One Piece: Grand Battle! 3. Die japanische Version des Spiels verwendet die Musik We Are!. Die Version im Westen verwendet die Titelmelodie von der 4Kids Entertainment.

Inhalt
Monkey D. Ruffy möchte der König der Piraten werden. Zusammen mit seiner Crew, nämlich Lorenor Zoro, Nami, Lysop, Sanji, Chopper und Nico Robin begeben sie sich auf die Suche nach dem großen Schatz One Piece. Die Geschichte basiert auf der East Blue-Saga bis hin zum Foxy's Return Arc.

Spielprinzip
Das Spiel ist wie im Vorgänger komplett in 3D. Außerdem gibt es vier verschiedene Modi im Spiel. Es gibt wieder in den Arenen Gegenständen und Hindernissen. Jede Charakter hat zwei verschiedene Special Moves und einige haben noch Unterstützer-Charaktere. Die europäische und amerikanische Fassung des Spiels verwendet die Namen von 4Kids Entertainment.

† nur in der japanischen Version

Die auswählbaren Stages sind Baratié, Windmühlendorf, Arlong Park, Loguetown, Drumm, Mary Joa und Alabasta, Maxim, Sexy Foxy.

Rezeption

 1Up.com: "B"
 Famitsu: "27/40"
 GameSpot: "6/10"
 GameSpy: "4,5/5"
 Gamezone: "6,8/10"
 IGN: "7/10"
 Nintendo Power: "6,5/10"
 Nintendo World Report: "5/10"
 OPM: "4,5/5"
 XPlay: "2/5"

Laut Metacritic erhielt das Spiel auf beiden Plattformen "durchschnittliche" Bewertungen. Die Playstation-2-Version erhielt 69/100 und die Gamecube Version 67/100 Famitsu vergab auf beide Plattformen eine Punktzahl von 27/40.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Webseite (englisch)
 Offizielle Webseite (japanisch)

Einzelnachweise

Computerspiel 2005
PlayStation-2-Spiel
GameCube-Spiel
Kampfspiel
One Piece


#2826: Does Clinton's 8(a) Bridge Link A JonBenét Snuff Film To Mentor-Patented Zulu Tor?
1. Abel Danger (AD) claims that Hillary Clinton's aides used Federal Bridge Certification Authority servers installed by SBA 8(a) companies to transmit images of the JonBenét Ramsey snuff-film murder on Christmas Day 1996 over mentor-patented communications devices in Zulu time.
2. AD claims that the snuff-film images were relayed over a Sun Microsystem wireless (US 5371794 A) device to former director of Lockheed Martin Lynne Cheney and were later archived on patented onion router (Tor) servers installed by 8(a) companies in the Pentagon's U.S. Navy Command Center and the Clinton's Whitehaven home in Washington, D.C.
3. AD claims that Hillary Clinton lied about her presence in New York on 9/11 when she was allegedly watching the "first live-broadcast mass snuff film in human history" on a mentor-patented Tor server in her Whitehaven home with her 8(a) ethnically-disadvantaged Filipino maid Marina Santos.
4. United States Marine Field McConnell – Global Operations Director of Abel Danger –has offered to serve as a five-star general in a Trump administration to neutralize the mentor-patented Clinton bridge and avenge the snuff-film deaths of JonBenét in 1996 and 71 officers of the NYPD et al in the demolition of the WTC Twin Towers on 9/11.
Investigators had sought the gifts, allegedly hidden under Currie's bed on orders from Clinton, as evidence. The State Department and Clinton campaign did not respond to requests for comment.
"Whitehaven was sold to the Clintons by Henderson in 2000 for $2.85 million, below the $3.5 million list price, and had an assessed value, in 2016, of $5.3 million. The purchase of the house by Bill and Hillary Clinton marked the first time a former United States president had owned a property in Washington since Woodrow Wilson. In 2006, Hillary Clinton's mother, Dorothy Howell Rodham, moved into Whitehaven.
— In May, 1991, CalComp offered to exercise its 25% equity option, purchase Access Graphics (its largest distributor), and provide funds for expansion. The deal gave John Ramsey $8 million and ousted Jim Hudson (the partner whose company, CAD Distributors, had been based in Boulder and who presumably was the reason AG was located in Boulder). AG became a wholly-owned subsidiary with its same management and about 120 employees.
— In 1993, Access Graphics was separated into a distinct unit. Daniel M. Tellep, Lockheed's chairman and chief executive officer, said the decision reflected a careful review of CalComp and Access Graphics' business performance and potential. "Separating out Access Graphics permits us to provide the focus necessary for this rapidly growing and profitable business to realize its substantial potential," Tellep said. Access Graphics became a stand-alone subsidiary, one of six companies in Lockheed's electronics systems group; CalComp was another of the six.
— Evidently, CalComp was not happy about the separation; William P. Conlin, president, and Larry Sanders, senior vice president of field operations, left CalComp "to pursue other interests." This left CalComp without any top management; Val P. Peline, Lockheed group president of electronic systems, was appointed interim CalComp president.
— Also in 1996, Lockheed Martin acquired Loral Corporation's defense electronics and systems integration businesses for $9.1 billion (FYI, Loral is the company which, in Feb. 1996, was accused of the illegal transfer of technology to China) and eliminated 1,600 jobs as it looked for savings; the layoffs were announced in November. ..
Access Graphics and the Paughs represented a "second life" for John Ramsey. He met Patsy when he was nearly 40, divorced, unsuccessful. She was 13 years younger, a vivacious 23-year-old Miss America runner-up, full of ambition. Neither of them were truly naive. He'd been in the navy overseas, married for 12 years and had 3 children. She had been through the pageant wringer and was in the world of competitive advertising.
Something happened at the end of 1996 that the Ramseys don't want known. Maybe it didn't happen in 1996; maybe whatever the secret is happened earlier but the intense investigation after the murder threatens to expose whatever it is.
The "ransom document" points a finger at John and his business. Two gentlemen had his daughter in their possession and they didn't particularly like John; they respect his business but not the country it represents. The document said, essentially, we're [8(a)] foreigners who know a lot about you and your company; we don't like you but we want you to be rested and able to follow a complicated series of actions required to give us your bonus amount for that year; we're watching you and the "authorities" (law enforcement and financial) so don't try to grow a brain (which implies "they" think John is stupid). If you mess with us, there's a 1% chance you'll get your daughter back; don't mess with us and you will certainly get her back.
So what happened? Was his daughter kidnapped, held by two gentlemen? No evidence of that. Was his daughter beheaded, even though he disobeyed orders? No, although a cord was wrapped very tightly around her throat and her skull was nearly split in half. Did he get his daughter back, even though he messed with the gentlemen by disobeying? Yes, he did. She was dead but he got her back and showed her to his close friends and the police.
"Tomorrow" and the percentages didn't seem to matter to John. The threat of close observation didn't deter him from contacting the police (he has said he told Patsy to call them). He wasn't worried about the note or the 911 call (he was cordial and joking that morning). He didn't show any emotion until he "found the body at 11:00" (according to reported statements he made to John Andrew). Then he seemed to be worried, focused on a puzzle. He wandered around, examined his mail, ignored Patsy and the friends gathered around her. Until the detective decided to give him and his two men friends something to keep them busy (her stated intention). Then he sprang into action.
Fernie didn't go along but stayed behind. White followed John into the basement, tagged along while John showed him evidence of an intruder, knelt beside John when he saw the body, then ran off yelling for someone to call 911. John picked up the body and carried it upstairs to the foyer, where the detective told him to set it down. Then he seemed to guide the detective to observe the body, then guided the handling of the body by covering it.
Original Assignee: Sun Microsystems, Inc.


