text:
PO Box 9021, Wilmington, DE 19809, USA
E-mail: font@focusonnature.com
Phone: Toll-free in USA 1-888-721-3555
or 302/529-1876
In Argentina, Brazil, Chile,
Ecuador, and Venezuela
With South American Mammals found
during Focus On Nature Tours
noted with an (*)
Focus On Nature Tours during the months
of February, March, June, July, August,
September, October, November
This List of South American Mammals compiled by Armas Hill
There have been 50 FONT Tours in Brazil.
In southern South America, 14 tours in Argentina and 19 in Chile.
In northern South America, 6 tours in Venezuela and 21 in Ecuador.
UPPER LEFT PHOTO: A GUANACO photographed during a FONT tour in Argentina
Links to Some of the Mammal Groupings in the following List:
Opossums Armadillos Anteaters Sloths Rabbits Squirrels & Other Rodents Akodonts
Porcupines Agoutis Cavies Capybara Degus & Tuco-tucos Viscachas & Chinchillas Cats
Dogs & Foxes Bear Seals Otters & Allies Raccoons Bats Marmosets & Tamarins
New World Monkeys Dolphins Whales Peccaries Cameloids Deer Tapirs Manatee
For its size, South America has by far the richest animal population of all the continents of the world.
It has a greater variety of bats and rodents than anywhere else.
Survivors from when the continent was "an island" include: the edentates (armadillos, anteaters, sloths),
the camelids (guanaco, vicuna, llama, alpaca).
There are about 70 species of monkeys, in addition to tamarins and marmosets.
Also in South America, there are most species of fresh water fish, and there are twice as many bird species
as there are in Africa. (There are links below to South American bird-lists.)
(t): a globally threatened species,
designated by the IUCN (the International Union for Conservation of Nature)
(t1): critically endangered (t2): endangered (t3): vulnerable
(nt): a globally near-threatened species, designated by the IUCN
(i): an introduced species in South America
(ph): species with a photo in the FONT website (a link to our photo directory below)
The following codes with an (*) indicates the mammal seen during a FONT tour (or tours) in that country.
AR: Argentina
so: southern Argentina (including Valdes Peninsula)
tf: Tierra del Fuego
BR: Brazil
af: Alta Floresta (southern Amazonian)
am: Amazonia (particularly the area of Manaus)
ig: area of Iguazu Falls
mn: Minas Gerais
mt: Mato Grosso & Mato Grosso do Sul (including the Pantanal)
rs: Rio Grande do Sul
se: southeast Brazil (the states of Rio de Janeiro & Sao Paulo)
BO: Bolivia
CH: Chile
ce: central Chile from the Pacific coast, up into the Andes
fn: in the far-north in areas of Arica & Lauca National Park
so: in southern Chile, including Chiloe Island
EC: Ecuador
az: Amazonian Ecuador, along the Napo and other rivers
gp: Galapagos
we: western Ecuador
PE: Peru
PG: Paraguay
UG: Uruguay
VE: Venezuela
ll: the Llanos
Some local names are in the following list beneath the scientific names, with the above two-letter country codes.
At this time, there are 644 species of mammals in the list that follows.
Of these, about 125 species of mammals have been found during FONT South American tours.
Additional Links:
Information about Upcoming FONT Birding & Nature Tours:
by month in: 2014 2015 or: by geographic locations worldwide
A Chronological List of all scheduled FONT Tours
Other Lists & Photo Galleries of Neotropical Mammals in:
Argentina Brazil Chile Ecuador Venezuela
Central America Mexico Belize Guatemala Costa Rica Panama
Other Lists & Photo Galleries of: Mammals Birds Butterflies Amphibians, Reptiles
Bird-Lists (noting birds during previous FONT tours):
A Complete List & a Photo Gallery of Argentina Birds:
Part 1: Tinamous to Flycatchers Part 2: Antshrikes to Grosbeaks
A Complete List & a Photo Gallery of Brazil Birds:
Part 1: Tinamous to Doves Part 2: Macaws to Flycatchers
Part 3: Antshrikes to Woodcreepers Part 4: Vireos to Grosbeaks
Regional Lists of Brazilian Birds:
Mato Grosso Minas Gerais Southeast Brazil Rio Grande do Sul
A Complete List & a Photo Gallery of Chile Birds:
Part 1: Tinamous to Coots Part 2: Thick-knee to Saltator
A Complete List of Ecuador Birds (with some photos):
Part 1: Tinamous to Swifts Part 2: Hummingbirds to Flycatchers
Part 3: Antshrikes to Woodcreeper Part 4: Vireos to Grosbeaks
A List of Venezuela Birds (with some photos)
Rare Birds in South America, in the Andes & Patagonia Rare Birds in Brazil
Directory of Photos in the FONT Website
List of South American Mammals:
AMERICAN OPOSSUMS - (globally just over 85 species, with some recently described)
in the order DIDELPHIMORPHIA
in the family DIDELPHIDAE
LARGE AMERICAN OPOSSUMS:
Southern (or Black-eared) Opossum ______ AR BR(*) af,se EC(*) we VE(*) ll (also called Common Opossum)
Didelphis marsupialis
AR name: Comadreja Grande
BR name: Gamba de Orelha Preta
Geographic range: from eastern Mexico to Brazil & Bolivia.
Didelphis marsupialis was described by Linnaeus in 1758.
White-eared Opossum (ph) ______ AR BR(*) af EC UG(*)
Didelphis albiventris
BR: Gamba de Orelha Branca
Geographic range: from Colombia & Venezuela to central Argentina
A White-eared Opossum photographed during a FONT tour
in Uruguay in October 2010
(photo by Bob Enever)
Big-eared Opossum ______ AR(*) BR (was part of the Southern, or Black-eared Opossum)
Didelphis aurita
Geographic range: in eastern Brazil, Paraguay, & northeastern Argentina & southeastern Brazil
WATER OPOSSUM:
Water Opossum (or Yapok) ______ AR EC
Chironectes minimus
Geographic range: from southern Mexico and Belize to northeastern Argentina
THICK-TAILED OPOSSUM:
Thick-tailed Opossum ______ AR (another name is Lutrine Opossum)
Lutreolina crassicaudata
Geographic range: east of the Andes in Bolivia, southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and northern Argentina.
Another population, far to the north, was long known from only 2 specimens taken in Guyana. Recently (1976), 4 more specimens were collected from eastern Venezuela and later (in 1982) 9 were collected in eastern Colombia.
It is possible that the species may be found to occur in the intervening region of central South America.
"FOUR-EYED" OPOSSUMS:
Gray "Four-eyed" Opossum ______ BR EC
Philander opossum
Geographic range: from northeastern Mexico to Peru, Bolivia, and southwestern Brazil.
Philander opossum was described by Linnaeus in 1758.
Anderson's "Four-eyed" Opossum ______ EC (another name is Black "Four-eyed" Opossum)
Philander andersoni
Geographic range: in eastern Colombia, Ecuador, southern Venezuela, western Brazil, Peru
Bridled "Four-eyed" Opossum ______ AR (also called the Southeastern Four-eyed Opossum)
Philander frenata
Philander frenata was part of the Gray Four-eyed Opossum (above), Philander opossum,
Geographic range: from southeastern Brazil to Paraguay and northeastern Argentina, in coastal forest
McIlhenny's "Four-eyed" Opossum ______ (was part of the Black, or Anderson's Four-eyed Opossum)
Philander mcilhennyi
Geographic range: in western Amazonian Brazil & northeastern Peru, in rainforest
WOOLLY OPOSSUMS:
Derby's Woolly Opossum ______ EC (another name is Central American Woolly Opossum)
Caluromys derbianus
Geographic range: from southern Mexico to Ecuador
Brown-eared Woolly Opossum ______ AR EC (another name is Western Woolly Opossum)
Caluromys lanatus
Geographic range: from Colombia to northern Argentina & southern Brazil
Bare-tailed Woolly Opossum ______
Caluromys philander
Geographic range: from Venezuela to southern Brazil
Caluromys philander was described by Linnaeus in 1758.
BLACK-SHOULDERED OPOSSUM:
Black-shouldered Opossum ______
Caluromysiops irrupta
Caluromysiops irrupta is known with certainty only from 3 locations in southern Amazonian Brazil, and one on the upper Jaru Riverin west-central Brazil.
A report from extreme southern Colombia is said to be doubtful.
Caluromysiops irrupta was described in 1951.
BUSHY-TAILED OPOSSUM:
Bushy-tailed Opossum ______ EC
Glironia venusta (the single member of its genus)
Glironia venusta has been known from just a few specimens (8) collected in the Amazonian regions
Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, and Bolivia. Said to be in humid tropical forests and assumed to be arboreal.
MURINE, or MOUSE, OPOSSUMS:
Linnaeus' Mouse-Opossum (ph) ______ EC(*) az, VE(*) (another name is Murine Mouse-Opossum)
Marmosa murina
Geographic range: in northern & central South America; also Tobago.
Marmosa murina was described by Linnaeus in 1758.
A Linnaeus', or Murine Mouse-Opossum photographed
during a FONT tour in Venezuela.
The small animal had been in the nest of bird's nest made of mud,
the nest of a Hornero.
Anderson's Mouse-Opossum (t1) ______ PE
Marmosa andersoni
Geographic range: in southern Peru in the Cosnipata region near Cusco
Marmosa andersoni was described in 1972.
Rufous Mouse-Opossum ______ EC (another name has been Little Rufous Opossum)
Marmosa lepida
Geographic range: very locally from Surinam to Ecuador, Bolivia, & southern Brazil
Robinson's Mouse-Opossum ______ EC
Marmosa robinsoni
Geographic range: from Belize to Ecuador & Venezuela; also Trinidad & Tobago and Grenada
Red Mouse-Opossum ______ EC
Marmosa rubra
Geographic range: in eastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador, northeastern Peru
Tyler's Mouse-Opossum ______ VE
Marmosa tyleriana
Geographic range: in southern Venezuela in the tepuis
Marmosa tyleriana was described in 1931.
Dryland Mouse-Opossum (t2) ______ (another name is Guajira Mouse-Opossum)
Marmosa xerophila
Geographic range: in northwestern Venezuela & northeastern Colombia
Marmosa xerophila was described in 1979.
The following in the genus MARMOSA are in the subgenus MICOUREUS.
White-bellied Woolly Mouse-Opossum ______ AR (another name has been Pale-bellied Woolly Mouse Opossum)
Marmosa constantiae
Geographic range: in Mato Grosso in Brazil, also Bolivia & northern Argentina
Long-furred Woolly Mouse-Opossum ______ (known locally as the "Cuica")
Marmosa demerarae
Geographic range: from Colombia, Venezuela, & the Guianas to eastern Peru, northern Bolivia, & northern Brazil
Little Woolly Mouse-Opossum ______ (was part of the Little Woolly Mouse-Opossum)
Marmosa phaea
Geographic range: from Panama to western Ecuador
Bare-tailed Woolly Mouse-Opossum ______ EC (another name is Short-furred Woolly Mouse-Opossum)
Marmosa regina
Geographic range: in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and central Amazonian Brazil
Tate's Woolly Mouse-Opossum ______ AR
Marmosa paraguayanus
Geographic range: in southeastern Brazil, Paraguay, northeastern Argentina, in the Atlantic Forest
Marmosa paraguayanus was described in 1931, and named after the American zoologist George Tate.
GRACILE MOUSE-OPOSSUMS:
Aceramarca Gracile Mouse-Opossum (t1) ______
Gracilinanus aceramarcae
Geographic range: in southern Peru & western Bolivia in Yungas
Agile Gracile Mouse-Opossum ______ AR
Gracilinanus agilis
Geographic range: in eastern & south-central Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, northeastern Argentina
Wood Sprite Gracile Mouse-Opossum ______
Gracilinanus dryas
Geographic range: in Colombia & northwestern Venezuela
Emilia's Gracile Mouse-Opossum ______
Gracilinanus emiliae (now includes Gracilinanus longicaudus of central Colombia; merged in 2001)
Geographic range: in northern Brazil, Colombia, Suriname, French Guiana. Very few records
Red-bellied Gracile Mouse-Opossum (t1) ______
Gracilinanus ignitus
Gracilinanus ignitus is only known from the holotype specimen collected in 1962 in northwestern Argentina, in Jujuy in the Yuto region. The species was described in 2002.
Kalinowski's Gracile Mouse-Opossum ______
Gracilinanus kalinowski
Geographic range; from Guyana to eastern Peru, very few records
Gracilinanus kalinowski was described in 1992.
Northern Gracile Mouse-Opossum ______
Gracilinanus marica
Geographic range: in Colombia & northern Venezuela
Brazilian Gracile Mouse-Opossum ______ AR
Gracilinanus microtarsus
Geographic range: in southeastern Brazil, from Minas Gerais to Rio Grande do Sul, and in northeastern Argentina, in Missiones
Sierra de Perjira Gracile Mouse-Opossum ______
Gracilinanus perijae
Geographic range: in northeastern Colombia
Gracilinanus perijae was described in 1992.
Chacoan Gracile Opossum ______ AR BR
Cyptonanus chacoensis
Geographic range: in Paraguay, southwestern Brazil, northern Argentina, in seasonally flooded grasslands & forests in & near the Gran Chaco.
Cyptonanum chacoensis was described in 1931.
Red-bellied Gracile Opossum ______ AR (endemic)
Cryptonanus ignitus
Cryptonanus ignitus was last seen in 1962, and is now presumed to be extinct. Its known geographical range was in the Jujuy province in northern Argentina. Where it occurred, the forest habitat has been destroyed.
From a specimen, Cryptonanus ignitus was described in 2007.
Agricola's Gracile Opossum ______ BR (endemic)
Cryptonanus agricolai
Geographic range: in eastern Brazil, in caatigna and cerrado habitats.
Cryptonanus agricolai was described in 2007. It was named after a Brazilian physician, Ernani Agricola.
Guahiba Gracile Opossum ______ BR (endemic)
Cryptonanus guahybae
Geographic range: in the southern Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul, only known on 3 islands: Guahiba, Sao Lourenceo, and Taquara, in forests.
Cryptonanus guahybae was described in 1931.
Unduavi Gracile Opossum ______ BO (endemic)
Cryptonanus unduaviensis
Geographic range: in northern Bolivia, in seasonally flooded grassland.
