text:
Q: Devise's sign_in_after_reset_password doesn't seem to do what its name suggests Devise's sign_in_after_reset_password setting supposedly signs in my user after successfully resetting the password.
However, what it seems to do in practice is to redirect back to '/', which ultimately results in showing the login page.
Why isn't it signing me in?
In user.rb:
  devise :database_authenticatable,
         :recoverable,
         :validatable,
         :encryptable

In application_controller.rb:
class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
  protect_from_forgery
  before_action :authenticate_user!, unless: :devise_controller?
  #omitting business logic filters and helpers
end

Custom routes (solely to change the paths. Have tried to keep the resulting route list identical to the defaults other than the names):
  devise_for :users, skip: [ :passwords, :sessions ]
  devise_scope :user do
    get 'users/login' => 'devise/sessions#new', as: 'new_user_session'
    post 'users/login' => 'devise/sessions#create', as: 'user_session'
    delete 'users/logout' => 'devise/sessions#destroy', as: 'destroy_user_session'

    post 'users/password' => 'devise/passwords#create', as: 'user_password'
    get 'users/password/forgot' => 'devise/passwords#new', as: 'new_user_password'
    get 'users/password/reset' => 'devise/passwords#edit', as: 'edit_user_password'
    patch 'users/password' => 'devise/passwords#update', as: nil
    put 'users/password' => 'devise/passwords#update', as: nil
  end

The investigation so far:

*

*I had a lot of minor deviations from the structure of a sample devise application which I have been golfing back bit by bit to try and make things easier to figure out. So now my authenticate_user! filter is being specified in the same place as most examples.

*Something I noticed is that after successfully resetting the password, it isn't clearing the reset password token. Maybe that's normal, it's just suspicious.

*I have debugged in Devise's PasswordsController itself and after it executes the sign_in line, signed_in? does return true.

*I have attempted to breakpoint inside signed_in? at the point of requesting the root path, but it seems like I get the 401 error from the web server without signed_in? ever being called. So perhaps Warden is directly kicking me out before the application even gets to run.

I'm starting to run out of avenues for investigation, so I thought I would post it here in case anyone had seen the exact same issue before.
Logs of the event:
Started PUT "/users/password" for ::1 at 2016-07-13 17:14:44 +1000
Processing by Devise::PasswordsController#update as HTML
  Parameters: {"utf8"=>"✓", "authenticity_token"=>"[FILTERED]", "user"=>{"reset_password_token"=>"[FILTERED]", "password"=>"[FILTERED]", "password_confirmation"=>"[FILTERED]"}, "commit"=>"Change my password"}
Can't verify CSRF token authenticity
  User Load (0.1ms)  SELECT  "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."reset_password_token" = ?  ORDER BY "users"."id" ASC LIMIT 1  [["reset_password_token", "[FILTERED]"]]
   (0.0ms)  begin transaction
  Note Load (0.1ms)  SELECT "notes".* FROM "notes" WHERE "notes"."notable_id" = ? AND "notes"."notable_type" = ?  [["notable_id", 2], ["notable_type", "User"]]
  Organisation Load (0.1ms)  SELECT  "organisations".* FROM "organisations" WHERE "organisations"."id" = ? LIMIT 1  [["id", 1]]
  User Exists (0.1ms)  SELECT  1 AS one FROM "users" WHERE ("users"."login" = 'test1' AND "users"."id" != 2) LIMIT 1
   (0.0ms)  commit transaction
Redirected to http://localhost:3000/
  User Load (0.3ms)  SELECT  "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."id" = ?  ORDER BY "users"."id" ASC LIMIT 1  [["id", 2]]
Completed 302 Found in 44ms (ActiveRecord: 1.7ms)

Started GET "/" for ::1 at 2016-07-13 17:14:44 +1000
Processing by SessionsController#welcome as HTML
Completed 401 Unauthorized in 0ms (ActiveRecord: 0.0ms)

Started GET "/users/login" for ::1 at 2016-07-13 17:14:44 +1000
Processing by Devise::SessionsController#new as HTML
  Rendered users/shared/_links.html.erb (0.1ms)
  Rendered users/sessions/new.html.erb within layouts/application (2.2ms)
Completed 200 OK in 148ms (Views: 147.3ms | ActiveRecord: 0.0ms)

A: Not really answering the question itself, but I found a workaround which is at least a solution, even if it's a bad solution.
In my ApplicationController:
  after_action :fix_login_after_password_reset, if: ->(controller) {
    controller.controller_path == 'devise/passwords' &&
      controller.action_name == 'update'
  }

  def fix_login_after_password_reset
    user = current_user
    if user && user.errors.empty?
      user = User.where(id: user.id).first
      sign_out
      bypass_sign_in(user)
    end
  end

Essentially, I found a post where people who wrote their own "change password" pages found that Devise (or Warden?) was logging out the user immediately afterwards. The workaround for them was to change the call to sign_in to bypass_sign_in.
In this situation, though, Devise have already called sign_in. So I thought I'd try adding a filter that applies onto to their one action with the problem, and sign the user out, then sign in a fresh copy of the user. This fixes the issue - now the user is signed in and the root page appears.
I don't like this solution much though so I'm still digging inside Warden to try and figure out why the user is not being signed in with a call to sign_in.

A: I had the same issue, and found that passing an extra parameter to the sign_up function solves the problem:
sign_in(@user, :bypass => true)

This was something I found in this tutorial for setting up omniauth with a finish_signup feature. My implementation below is part of a feature I'm writing for a user to change their password and still retain their status as a logged in user.