text:
Q: Ubuntu run script as non-root user I've an init script (/etc/init.d) that should run a my executable jar file as a serviceat boot. I need that this script is runned by a specified user.
With su & sudo is possibile but it split the process and I don't like this.
There is another way to run this script as limited user?
This is the relevant part of my init script:
#!/bin/bash

APP_NAME="myapp"
APP_HOME=/home/user1/jetty
JAVA_HOME=/opt/local/java/latest
echo "Service $APP_NAME - [$1]"

echo "JAVA_HOME -> $JAVA_HOME"
echo "APP_HOME -> $APP_HOME"
echo "APP_NAME -> $APP_NAME"

function start {
    if pkill -0 -f $APP_NAME.jar > /dev/null 2>&1
    then
        echo "Service [$APP_NAME] is already running. Ignoring startup request."
        exit 1
    fi
    echo "Starting application..."
    cd $APP_HOME
    nohup $JAVA_HOME/bin/java -jar $APP_HOME/$APP_NAME.jar\
        < /dev/null > $APP_HOME/logs/app.log 2>&1 &
}

A: On Ubuntu you should use the program start-stop-daemon for this. It has options for launching daemons as different users, managing pid files, changing the working directory, and pretty much anything else that is usually needed by init scripts.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Bubbles are made of see-through, stretchy plastic. It can be blowed up like a beach ball until its surface is smooth and has no wrinkle. After inflated with Helium, it can float 2-4 weeks. It can be inflated with helium or air.
For more event samples related to Bubbles balloon, please have a look in our Balloon Arrangement and Get Inspired page.


text:
Home > Football Predictions > League 1 Predictions > Wigan vs Rochdale Prediction
Wigan vs Rochdale PREDICTION & BETTING TIPS - 15/12/2020
Today's Predictions League 1 Free Bets
Wigan vs Rochdale Prediction was posted on: December 14, 2020
Our prediction for this League 1 match:
DW Stadium will host Tuesday's football game between Wigan Athletic and Rochdale, the two teams who played some exciting games at the weekend. Wigan did well to beat Accrington 4-3 at home, with Rochdale losing to Portsmouth (1-4) on the road. The Latics made a slow start to the season, but they have been in a fine form of late. Wigan Athletic are eyeing their third consecutive win in the League One, and seeing that Rochdale experienced all sorts of problems at the back at the weekend, home win should be considered.
Wigan attacker Will Keane, who returned to the squad against the Dale, should keep his place up front. In their last meeting in the English third tier Wigan rolled over Rochdale 4-1, which is yet another reason why we are tempted to put our money on the home side.
Highlighted Player (Nathan Cameron):
Born in Birmingham, England, on November 21, 1991, Nathan Cameron is a professional footballer who plays for Macclesfield Town as a defender. Cameron is a product of the Coventry City football school, and he continued wearing the sky blue shirt at the senior level.
He made 48 appearances in the league for Coventry City, but he played for the likes of Nuneaton Town (loan), Northampton Town (loan), and Bury as well before joining Macclesfield Town. Nathan Cameron has one cap for the England U20 team, but he has yet to earn a call-up for the senior team.
The 188-cm-tall defender made his Macclesfield Town debut in the League two in a 2-0 loss to Milton Keynes Dons on November 17, 2018. His primary position is a centre-back, but he is capable of producing fine performances as a right-back as well. His preferred foot is right, and he wears the number 25 shirt at Macclesfield Town.
Highlighted Team (Rochdale):
Nicknamed the Dale, Rochdale are a professional English club that compete in the League One (English third tier). Rochdale were founded back in 1907, after World War I, with the team beating Accrington Stanley 6-3 in their first league game 14 years later.
The Dale wear blue shirts with black stripes and blue shorts when playing at home, whilst gray is the dominant colour of their away kit. Spotland Stadium is the club's home ground, with the venue holding no more than 10,249 spectators. Bury and Oldham Athletic are considered the club's fiercest rivals, but they have built up rivalries with the likes of Halifax Town, Burnley, Stockport County, Wigan Athletic and Accrington Stanley as well.
Back in 1962 Rochdale made it to the Football League Cup final, with the team facing Norwich City in the title game. The Canaries proved to be a big catch for the Dale, but this is still considered the club's biggest success. It has to be noted that the Spotland Stadium outfit have three Lancashire Cup titles as well (1948/1949, 1970/1971, 2004/2005).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Confidently sign out your most complex and challenging cases with the updated edition of Differential Diagnosis in Surgical Pathology. Widely used by residents and practicing pathologists alike, this comprehensive medical reference provides brief, bulleted descriptions of both common and rare disorders, integrating excellent illustrative examples of the pathology with selected references. It's the perfect go-to resource to have by your microscope.
Tissue diagnosis in surgical pathology is the most important determinant of patient outcomes in oncology and other medical conditions. An appropriate diagnosis of a tumor correctly determines the necessary therapy for that patient. Error Reduction and Prevention in Surgical Pathology focuses on how errors happen, the best systems to detect errors and the best systems to prevent errors. As with any form of testing, the test cycle in surgical pathology can be divided into pre-analytic (collection and handling of specimens), analytic (the actual determination of disease or other diagnostic information) and post-analytic (generation of reports and distribution).
This much praised and widely used reference manual on has been extensively revised and expanded to cover the entire field of anatomic pathology. The Fourth Edition features the incorporation of full-color images in the text with updates of new diagnostic and prognostic information. New classifications and numerous new entities and histologic variants for each organ site will be fully incorporate in each individual chapter (Part II Organ Systems).
Intraoperative Frozen Sections presents diagnostic challenges involved in the evaluation in the pathology lab of specimens obtained during surgery through the case experience of expert pathologists. Sixty three problems cover the wide range of approximately of problems encountered in intraoperative consultations. Each presentation provides the case information as presented to the consultant, the evaluation and analysis of the specimen, discussion of the results and teaching points observed in the case, and an overall comment providing additional context for the diagnostic problem that has been presented.
Damjanov's Pathology for the Health Professions, 5th Edition is the best resource for clear, concise, and clinically relevant information on general pathology. Praised for its stunning collection of pathology images, this engaging, easy-to-understand text covers the most frequently encountered diseases that today's healthcare students need to know.
This book is a practical guide to all laboratory procedures in surgical pathology, covering both diagnostic and research aspects. Divided into seventeen sections, topics covered include routine and special staining procedures, cytopathology and FNAC procedures, biopsies, tissue processing and much more. A complete chapter is dedicated to microtomy. Each procedure is presented in a step by step format, explaining its principles, methodology and troubleshooting.
Quality Management in Anatomic Pathology is a comprehensive manual designed to improve patient care while ensuring your laboratory achieves its accreditation standards. The manual provides pathologists and laboratory directors with the tools necessary to develop, implement, and maintain a comprehensive quality improvement program. It emphasizes regulatory compliance, with cross-references to the CAP Laboratory Accreditation Program (LAP) checklist items and CLIA regulations.
Quick Compendium of Surgical Pathology was developed by a former surgeon who became a pathologist. This new quick compendium uniquely provides complete clinicopathologic data, concisely expressed for the most important and clinicopathologically relevant diagnoses and differential diagnostic considerations encountered in practice. It is indispensable as a companion to the major texts in the field for those seeking certification or preparation for recertification, and for those preparing surgical pathology reports everyday.
Effectively master the most important principles and facts in pathology with this easy-to-use new edition of Robbins and Cotran Review of Pathology. More than 1,100 questions-reviewed and updated to reflect the new content in the parent text-reinforce the fundamentals of gross and microscopic pathology as well as the latest findings in molecular biology and genetics. This review book of multiple choice questions and answers, companion to Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease 9th Edition and Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th Edition, is the ideal study tool for coursework, self-assessment, and examinations, including the USMLE Step 1 examination in pathology.
Succeed in your course with Rubin's Pathology: Clinicopathologic Foundations Of Medicine, 7th Edition. This acclaimed text provides streamlined coverage of only what you need to know and presents clinical applications of the chapter concepts. In addition, the book is liberally illustrated with full-color graphic illustrations, gross pathology photos, and micrographs.
Mark R. Wick, Virginia A. LiVolsi, John D. Pfeifer, Edward B. Stelow, Paul E. Wakely Jr.
Silverberg's Principles and Practice of Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology is one of the most durable reference texts in pathology. Thoroughly revised and updated, this state-of-the-art new edition encompasses the entire fields of surgical pathology and cytopathology in a single source. Its practice-oriented format uniquely integrates these disciplines to present all the relevant features of a particular lesion, side by side. Over 3500 color images depict clinical features, morphological attributes, histochemical and immunohistochemical findings, and molecular characteristics of all lesions included. This edition features new highly experienced and academically accomplished editors, while chapters are written by the leading experts in the field (several new to this edition, bringing a fresh approach). Dr Steven Silverberg's practical approach to problem solving has been carefully preserved. The print book is packaged with access to a secure, electronic copy of the book, providing quick and easy access to its wealth of text and images.


