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Our World | January 18, 2019
10 Types Of Bacteria With Real Superpowers
by Brian Molinari
With their microscopic size, bacteria are everywhere[1] and can perform feats that are unachievable for beings like us. In recent times, we have shown you some truly extraordinary microorganisms, such as bacteria that eat radioactive waste. However, there are certain species of these little creatures with abilities that we could say are true superpowers.
Now, we will show you ten types of bacteria with powers that you would expect to see in a superhero comic book instead of in real life. If this information inspires any film studio to make a blockbuster movie of superhero bacteria, we strongly recommend that you ask for scientists' permission first.
10 Caulobacter Crescentus
(The Super-Adhesive Bacteria)
Photo credit: Yves Brun, Indiana University
If a gecko attaches to a surface with its legs, it would take hundreds of kilograms of force to just "unstick" it from there. However, even that does not compare to what the bacterium Caulobacter crescentus can do. As if it were a bacterial version of Spider-Man, C. crescentus has an adhesion force seven times stronger than that of geckos and is three to four times more adhesive than commercial superglue.
C. crescentus lives in any wet environment and in any type of water, be it fresh water, salt water, or even tap water. The microbe moves with the help of an appendage called a flagellum until finding a place to live. Then, one end of C. crescentus attaches to the surface in question, after which the bacterium is anchored to it through thin structures called pili. When C. crescentus is finally in position, it secretes a sugary adhesive substance that sticks the creature to the surface immediately.
The results of scientific tests have shown that the "superglue" of C. crescentus has an adhesive force of about five tons per square inch. In other words, a small patch of this substance would be enough to lift an elephant or several cars off the ground.[2] Since C. crescentus move in places where there is not much to eat, it is believed that these bacteria also use their superglue to pick up nutrients. Evidently, scientists see the practical potential of such a sticky substance, whose uses could range from surgical adhesives to durable construction materials.
9 Magnetotactic Bacteria
(Living Magnets)
Photo credit: Nature
A truly amazing power would be to control magnetism. Perceiving nearby magnetic fields, manipulating metal objects, and moving just by taking advantage of the Earth's magnetic field sounds like something great but, unfortunately, far superior to human capabilities. Nevertheless, that does not mean that other living beings cannot do it, and in fact, some bacteria already have these fascinating abilities. Meet magnetotactic bacteria, the living magnets.
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are microorganisms capable of accumulating iron oxide molecules and putting them together to form small "pebbles" called magnetosomes. These magnetic granules are 100,000 times smaller than a grain of rice, and an MTB stores many of them inside. In this way, the little inner magnets allow MTBs to feel the magnetic field of the Earth and thus move toward the South Pole or the North Pole, depending on where there is more food. But that is just the beginning.
As MTBs usually live in swamps and similar environments with little oxygen, the microbes must move using their flagella until finding a suitable place. But sometimes, the sediment is too dense to move through in that way, so the MTB uses its magnetosomes to gain thrust with the Earth's magnetic field.[3] MTBs could also be true superheroes. To eliminate dangerous bacteria from the human body, scientists have learned to fill these microorganisms with magnetosomes and then kill them using something called "magnetic heat." MTBs could provide such magnetosomes and thus help eliminate infectious viruses in large quantities.
8 Thiomargarita Namibiensis
(The Little Giant)
Photo credit: Sciblogs
Among the superheroes in Marvel comics (and movies), there are some characters that use a certain substance to grow up to the size of a multistory building. While, at the moment, no human is known to have such an ability, some types of bacteria already have the superpower of growing in size at will. And here we will see the largest species of all.
Thiomargarita namibiensis is considered the largest bacterium in the world, three million times larger than average bacteria. Discovered in 1997 on the coasts of Namibia, this microbe is capable of reaching a size of up to 0.75 millimeters, making it visible even to the naked eye. Heide Schulz, the biologist who discovered the bacterium, said in a report: "In terms of size, a T. namibiensis cell is to an Escherichia coli cell what a blue whale is compared to a newly born mouse."
The extreme size of T. namibiensis is due to its feeding mechanism. The bacterium uses nitrate and sulfide to obtain energy. And since nitrate concentrations are low in the place where it lives, T. namibiensis tries to store as much nitrate as possible inside its own body. That way, 98 percent of its volume is nitrate stored inside an organelle in the center of the bacterium.
In appearance, the T. namibiensis looks white due to the multiple sulfur granules that the creature also stores inside. It is worth noting that since T. namibiensis feeds on sulfur, the populations of these bacteria detoxify seawater, allowing the proliferation of marine life. These microorganisms usually join together by a layer of mucus, forming what looks like a long string of white spheres. This is what gives the bacterium its name, since Thiomargarita namibiensis means "Sulfur Pearl of Namibia."[4]
7 Modified Escherichia Coli
(The Living Computers)
Photo credit: Seth Shipman
Humans have always tried to find the best way to store information. Many millennia ago, we started sharing our ideas through paintings inside caves. Then came books and computers, and we recently learned that diamonds are great data storage devices. But then bacteria entered the game when scientists managed to insert information into them. That's right: Some microbes can transport text, videos, and images in their bodies, turning them into living computers.
It happens that when bacteria destroy an enemy virus, they store small parts of the virus's DNA inside their own bodies. In this way, microbes learn to recognize similar threats in the future. Taking advantage of that mechanism, scientists from Harvard University first cultivated a population of 600,000 Escherichia coli bacteria. Then, they coded an image of a human hand and a short video of a galloping horse into a DNA strand.[5] And finally, the E. coli received electric shocks so that they activated their defense mechanism and thus absorbed the man-made DNA.
To test if the method worked, the scientists sequenced the new genetic code of each bacterium. Then they ran the sequence in a computer program that read it and transformed it into images. Incredibly, the resulting pictures were practically the same as the original files, with just a few pixels of difference. Although this technique sounds difficult, current genetic sequencing technologies make it relatively easy to perform the process.
Anyway, this is not the first time that E. coli microorganisms have carried our information. In 2003, US scientists introduced DNA written with the lyrics of a song inside E. coli bacteria. And in 2011, Canadian writer Christian Bok inserted a poem into the DNA of a single E. coli , which then glowed red and began to "write" its own poem. If you wonder what the potential of this ability is, a gram of DNA can contain 455 exabytes (455 billion gigabytes) of data, about a quarter of all of humankind's information. So in the not-too-distant future, we could be using modified E. coli populations as our personal microcomputers.
6 Shewanella Oneidensis
(Electric Microbes)
Photo credit: NASA
Electrogenic bacteria are microorganisms that can naturally generate electricity through extracellular transference of electrons. To date, hundreds of species of electrogenic bacteria have been found, and they are everywhere, from the bottom of a lake to inside our own bodies. However, a particular bacterium of this type has unique characteristics, which have made it a great object of scientific study.
Shewanella oneidensis is a bacterium discovered in the lakes of New York.[6] While most life-forms (including us) use oxygen to get energy, S. oneidensis "breathes" metal molecules such as manganese, lead, and iron, among others. For this, many of these bacteria join together and attach to the surface of rocks containing metals. Then, they release long filaments called nanowires, which they use to connect directly to the metal. In that way, the microbes transfer electrons from inside their bodies to metal molecules, and this flow of electrical current is what keeps them alive. Sometimes, S. oneidensis bacteria do the opposite and extract electrons from such metals, so they literally live on electricity.
It is presumed that the nanowires of S. oneidensis allow it to conduct electricity over long distances, as well as to supply electrons to other nearby bacteria. The ability of S. oneidensis to generate electricity has aroused the interest of the scientific community. For example, some researchers are studying the potential of the bacterium to treat wastewater. Meanwhile, NASA took samples of these creatures to space to see if they can be used in the construction of future life-support systems.
