Electronic code lock is an access control device that uses technology transfer/reception on the basis of contactless control.
The electronic coded lock is the device of access control, which uses technology of transmission/reception on the basis of contactless management.
If the transponder unit is used in a metallic environment, the far field range of approx. 1.50 m will be considerably reduced depending on the use.
Active steps aren't required in order to activate door opening.The battery-operated key 2609 00 can simply remain in the pocket; door opening is automatically activated at approach.
If a standard transponder key, e.g. a passive HITAG 2 transponder in cheque-card format, is held at a distance of approx. 6 cm from the transponder reader, the near field relay is activated for the set period.
Up to 250 keys or cards can be managed per transponder device (according to HITAG 2 standart). All keys and cards possess a unique code.
As a separate device or in a combination with Gira a door intercom system ensures comfortable activation of door opening for authorized persons.
The electronic coded lock and electronic keys reliably work as well at severe environmental conditions.
The two -colour LED display signals the respective status during programming and during operation.
The acoustic alarm system via acknowledgement of a sound signal.
Each object surely requires the programmed card.
Relay 1: Far field (fixed assignment)-If a taught-in standard transponder key is brought into the detection range of the transponder reader (depending on the ambient conditions, approx. 1.5 m distance), the far field relay is activated for the set time.
Relay 2: Near field (fixed assignment)-If a standard transponder key 2609 00 or transponder in cheque-card format 2611 00, is held at a distance of approx. 6 cm from the transponder reader, the near field relay is activated for the set period.
Note: If the transponder unit is used in a metallic environment, the far field range of approx. 1.50 m will be considerably reduced depending on the use (for use in Gira energy profiles to approx. 0.9 m, for use in Gira Profile 55 to approx. 0.6 m).
Alarm entrance for activation and deactivation of the electronic coded lock, for example, in combination with inductive loops.
Switching contact: 2 relays with potential-free switching contacts, a permissible load of 24 V / 1,6 A AC/DC.


The practice falls within a spirit of polyvalence, working in numerous fields from cultural facilities, stadiums, hospitals, universities, accommodation, hotels, offices, commercial premises, infrastructure and urban planning to design and interior decoration. At SCAU they believe that a project is born out of encounters, points of view and exchanges, that it is created when their differences, knowledge and sensibilities dare to mingle, to challenge, to surpass themselves. SCAU favours transversal exchanges thanks to its numerous architects, engineers and graphic designers, with multiple skills and of different nationalities. Spaces of creativity of infinite richness are thus formed which have the intelligence of the collective and the singularity of the unique. Relentlessly, SCAU cultivate this spirit of singular collective where each talent expresses its own vision and participates in the dynamics of the project; in the exchange, debate, initiative, trust. When they explore, dream, evolve, win or lose, when they provide a solution, full yet simple, complex yet obvious, it's always a whole.
SCAU has a wide experience in the design and construction of stadiums including World Cup and European Cup venues.


text:
Q: Curl получить POST запросом данные со страницы сайта в виде массива или переменных в PHP Вопрос довольно простой, с помощью cURL получить данные страницы в виде массива или отдельных переменных (не принципиально). Код внизу работает, но он выводит всю страницу сайта coingecko, а нужно чтобы данные 100 валют по типу "Название валюты" => "Стоимость" выводилось в виде массива.
Пример:
Bitcoin => 53,000.09$;

Ethereum => 2,450.00$

и все остальные валюты по такому же типу.
Или в виде переменных:
$Bitcoin = 53,000.09;

$Ethereum =  2,450.00;

Тоесть название валюты и ее стоимость и чтобы эти данные были в массиве с которыми можно будет работать в PHP.
Всевозможные библиотеки, регистрации на Coingecko, иные API пожалуйста, не предлагайте и агрегаторы для получения значений, нужно решить задачу именно через cURL.
Cпасибо за помощь.
 header('Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8');
    // Включаем отображение ошибок:
    ini_set('error_reporting', E_ALL);
    ini_set('display_errors', 1);
    ini_set('display_startup_errors', 1);
    // Адрес для парсинга:
    $url = 'http://www.coingecko.com/';

// Создаём новый сеанс:
    $curl = curl_init();

// Указываем адрес целевой страницы:
    curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_URL, $url);

// О отключаем проверку SSL сертификата:
    curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER, 0);
    curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYHOST, 0);

// Устанавливаем заголовки для имитации браузера:
    $headers = [];
    $headers[] = 'Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.9';
    $headers[] = 'Accept-Encoding: identity';
    $headers[] = 'Accept-Language: ru-RU,ru;q=0.9,en-US;q=0.8,en;q=0.7';
    $headers[] = 'Cache-Control: no-cache';
    $headers[] = 'Connection: keep-alive';
    $headers[] = 'Host: ' . parse_url($url)['host'];
    $headers[] = 'Pragma: no-cache';
    $headers[] = 'Sec-Fetch-Dest: document';
    $headers[] = 'Sec-Fetch-Mode: navigate';
    $headers[] = 'Sec-Fetch-Site: none';
    $headers[] = 'Sec-Fetch-User: ?1';
    $headers[] = 'Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1';
    $headers[] = 'User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/86.0.4240.193 Safari/537.36';
    curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, $headers);

// Разрешаем переадресацию:
    curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, 1);

// Запрещаем прямой вывод результата запроса:
    curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1);

// Делаем сам запрос:
    $result = curl_exec($curl);

// Завершаем сеанс:
    curl_close($curl);

// Смотрим результат:

    echo $result;

A: Вам нужно заменить следующие строчки кода, тогда вы получите страницу сайта в виде массива.
// Запрещаем прямой вывод результата запроса:

     curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);

    // Делаем сам запрос:

    $result = curl_exec($curl);

    $resultArray = new SimpleXMLElement($result);

// Завершаем сеанс:

    curl_close($curl);

// Смотрим результат:

    echo'<pre>';
       print_r($resultArray);
    echo'</pre>';

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


As a bidirectional adapter, it can also connect new Thunderbolt 3 devices to a Mac with a Thunderbolt or Thunderbolt 2 port and macOS Sierra. In addition, it can be used to connect Thunderbolt-enabled displays — such as the Apple Thunderbolt Display and LG Thunderbolt 2 displays — to any of the Thunderbolt 3 (USB-C) ports on your MacBook Pro. However, using this adapter with an Apple Thunderbolt Display requires a power source, because the display does not provide power through the adapter.


Led by Ms. Jung-Hee Kim Lovejoy, this dance group established in 1990 is regarded as one of the best ethnic performance groups in the state. The colorful costumes, graceful movements, and harmonious music of this dance group provide audiences with new experiences of beauty and wonder from Korea, the Land of Morning Calm.
And, for more information on International Week, going on now, call 586-7772.