~/app/controllers/users_controller.rb
class UsersController < ApplicationController
    before_action :set_current_user, only: [:edit_password, :update_password]

    def edit_password
    end

    def update_password
      if @user.update(user_params)
        # Sign in the user by passing validation in case their password changed
        sign_in(@user, :bypass => true)
        redirect_to root_path
      else
        render :edit_password
      end
    end

    private
    def set_current_user
      @user = User.find(current_user.id)
    end
end

~/app/views/users/edit_password.html.erb
<%= form_for(@user, :url => { :action => "update_password" } ) do |f| %>

    <%= f.label :password, "Password" %>

    <%= f.password_field :password, :autocomplete => "off"  %>

    <%= f.label :password_confirmation %>

    <%= f.password_field :password_confirmation %>

    <%= f.submit %>

<% end %>

routes.rb
resource :user, only: [:none] do
    collection do
      get :edit_password
      patch :update_password
    end
  end

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POSTED | Justin Brierley
Back to Testimonies
A Different Kind Of Coming Out
After Steve Chalke and Rob Bell affirmed same-sex relationships earlier this year, Justin Brierley meets three evangelical church leaders who have decided to respond by going public about their sexuality.
In a basement under a church in London I'm meeting with three men who are in a support group. An unusual support group. 'We were tempted to say that we meet in a nuclear bunker in an undisclosed location,' says one of them with a wry smile.
They have been talking in private for a while, but believe now is the time for their voices and unique experience to be heard more widely. All three are evangelical church leaders who experience same-sex attraction, but all three describe themselves as either celibate or 'post-gay'.
Earlier this year, Steve Chalke revealed a new (and much publicised) gay-affirming stance in February's Christianity. Since then another well-known Christian figure, Rob Bell, has spoken out in favour of gay relationships. A recent poll by the Public Religious Research Institute in the USA showed that nearly half of young evangelicals there are in favour of gay marriage. If the headlines are to be believed, the Church is increasingly following society's lead in affirming gay relationships.
None of the three men I'm speaking to claim to have the influence of Chalke or Bell, but they are hoping to redress the perceived liberalisation within the Church on this issue by speaking from their own countercultural experience. For two of them, same-sex attraction has been met with a commitment to remain celibate, while one of them experienced a change in his feelings that led to marriage with a woman. All three see the Bible's prohibitions on same-sex relationships as nonnegotiable.
Homosexual feelings
The core of this group are Sam Allberry, a church leader in Maidenhead, Sean Doherty, a tutor at St Mellitus College, and Ed Shaw, who helps to lead Emmanuel Church in Bristol. They meet regularly on an informal basis to support and encourage each other, and as we chat, it's evident that they deeply value this time. Allberry and Shaw share a dry sense of humour, while Doherty is more gregarious. In-jokes about Anglicanism abound as all three are involved with CofE churches. Their most pressing task is the forthcoming launch of a website called Living Out, aimed at helping others think through the realities of being same-sex attracted while remaining committed to a traditional view of Christian sexuality.
'I keep hearing comments about how evangelicals are very anti-gay, and at the same time I keep meeting evangelical friends of mine who are beginning to drift on this issue,' says Allberry. 'But we can talk from a personal perspective about what it's like dealing with this issue. From my own experience, I want to say that God is good and his word is good. It's not always easy, but it's a good word.'
Allberry describes to me how as a teenager his homosexual feelings conflicted with his new-found Christian faith. 'I just felt that I was very dirty and that therefore other Christians might want to keep a distance.' It was on hearing a liberating sermon that things began to change. 'The pastor made a really big effort to say, "All of us are sexual sinners. There will be some who experience unwanted homosexual feelings. If that's you, then you are not alone." That was a key turning point for me.'
Last year Vaughan Roberts, a leading conservative evangelical, spoke for the first time of his own struggle with same-sex attraction in an interview with Evangelicals Now, which was widely applauded. Allberry knows him well and was inspired to be open with his own congregation too. He has just written Is God anti-gay? (The Good Book Company), arguing that what the Bible says about sex is 'crystal clear' but believing in it doesn't make God a homophobe.
Shaw grew up in a Christian family and church where an evangelical view of sexuality was taught. He's grateful that it meant he never pursued a gay relationship. 'That's never been in my mind as an option. Although I have found the experience really difficult, it's never been difficult to reconcile with my faith. One of the best things my parents gave me was an understanding that the Christian life is often difficult and that God takes and uses suffering to make us more like him.'
Doherty has perhaps the most unusual story of the three. He came to terms with his sexual orientation relatively quickly while at university, attending a church where he could talk about it freely. 'Church was a place of nurture and unconditional acceptance, but at the same time the teaching was clear that I shouldn't act on those sexual desires. In an environment where young people were being encouraged to experiment, I was really grateful that I had been kept from acting on my feelings.'
From gay to post-gay
What's most surprising is that despite continuing to feel same-sex attracted, Doherty is now married with three children. 'I came to realise that labelling myself as a gay person, albeit a celibate one, wasn't actually helpful because it restricted me into this identity. The turning point was choosing to believe that my sexual identity was "male" - and that's what determines whether I could be married or not.' In time, he found his feelings changed to the degree that he fell in love with Gaby, a female friend who had supported him throughout his journey.
I admit to still being a little confused about Doherty. 'Are you no longer gay?' I ask. His response involves some carefully chosen terminology developed by Peter Ould, an Anglican blogging on sexuality who shares a similar story. 'I don't speak of myself as an "ex-gay" person. I prefer the term "post-gay",' he says. 'You choose to move away from the label of "gay" altogether, which has come to be associated with a certain lifestyle. I've clearly experienced some change in my feelings so that I am attracted to my wife. But it's definitely not a 180-degree reorientation. All of us will continue to have desires and feelings which aren't right, until Jesus returns.'
And how does his wife feel about the fact he still experiences homosexual attraction? 'In a sense it doesn't bother her at all. Partly, she's a tough cookie who's able to make her peace with that. But all married people experience attraction to people they are not married to. There's nothing inherently worse about those attractions being predominantly towards one sex or another.'
Allberry and Shaw share Doherty's perspective, but accept that they will remain single for life if their orientation does not change. Meanwhile, the support group allows them to talk through the challenges of celibacy. Shaw admits to an internal struggle over the years. 'It's the same as for most heterosexual men - struggling with sexual fantasy. That is where the battleground lies for me.' For Allberry, the issues are relational. 'It can lead to strong emotional over-dependency,' he says. 'A really good male friend becomes the "messiah-friend". I've had to learn the hard way about where to put boundaries when friendships have become a bit too intense.'
These admissions are offered in a disarmingly matter-of-fact way. However, the average outsider would probably regard all three men as repressed individuals, using theology to sublimate their natural sexual identity. But what feels natural isn't always what's best, according to Allberry. 'We are fallen human beings. I don't want to assume that my feelings are a wholly reliable guide to the best way for me to live. If I ate everything I feel like eating, I'd be even more out of shape than I am now.' For Shaw, sexuality isn't just expressed in sexual intercourse. 'We indicate our love by who we don't have sex with as well as who we do. I am a man with a sexuality that's male which is celebrated, not repressed, through celibacy.'
Same-sex attraction and leadership