5 Pseudomonas Syringae
(The Ice-Maker)
Freezing of supercooled water by Pseudomonas syringae
Just like Marvel's Iceman, the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae can freeze water by touching it, even at temperatures above the natural freezing point. P. syringae bacteria live mostly in farm crops, as well as in many other types of plants. To feed themselves, these little creatures freeze the tissue of plants in order to easily access their nutrients, which, in turn, can cause great damage to agriculture. In addition, P. syringae have also been found in snowy environments from Europe to Antarctica. But how do these bacteria freeze things?
In 2016, scientists learned that P. syringae uses certain proteins in its outer membrane to make ice. First, these proteins modify the order of water molecules, forcing them to form a more solid structure like that of ice. And to make this process easier, the proteins also extract heat from the water, causing it to freeze regardless of the surrounding temperature.
Pure water does not freeze until it reaches around – 40 degrees Celsius (–40 °F). However, a single droplet of P. syringae bacteria can instantly freeze 600 milliliters (20.3 fluid ounces) of such water cooled to only – 7 degrees Celsius (19.4 °F). It is also believed that these microbes contribute to the formation of rain and snow when the wind drags them into the atmosphere.[7] So we can say that our good P. syringae is both an ice-maker and a rain-maker. Due to their extraordinary capabilities, P. syringae bacteria are currently used to make snow in ski resorts, although they could even be used in biotechnological processes.
4 Modified Klebsiella Planticola
(World Destroyer)
The superpower of this bacterium gives it the ability to potentially erase all plant life on Earth, so Klebsiella planticola earns the prize for the supervillain of this list. Klebsiella bacteria are present in the roots of almost every plant on Earth. These creatures are responsible for decomposing dead plants, thus cleaning the soil of organic waste.
German scientists took a sample of K. planticola bacteria and genetically modified them so that, by decomposing plants, they produced fertilizer and ethanol at the same time. A bacterium of this type would be easy to sell for agricultural and industrial uses, so in the early 1990s, it was planned to test K. planticola in the fields.
However, in order to test its effectiveness, a team at Oregon State University conducted a laboratory experiment with a sample of fertile, sown soil. One part of the soil was filled with the original K. planticola, while the modified bacteria were placed in the other part. The results showed that although the seeds germinated in both soils, all plants in the section of the modified microbes were dead after a week.[8]
The modified K. planticola produced 17 times more alcohol in the soil than plants could tolerate. In addition, plants use fungi to feed on soil nutrients, but the ethanol-producing bacteria increased the presence of worms that eat those fungi. So the plants not only died of poisoning but also of starvation.
Adding to its evil characteristics, it was confirmed that the modified K. planticola bacterium was able to survive in soil for a long time, unlike other modified bacteria. In the end, the "killer" K. planticola was not commercialized. But it was contended (albeit disputed) that had it been released in the fields, this bacterium would have ended up annihilating all plant life on a continental scale.
3 Aquifex
(The Microbe From Hell)
Photo credit: NOAA
In the early 1980s, scientists found the first known hyperthermophilic organisms, microscopic beings capable of living and reproducing at temperatures close to 100 degrees Celsius (212 °F). But it happens that most of these microorganisms belong to the Archaea domain, a group distinct from bacteria and discovered in the late 1970s. However, some hyperthermophilic bacteria have also been discovered, and their abilities make them more durable than most life on Earth.
The genus Aquifex comprises bacteria capable of reproducing in underwater thermal vents and hot springs, at temperatures up to 95 degrees Celsius (203 °F). Just to get an idea, a human body submerged in that water would begin to boil until dissolving in a matter of hours. And even so, Aquifex can live in such an environment without difficulty, even at temperatures above 100 degrees Celsius (212 °F), which makes them the most heat-resistant bacteria of all.
As if that were not enough, Aquifex are also aerobic—that is, they can breathe oxygen. Although these microbes only tolerate low oxygen concentrations, they are among the few known aerobic hyperthermophilic bacteria. If the environment does not have oxygen, Aquifex can also breathe nitrogen. But the most impressive ability of these microorganisms is that they produce water as a byproduct while breathing.[9] For this reason, the bacteria earned the name Aquifex, which means "water-maker."
2 Ancient Bacteria
If everything goes well, humans can expect to live a little over 70 years on average. Some reptiles can live close to 200 years, while a few trees have lived around 5,000 years. But all that is just a blink (figurative, of course) for the oldest bacteria in the world. Indeed, in 2007, researchers discovered bacteria more than half a million years old, which were still alive.
A team of scientists from the University of Copenhagen (Denmark) obtained samples of these bacteria in layers of ice in Canada, Russia, and Antarctica. It is estimated that the microbes have been alive for about 600,000 years, and when scientists looked at their DNA, they were surprised to see that it was almost intact. This is something extremely unusual for creatures of that age, since DNA starts to break down after some time. To survive for millennia, many microorganisms enter a state of almost total inactivity, but even so, their DNA will continue to suffer great damage.
The key to the long life of these old bacteria lies in their amazing ability to self-repair their DNA. Instead of becoming lethargic and suspending its functions to survive, this particular creature keeps a small part of its metabolism active. In this way, the body of the bacterium will keep constantly repairing its own DNA while waiting for the environment to become more favorable for reproduction.
There have been other reports of even older living bacteria, such as 250-million-year-old bacteria trapped in salt crystals. However, these reports remain unconfirmed, and it is speculated that the samples were contaminated with modern microbes while in the laboratory. By contrast, the 600,000-year-old bacteria are authentic, since the researchers made sure to avoid any form of contamination during the tests.[10]
1 Staphylococcus Epidermidis
(The Anti-Cancer Fighter)
Photo credit: UC San Diego Health
Cancer is the second-leading cause of death around the world. In 2018, almost ten million people died due to this type of disease, and the annual number of cancer cases is expected to reach 23.6 million by 2030. Well, that could change, because scientists have discovered a method to radically fight cancer. And you guessed right, the method involves bacteria.
In February 2018, a group of researchers from the University of California discovered that the bacterium Staphylococcus epidermidis has anti-cancer powers. This microbe is commonly found in healthy human skin. Upon careful analysis, scientists noted that S. epidermidis produces a chemical compound similar to a certain DNA component. When the researchers tested the substance (called 6-HAP) in the laboratory, they realized that it stopped DNA production. Specifically, the chemical prevented cancer cells from multiplying further. However, 6-HAP had no effect on normal cells, since certain enzymes within them deactivated the chemical.[11]
The scientists injected 6-HAP into a group of mice, while another group was left unaffected. The animals were then exposed to high doses of UV radiation. The results showed that although all mice developed cancer, the tumors of the mice with 6-HAP were 60 percent smaller than those of the normal mice. The researchers proceeded to repeat the experiment, this time by spreading S. epidermidis bacteria on the backs of mice instead of injecting them. Even in that way, the mice covered with the microbes developed only one tumor after the radiation dose, while the normal mice had up to six of them. Although more research is still needed on these creatures, it is believed that S. epidermidis could be used in the future to prevent multiple cancers—besides skin cancer.
Economy student, passionate about Graphic Design, an avid enthusiast of the art of writing.
Read more about the amazing (and terrifying) abilities of bacteria on Top 10 Bacterial Infections That Creatively Kill People and 10 Places You Would Never Expect To Find Bacteria.
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Superstition: I am really superstitious. If I am currently playing well I have to wear the same accessories every game, but the opposite if I'm in a slump.
Lives by the Motto: "Live every moment like it's your last because you never know when it's going to end."