Some specimens previously assigned to the Agile Gracile Mouse-Opossum, Gracililinanus agilis (above), are now said to be Cryponanus unduaviensis.
Cryponanus unduaviensis was described in 1931
The following genus MARMOSOPS has been part of MARMOSA.
Bishop's Slender Mouse-Opossum ______ PE (was part of the Delicate Slender Mouse-Opossum)
Marmosops bishopi
Marmosops bishopi was described in 1981.
Slim-faced Slender Mouse-Opossum (t2) ______
Marmosops cracens
Geographic range: in northwestern Venezuela
Dorothy's Slender Mouse-Opossum ______
Marmosops dorothea
Geographic range: in central Bolivia & southern Amazonian Brazil
Gray-bellied Slender Mouse-Opossum ______
Marmosops fuscata
Geographic range: in eastern Colombia, northern Venezuela, Trinidad
Handley's Slender Mouse-Opossum (t1) ______
Marmosops handleyi
Marmoscops handleyi is known only from the type locality in central Colombia, in the Antioquia region.
Tschudi's Slender Mouse-Opossum ______ EC (another name is Andean Slender Mouse-Opossum)
Marmosops impavidus
Geographic range: from eastern Panama to Venezuela and southern Peru & Bolivia
Gray Slender Mouse-Opossum ______
Marmosops incana
Geographic range: in eastern & southeastern Brazil, from Bahia to Parana, in Atlantic coastal forest
Junin Slender Mouse-Opossum ______ (was part of the Delicate Slender Mouse-Opossum)
Marmosops juninensis
Geographic range: in central Peru
Cerro Neblina Slender Mouse-Opossum ______ (was part of the Andean Slender Mouse-Opossum)
Marmosops neblina
Geographic range: Venezuela, central Amazonian Brazil, and eastern Ecuador
White-bellied Slender Mouse-Opossum ______ EC(*) az
Marmosops noctivaga
Geographic range: in western Amazonian Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia
Delicate Slender Mouse-Opossum ______
Marmosops parvidens
Geographic range: in Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, Peru, central Brazil
Sao Paulo Slender Mouse-Opossum ______ (was part of the Gray Slender Mouse-Opossum)
Marmosops paulensis
Geographic range: in southeastern Brazil, from southern Minas Gerais & Sao Paulo
Pinheiro's Slender Mouse-Opossum ______ (was part of the Delicate Slender Mouse-Opossum)
Marmosops pinheiroi
Geographic range: French Guiana
SOUTHERN MOUSE OPOSSUMS:
The following genus THYLAMYS has been part of MARMOSA.
Cinderella Fat-tailed Opossum ______ AR (was part of the Elegant Fat-tailed Opossum)
Thylamys cinderella
Geographic range: in northwestern Argentina
Elegant Fat-tailed Opossum ______ AR CH
Thylamys elegans
Geographic range: in central Peru, Bolivia, Chile, northwestern Argentina
Long-tailed Fat-tailed Opossum ______
Thylamys macrurus
Geographic range: southern Brazil, Paraguay
Thylamys macrura was known as Marmosa grisea.
White-bellied Fat-tailed Opossum ______ AR CH (also called Pallid Fat-tailed Opossum)
Thylamys pallidior
Geographic range: in Bolivia, Argentina
Common Fat-tailed Opossum ______ AR (also called the Small Fat-tailed Opossum)
Thylamys pusillus
Geographic range: in central & southern Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, southern Bolivia
Argentine Fat-tailed Opossum ______ AR (another name is the Sponsorial Fat-tailed Opossum)
Thylamys sponsorius
Thylamys sponsorius was part of the Elegant Fat-tailed Opossum (above).
Velvety Fat-tailed Opossum ______
Thylamys velutinus
Geographic range: in east-central Brazil, in cerrado & caatinga habitats
Buff-bellied Fat-tailed Opossum ______ AR (another name is the Pretty Fat-tailed Opossum)
Thylamys venustus
Thylamys venustus was part of the Elegant Fat-tailed Opossum (above).
Geographic range: in Bolivia & northwestern Argentina
Chacoan Pygmy Opossum (t3) ______ AR (endemic)
Chacodelphys formosa (the only member of its genus; the genus erected in 2004)
Until 2004, the Chacoan Pygmy Opossum was known from only one specimen that was collected in 1920 in the Formosa province in Argentina, in the chaco habitat.
Chacodelphys formosa has been (since 1930) either Marmosa or Thylamys formosa, and later (after 1989) part of Gracilinanus agilus (above) and subsequently Gracilinanus formosus.
Chacodelphys formosa is the smallest known didelphid. It head-body length is 2.7 inches. Its tail 2.2 inches.
PATAGONIAN OPOSSUM:
Patagonian Opossum ______ AR
Lestodelphys halli (the single member of its genus)
Lestodelphys halli has been known from just a few specimens (9) taken at 3 localities in Patagonia, Argentina.
BROWN "FOUR-EYED" OPOSSUM:
Brown "Four-eyed" Opossum ______ AR EC
Metachirus nudicaudatus (the single member of its genus)
Geographic range: from extreme southern Mexico to northeastern Brazil & northeastern Argentina
SHORT-TAILED OPOSSUMS:
Sepia Short-tailed Opossum ______ EC
Monodelphus adusta
Geographic range: from eastern Panama to western Venezuela & northern Peru
Three-striped Short-tailed Opossum ______ BR
Monodelphus americana
Geographic range: in northern & central Brazil
Northern Red-sided Opossum ______
Monodelphus brevicaudata
Geographic range: in Venezuela, the Guianas, & northern Brazil
Southern Short-tailed Opossum ______ AR (also called Yellow-sided Opossum)
Monodelphus dimidiata
Geographic range: in southeastern Brazil, Uruguay, eastern Argentina
Gray Short-tailed Opossum ______ AR
Monodelphus domestica
Geographic range: in eastern & central Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay
Emilia's Short-tailed Opossum ______
Monodelphus emiliae
Geographic range: in Amazonian Brazil & northeastern Peru
Ihering's Short-tailed Opossum ______ BR
Monodelphus iheringi
Geographic range: in southern Brazil
Pygmy Short-tailed Opossum ______ AR
Monodelphus kunsi
Geographic range: in Bolivia, Brazil, & Argentina
Marajo Short-tailed Opossum ______
Monodelphus maraxina
Geographic range: on Isla Marajo in Para, northeastern Brazil
Orinoco Short-tailed Opossum ______ (was part of the Red-legged Short-tailed Opossum)
Monodelphus orinoci
Geographic range: Venezuela, in the llanos
Osgood's Short-tailed Opossum ______
Monodelphus osgoodi
Geographic range: in southern Peru & western Bolivia
Chestnut-striped Short-tailed Opossum ______ BR
Monodelphus rubida
Geographic range: in eastern Brazil from Goias to Sao Paulo
Long-nosed Short-tailed Opossum ______ AR BR
Monodelphus scalops
Geographic range: in southeastern Brazil
Southern Red-sided Opossum ______ AR (has also been called Shrewish Short-tailed Opossum)
Monodelphus sorex
Geographic range: in southern Brazil, southeastern Paraguay, northeastern Argentina
Theresa's Short-tailed Opossum ______
Monodelphus theresa
Geographic range: in eastern Brazil, and in the Andes of Peru
One-striped Short-tailed Opossum (t1) ______ AR BR
Monodelphus unistriata
Geographic range: in southeastern Brazil in the Itarare region of Sao Paulo; where known from the holotype collected before 1842. Another specimen is said to have been collected, more recently, in northeastern Argentina.
Monodelphus unistriata is possibly extinct.
in the order PAUCITUBERCULATA: highly relictual, there are 7 extinct families in the order
in the family CAENOLESTIDAE
"SHREW" OPOSSUMS
Gray-bellied Shrew-Opossum (or Caenolestid) (nt) ______ EC
Caenolestes caniventer
Geographic range: in the Andes of southwestern Ecuador & northern Peru
Andean Shrew-Opossum (or Caenolestid) (t3) ______ EC (another name has been Condor Shrew-Opossum)
Caenolestes condorensis
Geographic range: in Ecuador in the Cordillera del Condor
Caenolestes condorensis was described in 1996.
Northern Shrew-Opossum (or Caenolestid) (t3) ______ EC (another name is Blackish Shrew-Opossum)
Caenolestes convelatus
Geographic range: in the Andes of western Colombia & north-central Ecuador
Dusky Shrew-Opossum (or Caenolestid) ______ EC (another name is Silky Shrew-Opossum)
Caenolestes fuliginosus
Geographic range: in the Andes of northern & western Colombia, extreme western Venezuela, Ecuador
Caenolestes (or Lestoros) gracilis ______
Geographic range: in the Andes of southeastern Peru
Incan Shrew-Opossum ______
Caenolestes (or Lestoros) inca
Geographic range: in the Andes of south-central Peru
Long-nosed Shrew-Opossum (or Long-nosed Caenolestid) (nt) ______ AR CH
Rhyncholestes raphanurus
Rhyncholestes raphanurus was called the Chilean Shrew-Opossum, and includes what was Rhyncholestes continentalis in Chile.
Geographic range: in southern Chile & adjacent Argentina, in old growth evergreen temperate forests
in the order MICROBIOTHERIA: has the most restricted recent distribution of any order of mammals (other than possibly the extinct BIBYMALAGASIA)
MICROBIOTHERIA has been said to be in the magorder AUSTRALIDELPHIA
in the family MICROBIOTHERIIDAE: aside from the one surviving species, this is an otherwise extinct family of New World marsupials
MONITO DEL MONTE
Monito del Monte (nt) ______ AR CH (the only species in its genus and its order)
Dromiciops australis
The Monito del Monte occurs only in south-central Chile from the vicinity of Concepcion south to Chiloe Island, and east to slightly beyond the Argentina border in the mountains.
It inhabits dense, humid forests, especially places with thickets of Chilean Bamboo (Chusquea sp.)
ARMADILLOS - Family Dasypodidae (globally 21 species)
Nine-banded (Long-nosed) Armadillo (ph) ______ AR(*) BR(*) mt EC
Dasypus novemcinctus
AR name: Mulita Grande, Cachicamo, Tatu-hu
BR name: Tatu-Galinha or Mulita Grande
Geographic range: wide-ranging, from the south-central US to northern Argentina
Dasypus novemcinctus was described by Linnaeus in 1758.
Nine-banded (Long-nosed) Armadillo
Southern Long-nosed Armadillo (nt) ______ AR
Geographic range: in southern Paraguay, northern Argentina, Uruguay, & southern Brazil, in grasslands
Great Long-nosed Armadillo ______ EC
Geographic Range: from eastern Colombia to Suriname, south to Amazonian Brazil, in forests
Hairy Long-nosed Armadillo ______
Geographic range: in south-central Peru, in high elevations of the west Andean slope
Llanos Long-nosed Armadillo ______
Geographic range: in central Venezuela & central Colombia, in llanos & savannas
Seven-banded Armadillo ______ AR
Dasypus septemcinctus
Geographic range: from southeastern Amazonian & eastern Brazil to Bolivia, Paraguay, & northern Argentina, in grassland & forest
Yepes' Long-nosed Armadillo ______ AR (also called Yepes' Mulita)
Dasypus yepesi
Geographic range: in northwestern Argentina, in Salta & Jujuy provinces
Dasypus yepesi was described in 1995.
Andean Hairy Armadillo (t3) ______ AR CH
Geographic range: in northern Chile in the altiplano & Bolivia in the puna
Screaming Hairy Armadillo ______ AR
Geographic range: from Bolivia & northwestern Paraguay to central Argentina, in dry sandy areas of chaco regions
Big Hairy Armadillo (ph) ______ AR(*) CH
Chaetophractus villosus
Geographic range: southern Bolivia & Paraguay to southern Chile & Argentina.
Above & below: the Big Hairy Armadillo, photographed during
the FONT tour in southern Argentina in December 2013
(photo by Marie Gardner)
Northern Naked-tailed Armadillo ______
Cabassous centralis
Chacoan Naked-tailed Armadillo (nt) ______ AR
Cabassous chacoensis
Greater Naked-tailed Armadillo ______ AR(*) ne
Southern Naked-tailed Armadillo ______ EC
Cabassous unicinctus was described by Linnaeus in 1758.
Six-banded Armadillo (ph) ______ AR BR(*) mt (has been called Yellow Armadillo)
Euphractus sexcinctus (the single member of its genus)
BR: Tatu Peba or Tatu Peludo
Geographic range: from Suriname & north-central Brazil south to Uruguay & northern Argentina, in rainforest & savanna
Euphractus sexcinctus was described by Linnaeus in 1758.
Six-banded Armadillo
Pichi (nt) ______ AR(*) CH (open areas of S & C Argentina & S & C Chile)
Zaedyus pichiy (the single member of its genus)
AR: Pichi (Patagonico)
Geographic range: in central & southern Argentina and central & southern Chile, in open areas
Chacoan Fairy Armadillo ______ AR (also called Greater Fairy Armadillo)
Calyptophrae (formerly Chlamyphorus) retusus
Pink Fairy Armadillo ______ AR
Chlamyphorus truncatus
Southern Three-banded Armadillo (nt) ______ AR
Tolypeutes matacus
Brazilian Three-banded Armadillo ______
Giant Armadillo (t3) (ph) ______ AR BR EC
Priodontes maximus (the single member of its genus)
Giant Armadillo
AMERICAN ANTEATERS - Family Myrmecophagidae (3 species)
Giant Anteater (t3) (ph) ______ AR BR(*) az,mn,mt EC VE(*) ll
Myrmecophaga tridactyla
BR name: Tamandua Bandeira
Myrmecophaga tridactyla was described by Linnaeus in 1758.
The above Giant Anteater was photographed at night during our Brazil Tour
in Mato Grosso do Sul in September 2006.
We saw a nice number of these animals both day & night.
In the photo, the head of the anteater is to the right, with its long nose
toward the ground as the animal feeds. Note the small ear.
(Above photo by Andy Smith)
Below is another photograph of a Giant Anteater, walking in open countryside
of Brazilian grassland.
Giant Anteater
Northern Tamandua (ph) ______ EC
Tamandua mexicana
Three subspecies of the Northern Tamandua occur in South America:
Tamandua mexicana punensis in Ecuador & Peru, west of the Andes.
