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2006 | Conference Paper | IST-REx-ID: 2334 |
Seiringer, R., Lieb, É., & Yngvason, J. (2006). One-dimensional behavior of dilute, trapped Bose gases in traps. In J. Zambrini (Ed.). Presented at the ICMP: International Congress on Mathematical Physics, World Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00220-003-0993-3
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2006 | Book Review | IST-REx-ID: 2363 |
Lieb, É., & Seiringer, R. (2006). Derivation of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation for rotating Bose gases. Communications in Mathematical Physics. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00220-006-1524-9
2006 | Journal Article | IST-REx-ID: 2364 |
Seiringer, R. (2006). A correlation estimate for quantum many-body systems at positive temperature. Reviews in Mathematical Physics. World Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0129055X06002632
Seiringer, R. (2006). The thermodynamic pressure of a dilute fermi gas. Communications in Mathematical Physics. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00220-005-1433-3
Frank, R., Laptev, A., Lieb, É., & Seiringer, R. (2006). Lieb-Thirring inequalities for Schrödinger operators with complex-valued potentials. Letters in Mathematical Physics. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11005-006-0095-1
2006 | Book Chapter | IST-REx-ID: 2368
Seiringer, R. (2006). Dilute, trapped Bose gases and Bose-Einstein condensation. In J. Dereziński & H. Siedentop (Eds.), Large Coulomb Systems (Vol. 695, pp. 249–274). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-32579-4_6
View | DOI
2006 | Book Chapter | IST-REx-ID: 2369 |
Aizenman, M., Lieb, É., Seiringer, R., Solovej, J., & Yngvason, J. (2006). Bose-Einstein condensation as a quantum phase transition in an optical lattice. In J. Asch & A. Joye (Eds.), Mathematical Physics of Quantum Mechanics (Vol. 690, pp. 199–215). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/b11573432
Bang Jensen, J., Reed, B., Schacht, B., Šámal, R., Toft, B., & Wagner, U. (2006). On six problems posed by Jarik Nešetřil. In Topics in Discrete Mathematics (Vol. 26, pp. 613–627). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-33700-8_30
2006 | Journal Article | IST-REx-ID: 2429
Matoušek, J., Sharir, M., Smorodinsky, S., & Wagner, U. (2006). K-sets in four dimensions. Discrete & Computational Geometry. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00454-005-1200-4
Chent, K., Fiat, A., Kaplan, H., Levy, M., Matoušek, J., Mossel, E., … Welzl, E. (2006). Online conflict-free coloring for intervals. SIAM Journal on Computing. SIAM. https://doi.org/10.1137/S0097539704446682
2006 | Conference Paper | IST-REx-ID: 2431
Wagner, U. (2006). On a geometric generalization of the Upper Bound Theorem (pp. 635–645). Presented at the FOCS: Foundations of Computer Science, IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/FOCS.2006.53
Luján, R., & Shigemoto, R. (2006). Localization of metabotropic GABA receptor subunits GABAB1 and GABAB2 relative to synaptic sites in the rat developing cerebellum. European Journal of Neuroscience. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04669.x
Inamura, M., Itakura, M., Okamoto, H., Hoka, S., Mizoguchi, A., Fukazawa, Y., … Takahashi, M. (2006). Differential localization and regulation of stargazin-like protein, γ-8 and stargazin in the plasma membrane of hippocampal and cortical neurons. Neuroscience Research. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2006.01.004
Shaban, H., Humeau, Y., Herry, C., Cassasus, G., Shigemoto, R., Ciocchi, S., … Lüthi, A. (2006). Generalization of amygdala LTP and conditioned fear in the absence of presynaptic inhibition. Nature Neuroscience. Nature Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1732
Vigot, R., Barbieri, S., Bräuner Osborne, H., Tureček, R., Shigemoto, R., Zhang, Y., … Bettler, B. (2006). Differential Compartmentalization and Distinct Functions of GABAB Receptor Variants. Neuron. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.04.014
Kulik, Á., Vida, I., Fukazawa, Y., Guetg, N., Kasugai, Y., Marker, C., … Shigemoto, R. (2006). Compartment-dependent colocalization of Kir3.2-containing K+ channels and GABAB receptors in hippocampal pyramidal cells. Journal of Neuroscience. Society for Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4178-05.2006
Kodama, T., Itsukaichi Nishida, Y., Fukazawa, Y., Wakamori, M., Miyata, M., Molnár, E., … Imoto, K. (2006). A CaV2.1 calcium channel mutation rocker reduces the number of postsynaptic AMPA receptors in parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses. European Journal of Neuroscience. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05191.x
2006 | Book Review | IST-REx-ID: 2664
Ferraguti, F., & Shigemoto, R. (2006). Metabotropic glutamate receptors. Cell and Tissue Research. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-006-0266-5
Elgart, A., Erdös, L., Schlein, B., & Yau, H. (2006). Gross-Pitaevskii equation as the mean field limit of weakly coupled bosons. Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00205-005-0388-z
Erdös, L., Salmhofer, M., & Yau, H. (2006). Towards the quantum Brownian motion (Vol. 690, pp. 233–257). Presented at the QMath: Mathematical Results in Quantum Physics, World Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-34273-7_18
Erdös, L., Schlein, B., & Yau, H. (2006). Derivation of the Gross-Pitaevskii hierarchy for the dynamics of Bose-Einstein condensate. Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpa.20123
Hof, B., Westerweel, J., Schneider, T., & Eckhardt, B. (2006). Finite lifetime of turbulence in shear flows. Nature. Nature Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05089
Hof, B., Van Doorne, C., Westerweel, J., & Nieuwstadt, F. (2006). Observation of nonlinear travelling waves in turbulent pipe flow. Fluid Mechanics and Its Applications. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4159-4_11
Zilberman, D., Gehring, M., Tran, R. K., Ballinger, T., & Henikoff, S. (2006). Genome-wide analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana DNA methylation uncovers an interdependence between methylation and transcription. Nature Genetics. Nature Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1929
View | DOI | PubMed | Europe PMC
2006 | Preprint | IST-REx-ID: 3431 |
Tkačik, G., Schneidman, E., Berry, M., & Bialek, W. (2006). Ising models for networks of real neurons. ArXiv. ArXiv.
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Betancourt, A., & Bollback, J. P. (2006). Fitness effects of beneficial mutations: the mutational landscape model in experimental evolution. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gde.2006.10.006
Chatterjee, K., Jagadeesan, R., & Pitcher, C. (2006). Games for controls (pp. 70–82). Presented at the CSF: Computer Security Foundations, IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/CSFW.2006.14
Bischofberger, J., Engel, D., Frotscher, M., & Jonas, P. M. (2006). Timing and efficacy of transmitter release at mossy fiber synapses in the hippocampal network. (Review). Pflugers Archiv : European Journal of Physiology. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-006-0093-2
Chatterjee, K. (2006). Nash equilibrium for upward-closed objectives (Vol. 4207, pp. 271–286). Presented at the CSL: Computer Science Logic, Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/11874683_18
Chatterjee, K., Henzinger, T. A., & Piterman, N. (2006). Algorithms for Büchi Games. Presented at the GDV: Games in Design and Verification, ACM.
2006 | Patent | IST-REx-ID: 3510 |
Edelsbrunner, H., Fu, P., Nekhayev, D., Facello, M., & Williams, S. (2006). Method, apparatus and computer program products for automatically generating NURBS models of triangulated surfaces using homeomorphism.
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Fu, P., Nekhayev, D., & Edelsbrunner, H. (2006). Manufacturing methods and systems for rapid production of hearing-aid shells.
Fletcher, Y., Gloth, T., Edelsbrunner, H., & Fu, P. (2006). Method, apparatus and computer products that reconstruct surfaces from data points.
O'Neill, J., Senior, T., & Csicsvari, J. L. (2006). Place-selective firing of CA1 pyramidal cells during sharp wave/ripple network patterns in exploratory behavior. Neuron. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.10.037
Magill, P., Pogosyan, A., Sharott, A., Csicsvari, J. L., Bolam, J., & Brown, P. (2006). Changes in functional connectivity within the rat striatopallidal axis during global brain activation in vivo. Journal of Neuroscience. Society for Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0620-06.2006
Cohen Steiner, D., Edelsbrunner, H., & Morozov, D. (2006). Vines and vineyards by updating persistence in linear time (pp. 119–126). Presented at the SCG: Symposium on Computational Geometry, ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/1137856.1137877
Edelsbrunner, H., Morozov, D., & Pascucci, V. (2006). Persistence-sensitive simplification of functions on 2-manifolds (pp. 127–134). Presented at the SCG: Symposium on Computational Geometry, ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/1137856.1137878
Pemberton, J., Swanson, G., Barton, N. H., Livingstone, S., & Senn, H. (2006). Hybridisation between red and sika deer in Scotland. Deer. BDS .
Turelli, M., & Barton, N. H. (2006). Will population bottlenecks and multilocus epistasis increase additive genetic variance? Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb00521.x
Kirkpatrick, M., & Barton, N. H. (2006). Chromosome inversions, local adaptation, and speciation. Genetics. Genetics Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.105.047985
Yanchukov, A., Hofman, S., Szymura, J., Mezhzherin, S., Morozov Leonov, S., Barton, N. H., & Nürnberger, B. (2006). Hybridization of Bombina bombina and B. variegata (Anura, Discoglossidae) at a sharp ecotone in western Ukraine: comparisons across transects and over time. Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01139.x
Hill, W., Barton, N. H., & Turelli, M. (2006). Prediction of effects of genetic drift on variance components under a general model of epistasis. Theoretical Population Biology. Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tpb.2005.10.001
Ulges, A., Lampert, C., & Keysers, D. (2006). Spatiogram-based shot distances for video retrieval (pp. 1–10). Presented at the TRECVID Workshop, NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology, US Department of Commerce).
Ali, H., Lampert, C., & Breuel, T. (2006). Satellite tracks removal in astronomical images (Vol. 4225, pp. 892–901). Presented at the CIARP: Iberoamerican Congress in Pattern Recognition, Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/11892755_92
Lampert, C., Mei, L., & Breuel, T. (2006). Printing technique classification for document counterfeit detection (Vol. 1, pp. 639–634). Presented at the CIS: Computational Intelligence and Security, IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCIAS.2006.294214
Lampert, C., & Breuel, T. (2006). Objective quality measurement for geometric document image restoration. Presented at the DAS: Document Analysis Systems, Springer.
Lampert, C. (2006). Machine learning for video compression: Macroblock mode decision (pp. 936–940). Presented at the ICPR: International Conference on Pattern Recognition, IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPR.2006.778
Keysers, D., Lampert, C., & Breuel, T. (2006). Color image dequantization by constrained diffusion (Vol. 6058). Presented at the SPIE Electronic Imaging, SPIE. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.648713
Lampert, C., & Wirjadi, O. (2006). Anisotropic Gaussian filtering using fixed point arithmetic (pp. 1565–1568). Presented at the ICIP: IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIP.2006.312606
Lampert, C., & Wirjadi, O. (2006). An optimal non-orthogonal separation of the anisotropic Gaussian convolution filter. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing (TIP). IEEE. https://doi.org/ 10.1109/TIP.2006.877501
Janovjak, H. L., & Mueller, D. (2006). Rastersondenmikroskopie. In Bioanalytik. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag.