As you would gather by now PD loves great stationery, beautifully presented on thicker stock paper that feels nice. Letterpress on an old era machine adds a tactile layer that one does not get with modern techniques.
If you are on the lookout for a calendar for next year, PD came across this French made letterpress one from Mr Cup.
It comes in either a plain edition or a special copperplate edition with a color cover and copper edging.
Every month there is an inspiring quote.
The calendar has a limited print run of 500.
Note: photographs are from the relevant website and are the copyright of the respective owner.


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The Best Online Doctorate in Public Policy Programs
As the nation undergoes rapid demographic, political, and social changes, public policy experts have become increasingly important in assessing the needs of a growing and diverse population. From social services administrators to urban planners, these professionals employ statistical analysis to enact positive changes, both locally and nationally. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) projects that some public policy occupations will grow as much as 18% by 2026, indicating that the demand for qualified professionals is rising.
For many with a background in public policy, earning a doctoral degree opens the door to a variety of rewarding occupations. According to the BLS, many policy analyst positions require a Ph.D. A doctorate demonstrates mastery of the skills, concepts, and leadership principles needed to excel in public policy-related roles. In this guide, we'll examine everything you need to know about pursuing a public policy Ph.D. online, from choosing the right program to funding your education.
For career information, skip down:
What Else Can I Expect from an Online Doctorate in Public Policy Program?
Accreditation for Online Doctorate in Public Policy Degrees
Online Doctorate in Public Policy Careers
Paying for Your Online Doctorate in Public Policy
What Are the Best Online Doctorate in Public Policy Programs?
1. West Chester University of Pennsylvania
West Chester University of Pennsylvania ranks among The Best Online Doctorate in Public Policy Programs!
Based 25 miles outside of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, West Chester University offers an online doctor of public administration that trains students to work at the highest levels of public affairs and administration. Consisting of 43 credits, this doctor of public policy program emphasizes public sector financial decision making, strategic management, policy advocacy, and leadership. Candidates also gain advanced skills in methodological evaluation, preparing them to analyze and assess the effectiveness of public programs and policy. All coursework can be completed online.
The program curriculum includes four major components: an administration core, a methods sequence, concentration electives, and a capstone seminar. Degree candidates choose their concentration electives from the academic areas of public policy and administration, geography and planning, criminal justice, or social work. The program concludes with a comprehensive exam that covers all major topics discussed in the administration core.
WCU is regionally accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education (MSCHE).
2.California Baptist University - CBU Online
California Baptist University - CBU Online ranks among The Best Online Doctorate in Public Policy Programs!
A Christian, liberal arts school based in the city of Riverside, California Baptist University is home to around 9,000 students. The school offers an online doctorate in public policy that trains candidates to serve as expert leaders in social services, criminal justice, government, health management, and public policy.
This 50-credit doctor of public administration caters to working professionals and is delivered primarily online through a modular, cohort format where students take one course at a time. Degree candidates complete most of the course sequence as a cohesive group, building a deeper sense of teamwork and communication. While most courses offer fully online learning, the program does require occasional campus residency sessions that feature intensive classroom coursework and networking opportunities between students and faculty. The program typically takes around three years to complete.
CBU is regionally accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC).
3.Valdosta State University
Valdosta, Georgia
Valdosta State University ranks among The Best Online Doctorate in Public Policy Programs!
A public school in southern Georgia, Valdosta State University offers a popular online Ph.D. in public policy. This advanced degree prepares graduates for career advancement at government agencies, nonprofits, and non-governmental organizations, building essential skills in leadership, communication, management, and problem solving. This practitioner-based degree builds on students' professional experience, emphasizing applied research and information development. Candidates can also choose from a variety of concentration options to suit their professional interests.
This 54-credit doctor of public administration divides its curriculum into four major areas: core knowledge, theory and methods, electives, and a final capstone project. VSU offers most coursework online, although students must attend select residency sessions held at the beginning of each fall and spring semester. These weekend sessions give students the chance to participate in campus learning activities, workshops, social events, and networking activities.
VSU is regionally accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCC).
Every program is different, and course offerings, completion times, and other details tend to vary from school to school. Some fundamental concepts and topics, however, are included in most curricula. If you pursue a public policy Ph.D. online, you're likely to encounter one or more of the following courses.
Curriculum for an Online Doctorate in Public Policy
Strategic Management and Planning: Coursework explores the processes and best practices involved in strategic planning, including collaboration, resource allocation, and coordination. Using real-life case studies, candidates develop strategic plans for nonprofit and public groups that align with their respective organizational missions. Lectures emphasize the importance of strong leadership skills in creating effective organizational change.
Public Sector Budgeting: Addressing the unique economic challenges faced by public and nonprofit organizations, this course presents crucial financial concepts and skills, such as budgeting and tax auditing. Using specialized technologies and software, students learn to analyze financial documents, formulate reports, and develop budgets within an organization's financial constraints.
Ethics and Social Justice: In this course, candidates examine the relationships between leadership, power, and privilege, and the ways in which these factors inform ethical decision making and policy development. By examining social, economic, and demographic trends, students learn to create effective policies that meet the needs and enhance the lives of individuals in underserved communities.
Quantitative Methods: Presenting a broad survey of quantitative analytical methods, lectures cultivate the integral skills needed to perform doctoral-level research. Topics addressed include statistical testing and its accompanying ethical issues, data collection methods, and the logic of inference. Using specialized software, learners create their own model research studies and analyze and present the results.
Qualitative Methods: This course introduces the qualitative research and analytical methods used in both the public sector and academic research. Exploring the theoretical and conceptual frameworks behind qualitative methodologies, candidates create research questions, design and implement studies, and analyze collected data to create a detailed study. Students use the collected information to develop a dissertation topic.
How Long Does It Take to Get an Online Doctorate in Public Policy?
While most full-time students complete their online Ph.D in public policy in 2-4 years, the length of an online degree depends on several factors. Residency requirements, dissertation procedures, and transferred credits all impact degree length, but few variables are as influential as program structure and format.
To provide maximum flexibility, many schools offer their online degrees in an asynchronous format. Featuring fewer and more relaxed deadlines and self-paced coursework, asynchronous programs allow working professionals to review lectures and complete assignments when and where they choose. While this format allows candidates to complete their studies quickly, it also requires strong organizational skills and personal dedication.
By comparison, cohort-based programs are highly structured, with stricter deadlines and scheduling requirements. Emphasizing group discussions and collaboration between cohort members and faculty, courses may require students to be online at specified times. While cohort learning can be more time-consuming, it also provides a greater amount of academic support and accountability.
Back to School Rankings
Accreditation for Online Public Policy Doctorate Degrees
Accreditation might not be on your mind as you explore schools and program options, but it should be. A school's accreditation has the potential to impact your education, finances, and even your employment prospects. Awarded by organizations known as accrediting bodies, accreditation is a process used to ensure that institutions maintain high academic and ethical standards. Depending on the organization assessing it, a school may receive national or regional accreditation. Most nationally accredited institutions are for-profit, vocational, or religious schools, while public, nonprofit colleges and universities usually receive regional accreditation.
Most students prefer schools with regional accreditation for several reasons. Viewed as being more prestigious than nationally accredited schools, regionally accredited colleges also feature better credit transfer options. Credits earned at regionally accredited schools easily transfer to other institutions, while the opposite is rarely true. In addition, some employers prefer to hire graduates of regionally accredited schools.
Accreditation also helps the U.S. Department of Education (ED) decide which schools should receive federal funding. Using the information provided by accrediting bodies, the ED distributes financial aid to institutions that maintain government standards. Organizations like the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA) also play a part in the process. An association of around 3,000 colleges and universities, CHEA monitors accrediting bodies and ensures that they adhere to federal policies and procedures. CHEA also provides the public with valuable data regarding accreditation and degree mills, and maintains a database of accredited schools and programs on its website.
Employment Outlook for Doctorate in Public Policy Graduates
Doctorate in Public Policy Careers
In addition to strengthening a range of broadly applicable skills, an online Ph.D. in public policy presents students with a chance to specialize in a particular field of interest. While many graduates go on to become public policy analysts, others take on a variety of related positions. For individuals with strong analytical skills and the drive to create positive changes through political action, an online Ph.D in public policy is the key to landing roles like the examples below.
Political scientist: Political scientists study the origins and development of government, political systems, and policies. Most specialize in a particular area, such as geopolitics, political theory, or public policy. Using qualitative research methods, they collect and analyze data to develop theories and predictions related to political trends, new policies, and election outcomes.
Median Annual Salary: $115,110
Projected Growth Rate: 3%
Social and community service manager: These managers coordinate social service programs for government, private, and nonprofit agencies. They assess challenges and issues faced by particular communities or demographics, and develop outreach programs, policies, and initiatives as needed. Frequently, they are required to prove the efficacy of their work by collecting statistical data from the surrounding community and presenting their findings.
Median Annual Salary: $64,100
Projected Growth Rate: 18%
Public relations and fundraising manager: Charged with positively enhancing their client's image, public relations managers develop effective media strategies by examining social and political trends, target demographics, and public opinion. While some work for private corporations, many are employed in government, nonprofit groups, or political organizations. They must have excellent communication and analytical skills.
Postsecondary teacher: Some public policy doctoral students can go on to pursue postsecondary teaching at colleges and universities. Aside from planning lessons, grading papers, and staying informed about their field, these teachers may advise students about how to achieve their goals in public policy.
Doctorate in Public Policy Salary
Although public policy careers can pay well, many different factors affect your earning power in the field, including individual workplace policies, geographic location, and industry. Few variables, however, are as influential as education and experience. As a doctor of public policy, you'll have a strong advantage over job candidates with less education, and individuals with greater professional experience generally out-earn entry-level employees. As the table below demonstrates, this phenomenon is consistent across occupations, with some established professionals bringing in nearly double the salary of entry-level workers. Pay differences are sharpest between public policy directors and professors, as both roles generally require significant work experience.
Median Annual Salaries
Overall Median Salary
Entry-Level Employees
Mid-Career Employees
Late-Career Employees
Public Policy Director $77,930 $62,583 $79,649 $128,722
Public Policy Analyst $53,641 $50,682 $70,791 $71,148
Postsecondary Professor $87,546 $60,185 $71,115 $100,505
Public Relations Director $82,780 $52,584 $79,906 $89,193
Professional Organizations in Public Policy
Professional public policy organizations offer a variety of resources and opportunities for individuals at every career and academic level. Along with discounts, continuing education, certification programs, and private job boards, members can develop local and national networks in the industry. Many associations provide exclusive fellowship and grant opportunities for student members, along with useful digital publications. Below, we've listed just a few prominent public policy professional organizations that you may wish to consider joining.
American Political Science Association (APSA): With members in more than 80 countries, APSA is one of the largest organizations of its kind. Its vast student resources include grants, fellowships, career assistance services, and publication opportunities.
American Society for Public Administration (ASPA): This interdisciplinary public service professional association hosts numerous conferences, eLearning sessions, and seminars, including a summit for students and new professionals. Members receive discounts, publications, and access to exclusive job boards.
Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM): Dedicated to improving public policy through research and education, APPAM offers its student members a variety of benefits. Its annual conference includes a mentor matching session, which pairs students with policy experts.
Most students seek some form of financial aid to help pay for their online Ph.D. in public policy. Fortunately, they can choose from many available funding opportunities, including private scholarships and tuition reimbursement programs. Most students begin exploring these options by completing the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). The FAFSA contains a series of questions regarding your household income, and helps the government determine what kinds of federal financial aid you are eligible to receive. You may qualify for grants, federal student loans, scholarships, or work-study programs. While some students choose to fund their studies through private loans, federal student loans typically offer better repayment options and lower interest rates, making them a more economical option.
You may also wish to apply for one or more scholarships. Typically awarded on the basis of income or academic merit, scholarships can cover up to the full cost of tuition. Unlike loans, they don't need to be paid back, and you can apply for as many as you like. While most colleges host scholarships exclusively for their students, students can also find scholarship opportunities through corporations, nonprofit groups, and professional organizations. Some employers also offer scholarships or tuition reimbursement programs for employees pursuing work-related studies.