Tamandua mexicana opistholeuca in most of Colombia
Tamandua mexicana instabilis in northern Colombia & Venezuela.
Northern Tamandua
Southern Tamandua ______ AR BR(*) mt EC(*) az VE(*) ll
Tamandua tetradactyla
BR name: Tamandua Colete or Mambira or Tamandua Mirim
EC & VE name: Tamandua or Oso Colmenero
The Southern Tamadua is also called the Collared Tamandua, or Collared Anteater.
Tamandua tetradactyla was described by Linnaeus in 1758.
SILKY ANTEATER - Family Cyclopedidae (1 species)
Silky Anteater ______ EC
Cyclopes didactylus (the single member of its genus & family)
TWO-TOED SLOTHS - Family Megalonychidae (2 species)
Linnaeus' Two-toed Sloth ______ EC VE(*) (was called the Southern Two-toed Sloth)
Choloepus didactylus
VE: Perezoso de Dos Dedos
Choloepus didactylus was described by Linnaeus in 1758.
Hoffmann's Two-toed Sloth (ph) ______ EC
Choloepus hoffmanni
Hoffmann's Two-toed Sloth
THREE-TOED SLOTHS - Family Bradypodidae (totally 4 species)
Maned Three-toed Sloth (t2) (ph) ______ BR(*) se
Bradypus torquatus
A rare Maned Three-toed Sloth.
Bradypus torquatus,
clinging on the trunk of a Cecropia Tree
(photographed by Marie Gardner during the FONT March 2008 Brazil Tour)
Pale-throated Three-toed Sloth ______ BR(*) am, VE(*)
Bradypus tridactylus
Brown-throated Three-toed Sloth (ph) ______ EC
Bradypus variegatus
VE: Perezoso de Tres Dedos
Brown-throated Three-toed Sloth
RABBITS - Family Leporidae (globally 57 species)
Tapiti (or Forest Rabbit) ______ AR BR(*) mn,mt EC(*) an (also called Brazilian Rabbit)
Silvilagus brasiliensis
BR name: Coelho or Tapiti
EC name: Conejo
The Tapiti occurs up into high mountains, as in the Andes of Ecuador.
Silvilagus brasiliensis was described by Linnaeus in 1758.
Eastern Cottontail (ph) ______ VE(*)
Sylvilagus floridannus
Sylvilagus floridannus is mostly a North American species. Venezuela is at the southern end of its range.
European Rabbit (i) ______ AR(*) CH(*)
Oryctolagus cuniculus
CH name: Conejo
European (or Brown) Hare (i) (ph) ______ AR(*) CH(*)
CH name: Liebre
European Hares, pursued and pursuing. One both.
During the FONT tour in Southern Argentina in December 2013.
RODENTS: the gnawing mammals, in the Order Rodentia, which is the largest order of mammals with nearly 2,000 species worldwide
SQUIRRELS - Family Sciuridae (globally 276 species worldwide)
Guianan (or Brazilian) Squirrel (ph) ______ AR BR(*) ig,mn,se
Sciurus aestuans ingrami (in se Brazil)
(in se Brazil)
AR name: Ardilla Gris
BR names: Esquilo or: Caxixe, Serelepe, Quatipuru, Caxinguele
A Guianan, or Brazilian, Squirrel photographed during a FONT tour
Southern Amazon Red Squirrel (ph) ______ BR(*) af EC(*) az
Sciurus spadiceus
BR names: Esquilo or Quatipuru
The Southern & Northern Amazon Red Squirrels are very similar. The Southern Amazon Red Squirrel is reddish, rather finely grizzled with black.
The Northern Amazon Squirrel is coarsely grizzled, with yellowish black on the back. Both species occur in Amazonian Ecuador.
Southern Amazon Red Squirrel
(photo by Marie Grenouillet)
Northern Amazon Red Squirrel ______ EC(*) az VE(*)
Sciurus igniventris
EC name: Huayuashi
VE name: Ardilla
Red-tailed Squirrel ______ EC VE(*)
Sciurus granatensis
Guayaquil Squirrel (ph) ______ EC(*) we
Sciurus stramineus
EC names: Ardilla parda or Ardilla Nucha Blanca, or Ardilla Mora, or Ardilla Negra
(with an assortment of local names as there is much individual variation of color within populations)
Bolivian Squirrel ______ AR
Sciurus ignitus
AR name: Ardilla Roja
Amazon Dwarf Squirrel ______ EC(*) az
Microsciurus flaviventer
Western Dwarf Squirrel ______ EC
Microsciurus mimulus
BEAVERS - Family Castoridae (globally 2 species, 1 in the Americas)
American Beaver (i) (ph) ______ AR(*) tf CH
Castor canadensis
The American Beaver was introduced into Tierra del Fuego for their pelts. It is now quite common there.
The introduction was in 1946 by Argentine fur breeders. When the fur industry declined, animals from that trade went into the wild. They have since spread north from the Strait of Magellan into the Andean forests of southern Chile, and they have colonized on many of the Fuegian islands.
American Beaver
NEOTROPICAL MICE - Subfamily Sigmodontinae (totally about 460 species)
Among the following rodents, the AKODONTS are a large group, of about 105 species. They are small to medium-sized field mice and grass mice, distributed mainly in the southern half of South America.
They are adapted to terrestrial and semi-fossorial life, and they have a tail shorter than their head and body length.
Andean Altiplano Mouse ______ AR CH (also called Andean Akodont)
Abrothrix (or Chroeomys) andinus
Gray Grass Mouse (nt) ______ AR
Abothrix illuteus
Jelski's Altiplano Mouse ______ AR
Abrothrix jelskii
Woolly Grass Mouse ______ AR CH (also called Woolly Akodont)
Abrothrix lanosus
CH name: Raton Colorado
Long-haired Grass Mouse ______ AR CH (also called Long-haired Akodont)
Abrothrix longipilis
CH name: Ratoncito lanudo
Olive Grass Mouse ______ AR CH (also called Olive Akodont)
Abrothrix olivaceus (formerly xanthorhinus)
AR name: Raton Hocico Bayo
CH name: Raton Olivaceo
Sanborn's Grass Mouse (nt) ______ AR CH (also called Sanborn's Akodont)
Abrothrix sanborni
CH name: Raton negruzco
Yellow-nosed Grass Mouse ______ CH (also called Yellow-nosed Akodont)
Abrothrix xanthorhinus
CH name: Raton Hocico Bayo
White-bellied Grass Mouse ______ AR CH
Akodon albiventer
CH name: Raton Ventriblanco
Azara's Grass Mouse ______ AR(*) ne BR(*) se
Akodon azarai
Bolivian Grass Mouse ______ AR
Akodon boliviensis
Budin's Grass Mouse ______ AR
Akodon bidini
Akondon caenosus ______ AR
Cursor Grass Mouse ______ AR
Akodon cursor
AR name: Raton de Monte
Dolorous Grass Mouse ______ AR
Akodon dolores
Smoky Grass Mouse ______ AR
Akodon fumeus
Akodon glaucinus ______ AR
Hershkovitz's Grass Mouse ______ CH
Akodon hershkovitzi
Intelligent Grass Mouse ______ AR
Akodon iniscatus
Altiplano Grass Mouse ______ AR
Akodon lutescens
Markham's Grass Mouse ______ CH (also called the Wellington Akodont)
Akodon markhami
Montane Grass Mouse ______ AR
Akodon montensis
Neuquen Grass Mouse ______ AR
Akodon neocenus
Parana Grass Mouse ______ AR
Akodon paranaensis
Philip Myers' Akodont ______ AR
Akodon philipmyersi
Akodon polopi ______ AR
White-throated Grass Mouse ______ AR
Akodon simulator
Spegazzini's Grass Mouse ______ AR
Akodon spegazzinii
Forest Grass Mouse ______ AR
Akodon sylvanus
Akodon tartareus ______ AR
Chaco Grass Mouse ______ AR
Akodon toba
Olrog's Chaco Mouse ______ AR
Andalgalomys olrogi
Andean Mouse ______ AR
Andinomys edax
Andean Big-eared Mouse ______ AR
Auliscomys sublimis
Chaco Crimson-nosed Rat ______ AR
Bibimys chacoensis
Large-tipped Crimson-nosed Rat ______ AR
Bibimys labiosus
Torres' Crimson-nosed Rat (nt) ______ AR
Bibimys torresi
Brazilian Shrew-Mouse ______ AR
Blarinomys breviceps
Andean Long-clawed Mouse ______ AR CH
Chelemys macronyx
CH name: Raton Topo Grande
Other names for Chelemys macronyx are Andean Long-clawed Akodont, or Shrub Mole-Mouse)
Web-footed Marsh Rat ______ AR(*) ne (another name has been Red Marsh Rat)
Nolochilus brasiliensis
AR name: Rata Nutria Comun
Waterhouse's Swamp Rat ______ AR
Scapteromys tumidus
AR name: Rata de Pajonal
MUSKRAT - Subfamily Arvicoliinae (in the same subfamily as Voles & Lemmings, in which there are totally 140 species worldwide)
Muskrat (i) (ph) ______ CH(*) tf
Ondatra zibethica
The Muskrat was Introduced into Tierra del Fuego, as the Beaver, for their pelts. Now apparently more common than that species in ponds in treeless areas.
TRUE MICE & RATS - Subfamily Murinae (globally about 535 species)
House Mouse (i) ______ BR(*) se, VE(*)
BR: Cachita
Brown Rat (i) ______ BR(*) am,fs
NEW WORLD PORCUPINES - Family Erethizontidae (totally 17 species, in the Americas)
Brazilian (or Prehensile-tailed) Porcupine ______ AR BR(*) mt
Coendou prehensilis
AR name: Coendu Misionero
BR name: Ourico or Porco Espinho
Coendou prehensilis was described by Linnaeus in 1758.
Bicolor-spinned Porcupine ______ EC(*) az
Coendou bicolor
EC name: Puchan
Koopman's Porcupine ______ BR
Coendou nycthemera
Bahia Hairy Dwarf Porcupine ______ BR
Sphiggurus insidiosus
Black-tailed Hairy Dwarf Porcupine ______ BR
Sphiggurus melanurus
Roosmalen's Hairy Dwarf Porcupine ______ BR
Sphiggurus roosmalenorum
Orange-spined Hairy Dwarf Porcupine ______ BR (endemic)
Sphiggurus villosus
Paraguaian Hairy Dwarf Porcupine ______ AR
Sphiggurus spinosus
Brown Hairy Dwarf Porcupine ______ VE
Sphiggurus vestitus
Geographic range: in Venezuela & Colombia, in tropical or subtropical moist lowland forest
Frosted Hairy Dwarf Porcupine ______ VE
Sphiggurus pruinosus
Geographic range: in Colombia and in northern & eastern Venezuela, in lowland tropical rainforest & cloud forest
Streaked Dwarf Porcupine ______ EC
Sphiggurus ichillus
Geographic range: in eastern Ecuador, and possibly Peru, in lowlands
Sphiggurus ichillus was described in 2001. It is nocturnal and boreal, and thus not easy to see (explaining why it was not found until so recently).
Bristle-spined Porcupine ______ BR
Chaetomys subspinosus (the single member of its genus)
AGOUTIS & PACAS - Family Agoutidae (totally 16 species)
Green Acouchi ______ EC(*) az
Myoprocta exilis (formerly M. pratti)
EC name: Guatusa Pequena or Papali
Red Acouchi ______ BR EC
Myoprocta acouchy
Central American Agouti (ph) ______ EC(*) we
Dasyprocta punctata
In addition to occurring in southern Mexico and Central America, the Central American Agouti occurs in South America as far south as southern Ecuador and east to far-western Venezuela.
There is also a highly disjunct population in southeastern Peru, far southwestern Brazil, Bolivia, western Paraguay, and far northwestern Argentina. This disjunct population is sometimes treated as a separate species, the Brown Agouti, Dasyprocta variegata.
A major review of the geographic taxonomy may well be necessary.
Black Agouti ______ EC(*) az
Dasyprocta fuliginosa
EC name: Guatusa
Azara's Agouti ______ AR(*) ne BR(*) mt PG(*)
Dasyprocta azarae
AR name: Acuti Rojizo
BR name: Cutia
Red-rumped Agouti (ph) ______ BR(*) af,am,mn VE(*)
Dasyprocta leporina (formerly D. agouti)
VE name: Picure or Acure
A Red-rumped Agouti photographed during a FONT tour
Black-rumped Agouti ______ BR
Dasyprocta prymnolopha
Lowland Paca ______ AR BR(*) af,mt EC (another name is Spotted Paca)
Cuniculus paca (the genus name has been Agouti)
(the genus name has been Agouti)
AR & BR name: Paca
Cuniculus paca was described by Linnaeus in 1766.
Mountain Paca ______ EC
Cuniculus taczanowskii
PACARANA - Family Dinomyidae (1 species)
Pacarana (t2) ______ BR EC
Dinomys branickii (the single member of its genus)
Geographic range: in Peru & western Brazil, in the Amazon basin.
CAVIES & GUINEA-PIGS - Family Caviidae (totally 16 species)
Common Yellow-toothed Cavy (t3CH) ______ AR (has also been called Highland Cavy)
Galea musteloides
Spix's Yellow-toothed Cavy ______ BR(*) se
Galea spixii
Southern Mountain Cavy (t3CH) (ph) ______ AR(*) (has also been called Lesser Cavy, or the Small Patagonian Cavy)
Microavia australis
AR name: Cuis Chico
A Small Patagonian Cavy photographed during the
FONT tour in southern Argentina in December 2013.
This mammal was at the Magellanic Penguin colony
at Punta Tomba, also using burrows.