Cieplak, M., Filipek, S., Janovjak, H. L., & Krzysko, K. (2006). Pulling single bacteriorhodopsin out of a membrane: Comparison of simulation and experiment. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.03.028
Bippes, C., Humphris, A., Stark, M., Mueller, D., & Janovjak, H. L. (2006). Direct measurement of single-molecule visco-elasticity in atomic force microscope force-extension experiments. European Biophysics Journal. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00249-005-0023-9
Le, T., Guet, C. C., & Cluzel, P. (2006). Protein expression enhancement in efflux-deleted mutant bacteria. Protein Expression and Purification. Elsevier.
Le, T., Emonet, T., Harlepp, S., Guet, C. C., & Cluzel, P. (2006). Dynamical determinants of drug-inducible gene expression in a single bacterium. Biophysical Journal. Biophysical Society. https://doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.105.073353
Wojtan, C. J., Mucha, P., & Turk, G. (2006). Keyframe control of complex particle systems using the adjoint method (pp. 15–23). Presented at the SCA: ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer animation, ACM.
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Kupczok, A., & Dittrich, P. (2006). Determinants of simulated RNA evolution. Journal of Theoretical Biology. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2005.06.019
Vida, I., Bartos, M., & Jonas, P. M. (2006). Shunting inhibition improves robustness of gamma oscillations in hippocampal interneuron networks by homogenizing firing rates. Neuron. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.11.036
Aponte, Y., Lien, C., Reisinger, E., & Jonas, P. M. (2006). Hyperpolarization-activated cation channels in fast-spiking interneurons of rat hippocampus. Journal of Physiology. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2005.104042
Frotscher, M., Jonas, P. M., & Sloviter, R. (2006). Synapses formed by normal and abnormal hippocampal mossy fibers (Review). Cell and Tissue Research. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-006-0269-2
Bischofberger, J., Engel, D., Frotscher, M., & Jonas, P. M. (2006). Timing and efficacy of transmitter release at mossy fiber synapses in the hippocampal network. Pflugers Archiv : European Journal of Physiology. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-006-0093-2
Frotscher, M., Gundelfinger, E., Jonas, P. M., Neher, E., & Seeburg, P. (2006). The most important recent advances in synapse research from my point of view--and what remains to be done. Cell and Tissue Research. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-006-0325-y
Bischofberger, J., Engel, D., Li, L., Geiger, J., & Jonas, P. M. (2006). Patch-clamp recording from mossy fiber terminals in hippocampal slices. Nature Protocols. Nature Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2006.312
Chatterjee, K., & Henzinger, T. A. (2006). Strategy improvement for stochastic Rabin and Streett games (Vol. 4137, pp. 375–389). Presented at the CONCUR: Concurrency Theory, Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik. https://doi.org/10.1007/11817949_25
Chatterjee, K., Doyen, L., Henzinger, T. A., & Raskin, J. (2006). Algorithms for omega-regular games with imperfect information (Vol. 4207, pp. 287–302). Presented at the CSL: Computer Science Logic, Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/11874683_19
Chatterjee, K., De Alfaro, L., & Henzinger, T. A. (2006). The complexity of quantitative concurrent parity games (pp. 678–687). Presented at the SODA: Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, SIAM. https://doi.org/10.1145/1109557.1109631
Chatterjee, K. (2006). Concurrent games with tail objectives (Vol. 4207, pp. 256–270). Presented at the CSL: Computer Science Logic, Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/11874683_17
Ustinova, J., Achmann, R., Cremer, S., & Mayer, F. (2006). Long repeats in a huge gemome: microsatellite loci in the grasshopper Chorthippus biguttulus. Journal of Molecular Evolution. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00239-005-0022-6
Cremer, S., Ugelvig, L. V., Lommen, S., Petersen, K., & Pedersen, J. (2006). Attack of the invasive garden ant: aggression behaviour of Lasius neglectus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) against native Lasius species in Spain. Myrmecological News. Österreichische Gesellschaft für Entomofaunistik.
Heinze, J., Cremer, S., Eckl, N., & Schrempf, A. (2006). Stealthy invaders: the biology of Cardiocondyla tramp ants. Insectes Sociaux. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00040-005-0847-4
Moder, K., Schlick Steiner, B., Steiner, F., Cremer, S., Christian, E., & Seifert, B. (2006). Optimal species distinction by discriminant analysis: comparing established methods of character selection with a combination procedure using ant morphometrics as a case study. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0469.2006.00372.x
Henic, E., Sixt, M. K., Hansson, S., Høyer Hansen, G., & Casslén, B. (2006). EGF-stimulated migration in ovarian cancer cells is associated with decreased internalization, increased surface expression, and increased shedding of the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor. Gynecologic Oncology. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.09.038
Drumea Mirancea, M., Wessels, J., Müller, C., Essl, M., Eble, J., Tolosa, E., … Klein, G. (2006). Characterization of a conduit system containing laminin-5 in the human thymus: a potential transport system for small molecules. Journal of Cell Science. Company of Biologists. https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.02840
Chu, H., Thievessen, I., Sixt, M. K., Lämmermann, T., Waisman, A., Braun, A., … Fässler, R. (2006). γ-Parvin is dispensable for hematopoiesis, leukocyte trafficking, and T-cell-dependent antibody response. Molecular and Cellular Biology. American Society for Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.26.5.1817-1825.2006
Sixt, M. K., Bauer, M., Lämmermann, T., & Fässler, R. (2006). β1 integrins: zip codes and signaling relay for blood cells. Current Opinion in Cell Biology. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2006.08.007
Ban, Y., Rudolph, J., Zhou, P., & Edelsbrunner, H. (2006). Evaluating the quality of NMR structures by local density of protons. Proteins: Structure, Function and Bioinformatics. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/prot.20811
Ban, Y., Edelsbrunner, H., & Rudolph, J. (2006). Interface surfaces for protein-protein complexes. Journal of the ACM. ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/1147954.1147957
Agarwal, P., Edelsbrunner, H., Harer, J., & Wang, Y. (2006). Extreme elevation on a 2-manifold. Discrete & Computational Geometry. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00454-006-1265-8
Witzel, S., Zimyanin, V., Carreira Barbosa, F., Tada, M., & Heisenberg, C.-P. J. (2006). Wnt11 controls cell contact persistence by local accumulation of Frizzled 7 at the plasma membrane. Journal of Cell Biology. Rockefeller University Press. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200606017
Tonelli, D., Calegari, F., Fei, J., Nomura, T., Osumi, N., Heisenberg, C.-P. J., & Huttner, W. (2006). Single-cell detection of microRNAs in developing vertebrate embryos after acute administration of a dual-fluorescence reporter/sensor plasmid. Biotechniques. Informa Healthcare. https://doi.org/10.2144/000112296
Link, V., Shevchenko, A., & Heisenberg, C.-P. J. (2006). Proteomics of early zebrafish embryos. BMC Developmental Biology. BioMed Central. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-213X-6-1
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Link, V., Carvalho, L., Castanon, I., Stockinger, P., Shevchenko, A., & Heisenberg, C.-P. J. (2006). Identification of regulators of germ layer morphogenesis using proteomics in zebrafish. Journal of Cell Science. Company of Biologists. https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.02928
Langenberg, T., Dracz, T., Oates, A., Heisenberg, C.-P. J., & Brand, M. (2006). Analysis and visualization of cell movement in the developing zebrafish brain. Developmental Dynamics. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.20692
Köppen, M., Fernández, B., Carvalho, L., Jacinto, A., & Heisenberg, C.-P. J. (2006). Coordinated cell-shape changes control epithelial movement in zebrafish and Drosophila. Development. Company of Biologists. https://doi.org/doi: 10.1242/dev.02439
Blaser, H., Reichman Fried, M., Castanon, I., Dumstrei, K., Marlow, F., Kawakami, K., … Raz, E. (2006). Migration of zebrafish primordial germ cells: A role for myosin contraction and cytoplasmic flow. Developmental Cell. Cell Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2006.09.023
de Vladar, H., & González, J. (2006). Dynamic response of cancer under the influence of immunological activity and therapy. Journal of Theoretical Biology. Elsevier.
de Vladar, H. (2006). Density-dependence as a size-independent regulatory mechanism. Journal of Theoretical Biology. Elsevier. https://doi.org/3802
Roze, D., & Barton, N. H. (2006). The Hill-Robertson effect and the evolution of recombination. Genetics. Genetics Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.106.058586
Barton, N. H. (2006). Evolutionary Biology: How did the human species form? Current Biology. Cell Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2006.07.032
Danowski, P., & Heller, L. (2006). Bibliothek 2.0 - Die Bibliothek der Zukunft? Bibliotheksdienst. Zentral- und Landesbibliothek Berlin. https://doi.org/424
Bollback, J. P. (2006). SIMMAP: stochastic character mapping of discrete traits on phylogenies. BMC Bioinformatics. BioMed Central. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-7-88
Conn, J., Vineis, J., Bollback, J. P., Onyabe, D., Wilkerson, R., & Povoa, M. (2006). Population structure of the malaria vector Anopheles darlingi in a malaria-endemic region of eastern Amazonian Brazil. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.
Wies, T., Kuncak, V., Lam, P., Podelski, A., & Rinard, M. (2006). Field Constraint Analysis (pp. 157–173). Presented at the VMCAI: Verification, Model Checking and Abstract Interpretation, Springer. https://doi.org/1551
Maler, O., Nickovic, D., & Pnueli, A. (2006). Real Time Temporal Logic: Past, Present, Future (pp. 2–16). Presented at the FORMATS: Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems, Springer. https://doi.org/1571
Maler, O., Nickovic, D., & Pnueli, A. (2006). From MITL to Timed Automata (pp. 274–289). Presented at the FORMATS: Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems, Springer. https://doi.org/1570
Alur, R., Cerny, P., & Zdancewic, S. (2006). Preserving Secrecy Under Refinement (pp. 107–118). Presented at the ICALP: Automata, Languages and Programming, Springer. https://doi.org/1543
De Wulf, M., Doyen, L., Henzinger, T. A., & Raskin, J. (2006). Antichains: A new algorithm for checking universality of finite automata (Vol. 4144, pp. 17–30). Presented at the CAV: Computer Aided Verification, Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/11817963_5
2006 | Book Chapter | IST-REx-ID: 11119
Harris JR, Almouzni G, Kirschner D, Dimitrova D, Nickerson JA, Underwood J, Wagner S, Korbei B, Foisner R, Walther TC, Hetzer M, Peters R, Walev I, de Kroon AIPM, Staffhorst RWHM, de Kruijff B, Burger KNJ, Netto LES, Bertrand E, Alimonti JB, Greenberg AH, Xiao J, Pradhan A, Liu Y, Paiement J, Young R, Goñi FM, Villar A-V, Contreras F-X, Alonso A, Peter BJ, Mills IG, Higgins MK, Brown WJ, Chambers K, Doody A, Cheng CY, Mruk DD, Yang C, Kirchhoff H, Haase W, Boggasch S, Paulsen H, Benesova J, Liffers S-T, Rögner M, Gao Y, Sztul E, Thiemann M, Fahimi HD, Gniadecki R, Gajkowska B, Bane SL, Hess JF, Voss JC, Fitzgerald PG, Hisanaga S, Sasaki T, Uéda K, Town T, Tan J, Milton NGN, Chi R, Keller TCS, Kriajevska M, Bronstein I, Lukanidin E, Holmes DF, Kadler KE. 2006.In Vitro Techniques. In: Cell Biology Protocols. , 201–378.
2006 | Journal Article | IST-REx-ID: 11117
D'Angelo, M. A., & Hetzer, M. (2006). The role of the nuclear envelope in cellular organization. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-005-5361-3
