text:
(Auto racing)
(Automobiles)
BMW in Formula One
Safir Engineering
Scuderia Milano
Shadow Racing Cars
Simtek
Spirit Racing
Knowledge Identifier: &Sauber
Swiss Formula One team
Category: Auto racing
Countries: (21%), United Kingdom (14%), Germany (12%)
Main connections: Formula One, BMW, Scuderia Ferrari
Linked to: BMW, Ferrari, Scuderia Ferrari, Petronas
431.1 points
176 active datas
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It was founded in the 1970s by Peter Sauber, who progressed through hillclimbing and the World Sports Prototype Championship to reach Formula One in 1993
Peter Sauber began building sports cars in the 1970s
The first Sauber car, C1, was built in 1970
After using turbocharged Mercedes $V8 (V8_engine) engines in the 1980s, his team became the official factory team of Mercedes-Benz, reviving the Silver Arrow legend
Mercedes-Benz - Although there was some activity in the intervening years, it was not until 1987 that Mercedes-Benz returned to front line competition, returning to Le Mans, Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft , and Formula One with Sauber
Mike Thackwell - He concentrated on sports car racing with the Kouros Racing Team in their Sauber C9 in 1987, only to receive yet more disappointment
Sauber, in partnership with Mercedes, won the Le Mans 24 hour race in 1989 and the World Sports Prototype Championship in 1989 and 1990 with the Sauber C9 and Mercedes-Benz C11 respectively
The livery was changed and the car is now grey, similar to the Sauber cars in the early 1990s
Mercedes-Benz C292 - Built by Sauber for & Mercedes-Benz, the C292 featured the same Mercedes-Benz M291 3,5L Flat-12 which had initially disappointed in 1991, but during the offseason continued development and testing and was finally able to produce power similar to Jaguar, Peugeot, and Toyota
Jonathan Palmer - He returned to Le Mans in 1991 with the works Sauber &Mercedes-Benz team
Mike Gascoyne - While at Tyrrell he worked for designer Harvey Postlethwaite, who came to hold Gascoyne in such regard that when Postlethwaite departed in 1991 to design the Sauber team's first Formula One car, he took the twenty-eight-year-old engineer with him to Switzerland
The car's racing debut took place in the first race of 1993, in South Africa
Ilmor - After an unexpectedly competitive performance in 1993 Mercedes finally entered officially in 1994, and now "Powered by Mercedes-Benz" was seen on the Sauber engine-cover
Karl Wendlinger - For 1993, Wendlinger was re-united with Peter Sauber, who that year had become a Formula One team owner
Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains - However, after an unexpectedly fast performance in 1993, Sauber convinced Mercedes to enter officially in 1994
Mike Gascoyne - Postlethwaite's stay with the & Sauber team was short, but Gascoyne remained for the first season, his Sauber C13 chassis taking 12 points during 1993
The team went into the 1994 season as "'Sauber Mercedes"', now officially Mercedes' factory-backed team with a new car in the Sauber C13 and the Ilmor engine rebadged the Mercedes 3,5 V10
Unfortunately, the Austrian's serious accident in 1994 seemed to have taken a lot out of his driving potential and he was replaced after two races by rookie Jean-Christophe Boullion
Heinz-Harald Frentzen - In 1994 Frentzen was given a Formula One drive by Peter Sauber in a Mercedes powered car, as team mate to Wendlinger
Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains - The company has supplied Sauber during the 1994 season, McLaren from 1995 to 2014, Force India since 2009, Brawn in 2009, the Mercedes factory team since 2010, Williams since 2014 and Lotus since 2015
The 1995 season and Sauber C14 marked the beginning of a ten year sponsorship deal with energy drink giants Red Bull
The 1995 season saw the return of Karl Wendlinger partnering Heinz-Harald Frentzen
Jean-Christophe Boullion - Although he was signed to test for Williams, he was loaned to Sauber to replace Karl Wendlinger for much of the 1995 season, scoring points twice but rarely matching team-mate Heinz-Harald Frentzen