Shipton's Mountain Cavy (nt) ______ AR(*) nw
Microcavia shiptoni
Brazilian Guinea-Pig ______ AR(*) ne BR(*) mt EC
Cavia aperea
AR names: Cuis (Campestre) or Cuis (Selvatico) or Cuis Grande
Shiny Guinea-Pig ______
Cavia fulgida
Greater Guinea-Pig ______ (*) BR fs (*) UG
Cavia magna
Montane Guinea-Pig (t3CH) ______ AR (has also been called Tschudi's Cavy)
Cavia tschudii
Acrobat Cavy ______ (in Goias, Brazil, in the area of the Rio Sao Mateus)
Kerodon acrobata
Rock Cavy ______ BR(*) mn
Kerodon rupestris
Patagonian Mara (nt) (ph) ______ AR(*) so (also known as Patagonian Cavy)
Dolichotis patagonum
AR name: Mara (Patagonica) or Liebre Patagonica
Patagonian Mara
Chacoan Mara ______ AR
Dolichotis (formerly Pediolagus) salinicola
AR name: Conejo de los Palos
CAPYBARA - Family Hydrochoeridae (1 species, in the Neotropics)
(1 species, in the Neotropics)
Capybara (ph) ______ AR(*) ne BR(*) af,mt,fs VE(*) ll
Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris (the single member of its genus & family)
(the single member of its genus & family)
AR name: Carpincho
BR names: Capivara or Cupido
The Capybara is the world's largest rodent. It is mostly aquatic.
Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris was described by Linnaeus in 1766.
Capybaras were seen both day (above) & night (below) during our
tours in Mato Grosso do Sul, not only in September 2006
(when these photos were taken), but during every FONT tour in that area.
Another photo (below) of an adult & young Capybaras was taken during the
FONT tour in Mato Grosso do Sul, in August 2008.
DEGUS & allies - Family Octodontidae (mostly in Argentina & Chile)
Coruro (t1CH) ______ CH(*) so
Spalacopus cyanus (the single member of its genus)
Spalacopus cyanus maulinus (subspecies in Chile)
Geographic range: in central Chile, in sandy soils of lowlands
Chilean Rock Rat ______ AR CH
Pithanotomys fuscus
Geographic range: in the Andes of central Chile & west-central Argentina, in montane forests & bunchgrass.
Sage's Rock Rat ______ AR CH
Pithanotomys sagei
Geographic range: locally in the Andes in Neuquen province of west-central Argentina & Malleco province of central Chile, in montane forests & bunchgrass.
Bridge's Degu (t3) (t2CH) ______ AR CH
Octodon bridgesi
Geographic range: in the Andes of central Chile & west-central Argentina, in forests & bamboo thickets.
Common Degu ______ CH(*) cc (in semiarid scrub of W slope of Andes of north-central Chile)
Octodon degus
CH: Degu de las Pircas
Moon-toothed Degu (t2CH) ______ CH (also called Coastal Degu)
Octodon lunatus
Geographic range: in north-central Chile, in dense thorn scrub of coastal mountains.
Mountain Degu ______ AR CH(*) fn
Octodontomys gliroides
Geographic range: in southwest Bolivia, northern Chile, & northwest Argentina, in open dry rocky habitats of the Andes.
Mountain Viscacha-Rat ______ AR
Octomys mimax (the single member of its genus)
The Mountain Viscacha Rat is not to be confused with the former Mountain Viscacha, that has been split to be the Northern Viscacha and the Southern Viscacha, in the Viscacha & Chinchilla family.
Geographic range: in northwest Argentina, on arid rocky slopes in Andean foothills.
Golden Viscacha-Rat (t1) ______ AR (endemic)
Pipanacoctomys aureus (the single member of its genus)
Geographic range: in northwest Argentina, in Catamarca province.
Chalchalero Vizcacha-Rat (t1) ______ AR
Salinoctomys loschalchalerosorum
Plains Viscacha-Rat (nt) ______ AR
Tympanoctomys barrerae (the single member of its genus)
TUCO-TUCOS - Family Ctenomyidae
Argentine Tuco-tuco (nt) ______ AR (in the Chaco Province)
Ctenomys argentinus
Geographic range: in Argentina, in the Chaco habitat
Southern Tuco-tuco (t2) ______ AR
Ctenomys australis
AR name: Tuco-tuco costero
Azara's Tuco-tuco (t3) ______ AR
Ctenomys azarae
Berg's Tuco-tuco (t3) ______ AR
Ctenomys bergi
Bolivian Tuco-tuco ______ AR
Ctenomys boliviensis
Bonetto's Tuco-tuco (t2) ______ AR
Ctenomys bonettoi
Brazilian Tuco-tuco ______ BR(*) mn
Ctenomys brasiliensis
Budin's Tuco-tuco ______ AR
Ctenomys budini
Colburn's Tuco-tuco ______ AR
Ctenomys colburni
Puntilla Tuco-tuco ______ AR
Ctenomys coludo
Tawny Tico-tuco ______ AR(*) nw
Ctenomys fulvus
AR name: Tucotuco del Tamarugal
Magellanic Tuco-tuco (t3) ______ AR(*) CH(*) fs
Ctenomys magellanicus
AR name: Tuco-tuco Austral
Natterer's Tuco-tuco ______ AR
Ctenomys nattereri
Salta Tuco-tuco ______ AR
Ctenomys saltarius
SPINY RATS - Family Echimyidae (totally 81 species)
Common Spiny Tree Rat ______ BR(*) af EC(*) az
Mesomys hispidus
Venezuelan Spiny Rat ______
Proechimys amphichoricus
Huallaga Spiny Rat ______
Proechimys brevicauda
Cuvier's Spiny Rat ______ (in the Guianas and eastern Amazonian Brazil)
Proechimys cuvieri
Hairy Spiny Rat ______ BR(*) mn (in forests of Minas Gerais, Brazil)
Proechimys setosus
Atlantic Bamboo Rat ______ AR
Kannabateomys amblyonyx
Fischer's Guiara ______ AR
Euryzygomatomys spinosus
Punar ______ (in rocky outcrops, cerrado and caatinga of Paraguay & eastern Brazil)
Thrichomys apereoides
COYPU - Family Myocastoridae
Coypu (ph) ______ AR(*) ba BR(*) fs, se CH(*) ce
AR & CH name: Coipo
BR name: Ratao do Banhado
The Coypu is also known as the Nutria.
A Coypu, or Nutria, photographed during a FONT tour
VISCACHAS & CHINCHILLAS - Family Chinchillidae (6 species)
Northern Viscacha (ph) _____ BO(possibly) CH(possibly) PE
Lagidium peruanum
This and the following species, Lagidium viscacia, have been combined, as when so, it was called the Mountain Viscacha.
A Northern Viscacha, photographed during a FONT tour in far-northern Chile
Southern Viscacha (ph) ______ AR(*) BO CH(*) PE
Lagidium viscacia
AR name: Chinchillon Comun
CH name: Vizcacha de Montana
A Southern Viscacha, photographed during a FONT tour in central Chile
Wolffsohn's Viscacha ______ AR CH
Lagidium wolffsohni
AR name: Chinchillon Anaranjado
Geographic range: southwest Argentina & adjacent Chile
Ecuadorian Mountain Viscacha (t1) ______ EC
Lagidium ahuacaense
Lagidium ahuacaense was discovered in July 2005 at the Cerro El Ahuaca in Ecuador, where the only known population occurs, just over 300 miles north of the northernmost known population of the Northern Viscacha in Peru.
The animal in Ecuador was first thought to be either possibly the Northern Viscacha, Lagidium peruanum, or a new species. Three years later, it was determined to be new, based on morphological and DNA sequence differences.
Lagidium ahuacaense was formally described in 2009.
The single known population of Lagidium ahuacaense that lives in rocky habitats on Cerro El Ahuaca, an isolated granite mountain in southern Ecuador, may be only a few dozen individuals.
Plains Viscacha ______ AR
Lagostomus maximus
AR name: Vizcacha
Long-tailed Chinchilla (ph) ______ CH(*) fn
Chinchilla lanigera
Above & below: Chinchillas
Short-tailed Chinchilla
Short-tailed Chinchilla (t1) (t2CH) ______ AR BO(*)
Chinchilla brevicaudata
CHINCHILLA-RATS - Family Abrocomidae (9 species)
Budin's Chinchilla-Rat ______ AR
Abrocoma budini
Ashy Chinchilla-Rat ______ AR(*) nw
Abrocoma cinera
Famatina Chinchilla-Rat ______ AR
Abrocoma famatina
Sierra del Tontal Chinchilla-Rat ______ AR
Abrocoma shistacea
Uspallata Chinchilla-Rat ______ AR
Abrocoma uspallata
Punta de Vacas Chinchilla-Rat ______ AR
Abrocoma vaccarum
CATS - Family Felidae (globally 39 species)
Jaguarundi ______ AR BR(*) mt EC
Puma yagouaroundi (the genus has been Herpailurus and Felis)
AR names: Gato Eyra, Gato Moro
Colocolo (nt) ______ CH EC
Leopardus colocolo (has been Felis colocolo)
Traditionally, Leopardus colocolo has included the two species the follow below, the Pantanal Cat and the Pampas Cat.
The subsequent splitting of those two from the Colocolo has been based on differences in pelage color and pattern, and cranial measurements.
However, it has been said that the split is not supported by genetic work, so some taxonomists maintain the Pantanal Cat and the Pampas Cat as subspecies of Leopardus colocolo.
Geographic range of the more restricted Colocolo: in highlands of northern Chile & in forests of central Chile, on the west slope of the Andes.
Pantanal Cat ______ BR(*) mt
Leopardus braccata (has been Felis braccata)
BR name: Gato Palheiro
The Pantanal Cat and the Pampas Cat (below), Leopardus pajeros, have, by some, been split from the Colocolo (above), Leopardus colocolo.
Geographic range: in southwestern & southern Brazil.
The Pantanal Cat (formerly part of the more-westerly and southerly Pampas Cat)
photographed at night during a FONT tour in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
Pampas Cat ______ AR(*) BO CH EC PE
Leopardus pajeros (has been Felis pajeros)
The Pampas Cat and the Pantanal Cat (above), Leopardus braccata, have, by some, been split from the Colocolo (also above), Leopardus colocolo.
Geographic range: on the east slope of the Andes from Ecuador to northwestern Argentina; also in lowlands of Argentina & southern Chile.
In central to northwestern Argentina, the Pampas Cat occurs at altitudes below 4,070 feet above sea level in grassland, mesophytic and dry forest, and shrubland.
In southern Argentina and far-southern Chile, the Pampas Cat is found in Patagonian steppes and shrubland below 3,600 feet above sea level.
In 2005, there were said to 5 subspecies of the Pampas Cat:
L. p. pajeros, widely in Argentina and in southern Chile
L. p. crespoi, in northwestern Argentina, on the eastern slope of the Andes
L. p. thomasi, in Ecuador, in the Andes
L. p. garleppi, in Peru, in the Andes
L. p. steinbachi, in Bolivia, in the Andes
Based on two specimens, L. p. steimbachi is larger and paler than L. p. garleppi. But due to it being such a small sample. some consider the two as synonyms.
Some, included above in the nominate in southern Argentina & southern Chile, have been said to be another subspecies, L. p. crucinus, based on their larger size and dull pelage.
Geoffroy's Cat (nt) ______ AR(*) CH(*) fs
Leopardus geoffroyi (has been Felis geoffroyi)
CH name: Gato Montes
Geographic range: in Bolivia, Paraguay, southern Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina & Chile.
Kodkod (t3) ______ AR CH
Leopardus guigna (has been Felis guigna)
Geographic range: in south-central Chile & southwestern Argentina.
Ocelot (t2) ______ AR BR(*) mt EC
Leopardus pardalis (has been Felis pardalis)
AR name: Gato Onza, Ocelote
BR name: Gato do Mato Grande
Geographic range: from Texas/Mexico south to northern Argentina & southeastern Brazil.
Leopardus pardalis was described by Linnaeus in 1758.
Ocelots (above & below) photographed at night during
FONT tour in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
This wonderful animal has been seen nicely during many FONT tours in that area.
Oncilla (t3) ______ AR BR EC (another name is the Little Spotted Cat)
Leopardus tigrinus (has been Felis tigrinus)
Geographic range: from Costa Rica south to northern Argentina & southeastern Brazil.
Margay (nt) ______ AR BR EC
Leopardus wiedii (has been Felis wiedii)
Geographic range: from Mexico south to northern Argentina & Uruguay.
Puma (ph) ______ AR BR EC VE(*) ll
Puma concolor (has been Felis concolor)
AR & CH names: Puma, Leon Americano
Other common names for the Puma are: Cougar, Mountain Lion, and Panther.
Geographic range: one of the most extensive of all American mammals, from southwest Canada to southern Chile & Argentina
Puma concolor was described by Linnaeus in 1771.
Andean Mountain Cat (t2) ______ AR CH
Leopardus jacobita (the genus has been Felis and Oreallurus)
Geographic range: in southern Peru, southwestern Bolivia, northern Chile, & northwestern Argentina, in high altitude rocky regions.
Jaguar (nt) (ph) ______ AR BR(*) mt EC
Panthera onca (has been Jaguarius onca)
BR name: Onca Pintada
Geographic range: from Mexico to northern Argentina & southern Brazil
Panthera onca was described by Linnaeus in 1758.
A Link to a Feature about: JAGUARS
The Jaguar (above & below)
This mighty animal has been seen during 3 FONT Brazil tours
in Mato Grosso do Sul in 4 years.
There is a black, or melanistic form of the Jaguar in South America.
About 6 per cent of Panthera inca are the "Black Jaguar".
Below: both forms of the Jaguar together, photographed at a zoo
in Guatemala
DOGS & FOXES - Family Canidae (globally 35 species)
Maned Wolf (nt) (ph) ______ AR(*) ne BR(*) mn,mt
Chrysocyon brachyurus
AR name: Aguara Guazu, Lobo de Crin
BR name: Lobo Guara
A Link to a Feature about: the MANED WOLF
Three photos of the Maned Wolf
This lower photo of a Maned Wolf after dark at a monastery
in the remote hills of Minas Gerais, Brazil, as seen during a number of FONT tours.
Gray Fox ______ VE(*) (a North American species occurring as far south as northern Colombia & Venezuela)
Urocyon cinereoargenteus
Colpeo (Fox) ______ AR(*) fs tf CH(*) cc tf EC
Lycalopex culpaeus (the genus has been Pseudalopex and Dusicyon)
AR name: Zorro Colorado
CH name: Zorro Culpeo
There are 6 subspecies. On Tierra del Fuego (in Argentina) called Fuegian Fox, P. c. magellanicus)
South American Gray Fox (ph) ______ AR(*) so BR(*) fs CH(*) fs tf EC (including the Pampas Fox)
Lycalopex griseus (the genus has been Pseudalopex and Dusicyon)
AR name: Zorro Gris, Chilla
CH name: Zorro Chilla
There are 7 subspecies of the South American Gray Fox.