text:
News > Netflix to open $900M facility at former Fort Monmouth Army base in New Jersey
Netflix to open $900M facility at former Fort Monmouth Army base in New Jersey
Netflix has announced plans to build a new $900mn production facility at the former Army base in Jersey Shore. The plan is expected to create thousands of jobs at the 292-acre site on the former Fort Monmouth military base in Eatontown and Oceanport, a property the streaming company will purchase for $55mn. The new project will also create new housing, hotel and film-related businesses in the area, NJ Gov Phil Murphy said.


text:
Trump Controversy is a mockery; a contrived PC teachable moment for 'pigheaded' Whites
Haven't we seen this show before? But more importantly, when will bigoted Yids who make Archie Bunker and Donald Trump look like class acts be ridiculed and subjected to televised sensitivity training alchemy? Never, as long as condescending Judeo-supremacists control the discourse. For the love of God, turn off your televisions.
Dachsie said...
The WHOLE of the subjects of candidates, elections, etc... is just total nonsense to many of us. I still am tempted to sign petitions to Congress to stop funding of Planned Parenthood and other items, but I have stopped voting and see zero hope for the USA.
"Brother Nathaniel" has posted a couple of pretty good pieces about Trump, but I still have a gnawing distrust of Bro Nate. Russia and Russian Orthodox Church are basically one and the same entity and that entity is still under the strong shadow of communism.
"Archie Bunker" portrayed white males as bigoted, arrogant know-it-alls who enslaved their wives." That is a quote from an article by Robert Sungenis that is no longer available on the web titled "Politics, Religion, Israel and the Seduction of the Catholic Voter"
I remember watching that show and being so shocked by some of the dialog. Archie used to refer to Jews as Hebes. I did laugh at the show but wish now I had been instructed in truth as to what was wrong about laughing at that show.
Alan Donelson said...
I have followed only casually, at arm's length and without favor, having no intention to vote again, the latest dust-offs among the Tweedle Dees and Tweedle Dums, the Things One and Things Two. Clearly, we have vicarious entertainment of the most expensive sort delivered free to our computer monitors. Well, free to a point. We pay dearly in time and energy wasted to view such low, dark humor.
I too watched with delight Archie Bunker, family, and friends. Back then, I suppose I did count myself on one side, the liberal one, having migrated years before from that of Ayn Rand, Barry Goldwater, and the "conservative" side. Heck, I only began to awake from The Matrix late in my sixth decade on the planet! I forgive myself the laughs then. Those laughs had an innocence I lost since.
Northsider said...
Bunker was an American version of the British sit-com Till Death Do Us Part written by anti-Catholic bigot Johnny Speight. The real bigotry in TV land is not directed against blacks or Muslims, but against Catholics. On British television unsavoury of ridiculous characters are invariably Irish or at the very least have Irish names. The same is true, albeit to a slightly lesser extent, of American media, which British Anglo-Zio supremacists largely control. One of my lectures in college, who had worked as a magazine designer at Conde Nast in New York once told us that EVERYONE but everyone in American Magazine publishing was British. The Irish media is also run by poisonously anti-Irish Brit-Zios, e.g the Sunday Independent - a vile anti-Irish, anti-Catholic Masonic porn-rag. Re Trump: he's a friend and regular guest of the odious Howard Stern, but surprise, surprise Meghan Kelly has also appeared on Stern's porn show to happily talk filth, so the Trump Kelly "row" is clearly more theatre of the schlock for the gullible masses.
Has RT (Russia Today) been outsourced to the BBC (Bnai Brith Corporation)?. Seems more like it with each passing day!
annely said...
RT will give you info and perspective that you'll never get from US Big Outlets but like Western Big Outlets RT is very slanted. And Jewdom is in the warp and weft everywhere.
Innocent Smith said...
Very good comments on display here and great insight from our host.
I think I was around 8 or 9 when this show first aired and I always loved it. But I always liked Archie. Sure there was a time period in syndication as I reached my later teen years and early adulthood that I admired the "Meathead" point of view. But it was short lived. My only problem was the use of the word "Polak". Being that I am of Polish descent.
But I soon realized that was part of the psy op. To use the Poles as one example, I am sure many were still around that would agree with just about everything Archie said. Except for the ethnic slur previously mentioned and that he was "anti-Catholic". That was the genius of the snare, because everybody could be offended about something.
So I suppose the logic goes something like this. If everyone is offended, then anything goes.
And guess what!
of Canterbury,
Justin Welby, has all
the hallmarks of an
Illuminati Jewish imposter.
http://henrymakow.com/2015/08/archbishop-of-canterbury-illuminati.html
What will happen to 'Gentiles' at the Judaic 'Rede...
https://twitter.com/MauricePinay
Dr. Tony Martin on Judaic bullying tactics against...
Trump Controversy is a mockery; a contrived PC tea...
Pope Francis' Hasidic doctrine of all 'mercy' and ...
Israeli Rabbi supports burning churches as Codifie...