text:
Attack of the Giant Leeches (1959)
December 31, 2003 Jim McLennan horror, reviews
Rating: C+
Dir: Bernard L. Kowalski
Starring: Ken Clark, Jan Shepherd, Tyler McVey, Yvette Vickers
This film proudly wears its leeches on its sleeve, as it were – not only are they featured in the (utterly fabulous) trailer below, along with a promise that "Fear will pierce your flesh until every nerve in your body explodes", they turn up in the opening scene of the film. No hiding of leeches under a bushel here, which is probably a shame, as if any effects ever deserved to be hidden under a bushel, it's these ones. Rarely have "men in a crap costume" been so pathetically laughable, yet the film has a sweet charm, precisely because it wants you to believe in it.
There's a lot of leechy fun to be had here, apart from giggling at the monsters themselves: the way they seem to favour the taste of the morally suspect characters (notably Yvette Vickers' shanty tramp – she was a Playboy playmate in July that year) or perhaps how their attacks look more like the amorous advances of a drunken uncle. Also enjoy the otherwise superfluous scene blaming it all on radioactive seepage from atomic rockets at Cape Canaveral. Inevitably, it was a target for Mystery Science Theater 3000, yet it's enjoyable enough on its own.
Jan Shepherd
Ken Clark
Tyler McVey
Blade Squad (1998)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Common Law Review View site
Gary North: A Personal Remembrance
The Stupidest Commentary on the Decalogue Ever Written
Discontent with Dooyeweerd
The Reformation and the Reformed Church
"Environment" as Bludgeon
constitutionalism (11)
theological (8)
world view (7)
"In isolation lies our strength." – Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer
Paradigmatical
What is Common Law?
The Paradigm of the Common Law
The Natural Rights Paradigm
The Modernist Paradigm: Salvation by Politics
Dooyeweerd and the Common Law
Edmund Burke's Critique of Natural Rights
How Much Freedom Should We Trade for Our Security?
Sociological
Sphere Sovereignty
Antirevolutionary
Groen van Prinsterer
Savigny
Van Eikema Hommes
Christianity is Antirevolutionary
Stahl on the Ethical Kingdom
Stahl on the State as Ethical Kingdom
Stahl on the Two Principles of State Order
Stahl on the Monarchical Principle
Popular Sovereignty
Rethinking the Foundations
Christianity and Development
Malthus, Human Nature, and the Social Question
The Gold Standard and the Social Question
Natural Liberty and Classical Economics
The Automatic Mechanism
The Social Question Unravelled
The Mystery of Capital
The Social Question Brought to Christ
The Roots of the Credit Crisis (in Dutch)
Beseler and Gierke on the Law of Associations
Coming to Grips with Roman Law
Maine on status versus contract
Private Law and Common Law
Savigny on Principles of Law
Stahl on Possession versus Property
Thoughts on Sphere Sovereignty: A Critique of Harinck's Thesis
Althusius on the Role of the Supreme Magistrate in the Administration of the Church
Political Defeat and the Divided Church
The Sacred Public Square
The Abandonment of the Gentleman's Agreement
The Reins of the Body Politic
Benedictine Infrastructure
Review of Hermann Conring's New Discourse on the Roman-German Emperor
Vitoria's New World Order
The Meaning of National Sovereignty
Part I: National Sovereignty and European Union
Part II: Vitoria and Althusius
Two Kinds of Democracy
Redeemer Nation
Rights, Revolutions, and World Order
What We Are Up Against
Thoughts on Migration
Megafire and the Pyrocene
Christianity and Environmentalism
The Environmentalist Response
Sentimentality, the New Totalitarianism
Understanding Individualism
Aalders
What is Ideology?
The Church and Christian Politics
The Church and Christian Politics II
Baptism: Infant or Believers'?
Constantinianism and Article 36 of the Belgic Confession of Faith
Eulogy, Luz Maria Alvarado
The Kuyper Option
The Politics of God and the Politics of Man
The Roman-Law Background of the Concept of Equity
Fountainhead of Liberalism
Church, Kingdom, Liturgy: The Political Language of the New Testament
New Light on the Spanish Inquisition
The Domestic Balance of Powers: Church, State, and Civil Liberty
Kuyper versus Hoedemaker
Bohatec
Charles Hodge on the Role of the Church in Public Life
Hoedemaker
Dedication at the Founding of the Free University in Amsterdam
The Autonomy of Reason Considered from the Viewpoint of the Roman, the Lutheran, and the Reformed Church
The Darkness Behind the World Stage
The Evangelical Outlook in Holland
The Free University and the Christian-National Principle
Kromsigt
The Difference between New and Old Calvinism
Lingbeek
Kuyper on Church and State I
Kuyper on Church and State II
Neocalvinism Compared with Independency I
Neocalvinism Compared with Independency II
Neocalvinism Compared with Independency III
Neocalvinism Compared with Independency IV
Neocalvinism Compared with Independency V
Van Ruler
Politics, Church, and Kingdom
Sphere Sovereignty and the Theocratic Triangle
The Church as Community and as Institution
From System of the Modern Roman Law, translated by William Holloway, revised and corrected by Ruben Alvarado
CHAPTER I. OBJECT OF THIS WORK.
§ 1. MODERN ROMAN LAW.
§ 2. COMMON LAW IN GERMANY.
§ 3. LIMITS OF THE TASK.
CHAPTER II. GENERAL NATURE OF THE LAW SOURCES.
§ 4. JURAL RELATION[4]
§ 5. INSTITUTION OF LAW.
§ 6. CONCEPTION OF THE LAW SOURCES.
§ 7. GENERAL ORIGIN OF LAW.
§ 8. PEOPLE.
§ 9. STATE, STATE LAW, PRIVATE LAW, PUBLIC LAW.
§ 10. DISCORDANT OPINIONS CONCERNING THE STATE.
§ 11. THE LAW OF NATIONS.
The part of the science of law of which the exposition is undertaken in this work has been designated as the modern Roman law. This special undertaking will now, in the following contrasted propositions, be more precisely defined than it could be in a mere title.
1. It is the Roman law which is to be exhibited in this work. To the actual undertaking belong merely those legal institutions which have a Roman origin, with the inclusion however of their later development, even though such should be referable to an other than Roman origin. Hence are excluded all institutions to which a Germanic origin must be ascribed.
2. It is the existing Roman Law. Hence are excluded: first, the history as such of legal institutions; secondly, each particular determination belonging to the earlier law which is foreign to that of Justinian, because this newest form of the Roman law alone has entered into connection with our modern state of law; thirdly, each institution which belonging to the law of Justinian, has disappeared from our legal condition.
3. Private law and not public law belongs to our undertaking: consequently that part of law which the Romans denote by jus civile in one of the many acceptations of that term; in other words that which in the time of the ,republic, they regarded as the exclusive science of a jurisconsultus or jurisprudentia proper.[1] This limitation is in part to be regarded as a consequence of the preceding, inasmuch as the private law of the Romans as a whole has become in any considerable quantity, a part of our present law. True, Roman criminal law has not remained foreign to our present law either, but it has entered into it only partially and incomparably less than the private law.
4. Lastly merely the actual system of law to the exclusion of procedure or the forms destined for the prosecution of an action: consequently merely that which by many is called material private law. For procedure has formed itself in so peculiar a manner by the blending of sources historically diverse that a special treatment of this branch has become necessary, instead of holding as the Roman jurists would have held, the intimate union of the theory of procedure with that of material law not only as possible but expedient. With respect to the limit of our work on this side, there is in point of principle no doubt, but in practice that limit is often misunderstood, principally because one and the same institution may in fact belong to two departments. For example the judicial decision, as to its form and its conditions belongs to procedure; on the other hand, as soon as it becomes legally valid, it has two operations: one, the action and exception arising from a res judicata, which belong to the system of law itself; the other, execution, which is a pure doctrine of procedure.
If these limitations are comprehended under common point of view, they precisely define the Roman law in the sense in which it has become common law for the greater part of Europe.
To the conception of common law laid down in the first section, the conception of the common law prevailing in Germany is closely allied. That law is bound up with the peculiar constitution of the German Empire of which the single states were united under the general authority of the empire. Thus every part of Germany was subject to a double state power, under the influence of which a two-fold positive law was formed—territorial law and common law. Now many writers assert that upon the dissolution of the German Empire, the common law lost its validity along with its basis, the imperial state power. This opinion based upon a misunderstanding of the nature of positive law, has however remained entirely without influence upon the actual legal condition.[2]
Now the common law here mentioned is no other than the modern Roman Law in its special application to the German Empire and with the special modifications established by that empire. These modifications however are nearly all contained in the imperial legislation and are of trifling importance; for all the important deviations from pure Roman Law, as for example, the actionability of all contracts without the stipulation, the more extended importance of bona fides, have never been peculiar to the German Empire but have everywhere been uniformly recognized to the exact extent to which the Roman law has been applied in modern Europe.
Hence an exposition of the modern Roman Law, to which this work is confined, would require merely trifling additions to be able to pass at the same time for an exposition of the common law of Germany.
By the limits established for our subject, every province lying outside them is treated as foreign to it. In reference to this, the exposition has to avoid two opposite faults. The one consists in an arbitrary transgression of the limits from a predilection sometimes for a department lying near, sometimes for a special investigation actually pertaining to the subject; the other consists in a narrow observance of the limits even where a transgression of them is unavoidable if either the thoroughness of the particular enquiry or the clearness of the exposition is not to suffer.[3] This latter consideration makes also a certain toleration on the part of the reader desirable, for here the exact measure is reached more by tact than by fixed rules; a certain room for maneuver cannot therefore be refused to the subjective insight.
In particular, much will be admitted which belongs to the common fundamental doctrine of every system of positive law and consequently is clearly not peculiar to the Roman law. There argues in favor of this inclusion: not merely former practice especially in the courses of the Pandects of the German universities, not merely the peculiar shape which the Roman law has given to many a part of this doctrine, and the influence which in this direction it has exercised over other systems of legislation, but especially the consideration that the Roman law, from the exigencies of its situation, has assumed more than any other system of positive law a general character, which renders it especially fit for a satisfactory treatment of that fundamental doctrine.
We have to seek the foundation of the modern Roman law in the establishment of the law sources belonging to it. That this may be done with success, a more general discussion of the nature of law sources is altogether necessary.
If we regard the legal condition as it surrounds and penetrates us on all sides in practical life, it appears to us as the power justly appertaining to the individual person: a sphere in which his will rules and rules with our consent. This power we call a right of this person, synonymous with competence; some call it law in the subjective sense. Such a right appears especially in visible form when on being questioned or resisted, its existence and scope are recognized by a judicial decision. But a closer examination convinces us that this logical form of a decision is merely called forth by the accidental need and that it does not exhaust the essence of the matter; rather, it itself requires a deeper foundation. This we find in the jural relation, of which each individual right shows only a particular side, separated from it by abstraction, so that the very decision regarding the individual right can only be correct and convincing insofar as it proceeds from the complete perception of the jural relation. The jural relation has moreover an organic nature which reveals itself partly in the coherence of its constituent parts, balancing and limiting one another, partly in the gradual unfolding which we recognize in it, partly in the mode of its arising and passing away. This vital construction of the jural relation in each given case is the intellectual element of juristic practice and distinguishes its noble calling from the bare mechanism which so many ignorant persons see in that practice. In order for this important point not to be understood in merely general terms but be brought to view in the entire wealth of its content, it may not be superfluous to illustrate it by an example. The famous title Frater a fratre deals with the following case:—Two brothers are under the paternal power. One makes a loan to the other. The borrower repays this loan after the father's death and it is asked whether he can recover this money paid as money paid by mistake. Here the judge has simply to decide upon the question, whether there is or is not ground for the condictio indebiti; but to know this, a complete view of the jural relation must be present to him, the individual elements of which were: the paternal power over the two brothers, a loan of one to the other, a peculium which the debtor had received from the father. This composite legal relation developed progressively by virtue of the death of the father, the inheritance thereof, the discharge of the loan. From these elements, the decision desired from the judge must proceed.
The decision regarding an individual right is only possible by a reference of the particular matters of fact to a general rule by which the particular rights are governed. That rule we call simply law [das Recht] or law in general: some term it law in the objective sense. In its visible shape, it appears especially in statute [dem Gesetz], which is an expression of the supreme power of the state over the legal rule.
Just as the decision regarding a particular litigation has only a limited and dependent nature and first finds its living root and convincing force in the exhibition of the jural relation, so in like manner is it with the legal rule. For the legal rule as well as its expression in a statute have a deeper foundation in the vision [Anschauung] of the legal institution, and the organic nature of this shows itself both in the living connection of the constituent parts and in its gradual unfolding. If we do not stop at the immediate appearance but delve into the essence of the thing, we recognize the fact that each jural relation stands under a corresponding legal institution which is, as it were, its type, and by which it is governed, in the same manner as the single judicial decision by the legal rule.[5] Indeed this latter subsumption is dependent upon the former, by which it is first able to obtain truth and life. The case introduced in the former section shall here also be employed for illustration. The legal institutions thereto relating are: the inheritance by the children from the father; the ancient peculium and especially the deductio prevailing in it, transmission of claims to the heirs, confusion of claims and debts, the condictio indebiti. In the unfolding of the thought there exists this natural distinction, that we first perceive the institutes of law separately and afterwards combine them by an effort of the will, instead of the jural relation being given to us by the events of life and so immediately manifesting itself in its concrete combination and complexity.
On further examination, however, we perceive that all the institutions of law are bound up in a system and that they can only be completely conceived in the entire connection of this system, in which again the same organic nature appears. Immeasurable as may be the difference between a single, restricted jural relation and the system of positive law of a nation, the difference lies merely in the dimensions; in their essence they are not dissimilar and the mental operation which leads to a knowledge of one and the other is essentially the same.
From this we perceive how vain it is, as is often done in legal science, for theory and practice to be regarded as entirely separated, even as opposed. Their outward vocation differs, as does the application of the knowledge acquired: but they share the nature and direction of thought as well as the education which leads to them, and both one and the other of these occupations will only be worthily filled by him in whom dwells a consciousness of this identity.[6]
We call law sources the grounds of origin of the general law, hence both the institutions of law and the individual legal rules formed from them by abstraction. This conception has a double affinity, making it necessary to eliminate two mistakes.
1. Individual jural relations too have their grounds of origin,[7] and the affinity of jural relations to the institutions of law easily leads to a confusion of the grounds of origin of jural relations with those of legal rules. If for example one wishes to enumerate completely the conditions of any single jural relation, then there undoubtedly pertains both the existence of a legal rule as a matter of fact corresponding to this rule, as for example, a statute which recognizes contracts, and a concluded contract itself. Nevertheless, these conditions are specifically different and a confusion of concepts is the result if we place contract and statute on the same line as law sources.[8]
2. Another confusion based more upon the name, is that of the law sources with the historical sources of legal science. To these pertain all monuments from which we derive a knowledge of legal-scientific matters of fact. The two concepts are entirely independent of one another and it is merely accidentally when they meet at any single point; nevertheless, this meeting is especially frequent and important. Thus for example Justinian's Digests belong to the sources in both meanings of the term; the lex Voconia belongs to the sources of the older law, but since it is lost, not to the sources of legal science; the opposite case presents itself in the passages of the ancient historians or poets which contain notices of law. It is however to be remarked that in most cases in which we have occasion to speak of law sources, both senses of the expression in fact coincide, so that the danger of an error in the conception is not great. Thus, for example, the parts of the Corpus Juris as statutes of Justinian are law sources for Justinian's empire; by virtue of their reception, law sources for us; lastly, as still existing books, sources of our legal science. In like manner, the German law books of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries are records of customary laws, therefore of law sources, and as preserved books, sources of our legal science. Hence also most writers use the expression without giving to their readers special information of these different imports, and they are not on that account to be blamed.
What then are the grounds of origin of general law, or in what do the law sources consist ?
If one wished to conjecture on the matter, law may have a wholly different origin according as it is influenced by accident or by human will, reflection and wisdom. But this opinion is contradicted by the undoubted fact that wherever a jural relation comes into question and consciousness, a rule for it is already present, and therefore the discovery of one is neither necessary nor possible. In reference to this property of general law, by which in every given case in which it can be sought after, it already has an actual existence, we call it positive law.
If we further ask about the subject in which and for which positive law subsists, we find the people to be that subject. In the general consciousness of a people lives positive law, and hence we have to call it folk-law [Volksrecht]. It is by no means to be thought that it was the particular members of the people by whose arbitrary will, law was brought forth; in that case the will of individuals might perhaps have selected the same law, perhaps however, and more probably, very varied laws. Rather, it is the popular spirit living and working in common in all the individuals which gives birth to positive law, which to the consciousness of each individual therefore is not accidentally but necessarily one and the same law. Since then we acknowledge an invisible origin of positive law, we must dispense with documentary proof as to that origin: but this defect is common to our and every other view of that origin, since we discover in all peoples who have ever presented themselves within the limits of documented history an already existing positive law of which the original generation must lie beyond those limits. Nevertheless, there are not wanting proofs of another sort which are suitable to the special nature of the object. Such a proof lies in the universal, uniform recognition of positive law, and in the sentiment of inner necessity with which its conception is accompanied. This sentiment expresses itself most definitely in the primeval assertion of the divine origin of law or statutes; for a more manifest opposition to the idea of its arising from accident or the human will is not to be conceived. A second proof lies in the analogy of other peculiarities of peoples, which have in like manner an invisible origin reaching beyond authentic history, for example, the customs [Sitte] of social life and above all speech. In these is found the same independence of accident and free individual choice, the same generation from the activity of the popular spirit working in common in each individual; by virtue of their sensible nature, all of this is more evident and recognizable than in law. Indeed the individual nature of a particular people is determined and recognized solely by those common directions and activities of which speech, as the most evident, takes the first place.
But the form in which law lives in the common consciousness of a people is not that of abstract rules, it is as the living intuition of legal institutions in their organic connection, so that whenever the necessity arises for the rule to be conceived in its logical form, this must first be formed by an artificial process from out of that total vision. That form reveals itself in the symbolical acts which display in visible shape the essence of the jural relation and which finds expression more clearly and fundamentally in the original popular laws than in written laws.
In this assumption of the origin of positive law, we initially abstract from the progression of the life of a people in time. If we now look also at this operation upon law, we must above all ascribe to it a confirming force. The longer the convictions of law live in a people, the more deeply they become rooted in it. Moreover, law is developed by usage, and what originally was present as a mere germ will through practice assume a definite shape to the consciousness. But in this way change in the law is also generated. For as in the life of single individuals no moment of complete standstill can be perceived, but rather a continual organic development, so is it with the life of peoples and with each single element of which that concrete life is composed. Thus we find in speech a constant gradual shaping and development, and in like manner in law. This gradual formation is subject to the sarnie law of generation from inner power and necessity, independent of accident and individual will, just as was its original arising. But in this natural process of development the people experiences not merely a change in general, but it experiences it in a settled, regular series of events, and of these each has its peculiar relation to the expression of the popular spirit in which the law is generated. This appears in the clearest and strongest manner in the youth of a people, for then the connection is more intimate, the consciousness of it is more generally diffused and is less obscured by the variety of individual formation. Moreover in the same degree in which the formation of individuals becomes heterogeneous and predominant and in which a sharper division of employments, of acquirements, and of ranks produced by these, enters, the generation of law which rests upon the common consciousness becomes more difficult; and this mode of generation would disappear altogether if organs for that purpose were not now formed by the influence of these self-same new circumstances; these organs are legislation and legal science, the nature of which will be directly explained.