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Religious Pens - TOP 10 Results for Price Compare - Religious Pens Information for April 20, 2019.
Give your guests a pen to make them smile with these Inspirational Message Pens. Just click the pen to get one of six inspirational messages, such as "Jesus Lives in my Heart, Jesus Cares, "Jesus Loves me," "Smile, Jesus Loves Me," "Jesus is the way," and "Jesus is Love." 1 Dozen Inspirational Message Pens. Pens Measure 5 1/2 Inches. Plastic. 6 Assorted Messages. Click to Change Message.
This 5-Pc. Inspirational Pen Set are ballpoint pens that have a different color exterior as well as a biblical message. Each pen features a convenient click top, writes in black ink and has a pocket clip. 5-1/2"L, each. Plastic.
Perfect gifts for Church, Bible Study Gifts, Sunday School or Party Favors. This bundle includes 24 Religious Notepads With Cross Cutout. Assorted colors. measures 4 inches, 30 pages, 24 Bookmarks, 24 Bible Message Pens and 1 Bonus Ephesians 1:4 Scripture Wallet Card.
Black Classic Executive type Pens With gold imprint "Guide Me Lord" and cross. 5 1/2 inch black plastic. Christian Volunteer gift. Planned giving pen. Pew Pen. Planned giving pen. Pack of 6 pens. 1-2 sets same shipping cost.
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Religious Pens - Video Review.


Portable washing machines are lightweight laundering options- particularly for apartment dwellers who are fed up with hauling their laundry to a filthy basement or a half mile away to the local washateria.
They do take some trial-and-error testing before getting up and running the way you want them. Particularly, you'll have to get a feel for how much laundry you can load into the washing machines without overtaxing the agitator that spins the clothes clean. (We should note, the EasyGo is a little bit different- it is actually a hand-powered washer.) As well- too much water and you can cause it to leak.
That said, it took most users about a week or two before they had their portable washing machines up and running the way they wanted it. One of our top picks is the Panda XPB36- this 28 pounds, 22.8 x 14.2 x 25.6 inch compact washing machine is described by its manufacturers as suitable for condo and apartment living, and comes with a spin dryer as well as a drainage pump so that you can easily drain the water into a bathtub or sink.
The washing side is split half-and-half from the dry spinning side. It has a 7 to 9 pound washing capacity and the spin dryer has a 3.5 pound capacity- which means that for every one load of wash you do, you'll likely have to do 2 loads of spin drying. Its reviewers say that it has a very small footprint, is incredibly light, as well as disarmingly effective at cleaning clothes.
Some reviewers say that the lint trap isn't terribly effective, and others wish that it came with a buzzer so that you would know when the wash or spin cycle is done, but these are relatively minor quibbles. As we previously mentioned, you will have to do a couple loads of wash before you get the hang of how to effectively use this portable washing machine.
One reviewer had the handy bit of advice to put clothing that has long sleeves or legs into a mesh bag so that they don't get caught up in the agitator. Another reviewer says that the dryer can get a little bit noisy when in use so they have taken to sitting whole unit on some folded towel so that the wobbling and great too much noise.
In all, this is a relatively inexpensive portable washing machine that many apartment and condominium dwellers prefer to the annoyance of their local washateria or basement laundromat. Let's take a look at five of the best-selling portable washing machines on the market today and see how they compare.
The mini washing machine offered by Giantex is portable, efficient and useful for people that are tired of hand washing. Users love that this portable washing machine is perfect for small apartments and that it is convenient and easy to use. However, most of the customers note that the inlet hose is too small.
With a washing capacity of 11 lbs and a spinner dryer capacity of 6.6 lbs, this compact washer and dryer has a size of 24.8″ x 14″ x 28.35″, a 300 W washing power, a spinner power of 110 W, and a maximum water temperature of 54 C. Overall, it seems like a very good choice if you are looking for something small, but well-built.
Users express very positive opinions regarding the Giantex twin tub washing machine, praising its performance, durability, and effectiveness. One user shares that this mini washer manages to remove even the toughest stains, and although it's small, it is remarkably powerful and works quietly.
Another buyer commented that she was extremely surprised how quickly this compact washer did the job. She was ready with one laundry load in 12 minutes and for her, it's perfect for dorms and guest houses. This customer also advises that you shouldn't spin dry the clothes for long since it takes about 20 seconds to do the job.
However, most customers have complained that since the hose doesn't fit their faucet, they have to fill the small clothes washer manually with water and that the drain hose is gravity based. They advise that you shouldn't fill the washing machine up to the high line, and you should use only a small amount of soup to avoid suds.
If you are tired of doing your laundry manually, you might want to consider the Panda small washing machine combined with a spin dryer. Users love that they can have their laundry ready in minutes with minimum efforts and that the spin leaves the clothes only slightly damp. However, some do note they have problems with the lint filter.
This Panda mini washer has a load capacity of 7.9 lbs, a spinner capacity of 3.5 lbs, a washing power of 240 W, a spinner power of 120 W and it weighs only 28 lbs. As a whole, it seems like an efficient tool for washing and drying clothes.
Generally, users share positive experiences regarding the Panda small compact washer saying that it makes their lives easier. One buyer comments that she could wash anything she wishes by filling the washing machine with the shower head, and it comes out clean and almost dry.
Another purchaser states that the small mini washer is very powerful, and you don't need to run a full program for every wash. She is happy that she can do her laundry whenever she wants, and for her, it's a necessity for anyone living in an apartment. Another user says that the small washer/dryer doesn't take much room, and the spinner does remove most of the excess water.
However, some customers have complained that it leaves their clothes in wrinkles and that they have encountered difficulties draining all the water from the machine.
The Stark Electric small and compact washer machine seems like a good choice if you are looking for an effective, but a low-cost washer. Users love that the mini portable washer is easy to operate and perfect for washing their everyday clothes.
But some do note that they have problems with the motor overheating after 30 minutes of use. With a load capacity of 9 lbs, this small washing machine has a size of 23.6 x 15.8 x 15.3 inches, two water levels (12 and 9 Gallons), a timer, and it weighs only 9 lbs.
Overall, it seems useful for washing small laundry loads, but cheaply made.
One user shares that the small portable machine works very well, it's easy to operate it, and it's perfect for T-shirts, pants, socks, underwear, etc.
Another buyer states that you can fill the compact washer machine with a decent laundry load and achieve a good washing quality. But she warns that you would have to do some wringing yourself before drying them. A pleased customer commented that even though it was difficult getting used to filling the small washing machine manual, it performs well over his expectations.
However, some customers have complained that it can't handle too many clothes, and they are disappointed with the lack of spinning feature.
The EasyGo hand powered washer is stylish, well-designed and a good choice if you want to save electricity and water. Users love that this mini washing machine is easy to operate and that it works great on delicate and expensive clothes. However, some do note that there were no clear instructions how to assemble and use it.
With a load capacity of 5 lbs, a size of 16.2 x 13.1 x 12.8 inches, this hand-powered clothes washing machine weighs only 6.4 lbs and can be comfortably carried around. Overall, it is a low-cost product that requires hand cranking to work, so if you are looking for something cheap, you might want to consider it.
One user shared that she washed her clothes quickly and it works perfectly with only one tablespoon of liquid detergent. For her, this is one of the most economical washers that she had encountered. A pleased customer comments that it's very easy to drain the washing machine by just tipping it down the sink or using the drain spout.
Another buyer states that she washes a load in the compact washing machine for about 3 minutes, even if the clothes are stained and dirty.
However, she warned that this portable washing machine requires arm strength, but it's perfect for camping and RVing. Some users complain that it's too messy and time-consuming to use this compact clothes washer and they would achieve better results hand washing. Also, there are complaints that it arrived broken or started leaking after use.
If you don't want to use a laundry mat and you are looking for a high-quality washer, you might want to consider this Haier portable washing machine. Users love that it's convenient, easy to use and that it's perfect for larger washing loads. However, some do note that it's too loud during the spin cycle.
Made from stainless steel, this portable clothes washing machine has a 6-pound capacity, 3 water levels, 3 washing cycles, LED indicator controls, wheels for easy rolling around, and a sink adapter. It weighs 43 pounds, and it seems well-made, but a high-cost product.
Generally, users are pleased with the performance, durability, and effectiveness of the Haier small portable washer. One user shares that it's easy to hook up and use it, and she would recommend it to anyone looking for a high-quality washing machine. A pleased buyer stated that she finished her laundry in about 20 minutes and the clothes came out almost dry.
She shares that it was also perfect for delicate items, but the noise could be a problem if you have neighbors. Another customer says that the drain hose and the water hose are long enough to reach the sink, and she has no leaking problems at all. However, some customers have complained that they do have leaking problems and that the spinning cycle stopped working after a few months.
One of the more highly rated portable washing machines that we reviewed was the Giantex compact twin tub washing machine with spin dryer. Buyers say that it has the capacity for a single person, or perhaps for a married couple- saying that it is an amazing alternative to manual hand-washing of clothes, especially if your apartment or house just doesn't have the capacity for permanent installation of a washing machine and dryer.
One reviewer describes doing a ton of by-hand clothes washing and lugging clothes to the local laundromat- a real annoyance for her. She ended up purchasing this Giantex portable washing machine, saying that its capacity is a lot larger than what she expected. In the early days, she spent a lot of time experimenting with just how many shirts, pants, underwear and sweatshirts she could load into this unit without over taxing it.
She discovered that since jeans get saturated and heavy inside the washing machine, it's best to wash them separately as a very light load. She also says that while the spin dryer is effective, it is smaller than the washing machine capacity itself, so you'll have to split one load of laundry into two in order to spin dry effectively. She, as well as a lot of other reviewers, were incredibly surprised at how dry the clothes emerged from the spin dryer.
She was incredibly thankful that she doesn't have to perform any more manual hand-washing and tedious hand-wringing of clothes. Another apartment dweller concurs with this reviewer saying that this portable washing machine is an excellent alternative to the filthy machines in service in their condominium basement, and a cheaper alternative to going to the local laundromat that was over a half mile away.
This reviewer also had to conduct some initial trial and error loads of wash before they figured out the best way to use their portable washing machine. Initially they had over-filled the machine with water which caused it to leak out of the top while working they also complained that the instructions were a bit too remedial, and consequently unhelpful. Apparently, it is a bit of an art form to get it working right, but eventually users discovered the right amount of load and water to use with the washing machine in order to get the best results.
Also because this is a manual draining washing machine, you should get used to dumping out buckets of water down your bathtub or sink drain.
Another option that we examined was the Panda compact washing machine, which comes in two different sizes one that is 7.9 pounds capacity and I'm a larger one that has 15 pounds capacity. As before, many purchasers are apartment dwellers that are disgusted by their apartment basement washing machines, and figured out that buying their own would be a more sanitary cost-effective option of laundering their families clothes.
One reviewer is particularly pleased with the included spin dryer and the healthy laundry capacity, which enables her to do pretty large loads all at one time, all with the assistance of an electrical pump that makes the draining and rinsing process much easier to do. This particular reviewer also had some handy advice since she is a heavy user of this washing machine. She advises that when you're not using the Panda washer that you should leave the doors to the spin dryer and washer itself open so that all of the water dries out.
This effectively reduces the chances of developing mildew and mold associated with moisture. Another tip that she had was that the first time you try washing some clothes in it, experiment using no soap, only water, setting the timer for five minutes. She says that because a lot of soap residue gets caught in clothing fabrics and fibers, you'll discover that with a little bit of washing machine agitation, along with some clean water, all of these suds and foams will appear out of your clothes.
Another reviewer provided some pithy feedback saying that on the positive side, it is a unit with a really small physical footprint, light enough that it is feasibly portable when not loaded up with laundry, and produces pretty surprising positive effects for dirty clothes.
On the downside she and other reviewers say that the lint trap is not too effective- so if you are trying to launder some clothes with a great amount of lint, you may end up having to remove the lint manually. This user also has some interesting advice- she said that you should test how long it takes to fill up the unit with both hot and cold water flows, that way you can just time it going forward, instead of standing there and watching as the unit fills up with water.
As well, she cautions that some items become particularly heavy when wet, like denim, so you should be extra careful loading up your machine with this type of fabric because if the unit is overweighted, the clothes won't spin as effectively, therefore not getting as clean. Initially, you can experiment with adding clothes items one at a time and ensuring as you do that the agitator is spinning effectively- this will give you some solid feedback concerning the capacity of your portable washing machine.
If you're in the market for a portable washing machine, perhaps to install on a temporary basis in your apartment, or even for long-term use, make sure that you understand that there is some initial trial and error involved in getting the washing machine up and running.
You'll have to be comfortable experimenting for the first week or two weeks before you discover the best way to use it.
Whether you end up installing it in your bathroom for easy drainage, discover the best flow rate to measure out how long it takes to fill up with water, or analyze the exact amount of clothes you can add before you overtax the agitator, these are all trial and error considerations that you will have to undergo using one of these portable washing machines for the first time.