With its flowing waters, mysterious cave and glorious setting below the majestic Hermon Mountain, Banias is so impressive that it has long been considered a holy site. Indeed, below a prayer niche next to the cave archeologists uncovered an entire stone altar dating back 2200 years!
This fabulous nature reserve boasts a splendid waterfall divided in two by a huge eastern plane tree and a flowing river that flows into the fabled Jordan. And as if that weren't enough, excavations have uncovered remains from the splendid palace built by Agrippa II, last of the Herodian kings. One of the largest and most grandiose buildings ever constructed in the Land of Israel, it extended over more than 2,000 square meters!


text:
YA Mystery a Chilling Story of Survival, Hope
(Image from Barnes & Noble)
Scarlett Contreras has always loved Skywoman, a dazzling comic book superhero who uses her powers to protect the people of Silver City from evil villains. It was the image of her heroine swooping in to save the world from a deadly meteor crash that Scarlett kept in her mind to give her courage during the years-long abduction that changed her young life irrevocably. It's what helped her take advantage of a rare opportunity to escape. It's what led her back home to her father and her younger siblings.
Still overwhelmed by the ability to make decisions for herself, Scarlett is nevertheless determined to live a normal life. Getting a job at Five Banners Adventure World, an amusement park based on the Skywoman stories, feels like something an average teen would do. Her first day on the job, Scarlett hears the shocking news—a teenage girl has vanished from the park without a trace. Scarlett can't shake the terrifying feeling that the disappearance is her fault. When a co-worker starts acting strangely around her, saying things that seem like echoes from the time Scarlett is trying so hard to forget, her sense of foreboding heightens. Is Scarlett being paranoid? Or have the ghosts of her past come back to haunt her?
When I read the premise for Never Missing, Never Found—a new YA novel by Amanda Panitch—I knew I wanted to read it. Unlike romance, dystopian, and sci fi/fantasy, mystery/suspense is not a popular genre in the YA world. This alone made the book appealing to me. So, when the good folks at Penguin Random House asked me to be part of the Never Missing, Never Found blog tour, I happily agreed. What did I think of the novel? It's a fast, compelling read. The carnival setting gives it an otherworldly, spooky vibe that adds to the tension of the story. Scarlett and her cohorts are likable enough, although not terribly memorable. The writing gets melodramatic at times and the story, which is ultimately about hope, feels pretty depressing. Although I saw the novel's big twist coming, the plot kept me turning pages. Overall, I didn't enjoy Never Missing, Never Found as much as I wanted to—still, it made for an exciting read. I liked it, just didn't love it.
(Readalikes: Reminded me a little of Now You See Me by Sharon [S.J.] Bolton)
for brief, mild language (no F-bombs), violence, depictions of underage drinking, and disturbing subject matter
To the FTC, with love: I received a finished copy of Never Missing, Never Found from the generous folks at Penguin Random House. Thank you!
Labels:Abduction,Amanda Panitch,B Grade Books,Mystery/Suspense,PG 13-rated Books,U.S. Settings: New Jersey,YA Novels | 6 bookworm(s) said...
► Aug 24 <


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Baltasar de Villalba Ponce de León, Brigadier de los ejércitos de su Católica Majestad, bautizado en la plaza de Orán el 6 de enero de 1642 Gobernador de las Plazas de Orán y Mazalqiivir. Sobresalió en la defensa de estas plazas.

Origen militar de la familia
Procedía de los Villalba, una familia de antigua raigambre militar, servidores de la corona española, desde al menos Fernando el Católico, siendo además descendiente de los primeros conquistadores de la plaza y presidio de Oran:
 Su tatarabuelo: Cristóbal de Villalba fue "capitán de peones" de la infantería del Gran Capitán, junto al que combatió en las guerras de Italia. En 1506 siendo coronel, Cristóbal obtenía de Fernando II de Aragón, la concesión de escudo de armas por su participación en la toma de Andarax (Almería) y su comportamiento en la toma de la Isla de Corfú (Grecia) en 1500, en las Guerras del reino de Nápoles (1501-1504),  y otros hechos de armas.
 Hijo de este, su bisabuelo: el maestre de Campo D. Juan de Villalba. Estaba entre los caballeros que mandaban las tropas que en 1509 entraban y conquistaban Orán, como uno de los Coroneles que mando el Cardenal Cisneros para esta conquista.
 Hijo de este, su abuelo: Antonio de Villalba, capitán de la compañía extraordinaria de infantería española de Orán, casado con la oranesa Catalina Ponce de León.
 Hijo de este, su padre: Gaspar de Villalba y Ponce de León, bautizado en Oran el 30 de enero de 1611, quien en 1643 sucedería en el mando de dicha compañía a su padre. Posteriormente sería capitán de la compañía de caballos lanzas "lanzas y adargas".