Being a church leader who is samesex attracted brings its own share of potential complications too. Shaw and Allberry only recently revealed their sexuality to their wider church family, but it's been a positive experience. 'I've almost been embarrassed by the warmth and kindness I've been shown by my church family,' says Shaw. 'People falling over themselves to express their desire to support and pray for me.' Allberry agrees. 'I think it's really helpful that our churches have both known us well before we've disclosed this to them. We are still Ed and Sam to them.'
Another awkward question comes to mind. Male pastors often lay down rules about not meeting with women in one-to-one situations. What are the rules in their case? 'Never see anyone...ever. And don't do any work,' is Allberry's deadpan reply (while the others erupt in laughter).
Shaw says that being open about his struggle has actually led to better pastoral ministry. 'People have this sense that I'll be a good person to talk to: "Life's not easy for Ed, so he'll understand my problem." As for boundaries, it's about honesty and accountability. I have people who ask me whether there's anyone in the church that I'm sexually attracted to. I won't be asked every week, but I'll be asked regularly.'
'Which would be a good question to ask any church leader, regardless of sexuality,' chips in Doherty. There are other advantages to being 'out'. Doomed church matchmaking attempts, for instance. 'There's sometimes a pressure for single Christians to get married. Being open about your feelings may help take that pressure off,' advises Doherty. It's a subject that provides some comic relief for the group as they recall awkward social occasions.
'At weddings, it's a great relief not to be sat next to someone the bride and groom have clearly marked out for me,' says Shaw. 'There were some lovely people in my church always trying to get me together with other lovely people, and it just saves a whole lot of embarrassment.' Allberry agrees. 'It's easy to be single in your twenties at church, but in your thirties you become a bit more conspicuous and people ask, "Why hasn't he sorted himself out?"'
Marriage is not the Holy Grail
Mirth gives way to a serious point. Churches often focus on the gift of marriage to the detriment of singleness. Shaw explains why it's unhelpful for those who are committed to celibacy. 'One of society's mistakes is the belief that intimacy equals sex, and therefore the Bible is asking us to pass up intimate relationships and lead sad, lonely lives instead. It's not true. The Bible sees friendship as an amazingly intimate relationship. I have a greater capacity for deep relationships with many people than my married friends do.'
Even so, do they ever feel they have missed out by not having a partner? Allberry says he has never envied friends in same-sex relationships, but when it comes to marriage 'there's part of me that would love to be a husband and a dad. I'm very close to several families, and you see family life at its best. But at other times you also realise it's not all a walk in the park.'
Doherty presses home the point. 'Married people can help by being more honest about the demands of marriage. Loneliness can be just as big a problem for married people as it is for single. There's sexual temptation and dry spells too. It's not as if there's a really difficult lifestyle for some people and an easy lifestyle for others.'
Responding to Steve Chalke
Doherty first got in touch after reading the Christianity article by Steve Chalke in defence of gay relationships. 'What's wonderful is Steve's willingness to welcome people. Being in a same-sex relationship in no way prevents you from being a committed Christian and having God at work in your life. But I couldn't ever bless a relationship with an ongoing sexual aspect to it. God has given us sex to join together people who are different - a man and woman - to give us a picture of a relationship between Christ and the Church.'
While disagreeing with his conclusions, Allberry also understands Steve Chalke's concern that churches need to be more inclusive of gay people. 'We want to be welcoming and rightly inclusive because Jesus and the gospel are for everyone. But part of the gospel is that God loves us enough to challenge us, change us, frustrate us and contradict us.'
The cost can be high. Allberry tells the story of a man who approached him after a carol service at his church. He was in a gay relationship but wanted to find out more about following Jesus. 'He asked me, "What could possibly be worth giving up this relationship for?" And I thought, "Golly, that's an absolute blinder of a question." But there must be an answer because Jesus must be worth it.' The man did not become a Christian, though Allberry still regularly meets up with him to chat. I have to ask: isn't it better to encourage him towards faith in Christ and then work out the ramifications afterwards?
'I wasn't saying you have to give up the gay relationship in order to become a Christian. But I didn't want to bury anything in the small print,' says Allberry. 'I wanted to be real with him that this is what the teaching of Christ is on sexual ethics. I can't say that this is a secondary issue, because the Bible speaks with one very clear voice. Part of the call of Jesus is for each of us to lay down our version of self and take up the cross and follow him.'
For Doherty, lowering the asking price of the kingdom isn't an option either. 'Dietrich Bonhoeffer writes on the cost of discipleship and the idea of "cheap grace" - that it doesn't matter what you do, because you'll still get to heaven. That's not actually Christianity. Jesus says "repent and believe".'
This seems to be the year when the ground has been cleared among evangelicals for an open and honest discussion about how homosexuality fits with the gospel. For those tired of the politics of gay marriage and confused on where the Church stands, hearing these personal stories of people choosing a different path may be the next step they need.
Soon after becoming a Christian at 16, Doherty realised he was attracted to men rather than women. He says that his church accepted him for who he was, but was also clear about sexual boundaries. 'No one told me I needed to change my sexuality, but at the same time the teaching was clear that I shouldn't act on those sexual desires'.
Over time, Doherty experienced a change in his feelings, falling in love with and marrying Gaby, with whom he has three children. He still experiences same-sex desires but describes himself as 'post-gay', choosing to define his sexuality in terms of his 'male' gender rather than gay or straight.
Sean Doherty is associate minister at St Francis, Dalgarno Way in London and teaches theology at St Mellitus College
Allberry became a Christian after hearing an evangelistic message aged 18. At the same time he began to realise he was attracted to men, but chose not to tell anyone. 'I was desperate not to acknowledge those desires. I didn't want to be different from the other guys I knew.'
A turning point came after hearing a sermon on homosexuality as one among a number of sexual temptations. 'I suddenly felt able to share with that pastor.' Realising that his orientation was not going to change, he began to confide in friends. He draws on his experience of living a celibate life in his new book Is God anti-gay? (The Good Book Company)
Sam Allberry is associate minister at St Mary's Church, Maidenhead
Ed Shaw
The son of an Anglican vicar, Shaw grew up in a Christian family with 'a really clear understanding about what the Bible says about sex and sexuality'. From puberty onwards he began to experience same-sex attraction, but hoped that it was a phase he would grow out of. 'It hasn't been a phase, it's still there,' he says. 'Only by my late twenties was I in a position to talk about it with close friends.'
Choosing to be celibate, Shaw has found his pastoral ministry at his church was in fact enriched by being open about his experience of same-sex attraction.
Ed Shaw is part of the leadership of Emmanuel Church, Bristol
Original Article: http://www.christianitymagazine.co.uk/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Breddan Aerodrome is a heritage-listed abandoned aerodrome at Gregory Developmental Road, Breddan, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It is located  north of Charters Towers. It was built from 1942 to 1943 by Allied Works Council and Queensland Main Roads Commission. The airfield was constructed for the USAAF 38th Bomb Group in August 1942 as a satellite field for Charters Towers Airport, and later used by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) during World War II as a maintenance base. Consisting of two runways, the airfield was abandoned after 1948. Today, the remains of the airfield consist of some deteriorating runways, taxiways and hardstands, mostly being reclaimed by grassland and shrub. No buildings have survived. It is also known as Breddan Airfield and Breddan WWII Aircraft Maintenance, Repair and Salvage Depot. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 16 April 2010.