This new development of law may have an entirely different relation to the originally existing law. New institutions of law may be generated by it, the existing law transformed or it may be entirely swept away if it has become foreign to the thought and need of the age.
The generation of law has been provisionally posited in the people as the active, personal subject. The nature of this subject shall now be more accurately defined.
When in the examination of the jural relation we remove by abstraction all its particular content, there remains to us as a common essence thereof the collective life of a multiplicity of persons regulated in a defined manner. We might naturally be led to stop short at this abstract conception of a multiplicity, and regard law to be the discovery of this multiplicity apart from which the external freedom of the individual could not subsist. But such an accidental encounter of an undefined multitude is a conception both arbitrary and entirely wanting in truth: and even if they found themselves so thrown together, the capacity for producing law would be entirely wanting, since the power of at once supplying a need is not given with a need. In fact, we find, as far as history informs us upon the matter, that wherever men live together, they stand in a spiritual community which reveals as well as establishes and develops itself by the use of speech. In this natural whole is the seat of the generation of law, for in the common popular spirit infusing individuals is found the power of satisfying the need recognized above.
But the boundaries of these individual peoples [Völkerindividuen] are certainly undefined and wavering, and this dubious condition also shows itself in the unity or variety of the law engendered in them. Thus as to kindred tribes it may appear uncertain whether they are to be regarded as one people or as several: in like manner we also frequently find in their law, if not complete consonance, at least affinity.
Even where the unity of a people is undoubted, within its limits are often found inner circles which are included in a special connection united through a particular connection side by side with the general union of the people, such as cities and villages, guilds, corporations of every sort which together form popular divisions of the whole. In these circles again a special generation of law may have its seat as particular law, side by side with the shared popular law which by that particular law is on many sides supplemented or altered.[9]
When we regard the people as a natural unity and to that degree as the subject of positive law, we ought not to think only of the individuals comprised in that people at any particular time; that unity rather runs through generations constantly replacing one another, and thus unites the present with the past and the future. This constant preservation of law is effected by tradition and this is conditioned by, and based upon, the ever gradual, not sudden, change of generations. The independence of law from the life of contemporary members of a people here asserted, appertains first to the unchanged continuation of legal rules, yet it is also the foundation of the gradual formation of law (§. 7) and in this connection we must ascribe to it a superior importance.
This view, by which the individual people is regarded as the generator and subject of positive or actual law, may appear too confined to some who might be inclined to ascribe that generation rather to the general spirit of humanity than to that of a particular people. On closer examination these two views do not appear conflicting. What is at work in an individual people is merely the general human spirit which reveals itself in that people in a particular manner. But the generation of law is a fact and a joint fact. This is conceivable only among those between whom a community of thought and action is not only possible but actual. Since such a community exists only within the limits of an individual people, here alone can actual law also be created, although the expression of a general human generative trait is perceived in its production; consequently, it is not at all the peculiar arbitrary will of several individual peoples, of which perhaps no single trace would be found in other peoples. Now then, therein is found the dissimilarity by which this product of the popular spirit is sometimes entirely peculiar to that single people, sometimes equally present in more peoples. How the Romans conceived this common basis of popular law as jus gentium will be shown below (§. 22).
The people – to which we must, as to an invisible natural whole, ascribe undefined limits – nevertheless does not anywhere or at any time exist in this abstract manner. There rather works in that people an irrepressible inclination to manifest the invisible unity in a visible and organic form. This bodily shape of spiritual popular community is the state, and with it are likewise supplied definite boundaries of unity.
If we enquire as to the origin of the state, we must posit that origin in a higher necessity, in a formative power proceeding from within, as we above asserted generally of law; and this holds good not only of the existence of a state generally but also of the particular shape borne by the state in each people. For the creation of the state is likewise a species of the generation of law; indeed, it is certainly the highest stage of that generation.
If from the obtained standpoint we now contemplate law as a whole, we discern in it two areas, state law and private law. The first has for its object the state, that is, the organic manifestation of the people; the second, the totality of jural relations which envelop individuals in order that in them they may lead their inner life and fashion it in a defined shape.[10] When we compare these two areas of law, there are not wanting transitions and affinities. For the family has in its enduring arrangement as well as in the relation of rule and obedience an unmistakeable analogy to the state; and in like manner local communities, which are real parts of the state (§. 86), come close to the relation of individuals. Nevertheless, between the two areas this firmly established difference remains; in public law the whole appears as the end, the individual as subordinate, while in private law, by contrast, the individual man is an end on his own account, and each jural relation has reference only to his existence or his special circumstances.
Nevertheless the state has likewise a very manifold influence upon private law, and first of all upon the reality of its existence. For it is in the state that the people first obtains true personality and in consequence the capacity of acting. Apart from the state, we are able to ascribe to private law merely an invisible existence in concordant feelings, thoughts and manners; in the state, that law, by the establishment of judicature, gains its life and activity. This is not to imply that there ever in fact was a time in the life of peoples, prior to the discovery of the state, in which private law could have had this incomplete nature (state of nature). Rather, a people, as soon as it manifests itself as such, likewise manifests itself as a state, whatever shape it may have taken. This assertion therefore will hold good only of that state of a people which remains to us in thought, when we artificially abstract from it its character as state.
In this, the relation of individuals to the general law likewise gains its reality and completeness. Law has its existence in the shared popular spirit (§§. 7 and 8), therefore in their united will, which to that extent is also the will of each individual; but the individual can, by virtue of his freedom, in consequence of what he wills for himself, resist what he thinks and wills as a member of the whole. This contradiction is injustice [das Unrecht] or the violation of law, which must be annihilated if law is to subsist and rule. If this annihilation is to be independent of accident and maintain a regular certainty, this is only possible in the state; for in the state alone can legal rules stand as an external and objective thing face to face with the individual, and in this new connection, individual freedom capable of injustice appears restrained by the collective will and subsumed in it.
The state moreover has also the most evident influence upon the generation of law in private law; not merely upon its content, of which will yet be spoken more at length, but also upon the limits of the generation of law, from the consideration that the common spirit of a people must be more intimate and more active within the limits of the same state; while in different states, even of kindred races, it must be more remote and hindered in many ways. In like manner, the emergence of a particular folk-law (§. 8) is not excluded by the unity of the state, but is subject to this restriction, that by it the essential unity of the state must not be endangered. Now then, it would be erroneous in this respect to rank the influence of the state too high in comparison with that of other relations, or to conceive it as the exclusive determining factor. Thus in the Middle Ages, after the fall of the Western empire, there existed several German states consisting partly of German and partly of Roman subjects; in this condition the Roman subjects of the one state had the same Roman law as those of the other; the German subjects of the different states had at a least a kindred law, and this more or less complete legal community was not disturbed by states' boundaries.
In order to guard the classification of the laws prevailing in a state as here set forth from the reproach of incompleteness, the following addition is necessary. I do not desire to restrict the state to the purposes of law; indeed, the theory does not presume to limit the freedom of individual development by asserting exclusive aims for the activity of the state. Nevertheless, its first and most unavoidable task is to make the idea of law dominant in the visible world. To this object leads a double activity of the state. First, it has to protect the individual who is injured in his right against that injury; we call the rules to which this activity is subject, civil procedure. Secondly, it has to defend and re-establish the injured right regardless of the individual interest. This is done by punishment, through which the human will, in the narrower field of law, imitates the law of ethical retribution prevailing in the higher world-order.[11] We call the rules to which this activity is subject criminal law, of which criminal procedure forms merely a part.[12] Civil procedure, criminal law and criminal procedure are therefore parts of state law and were so regarded by the Romans. The increasing strangeness of this conception in more recent times arises from the following circumstances. The administration of criminal law is often lodged with the same judicial authorities as is the protection of private law, and hence the treatment of the two matters has assumed a like shape. In civil procedure, moreover, the activity of the state is so interwoven with the rights of the individual that a complete separation is not practically attainable. Nevertheless, the inner nature here expressed of these legal disciplines cannot on that account be changed. In order to afford recognition on the one hand to the essence of the thing and on the other to its more practical bearings, it seems desirable to employ alongside the name state law, as is neither uncommon nor unsuitable, the more general name of public law, which embraces civil procedure and criminal law. This expression shall henceforth be employed.
The case is quite different with canon law. From a merely secular point of view, the church seems like every other association, and one might ascribe to it such a dependent and subordinate position as other corporations obtain partly in state law and partly in private law. Its importance as dominating the innermost nature of men does not admit of this treatment. In the various ages of world history, therefore, the church and canon law have occupied a very different position towards the state. Among the Romans the jus sacrum was a part of state law and was subordinated to the power of the state.[13] The world-embracing nature of Christianity excludes this purely national treatment. In the Middle Ages the church sought to subordinate the state to itself and to rule over it. We should regard the various Christian churches as existing alongside the state, though in manifold and intimate contact with it. Hence canon law is to us an area of law existing for itself, which must be subordinated neither to public nor to private law.
The view here set forth regarding the origin and essence of the state has been far from finding general recognition.
In the first place, here again it is the indefinite concept of a multitude in general abstracted from popular unity which has often been thought as the subject of the state. This assertion is contradicted by the fact that at all times it is peoples who have made their appearance in the organic form of states, and that wherever an attempt has been made on an extensive scale, without regard to entire differences of origin, arbitrarily to bring together masses of men, as in the American slave states, the attempt has been very unsuccessful and insurmountable obstacles have stood in the way of the formation of a state. In contradiction of this viewpoint, we must again assert that the state arises spontaneously and naturally in a people, through the people, and for the people.
Moreover there is a widely prevalent opinion in accordance with which states must have taken their rise in the will of individuals, therefore by contract; this opinion has in its development led to results as pernicious as they are false. There is the assumption that the people who found it advantageous to found a particular state could just as well have remained entirely without a state, or in this or that manner have blended or restricted themselves to a state, or that they might have selected a different constitution altogether. Hereby not only are both the natural unity inherent in the people and the inner necessity once more overlooked, but especially also the circumstance that wherever any such deliberation is possible, there is infallibly already a state in existence as fact and law, so that there can no longer be any question, as these people would have it, of the arbitrary invention of a state, but only at most a question of destroying it. Two misconceptions have especially contributed to this error. First the perception of the great variety in state formation, that is to say, the historical and individual elements of states, which has been confounded with the free choice and arbitrary will of individuals; secondly, the constant and often unconscious interchanging of wholly different concepts which are denoted by the common name people. To wit, this name denotes:
1. The natural whole in which the state actually arises and continually carries on its existence, and about which there can be no question of choice or arbitrary will;
2. The aggregate of all the individuals living in a state at the same time;
3. The very same individuals minus the governing body, therefore those who obey in contradistinction to those who govern;
4. In republican states such as Rome, that organized aggregation of individuals in which according to the constitution the supreme power actually resides. Those now with whom these concepts have run into one another in a confused manner, would thereby be led to transfer the ideal right of the people as a natural whole (1) and the historical right of the Roman people (4) to the whole body of subjects and thus by an entire subversion of the truth, ascribe lordship to those who by law owe obedience. Even when they do not take this extreme step, but allow right and power to reside in the aggregate of all the individuals living at the time, therefore with the inclusion of the rulers (2), this does not improve matters much. Above all, because individuals as such and according to head count do not make the state, but only do so in its constitutional organization. For individuals never can will and act in their totality but always in a selected number, so that in regard to a majority (women and minors) there only remains recourse to the empty fiction of a representation. Lastly, because the very totality of individuals would merely be those existing at the present moment, while the ideal people here spoken of includes in it the entire future, and has therefore an imperishable existence (§. 8).
Nevertheless, an element of truth is contained in the views here controverted. Certainly accident and arbitrary will may exercise great influence upon the formation of a state, and in particular the boundaries of it are settled by conquest and dismemberment in a manner very different from that dictated by popular unity. On the other hand a foreign element may often be completely assimilated to the state; the possibility of such assimilation has its conditions and stages, as these are furnished by some affinity of the new element and also by the innate perfection of the receiving state. But all such events, however often they may appear in history, are merely anomalies. The people does not on that account the less remain the natural basis of the state, and formation by indwelling power, its natural cause of origin. If now a heterogeneous, historical moment enters into this formative process, it may be overcome and assimilated by the ethical power and soundness of condition of the people; if this assimilation does not take place, it produces a condition of weakness. This explains how that which originally was force and injustice can gradually be so changed by the power of attraction indwelling in the legal condition that it passes into it as a new, legitimate element. It is altogether objectionable, even rash to try to represent these anomalies which disturb and put to the test the ethical force as being the real ground of origin of the state, and to seek in this the only possible protection against the dangerous theory which makes a state arise from the voluntary contract of its individual members.[14] With such a rescue attempt, it is difficult to say which is more hazardous, the disease or the remedy.
If we go on to contemplate the relation of several peoples and states subsisting near one another, that relation will appear to us at first similar to the relation of individuals who are brought together by accident without being bound together by community of race. If each of them is well-meaning and cultured, they will apply in their accidental proximity the consciousness of law inherent in each stemming from his earlier relations, and they will thus arbitrarily establish a legal condition which infallibly will be more or less imitated, and consequently carried over from those relations. In like manner, several independent states may voluntarily apply that which in each resides as law, as far as it is suitable and as they find it convenient; but even so, this does not give rise to any law. Nevertheless, among different peoples a community of legal consciousness may arise like that which generates positive law in a people. The basis of this spiritual communion consists partly of a community of race, partly and principally in common religious convictions. Upon this is founded the law of nations which exists especially among the Christian states of Europe but which was not unknown to the ancient nations; for example, it appears among the Romans as jus feciale. And we ought to regard it as positive law, although only as incomplete legal formation, on two grounds: First, by reason of the incompleteness of any secure content, and secondly because there is wanting to it that real foundation which is given by the power of the state and especially by the judiciary to the right of the individual members of the same people (§. 9).
Meanwhile the progressive ethical formation as based on Christianity leads each people to apply analogically that positive law of nations even to entirely foreign peoples by whom this mode of thinking is not shared and this practice not requited. Such an application however has a purely ethical character, and not the nature of a positive law.
[1] Although Cicero carefully distinguishes between himself and the jurists, he was far from believing that he or any other statesman must know less than a jurist of the constitution, jus sacrum, etc. Ulpian te be sure gives to jurisprudentia a much wider scope (L. 10. §. 2. D. de J. et J.); this does not arise merely from the indefiniteness of his explanation and still less from an undue exaltation of his science, but from the entirely altered position of statesmen and jurists in his time.
[2] This opinion arises from the erroneous view that with the dissolution of an empire, everything must cease which was created by it or under its influence. An entirely similar case is found in the destruction of the Western Empire. In this case as well, many assert that the Roman law must by the conquest have disappeared and did practically vanish. This assertion at least would not easily find any partisans anymore.
[3] Thus for example it will be necessary to exhibit the antiquated portions of some laws by reason of the necessary regard to the relation of the sources of law dependent upon these portions.
[4] Note by the translator: The description given of jural relation (Rechtsverhältnis) in this and other places will show how inadequate the term is to the denoting of the very complex conception. The literal meaning of the German word is relation of right or law. That word no more than the English by its etymology expresses the conception. It is therefore a technical phrase of this work, and thoroughly explained as it is, will create no difficulty.
[5] Cf. Stahl, Philosophie des Rechts [1833], Vol. II, Book 1, pp. 165, 166.
[6] These convictions first arose in the writer first through closer acquaintance with the Roman jurists who were great precisely in this matter, and have been developed and confirmed through many years of engagement with legal practice.
[7] The general theory of these grounds of origin is contained in the third chapter of the second book.
[8] That combination, leaving aside the moderns, is found in several passages of Cicero (below, §. 22, note m.) As here contracts are wrongly elevated into sources, so on the other hand by an opposite error, statutes are dragged down to the same line with the grounds of origin of jural relations, in order to save the false theory of Titulus and modus adquirendi (Hopfner Commentar, §. 293.) The ambiguous expression autonomy has often contributed to the former error.
[9] Thus arose in Rome the ancient customary law of individual gentes. Dirksen, Civil. Abhandlungen, Vol. II, p. 90.
[10] L. 1, de J. and J. (I.1) Publicum jus est quod ad statum rei Romanae spectat; privatum quod ad singulorum utilitatem. Sunt enim quaedam publice utilia, quaedam privatim. See L. 2, §. 46, de orig. jur. (I.2).
[11] To this degree one may say that the general ethical ordinance of retribution in a limited way assumes the nature of a legal institution [Rechtsanstalt] and as such ought to be carried out by the state. See Hegel Naturrecht, §§. 102,103, 220; Klenze, Lehrbuch des Strafrechts, pp. X–XVII.
[12] It depends upon the positive law of each state, how far the state will directly exercise this law or leave to the injured individual the pursuit of his own right. This last arrangement is the basin of the private penal law of the Romans. A more complete developement of the power of the state will load to the abandonment therein of this latter course.
[13] L. 1, §. 2, de just et jur. (I.1).
[14] Haller, Restauration der Staatswissenschaft.
ancient constitution
Christian civilization
Christian Reconstruction
constitutionalism
legal philosophy
nationhood
natural rights
royal mechanism