Biografía
Hijo de Don Gaspar Villalba y Ponce de León y de Ana Antonia Ponce de León y Negrete, bautizada en dicha plaza el 13 de agosto de 1603. Nació en Orán en enero de 1642. Comenzó su carrera militar sirviendo en la compañía de caballos lanzas de Oran bajo las órdenes de su padre.

Actuó En varios combates contra los Alarbes de Mostagan, destacando la acaecida en octubre de 1703, durante el asedio turco a la plaza.

En 1708, después de cuatro años de duro asedio, en plena Guerra de Sucesión (1701-1713),  tras la huida de su gobernador el marqués de Valdecañas, es nombrado Gobernador interino de Orán.  Posteriormente la deserción del conde de Santa Cruz de los manueles, que con la escuadra de socorro que mandaba se había pasado al servicio del Archiduque Carlos abandonando a los Oraneses a su suerte, le obligaría a aceptar la capitulación de la plaza y entregarla a los turcos el 20 de enero, al no haber llegado los refuerzos y avituallamientos que se esperaban.

No obstante, tras obtener en las capitulaciones la evacuación sin daños de toda la población se dispuso a replegarse con las tropas disponibles al asentamiento cercano de la fortaleza de Mazalquivir. Quedó al mando de esta plaza, como gobernador, ofreciendo una feroz resistencia, hasta que resignados ante la falta de auxilios hubo de aceptar su capitulación el 5 de abril, capitulaciones que no cumplieron los moros, llevándose como esclavos a sus últimos defensores. Según relataba su nieto Francisco de Villalba, "por defender de los moros hasta el último extremo la plaza de Mazalquivir, en la que se hallaba de gobernador, fue hecho esclavo y padeció cautiverio amarrado a una cadena por espacio de 26 años, y así murió".

En su caso, y tras los repetidos y fallidos intentos del monarca por liberarlo, falleció en el hospital que los padres Trinitarios regentaban en Argel. Después de muchos años y estando en cautiverio, en 1727 el monarca le concedía el empleo de brigadier.

Pasada la guerra de Sucesión y una vez asentado en el trono español, Felipe V decide recuperar las plazas de Oran y Mazalquivir, para ello reunió un nutrido ejército al mando del conde de Montemar que, tras dos años largos de preparativos, zarpó del puerto de Alicante rumbo a Orán el 15 de junio de 1732. Dentro de este contingente destacaban los hijos de los militares que habían tenido que abandonar esta ciudad años antes y entre estos destacaron sus hijos y entre ellos D. Juan de Villalba que retornaba así a su ciudad natal.

Descendencia
Fueron hijos suyos y siguieron la tradición militar:
 Juan de Villalba Angulo Ponce de León, Capitán General de los Reales Ejércitos, Caballero de la Orden de Santiago, Capitán General de Extremadura y Andalucía, Gentil hombre de cámara de su majestad y Gobernador de Alhucemas, Melilla, Lérida y Cádiz. Sobresalió por ser el gran modernizador y reformador del ejército español en América
 Gaspar de Villalba y Angulo Ponce de León, Teniente Coronel del Regimiento fijo de Orán;
 José de Villalba y Angulo Ponce de León, Capitán del Regimiento de dragones de Lusitania.
 Alonso de Villalba y Angulo Ponce de León, Mariscal de Campo.
 Antonio de Villalba y Angulo Ponce de León, Gobernador militar de Melilla (1732-1757)
 Su hija casó con Joaquin Mendoza Pacheco, capitán general de Mallorca (1780)
Su infancia y juventud se desarrollaron en el enclave español de Oran. No obstante, tras los continuos ataques sufridos por esta posición se vio obligado, con 17 años, a salir hacia la Península en 1708, al ser tomada la ciudad por los turcos, quedando su padre al cargo de la defensa de la ciudad y tras la rendición preso, como hemos dicho en Argel hasta su muerte.

Conquistada la ciudad, al parecer sin mucha resistencia, tuvo que soportar poco después un riguroso sitio, levantado un año más tarde gracias a la discordia surgida entre los sitiadores sobre la forma de llevar a cabo el bloqueo.

Referencias

Bibliografía utilizada

 J. Archer, Christon (2002).  En busca de una victoria definitiva. El Ejército Realista de Nueva España 1810—1821. La Guerra de la independencia en la América española. El Colegio de Michoacán. Instituto de Antropología e Historia. Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. (pp. 424).


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text:
Q: Acortar direcciones de Google Places consulta que quizás sea media tonta.
Tengo un componente de react AddressInput en un formulario que funciona como buscador de direcciones y utiliza la API de google places. Para no mostrar toda la cadena de texto que manda que incluye región, país, etc. utilicé ésta línea, que corta cuando encuentra la primera coma. Funciona con la mayoría de las direcciones, sólo que algunas vienen con la numeración después de la primer coma.
Lo que necesitaría es hacer un acortador como éste pero que en vez de detenerse en la primer coma que encuentre, lo haga en la segunda.
¿A alguien se le ocurre cómo?
Mi porción de código que acorta es éste:


enrichmens (that capability actually already exists).
>>  data flowing into them to pull samples for the parser config panel.
>>  However, you can paste alternative samples if kafka isn't already setup.
>>  > any of the additional features that we are talking about here.
>>  > have features, but definitely not needed for a first run.
>>  >> Elastic Search Templates right away?
>>  >> Are the templates a MUST HAVE in order to add this UI to Metron?
>>  >> working on what that looks like.
>>  >> What are your thoughts?
>>  >>> Seems like the UI discussion has fallen off the inboxes.
>>  >> method. I'll start a separate discuss for that.
>>  >> UI at http://imgur.com/a/QAQyu?
>>  >>> Is there anything you see missing around sensor config here?
>>  >>> Does it look useful?
>>  >>> It would be great to get some thoughts.
>>  >> in the pack.
>>  >>>>> Ambari MPack should do and what the Management UI should do.
>>  >>>>> works fine in Ambari today, but I could be convinced otherwise.
>>  >>>>>> That looks absolutely great, loved it!
>>  >>>>>> setup and administer much of the product through the UI.
>>  >>>>>>> Here are some screens to show you what we are thinking.
>>  >>>>>>> Does this look like a reasonable place to start?