One of them, the Pampas Fox, of e. Bolivia, s. Brazil, w. Paraguay, and central & eastern Argentina has been said by some to be Lycalopex gymnocercus, AR name: Zorro Pampa
Above & below: South American Gray Foxes. photographed during FONT tours
Above: during the November 2009 tour in Chile
Below: during the December 2013 tour in Argentina
(upper photo by Robert Hinz; lower photo by Marie Gardner)
Darwin's Fox (t1) (ph) ______ CH(*) so (also called the Chiloe Fox; it has been said to be a dark form of the Pampas Fox)
Lycalopes fulvipes (the genus has been Pseudlopex and Dusicyon)
CH name: Zorro Chilote
The Darwin's Fox was known from only a specimen collected by Charles Darwin in 1833, until it was rediscovered in 1922. It is now considered a relict species confined to patches of old growth Valdivian forest in Chile, in Las Lagos and Araucania. It is a critically endangered species.
The Darwin's, or Chiloe Fox, photographed on Chiloe Island
Sechura Fox ______ EC PE
Lycalopex (formerly Pseudalopex) sechurae
Crab-eating Fox (ph) ______ AR BR(*) mt VE(*) ll
Cerdocyon thous (the genus has been said to be Dusicyon)
BR name: Graxaim or Cachorro do Mato
There are said to be 7 subspecies of the Crab-eating Fox.
Geographic range: from Colombia south to northern Argentina & Uruguay, in forest & savannas.
Cerdocyon thous was described by Linnaeus in 1766.
Above & below: Crab-eating Foxes photographed at night during
a FONT Brazil tour in Mato Grosso do Sul.
The species has been seen during every FONT tour in that area.
Hoary Fox ______ BR(*) mn (in the cerrado & caatinga of highlands of interior east-central Brazil)
Lycalopex (has been said by some to be Dusicyon) vetulus
Short-eared Dog ______ BR(*) af EC
Atelocynus (has been said by some to be Dusicyon) microtis
The Short-eared Dog is a rarely seen animal.
Bush Dog (nt) ______ AR EC
Speothos venaticus
BEARS - Family Ursidae (globally 8 species)
Spectacled (or Andean) Bear (t3) ______ AR(rare) EC
Tremarctos ornatus
Geographic range: from western Venezuela south to Bolivia and rarely northwestern Argentina, in mountain forests
EARED SEALS - Family Otariidae (globally 14 species)
Galapagos Sea Lion (t3) ______ EC(*) gp
Zalophus californianus wollebacki
The Galapagos Sea Lion is a subspecies, or race of the California Sea Lion.
Southern (or South American) Sea Lion (ph) ______ AR(*) so tf BR(*) fs CH(*) fn ce so
Otaria byronia (has been Otaria flavescens)
AR & CH names: Lobo de un Pelo
Southern Sea Lions by a fish market along a river in Valdivia in southern Chile
during the FONT tour in November 2011
(photo by Frank Stermitz)
South American Fur Seal ______ AR(*) tf
Arctocephalus australis
AR name: Lobo de los Pelos
Galapagos Fur Seal (t3) ______ EC(*) gp
Artocephalus galapagoensis
EARLESS SEALS - Family Phocidae (globally 20 species)
Southern Elephant Seal (ph) ______ AR(*) so
Mirounga leonina
AR name: Elefante Marino
The male Southern Elephant Seal is the largest seal in the world, followed in size by the Northern Elephant Seal and the Leopard Seal.
The male Southern Elephant Seal is four to five times the size of the female.
A single male Southern Elephant Seal can have as many as 150 females in its harem.
Two Southern Elephant Seals photographed during the FONT tour
in southern Argentina in December 2013
When they are not on the beach, and are far out at sea, Southern Elephant Seals spend very little time at the surface of the water.
They dive repeatedly, generally for more than 20 minutes, hunting their prey, squid and fish, at depths of 1,300 to 3,300 feet below the surface of the sea.
They are the deepest diving air-breathing non-cetaceans, going as deep as the maximum record of 6,998 feet.
Adult female Southern Elephant Seals typically weight from 880 to 2,000 pounds.
Adult males weigh from 4,900 to 8,800 pounds, and measure from 14 to 19 feet long.
An adult female averages 1,700 pounds in weight. Mature males average 7,000 pounds.
The largest ever measured was 22.5 feet long and was estimated to weigh 11,000 pounds.
OTTERS & ALLIES - Family Mustelidae (globally 68 species)
Greater Grison (or Huron) ______ BR(*) af EC
Galictis vittata
BR name: Furao or Furax
Lesser Grison (ph) ______ AR(*) so BR(*) fs CH(*) so
Galictis cuja
Lesser Grison
Tayra ______ AR BR(*) af,am,mn,se EC
Eira barbata
BR name: Irara
The Tayra is rather like a South American Marten.
Eira barbata was described by Linnaeus in 1758.
Tropical (or Amazon) Weasel ______ BR EC
Mustela africana
Colombian Weasel (t2) ______ EC
Mustela felipei
Long-tailed Weasel ______ EC
Mustela frenata
Patagonian Weasel ______ AR
Lyncodon patagonicus
Humboldt's (or Patagonian) Hog-nosed Skunk (ph) ______ AR(*) fs CH(*) fs
Conepatus humboldti
AR names: Zorrino Patagonico, Zorrino Chico
CH name: Chingue de la Patagonia
Geographic range: in southern Chile & southern Argentina, in grasslands & scrub
A Humboldt's, or Patagonian Hog-nosed Skunk photographed
during the FONT Southern Argentina Tour in December 2013
Molina's Hog-nosed Skunk ______ AR
Conepatus chinga
Geographic range: Peru, southwestern Bolivia, Paraguay, northern & central Chile, northern & west-central Argentina, Uruguay, and possibly in southern Brazil, in open grasslands
Striped Hog-nosed Skunk ______ BR EC
Conepatus semistriatus
Geographic range: from Mexico to Venezuela & Peru, in forest clearings, forest edge, & pastures; also in east-central Brazil in caatinga & cerrado habitats
Giant Otter (t2) (ph) ______ AR BR(*) af mt EC (another name has been Brazilian Otter)
Pteronura brasiliensis
BR name: Ariranha
Geographic range: from southeastern Colombia & French Guiana south to Bolivia, southern Brazil, northern Argentina, and Uruguay, locally in lowland-forest rivers and lakes.
The Giant Otters above were photographed during a FONT tour in the Pantanal of Brazil.
Another photo and an color illustration of the species are below.
The photo below of 2 Giant Otters was taken during
the FONT Brazil Tour in August 2008.
The animals was first seen resting on wooden steps along a riverbank.
Later, they entered the water, and swam away.
Neotropical River Otter ______ AR BR(*) mt rs se EC
Lutra (formerly Lontra) longicaudus
AR name: Lobito Comun, Guairao
BR name: Lontra or Cachorro-d'agua
Geographic range: from Mexico south to Peru, northern Argentina, Uruguay, in clear fast-flowing streams and rivers, & in coastal lagoons.
Marine Otter (t2) (ph) ______ AR CH(*) so
Lutra (formerly Lontra) felina
CH names: Nutria Marina, Nutria del Mar, Chungungo
Geographic range: from Peru to southern Chile & extreme southern Argentina, along rocky seacoasts
A Marine Otter photographed during the November 2011 FONT Chile Tour
Southern River Otter (t2) ______ AR CH(*) so
Lutra (formerly Lontra) provocax
Geographic range: in southern Chile & southern Argentina, in lakes & streams, and along rocky coasts
RACCOONS - Family Procyonidae (globally 19 species)
Crab-eating Raccoon (ph) ______ AR BR(*) mt EC VE(*) ll
Procyon cancrivorous
BR name: Mao Pelada
Crab-eating Raccoon, photographed during a FONT tour in Venezuela
South American Coati (ph) ______ AR(*) ig BR(*) ig mn mt se EC
Nasua nasua
AR names: Coati, Pisote
BR names: Quati or Quatimunde
Nasua nasua was described by Linnaeus in 1766."Nasua" is from the Latin meaning "nose".
When is a Coati a Coatimundi? Female Coatis and their young associate in bands of 5-12 individuals, but adult males are solitary. This difference at first confused biologists, who described the solitary males as a separate species. The use of the name "coatimundi" (meaning "lone Coati" in the Guarani language) for this species reflects the same error.
Above: Two photos of the South American Coati
Below: a group of them seen during the FONT Brazil tour in August 2008.
White-nosed Coati (ph) ______ EC(*) we
Nasua nurica
Mountain (or Andean) Coati ______ EC (other names are the Dwarf or Little Coati)
Nasuella olivacea
There are 3 subspecies of Nasuelia olivacea:
N. o. meridensis
N. o. olivacea
N. o. quitensis
Allen's Olingo ______ EC
Bassariscus alleni
Bushy-tailed Olingo ______ EC
Bassariscus gabbii
Kinkajou (ph) ______ BR EC
Potos flavus
A Kinkajou photographed during a FONT tour
(photo by Rosemary Lloyd)
SHEATH-TAILED BATS - Family Emballonuridae (globally 51 species)
Proboscis Bat ______ BR(*) EC(*) az (another name is Long-nosed Bat)
Rhynchonycteris naso
Proboscis Bat
Ecuadorian Sac-winged Bat (t2) ______ EC
Balantiopteryx infusca
Shaggy Bat ______ BR EC
Centronycteris maximiliani
Northern Ghost Bat ______ EC
Diclidurus albus
Greater Sac-winged Bat ______ BR(*) af,mt EC (another name is Greater White-lined Bat)
Saccopteryx bilineata
Frosted Sac-winged Bat ______ EC
Saccopteryx canescens
Amazonian White-lined Bat ______ BR
Saccopteryx gymnura
Lesser Sac-winged Bat ______ BR EC (another name is Lesser White-lined Bat)
Chestnut Sac-winged Bat ______ BR EC
Cormura brevirostris
White-winged Dog-like Bat ______ BR
Peropteryx (formerly Peroymus) leucoptera
Greater Dog-like Bat ______ BR EC
Peropteryx kappleri
Lesser Dog-like Bat ______ BR EC (another name has been Trinidad Dog-like Bat)
Peropteryx macrotis
Smoky Sheath-tailed Bat ______ BR
Cyttarops alecto
FISHING BATS - Family Noctilionidae (2 species)
Greater Bulldog Bat (ph) ______ AR BR(*) af EC(*) az VE(*) ll
Noctilio leporinus
Noctilio leporinus is also called the Greater Fishing Bat.
Noctilio albiventris (below) is also called the Lesser Fishing Bat, or the Southern Bulldog Bat.
Greater Bulldog Bat
Lesser Bulldog Bat ______ AR BR(*) af,mn EC
Noctilio albiventris
LEAF-CHINNED BATS - Family Mormoopidae (globally 8 species)
Ghost-faced Bat ______ EC
Davy's Naked-backed Bat ______ BR
Pteronotus davyi
Big Naked-tailed Bat ______ EC
Pteronotus gymnonotus
Lesser Moustached Bat ______ BR
Pteronotus personatus
Common Moustached Bat ______ BR
Pteronotus parnellii
FREE-TAILED BATS - Family Molossidae
Cinnamon Dog-faced Bat ______ AR
Cynomops abrasus
Greenhall's Dog-faced Bat ______ EC
Cynomops greenhalli
Para Dog-faced Bat ______ AR
Cynomops paramus
Southern Dog-faced Bat ______ AR EC
Cynomops planirostris
Black-bonneted Bat ______ AR EC
Eumops auripendulus
Dwarf Bonneted Bat ______ AR EC
Eumops bonariensis
Big Bonneted Bat ______ AR
Eumops dabbenei
Wagner's Bonneted Bat ______ AR EC
Eumops glaucinus
Patagonian Bonneted Bat ______ AR
Eumops patagonicus
Western Mastiff Bat ______ AR EC
Eumops perotis
Equatorial Dog-faced Bat (t3) ______ EC
Molossopsa aequatorianus
Rufous Dog-faced Bat ______ AR
Molossops neglectus
Dwarf Dog-faced Bat ______ AR
Molossops temminckii
Black Mastiff Bat ______ EC
Molossus ater
Bonda Mastiff Bat ______ AR EC (another name is Thomas' Mastiff Bat)
Molossus currentium (formerly bondae)
Velvety Free-tailed Bat (ph) ______ AR EC (another name is Pallas' Mastiff Bat)
Molossus molossus
Velvety Free-tailed Bat, or Pallas' Mastiff Bat
Black Mastiff Bat ______ AR
Molossus rufus
Broad-eared Bat ______ AR
Nyctinomops laticaudatus
Big Free-tailed Bat ______ AR EC
Nyctinomops macrotis
Big Crested Mastiff Bat ______ AR EC
Promops centralis
Brown Mastiff Bat ______ AR EC
Promops nasutus
Brazilian (or Mexican) Free-tailed Bat (ph) ______ AR EC
Tadarida brasiliensis
Brazilian Free-tailed Bat
AMERICAN LEAF-NOSED BATS - Family Phyllostomidae (globally 155 species)
Tailed Tailless Bat ______ AR EC (now that's a name!)
Anoura caudifer
Handley's Tailless Bat ______ EC
Anoura cultrata
Tube-lipped Nectar Bat (ph) ______ EC(*) (species described in 2005)
Anoura fistulata
Overall, the Tube-lipped Nectar Bat is thought to be uncommon. It occurs in subtropical Andean forest, from about 3,000 to 6,600 feet above sea level.
It is said to be endemic to Ecuador (but who knows, it may be in nearby Peru).
The long tongue of Anoura fistulata is similar, in anatomy, to that of an anteater. That tongue, of the bat, is the longest known tongue of any mammal in the world in relation to the size of the mammal. It goes into the bat as far as the ribcage.
The length of the bat is 2 inches. The length of its tongue is 3 and a half inches.
The Tube-lipped Nectar Bat was seen during the FONT April 2014 tour in southern Ecuador, as it came to hummingbird feeders after dark at the Tapichalaca Reserve (south of the Podocarpus National Park).
To and from the feeders, the bats flew very fast, but a better view of the animal could be seen in the photo below.