D'Angelo, M. A., Anderson, D. J., Richard, E., & Hetzer, M. (2006). Nuclear pores form de novo from both sides of the nuclear envelope. Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1124196
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CITY COUNCILMEMBERS GAUTHIER, BROOKS, GYM, DOMB, THOMAS, GILMORE RICHARDSON, SQUILLA, JONES, QUIÑONES-SÁNCHEZ, JOHNSON, BASS AND PARKER ISSUE APOLOGY ON 35TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE MOVE BOMBING
In Allan Domb, Cherelle Parker, Council News, Curtis Jones, Jr., Helen Gym, Isaiah Thomas, Jamie Gauthier, Katherine Gilmore Richardson, Kendra Brooks, Kenyatta Johnson, Maria D. Quiñones-Sánchez, Mark Squilla, News by PHL Council May 13, 2020
Resolution to be introduced in Council later this year
PHILADELPHIA – Philadelphia City Councilmembers Jamie Gauthier (3rd District), Kendra Brooks (At Large), Helen Gym (At Large), Allan Domb (At Large), Isaiah Thomas (At Large), Katherine Gilmore Richardson (At Large), Mark Squilla (1st District), Curtis Jones, Jr. (4th District), Maria Quiñones-Sánchez (7th District), Kenyatta Johnson (2nd District), Cindy Bass (8th District) and Cherelle Parker (9th District), today issued the following statement:
Today, on the 35th anniversary of the MOVE Bombing – a brutal attack carried out by the City of Philadelphia on its own citizens – we offer an apology for the decisions that led to this tragic event and announce our intent to introduce a formal resolution to this effect later this year. We call upon the City of Philadelphia to declare May 13th an annual day of reflection, observation, and recommitment to the principle that all people are created equal and endowed with inalienable rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Additionally, we call on all people of the City of Philadelphia to work toward eliminating racial prejudices, injustices, and discrimination from our society.
On May 13, 1985, as part of an effort to forcefully evict MOVE, a revolutionary black liberation group, from their home at 6221 Osage Avenue, police fired over 10,000 rounds of ammunition in under 90 minutes at a row house containing children. City officials then made the unconscionable decision to drop a bomb on the home. The resulting explosion sparked a fire, which authorities let burn, not calling firefighters to the scene until nearly an hour later. By the time the decision was made to fight the fire, it was already out of control. Five children between the ages of seven and thirteen, along with six adults, perished in the MOVE house. Two full city blocks were burned to the ground, destroying 61 houses and leaving 250 Philadelphians homeless.
An investigatory commission set up by the Goode Administration concluded that city officials' decision to bomb the MOVE house was "reckless, ill-conceived and hastily approved." The commission recommended criminal investigations and charges, but a grand jury decided that these charges were unjustified. To this day, not one individual has faced criminal consequences or been held accountable in any meaningful way for this act of blatant aggression.
MOVE members, Cobbs Creek residents and property owners, and Philadelphia as a whole have waited far too long for this recognition, which serves as validation of their enduring pain. We also acknowledge the physical, mental, and emotional harm caused on May 13, 1985 to non-complicit public servants and their families as a result of following official orders issued by city leadership. As public officials, we have a responsibility to address this trauma, and to make a good-faith effort to right the wrongs of the past. The City has worked to rebuild the properties, and to provide monetary compensation to former homeowners along with the MOVE organization; however, that is not the same as a genuine apology that recognizes the massive failure in leadership that took place that day.
There are echoes of the MOVE Bombing that persist in Philadelphia's police-community relations. Historical discrimination against people of color and unnecessary use of force has shaped a culture of distrust between police and residents. Perhaps Philadelphia could have been set on a different path, had the bombing been widely condemned in the aftermath. But it wasn't, and we are still living with those consequences today.
An apology is more than a symbolic gesture – it's a starting point for conversations on reconciliation, that can build towards a more just and equitable future. We are committed to remembering the devastation that took place on this day 35 years ago, in order to heal the impact of this tragedy and prevent similar such occurrences from happening in the future.
We apologize for the decisions leading to the devastation of that day, and acknowledge the fundamental injustice, cruelty, brutality, and inhumanity of the MOVE Bombing. As members of Council, we acknowledge the significant failures in communication, negotiation, and conflict resolution leading up to and following these tragic events.
The work of Mike Africa, Jr., Ulysses Slaughter, Gabriel Bryant, Dr. Pauline B. Thompson, Eric K. Grimes, and a community of activists working tirelessly for justice have been invaluable in this effort. Their commitment has brought critical conversations to light, allowing the process of true healing to begin – and we thank them.
We plan to formalize this apology with a Council resolution later this year. This is a timely opportunity for us as public servants to recommit ourselves to acknowledge all of our history and work towards eliminating injustice from our society.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I'm late to the party on this, but did you hear that Wal-mart is coming out with new nutritional packaging? And the company pledged to reduce sodium on packaged foods. Michelle Obama was on hand at the announcement and she gave a speech on January 20th.
On the surface it sounds really great. Wal-mart is doing the obvious taking the initiative to change some packaging. But something about it irked me. I didn't get into a lather over it, but it just rubbed me the wrong way. And it wasn't because I'm not a Wal-mart customer.
I just wish that the government could lead these packaging changes and not to go along with one company's new policies.
Anyway, if you want to read more about what happened, you can find great coverage below. What are your thoughts?
Civil Eats: Walmart's New Initiative and Our Health: More Harm Than Good?
After dinner my son likes to sit on the couch next to me and play "driving a car." He puts a cushion over our legs and we both drive. We pretend we're firemen or policemen. He's so active that I relish sitting next to him and snuggling.
Last week we were playing car. I love sitting next to him and looking at him. I started stroking his hair. I was sort-of combing it with my fingers and I saw more of his hairline than I usually do. I saw short wisps of hair coming in, creating a "mini-fringe" hidden by his longer hair.
He is getting more hair. I never even thought he had thin hair.
with blueberries, sliced pears,crackers in soccer ball snackTAXI, pepitas, and applesauce.
My kid was eating the above while the other kids were eating ground beef, tater tots, applesauce, baby peas with snacks of yogurt and fruit. So I didn't do too badly matching what he was eating to his little buddies' food.
I made him mini-sandwiches with the sandwich bread I made. We also made our own muffins "together," (if you can really do that with a two-year old) but I put walnuts in them and so I couldn't send them to daycare because of the nut ban. So I sent the last one of these that I had in the freezer. The kids at daycare were eating cod nuggets, blueberry muffins, pineapple bits, green beans, with snacks of fruit and cheese and crackers.
The chicken nuggets I made were easy and fast: chopped up chicken thighs, breaded with crumbs, and dropped into a pan of oil I made a ton of them for dinner and then sent him with some leftovers. The kids at daycare had chicken nuggets, rice, diced peaches, diced carrots, with snacks of ice cream and fruit.
I packed this before I left so that my husband didn't have to work too hard in the morning. The kids at daycare were eating diced ham and beans, mandarin oranges, peas, with yogurt and bread with soynut butter as snacks.
I asked my husband to take a photo of what he packed so I could share it. In comparison my son's daycare buddies got tuna with pasta, pineapple bits, green beans with snacks of blueberry muffins and fruit. Props to my husband!
When my husband has a snack, my son will go up to him and ask, "has guten?" It's adorable and hard to watch all at the same time.
Check out these photos on flickr of 1950's packed school lunches!
Today I got back from my trip to Nashville for Blissdom. I'm going to do a recap post later…I'm just exhausted. Here are my packed lunches from this week…. notice sandwiches!?!
My husband unearthed the bread machine a few weeks ago and I used it with a mix that was gf, but had dairy in it and I got sick… BUT I found Bob's Red Mill's bread machine mix and was inspired again. I tried it on the "rapid white" setting. Later I peeked in while it was baking in the machine and thought…oh, no….it's so small…but by the time it was done, it was perfect (next time I'll take a picture).
Sandwiches for lunch! Yes! Last weekend we talked about favorite lunches and I mentioned loving bologna sandwiches with lettuce and a little mayo. I recreated it below with organic bologna, spinach, and regular Hellman's. Such comfort food!
I used easylunchboxes.com here — I'm going to do a review of their product in the next couple of weeks. I really like it with sandwiches!
I made a soup using the Imagine brand broccoli soup (comes in a carton) as a base, added corn pasta and chicken broth. It looks terrible in the picture, but it was good. Nice and hot for a cold day. I wouldn't serve it to guests, but I enjoyed it a lot!
The other folks had pasta instead of potatoes. Two of them commented that mine looked better than theirs. I enjoyed it quite a bit.
PS. My husband has lost six pounds over the past two months by eliminating gluten and dairy at dinner. He is also teaching himself how to cook and that is a fabulous thing to watch.
PPS My dad has lost 20 pounds in two months by stopping eating bread and margarine (he's not gluten free or even wheat free, just temporarily bread free). He used to eat half a loaf in a sitting (I mentioned that in my binging post).
I've been sharing my story of eating school lunches at Blissdom and also telling people that I'm now gluten-free and dairy-free. Their reaction — stunned silence.
That's what happens when someone with a sensitive system decides to do what I did all year. Crazy. Or dumb. Or both.
It's not wheat — I've found some terrific products that taste just as good.
It's not cow's milk — I got almond milk.
Hello again! I just wanted to check in and say thanks for reading my blog. I have enjoyed your comments a lot. You know, I've realized that posting pictures of my lunches and my son's lunches makes me feel vulnerable. I'm exposing a different part of my life by posting them. I've discovered over the past year that food is personal. Since my son is my world, it's like showing part of him to you. I express my love for him through the food I feed him.
It's not easy to pack lunches. In fact, I think that feeding kids from birth forward is a tremendous undertaking. From breastfeeding/formula to starting solids to real food for life, every transition is tough as a parent. Sometimes they won't eat, other times you don't have enough food ready to go and then other times you don't have time to cook. I post pics of the lunches I pack for my son so that you can see 1) I am 100% committed to good food for him 2) It takes tons of time and planning 3) Sometimes the food ain't pretty. I love the bento mama blogs that I read, but I know that I will never make anything that cute!
Are you reading our book club book Free For All? I hope so! I'll post the first discussion question on February 7th.