Norberto Fontana - Fontana joined the & Sauber test team in 1995 when Peter Sauber approached him for a test session that took place at Barcelona in late 1994
Karl Wendlinger - Wendlinger recovered from his injuries before the start of the 1995 Formula One season, where he would be driving at Sauber alongside Frentzen
Heinz-Harald Frentzen - However, the 1996 Sauber was unreliable, with many races ending in retirements and Frentzen dropping down the order, though he was one of only four drivers running at the end of that year's chaotic, rain-soaked Monaco Grand Prix
Cosworth - In order to produce a higher power at higher rpm, a completely new "'JD"' 72° V10 was designed for 1996, which produced about 670 bhp at 15,800rpm, and used by Sauber &Formula_One team
The partnership would see Team McLaren Mercedes take their first win in 1997 and both titles in 1998 but left Sauber to pick up the works Ford engine deal from Benetton
Jean Alesi - Alesi moved on, initially to Sauber and later Prost, the latter being owned by his former Ferrari teammate Alain Prost after Prost had bought the Ligier team in early 1997 and re-named it
Martin Brundle - He was offered a seat at Sauber in 1997 following the dropping of Nicola Larini, but decided against it
Norberto Fontana - His opportunity to race came as a result of two separate injuries sustained by regular Sauber driver Gianni Morbidelli during the 1997 season
Gerhard Berger - Sauber offered Berger a drive for 1998, but the Austrian turned down the offer for a number of reasons, not least because of the new regulations for grooved tyres which the Austrian did not find inspiring
Arrows Grand Prix International - That year saw a costly payout to Pedro Diniz after unsuccessfully suing the Brazilian, who had taken his funding to Sauber for 1999
Enrique Bernoldi - Due to the team's links with Sauber, he tested for the Formula 1 team in both seasons, in addition to testing for the Prost GP team in 2000
Heikki Kovalainen - Kovalainen began his car racing career in the British Formula Renault Championship, which fellow Finn Kimi Räikkönen had won in 2000 before moving straight into Formula One with Sauber
In 2001, Sauber brought a virtually unknown and very inexperienced Kimi Räikkönen into Formula One, despite the protests of a few drivers and influential members of the FIA, including Max Mosley, that he would pose a danger to other drivers
Enrique Bernoldi - Although touted before the start of the 2001 season to be joining either Prost, Minardi or Sauber, Bernoldi instead signed a contract with Arrows, a move that was seen as surprising by some
Nick Heidfeld - He departed Prost at the end of that season, before signing a three-year contract with Sauber for 2001
Fernando Alonso - It was reported in September 2001 by some of the European press that Sauber were looking to replace outgoing Kimi Räikkönen with Alonso although he was facing competition for the seat from Felipe Massa and Jaguar test driver André Lotterer
Fernando Alonso - A month later it was confirmed that Massa was going to take the vacant Sauber seat for 2002
Nick Heidfeld - However, the McLaren seat went to Räikkönen, and Heidfeld stayed with Sauber for 2002 and 2003, where he raked up a number of points finishes
Nick Heidfeld - At the end of the 2003 season, Heidfeld was replaced at the Sauber team by Jordan's Giancarlo Fisichella and looked to be without a race seat for the 2004 season
Heinz-Harald Frentzen - At various times driving for Williams, Jordan, Sauber, Prost, and Arrows, he achieved three race wins before his retirement from F1 in 2003
Heinz-Harald Frentzen - Back with Sauber for 2003, after a one-off drive replacing Felipe Massa at the 2002 United States Grand Prix, Frentzen managed a mini-renaissance, proving himself more than a match for his highly-rated team mate Nick Heidfeld and even scoring a podium finish in the penultimate race of the year in the United States