A Tube-lipped Nectar Bat photographed during the FONT tour
in southern Ecuador in April 2014 (photo by Marie Gardner)
Geoffroy's Tailless Bat ______ EC
Anoura geoffroyi
Minor Long-nosed Bat ______ EC
Choeroniscus minor
Greater Long-tailed Bat (t3) ______ EC
Choeroniscus periosus
Big-eared Woolly Bat ______ AR EC (another name is Woolly False Vampire Bat)
Chrotopterus auritus
Commissaris' Long-tongued Bat ______ EC
Glossophaga commissarisi
Miller's Long-tongued Bat ______
Glossophaga longirostris
Pallas' Long-tongued Bat ______ AR EC
Glossophaga soricina
Graybeard Bat ______ BR EC (other names have been Davies' Big-eared Bat, and Bartica Bat)
Glyphonycteris daviesi
Tricolored Big-eared Bat ______ BR EC
Glyphonyceris sylvestris
Dark Long-tongued Bat ______ EC
Lichonycteris obscura
Chestnut Long-tongued Bat ______ EC
Lionycteris spurelli
Handley's Nectar Bat (t3) ______ EC
Lonchophylla handleyi
Western Nectar Bat (t3) ______ EC
Lonchophylla hesperia
Godman's Nectar Bat ______ EC
Lonchophylla mordax
Orange Nectar Bat ______ EC
Lonchophylla robusta
Thomas' Nectar Bat ______ EC
Lonchophylla thomasi
Long-legged Bat ______ AR BR EC
Macrophyllum macrophyllum
Behni's Big-eared Bat ______ BR
Micronycteris (formerly Glyphonycteris) behnii
Orange-throated Big-eared Bat ______ BR
Micronycteris (formerly Lampronycteris) brachyotis
Hairy Big-eared Bat ______ BR EC
Micronycteris hirsuta
Little Big-eared Bat ______ BR EC
Micronycteris megalotis
Common Big-eared Bat ______ BR
Micronycteris microtis
White-bellied Big-eared Bat ______ BR EC
Micronycteris minuta
Niceforo's Big-eared Bat ______ BR
Micronycteris nicefori
Golden Bat ______ BR
Mimon bennettii
Striped Hairy-nosed Bat ______ BR EC
Mimon (formerly Anthorhina) crenulatum
Tomes' Sword-nosed Bat ______ BR EC (another name has been the Common Sword-nosed Bat)
Lonchorhina aurita
Pygmy Round-eared Bat ______ EC
Lophostoma brasiliense
White-throated Round-eared Bat ______ EC
Lophostoma silvicolum
Greater Round-eared Bat ______ AR BR
Tonatia bidens
White-throated Round-eared Bat ______ BR
Tonatia silvicola
Pale-faced Bat ______ EC
Phylloderma stenops
Pale Spear-nosed Bat ______ AR BR EC
Phyllostomus discolor
Lesser Spear-nosed Bat ______ EC
Phyllostomus elongatus
Greater Spear-nosed Bat ______ EC
Phyllostomus hastatus
Fringe-lipped Bat ______ EC
Trachops cirrhosus
Chestnut Short-tailed Bat ______ EC
Carollia castanea
Seba's Short-tailed Bat ______ AR EC(*) az
Carollia perspicillata
Anderson's Fruit-eating Bat ______ EC
Artibeus anderseni
Fringed Fruit-eating Bat ______ AR BR
Artibeus fimbriatus
Fraternal Fruit-eating Bat (t3) ______ EC
Artibeus fraterculus
Silver Fruit-eating Bat ______ BR EC
Artibeus glaucus
Artibeus intermedius ______ EC
Jamaican Fruit-eating Bat (ph) ______ BR EC
Artibeus jamaicensis
Jamaican Fruit-eating Bats
Great Fruit-eating Bat ______ AR BR(*) mt EC VE(*)
Artibeus lituratus
Dark Fruit-eating Bat ______ EC
Artibeus obscurus
Pygmy Fruit-eating Bat ______ EC
Artibeus phaeotis
Flat-faced Fruit-eating Bat ______ AR
Artibeus planirostris
Toltec Fruit-eating Bat ______ EC
Artibeus toltecus
Salvin's Big-eyed Bat ______ EC
Chiroderma salvini
Little Big-eyed Bat ______ EC
Chirodrma trinitatum
Hairy Big-eyed Bat ______ EC
Chiroderma villosum
Velvety Fruit-eating Bat ______ EC
Enchisthenes hartii
MacConnell's Bat ______ EC
Mesophylla macconnelli
Short-headed Broad-nosed Bat ______ EC
Platyrrhinus brachycephalus
Thomas' Broad-nosed Bat ______ EC
Platyrrhinus dorsalis
Heller's Broad-nosed Bat ______ EC
Platyrrhinus helleri
Buffy Broad-nosed Bat ______ EC
Platyrrhinus infuscus
White-lined Broad-nosed Bat ______ AR
Platyrrhinus lineatus
Greater Broad-nosed Bat ______ EC
Platyrrhinus vittatus
Ipanema Bat ______ AR
Pygoderma bilabiatum
Hairy Little Fruit Bat ______ EC
Rhinophylla alethina
Fischer's Little Fruit Bat ______ EC
Rhinophylla fischerae
Dwarf Little Fruit Bat ______ EC
Rhinophylla pumila
Aratathomas' Yellow-shouldered Bat ______ EC
Sturnira aratathomasi
Bidentate Yellow-shouldered Bat ______ EC
Sturnira bidens
Bogota Yellow-shouldered Bat ______ EC
Sturnira bogotensis
Hairy Yellow-shouldered Bat ______ AR EC
Sturnira erythromos
Little Yellow-shouldered Bat ______ AR
Sturnira lilium
Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat ______ EC
Sturnira ludovici
Louis' Yellow-shouldered Bat ______ EC
Sturnira luisis
Greater Yellow-shouldered Bat ______ EC
Sturnira magna
Tschudi's Yellow-shouldered Bat (nt) ______ AR
Sturnira oporaphilum
Tilda's Yellow-shouldered Bat ______ EC
Sturnira tildae
Common Tent-making Bat (ph) ______ EC
Uroderma bilobatum
Common Tent-making Bats
(photo by Doris Potter)
Brown Tent-making Bat ______ EC
Uroderma magnirostrum
Spectral Bat ______ EC
Vampyrum spectrum
Striped Yellow-eared Bat ______ EC
Vampyressa nymphaea
Southern Little Yellow-eared Bat ______ AR EC
Vampyressa pusilla
Common Vampire Bat ______ AR EC
Desmodus rotundus
White-winged Vampire Bat ______ AR EC
Diaemus youngi
Hairy-legged Vampire Bat ______ EC
Diphylla ecaudata
VESPER BATS - Family Vespertilionidae (globally 364 species)
Southern Myotis ______ AR
Myotis aelleni
Silver-tipped Myotis ______ AR EC
Myotis albescens
Chilean Myotis ______ CH(*) ce
Myotis (formerly Leuconoe) chiloensis
Atacama Myotis ______ CH(*) fn
Myotis (formerly Selysius) atacamensis
Myotis dinellii ______ AR
Hairy-legged Myotis ______ AR EC
Myotis keaysi
Yellowish Myotis ______ AR
Myotis levis
Black Myotis ______ AR EC
Myotis nigricans
Montane Myotis ______ EC
Myotis oxyotus
Riparian Myotis ______ AR EC
Myotis riparius
Red Myotis (nt) ______ AR
Myotis ruber
Velvety Myotis ______ AR EC
Myotis simus
Eptesicus andinus ______ EC
Brazilian Brown Bat ______ AR EC
Eptesicus brasiliensis
Diminutive Serotine ______ AR
Eptesicus diminutus
Argentine Brown Bat ______ AR EC
Eptesicus furinalis
Harmless Serotine (t3) ______ EC
Eptesicus innoxius
Thomas' Big-eared Brown Bat (nt) ______ AR
Histiotus laephotis
Big-eared Brown Bat ______ AR
Histiotus macrotus
Southern Big-eared Brown Bat ______ AR
Histiotus magellanicus
Small Big-eared Brown Bat ______ AR EC
Histiotus montanus
Tropical Big-eared Brown Bat ______ AR
Histiotus velatus
Desert Red Bat ______ AR EC
Lasiurus blossevillii
Hoary Bat ______ AR EC
Lasiurus cinereus
Southern Yellow Bat ______ AR EC
Lasiurus ega
Cinnamon Red Bat ______ AR
Lasiurus varius
DISK-WINGED BATS - Family Thyroptera
Peter's Disk-winged Bat ______ EC
Thyroptera discifera
Spix's Disk-winged Bat ______ EC
Thyroptera tricolor
SMOKY & THUMBLESS BATS - Family Furipteridae
Smoky Bat (t3) ______ EC
Amorphochilus schnablii
Thumbless Bat ______ EC
Furipterus horrens
MARMOSETS & TAMARINS - Family Callitrichidae (globally 43 species)
Buffy-tufted Marmoset (formerly one of the subspecies of Tufted-ear Marmoset) (t2) ______ BR(*) se (in Southeast Brazil, in Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, & Sao Paulo)
Callithrix aurita
BR: Sauim or Sagui
Buffy-headed Marmoset (formerly one of the subspecies of Tufted-ear Marmoset) (t2) (ph) ______ BR(*) mn (in east-central Brazil, locally in Minas Gerais, southern Espirito Santo, & Rio de Janeiro state)
Callithrix flaviceps
A Buffy-headed Marmoset photographed during the FONT tour
in Minas Gerais, Brazil, in March 2008
Black-tailed Marmoset (formerly one of the subspecies of Silvery Marmoset) ______ (*) BR mt (in west & central Brazil, & in nearby Bolivia & Paraguay)
Callithrix melanura
Silvery Marmoset ______ BR (in eastern Amazonian Brazil, in Para state)
Callithrix argentata
Rio Acari Marmoset ______ BR (in central Amazonian Brazil)
Callithrix acariensis
Gold-and-white Marmoset ______ BR (in central Amazonian Brazil, south of the Amazon River)
Callithrix chrysoleuca
Emilia's Marmoset ______ BR (in southern Amazonian Brazil, in Rondonia & northern Mato Grosso)
Callithrix emiliae
Geoffrey's Marmoset ______ BR (in east-central Brazil, in Minas Gerais & Espirito Santo)
Callithrix geoffroyi
Santarem Marmoset ______ BR (in central Amazonian Brazil, south of the Amazon River)
Callithrix humeralifera
Dwarf Marmoset ______ BR (in south-central Amazonian Brazil)
Callithrix humilis
Hershkovitz's Marmoset ______ BR (locally in south-central Amazonian Brazil)
Callithrix intermedia
White-tufted Marmoset (ph) ______ BR(*) (also called Common Marmoset) (in northeast Brazil)
Callithrix jacchus
The White-tufted Marmoset originally occurred along the northeastern coast of Brazil from the state of Piaui to that of Bahia.
Through the release of captive individuals, it also occurs now in southeastern Brazil, where the first sighting in the wild in Rio de Janeiro was in 1929. Today it is common in the area of that city.
The White-tufted Marmoset was described by Linnaeus in 1758.
White-tufted Marmoset
Wied's Black-tufted Marmoset (nt) (ph) ______ BR (endemic)
Callithrix kuhlii
Geographic range: in east-central Brazil, in southern Bahia & extreme northwestern Minas Gerais
Callithrix kuhlii was described in 1985.
Wied's Black-tufted Marmoset
White Marmoset ______ BR (in central Amazonian Brazil, in Para state)
Callithrix leucippe
Rio Manicore Marmoset ______ BR (locally in central Amazonian Brazil)
Callithrix manicorensis
Marca's Marmoset ______ BR (locally in south-central Amazonian Brazil)
Callithrix marcai
Rio Maues Marmoset ______ BR (locally in central Amazonian Brazil)
Callithrix mauesi
Black-headed Marmoset ______ BR (very locally in south-central Amazonian Brazil)
Callithrix nigriceps
Black-tufted Marmoset ______ BR (in northeast & east-central Brazil)
Callithrix penicillata
Satere-Maues' Marmoset ______ BR (in central Amazonian Brazil)
Callithrix saterei
Pygmy Marmoset ______ EC(*) az (in eastern Ecuador, northeast Peru, & central Amazonian Brazil)
Cebuella pygmaea
EC: Mono de Bolsillo, or Leoncito
The Pygmy Marmoset is the world's smallest true monkey.
A family group of at least 5 Pygmy Marmosets was seen during a FONT tour at La Selva along the Napo River in Ecuador.
It is a very interesting mammal in that an entire family group will stay in one tree for up to a year feeding on sap. When the sap begins to run low, they'll leave the tree, moving to another, and "set-up shop" for another year.
Black-mantled Tamarin ______ (in rainforests of the Amazon basin in eastern Peru, & northwest Brazil)
Saguinus nigricollis
Graell's Tamarin ______ EC(*) az
Saguinus graellsi
EC: Chichico or Leoncito
The Graell's Tamarin has been treated as a subspecies of the Black-mantled Tamarin, Saguinus grellsi, but it differs from it in having a dull olive-brown (not reddish-orange) lower back, rump, and thighs.
Pied Bare-faced Tamarin (t1) ______ BR(*) am (in rainforests of the Manaus region, in central Amazonian Brazil - east of the Rio Negro & north of the Amazon River)
Saguinus bicolor
Martin's Bare-faced Tamarin ______ BR (has been considered conspecific with the Pied Bare-faced Tamarin, and was then-called the Brazilian Bare-faced Tamarin) (in north-central Amazonian Brazil, north of the Amazon River)
Saguinus martinsi
Brown-mantled Tamarin ______ BR EC (has also been called Saddle-backed Tamarin)
Saguinus fuscicollis
Geographic range: in southern Colombia, eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru, northern Bolivia, and northern & eastern Brazil, in dense forests.