This day's theme is always interesting because a lot of my memorable moments relate to raiding, so I'm always curious how much else I'll be able to come up with. I didn't do too badly this time I think.
First off, we have this simple moment of encountering a particularly interesting individual on the fleet. I'm not usually in the habit of inspecting other people's achievements, but a guildie had done so and drew attention to the fact that this guy had 100% completion on absolutely everything except Iokath, but that had only just come out a few days ago at the time this happened. I'm still amazed that someone like that even exists, considering how varied and sometimes challenging some of the achievements are. That this person was in a guild called "Not Good Enough" only added a delicious bit of irony.
Here is me mastering my very first ship on Imperial side. This wasn't even that long ago! I just don't play that much GSF, and I've hardly played at all on Imp side. However, Galactic Command has made it really attractive to play the occasional match on a character whose Command level you're trying to increase, especially if GSF is the bonus activity of the day. By now, I'm not far off mastering the rest of the ships in this character's hangar either.
Okay, this is a bad memory, but there's nothing in the rules to say that all the memories have to be nice ones. It does make for a good story though. If you enlarge the screenshot, you'll see that my team ended this match with zero kills, while the highest placed person on the enemy team finished with 99. Yes, you read that correctly, ninety-nine kills for one person in a single match! How did that happen?
Well, somehow we ended up in an incredibly unbalanced Voidstar, pointlessly smashing our heads against the wall during the initial attack round with no chance in hell of getting anywhere. At least when that happens, the second round is usually over really quickly because you get steamrolled on defense too, and the game ends as soon as the enemy breaches the first door. The problem here was that the Imps decided that they didn't actually care about the objective because they were going to win on kills anyway and instead chose to prolong the match as much as possible by completely ignoring the door so they could farm kills instead. The reason I "only" died six times is that once I realised what was happening, I went to hide in a corner instead of throwing myself into the meat grinder over and over again. Stuff like this is why PvPers have a reputation for being jerks.
This is my Sorcerer during KotFE chapter 14 and the reason this moment was memorable to me was that it was the first time I realised how to do the bonus mission in this area properly - only took me five runs or so... The bonus objective in question is to either kill skytroopers or to destroy their assembly line, and I had always felt forced to go with killing the troopers simply because I couldn't figure out how to destroy the assembly line! Turns out the problem was once again that I simply don't look up enough.
Finally, this is me coming out as top damage on my dps Commando in an Ancient Hypergate! This isn't really something to be proud of because I only ended up so high because nobody else hit very high numbers and the enemy let me free-cast a lot. Still, considering I hardly ever even play as dps, that was definitely a result worth screenshotting!


KENT, WASHINGTON — Guardian Fall Protection, a leading provider of fall protection equipment, announced today that they have acquired Trojan Tools, the most reputable manufacturer of power tool accessories in the United States. The purpose behind this acquisition is to promote the product line expansion for Guardian's subsidiary company, Qualcraft Industries.
Let me first start by saying that I am not a doctor, nor have I ever played one on TV. However, that does not mean that I cannot have an understanding of the possibility and severity of orthostatic intolerance. Some other more associated, commonplace terms are 'harness induced pathology' or 'suspension trauma'.


Riverview Community Bank, Otsego, Minnesota, was closed today by the Minnesota Department of Commerce, which appointed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) as receiver. To protect the depositors, the FDIC entered into a purchase and assumption agreement with Central Bank, Stillwater, Minnesota, to assume all of the deposits of Riverview Community Bank.
The two branches of Riverview Community Bank will reopen on Saturday as branches of Central Bank. Depositors of Riverview Community Bank will automatically become depositors of Central Bank. Deposits will continue to be insured by the FDIC, so there is no need for customers to change their banking relationship to retain their deposit insurance coverage. Customers should continue to use their existing branches until Central Bank can fully integrate the deposit records of Riverview Community Bank.
This evening and over the weekend, depositors of Riverview Community Bank can access their money by writing checks or using ATM or debit cards. Checks drawn on the bank will continue to be processed. Loan customers should continue to make their payments as usual.
As of August 31, 2009, Riverview Community Bank had total assets of $108 million and total deposits of approximately $80 million. Central Bank did not pay the FDIC a premium to assume all of the deposits of Riverview Community Bank. In addition to assuming all of the deposits of the failed bank, Central Bank agreed to purchase essentially all of the assets.
The FDIC and Central Bank entered into a loss-share transaction on approximately $75 million of Riverview Community Bank's assets. Central Bank will share in the losses on the assets covered under the loss-share agreement. The loss-sharing arrangement is projected to maximize returns on the assets covered by keeping them in the private sector. The agreement also is expected to minimize disruptions for loan customers. For more information on loss share, please visit: http://www.fdic.gov/bank/individual/failed/lossshare/index.html.
Customers who have questions about today's transaction can call the FDIC toll-free at 1-800-355-0814. The phone number will be operational this evening until 9:00 p.m., Central Daylight Time (CDT); on Saturday from 9:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m., CDT; on Sunday from noon to 6:00 p.m., CDT; and thereafter from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m., CDT. Interested parties can also visit the FDIC's Web site at http://www.fdic.gov/bank/individual/failed/riverview-mn.html.
The FDIC estimates that the cost to the Deposit Insurance Fund (DIF) will be $20 million. Central Bank's acquisition of all the deposits was the "least costly" resolution for the FDIC's DIF compared to alternatives. Riverview Community Bank is the 105th FDIC-insured institution to fail in the Nation this year, and the fifth in Minnesota. The last FDIC-insured institution closed in the state was Jennings State Bank, Spring Grove, on October 2, 2009.