In 2004, Sauber spent a large sum of money on a new wind tunnel at Hinwil, and a high performance supercomputer to help refine the aerodynamics of their cars
They sided with the non-Ferrari teams over planned rule changes at the end of the 2004 season and joined up with the GPWC
Jacques Villeneuve - After a short run with Renault at the end of 2004, Villeneuve moved to the Sauber team for the 2005 season where he was outscored by his less experienced teammate Felipe Massa
Martin Brundle - Brundle took the wheel of a Jaguar F1 car for the Formula One demonstration in London prior to the 2004 British Grand Prix and drove a BMW Sauber during a demonstration in 2006
Giancarlo Fisichella - In 2004, whilst racing for Sauber, Fisichella became the first driver in Formula 1 to have his HANS device painted in his colours, Massa followed soon after and the rest of the grid had theirs painted
Scuderia Toro Rosso - Jani was the test driver for Sauber Petronas in 2004
Giancarlo Fisichella - Unhappy at the Jordan team's performance, Fisichella moved to Sauber in 2004 in the hope of greater results, and of using the team as a way of gaining access to, and a drive for, 2003 World Champions Ferrari, who supplied re-badged engines to the Sauber team
Having not won a Grand Prix as an independent, the team was sold to & BMW in 2005, and competed as BMW Sauber from 2006 to 2009, scoring one victory
Sauber's final grand prix came in China 2005, with Massa scoring a welcome sixth place to round off the team's history
Jacques Villeneuve - After much uncertainty, in late 2005 BMW confirmed that Villeneuve would race for BMW Sauber in 2006
Jacques Villeneuve - Just before his 3-race Renault comeback, Villeneuve signed a two-year contract to drive for Sauber, starting in 2005
BMW in Formula One - BMW bought Swiss team Sauber in June 2005 to form the "'BMW Sauber F1 Team"'
For the 2006 season the team signed Nick Heidfeld from Williams to be their lead driver, while 1997 World Champion Jacques Villeneuve had his existing Sauber contract confirmed
BMW in Formula One - For the 2006 season, BMW Sauber signed Nick Heidfeld from Williams to be the lead driver, while World Champion Jacques Villeneuve had his existing two-year contract with Sauber honoured
Nick Heidfeld - Heidfeld gained a contract with his Williams' engine supplier, &BMW (BMW_in_Formula_One), when they bought the Sauber team and entered Formula One as &BMW (BMW_in_Formula_One) Sauber for the 2006 season, replacing Felipe Massa who was bound for Ferrari
BMW - In 2006 BMW took over the Sauber team and became Formula One constructors
Williams F1 - The 2006 season saw Nico Rosberg replace Nick Heidfeld, who departed for BMW Sauber, while Mark Webber stayed on with the team
& BMW ownership commenced from 1 January 2006 with BMW buying Credit Suisse's share in the team
The new livery, unveiled in Valencia on 17 January 2006, was the traditional BMW blue and white with a hint of red
Jacques Villeneuve - In March 2006, when driving for BMW Sauber, he appeared in television campaign for Intel's Centrino laptop campaign, in which he touts the benefits of using Intel Centrino Duo Mobile Technology
On 19 October 2006, it was announced that Robert Kubica would partner Nick Heidfeld for the 2007 Formula One season with Sebastian Vettel taking the test and reserve driver role
Red Bull GmbH - The team previously sponsored the Sauber and Arrows Formula One teams, the Red Bull Cheever Racing Team in the IRL, and since 2007 Team Red Bull has competed in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series
The team launched their 2007 car, the F1,07, on 16 January 2007
On 21 August 2007, BMW confirmed its driver line-up of Heidfeld and Kubica for the season
Amongst other notable Sauber drivers were Jean Alesi, 2008 Formula One championship runner-up Felipe Massa, Johnny Herbert and 1997 World Champion Jacques Villeneuve, who raced for the team in its final season
Team principal, Mario Theissen boldly targeted the young team's first Formula 1 victory for 2008, a bench-mark many outside the organization felt was overly ambitious