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Thank you for applying to be a part of our growing family of coaches dedicated to promoting the growth of youth volleyball in the Waterloo Region and surrounding area. We will contact you after reviewing your application.
If you chose INDOOR what programs would you like to get involved with to coach? You can pick more than one.
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Do you have a family member in our club?
Are you willing to obtain a Police Check relating to working with vulnerable sectors?
Why do you want to coach with the Scorpions Volleyball Club?
Please list the names and contact information of two references we can call.
● Must ensure all members of the coaching staff follow and enforce codes of conduct including rules and regulations as put forth by Volleyball Canada, the Ontario Volleyball Association and the Scorpions Youth Volleyball Club Inc.
● Will treat all participants in a manner that promotes fairness, integrity and mutual respect.
● Must refrain from making comments or gestures that are disrespectful, offensive, abusive, racist or sexist in any way.
● Will set a fine example for all children and be a role model for participants on and off the court.
● Will promote and enforce all safety regulations to protect the health and welfare of all participants.
● Verify to the best of your ability that all players are healthy and physically fit prior to allowing them on the court.
● Will remember that children are involved in volleyball for the fun and enjoyment of the game. Players must learn how to win or lose with dignity and respect for all participants.
● Will promote teamwork and encourage all players to have confidence in themselves through effective coaching techniques and positive reinforcement.
● Must remember that all players need and deserve their fair share of court time to improve and develop volleyball skills.
● Must be reasonable when scheduling extra games or practices, remembering that players have other interests and obligations.
● Will teach participants to play fair and respect the rules of the game, opponents and officials.
● Will strive to ensure that all players get equal instruction, guidance and support.
● Must ensure that no player is subjected to harassment or abuse as a result of a poor performance or mistakes made during a practice or game.
● Will obtain necessary training and certification to upgrade and improve coaching skills and knowledge.
● Will work in cooperation with SYVC members and founder to provide a fun and safe environment that is free of harassment or abuse.
● Failure to comply with this code of conduct will result in disciplinary action.