History
Breddan airfield, located about  north of Charters Towers, was initially constructed as a dispersal field for Charters Towers airfield during April 1942. In August 1942 Breddan was occupied by two squadrons of the US 38th Bombardment Group. On the departure of the US squadrons Breddan was chosen for development as a major aircraft repair and salvage depot under RAAF control. The construction program which took place during 1943 involved the erection of maintenance hangars, engineering workshops, torpedo stores, personnel camps, a power station and medical facilities. The base was abandoned after 1947.

As early as July 1941 the RAAF had ordered a survey of the Charters Towers district to identify sites for airfields to accommodate heavy bombers and combat aircraft. An initial survey was undertaken during September resulting in the identification of suitable airfield sites at Corinda (Charters Towers), Sandy Creek (Breddan) and several locations near Sellheim.

On 7 December 1941 the Japanese made a surprise attack on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor in the Hawaiian Islands. At the same time Japanese forces launched assaults on Thailand, the Philippines and the British colony of Malaya. Three days after Pearl Harbor, two capital ships of the Royal Navy were sunk off the coast of Malaya. This gave the Japanese almost total control of the seas to Australia's north. The sudden fall of Singapore on 15 February 1942 and the rapid, unchecked Japanese advance through the islands of the Netherlands East Indies raised fears of the invasion of Australia and attacks on Queensland bases.

Charters Towers was the closest inland centre that could provide strategic support and aircraft dispersal facilities for the main North Eastern Area air base at Garbutt, Townsville, which was considered vulnerable to Japanese attack. The RAAF ordered commencement of preliminary work on an aerodrome at Charters Towers during January 1942. By early February Charters Towers airfield had been accorded high priority and Main Roads Commission engineers were engaged to supervise the clearing and construction of two gravel runways. The work was completed during March in readiness for the arrival of the United States Army Air Force 3rd Bombardment Group (Light).

Arrival of the US 3 BG(L) at Charters Towers saw the need for dispersal strips in the vicinity and the revival of the earlier investigation of the Sandy Creek airfield site north of the town. A second dispersal strip was planned at Southern Cross, a gold mining area to the west of the town.