Since more then 10 years, we organize vacations and trips. Our team consists of mountain guides, safari guides, drivers and a number of Tanzanians who know everything from this country.
Tanzania is a large republic in East Africa. It consists of the original Tanganyika and the beautiful islands of Pemba and Zanzibar (originally known as Unguja).
This country is independent in eastern Africa. It was inhabited two million years ago hominids. The population is 43,739,051 inhabitants (officially count number 2009). The language is Swahili. Dar es Salaam is the capital. The official language is Swahili: Jamhuri ya Muungano wa. It is a United Republic. The official language is the (Ki) Swahili. Besides Swahili become more tribal languages spoken. Many Tanzanians also also speak English. In many places you can then also without any problem with the English language correctly. The so-called Mafia archipelago is formed by fifty kilometer long island of Mafia, twelve smaller islands and lots of coral rocks.
This country is bordered on the north of Kenya (769 km) and Uganda (396 km), on the south by Mozambique (756 km), Malawi (475 km) and Zambia (338 km) and in the west by the Democratic Republic of Congo ( 459 km), Rwanda (217 km) and Burundi (451 km). The country is bordered on the east by the Indian Ocean and the other borders of Tanzania consist mainly of water and sea in the western Lake Tanganyika, in northwestern Lake Victoria and southwest Lake Malawi, and formed the border with Mozambique by the River Rovuma.
The total area of is no less than 945 087 km2 and is approximately 22.5 times larger than the Netherlands or as big as Germany, France and Belgium together. It is also by far the largest country in East Africa. The main north-south distance (Moshi-Songea) exceeds 1,300 kilometers, the largest east-west distance (Dar es Salaam-Kigoma) exceeds 1,600 kilometers.
It is a republic with a federal structure (Tanganyika and Zanzibar). The president, who is elected for five years and only once re-elected, often coming from the mainland. The first vice president is the Prime Minister of Zanzibar, the second vice president is then prime minister of the federal government.
The mainland has a very varied landscape. Very important is the Great Rift Valley or Great Rift Valley, which originates in Turkey and flows through the Dead and Red Sea to Ethiopia and splits into an eastern and western Valley. The western arm of the rift valley comes through Uganda to Tanzania; the eastern arm comes through Kenya into Tanzania. After the arms Rift leave they come together again in Malawi and both finishing off the coast of Mozambique. The total length of the Great Rift Valley is very large and is no less than 9700 kilometers.
As a result of the onset of the Great Rift Valley also arose several large lakes including Lake Tanganyika, Lake Natro and Lake Manyara, which at 1430 meters depth by far the lowest point of Africa.
Many large and small rivers that are not navigable, however. A number of rivers mouth in salt lakes; the Pangani, Ruvu, Rufiji and Rovuma flow into the Indian Ocean; Kagera in the Mediterranean and the Malagarasi in the Atlantic. The many rivers and lakes have the most surface of all countries in Africa.
Due to the many volcanoes on the border with Kenya, Africa's highest mountain, Mount Kilimanjaro (5,895 meters) was produced. The republic still has one working (stratovolcano) volcano in the north at Lake Natron, the Ol Doinyo Lengai, literally 'Mountain of God'. The Ol Doinyo Lengai mountain is 2890 meters high and had volcanic eruptions in 1917, 1926, 1940 and the years 1966-67. Since 1983, the crater is filled with lava again. Mount Meruin is the fifth highest mountain on the African continent.
Tanzania also has a fairly narrow coastal strip and a flat to slightly hilly central platform with an average altitude of 1,200 meters. The dominant landscape ia Savannah (Savannah Examples can be found in the Serengeti nature reserve); a landscape of mostly grassland and here and there a tree. Furthermore, the landscape consists of tropical forest and steppe.
The Ambori Caves are the largest cave system with ten caves that provide access to a network of limestone tunnels. These tunnels are estimated to be 200 km long. The main caves are almost overwhelming thirteen meter high.
Tanzania lies close to the equator and has a tropical climate with an average difference between the highest and lowest temperature of just five degrees. The coastal area is almost year-round hot and very humid with temperatures between 22 ° C and 30 ° C and a humidity between 75 and 80 percent porcent. In the mountainous areas, including the Kilimanjaro, Usambara Mountains and the northern and southern highlands, the temperature in the period May to August can go down up to 12 ° C. In the hill country even for regular frosts. The hottest time of year is generally October through February. The coolest period is the period June to October. In some places in the interior can be very hot and the temperature can reach up to more than 40 ° degrees Celsius.
The influence of the prevailing monsoon winds have a major impact on the amount of rainfall. A large part of Tanzania has two rainy seasons: October and November with little rains and the period March to May with big rains (rain season). Precipitation varies enormously and is very irregularly distributed across the country. Every year, after the rainy season, the landscape is beautiful green again.
The average rainfall is about 750 mm per year. There are also areas where more than 1 250 mm falls, while in the dry areas, especially around the Central Plateau, remains 500 mm annual precipitation. The Central Plateau has only one rainy season, between the months of December and May.
Lake Victoria is named after the explorer John Hanning Speke. The explorer saw in 1858 as the first European to this lake and this lake named after Queen Victoria of England.
The surface of Lake Victoria, the largest lake in Africa, is 69 485 km2 and the lake, making it about as big as Belgium and the Netherlands combined. The main north-south length is 337 km; the main east-west width of 240 km. The entire coastline is 3230 km. The lake is surrounded by Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. This lake is located more than 1,100 meters above sea level and is at the deepest point about 80 meters deep. Lake Victoria is a major source of the Nile River and is itself supplemented by rainwater and by three major rivers: the Kagera, Mara and Katonga. In the lake are also dozens of islands, Ukerewe is the largest and also the tourist site unknown Rubondo Island National Park. In this park survives the sitatunga, a type of antelope anywhere else in the world, unfortunately, hardly occurs.
At the lake are a few major ports: Musoma, Bukoba, and Mwanz. Lake Victoria is the second largest freshwater lake in the world.
50 years ago was 80% of the fish population in the lake from zogenaamnde cichlids, which now is only 1%. Many of the 200 endemic cichlid species have been eaten by the Nile Perch and also marked the dumping of chemical waste and the reduction of oxygen in the water have unfortunately led to widespread fish kills.
Lake Tanganyika is 1560 meters deep is the second deepest lake in the world. Lake Baikal in Russia (1638 meters) is the deepest lake in the world. Lake Tanganyika are an estimated thousand especially many endemic species of fish in this huge lake. Kigoma is by far the largest city along the shores. Just above the town lies the Gombe Stream Natuional Park, with 52 km2 Tanzania's smallest national park. The park is known by the chimpanzee research project of Jane Goodall.