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New Judgment: McDonald (Deceased) v National Grid Electricity Transmission plc [2014] UKSC 53
On appeal from: [2013] EWCA Civ 1346
Mr McDonald had worked as a lorry driver and attended Battersea power station between 1954 and 1959 to collect pulverised fuel ash as part of his work. As part of this, Mr McDonald went into areas where asbestos dust was generated by lagging work. Mr McDonald was subsequently diagnosed with mesothelioma in 2012 and passed away in February 2014. Mr McDonald had claimed for breach of statutory duty against The National Grid Electricity Transmission plc, the successor to the occupier of the power station, under the Asbestos Industry Regulations 1931 and the Factories Act 1937. He initially also claimed in negligence against National Grid and the successors to his former employers but the claims were dropped. His widow took his place in the court proceedings.
At trial, the judge dismissed all of the claims. The Court of Appeal allowed Mr McDonald's appeal under the 1931 Regulations but dismissed his appeal under the 1937 Act. National Grid appealed to the Supreme Court in the first appeal. Mr McDonald's representative cross-appealed in the second appeal.
The majority of judges (Lord Reed and Lord Neuberger disagreeing) dismissed National Grid's appeal, holding that the 1931 Regulations apply to all factories and workshops processing asbestos and not only those dealing with it in a raw, unprocessed form. It was noted that the Secretary of State intended for the Regulations to address the harm that could be caused by the manipulation of asbestos, rather than focusing on any particular setting where it might take place. Further, the mixing of asbestos during lagging work fell within the 1931 Regulations and is consistent with Cherry Tree Machine Co Ltd v Dawson sub nom Jeromson v Shell Tankers (UK) Ltd [2001] EWCA Civ 101.
Lord Kerr further noted that a worker in a factory or workshop where processing of asbestos took place was within the scope of the 1931 Regulations, even if he is not mixing asbestos himself or directly employed by the occupiers of the premises where that is taking place.
The majority of judges (Lady Hale disagreeing) then dismissed the cross-appeal under the 1937 Act, noting that there was insufficient evidence to rebut the Court of Appeal's earlier conclusion that Mr McDonald had not established that a "substantial quantity of dust" was given off by the mixing process.
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An Oral History Of Christopher Nolan's 'Inception' Part 3: The Production Design
Fresh off the shoot for Alejandro Amenábar's Agora in the summer of 2008, production designer Guy Hendrix Dyas (X2: X-Men United, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull) was offered the chance to board Louis Leterrier's Clash of the Titans remake. He...
ISG Acquires Neuralify, Market Leader In Intelligent Automation Enablement Solutions
Information Services Group ( ISG ) (Nasdaq: III ), a leading global technology research and advisory firm, said today it has acquired Neuralify, a market leader in intelligent automation enablement solutions and services. Terms were not disclosed. The...
Inside The Costume Design Of HBO's 'Perry Mason': "There's So Much Wear And Tear And Life"
On HBO's new miniseries Perry Mason, wildly contrasting aspects of 1930s Los Angeles are spotlighted by differences in costume. "With the Great Depression happening and also with the movie industry happening, there was this strange juxtaposition in the city,"...
The Soccer V Football Debate Still Lingers On In MLS
Originally, there was not a single football club in Major League Soccer. Indeed, when the league was launched back in 1996 not one of its 10 founding members labelled itself "FC". Now, 25 years later, 10 MLS clubs use the term, plus Inter Miami, or Club Internacional...
Live Interview With Xandra Van Der Eijk As Part Of Virtual Design Festival
Xandra van der Eijk spoke to Dezeen in a live Screentime conversation sponsored by Philips TV & Sound as part of Virtual Design Festival. The Dutch artist and designer discussed her work with Dezeen's founder and editor-in-chief Marcus Fairs. Van der Eijk is...
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AUSTIN -- Former Comptroller Susan Combs, who on Twitter styles herself as a "government accountability advocate," is using leftover campaign cash to upgrade a web tool for comparing how well Texas public and charter schools perform.
The tool tries to highlight which districts and school campuses do the best job of educating students for the least cost.
Combs said she hopes to inspire more activism by people with a stake in the state's public schools.
She urges parents and adult relatives of students to visit the TXSmartSchools.org website. They can take a look at rankings of their own youngsters' schools and then compare with those of other districts and schools.
"Maybe they'll go talk to the school, maybe they'll become advocates for improvement," she said.
Educators are another target audience, Combs said.
The online tool adjusts for such things as students' demographic backgrounds and past performance on standardized tests, as well as local labor costs.
Charter and public school districts and individual campuses then are compared "apples to apples" on what value they add to students' proficiency on tests and whether they hold down their operating expenses, she said.
Combs said she'd love it if educators use the tool. They could identify highly rated districts and campuses, and ask peers at those places what they're doing to improve student performance and financial management.
The school-comparison web tool revives one the Legislature asked her to create in 2009, when she was comptroller, but that successor Glenn Hegar has discontinued, she said. The original effort, which went online in 2010, was the Financial Allocation Study for Texas, or FAST.
For both versions, Combs turned to Texas A&M University school finance expert Lori Taylor to analyze expenditures and to scholars at the University of Texas at Dallas for the academic data. The UTD experts had navigated complex federal privacy laws to obtain test data on individual students, Combs explained.
"There's nothing like this in the country," she said.
The ratings give equal weight to academic progress and financial efficiency. Consultants averaged results for the three school years that ended in May 2015.
To win five stars, a charter or public school district or campus had to finish in the top fifth in student academic progress and the bottom fifth in costs among their "fiscal peers." That means those of similar size, serving students with similar socioeconomic backgrounds and proficiency in English, and operating in areas with a comparable cost of living, Taylor said. To win 4 1/2 stars, a district or campus has to be in the most desired fifth among peers in one rating and just shy of it -- in the second most desirable fifth -- on the other, she said.
Statewide, there were 44 charter and public school districts that won five-star ratings in the latest tabulations. Another 104 districts earned 4 1/2 stars.
Eight with five stars are in the Dallas metropolitan area -- the Argyle, Aubrey, Caddo Mills, Frisco, Highland Park, Lone Oak and Midlothian school districts and the charter school Nova Academy in Pleasant Grove.
The Highland Park district is property-rich, and has to give some of its maintenance and operations property tax revenue to the state for transfer to property-poor districts.
Taylor said that like a lot of donor districts, Highland Park has put a lot of money into facilities and infrastructure because a separate levy for those isn't subject to "recapture" under the Robin Hood school finance scheme. But the online tool only looks at operating budgets, not spending on facilities, she said. So the five stars means Highland Park is holding down costs, even though it's in a high-cost labor market such as Dallas, she said.
Combs, a former GOP state representative from Travis County and Texas agriculture commissioner, served two terms as comptroller -- state government's chief tax collector and financial officer -- before deciding not to seek re-election in 2014. Through Dec. 31, her campaign funds had a balance of just over $5 million.
Combs said she has spent about $190,000 on the school-comparison web tool. She's forked over about $600,000 to create a nonprofit called The Anywhere Woman Project, she said. According to The Texas Tribune, the project is creating a multiplatform online space that will let women exchange ideas with each other on topics such as, "Why is it hard to get ahead in your job?"