Today I'm at Blissdom in Nashville (a blogging conference). When Karen from Notes from the Cookie Jar went to Blissdom Canada in October and talked about how great it was, I was interested. But I looked up the dates of the American Blissdom and had to dismiss it because I didn't want to miss instructional time with my students and the job I adore. But I ended up deciding to make the trip when I realized that Friday (today) is a non-attendance day the kids (it's an institute day for teachers).
I talked it over with my husband and we thought about it the advantages/disadvantages and how he would manage our son on his own (just fine, but still a consideration of ours). Ultimately, we decided I should go because I wanted to connect with more people in real life to discuss the issues that are so important to me: the food we are eating and feeding our children. It's been incredibly valuable to chat with folks here and the presentations have rocked my world. I'm thinking about things in a new way. The conference will be inspiring new blog posts!
PS. In real life, I love writing letters.
PSS My sister wants me to buy school lunch again! I told her that I can't just buy it to take a picture and toss it?! It seems wasteful and odd to do that. And I couldn't eat it again. My body is feeling too good right now.
Robyn O'Brien, a former Wall Street food industry analyst and mother, is on a mission to restore the health of the American children. She is the founder of the AllergyKids Foundation, an organization designed to protect the 1 in 3 American children with autism, allergies, ADHD and asthma. Robyn has been called "food's Erin Brockovich" by the New York Times and one of "20 Inspiring Women to Follow on Twitter" by Forbes. In her first book, The Unhealthy Truth, Robyn brings insight, detailed analyses and compassion to her research into the impact that finances and the global food system are having on the health of the American children.
Just when I thought I'd found my groove as a mother of four, life changed one morning over a plate of scrambled eggs when our youngest child had a life-threatening allergic reaction. Up until that point, I hadn't given much thought about what went into our food, where it came from or how it is regulated, and in all candour, I had rolled my eyes at food allergies. I was a former food industry analyst, with four young children, limited time and a limited budget, and I wasn't particularly sensitive to any of it and almost entirely ignorant about the dangers in our food supply and the sudden increase in the rates of allergies, autism, ADHD and asthma in American children.
So I was stunned to learn that there had been a doubling of the peanut allergy from 1997-2002 and that according to the Centers for Disease Control, there had been a 265% increase in the rate of hospitalizations related to food allergic reactions. Since a food allergy is defined as when your body sees food proteins as foreign and launches an inflammatory response to drive out the foreign invader, I couldn't help but ask the question: are there new and perceived "foreign"substances in our food supply?
And that's when I really started to learn some very disturbing truths. In 1994, farmers began injecting dairy cows with a genetically engineered hormone called recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH), which they used to increase milk production in dairy cows. And while, today, milk allergies are the most common food allergies in the United States according to CNN and the Wall Street Journal, no tests have been developed to assess whether these allergies are actually in response to the new proteins introduced in the genetic engineering process that produced rbGH. And these foreign proteins aren't just showing up in our milk. A few years after scientists got ahold of our dairy, soy began to be genetically engineered and there was a sudden increase in the rates of soy allergies despite the fact that once again, no tests were developed to assess the allergenicity of the novel proteins created in the process.
While correlation is not causation, these statistics were jaw-dropping. Yet when I approached the largest food allergy non-profit about the data, they basically had an allergic reaction to me. So with my background in finance, I pulled their financial statements in an attempt to understand why they might react this way, not only to find out who might be funding their research but also to learn why they had not highlighted the potential risks, novel proteins and novel allergens found in these recently introduced genetically engineered foods. That is when I learned of their financial relationship, and those their medical advisors, with large food and chemical corporations, with some of our nationally-recognized allergists even listed as inventors on some of the patents for these genetically engineered proteins .
Because no tests have been developed to assess the safety of the novel proteins and allergens created in the biotechnological process of genetic engineering, governments of developed countries around the world have exercised precaution and either did not allow these novel proteins into their food supplies or required their labelling so that consumers, especially parents, could make an informed choice when it comes to feeding their loved ones. In the United States, that precautionary measure was never taken, despite the fact that human trials had not been conducted to assess the safety and allergenicity of these novel proteins. Because I could not unlearn that information or that of the financial ties between some of our nation's most trusted pediatric allergists and big corporations and felt it important to disclose this information in order to inspire and inform parents and caregivers about ways in which they could begin to protect their children with food allergies, autism, ADHD and asthma, I founded the AllergyKids Foundation and wrote The Unhealthy Truth.
And while I am trying my hardest to affect change, I can't do it alone and appreciate everything that all of you are doing to inspire a health revolution for our children. Because, together, we can affect remarkable change in our food supply, not just for the little kids, but for the "big kids", too.
Mrs. Q here — I first "met" Robyn on Twitter and was inspired by her story. I am grateful to Robyn for contributing this guest post and she is giving away three copies of her book to readers of the blog. If you would like to be entered into the giveaway, leave a comment below!
There has been a troubling increase in the prevalence of Celiac Disease (CD). Certainly, there is a genetic component, but is there an environmental one too? A 2009 "study, published in the journal Gastroenterology, found young people today are 4.5 times more likely to have celiac disease than young people were in the 1950s." By one measure, cases are doubling every fifteen years. Something is causing this increase, and I'm betting it's something we're ingesting.
According to a handout provided by the University of Chicago Celiac Disease Center, 1 in 133 people have Celiac disease, 1 in 56 with related symptoms (meaning if you have intestinal complaints). Interestingly, only 35% of people with CD had chronic diarrhea and 60% of children with CD were asymptomatic, which means many people are living with an auto-immune disease and they don't even know it — though they may have other subtle problems that they wouldn't attribute to their diets.
What does "auto-immune" even really mean? According to womenshealth.gov, auto-immune diseases occur when "body is unable to tell the difference between itself and [a foreign body]." Then "the body makes auto-anti-bodies, which attack normal cells." The site goes on to state that autoimmune disorders affect 23.5 million Americans and are the leading cause of death and disability. That's big.
Unfortunately, rates of CD diagnosis don't seem to be keeping up with the increase. Many doctors still consider Celiac Disease to be rare. According to the University of Chicago Celiac Disease Center, 97% of people with Celiac disease are undiagnosed.
Three million Americans have CD. Compare that to two million Americans with Alzheimer's. Although gluten-free living is getting more press than ever, Celiac disease doesn't seem to make the rounds in the media. With a grandfather suffering from Alzheimer's-like dementia, I know the toll it takes on a family. But with Celiac disease, many people suffer in silence. It deserves more attention.
Making a diagnosis is tricky. If a person tests positive through the blood test, that person most definitely has Celiac disease. But if someone has a negative result on the blood test (1 out of every 4 people with CD), that person might still have Celiac disease. Only an invasive biopsy confirms the intestinal damage associated with CD. Researchers are also finding that the number of elderly with Celiac disease is on the rise. So even if someone tested negative in the past, they may actually develop it later.
In spite of the challenges in diagnosing Celiac disease, I believe that screenings for CD should be happening way more often. Some propose testing anyone with any auto-immune disease even if they have no intestinal complaints. At the very least there needs to be more screening and testing.
On a personal note, my great-aunt, my grandmother's sister, has Celiac disease. It was diagnosed in the 1990's. I guess she was in her early 70's at the time. Everyone in the family just shrugged it off — no one thought that anyone else in the family should get tested even though there is a genetic link. I'm pushing for my grandmother to be tested because of some health problems.
Until this happens, keep the secret.
Chef Boyardee Big Beef Ravioli. Just don't tell them.
Behold the mythical veggie-loving kid.
with a full serving of vegetables in every bowl. Just don't tell them.
Those are some cute kids with some massive veggies! Any kid who can't read will see these and not notice the can of Chef Boyardee. All they will think is, "Hey, if he hugs his broccoli and the other boy likes his carrots, maybe I should try some." This is exactly the type of veggie advertising we need, minus the Chef Boyardee stuff.
I think the choices of "broccoli" and "carrots" in the ad are a bit off. Sure, many kids don't like broccoli, but carrots? Carrots seem pretty popular with kids. I'm sure that the Harvard MBAs who wrote and designed this ad researched which veggies they needed to feature. If the kid was hugging kale, now that would be surprising.
What veggies does my son hate? Well, cooked kale and raw spinach. But overall I find that it varies by the day. Sometimes he'll eat a few cubes of potatoes, other times he won't, and then another day he's eating them again. He went through an I-love-broccoli-must-eat-it-every-day phase, but now that love affair is cooling. I have to be careful not to over-offer. For example, one Sunday he ate a massive breakfast (a whole cup of yogurt, half a waffle with syrup and probiotic juice) and just two hours later a semi-large snack of half of Mommy's KIND bar. Then at lunch he barely ate anything, but had fun playing with teeny-teeny sandwiches. I tried not to stress about it and not push food on him. His eating depends on how much he ate at a previous meal or snack, how he is feeling and if he is teething. (Before having my son, no one warned me about "teething." Well, that sort-of blindsided me!) I find what he refuses to eat is usually not about the food, but all about his attitude!
One time my husband was clearing the table after dinner and casually took my son's plate away, saying "I'm going to feed the rest of this to the dog." My son screamed, "Nooo!" and grabbed the plate back to eat the last two bites. We were stunned by this and once we recovered, my husband decided this was a great way to get my son to finish, or at least eat a bit more of, his dinner. So at dinner when we think that he could benefit from a couple extra bites (this happens maybe twice a week) and we're cleaning up, we tell our son that his food is going to the dog. He freaks out and eats a bit more! It's probably not what the experts would recommend, but it's a useful little trick!