Under MRC supervision, clearing and construction of an airfield at the Sandy Creek location on the northern inland road connecting Charters Towers with the Atherton Tableland, began on 10 April 1942. The new airfield was named Breddan, presumably after Breddan Pastoral Holding belonging to Archibald Truscott and John Henry Bryant of Five Mile Creek. Completion of a gravel east–west runway was the priority, with clearing of a second north–south runway to follow. Dauntless dive bombers of 3 BG(L) arrived at Charters Towers in late March 1942 and some aircraft may have been dispersed to Breddan during April.

On 26 May, after discussions with the RAAF North Eastern Area Command, the USAAF decided that a heavy bombardment role proposed for Charters Towers airfield, would be transferred to Breddan, with torpedo workshops established between Charters Towers and Breddan. It was initially planned that when the US bombardment squadrons vacated Charters Towers, the airfield facilities would be occupied by a RAAF aircraft repair and salvage unit. With the US victory at Midway Island in early June, much of the proposed airfield construction program west of Charters Towers was abandoned. For Breddan the plan became one of completing both runways to gravelled stage and the erection of workshops and camp facilities.

By June a major construction program had commenced at Breddan with the erection of approximately 40 buildings which by July were noted to be urgently in need of camouflage painting. The buildings included an aircraft repair section workshop, a motor transport workshop near the southern entrance and camp facilities (No.1 Camp). The Allied Works Council (AWC) was responsible for contracting the building program. By late July Breddan was occupied by the RAAF No.12 Repair and Salvage Unit and ground crew of the USAAF 38th Bombardment Group (Medium).

On 22 August the 71st and 405th squadrons of the US 38 BG(M) arrived at Breddan after leaving Hawaii on 25 July and flying their B-25 Mitchell bombers across the Pacific Ocean. Their aircraft were combat ready on arrival and reunification with the ground crews who had reached Australia by sea. The main east-west Runway 60 was bitumen sealed by 22 August when most of the B-25 bombers arrived. The north- south second runway running parallel with a straight section of the northern inland road, was not completed.

The AWC contracted the construction of a USAAF camp at Breddan which was in the course of erection by 22 September when the US Base Section ordered that no further work be done on the camp. The Base Section also ordered that the main runway facilities be completed, but that all work on the second runway should be abandoned. The second runway later served as an aircraft taxiway for the northern repair and maintenance workshops.

By early October the 71st and 405th squadrons of the US 38 BG(M) had been posted to Townsville and Breddan was chosen for development as a major aircraft repair and salvage depot under RAAF control, based around No.12 Repair and Salvage Unit and No.6 Aircraft Repair Depot, RAAF. For this reason winding dispersal taxiways were considered unnecessary. The facilities required would include engineering workshops.

RAAF No.1 Torpedo Maintenance Unit was established at Breddan on 18 November 1942 and an order was placed with the AWC for construction of facilities for the unit including reinforced concrete igloo shelters for the storage of torpedoes and torpedo war heads. Ten reinforced concrete storage buildings for No.1 TMU were completed by June 1943 when provision was made for their camouflage.

RAAF No.6 ARD departed from Breddan during December 1942 and arrival of an advance party of No.13 ARD marked the beginning of a significant building program. RAAF No.13 ARD found a number of important building works were outstanding on their arrival at Breddan and the advance party were given the role of erecting their own workshops and stores as their first major task at the base. On 20 January 1943 the AWC was asked to proceed with construction of 11 buildings as part of the Breddan ARD Scheme. Buildings ordered comprised: salvage hangar, propeller testing building, armament hut, electroplating shop, battery hut, motor transport store and office, and four headquarters buildings. The workshops included a number of prefabricated steel frame Bellman hangars. Up to six Bellman hangars may have been erected at Breddan by the end of World War II.

AWC minutes for 18 February 1943 include an approval to proceed with the fabrication of four "American Type Hangars"  galvanised iron covered steel workshop buildings which had been reconstructed in Melbourne. These buildings were also erected by the advance personnel of No.13 ARD. Throughout this period units of No.12 RSU, RAAF, continued operating from Breddan.

During 1943 the AWC were asked to organise an intensive program of building construction at Breddan which received a substantial allocation of funds to cover the works. The following works were ordered during the first half of the year: a hospital sick bay near the No.2 Camp, with a treatment room and medical officer's hut; a barracks store and officers' mess for No.1 TMU; motor transport engine repair and body chassis workshops; aircraft dismantling hangars; gun firing platform and test butts.

Work on No.1 Camp to hold 350 personnel was completed during May by which period work was also nearing completion on No.2 Camp to hold 400 men. The building construction work was undertaken by Civil Construction Corps labour. During June orders were lodged by the Department of Air for construction of a post office, canteen, ethylene glycol reclamation hut, WAAAF camp, dental clinic, squadron air depot, cool room and duty pilot's tower. Orders were also placed for the sealing of taxiways and supply of an air conditioning unit for the instrument repair workshop. By October 1943 provision of hutted camp accommodation for WAAAF personnel had been accorded priority for construction.

To avoid dependency on power supply from Charters Towers a reinforced concrete sub-station building was commenced about June to hold a 25 KVA diesel electric generating plant. The power station was scheduled for completion in September.

Workshops and barracks were sufficiently established by August 1943 to allow the main contingent of No.13 ARD to make the move from Tocumwal (NSW) to Breddan. In December 1943 No.12 RSU departed from Breddan for Kiriwina in New Guinea. No.6 Central Recovery Depot, RAAF, was established at Breddan in June 1944.