About 117,000 people applied for a debt write-off program over the past year, the financial regulator said Monday, as part of the government's efforts to promote inclusive financing.
The scheme was launched in November 2017 to help borrowers who have failed to repay debts of less than 10 million won ($8,803) for over 10 years. Applications for the scheme had been extended to the end of last month.
Including the 117,000 people, the government has written off or will write off the debts of 627,000 people, the Financial Services Commission said in a statement.
The debts are written off through funds from the National Happiness Fund, which was raised from private lenders and state-run financial institutions.


text:
Amy Smith Linton
Me. Me. Me.
That 1st Novel
The Would-Be Farm: Antecedents
Once upon a time, the Would-Be Farm was buried under the Laurentide ice sheet. Then it drowned under great Lake Algonquin, and then it was wild open country.
For millennia, these meadows and rocky outcroppings were the stomping grounds for wood bison, wolves, and of course, the Iroquois Confederacy. (Jeff continues to keep eyes peeled for an arrowhead).
Then along came the Europeans with their pesky notions of land-ownership.
I'll gloss past the colonization. We know the basics: the French trappers and traders, the priests, the English settlers, the Revolution. Now, to zoom in to the details of that little corner of the world that catches my attention. In 1791, New York State was strapped for cash and land speculation was all the rage.
Leading to the Great Macomb Purchase of 1791.
This back-room deal sold off nearly 4 million acres of Northern New York for a whopping 8 pence an acre. Of course the sale was meant to encourage economic growth and settlement; the land was meant to be earmarked for Revolutionary War veterans.
Heavy sigh.
Nothing new under the sun: scheming and greed resulted in a solid scandal and several fortunes lost and made and not a lot of veterans hammering swords into plowshares.
Namesake Alexander Macomb* was a fur-trader/wheeler-dealer, who, in the way of many a land speculator, found himself in the weeds: even at pennies an acre, 4 is many millions of acres.
He spent time in debtor's prison after the Panic of 1792. He was forced to do a bit of a fire-sale of his purchase, which is how Jefferson County ended up with a contingent of French aristocracy for a while**.
*Why, yes, his son was General Alexander Macomb, who lead the United States to victory at the Battle of Plattsburgh, which helped turned the tide of the War of 1812.
**Indeed, these French fled their Revolution; many settled in the young US, but alas, as political tension with France developed, President Adams signed the "Alien and Seditions Act," in 1798, which basically repealed freedom of speech (no public speaking out against the government!), made citizenship harder to attain, and expelled foreigners. Oh the irony of the French Festival!
Heavy sigh.
Some decades later, the Would-Be Farm took shape. Roads arrived, and someone drove a few hemlock posts to mark the corners of the property.
The earliest European owner might have put up a house. Some barns. Sheds. So might the next couple of owners (I have the title search in hand. Who knew that the Farm was part of Macomb's Purchase? I'm surprised by how interesting I find it. I never liked history class in high school.)
But these days, the only remaining structure is an abandoned farm house.
I assumed it was a kit house, the kind that came unassembled via train car from the Sears Roebuck catalogue. (And you thought Ikea shelving is hard to put together––!)
After all, it's a familiar, plain, elegant pattern of so many farmhouses in the North Country.
But as it turned out, assuming is wrong again: Sears' kits really hit their stride after 1905, and this house is circa 1880.
I don't know what the design is called, officially –– vernacular architecture, maybe? with a splash of Neoclassical? Maybe one of my clever architect friends can give me some more insight on how to best describe it.
Of course we toyed with the idea of restoring the old fella.
But it's about 20 feet from the road. It's not especially charming. There's a truly gruesome detached outhouse.
And most decisively, the underpinnings of the structure have come undone: while the topline looks good, the interior is all sliding into the foundation.
Gravity is not just a good idea: it's the law.
One day, when I am tip-toeing around in these sad little rooms, I might find myself hip-deep in debris alongside the porcupine that lurks in the cellar.
I always check to be sure the phone is in my pocket when I venture inside.
There is so much future to dream into reality with the Would-Be Farm: what else is it to plant a bunch of twigs but to wish an orchard to life?
But it's comforting to find out a little about its past.
To know, for instance, that the flowers (the iris and violets, hosta and columbine, lungwort and daffodils) probably came from this 100+ year span of women before me who cared for this farm: Julia and Harry farmed the land from their wedding in 1937 until 1980. Julia's mom, Georgiana was probably born on the farm in 1868, and spent her 80 years on this bit of earth. So nice to meet you! I hope you like what we are doing with the place.
References and reading material
https://npgallery.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NRHP/Text/64000558.pdf
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Iroquois-Confederacy
http://www.omdhs.syracusemasons.com/sites/default/files/history/McCormick,%20Daniel.pdf
http://www.mlloyd.org/gen/macomb/text/mansion.htm
https://archive.org/stream/ahistoryadirond00clubgoog/ahistoryadirond00clubgoog_djvu.txtwas w
old abandoned buildings of northern new york http://oabonny.com
http://mlloyd.org/gen/macomb/text/amsr/wt.htm
https://localwiki.org/hsl/Macomb%27s_Purchase
http://www.ushistory.org/us/19e.asp
George A
History is always more interesting if one is personally tied to it. Like it or not, you're adding to that story. So stop with the apples. Plant something more interesting--perhaps a vineyard. You could become the Grand Dame of ice-champagne; sort of a latter day up-state New York version of Madame Cliquot. Although, come to think of it, Jeff would probably be happier if you skipped over the "Veuve" (widow) part of that champagne story!
Hey George
No Veuve, heaven forfend! Not a fan of champagne. Oddly enough, even the really pricey stuff is a migraine trigger...
I think mushrooms, asparagus, hazelnuts, and aronia blaze some new territory for the Would-Be, but I hear you -- am hoping to keep diversifying and exploring new crops.
Greg Duncan
House looks interesting, I like the dormer/raised roof upstairs. you have a tractor put her on skids and tow to a new position. Jack it up and put a new foundation under her. Good to go. I know it's not that simple. hahaha. the tractor will tear it down, Back hoe fun.
A lot of ground gets covered on this blog -- from sailboat racing to book suggestions to plain old piffle.
To narrow the focus, select one of the Categories below.
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Earlier today I mentioned that the Congressional Hispanic Caucus met with President Obama to urge him to address comprehensive immigration reform this year. The President expressed a continued commitment to reforming immigration and also noted that his administration will be looking for ways to relieve the damage done to communities by current immigration enforcement measures.
"We came to the President today as allies and supporters, and in return he showed us that he remains committed to immigration reform that stabilizes our economy, secures our borders and keeps our families together. "The President showed the CHC that, although it is very early in his administration, he understands that for the immigrant community it's the 11th hour, and there is no time to waste. The Latino community supported President Obama overwhelmingly in the election, and they remain energized not only by his victory but also by his message of support for comprehensive immigration reform. I believe that a plan is forthcoming, and that we will see real change this year."
This is an extremely important step toward immigration reform happening this year and an energizing message for all of us who are pushing for it. It seems like the demand for reform is going to hit a critical mass in the near future, with so many different voices joining to call on the administration and Congress to address the issue.
Today, we welcome President Obama's pledge during the CHC meeting to start a national conversation on just and humane immigration reform. The Center looks forward to bringing the voices of those most affected to the conversation.
Our country, now more than ever, needs comprehensive immigration reform that gives the hard working men and women already here an earned path to citizenship, keeps families together and provides legal avenues for future workers to seek out opportunities here and join the struggle to strengthen our economy.
Its so important to remember that during this time of crisis in our country, we have to come together to solve then nation's problems. Continuing the politics of divisiveness and exclusion will not foster the type of community solutions that we need. We need everyone's contribution, both to the economy and to our communities, if we want to right the course of the nation.
It's looking like today's meeting is the first step to getting back on course.