text:
Amplats makes new offer to get workers back
Anglo American Platinum has made a new offer to workers in an attempt to get operations running again, the National Union of Mineworkers has said.
The company has been offering workers incentives to return to work at its Rustenburg, Amandelbult and Union mines, where operations were at a standstill, losing production of around 3 613 ounces of platinum per day.


text:
Tag Archives: great south wall
Pigeon House – Refuge from the storm
By the mid-1750s entry to and from Dublin Bay was a hazardous operation and the city governors decided something drastic needed to be done to improve the situation. So a plan was drawn up to construct a wall into the bay that would stop the silting up of channels and provide a safe place for passengers to board.
Great South Wall
This work to build the Great South Wall took over thirty years and was complete in 1795 with safer passage for travellers and an improvement in trade. During the lengthy construction John Pidgeon was the caretaker of the storehouse for the equipment used during the building, and he began selling refreshments to travellers who often waited for days until the weather improved to travel. As a smart businessman he also offered trips around the long wall which was one of the longest in the world when completed.
Business improved and Pidgeon (the 'd' in his name was dropped a long time ago) built a small hotel to cater for the needs of the growing number of travellers. In 1793, years after John Pidgeon had died, a new building was erected and operated for many years. This building still stands and lies in the shadow of the twin towers of the Poolbeg Station. Not long afterwards with the whiff of revolution in the air and the 1798 Rebellion a recent memory a fort was constructed near the hotel and it became known as the Pigeon House Fort. Today, the canon guns outside the entrance to the ESB power station were originally facing out to sea anticipating a possible French invasion that never came.
The place also made its literary mark on a young James Joyce. In his first great work Dubliners he tells of two boys playing truant (no doubt he was one of them!) as they went to the exotic building and the long wall that stretched seemingly forever into the bay in his short story An Encounter:
We arranged to go along the Wharf Road until we came to the ships, then to cross in the ferryboat and walk out to see the Pigeon House.
The guns stayed silent
Filed under Dublin, History, James Joyce
Tagged as 1798 rebellion, an encounter, dublin bay, dubliners, esb, french revolution, great south wall, james joyce, john pidgeon, pigeom house, poolbeg
Poolbeg – Dublin's Twin Towers
Great South Wall and Dublin Bay
One thing leads to another, and the construction of the Great South Wall in the middle of the 18th century led to the erection of the Twin Towers at Poolbeg.
Ships arriving in Dublin Bay encountered a number of dangers; namely, a shallow estuary which was not only heavily tidal but also very exposed. It did not offer much safety, and many ships and crew were lost in sight of land. By the mid-1750s it was decided to construct a wall to stop the build-up of damaging sandbanks, and to dredge the south side of the river.
Construction began around 1760 with the large one-ton stones being quarried in Dalkey and then ferried to the site. The distinctive, red Poolbeg Lighthouse was added in 1820.
Poolbeg Lighthouse
During the wall's construction a storehouse for materials was built, and caretaker's dwelling beside it. John Pidgeon, the caretaker, began to provide food, drinks and a bed for travellers, and soon the place became known as the Pigeon House. (It has nothing to do with the feathered kind!)
Twin Towers from Sandymount Strand
A military barracks was built close by after the 1798 Rising, and it stayed in use until 1897 when Dublin Corporation bought it as the site of the city's first power station. Over the years the site has been developed, and in 1971 the first of the towers was constructed, followed in 1973 by its almost identical twin, which at 681' 9" (207.8m) is one foot taller.
Although not much appreciated at that time the chimneys have become, possibly, Dublin's most iconic landmarks and can be seen from almost any part of the city. They appear on T-shirts, TV shows, movies, videos, are painted by artists, have been celebrated in verse, photographed from all angles and, of course, a friendly sign to travelers arriving and leaving. They were decommissioned by the ESB in 2010. Recently, there have been proposals to demolish them, something which many people vehemently oppose. They are our Twin Towers and I, like lots of Dubliners, hope that they survive. SOS – Save Our Stacks!
SOS – Save Our Stacks!
Tagged as 1798 rising, chimney stacks, dalkey, dredge, dublin bay, esb, great south wall, lighthouse, pigeom house, poolbeg, power station, twin towers
To the sea – the walk ahead
The air was warm, the breeze gentle, and the tang of the salty air invigorating. It felt that summer had definitely arrived, as I slung my camera over my shoulder and headed for the Great South Wall.
It was my first visit here since the autumn when the day was bright and the breeze blustery. Today, thankfully, was totally inviting, and my arrival in mid-morning meant that there were only a few walkers enjoying the beautiful weather. And, of course, the unique scene and images of Dublin.
The building of the Great South Wall began in 1715 when it was authorised by the Dublin City assembly. It was built in response to the problems caused by silting at the mouth of the River Liffey, which prevented large ships from landing. Most of the wall is constructed from large granite blocks brought from the quarries in Dalkey, and it was, for a time, the world's longest sea-wall. Building took many years, and the red-painted Poolbeg Lighthouse at the tip of the wall was constructed in 1820.
Poolbeg Lighthouse – looking great
The view from the lighthouse – 360 degrees – of Dublin, is fascinating, especially for those who have never stood there before. You are in the middle of the bay, almost equi-distant from Howth and Killiney, with only ships travelling in and out of Dublin Port for company. It is a new way of looking at the city, and one not to be missed, especially on a bright, sunny day.
Fantastic sky over Clontarf (pic taken from Great South Wall)
At the start of the wall is the Pigeon House, which was named after John Pigeon who ran a small hotel (built between 1793-95) that catered for travellers who had to be ferried to and from their ships. Sadly, it has nothing to do with the myriad of pigeons about the place! However, there are plenty of birds and animals to be seen as the GSW is now a Special Protection Area (SPA), and the adjacent Irishtown Nature Park is popular.
Being out on the water, and you do feel that you are floating on Dublin Bay, is a wonderful feeling and something that this hidden gem always delivers.
Tagged as clontarf, dalkey, granite, great south wall, howth, john pigeon, killiney, RIVER LIFFEY, sea-wall, silting