Golden-mantled Tamarin ______ EC
Saguinus tripartitus
Emperor Tamarin ______ BR (in dense lowland forests of eastern Peru & western Brazil)
Saguinus imperator
Mottle-faced Tamarin ______ BR (in southeast Colombia & northwest Brazil)
Saguinus inustus
Red-chested Moustached Tamarin ______ BR (in northern Bolivia & western Amazonian Brazil)
Saguinus labiatus
White-mantled Tamarin ______ BR (in western Amazonian Brazil)
Saguinus melanoleucus
Red-handed Tamarin ______ BR(*) am (in Guyana & northeast Amazonian Brazil, east of the Rio Negro, north of the Amazon River)
Saguinus midas
Black-chested Moustached Tamarin ______ BR (in northeast Peru & western Amazonian Brazil)
Saguinus mystax
Black Tamarin ______ BR (in eastern Amazonian Brazil, south of the Amazon River)
Saguinus niger
Red-capped Moustached Tamarin ______ BR (in western Amazonian Brazil)
Saguinus pileatus
Black-faced Lion Tamarin (t1) ______ BR (in southeast Brazil, in Sao Paulo state & Parana)
Leontopithecus caissara
Golden-headed Lion Tamarin (t2) (ph) ______ BR (in east-central Brazil, in southern Bahia & northeast Minas Gerais)
Leontopithecus chrysomelas
Golden-headed Lion Tamarin
Black Lion Tamarin (t1) ______ BR (in southeast Brazil, in 2 small remnant forest patches in Sao Paulo)
Leontopithecus chrysopygus
Golden Lion Tamarin (t1) ______ BR (in southeast Brazil, in a few isolated forest patches in central & southern Rio de Janeiro state)
Leontopithecus rosalia
NEW WORLD MONKEYS - Family Atelidae (globally 82 species)
Black Howler Monkey (ph) ______ AR(*) ne BR(*) mt
Alouatta caraya
AR names: Mono Aullador Negro, Caraya
BR names: Guariba or Bugio or Caraja
Geographic range: in south-central Brazil, eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, & northwestern Argentina.
As in the photos below, the male of Black Howler Monkey is black; but the female is brown.
Above: male Black Howler Monkey
Below: female Black Howler Monkey
Photographed during a FONT tour in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
Red-handed Howler Monkey ______ BR(*) af (in central & northeast Brazil)
Alouatta belzebul
BR: Guariba
Amazon Black Howler Monkey ______ BR (C&E Amazonian Brazil, both N&S of the Amazon River)
Alouatta nigerrima
Brown Howler Monkey (ph) ______ BR(*) mn,se
Alouatta guariba (formerly A. fusca)
AR name: Mono Aullador Rufo
BR names: Bugio or Ruivo or Guariba
There are two subspecies of the Brown Howler Monkey:
Alouatta g. guariba, the Northern Brown Howler (t1)
Alouatta guariba clamitans, the Southern Brown Howler
The nominate subspecies is critically endangered, with, it is said, fewer than 250 individuals restricted to the area of the Jequitinhonha River, in eastern Brazil. That river flows from eastern Minas Gerais into Bahia to the ocean.
In the subspecies A. g. clamitans of southern South America, adult males are bright reddish with a golden tint; most adult females are brown.
Geographic range: from Bahia in Brazil south to northeastern Argentina, in the Atlantic Forest.
A male Brown Howler Monkey in the trees of a fine forest
in Minas Gerais, Brazil during a FONT tour in October 2009
Venezuelan Red Howler Monkey ______ EC(*) az VE(*) hp (Colombia, Venezuela, NW Brazil)
Alouatta seniculus
VE name: Mono Colorado
EC name: Coto Mono
Guyanan Red Howler Monkey ______ BR(*) am (Guyana & NC Amazonian Brazil)
Alouatta macconnelli
Bolivian Red Howler Monkey ______ BR (S Peru, Bolivia, SW Brazil)
Alouatta sara
Ecuadorian Mantled Howler Monkey (t3) ______ EC
Alouatta palliata aequatorialis
The Ecuadorian Mantled Howler Monkey is the southernmost subspecies of the Mantled Howler Monkey (ph) that ranges north to Mexico.
Alouatta palliata aequatorialis ranges from Panama (possibly easternmost Costa Rica) through Colombia and Ecuador into northern Peru.
White-nosed Bearded Saki (t3) ______ BR(*) af,am (C Brazil, S of the Amazon River to Mato Grosso)
Chiropotes albinasus
BR: Cuxiu or Piroclucu or Piroculu
Brown Bearded Saki (t2) ______ BR (in northeast Brazil)
Chiropotes satanas
Buffy Saki ______ BR (in central Amazonian Brazil, south of the Solimoes River)
Pithecia albicans
Gray Monk Saki ______ BR (C & SW Amazonian Brazil, & S Peru to Bolivia)
Pithecia irrorata
Monk Saki ______ BR EC (S Colombia, E Ecuador, N Peru, & W Brazil)
Pithecia monachus
Guianan Saki ______ BR (E Venezuela & French Guiana, & NE Brazil south to the Amazon River)
Pithecia pithecia
Equatorial Saki ______ EC
Pithecia aequatorialis
Pithecia aequatorialis was described in 1987. Its geographic range is in Ecuador & Peru.
Red Uakari ______ BR (in northern Peru & west-central Brazil)
Cacajao calvus
Black Uakari ______ BR (SE Colombia, extreme S Venezuela, & NW Brazil)
Cacajao melanocephalus
White-headed Capuchin (ph) ______ EC
Cebus capucinus
Cebus capucinus has been called the White-faced Capuchin or White-throated Capuchin. Its range is from Ecuador north into Central America to Honduras.
The subspecies in South America is the nominate, Cebus c. capucinus.
White-headed Capuchins photographed during a FONT tour
(photo by Virginia Woodhouse)
Wedge-capped Capuchin ______ VE(*) ll (also called the Weeping Capuchin)
Cebus olivaceus
VE name: Mono Chuco
Geographic range: from Colombia to French Guiana, & in northern Brazil south to the Rio Negro & Amazon River, in forests.
White-fronted Capuchin ______ BR EC
Cebus albifrons
Geographic range: Colombia, Venezuela, northwestern Brazil, Ecuador, & northern Peru.
Ka'apor Capuchin ______ BR (endemic)
Cebus kaapori
Geographic range: in northeastern Brazil, in Maranhao.
The genus of the South American Capuchin monkeys BELOW was changed in 2011 from Cebus to Sapajus.
That change was for the "robust capuchins", those in the former "Cebus apella group".
The Capuchins ABOVE retained the Cebus genus, the "gracile capuchins", those in the former "Cebus capuccinus group".
Tufted Capuchin ______ BR(*) af,am,mt EC (has been called the Brown Tufted Capuchin)
Sapajus (formerly Cebus) apella
AR names: Cai Comun, Mono
BR name: Macaco Prego
Geographic range: from Colombia south to Peru & central Brazil.
In 2005, the following were said to be subspecies of the Tufted Capuchin:
S. a. apella
S. a. fatuellus
The above two subspecies were described by Linnaeus in 1758 & 1766 respectively.
S. a. margaritae
S. a. peruanus
S. a. tocantinus
Another subspecies, Sapajus apella macrocephalus, has been regarded by some as a separate species, the Large-headed Capuchin.
It occurs in parts of Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
Sapajus (formerly Cebus) apella was described by Linnaeus in 1758. For years, it had the common English name of Brown Capuchin.
Black-striped Capuchin ______ AR(*) ne BR(*) (has been called Black-striped Tufted Capuchin)
Sapajus (formerly Cebus) libidinosus
Geographic range: in Bolivia, northern Argentina, Paraguay, & southern Brazil, in forests
Black Capuchin (ph) ______ BR(*) mn,se (has been called Black Tufted Capuchin)
Sapajus (formerly Cebus) nigritus
Geographic range: southeastern Brazil, in the Atlantic Forest.
A Black Capuchin photographed during the FONT August 2007 tour
in Southeast Brazil
(photo by Dan Coleman)
Golden-bellied Capuchin (t1) ______ BR (endemic)
Sapajus (formerly Cebus) xanthosternos
Other names for Sapajus xanthosternos are Yellow-breasted Capuchin and Buffy-headed Capuchin.
Geographic range: in east-central Brazil, in southern Bahia & northern Minas Gerais, in forest remnants.
Blond Capuchin (t1) ______ BR (endemic)
Sapajus flavius
The critically endangered Blond Capuchin was rediscovered in 2006. Its estimated population is about 180 individuals.
It was originally described in 1774, as Simia flavia, but without a type specimen.
Geographic range: in northeastern Brazil, in the states of Paraiba, Pernambuco, and Alagoas.
White-fronted Spider Monkey (t2) ______ EC
Ateles belzebuth
White-cheeked Spider Monkey (t2) ______ BR(*) af (was merged with a more widespread Black Spider Monkey)
Ateles marginatus
BR: Coata
Ateles marginatus is endemic to Amazonian Brazil.
Black Spider Monkey (v) ______ BR (undisturbed primary rainforests from Guyana south into NE Amazonian Brazil, north of Amazon River, west to the Rio Negro)
Ateles paniscus
Peruvian Spider Monkey ______ BR (E Peru, N Bolivia, & W Amazonian Brazil)
Ateles chamek
White-whiskered Spider Monkey (t2) ______ BR (EC Amazonian Brazil, south of the Amazon River)
Black-headed Spider Monkey (t1) ______ EC
Ateles fusciceps
Ateles fusciceps is said by some to be a subspecies of the Geoffroy's Spider Monkey, Ateles geoffroyi, of mostly Central America.
Southern Muriqui (t1) ______ BR (was called "Woolly Spider Monkey") (in southeast Brazil, in Atlantic forest remnants of Rio de Janeiro & Sao Paulo states)
Brachyteles arachnoides
These rare animals, the Southern & the Northern Muriquis (above & below) are the largest monkeys in the New World, up to 5 feet tall. The two Muriquis were taxonomically "split" in 1995.
Northern Muriqui (t1) (ph) ______ BR(*) mn (was called "Woolly Spider Monkey") (in east-central Brazil, in Atlantic forest remnants from Bahia to Espirito Santo & Minas Gerais)
Brachyteles hypoxanthus
These Northern Muriquis were photographed during a FONT tour
in May 2011 in Minas Gerais in Brazil
Gray Woolly Monkey (ph) ______ BR
Lagothrix cana
Geographic range: southern Peru & southern Amazonian Brazil
There are two subspecies of the Gray Woolly Monkey:
Lagothrix cana cana in Brazil & Peru
Lagothrix cana tschudi in southeast Peru.
This Woolly Monkey was photographed in southeastern Peru,
making it Lagothrix cana tschudi,
Brown Woolly Monkey (t3) ______ BR EC
Lagothrix lagotricha
Another name for Lagothrix lagotricha is the Humboldt's Woolly Monkey.
Geographic range: in southeastern Colombia, northeastern Ecuador, far northeastern Peru, & northwestern Amazonian Brazil east to the Rio Negro.
Silvery Woolly Monkey (t3) ______ BR EC
Lagothrix poeppigii
Another name for Lagothrix poeppigii is the Poeppig's Woolly Monkey.
Geographic range: in eastern Ecuador & northern Peru, & extreme western Amazonian Brazil, in highlands
Colombian Woolly Monkey (t1) ______
Lagothrix lugens
Geographic range: Colombia
Common Squirrel Monkey (ph) ______ EC(*) am
Saimiri sciureus
EC: Fraile, Frailecito, Barizo
In the latest taxonomy, there are in total 5 squirrel monkey species, in Central & South America.
Common Squirrel Monkey
Bolivian Squirrel Monkey ______ BR (Amazon basin of E Peru, Bolivia & SW Brazil)
Saimiri boliviensis
Bare-eared Squirrel Monkey ______ BR(*) am (C Amazonian Brazil, S of the Amazon River)
Saimiri ustus
Black Squirrel Monkey ______ BR (W Amazonian Brazil)
Saimiri vanzolinii
Coppery Titi ______
Callicebus cupreus
White-tailed Titi ______ EC(*) az
Callicebus discolor
EC: Zocayo, Saui
The White-tailed Titi was considered part of the Coppery Titi (above), Callicebus discolor, now of Amazonian Brazil and Peru.
Dusky Titi ______ BR (EC Amazonian Brazil, S of the Amazon River)
Callicebus moloch
Masked Titi (t3) (ph) ______ BR(*) mn (EC Brazil, coastal forests of EC Minas Gerais, S Espirito Santo, & NE Rio de Janeiro)
Callicebus personatus
BR: Guigo or Saua
A Masked Titi during a FONT tour in Minas Gerais, Brazil in October 2009
Black-fronted Titi (t3) ______ BR(*) se (Atlantic forest of S Minas Gerais, Sao Paulo, & SW Rio de Janerio)
Callicebus nigrifrons
The Black-fronted Titi, Callicebus nigrifrons, was formerly a subspecies of the Masked Titi, Callicebus personatus.
Baptista Lake Titi ______ BR (C Amazonian Brazil, S of the Amazon River)
Callicebus baptista
Blond Titi (ce) ______ BR (EC Brazil, in remnant forests of N Bahia)
Callicebus barbarabrownae
Prince Benhard's Titi ______ BR (SC Amazonian Brazil)
Callicebus bernhardi
Brown Titi _____ BR (SC Amazonian Brazil)
Callicebus brunneus
Booted Titi _____ BR (C Amazonian Brazil)
Callicebus calligatus
Ashy-black Titi ______ BR (C Amazonian Brazil)
Callicebus cinerascens
Coimbra-Filho's Titi (ce) ______ BR (NE Brazil)
Callicebus coimbrai
White-tailed Titi ______ BR (another name has been Double-browed Titi)
Geographic range: west-central Amazonian Brazil
Dubious Titi ______ BR (WC Amazonian Brazil)
Callicebus dubius
Hoffmann's Titi ______ BR (C Amazonian Brazil)
Callicebus hoffmannsi
Lucifer Titi ______ BR EC (S Colombia, E Ecuador, NE Peru, & W Amazonian Brazil)
Callicebus lucifer
Mourning Titi ______ BR (NW Amazonian Brazil)
Callicebus lugens
Black-handed Titi (formerly a subspecies of Masked Titi) ______ BR (Atlantic forest of EC Brazil, in SE Bahia & N Espirito Santo)
Callicebus melanochir
Pallid Titi ______ BR (Paraguay & SC Brazil: the Pantanal region of Mato Grosso do Sul)
Callicebus pallescens
Red-crowned Titi ______ BR (C Amazonian Brazil)
Callicebus purinus
Kinglet Titi ______ BR (C Amazonian Brazil)
Callicebus regulus
Stephen Nash's Titi ______ BR (WC Amazonian Brazil, not well known)
Callicebus stephennashi
Collared Titi ______ BR (C Amazonian Brazil)
Callicebus torquatus
Azara's Night Monkey ______ BR (Amazonian Brazil south to NE Argentina)
Aotus azarai
Nancy Ma's Night Monkey ______ BR (Western Amazonian Brazil)
Aotus nancymaae
Black-headed Night Monkey ______ BR (E Peru & W&C Amazonian Brazil)
Aotus nigriceps
Northern Night Monkey ______ BR (E Colombia, S Venezuela, & NC Brazil)
Aotus trivirgatus
Gray-bellied Night Monkey ______ BR EC (another name has been Noisy Night Monkey)
Aotus vociferans
Geographic range: Colombia, eastern Ecuador, northern Peru, & northwestern Amazonian Brazil
Spix's Night Monkey ______ EC
AMAZON RIVER DOLPHIN(S) - Family Iniidae (1 or 2 species)
Amazon River Dolphin (t3) ______ BR(*) am EC VE(*) ll (also called the Pink Dolphin. or Boto)
Inia geoffrensis
BR names: Boutu or Boto, also Boto Cor de Rosa
VE name: Tonina
Subspecies of the Amazon River Dolphin include:
Inia geoffrensis geoffrensis in the basins of the Amazon and the Araguaia/Tocantins Rivers
(excluding the Madeira River drainage upstream of the Teotonio Rapids in Rondonia)
Inia geoffrensis humboldtiana in the basin of the Orinoco River
Inia geoffrensis boliviensis in the Bolivian portion of the Amazon basin upstream of the Teotonio Rapids in Rondonia, Brazil
Some, including the Society of Marine Mammalogy in 2012, consider the last of these to be a distinct species.