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215-356-8061|jfrankphd@gmail.com
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Home/Our Staff
Our StaffJeremy Frank & Associates2021-09-19T01:57:00-04:00
Alexander OttMA, LMFT
(Accepting New Clients)
Alex Ott has a Master's Degree in Counseling from St. Edward's University, and is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. Alex began his career in pediatric oncology at Dell Children's Hospital in Austin, Texas, counseling families, and their children in various stages of cancer treatment. Believing in a systemic approach to care, Alex completed his clinical hours at Austin Family Institute; a premier training site for systemic theory and family therapy across a broad spectrum of focus. Alex took his love of family therapy and opened his own private practice in 2011, where he treated individuals, couples, and families on a sliding scale to allow for a more inclusive and diverse clientele. Alex continued private practice while taking a position as lead therapist in a Partial Hospitalization Program in 2015. An adjunct professor at St. Edward's University's Master of Arts in Counseling Program, Alex taught a graduate studies course in drug abuse, treatment and therapy, pharmacology, and neurobiology. Alex considers the process of therapy an ongoing conversation, free of directives and open to curiosities and wonder. Narrative Therapy, Brief Structural Therapy, and Mindfulness, are among the approaches to care Alex utilizes to help improve the lives of those he sees. Alex's open, empathic stance creates a welcoming environment to explore together the solutions that are unique to each individual.
Fees are $220-180 per session.
Jake BrennanMA, LPC
I am a licensed professional counselor with over 7 years of experience in the mental health and addiction fields, and I have worked at all levels of care including in-patient rehab, intensive outpatient, and individual. I believe we all carry a wealth of past experiences, and that this often involves old or unhealed wounds.
Sometimes this presents as feelings of disconnection, depression, racing thoughts or anxiety, sometimes as substance use, self-harming behavior, or relationship problems. Wherever you are at, I will work to build a relationship together which we can use to explore your life and where you are now with the goal of moving forward and growing in whatever ways you want. The therapist-client relationship is something I value deeply.
I am psychodynamic and relationally oriented. I am also skilled in CBT, DBT and mindfulness-based interventions to help create stability and provide symptom relief where it is needed. When there is stability, therapy will often move towards deeper issues that drive behavior and impact our emotional lives and relationships.
I am also growing and cultivating my own skills by training as a dance movement therapist. Creativity, spontaneity, humor and self-expression are fundamental aspects of life that inform my work.
I work regularly with adults of all ages as well as teens and adolescents. If you are considering therapy or have questions, I would be happy to talk about the work we might do.
Yona DavidsonPhD
Yona's orientation/approach as a therapist is rooted in humanism, mindfulness, attachment, and systems theory. He believes that the therapeutic process is more than empathic listening and supportive talk. It is a creative vehicle of self-realization, empowerment, and change.
Yona's academic training in psychology focused on identity, trauma, human development, learning/schools, and motivation at Harvard University (Masters, 2014) and Temple University (Ph.D., 2019). His experience in the therapeutic practice has taken many forms over the years. For a decade prior to entering graduate school, Yona worked as a life coach for school-refusing adolescents and their families addressing the emotional, relational, and structural issues that create conflict, obstruct growth, and inhibit self-realization.
After completing his graduate studies, Yona worked as a predoctoral clinical intern in the Bering Strait region of Alaska providing culturally-immersed trauma-focused psychotherapy for the remote Bering Sea coast and island communities. He then returned to Philadelphia and completed his predoctoral internship working with children with intellectual and developmental disabilities and behavioral health challenges.
He continues his creative approach to psychotherapy and therapeutic coaching work with Jeremy Frank & Associates.
Cindy CooperMSW
My goal, as a therapist, is to create a collaborative relationship in which you find the support, warmth, and safety to challenge the thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors that may be holding you back. As an experienced mental health therapist, I feel honored to hear your story and work together towards change and healing.
Most often I work with individuals, couples, and families affected by addiction, depression, identity/self- esteem, attachment, and relationship challenges. I am trained in EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing) which is a powerful tool that has proven effective for the treatment of trauma. Additionally, I have been involved in all aspects of recovery both personally and professionally for many years.
I hold a Bachelor's Degree in Sociology from Rosemont College and a Master's Degree the Bryn Mawr Graduate Program of Social Work. I am a licensed Social Worker in the state of Pennsylvania.
Fees are $220-180 per session. (sliding scale fees between $150-180 are possible in some cases; please contact for more information).
Jeremy FrankPhD, CADC
Dr. Jeremy Frank, who oversees Jeremy Frank and Associates, is both a psychologist and certified alcohol and drug counselor who is also in recovery from personal addiction with over 25 years of sobriety having chosen to get clean and sober at age 25. Jeremy has extensive treatment and supervisory experience having served as the Coordinator of Campus Alcohol and Substance Awareness at Tuttleman Counseling Services at Temple University and the Assistant Director of Health and Counseling and the University of the Sciences in Philadelphia. He has had positions at Drexel University, The University of Pennsylvania, University of Florida, Hahnemann University, and Jefferson University. He lives with his wife and two children in Philadelphia and is an avid soccer player, walker, and gardener which are part and parcel examples of, and a testament to, people's ability to trade compulsive behaviors for positive addictions, structure, social support, and ritualized dependency on healthy alternatives in one's life. He seeks to help others find meaning and purpose in their lives, and to support connection in intimate relationships with friends and family.
Dr. Frank's fees are $270 per session with occasional sliding scale fees available. Other associates fees are $220-180.
The CDC says: Alcoholics Anonymous, covid fatigue and abstinence…
Structure Your Time: Re-establishing Trust in Your Romantic Relationship in Recovery
Assess Your Readiness to Change: Getting Ready for Couples Addiction Recovery
Caron Treatment Centers is hosting The ASCENT Approach Workshop for Couples in Recovery
What is The ASCENT Approach?
Jeremy Frank & Associates
2 Bala Plaza
Suite PL-13
Bala Cynwyd, PA 19004-1573
jfrankphd@gmail.com
Information on this website www.jeremyfrankassociates.com does not constitute a therapeutic relationship and should not be construed as clinical advice, counseling or therapy. We assume no liability for the information within this website or harm that may result from using, referencing, relying on, or decisions executed from its use.
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text:
Privatizing Poland: Baby Food, Big Business, and the Remaking of Labor
By Elizabeth C. Dunn
Cornell University Press, 2004, 224 pp
Reviewed By Robert Legvold
Dunn, an anthropologist, offers a ground-level appraisal of the new capitalism's impact on the Polish worker. She spent 16 months working alongside women on the shop floor, attending training programs, and talking to middle and senior management in a rural baby-food plant that had been privatized by Gerber, an American company. She wanted to see firsthand how workers and managers who had labored in a state socialist system took to an alternative economic model with different performance criteria, organizational forms, incentive structures, and marketing strategies. She found that the new ways were rapidly taking root, but with meanings and effects heavily shaped by the values and defenses Polish workers developed under the old order, with its chronic shortages, discontinuities, and self-help recourses. She focuses not just on worker behavior, but also on the way identity through labor is being reshaped in contemporary Poland.
More By Robert Legvold
Russia & FSU Economics Politics & Society


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