To understand what a VPS is, we must first understand what a Virtual Machine is. A VM utilizes some of the physical resources of a computer — e.g. CPU, RAM, disk space — to run an emulated version of a computer. Think of it like picture-in-picture: you can, for example, run a virtual copy of Windows on a physical computer that's already running Windows.
It's possible to run a lot of virtual machine's which is what most of the companies tend to do. These VMs can be rented out for consumers to use, and when this happens, the VM becomes a VPS. Technically, nothing has changed but the terminology itself.
The main competitors to VPS hosting are dedicated hosting and shared hosting. Dedicated hosting allows you to rent out an entire physical server that's used by you and nobody else while shared hosting uses one server to host multiple websites.
In other words, dedicated hosting is more powerful and expensive than VPS hosting while shared hosting is cheaper but less flexible than VPS hosting. For this reason, VPS hosting is often seen as a transitional option for website owners who have outgrown shared hosting but aren't big enough to need a dedicated server.
That being said, VPS hosting isn't that much more expensive than shared hosting. Ideastack hosting offers plans for VPS Servers at a very reasonable rate.
On the other hand eliminates the troubles mentioned above because every VPS client receives their own IP and dedicated CPU and RAM resources as well as Disk.
The individual IP address saves you from the risk of a spamming email reputation.
Dedicated resources on the other hand provide the major benefit of securing your website against crushes or slowing down periods due to issues beyond your control.
The costs of VPS hosting can be higher depending on the resources your site requires however you will find it to be well worth it.