text:
\section{Introduction}

End-to-end automatic speech translation (AST) relies on data that consist only of speech inputs and corresponding translations. Such data are notoriously limited. Data augmentation approaches attempt to compensate the scarcity of such  data by generating synthetic data by translating transcripts into foreign languages or by back-translating target-language data via text-to-speech synthesis (TTS) \citep{PinoETAL:19,JiaETAL:19}, or by performing knowledge distillation using a translation system trained on gold standard transcripts and reference translations \citep{InagumaETAL:21}. In this paper, we present a simple, resource conserving approach that does not require TTS and yields improvements complementary to knowledge distillation (KD).

For training cascaded systems, monolingual data for automatic speech recognition and textual translation data for machine translation can be used, reducing the problem of scarcity. Cascaded systems, however, suffer from error propagation, which has been addressed by using more complex intermediate representations such as $n$-best machine translation (MT) outputs or lattices \cite[\textit{inter alia}]{BertoldiFederico05,BeckETAL19} or by modifying training data to incorporate errors from automatic speech recognition (ASR) and MT \cite{RuizETAL:15,LamETAL:21a}. End-to-end systems are unaffected by this kind of error propagation and are able to surpass cascaded systems if trained on sufficient amounts of data \cite{SperberPaulik20}.

Our approach transfers an idea on aligned data augmentation that has been presented for ASR \citep{LamETAL:21} to aligned data augmentation in AST. Similar to aligned data augmentation for ASR, we utilize forced alignment information to create unseen training pairs in a structured manner.
Our augmentation procedure consists of the following steps: (1)
\textit{Sampling} of a replacement suffix of a transcription and its aligned speech representations, guided by linguistic constraints. (2) \textit{Translation} of the transcription containing the new suffix.
(3) \textit{Recombination} of audio data containing the new suffix and the generated translation to distill a new training pair. We thus use the acronym STR (Sample, Translate, Recombine) to refer to our method.

In comparison to \citet{PinoETAL:19} and \citet{JiaETAL:19} who use TTS to generate synthetic speech, we create new examples by recombining real human speech. This reduces the problem of overfitting to synthetic data as for example in SkinAugment \cite{McCarthyETAl20} where synthetic audio is generated by auto-encoding speaker conversions.
The basic idea of our method is comparable to data augmentation techniques for images such as CutMix \cite{yunetal-2019-cutmix} where images are blended together to form new data examples. However, CutMix selects images randomly, while we recombine phrases in a structured manner.

Our experimental evaluation is conducted for five language pairs on the CoVoST\,2 dataset \cite{wang2020covost} and for two language pairs on the Europarl-ST \cite{iranzo2020europarl} dataset. We find considerable improvements for all language pairs on all datasets for our approach on top of KD. Our approach can be seen as an enhancement of \citet{InagumaETAL:21}'s KD approach since it requires roughly the same computational resources and consistently improves their gains.

\begin{figure*}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.94\linewidth]{pivoting_augmentation4a.pdf}
\caption{(a) Select a pivoting token, e.g., ``playing''. (b) Retrieve suitable text-audio entries from the suffix memory to sample a replacement. (c) Compile a new transcription containing prefix, pivoting token, and replacement suffix. (d) Recombine a new training example by translating the new transcription and concatenating the audio sections.}
\label{fig:procedure}
\vspace{-2mm}
\end{figure*}

\section{Method}

Our method exploits audio-transcription alignment information to generate previously unseen data pairs for end-to-end AST training.
By applying a Part-of-Speech (POS) Tagger on a sentence, we identify potential ``pivoting tokens'' where the token's prefix or suffix, i.e., the preceding or succeeding tokens, can be exchanged between other sentences containing the same token of the same syntactic function. We then sample possible suffixes for that token from a suffix memory containing text and audio suffixes, and concatenate the prefix, verb, and suffix to generate a new transcription.
Then, an MT system translates the new transcription, picking up on the idea of knowledge distillation in AST \cite{InagumaETAL:21}. The MT system is trained or fine-tuned on the transcription-translation pairs.
Finally, using the previously sampled audio suffix, we concatenate prefix, verb, and suffix audio together with the MT generated translation to recombine a new audio-translation pair for end-to-end AST training.

Our augmentation method implements linguistic constraints by making use of the transcription's syntactic structure in combination with alignment information. Effectively, we exploit the strict SVO-scheme of English sentences as we select the verb as our pivoting token. Our method is applicable to other languages, however, it will require more effort to identify exchangeable syntactic structures.

Figure\,\ref{fig:procedure} illustrates our approach.
We start by identifying the pivoting token in a transcription we want to augment, here ``playing'' in the sentence ``two children are \textit{playing} on a statue''. Then, we extract the list of possible suffixes following ``playing'' from the suffix memory and sample a single audio-text suffix, here ``volleyball in a park''. Together with the original prefix and pivoting token, the textual part of the sampled suffix builds a new augmented transcription. Similarly, together with the audio prefix and token, the audio part of the suffix builds a new augmented audio example. The augmented transcription is then translated by an MT model. The new audio example (i.e., the representation of ``two children playing volleyball in a park'') and the translation (i.e., the text ``Zwei Kinder spielen Volleyball in einem Park'') are then recombined to form a new audio-translation pair.

\section{Experimental Setting}

\paragraph{Data Preprocessing}
We evaluate our method on two common AST datasets, CoVoST\,2 \cite{wang2020covost} and Europarl-ST \cite{iranzo2020europarl}.
Since Europarl-ST is too small for MT training from scratch, we use 1.6M En-De sentence pairs from Wikipedia following  \citet{schwenk-etal-2021-wikimatrix} and 3.2M En-Fr sentence pairs from the Common Crawl corpus\footnote{\href{https://www.statmt.org/wmt13/translation-task.html}{www.statmt.org/wmt13/...}, accessed 3/11/2022} as additional data. More details on the datasets are in Appendix \ref{sec:datadesc}.