Another species of dolphin also occurs in the Amazon River Basin, the Tucuxi (or Gray Dolphin), noted below.
FRANCISCANA - Family Pontoporiidae (1 species)
La Plata Dolphin (or Franciscana) ______ AR BR se
Pontoporia blainvillei
AR name: Delfin del Plata
MARINE DOLPHINS - Family Delphinidae (globally 34 species)
Rough-toothed Dolphin ______ EC
Steno bredanensis
Dusky Dolphin (ph) ______ AR(*) so
Lagenorhynchus obscurus
AR name: Delfin Oscuro
Dusky Dolphins
Peale's Dolphin (ph) ______ AR CH(*) tf
Lagenorhynchus australis
CH name: Delfin Griseoblanco
Peale's Dolphin
(photo by Cameron Rutt)
Hourglass Dolphin ______ AR
Lagenorhynchus cruciger
Commerson's Dolphin (ph) ______ AR CH(*) tf
Cephalorhynchus commersonii
AR name: Tonina Overa
CH name: Delfin Blanco
The Commerson's Dolphin, a striking black-and-white marine mammal, much like a porpoise, is in the eastern Strait of Magellan.
During one FONT tour, we watched them in smooth water, apparently fishing with penguins.
Commerson's Dolphin
Chilean Dolphin (nt) ______ AR
Cephalorhynchus eutropia
Short-beaked Common Dolphin (ph) ______ AR CH(*) fn EC
Delphinus delphis
CH name: Delfin Comun
Short-beaked Common Dolphins have been seen offshore from Arica, Chile, during FONT pelagic trips.
Long-beaked Common Dolphin ______ AR
Delphinus capensis
Common Bottlenose Dolphin (ph) ______ AR BR(*) fs
Tursiops truncatus
AR name: Tonina
Common Bottlenose Dolphins were seen during a FONT Far-Southern Brazil Tour from shore by a long rock jetty that extended about 2 miles out to sea, in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Pantropical Spotted Dolphin ______ AR
Stenella atteuata
Striped Dolphin ______ AR
Stenella coeruleoalba
Spinner Dolphin ______ AR EC
Stenella longirostris
Fraser's Dolphin (ph) ______ AR EC
Lagernodelphis hosei
Southern Right Whale Dolphin ______ AR
Lissodelphis peronii
Risso's Dolphin (ph) ______ AR (also called Gray Grampus)
Grampus griseus
Orca (or Killer Whale) (ph) ______ AR(*) so EC
AR name: Orca
Orcas have been seen in the surf, where there were seals and sea lions on the beach, during FONT tours along the Argentine coast at the Valdez Peninsula.
False Killer Whale ______ AR EC
Pseudorca crassideus
Pygmy Killer Whale ______ EC
Feresa attenuata
Short-finned Pilot Whale ______ EC
Globicephala macrorhynchus
Long-finned Pilot Whale (ph) ______ AR
Globicephala melas
AR name: Delfin Piloto
Melon-headed Whale ______ EC
Peponocephala electra
The Melon-headed Whale is closely related to the Pygmy Killer Whale (above) and the two Pilot Whales (also above).
Collectively, these dolphin species are known by the common name of "blackfish".
Other names for Peponocephala electra are the Many-toothed Blackfish or the Electra Dolphin.
Tucuxi (or Gray Dolphin) ______ BR(*) am EC
Sotalia fluviatilis
BR name: Tucuxi
The Tucuxi occurs in South American rivers draining into the Atlantic and the Caribbean.
It is found throughout the entire Amazon River basin, where it has been seen during FONT tours.
Sotalia fluviatilis also occurs in coastal waters north to Panama, occasionally Costa Riva.
PORPOISES - Family Phocoenidae
Spectacled Porpoise ______ AR
Phocoena dioptrica
Burmeister's Porpoise ______ AR
Phocoena spinipinnis
RIGHT WHALES - Family Balaenidae (globally 5 species)
Southern Right Whale ______ AR(*) so
Balaena australis
AR name: Ballena Franca Austral
The Southern Right Whale has been seen in numbers in the ocean during FONT tours along the Argentine coast at the Valdes Peninsula.
Family Neobalaenidae
Pygmy Right Whale ______ AR
Caperea marginata
RORQUALS - Family Balaenopteridae (globally 8 species)
Humpback Whale (ph) ______ AR EC(*) we
Megaptera novaeangliae
During FONT tours, Humpback Whales have been seen leaping completely out of the water
(as in the photo below), in the ocean off the coast of western Ecuador,
especially during boat trips offshore to Isla de la Plata
A leaping Humpback Whale
Two photos below of the Humpback Whale, during the FONT Ecuador Tour in July 2013.
In the lower photo, the humps on the back behind the dorsal fin can be seen,
the feature that gives the whale its common name.
(photos by Marie Gardner)
To see more about: HUMPBACK WHALES DURING THE JULY 2013 FONT ECUADOR TOUR
Northern (or Common) Minke Whale (ph) ______ AR EC
Balaenoptera acutorostrata
Antarctic Minke Whale ______ AR
Balaenoptera bonaerensis
Sei Whale (t2) ______ AR
Balaenoptera borealis
Bryde's Whale ______ AR
Balaenoptera edeni
Fin Whale (t2) (ph) ______ AR EC
Balaenoptera physalus
Blue Whale (t2) (ph) ______ AR EC
Balaenoptera musculus
Family Physeter
Great Sperm Whale (t3) (ph) ______ AR
Physeter macrocephalus
Family Kogiidae
Pygmy Sperm Whale (ph) ______ AR EC
Kogia breviceps
Dwarf Sperm Whale ______ AR EC
Kogia sima
Family Ziphius
Cuvier's Beaked Whale (ph) ______ AR EC
Ziphius cavirostris
Arnoux's Beaked Whale ______ AR
Berardius arnuxii
Shepherd's Beaked Whale ______ AR
Tasmacetus shepherdi
Andrew's Beaked Whale ______ AR
Mesoplodon bowdoini
Blainville's Beaked Whale ______ EC
Mesoplodon densirostris
Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whale ______ EC
Mesoplodon ginkgodens
Gray's Beaked Whale ______ AR
Mesoplodon grayi
Hector's Beaked Whale ______ AR
Mesoplodon hectori
Strap-toothed Whale ______ AR
Mesoplodon layardii
Pygmy Beaked Whale ______ EC
Mesoplodon peruvianus
Southern Bottlenose Whale ______ AR
Hyperoodon planifrons
PECCARIES - Family Tayassuidae (3 or 4 species)
Collared Peccary (ph) ______ AR BR(*) mt EC
Pecari tajacu (the genus has been Tayassu and Dicotyles)
(the genus has been Tayassu and Dicotyles)
AR name: Pecari de Collar
BR names: Carero, Caititu, Porco-do-Mato-do-Colar
Pecari tajacu is also known, in the northern part of its range, as the Javelina.
Pecari tajacu was described by Linnaeus in 1758.
White-lipped Peccary (nt) (ph) ______ AR BR(*) af EC
Tayassu pecari
AR name: Pecari Labiado
BR name: Queixada
The White-lipped Peccary is larger than the Collared Peccary. The White-lipped Peccary is black with a white chin (and with no collar).
White-lipped Peccary
Giant Peccary ______ BR (endemic)
Pecari maximus
Pecari maximus is a newly-described species, in 2007, but recently its designation as a species has been questioned.
Chacoan Peccary (t2) ______ AR
Catagonus wagneri
CAMELS - Family Camelidae (globally 7 species)
Vicuna (t3) (ph) ______ AR(*) fn CH(*) fn
Vicugna vicugna
AR & CH names: Vicuna
Vicuna
Guanaco (ph) ______ AR(*) fs tf CH(*) fn fs tf
Lama guanicoe
AR name: Guanaco
Guanaco
Llama (ph) ______ AR(*) fn CH(*) fn (a domesticated animal)
Lama glama
AR & CH names: Llama
Lama glama was described by Linnaeus in 1758.
A Llama photographed during a FONT tour
Alpaca ______ CH(*) fn (a domesticated animal)
Lama pacos
AR & CH names: Alpaca
Lama pacos was described by Linnaeus in 1758.
Some Notes about the South American Lamoids (the Llama, Alpaca, Guanaco, Vicuna):
Combined there are an estimated 7.7 million of these animals, with 53% in Peru, 37% in Bolivia, 8% in Argentina, and 2% in Chile.
The domestic Llamas and Alpacas (91% of the total) are far more numerous than the wild Guanacos and Vicunas (9%). Llamas (3.7 million) are slightly more abundant than Alpacas (3.3 million) and Guanacos (575,000) are much more common than Vicunas (85,000).
Most Alpacas (91%) and Vicunas (72%) are in Peru, and the majority of Llamas (70%) are in Bolivia, and nearly all of the Guanacos (96%) are in Argentina.
The Guanaco has been decreasing during recent years due to hunting and competition with livestock. The Vicuna was reduced to a dangerously low population in the 1960's, but the species is now recovering under protection.
DEER - Family Cervidae (globally 47 species)
White-tailed Deer (ph) ______ EC VE(*) ll
Odocoileus virginianus
VE name: Venado (Llanero)
Pampas Deer (nt) (ph) ______ AR BR(*) mt
Odocoileus bezoarticus
AR name: Venado de las Pampas
Odocoileus bezoarticus was described by Linnaeus in 1758.
Pampas Deer
Marsh Deer (t3) (ph) ______ AR(*) ne BR(*) mt
Blastocerus dichotomus
AR name: Ciervo de los Pantanos
BR name: Cervo do Pantanal
Above: A Marsh Deer (& a Giant Cowbird) photographed during
Below: Another Marsh Deer photographed during our tour there in March 2008.
(photo below by Marie Gardner)
Gray (or Brown) Brocket (Deer) (ph) ______ AR(*) ne BR(*) af fs mt EC
Mazama gouazoubira
AR name: Corzuela Parda
BR name: Veado Vira
A Gray Brocket Deer photographed during the FONT Brazil tour
in Mato Grosso do Sul in March 2008
Red Brocket (Deer) ______ AR BR(*) af mt EC
Mazama americana
BR name: Veado Mateiro
Little Red Brocket (Deer) ______ EC
Mazama rufina
Dwarf Brocket ______ PE
Mazama chunyi
Pygmy Brocket (Deer) ______ AR BR(*) ig
Mazama nana
AR name: Corzuela Enana
BR name: Bororo
Peruvian (or Northern) Guemal (or Huemul) (t3) (ph) ______ AR CH(*) fn EC(where now extinct)
Hippocamelus antisensis
AR & CH name: Taruca
Hippocamelus antisensis is now considered distinct from the Chilean, or Southern Guemal (or Huemul), Hippocamelus bisuleus
A Peruvian (or Northern) Guemal, photographed during a FONT tour in northern Chile
Chilean (or Southern) Guemal (t2) ______ AR CH
Hippocamelus bisulcus
AR name: Huemul
Northern Pudu ______ EC PE
Pudu mephistophiles
Southern Pudu (t3) (ph) ______ AR CH(*) so
Pudu pudu
AR & CH name: Pudu
A Southern Pudu, a very small deer, said to be world's smallest,
has been seen during FONT tours in Chile
TAPIRS - Family Tapiridae (globally 4 species)
Brazilian Tapir (t3) (ph) ______ AR BR(*) af mt EC
Tapirus terrestris
AR name: Tapir
BR name: Anta
Tapirus terrestris was described by Linnaeus in 1758.
Above: a young Brazilian Tapir
Below: an adult and a young
These photos were taken at a animal scientific research facility
in Paraguay during a FONT tour (mostly in Brazil) in August 2008.
This tapir is an endangered species in Paraguay.
Mountain (or Wooly) Tapir (t2) ______ EC (occurs in high montane forest & paramo in Colombia & Ecuador)
Tapirus pinchaque
Baird's Tapir (t2) (ph) ______ EC
Tapirus bairdii
Tapirus bairdii is mainly a Central American mammal. In South America, it is rare in Colombia, and even more if it still exists in Ecuador. It was said to range as far south as the Gulf of Guayaquil in Ecuador.
MANATEES - Family Trichechidae (globally 3 species)
(globally 3 species)
Amazonian Manatee (t3) ______ BR EC
Trichechus inunguis
SOME REFERENCES FOR THIS LIST INCLUDE:
"Mammals of the World, a Checklist" by Andrew Duff & Ann Lawson, 2004
"Neotropical Rainforest Mammals, A Field Guide, Second Edition", text by Louise Emmons & illustrations by Francois Feer
"Walker's Marsupials of the World" by Ronald Nowak, 2005
A Link to a Listing of South American Butterflies:
Butterflies of South America