All Pistol Shooting Competitions will be comprised of 2 various classes. Cost is $10.00 per shooter.
the Athens area with a one of a kind gun range. Come check us out!
We offer a wide range of firearms for sale. Choose from pistols, shotguns, rifles, and more!
HillTop Gun Club has a diverse and unique group of instructors who bring years of combative, law enforcement and actual real world experience with a multitude of weapons groups. Most of the instructors are combat veterans having served in Vietnam, Desert Storm, Desert Shield and in Iraq and Afghanistan. Our instructors are all Mid American hillbillies who are fun to be involved with, who have wonderful abilities and the personalities to make you feel comfortable and special. We are hands-on and quite often students end up with personal one-on-one training. Whatever shoulder fired, hand fired, hand carried or personal usage weapon you choose to be trained in, we will meet or exceed the expectations you require.
Hilltop Gun Club is proud to offer several instructional courses for individuals of all skill levels. We teach a rigorous concealed carry training (CCW) course in addition to pistol, rifle, shotgun, archery, competition shooting, women only training & hunting.
Click on the class name below for additional information, price, and schedule. Dates and times are subject to change.
Saturday: 1:00 p.m. - 7:00 p.m.
"To provide education, training, and safe proper usage of firearms under the direction of a qualified range officer as a means to promote sport shooting in a controlled environment utilizing the best instructions, practices and principles available."
Matthew Barnett / Disruptive Media 2019 © 2019. All rights reserved.


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Eminent domain by private high speed rail company draws ire
Eminent domain takes center stage with high speed rail project
The fight over eminent domain and who should wield it came to a fore in the Senate Transportation Committee yesterday. A public hearing on SB 1601 authored by Senator Lois Kolkhorst would prevent private companies from using eminent domain for a high speed rail project. The bill narrowly passed the committee by a vote of 5-4. Surprisingly, two grassroots senators, both considered tea party candidates, Don Huffines and Van Taylor, voted against the bill along with both senators from Houston. Texas Central Railway (TCR), whose parent company is Central Japan Railway Company, wants to build a 240-mile privately owned and operated high speed rail line from Dallas to Houston, causing the nine counties in its path to rise up in opposition.
Aside from the obvious negative impacts from a safety, land use, and quality of life perspective, the fact that this private company can wield the power of eminent domain for its own private gain has stirred up a hornet's nest in the long-standing struggle to protect property rights. Concerned citizen Dan Agan and the President of Texans Against High Speed Rail, Kyle Workman, expressed the disgust of many Texans who vehemently object to a private company having the power of eminent domain for a private project. The easement needed would be 100 feet wide to accommodate a double track and security fencing, and even wider near substations.
"We're talking about using the power of the state to reduce the costs of a private company," noted Workman.
He went on to say the landowners do not want to give up the land that's been in their family, in many cases, for generations.
"The power of eminent domain allows this company to override the needs and wants of those people in its path," said Workman.
"What this company is seeking to do is more despicable than a company seeking public funds, TCR is seeking the iron hand of government to confiscate and condemn private property for their own private gain.
"There is nothing more sacred in Texas than the right to own private property. How secure is that right if a private, politically powerful, high speed rail company can use their influence and the power of government to condemn and confiscate the landowner's property from them," fumed Agan.
He concluded, "If a high speed rail company wants to build a train, fine, let them do it. They can buy property and build a train. But they should only be able to buy land if there's a willing seller. Allowing a private high speed rail company to use eminent domain is unconscionable. Should the rights of a property taker be more powerful than the rights of a property owner? I say, 'No.'"
Texas Rail Advocates and two student leaders from Sam Houston University favor the project and spoke against the bill. Even when reminded that this bill only addresses the use of eminent domain by a private company and wasn't a general prohibition on high speed rail, opponents maintained their opposition. TCR acknowledged that without eminent domain, it could deep six the project. TCR could still seek eminent domain authority from the federal government, but Kolkhorst was adamant that the State of Texas, where property rights are held sacred, would have no part in condemning land for the project.
Other high speed rail projects have been floated since the 1980s, but none have garnered public support. Though TCR claims its project would not require any public money, when pressed, it admitted it was not seeking public money 'at this time' and did concede it may, at some point, seek a federal TIFIA loan, but not state funds.
"While you're not asking for public money, you are asking for one of the most sacred rights we have as Americans, and that's the right to own private property," Kolkhorst chided TCR spokesman Richard Lawless.
Neither the U.S. Constitution nor the Texas Constitution require a condemning entity to compensate landowners for the loss of use of their remaining parcels nor the hit they take to their overall property value. TCR representatives admitted they cannot guarantee every road or community will have an overpass since only so many miles are allocated in their budget to be elevated between Dallas and Houston. Therefore, TCR's project will most certainly bisect property, rendering the other side useless to landowners.
Twelve public meetings were held in select communities last fall, but several cities in the path of the proposed routes were left out. Many affected property owners were never formally notified of the project or the public hearings before the comment period was closed. Those who did attend found out largely through word of mouth from their neighbors, not through any official TCR or government notices. In subsequent town hall meetings, virtually all attendees opposed high speed rail in Texas, with the largest group coming from Montgomery County where 800 people showed up in opposition to the project.
The parallels to the Trans Texas Corridor (TTC) debacle are striking. The TTC was a massive multi-modal network of toll roads, rail, utilities, and pipelines that also included high speed rail, and involved the confiscation of 580,000 acres of private property for private gain against the will of Texans. A Spain-Based firm, Cintra, gained the development rights to the corridor. The plan included the use of controversial public private partnerships that would have conferred use and control of the property to Cintra for private profit. The corridor would have dissected farm and ranch land and rendered the remaining parcels useless. After a six year battle, the TTC was finally repealed from state statute.
The fate of SB 1601 remains unclear. Though it squeaked out of committee, what will happen when it comes before the full senate is anybody's guess, much less when it comes before the less conservative Texas House. Special interests in Dallas and Houston, the two largest voting blocks in the state, are heavily lobbying for the project. But with all nine counties in between firmly united in opposition to the project, it sets up another TTC-style battle royale that will likely be resolved through local government coordination — the little-known tool available to local governments that ultimately defeated the Trans Texas Corridor as well as high speed rail in California.