For speech data preprocessing, we extract log Mel-filter banks of 80 dimensions computed every 10ms with a 25ms window. We normalize the speech features per channel using mean and variance per instance.
For all textual data, punctuation is normalized using \textsc{sacremoses}.\footnote{\href{https://github.com/alvations/sacremoses}{github.com/alvations/sacremoses}, accessed 3/11/2022} The transcriptions are lowercased with punctuation removed.

For the speech-to-text tasks on CoVoST\,2, we employ character-level models due to the availability of pre-trained high quality ASR models.
For the speech-to-text tasks on Europarl-ST, we learn 5,000 subword units for each target language.
For the machine translation tasks in knowledge distillation, we learn a joint subword vocabulary on both source and target for each language pair of size 5,000 for CoVoST\,2 and size 40,000 for Europarl-ST including the additional training data.
Subword unit creation is always conducted with \textsc{sentencepiece} \cite{kudo2018sentencepiece}.

The Montreal Forced Aligner \cite{mcauliffe2017montreal} is applied without any fine-tuning to extract the acoustic alignments. Thus, the obtained alignments can be of low quality
and we discard such examples from our augmentation procedure. Please refer to Appendix \ref{sec:filtercrit} for details on our filtering criteria.
To extract POS-tags, we use the \textsc{spaCy}\footnote{\href{https://github.com/explosion/spaCy}{github.com/explosion/spaCy}, accessed 3/11/2022}
toolkit. We select the verb as our pivoting token and generate the suffix memory as follows: for each verb, we generate a list of audio-text suffix pairs and store the data in a key-value table. The audio entries contain only references to the original audio segments and our implementation is thus very memory efficient. We only utilize basic off-the-shelf components that are widely available and our suffix memory has a negligible memory footprint.
Table \ref{tab:data} summarizes the number of additional training examples in each experiment.

\begin{table}[h]
\centering
\footnotesize
{
\begin{tabular}{lccc}
\toprule
Data & Baseline & KD & STR \\
\midrule
CoVoST\,2 & $288$k & $+288$k & $+255$k  \\
Europarl-ST (En-De) & $3.25$k  & $+3.25$k & $+2.78$k \\
Europarl-ST (En-Fr) & $3.17$k & $+3.17$k & $+2.71$k  \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
}
\caption{Number of examples per configuration.
}
\label{tab:data}
\vspace{-2mm}
\end{table}

\paragraph{Model configuration}
All our implementations are based on \textsc{fairseq} \cite{wang2020fairseqs2t,ott2019fairseq}.\footnote{\href{https://github.com/statnlp/str/}{github.com/statnlp/str/}, accessed 3/10/2022} In all speech-to-text tasks, we use the Transformer architecture \cite{vaswani2017attention} labelled as ``s2t\_transformer\_s'' in \textsc{fairseq}, which consists of convolutional layers for downsampling the input sequence with a factor of 4 before the self-attention layers.
The encoder has 12 layers while the decoder has 6 layers with the dimensions of the self-attention layers set to 256 and the feed-forward network dimension set to 2048.

For the CoVoST\,2 MT tasks, we use a smaller Transformer model of 3 layers for both encoder and decoder. The encoder-decoder embeddings and the output layer are shared. For the Europarl-ST MT tasks, we use the Transformer BASE configuration as described in \citet{vaswani2017attention}.

\paragraph{Training}
In the CoVoST\,2 AST experiments, we use the character-level ASR model downloaded from the \textsc{fairseq} GitHub webpag
\footnote{\href{https://github.com/pytorch/fairseq/blob/main/examples/speech_to_text/docs/covost_example.md}{github.com/pytorch/fairseq/...}, accessed 3/11/2022}
to initialize the encoder of the AST systems. Each AST system is then trained for another 50,000 steps. For Europarl-ST, we train a subword unit ASR system on the English audio-transcription pairs of the En-De data for 25,000 steps. The resulting ASR system is used to initialize both En-De and En-Fr AST systems which are trained for another 20,000 steps.
Throughout all speech-to-text experiments, we apply gradient accumulation resulting in an effective mini-batch size of 160k frames. We use Adam optimizer \cite{kingma-ba-2014} with an inverse square root learning rate schedule. We use 10k steps for warmup and a peak learning rate of 2e-3. SpecAugment \cite{Park2019SpecAugmentAS} is applied with a frequency mask parameter of 27 and a time mask parameter of 100, both with 1 mask along their respective dimension. We perform validation and checkpoint saving after every 1,000 updates.

In case of the CoVoST\,2 MT task, the Transformer model is pre-trained on in-domain data with 30,000 steps and an effective mini-batch size of 16,000 tokens. For the Europarl-ST dataset, the MT models are pre-trained on a combination of Europarl-ST and the additional training data.
The Adam optimizer is used with an inverse square root learning rate schedule again, now with 4k steps for warmup and a peak learning rate of 5e-4. After pre-training, we finetune the model on the in-domain data with SGD and a constant learning rate of 5e-5.

\paragraph{Inference} In the speech-to-text experiments, we average the 10 best checkpoints based on the validation loss. For the MT tasks, we average the 5 best checkpoints. Throughout all AST experiments and MT tasks, we apply beam search with a beam size of 5.

\begin{table*}[ht]
\centering
\footnotesize
{
\begin{tabular}{lcccccc}
\toprule
model & En-De & En-Ca & En-Tr & En-Cy & En-Sl \\
\midrule
\citet{wang2020covost} Bi-AST & 16.3 & 21.8 & 10.0 & 23.9 & 16.0 \\
Baseline & $17.22$ $\pm$ $0.09$ & $23.15$ $\pm$ $0.10$ & $10.31$ $\pm$ $0.04$ & $25.46$ $\pm$ $0.08$ & $15.64$ $\pm$ $0.04$ \\
KD & $18.26$ $\pm$ $0.05$  & $24.48$ $\pm$ $0.16$ & $11.10$ $\pm$ $0.03$  & $26.87$ $\pm$ $0.16$ & $17.21$ $\pm$ $0.02$ \\
STR & $18.77$ $\pm$ $0.04$ & $24.83$ $\pm$ $0.12$ & $11.62$ $\pm$ $0.04$ & $27.28$ $\pm$ $0.11$ & $17.54$ $\pm$ $0.14$ \\
KD+STR & $19.06$ $\pm$ $0.02$ & $25.33$ $\pm$ $0.06$  & $11.83$ $\pm$ $0.01 $ & $27.73$ $\pm$ $0.09$ & $17.83$ $\pm$ $0.09$ \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
}
\caption{Averaged results in BLEU on the CoVoST\,2 dataset over 3 runs with standard deviations ($\pm$). Models KD and KD+STR are significantly different for all language pairs with $p$ < 0.0002 using a paired randomization test.
}
\label{tab:covost:bleu}
\end{table*}

\section{Results}

Our experiments are focused on the improvements of our proposed method over KD alone on both CoVoST\,2 and Europarl-ST datasets. We evaluate the translation results with both BLEU\footnote{nrefs:1|case:mixed|eff:no|tok:13a|smooth:exp|version:2.0.0}
\cite{papineni-etal-2002-bleu} and chrF2\footnote{nrefs:1|case:mixed|eff:yes|nc:6|nw:0|space:no|version:2.0.0}
\cite{popovic-2016-chrf} using the implementation of \textsc{sacrebleu} \cite{post-2018-call}. Each experiment is repeated 3 times and we report mean and standard deviation.

We also conduct significance tests using a paired approximate randomization test \cite{riezler2005some} with default settings of \textsc{sacrebleu}.
We compute $p$-values between KD and KD+STR for each evaluated language pair
of the experiments' datasets and between each run initialized with the same random seed.
The individual $p$-values are reported in Appendix \ref{sec:pvaluesdetail}.

Section \ref{sec:dependmtperf} contains a discussion on the connection between STR- and MT-performance.
We also report additional experiments which show how the amount of STR data affects the final performance in Section \ref{sec:dependamount}.
An error analysis with examples and a discussion on the limitations of STR has been moved to Appendix \ref{sec:exampleserror} due to space constraints.

\subsection{Results on CoVoST\,2}

Table \ref{tab:covost:bleu} lists BLEU scores on the five considered CoVoST\,2 language pairs. Our baseline model is the AST system finetuned on the in-domain audio-translation pairs only. Its performance over the selected language pairs is quite diverse with BLEU scores ranging from 10.31 (En-Tr) to 25.46 (En-Cy). Our baseline models are comparable to and often better in terms of BLEU than the bilingual AST (Bi-AST) models by \citet{wang2020covost}.

Training together with translations generated by KD improves the baseline model by a substantial margin of 0.8 to 1.6 BLEU points.
Our proposed STR method alone slightly surpasses the KD performance and brings further improvements when the augmented data is combined (KD+STR) with BLEU score increases ranging from 0.62 for En-Sl to 0.86 for En-Cy. In total, we observe BLEU score improvements of 1.5 to 2.3 for KD+STR.
Since BLEU scores are often biased towards short translations, we additionally calculate chrF2 scores and report them in Appendix \ref{sec:addchrf2scrores}.