RAAF units based at Breddan airfield during World War II were No.12 RSU, No. 10 RSU, No.6 ARD, No.13 ARD, No.1 TMU and No.6 CRD. At its largest in late 1943 a total of 1200 personnel were accommodated on the base. The RAAF continued to operate from Breddan after World War II and the last unit, No.13 ARD, departed in November 1947. The base was closed by 1948. All workshop and camp facilities were later removed and the property turned over to pastoral use.

Units based at Breddan Aerodrome
 38th Bombardment Group (Headquarters) (7 August-30 September 1942)
 71st Bombardment Squadron, B-25 Mitchell (12 August-1 October 1942)
 405th Bombardment Squadron, B-25 Mitchell (7 August-30 September 1942)
 No. 1 Torpedo Maintenance Unit RAAF
 No. 6 Central Receiving Depot RAAF
 No. 10 Repair and Salvage Unit RAAF
 No. 12 Repair and Salvage Unit RAAF
 No. 13 Aircraft Repair Depot RAAF

Description
Breddan Airfield is located about  north of Charters Towers on the Gregory Developmental Road. The place contains a number of component areas associated with its wartime operation.

Runways and Duty Pilot's Tower Base
The bitumen sealed east-west Runway 60 degrees extends east of the Gregory Developmental Road for about two kilometres in length. The unfinished north-south Runway 20 degrees, remains evident as a regrowth area and former wartime taxiway running parallel with the road. Other taxiways extend north and west from Runway 60 to workshop sites of the Airframe Repair Section, General Engineering Section and Engine Repair Section. The duty pilot's tower is located at the western end of Runway 60. The site comprises a concrete slab, possibly an office floor, with four concrete tower footings at each corner, each containing two steel members to which the base of the tower was attached with bolts.

Airframe Repair Section
The Airframe Repair Section, located to the west of the Gregory Developmental Road, contains the concrete floors of at least seven workshops and hangars including the base of a cantilever hangar. An earth butt for gun testing is located near the cantilever hangar. Other workshop surfaces were designed for Bellman hangars. Several concrete tie down blocks for aircraft remain.

General Engineering Section
The General Engineering Section, located between the east-west Runway 60 and the unfinished north–south runway, contains concrete floors of at least seven workshops and hangars. Three Bellman hangar floors are evident, including an instrument repair shop and a lathe workshop. An electroplating workshop can be identified by two concrete channels running the length of the floor surface. The GES also included an armature winding shop.

Engine Repair Section
The Engine Repair Section, located north of the GES, contains concrete floor surfaces for six workshops including a number of Bellman hangars. From south to north the six ERS workshop slabs are identified as: Receipt and Despatch Shop, Engine Inspection and Dismantling Shop, Stripping and Cleaning Shop, Blacksmith Shop with Retort Furnace, Final Assembly Shop, and Propeller Maintenance Shop. Two other ERS workshop floor surfaces, including an engine running shed with steel tie down bolts, are located on the west side of the Gregory Developmental Road.

Motor Transport Section
The site of the Motor Transport Repair and Engine Overhaul Section is located south of Runway 60, at the entrance to the airfield. At least three MT workshops are shown on a wartime plan of the base. The site of No.2 Camp is located nearby.

Torpedo Maintenance Unit
The Torpedo Maintenance Unit stores are located apart from the engineering workshops in the south east sector of the airfield complex. The TMU stores consist of ten reinforced concrete igloos of two types. Seven torpedo maintenance stores are spaced apart over about a kilometre forming a rough oval. These reinforced concrete buildings,  in length by  in width, are designed with two entrances at one end and a semi-circular formwork concrete roof reaching about  in height. The roofs contain ventilation holes and steel bolts for securing camouflage nets. Three reinforced concrete torpedo warhead stores are spaced apart in gullies further to the south east of the maintenance igloos. The warhead stores are designed with a single entrance at the centre of the buildings with a reinforced concrete portico above. The stores are about  in length,  in width and  in height. All are equipped with ventilation holes in the roofs, bolts for securing camouflage nets and contain evidence of wartime ochre and green camouflage paint.

Torpedo Maintenance Unit Camp
The Torpedo Maintenance Unit camp, located at the north east end of Runway 60, contains a small reinforced concrete igloo building which served as a generator shed. The camp area also includes the concrete floor and oven base of a mess and kitchen, and a small stone structure thought to have been a water heater or incinerator.

Power House and Hospital
A power house and hospital sick bay are located south of Runway 60 near the southern boundary of the airfield. The power house is constructed with  high reinforced concrete walls. The internal concrete floor surface contains footings and channels for a diesel engine, alternator and cabling to a distribution board. A reinforced concrete switching room is attached at one end of the building which totals  in length and  in width. A reinforced concrete inground cooling tank is situated at the north west end of the building. The hospital foundations comprise concrete floor surfaces and concrete footings that may have supported a timber floor surface.

Reinforced Concrete Building and No.1 Camp
North of Runway 60 at its eastern end is a reinforced concrete building of seven rooms covered with a flat concrete roof. The building is  in length by  in width and includes a toilet. An eroded earth traverse wall once protected the entrance doorway. The purpose of the building is uncertain. It may have been constructed as a signals station or a medical aid post, and may have later been used for secure storage.

The site of No.1 Camp covers an area of the airfield extending north from the east end of Runway 60. Archaeological evidence of an open air picture theatre includes concrete lined post holes for a projection box and a scatter of metal slide holders. Several large concrete floor surfaces of former stores buildings are located north of the runway, nearby.

Heritage listing
Breddan Airfield was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 16 April 2010 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.