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Statement for the Record: Ways and Means "Member Day" Hearing
By SBE Council at 12 February, 2018, 6:24 pm
Member Day Hearing on Legislation to Improve Tax Administration
Statement for the Record
Committee on Ways and Means
Subcommittee on Oversight
The Honorable Lynn Jenkins
The Honorable John Lewis
Ranking Member
Chairman Jenkins and Ranking Member Lewis, thank you for hosting this "Member Day" hearing to review and learn about legislation that will improve the administration of the U.S. tax system. Improving the efficiency of the tax system will be beneficial for small businesses, entrepreneurs and the self-employed. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council (SBE Council) is supportive of several of the ideas outlined by your colleagues at the hearing.
SBE Council is a national, nonprofit advocacy, research and education organization that works to protect small business and promote entrepreneurship. For nearly 25 years, our members, staff and advisors have worked to advance policies and initiatives to strengthen the ecosystem for startups and small business growth. As someone who has served on the Taxpayer Advisory Panel, I know firsthand that the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is always in search of practical ideas to improve their operations, compliance for taxpayers and overall efficiency. With that in mind, I am submitting this statement for the record to voice SBE Council's strong support for the legislation that Representative Steve Chabot, Chairman of the House Small Business Committee, outlined at the Member Day hearing.
The Small Business Owners' Tax Simplification Act of 2017 (H.R. 3717) would make a significant and positive difference for small businesses and entrepreneurs. This bipartisan bill is the work product of House Small Business Committee members. SBE Council provided ideas and feedback during H.R. 3717's development, and our Entrepreneur-in-Residence testified in support of the bill before the House Small Business Committee.
As Ways and Means Committee members well know, the tax system is not fully modernized. Improving efficiency would make life easier for many Americans and save money for taxpayers. Certainly, the IRS has come a long way in making improvements and using technology to support the administration of our tax system. Still, legislative fixes are needed to improve taxpayer experience and to bring more common sense to compliance. Some thresholds in the tax code have not been updated since the 1950s, and various provisions have not kept pace with technological advancements and the modern economy. Other policies just never made sense from their very start.
H.R. 3717 would institute simple fixes that reduce costs, complexity, uncertainty for small businesses, and improve administration within the agency.
As proposed currently in H.R. 3717, several provisions would help to streamline administration within the IRS while making the tax system work better for small businesses and entrepreneurs. These provisions include: changing the estimated tax due dates to align with calendar deadlines to make payments truly quarterly; allowing voluntary withholding agreements and training services between contractors and "gig" entrepreneurs without impacting worker classification; as well as uniform standards for the use of electronic signatures. Another provision will modernize thresholds for self-employment income and Form 1099-Misc filings (the latter of which aligns with 1099k reporting requirements), which means paperwork reduction for both small businesses and the IRS.
SBE Council believes H.R. 3717 in total will simplify and modernize the tax system for entrepreneurs and small businesses, which would build upon some of the changes and important reforms in the "Tax Cuts and Jobs Act." H.R. 3717 adds tremendous value to the overall goal of reducing complexity for taxpayers, while at the same time improving tax administration for the IRS. This is a win-win-win for taxpayers, small businesses and those who are responsible for making sure the tax code is administered fairly and effectively.
Thank you for the opportunity to provide this Statement for the Record. Please do not hesitate to contact me if you have questions regarding my written statement.
Karen Kerrigan, President & CEO, SBE Council