We obtain significantly different models for all language pairs with $p$ < 0.0002. This is strong evidence that the better performing models trained on KD+STR are different to the plain KD models.

\subsection{Results on Europarl-ST}

Table 3 lists the BLEU score results of Europarl-ST En-De and En-Fr.
Similar to the results on CoVoST\,2, the KD models bring substantial improvements over the baseline systems. The gains are 6.02 points for En-De and 6.27 points for En-Fr. We attribute this to the strong machine translation model
that is trained on large amounts of additional training data (see Section \ref{sec:dependmtperf} for more details on this).
Our proposed STR method alone does not reach the KD performance but the combination KD+STR still delivers remarkable gains over KD, i.e., 1.13 points on En-De and 0.45 points on En-Fr, showing the complementarity of KD and STR. We also evaluate our models using chrF2. The numbers are listed in Appendix \ref{sec:addchrf2scrores}.

\begin{table}[ht]
\centering
\footnotesize
{
\begin{tabular}{lcc}
\toprule
model & En-De & En-Fr \\
\midrule
Baseline & $14.47$ $\pm$ $0.16$ & $22.52$ $\pm$ $0.07$  \\
KD & $20.49$ $\pm$ $0.07$ & $28.79$ $\pm$ $0.14$ \\
STR & $19.80$ $\pm$ $0.14$ & $28.01$ $\pm$ $0.17$ \\
KD+STR & $21.62$ $\pm$ $0.12$ & $29.28$ $\pm$ $0.10$   \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
}
\caption{Averaged results in BLEU on the Europarl-ST dataset over 3 runs with standard deviations ($\pm$). Models KD and KD+STR are significantly different for En-De with $p$ < 0.00025.
For En-Fr, we only found two runs to be significantly different with $p$ < 0.05.
}
\label{tab:europarl:bleu}
\end{table}

In the En-De experiments, we obtain significant differences between the KD and KD+STR models with  $p$ < 0.00025.
For En-Fr, only two out of three runs show significant differences with $p$ < 0.05. In terms of chrF2 scores, however, we found all compared models to be significantly different. See Appendix \ref{sec:pvaluesdetail} for details.

\subsection{Connection to MT-Performance}
\label{sec:dependmtperf}

To evaluate the dependency of STR on the MT-performance, we calculate BLEU scores for the MT-systems we use for CoVoST\,2 and Europarl-ST data augmentation with STR and compare them in a cross-lingual manner. We see a noticeable correlation of MT-performance and STR-improvement.

On CoVoST\,2, the highest improvement for STR is observed on  the En-Cy language pair, which is also the best performing MT-model. The En-Ca language pair's MT-model also performs very well and shows the second highest gain for STR together with En-Sl. See Table \ref{tab:covost-MT} for more details.

On Europarl-ST, we observe a different behavior. While the MT-model for En-Fr is clearly better than the one for En-De, the gains are larger in the latter case. This might be due to the fact that the En-Fr ST-model already has a relatively high performance after training on KD alone (see Table \ref{tab:europarl:bleu}). We also hypothesize that adding our STR method to KD is more useful if the sentence structure of source and target languages is very different. In case the alignments between source and target language are relatively parallel, KD already generates very useful examples and our approach can only introduce limited new information on top of that, e.g., by adding speaker variations.
See Table \ref{tab:europarl-MT} for the exact BLEU scores and improvements.

\begin{table}[ht]
\centering
\footnotesize
{
\begin{tabular}{lccccc}
\toprule
model & En-De & En-Ca & En-Tr & En-Cy & En-Sl \\
\midrule
MT & $30.05$ & $39.66$ & $21.28$ & $43.57$ & $30.32$ \\
STR-$\Delta$ & $+1.84$ & $+2.18$ & $+1.51$& $+2.27$& $+2.19$ \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
}
\caption{Machine translation performance measured in BLEU on the CoVoST\,2 test set. The second row (STR-$\Delta$) reports the BLEU improvements of KD+STR in comparison to the baseline.
}
\label{tab:covost-MT}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[ht]
\centering
\footnotesize
{
\begin{tabular}{lcc}
\toprule
model & En-De & En-Fr\\
\midrule
MT & $32.16$ & $40.11$ \\
STR-$\Delta$ & $+7.15$ & $+6.76$ \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
}
\caption{Machine translation performance measured in BLEU on the Europarl-ST test set. The second row (STR-$\Delta$) reports  BLEU improvements of KD+STR in comparison to the baseline.
}
\label{tab:europarl-MT}
\end{table}

\subsection{Dependence on Amount of STR Data}
\label{sec:dependamount}

We conduct an additional experiment on CoVoST\,2 to evaluate the dependence of our STR method on the amount of generated training data.
In Figure \ref{fig:bleuvsamount} we report the test performance on 5 language pairs of a single run (seed=0) after training on 1/3, 2/3, or all STR generated data. For some language pairs, we already observe large gains after using 1/3 or 2/3 of the total STR data. Most language pairs will further benefit from more additional data, while one language pair (En-Sl) seems to degrade when moving from 2/3 to all training data on this single run.
Summarizing, we observe a trend on all but one language pair that more augmented data improves performance.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1.05\linewidth]{bleu_vs_amount.pdf}
\caption{BLEU improvements for different amounts of STR augmented data on CoVoST\,2 on a single run (seed=0) for 5 language pairs. We evaluate the addition of 0, 80k, 160k, and 255k STR-generated data points to the baseline KD data.}
\label{fig:bleuvsamount}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusion}

We proposed an effective data augmentation method for end-to-end speech translation which
leverages audio alignments, linguistic properties, and translation. It creates new audio-translation pairs via \textit{sampling} from a memory-efficient suffix memory, \textit{translating} through an MT model and \textit{recombining} original and sampled audio segments with translations. Our method achieves significant improvements over augmentation with KD alone on both large (CoVoST\,2) and small scale (Europarl-ST) datasets. In future work, we would like to investigate the utility of other linguistic properties for AST augmentation and we would like to extend our method to multilingual AST

\section*{Acknowledgements}

This research was supported in part by the German research foundation DFG under grant RI-2221/4-1.
We'd also like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments.

\bibliographystyle{acl_natbib}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Mr. Wimberley, born in Twin City, was a lifetime Big Rig driver. He loved his family and friends and was husband, Daddy, PaPa, Poppie, Uncle John and Big John. He requested his ashes be scattered in Honduras, where he faithfully witnessed, helped build schools and churches, dug wells, drove missionary buses, and was a mentor. He never met a stranger and will be greatly missed by family, friends and loved ones. He was preceded in death by his parents, Henry Wimberley, Sr., and Mildred Wimberley of Twin City.
Survivors include brothers, Henry Wimberley, Jr. (Margie) of Florahome, Fla. and Walter "J" Wimberley of Twin City; sisters, Elizabeth Hester and Sandra Poole of Twin City; wife, Helen Wimberley; children, Roxanne Perry and Michelle Sylvester of Ashburn, Amanda Wimberley of Tifton; grandchildren, Matthew Wimberley, Ashley Perry, John Sighn Sylvester, all of Ashburn, Lola and Landon Reynolds, both of Tifton; one great-grandson, "Tez" of Ashburn; and many nieces and nephews.


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She is an excellent creature, but she can never remember which came first, the Greeks or the Romans.
In art the Greeks were the children of the Egyptians. The day may yet come when we shall do justice to the high powers of that mysterious and imaginative people.
The Greeks adored their gods by the simple compliment of kissing their hands; and the Romans were treated as atheists if they would not perform the same act when they entered a temple. This custom, however, as a religious ceremony declined with paganism,but was continued as a salutation by inferiors to their superiors, or as a token of esteem among friends.


Navy might have a slight edge on San Diego State in the Poinsettia Bowl tonight, even though the game is in San Diego. Qualcomm Stadium's bowl surface is said to have been at least 50% covered in water, which might be a conservative estimate after seeing photos. Water levels were at two feet in some areas of the stadium, which accumulated so much water and mud that the two teams have resorted to practicing in carpeted hotel ballrooms. But the bowl is going on, and supposedly still kicking off at 5:06pm as scheduled. We're told that the grounds crew is going to be working around the clock to make that happen, pumping water out of the stadium through the night.
On top of the stadium being flooded, portions of the parking lot were also filled with muddy water. The lot is located next to the San Diego River, which overflows into it whenever there is a downpour. The parking lot is not expected to be back to 100% availability by game time, but will probably have a large portion of its spaces back due to receding water levels.
I don't think this will really affect the 51,000 tickets sold, because everyone is going to want to show up and see how they get this game played. Everyone will come prepared in their waterproof gear ready to watch a mud bath. And I can't even imagine what the field is going to look like after it's all torn up during the game, and then has to be played on again a week later in the Holiday Bowl. The Poinsettia Bowl isn't considered a major bowl (hence its 12/23 date), but I think this year it'll receive a record number of viewers.