Breddan Airfield is significant as a major World War II maintenance, repair and salvage base, being developed as one of the largest RAAF aircraft and motor transport engineering repair facilities in north Queensland.

The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.

Breddan Airfield demonstrates rare and uncommon aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage with the only known structural evidence of a World War II Torpedo Maintenance Depot, containing 12 reinforced concrete igloo stores for the storage of torpedoes and torpedo war heads.

The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland's history.

Breddan Airfield has potential to yield archaeological information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland's history with particular regard to the layout of camp and workshop surface elements that remain comparatively undisturbed.

The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.

Breddan Airfield is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a major World War II maintenance, repair and salvage base in north Queensland, containing structural and archaeological evidence including workshop and hangar concrete floors, wartime sealed runway and taxiways, camp installations, reinforced concrete buildings, and torpedo maintenance facilities.

The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of particular types of World War II structures, including a power house, propeller maintenance workshop, electro plating workshop, cantilever hangars, torpedo maintenance and torpedo war head stores.

See also

 United States Army Air Forces in Australia (World War II)
 List of airports in Queensland

References

Attribution

External links

RAAF Museum website
Pacific War Airfields Project website

Queensland Heritage Register
Breddan, Queensland
North Queensland
Defunct airports in Queensland
Former Royal Australian Air Force bases
Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in Australia
Airports established in 1942
1942 establishments in Australia
Queensland in World War II
Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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You are here: Home Essays Labor History Abstracts Labor History Our Club Magazine for Working Girls
Our Club Magazine for Working Girls
Toledo working women banded together in the early twentieth century for support and camaraderie. Our Club Girls Magazine stood for the "social and commercial education of young wage-earning women." Experience life for young working women through its pages. This exhibit is drawn from four issues of Our Girls Club Magazine, published in 1913 and 1914. The magazines are held in the Canaday Center of the University of Toledo's Carlson Library. No other known issues exist. If you have any copies of Our Girl's Club in your attic, please let us know!
A Short History of Our Girls Club
Toledo's Our Girls Club and magazine was typical in many ways of similar clubs elsewhere in the country during the early 20th century. These clubs were initiated and sponsored by middle and upper class women who were concerned about the moral life of single working women (almost always referred to as girls).
Women increasingly entered the paid working force in the United States in the 1880s. An economic depression that lasted from the 1870s to the mid 1880s created unemployment and lowered wages for working men, forcing other family members into the workforce. Since they were paid less than men, employers preferred to hire women. Mechanization of some processes made it possible for women to do tasks previously done by men. In addition, department stores appeared in large cities in the 1880s and began spreading to cities like Toledo. Store owners realized that women shoppers preferred female sales clerks. Hence working women were most likely to be found working in retail or in manufacturing. By 1890, about 1/3 of all industrial workers were female (Murolo, page 11).
Working women were almost always in their teens and twenties, unmarried, white, and from a northwestern European background. They usually lived with their families, to whom they gave all or a large portion of their wages. American-born girls usually chose factory or retail work over becoming domestic servants. This contributed to the servant problem – a diminishing supply of available help – for the middle and upper classes, resulting in resentment towards working girls. This, and suspicion that liberties afforded by paid employment would lead to questionable behavior, fueled the concern of the upper classes. The clubs sponsored social and educational activities designed to keep young working women on the straight and narrow.
In Toledo, the club and magazine was started by Beatrice Vaughan, in July of 1910, with 25 members. Our Girls' Club followed the pattern previously set in such cities as New York or Boston. Vaughan led the club, expressing her views in editorials, and "Spreading the Gospel of – Believe in Yourself (see excerpt below). Nothing is known about Vaughan, who reveals no personal information in Our Girls' Club Magazine.
This exhibit is based on 4 issues of Our Girls' Club Magazine. These are the only issues known to exist. They are volume 1, issue 1, (1913) and volume 2, issues 1 (January 1914), 4 (April 1914), and 9 (September 1914). They are part of the Canaday Center Collection of the University of Toledo Carlson Library. We do not know how long the magazine was published.
The Meredith Building on the corner of Jefferson and Michigan Streets, where Our Girls Club met (taken around 1908). Picture from the Images in Time database available online through the Toledo Lucas County Public Library.
Kessler-Harris, Alice, Out to Work: a History of Wage Earning Women in the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982.
Murolo, Priscilla, The Common Ground of Womanhood: Class, Gender, and Working Girls' Clubs, 1884-1928. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997.
Reitano, Joanne. "Working Girls Unite," American Quarterly 36 (Spring 1984): 112-134.
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I liked Mark Of The Ninja a lot when it was originally released back in 2012. I didn't finish it, mostly because I was starting grad school, but I loved its approach to marrying platforming to the flexible stealth systems. I've been revisiting the remastered version of the game on Switch to finish it up while traveling, and have been having just as much fun as I did back on the original release, if not more. I also know I'll dive back in for a second playthrough, but this time I'll attempt a non-lethal run where I don't kill anyone (except two characters you have to kill for story purposes). That awareness has gotten me thinking about why some of my favorite games I've ever played are immersive sims that give you the ability to proceed through their campaigns by non-violent means.
I'm not a pacifist by nature when it comes to games. If you ask anyone in the Game Informer office who's had the misfortune delight of playing multiplayer games with me, you'll probably hear that I enjoy a good dollop of carnage. One time I coaxed fellow editor Kyle Hilliard into a car in Ghost Recon Wildlands and then blew him to smithereens for the heck of it. There was another time in Red Dead Online where I shot a box of dynamite that another colleague of mine was standing next to. I like violence and chaos in games. For me, nailing gory headshots in Resident Evil 2 is fantastic, as is dropping chandeliers on targets in Hitman. So what is it about pacifistic playthroughs in immersive sims that's so appealing?
The appeal isn't rooted in demonstrations upholding moral standards, but instead in understanding a game's tools in a specialized way, to the point that you know how to create challenges for yourself by limiting said tools. Ultimately, I like to come away from games that emphasize player choice knowing that I've mastered those titles' mechanics and systems. For immersive sims, that often means getting through the game without killing a soul.
Take Dishonored. It's easy to complete that game as a whirlwind of murder and chaos, summoning plague rats to feast on foes or slowing down time to blast three enemies with your flintlock pistol before they react. However, Dishonored is at its best when it convinces you to create your own rules for your playthrough, to inhabit a particular mindset for your character and stick to it.
I love my nonlethal runs (yes, plural) through Dunwall because Dishonored's systems are enjoyable enough that making rules for myself (like not killing guards or being spotted by them) created exciting challenges to overcome. For example, knowing how to get past all of the guards in the level where you return to Dunwall tower is extremely difficult when you only allow yourself to use the game's teleportation power, blink, to do so. These restrictions force you to learn the game by heart, knowing where foes will patrol, how long you have to react if they turn their head in your direction, and where the safest places to hide out are.
I still return to the original Dishonored quite frequently because it's one of those games I've spent so long playing that the familiarity makes dreary Dunwall feel a bit like home. However, its systems are robust and lively enough that I create some new fantastic emergent story every time I play, like how I managed to infiltrate Lady Boyle's estate in my last game by possessing a fish. Sure, tearing foes to bits with your ridiculous array of powers is fun, but it's nowhere near as entertaining to me as leaping from rooftop to rooftop and vanishing without a trace just before an enemy's eyes find you.
While Dishonored's systematic flexibility still makes it the game I play the most non-lethally, I've started approaching other titles in a similar manner. Obviously, Hitman requires you to kill one or multiple targets to complete a mission. However, while I could stomach a couple of extra casualties in earlier entries like Blood Money and Silent Assassin to complete a mission, killing an unintended NPC in the last two games feels like a massive error (due in large part to how strongly they punish your performance rating). I always restart or reload an earlier save until I can pull off the contract like a true professional.
With Mark Of The Ninja, I'm currently slashing people from the shadows left and right, mostly because I'm still getting a good sense of what the gadgets can do. However, as bloody as this playthrough is, I'm still jotting down notes for tactics to use in the next run, like how combining smoke bombs and firecrackers in crowded rooms makes for a great distraction. I imagine Mark Of The Ninja is going to be hard as hell to pull off a pacifist playthrough given the savvy A.I. of the enemies, but I'm looking forward to my non-lethal run to test my understanding of the game and see if I can truly be the best ninja around.
What about you folks? Any games you love to do non-lethal runs with? Any games you hate to do 'em with? Sound off in the comments below!