An extra layer of insulation designed to give extra warmth over a sleeping bag in winter or used on its own as a cover in the warmer months.
Pied supplémentaire adaptable sur la plupart des bedchairs.
- Housses étanches permettant de garder votre siège au sec malgré la pluie ou la forte humidité du matin.
With the PELZER LED BIVY LIGHT DIMMER you can dim the illuminating power if necessary.
The Pelzer Bed Chair Organizer is a universally usable hangbag for all bedchairs and accomodates a lot of bits and pieces.
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Top 5 Cannabis Stocks to Buy in 2023
Jan 22, 2023 | Cannabis in the News, Investment Opportunities, marijuana stock, Stock Talk
To date, cannabis stocks have been a disappointment for cannabis industry investors. With legalization sweeping across numerous U.S. states and all of Canada, the legal marijuana industry in North America was expected to be the next big thing.
Cannabis stocks have simply failed to live up to the hype.
However, there are 5 cannabis stocks you should consider buying in 2023 because they have huge potential for gains.
5. SNDL Inc. (NASDAQ:SNDL)
Tilray, Inc. (NASDAQ:TLRY), Canopy Growth Corporation (NYSE:CGC), and The Scotts Miracle-Gro Company (NYSE:SMG) are a few of the more well-known cannabis stocks to buy now. A lesser known player in the space is Canadian grower SNDL Inc. (NASDAQ:SNDL), or Sundial Growers, which has been busy of late buying up other Canadian cannabis assets.
SNDL Inc. (NASDAQ:SNDL) closed its acquisition of Zenabis Group's cannabis business in November, acquiring IP rights to the company's brands and strains as well as a 380,000 square foot indoor growing facility in New Brunswick. SNDL is also scheduled to close its acquisition of Valens in the first quarter of 2023. SNDL's revenue hit CAD231 million ($168 million) in Q3, a 1,501% year-over-year increase.
Just a single hedge fund was long SNDL Inc. (NASDAQ:SNDL) on September 30 among the select group of top funds that are tracked by Insider Monkey's database, down from ten funds in the middle of 2021. That lone fund was Israel Englander's Millennium Management, which has held a stake in the company since Q3 2020 and which owned 113,828 shares at the end of Q3 2022.
4. Village Farms International, Inc. (NASDAQ:VFF)
Several hedge funds bought into Village Farms International, Inc. (NASDAQ:VFF) during Q2 as VFF shares continued to slide, now being down 71% this year. Millennium Management is also a VFF shareholder, though it cut its stake in the company by 48% during Q3. Jim Simons' Renaissance Technologies held the largest Village Farms' stake, comprised of 249,661 shares.
Canadian cannabis and produce grower Village Farms International, Inc. (NASDAQ:VFF) had a strong 2021, growing sales by more than 50% and more than quadrupling its gross profit. Its sales growth has slowed quite a bit this year however and its gross profit has declined as cost pressures from rising inflation have nearly tripled its operating expenses since 2020.
Village Farms International, Inc. (NASDAQ:VFF)'s sales declined by 2% year-over-year in Q3, primarily due to weakness in the company's produce segment. Its cannabis sales were up by 14% to $35 million. Adjusted EBITDA swung to a loss of $2.23 million during the quarter, compared to a gain of $6.93 million a year earlier. The company believes it will be more profitable going forward now that spending on its brand launches subsides.
3. OrganiGram Holdings Inc. (NASDAQ:OGI)
Several of the usual suspects, primarily quant funds, are also shareholders of OrganiGram Holdings Inc. (NASDAQ:OGI), including Renaissance Technologies, Millennium Management, and Two Sigma Advisors. Most of those funds were cutting the size of their OGI positions during Q3.
OrganiGram Holdings Inc. (NASDAQ:OGI) is another Canadian cannabis grower, in this case one that is focused on the medical cannabis space. The company briefly operated several alternative healing centers that used cannabis to treat conditions like PTSD and chronic pain, but sold them to Harvest Medicine in 2018.
OrganiGram Holdings Inc. (NASDAQ:OGI)'s shares have been crumbling in lockstep with the broader industry, which is making them look exceptionally attractive given the company's strong results and growing market share in Canada.
The company grew revenue by 83% to $45.5 million during Q3, posted positive adjusted EBITDA for the third straight quarter, and grew its adjusted gross margin by 1100 basis points year-over-year to 23% thanks to greater volumes and improved efficiency. It grew its market share from 7% to 8.2% year-over-year, making it the third-largest licensed producer in Canada.
2. 22nd Century Group, Inc. (NASDAQ:XXII)
Hedge fund ownership of 22nd Century Group, Inc. (NASDAQ:XXII) ticked up during Q3, as several funds added the stock to their 13F portfolios. Among them were Kenneth Tropin's Graham Capital Management and Paul Marshall and Ian Wace's Marshall Wace LLP.
22nd Century Group, Inc. (NASDAQ:XXII) shares surged by over 500% between the end of October 2020 and the end of April 2021, but have slumped by 67% this year, widely trailing even the broader struggling cannabis industry.
Given its ability to create powerful, customized cannabis strains that suit individual growers' needs, as well as its exposure to tobacco, hemp, and hops, 22nd Century Group is an intriguing and unique stock in the cannabis space.
The biotechnology company has achieved much of its success thanks to its low-nicotine cigarettes, which it plans to launch in as many as 13 additional states over the next year (they're currently available in just five). But its hemp/cannabis sales are now getting off the ground too and look promising.
22nd Century Group, Inc. (NASDAQ:XXII) grew sales by 148% to $19.4 million in Q3, with tobacco sales up 48% to $11.5 million. The company's hemp/cannabis sales are rapidly catching up though, hitting $7.8 million compared to no sales a year earlier.
1. Aurora Cannabis Inc. (NASDAQ:ACB)
Unlike most cannabis stocks, hedge fund ownership of Aurora Cannabis Inc. (NASDAQ:ACB) has remained remarkably stable in recent years, with numerous funds seemingly unwilling to bail on the stock, which has lost 98% of its value over the last five years. Several of those funds hold Aurora's senior convertible notes, which were issued in the first quarter of 2019.
Aurora Cannabis Inc. (NASDAQ:ACB) recently repurchased about 40% of those remaining notes for just under $100 million, which should result in the hedge fund ownership of the stock being shaken up during Q4. It's bought back 68% of its outstanding notes over the past year, achieving close to $13 million in interest savings annually.
Cutting costs has been a primary objective for Aurora Cannabis Inc. (NASDAQ:ACB), which is aiming to achieve adjusted EBITDA profitability by the end of 2022. The Canadian grower has cut nearly CAD170 million ($124 million) in annual costs from its budget, with much of that coming at the expense of R&D. Despite those cost savings, Aurora still lost more money in Q3, CAD51.9 million ($37.8 million), than it generated in sales (CAD49.3 million/$35.9 million), which fell by 18% year-over-year.
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Delta-8 THC vs. Delta-9 THC – What's the Difference? January 28, 2023
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An Icelandic cruise that takes in the country's wild and dramatic beauty
Taking in atmospheric lagoons, fjords and lava fields, cascading waterfalls and whale-watching trips, a cruise around Iceland's coast offers an immersive experience, bringing you closer to nature as you explore its spectacular scenery and wildlife
By Chris Caldicott
Frédéric Lagrange
When we stopped at a pedestrian crossing, Eveline our guide said, 'Oh look, that's my friend Edda crossing the road.' Everyone knows each other on tiny Heimaey in Iceland's remote Westman Islands. We drive on through spectacular scenery of honeycombed cliffs teaming with multitudes of puffins, fulmars and guillemots, as Eveline recounts how the town's 5,000 inhabitants had to flee to the mainland in the middle of a winter night in 1973 when the Eldfell volcano above us erupted with such extreme violence that rivers of molten lava consumed the entire settlement. Her conversation is punctuated with less dramatic anecdotes of daily life on Heimaey. She points out the petrol station, which also happens to make the best chips in town, and tells us how every night the local children rescue disoriented puffin chicks or 'pufflings' who are attracted by lights and mistakenly fly into town and get lost.
The Westman Islands were my last port of call on an eight-day circumnavigation of Iceland that began when I boarded Viking Jupiter in Reykjavik. The island's diminutive capital is a tapestry of colourful painted houses, health food stores, organic juice bars, galleries, street art, live music venues and cool café society. From the bell tower of the modernist Hallgrimskirkja Lutheran cathedral I could see the whole city.
After a night in port, a tour of Iceland's most famous tourist trail, the Golden Circle, began with a stroll through the hissing lava fields of bubbling mud at Hellisheioi, where cold swirling morning mists created a surreal atmosphere. At our next stop, Haukadalur, the Strokkur geyser erupted with balletic bursts of boiling water high into a cloudless blue sky. In the Almannagjá fault rift valley of Thingvellir Park, I stood in summer sunshine with one foot on the American continental plate and the other on the Eurasian before trekking down to watch the mighty Gullfoss 'Golden Falls' plunging like thunder into the Hvítá Canyon. By the time Viking Jupiter set sail that evening through a thick autumnal fog, I had already experienced Iceland's ability to deliver four seasons in one day.
We sailed into Ísafjördur on Iceland's Westfjords peninsular the next morning. Here I joined a Zodiac whale-watching trip to Djupfjord with a salty sea dog called Sigurour and enjoyed the sight of a pod of humpback whales we found around Vigur Island thrusting their giant tails skyward before plunging into the depths.
A little known corner of Norway offering wilderness and hidden beaches
Gallery8 Photos
My trip into the hinterland of Iceland's second city, 'Capital of the North' Akureyri in Eyjafjördur, was full of photographic treasure. Strolling through Dimnuborgir's strange labyrinthine landscape of towering lava castles and spooky grottos, then the sand dune desert crater of sulphur cauldrons of Námaskard, my camera worked overtime. That day's highlight was standing in awe under the great arc of Godafoss waterfall descending with gusto from an elevated mountain plateau into a boiling canyon.
A morning walking tour of the miniature east coast town of Seydisfjördur revealed a kaleidoscope of multi-coloured wooden houses imported by Norwegian traders in the early 20th century. Hairpin bends wound their way high into the clouds shrouding the mountain peaks above the town, before descending to the Vok thermal pools. A modernist sliding glass entrance hidden under a turf roof led to a pool with a swim-up bar offering cocktails and glasses of fizz to sip while soaking. More thermal pools floated like steaming islands out in the freezing water of a glacial lake.
In even smaller Djupivogur on Berufjörður, the ex-mayor hosted my quirky walking tour of his town, which included a folkloric operatic recital from his wife inside a huge acoustically eccentric disused cod-liver-oil tank and an outdoor art installation of 34 giant polished granite sea bird eggs known as the Eggs of Merry Bay sculpted by local artist Sigurður Guðmundsson.
Iceland proved a compelling destination for a cruise, with many memorable experiences including kayaking among giant jellyfish and inquisitive seals in Berufjörður, and an exhilarating off-road safari in an all-terrain vehicle through Heimaey's black lava fields.
Travelling through this otherworldly landscape, alive with geothermal, glacial and volcanic activity among mirror-calm lakes, smoking craters and cascading waterfalls, it's easy to see how the ancient fables of the huldufólk elves and trolls told by JRR Tolkien's Icelandic nanny to his children sowed the seeds of his fantasy novels.
An 8-day Iceland's Natural Beauty trip with Viking Cruises costs from £2,790pp on a full-board basis, including flights and some excursions.
Jökulsárlón glacial lagoon on the edge of Vatnajökull National Park, in the south east of the island, is dotted with icebergs from the Breiðamerkurjökull glacier.
Dramatic Fjaðrárgljúfur canyon is also located in southeastern Iceland.
Seljalandsfoss waterfall, just off the Route 1 ring road on the south coast, is a popular attraction.
The outer reaches of Reykjahlíð, a village on the shores of Lake Mývatn in the north of the island
Lake Mývatn.
Swimmers enjoy the geothermal waters of the Blue Lagoon.
Small, hardy and pony-like in appearance, Icelandic horses have adapted to the harsh climate.
TopicsDestinationsChristmas holiday destinations


text:
require 'api/spec_helper'

describe Adyen::API::Response do
  before do
    http_response = Net::HTTPOK.new('1.1', '200', 'OK')
    http_response.add_field('Content-type', 'text/xml')
    http_response.stub!(:body).and_return(AUTHORISE_RESPONSE)
    @response = Adyen::API::Response.new(http_response)
  end

  it "returns a XMLQuerier instance with the response body" do
    @response.xml_querier.should be_instance_of(Adyen::API::XMLQuerier)
    @response.xml_querier.to_s.should == AUTHORISE_RESPONSE
  end

  describe "with a successful HTTP response" do
    it "returns that the (HTTP) request was a success" do
      @response.should_not be_a_http_failure
      @response.should be_a_success
    end
  end

  describe "with a failed HTTP response" do
    before do
      http_response = Net::HTTPBadRequest.new('1.1', '400', 'Bad request')
      @response = Adyen::API::Response.new(http_response)
    end

    it "returns that the (HTTP) request was not a success" do
      @response.should be_a_http_failure
      @response.should_not be_a_success
    end
  end

  describe "with a server error HTTP response and _no_ SOAP fault message" do
    before do
      http_response = Net::HTTPServerError.new('1.1', '500', 'Internal Server Error')
      http_response.stub!(:body).and_return(%{<soap:Envelope xmlns:soap="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"><soap:Body></soap:Body></soap:Envelope>})
      @response = Adyen::API::Response.new(http_response)
    end

    it "`server_error?` returns that the (HTTP) request did cause a server error" do
      @response.server_error?.should be_true
    end
  end

  describe "with a server error HTTP response _and_ SOAP fault message" do
    before do
      http_response = Net::HTTPServerError.new('1.1', '500', 'Internal Server Error')
      http_response.stub!(:body).and_return(%{<soap:Envelope xmlns:soap="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"><soap:Body><soap:Fault><faultcode>soap:Server</faultcode><faultstring>Illegal argument. For input string: "100.0"</faultstring></soap:Fault></soap:Body></soap:Envelope>})
      @response = Adyen::API::Response.new(http_response)
    end

    it "`server_error?` returns that the (HTTP) request did not cause a server error" do
      @response.server_error?.should be_false
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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