CHICAGO (CBS) — Chicago's inspector general has completed a follow-up to his highly-critical November audit of the health department's food inspection program.
The initial audit called on the city to hire 56 additional sanitarians to assure that the department could meet standards of twice yearly for high-risk establishments, once a year for those deemed medium risk and once every two years for low-risk locations. Currently it has 38.
Inspector General Joseph Ferguson said in the follow-up audit that the city believes it can hire 20 additional sanitarians and three supervisors. He also called in November for the Chicago Deptartment of Public Health (CDPH) and the Illinois Deptartment of Public Health (IDPH) to create a schedule that could be met for medium- to high-risk establishments. That appears to mean fewer inspections for some restaurants, particularly those in the low-risk category. IDPH expects to review and update those rules and implement changes in 2019, Ferguson said.
Routine inspections were conducted in 2016 at 43.9 percent (3,566) of high-risk, 80.1 percent (2,478) of medium-risk and 24.8 percent (1.078) of low-risk establishments.
He said inspections of problem locations and those identified through public complaints are being done in timely fashion, five days or less.
One positive response to the November audit: you now can find each establishment's latest inspection date and rating through the city's data portal.
WBBM asked whether the city and state should post grades at the front door, as is done in a number of other states. Ferguson said there is no reason not to do so, and said he believes it would inspire confidence in the inspection system.


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Sam Houston Multiple-Use Trail Pass
National Forests and Grasslands in Texas
The Sam Houston National Forest offers 85 miles of multiple-use trails designated and developed for hiking, biking, horses, and Off-Highway Vehicles (OHVs). Offering a variety of unique riding conditions, the multiple-use trail in the Sam Houston is the only trail open to OHVs in the National Forests in Texas. The maximum width the motorized trails will accommodate is 50 inches.�
To promote sustainable and safe trail use opportunities, trails are closed when conditions such as soil moisture could lead to trail damage. Before visiting, please call the Ranger's Office at 936-344-6205 or 888-361-6908 and select option 2 for trail status. The date recorded on the trail message report reflects the date the trail was opened or closed. The message will remain the same until the open/ closed status changes. Trail conditions change frequently.
Please call the Sam Houston National Forest number at 936-344-6205 or 888-361-6908 and select option 2 for the most recent trail status. This trail is managed for hiking, biking, horses and off-Highway vehicles (OHVs) that are 50 inches or less. All trails are two way and are only allowed on the designated Multiple-use Trail System.
If purchasing your Day Pass on-site, no printed copy of the pass will be available. Instead, your license plate number and pass stored on your device will be used to confirm compliance. Annual Passes must be carried on the trail by the passholder. This can be done by downloading the pass to your mobile device or printing in advance of your visit. Cell phone connectivity may be limited, so printing is encouraged.
A pass is required per person and covers the use of the Sam Houston Multiple-Use Trails. You must enter the names for each user and a license plate for each vehicle that will be at the trailhead. Passes can be downloaded to each users phones, and/or printed ahead of time and carried on the trail. You can enter separate emails for each user, or the purchaser can forward to an email or text the pass to each user.
This pass is valid until 11:59 PM of the date(s) listed on the pass, and only for the date(s) and rider/vehicle specified for this pass.
Passes are non-transferrable, non-refundable, not replaceable if lost or stolen, and are void if altered or reproduced.
A state driver's license must be available to show during a law enforcement compliance check if you are operating an OHV.
OHVs must have a current Texas OHV decal properly mounted on the vehicle. This decal can be purchased from the Texas Parks and Wildlife Service Center (CSC). The phone number is 512-389-8917.
Only street legal vehicles are allowed on Forest Service Roads.
OHVs must be equipped with a spark arrestor which emits 96 decibels of sound or less.
OHV operators must carry a valid ID, proof of day-use payment, and if riding an ATV, proof of ATV operator education course completion.
Riders must wear approved helmet and eye protection, and passengers are not allowed on an OHV unless it is specifically designed by the manufacturer for multiple riders.
OHVs operating after sunset and before sunrise must be equipped with working headlights and taillights.
Care should be taken in the woods during hunting season. Wear blaze orange.
Cell phone connectivity on the forest may be limited, plan ahead.


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CEIDR-COVID19
Knowledge Mobilisation
Educating and Training
External Advisory Panel
HPRU -EZI Programme Brochure 2021
The National Institute for Health and Social Care Research (NIHR) is the nation's largest funder of health and care research and provides the people, facilities and technology that enables research to thrive.
NIHR Health Protection Research Units (HPRUs) undertake high quality research that enhances the ability of the UK Health Security Agency to protect the public's health and minimise the health impact of emergencies.
The NIHR HPRU in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections at Liverpool is one of 14 HPRUs across England, part of a £58.7 million investment by the NIHR to protect the health of the nation. The NIHR HPRU in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections at Liverpool is a partnership between the UKHSA and the University of Liverpool, in collaboration with the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and the University of Oxford.
About HPRUs
Each NIHR HPRU undertakes high quality research that is used by the UKHSA to keep the public safe from current and emerging public health threats.
The NIHR HPRUs focus on collaboration and knowledge sharing, and play a pivotal role in maintaining and growing the UKHSA's scientific expertise and future workforce. The multidisciplinary centres of excellence also deliver responsive research to tackle emerging or potential public health emergencies.
Find out more about HPRUs
About the NIHR
NIHR's mission is to improve the health and wealth of the nation through research. The NIHR was established in 2006 and is primarily funded by the Department of Health and Social Care.
Working in partnership with the NHS, universities, local government, other research funders, patients and the public, the NIHR delivers and enables world-class research that transforms people's lives, promotes economic growth and advances science.
Find out more about the NIHR
About the NIHR HPRU in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections at Liverpool
UK NIHR launched a competition in 2013 to establish these new partnerships between UK Universities, and the UKHSA – Health Protection Research Units (HPRUs); the University of Liverpool, in partnership with Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and the UKHSA, was successful in being awarded the HPRU in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections. We are delighted that the University of Oxford has joined us with the renewal of the award from April 2020.
The role of the HPRUs is to help the UK Health Security Agency in its Health Protection Role through high quality research.
The NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections at Liverpool was established in April 2014 with £4M of funding from the UK Government's National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), continuing with a further £4M of funding from 1 April 2020. It supports and strengthens the UK Health Security Agency in its role protecting England from emerging infections and zoonoses (i.e. those which spread from animals to humans). It brings together internationally leading researchers from the University of Liverpool, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, The University of Oxford and the UKHSA, exploiting synergy, world-class facilities, and breadth and depth in relevant research between these institutions. The Director is Professor Tom Solomon of the University, with Professor Miles Carroll of UKHSA, Professor David Lalloo of LSTM and Professor Peter Horby of the University of Oxford as Co- Directors.
Specific Goals and Objectives
Support the UKHSA in its immediate tasks of understanding and mitigating currently emerging infections and zoonoses
Examine factors involved in emergence to help predict future threats
Maintain a 'Rapid Response Team' of core staff, skilled in epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic, health economics and modelling approaches, to readily tackle emerging requirements.
Train a cadre of scientists in the necessary disciplines, and develop streamlined structures and systems to support them.
Generate sufficient external funding to support the HPRU going forwards
We will initially target the following current and emerging threats, as exemplars of our multi-faceted approach: hantavirus, hepatitis E, CNS infection, and arthropod-borne diseases (Lyme, Chikungunya and Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever). We are currently responding to COVID-19. See our dedicated page here
We will achieve our objectives through four research themes:
Patient Research for Public Health
Diagnostics and Host Response
Pathogen and Vector Biology
Epidemiology and Risk Analysis
The impact of our work will be to significantly increase the UKHSA's ability to tackle current and future threats, thus informing policy, enhancing decision making, strengthening services and facilitating responses.
Web design by Creative Media Studio, courtesy of the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Evaluation of Interventions at the University of Bristol