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Remarkable answer how to have a rebound hookup and
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You know that feeling post-breakup when your sex drive is suddenly out of control? Just me? Not sorry. Then there's that saying: The best way to get over someone is to get under someone new. I'm not saying that's necessarily a good idea, but hey, it could be fun. Just take it from these women.
How to have a rebound hookup
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You may be able to find more information on their web site. Needless to say, if you feel like you have an easier time crossing the finish line with someone you trust and have built up a meaningful connection with, then it makes sense why you would resist participating in hookup culture.
A survey of 2, U. Another study published in the Journal of Social and Personal Relationships found that women were more likely to feel regret following a hookup. How you choose to pursue sexual satisfaction is your choice alone.
After all, sex is supposed to make you feel good, right? On the negative end of the spectrum, they experienced feelings of emptiness, awkwardness, and disappointment.
If you're not into hookup culturethere's definitely nothing wrong with you. In fact, many people struggle to embrace this attitude and approach to sex and relationships. It's better to know that hookup culture isn't for you, too.
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In short, you can define your own dating culture - one that so boldly dismisses what's popular or trendy at the moment, and instead, paves the way for a new perspective on dating. But the rebound was kind of perfect, because it was like baby steps.
The idea that I could still be with someone felt safer to me, which is probably something I should unpack with my shrink. Maria is a year-old jewelry designer who recently ended a year relationship.
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Apr 29, � Yet hookup culture suggests that you should resist this with every fiber of your being. If you know that you have a tendency to feel close to someone after having sex with them, then it's safe Author: Rebecca Strong. Apr 12, � Often, a rebound is about proving to ourselves that we're not ugly and boring-that we're still fun, and that people still want to have sex with us. But in the process of reminding ourselves Author: Karley Sciortino. Apr 14, � She notes that the study focused only on undergrads, which may skew the results because college tends to have a more pervasive hookup culture than the general population, thus encouraging rebound thatliz.com: Emily Shire.
But then it went a little rogue. But after a while it was like this position, that position, blow jobs upside down.
Apr 12, � But as the internet gets bigger than we could have ever imagined, there are lots of apps out there for every interest, and that includes the casual hookup. If you just want to have a good time. Aug 07, � "My hottest rebound, without a doubt, was with a year-old after I got divorced at age 'I had a hot hookup on my train home.' We decided to have a sex date. I . Those with higher commitment to their ex were less likely to have rebound sex, at least immediately after the breakup. However, when they did have rebound sex, they were more likely to admit that.
And then he stuck half his tongue in my butt. But in the process of reminding ourselves of all of this, sometimes we end up overcompensating. I helped you with your math homework.
But Maria was okay with that.
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Getting under someone to get over someone -Does Rebound sex work? -South African YouTuber