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The Rise and Fall of Cavendish Bananas
Posted byimperialbiosciencereview September 25, 2020 Posted inPlant Sciences
By Cristina Vuolo
The re-emergence of a Fusarium Wilt is threatening the banana industry once again, as a new strain overcomes the resistance of the cultivar that saved this billion-dollar industry from collapse just over half a century ago (Pérez-Vicente, Dita & Einar, 2014). During the mid-20th century, the commercial industry was dominated by the Gros Michel banana but today, the Cavendish banana populates supermarket shelves and accounts for around 47% of global production (FAO, 2020). In the 1950s and 60s, Gros Michel plantations were decimated by the soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc). However, on discovering the resistance of Cavendish bananas to Foc Race 1, production was shifted to the resistant cultivars and the effects of the disease on the industry were overcome. Unfortunately, a new strain called Tropical Wilt 4 (TR4) has emerged and overcome Foc resistance in Cavendish plants. Worryingly, more than 80% of global banana production is susceptible, including many other cultivars which are relied on by smallholder farmers for local consumption and income generation (Pérez-Vicente, Dita & Einar, 2014).
TR4 is an aggressive strain of Fusarium Wilt that has caused production losses of hundreds of millions of dollars. It can survive in the soil for more than 20 years, travelling on planting material, water, soil particles, tools footwear and machineries (Pérez-Vicente, Dita & Einar, 2014). First observed on plantations in Malaysia and Indonesia in the late 1990s, TR4 quickly spread to China where it occurs widely. Within a decade, it had spread across South-East Asia and Australia, causing significant losses and impacting the family income of thousands of people. Measures to contain TR4 have only slowed its march across the globe, and in 2019 it was confirmed in Colombia. Six of the top ten producing countries are in Latin America and the Caribbean, so the introduction of TR4 to Cavendish plantations in America will have devastating social and economic impact (FAO, 2020).
Foc is an anamorphic fungus without a known sexual stage, producing three types of asexual spores for reproduction and dispersal: microconidia, macroconidia and chlamydospores (McTaggart, 2009). Chlamydospores are the most significant survival structure, persisting in previously colonised tissue, in soil or in host weeds for long periods until proximity to banana roots induces germination. Hyphae then attach to the roots and penetrate directly through the epidermis. Mycelia subsequently pass through the cortex and enter the xylem, where the fungus will remain, producing microconidia and toxins that colonize neighbouring vessels upstream and produce further fungal structures. Disease symptoms occur as a result of blockages of the xylem vessels by host defences and pathogen activity. Once the plant dies, the fungus is no longer confined to the xylem and spreads. In addition to recognising and invading host roots, Foc must also be able to evade antifungal compounds and produce virulence factors to enable the success of infection (Pérez-Vicente, Dita & Einar, 2014).
The external symptoms of Fusarium Wilt are yellowing of leaf borders and collapse of both yellowed and green leaves. In contrast to bacterial wilt, symptoms usually progress from old to young leaves. Within the plant there is yellowing of the root and rhizome vascular tissue, which develops into continuous yellow, red or brown strands in the pseudostem, the trunk-like part of a banana plant. A banana plant with Fusarium Wilt will rarely recover (Pérez-Vicente, Dita & Einar, 2014).
Modern bananas are triploid, so they cannot divide evenly to make sex cells, making them seedless and sterile. This feature has been key to their commercial success but is the source of their vulnerability. New banana plants are grown from cuttings of rhizomes and suckers and are therefore genetically identical, which produces consistent harvests, but means that all the plants of that cultivar are susceptible to infection (Thompson, 2020). For example, studies of TR4 infection of banana roots by Lin et al. showed that highly resistant cultivars can produce metabolites that inhibit germination and growth of Foc. However, all the clones of a susceptible cultivar will share a genotype that is unable to produce these inhibitory defences, leaving them all at risk of infection (Pérez-Vicente et al., 2014).
The triploid nature of banana plants means that traditional methods of cross breading to introduce new traits is not an option. Genetic modification may provide an answer, but this always encounters resistance and stringent regulation, so it is unlikely we will see a GM banana on our shelves in the near future. There are several other approaches which aim to produce banana hybrids with resistance to TR4. For example, crossing diploid and tetraploid varieties creates seedless triploid bananas. Alternatively, an infertile cross can be exposed to chemicals that induce doubling of the chromosomes, as was done with a hardy hybrid of wheat and rye called triticale, creating a fertile tetraploid banana that can be cross bred to introduce useful traits. However, none of these solutions tackle the problem at the core of this crisis (Thompson, 2020).
Hardly unique to bananas, the widespread planting of crops from a limited gene pool has created an intrinsically unstable system. Extensive monoculture clearly poses a risk but is often overlooked by farmers who prioritise the benefits of these high-yield systems (National Research Council, 1993). The role of supermarkets in creating this attitude must not be overlooked, as their "race to the bottom" forces prices continuously down, compromising the environment, the workers' health and pay, and the banana crops around which this all pivots (Gray, 2020). The loss of the Gros Michel banana elucidates the potential for disaster created by genetic uniformity. As the re-emergence of Fusarium Wilt threatens bananas once again, the industry must look further than just another clone.
Dale, J., James, A., Paul, J., Khanna, H., Smith, M., Peraza-Echeverria, S., Garcia-Bastidas, F., Kema, G., Waterhouse, P., Mengersen, K. & Harding, R. (2017) Transgenic Cavendish bananas with resistance to Fusarium wilt tropical race 4. Nature Communications. 8 (1), 1496. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01670-6. Available from: doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-01670-6.
Gray, L. (2020) The 'pandemic' destroying the world's favourite fruit. Available from: https://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/follow-the-food/the-pandemic-threatening-bananas.html [Accessed 20/09/2020].
Lin, Y.H., Chang J.Y., Liu E.T., Huang J.W and Chang P.F.L. 2008. Development of a molecular marker for specific detection of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4. Eur J Plant Pathol. DOI 10.1007/s10658-008-9372-4.
McTaggart, A. (2009) Fusarium Wilt of Chickpea (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris) Pest and Diseases Image Library. Updated on 2/9/2009 1:35:23 PM. Available online: http://www.padil.gov.au
National Research Council. (1993) Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC, The National Academies Press. Available from: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/2116/managing-global-genetic-resources-agricultural-crop-issues-and-policies .
Pérez-Vicente, L., Dita, M. A. & Einar, M. (2014) Technical Manual Prevention and diagnostic of Fusarium Wilt (Panama disease) of banana caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4 (TR4).
Thompson, S., 2020. The Quest To Save The Banana From Extinction. [online] The Conversation. Available at: <https://theconversation.com/the-quest-to-save-the-banana-from-extinction-112256> [Accessed 20 September 2020].
Debunking the "Male Menopause"
How does neuroplasticity work and how do we optimize our neuroplasticity potential?


Do your kid's love to paint? Do you wan to encourage your kid's creativity but at the same time keep them safe?! Then all you have to do is learn how to make non-toxic herbal paint. It doesn't cost so much money and you can teach your kids to be resourceful and Eco friendly. So, before you get started look in the closet for some "old" clothes that you can get messy while you prepare the herbal paint. Organize a space where your kids will make their pieces of art. Organize the "working station" by covering the floors or table with newspapers. Although we are using natural ingredients we have to be careful not to hit the paint mixture and spill it. To make non-toxic herbal paint you will need: water, clay (try using Kaolin) and powdered herbs (buy different colors). Use a bowl that you are not going to use anymore in the kitchen. Add one tablespoon clay and one tablespoon powdered herb. Add also water (slowly) about one teaspoon and mix the consistency. Add water if you think that the mixture is thick. Also if its thinner add clay and powdered herb. To add different colors to your herbal paint mixture you can use: for red "Beet Root"; for a dark green "Spirulina"; for orange "Turmeric"; for yellow "Mustard"; for white "Arrowroot"; for purple "Bilberry Fruit". So, if you decide to make homemade non-toxic paint for your kids make it like this because its a harmless way and its good to know that the pigments are non-toxic.


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Q: Load data infile MySQL with absolute URL i trying load a CSV in a table.
I have my CSV in a folder of my server. (wwww.myweb.com/temp/file.csv)
I use this sentence:
LOAD DATA INFILE 'http://wwww.myweb.com/temp/file.csv' INTO TABLE ga_tmpActivosDocumentos FIELDS TERMINATED BY ';' LINES TERMINATED BY '\n' IGNORE 1 LINES (idTipoSuelo,C_Latitud,C_Longitud,Referencia,Zona,idProvincia,Poblacion,TituloActivo,Descripcion,Superficie,Gastos,Equipamiento,EquipamientoEN,GestionDocumental,PrecioVenta,CampoLibre1_Texto,CampoLibre1_Titulo,CampoLibre1_TextoEN,CampoLibre1_TituloEN,Activo, IMG1,IMG_Desc1,IMG_Desc1EN,IMG2,IMG_Desc2,IMG_Desc2EN,IMG3,IMG_Desc3,IMG_Desc3EN,IMG4,IMG_Desc4,IMG_Desc4EN,DOC1,DOC_Desc1,DOC_Desc1EN,DOC2,DOC_Desc2,DOC_Desc2EN,DOC3,DOC_Desc3,DOC_Desc3EN,DOC4,DOC_Desc4,DOC_Desc4EN,URL1,URL_Desc1,URL_Desc1EN,URL2,URL_Desc2,URL_Desc2EN) SET idCliente = 23

The sentence not work for me. I try to change the path to .../temp/file.csv, and other combinations but not work.
Also use "LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE" but does not work.
I have read other topics, but only look examples with a relative URL, never absolute.
Thanks, and sorry for my english

A: @vadym-tyemirov answer works but if you don't want to create a temporary file, one solution is to load it from '/dev/stdin' and pipe it to the mysql cli:
wget -O - 'http://wwww.myweb.com/temp/file.csv' |
    mysql \
        --user=root \
        --password=password \
        --execute="LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE '/dev/stdin' INTO TABLE table_name"

A: *

*Save CSV file on your LOCAL computer.

*Connect to the DB from your LOCAL computer

*Issue the following command: load data LOCAL infile '/tmp/file.csv' INTO TABLE table_name;
You can also load data files by using the mysqlimport utility; it operates by sending a LOAD DATA INFILE statement to the server. The --local option causes mysqlimport to read data files from the client host.

A: MySQL cannot access the file in that location.  Try moving it somewhere simple like /tmp (or copy it) on the local filesystem, and not via a URL parameter.
The MySQL process likely cannot load the folders BEFORE "temp/file.csv"