Christian Klien - In 2008 Klien signed as BMW Sauber's test and reserve driver for the Formula One season
Scuderia Toro Rosso - The team's set 2008 driver lineup was Sebastian Vettel, third driver for BMW Sauber in 2006 before switching to a race seat at Toro Rosso midway through the 2007 season, and Sébastien Bourdais, the four-time winner of the Champ Car World Series
Their 2008 car, the F1,08 was officially launched in Munich at BMW Welt on 14 January 2008
Christian Klien - On 2 February 2008 Klien signed as BMW Sauber's reserve and test driver for the 2008 Formula One season, alongside Estonian Marko Asmer
In October 2008, the team confirmed that they would stick with Robert Kubica and Nick Heidfeld as their drivers for the season
After the team's breakthrough win, development was switched to the 2009 season where new regulations come into play
At the end of the 2009 season, however, BMW pulled out of Formula One and the team's future remained uncertain for several months, until it was sold back to Peter Sauber and granted a 2010 entry
BMW sold its part to Peter Sauber again after the end of the 2009 season, but the team formally used the name 'BMW Sauber' until the end of the 2010 season
Following a meeting of the BMW board on 28 July, the company held at press conference the following morning in which it confirmed the team's withdrawal from Formula One at the end of 2009
Williams F1 - Despite & BMW's contract with Williams to supply engines until 2009, this public deterioration of the relationship between BMW and WilliamsF1 was a factor in the decision by BMW Motorsport to buy Sauber and rebrand that team to feature the BMW name
Mike Gascoyne - Gascoyne has worked for numerous Grand Prix teams including McLaren, Sauber, Tyrrell, Jordan, Renault, Toyota, Spyker and in September 2009 with a confirmed entry by the FIA Gascoyne supported by the shareholders Tony Fernandes, Din Kamarudin and SM Nasarudin set up the called Lotus Racing Team, that would later become the Caterham F1 Team
On 15 September 2009, it was announced that BMW Sauber had secured a buyer, Qadbak Investments Limited which turned to be a shell company
BMW in Formula One - On 15 September 2009 it was announced that BMW Sauber had secured a buyer, Qadbak Investments Limited which said to represent European and Middle Eastern interests
On 27 November 2009, it was announced that Peter Sauber would repurchase the team conditional upon the team receiving a FIA entry for the 2010 season
BMW in Formula One - On November 27, 2009 it was announced that Peter Sauber would repurchase the team conditional upon the team receiving a FIA entry for the 2010 season
On 3 December 2009, the FIA confirmed that Sauber had been granted the entry vacated by Toyota Racing following their withdrawal and would be using Ferrari engines
BMW in Formula One - On 3 December 2009, the FIA confirmed that Sauber had been granted the entry vacated by Toyota Racing following their withdrawal and would be using Ferrari engines
After running a blank livery for the first four races of the 2010 season, the team finally announced a sponsorship deal with the Burger King fast food franchise at the Spanish and European Grands Prix
Despite being passed fit for the , Pérez withdrew from the weekend after the first free practice session due to illness, he was replaced by 2010 Sauber driver Pedro de la Rosa for the remainder of the weekend
However, due to issues with the Concorde Agreement, the team remained as "BMW Sauber" for the 2010 season
Kamui Kobayashi was announced as their first signed driver for the 2010 season on 17 December 2009
Peter Sauber had previously announced, on 29 November, that the team's chassis for the 2010 season would be designated Sauber C29, while the Swiss newspaper Blick reported that the team will be called "Team Sauber F1"
The beginning of the 2010 season saw the introduction of a new points system in F1
Stefan Grand Prix - Further opportunities to enter the sport in 2010 arose when manufacturer teams &BMW (BMW_Sauber) Sauber and Toyota withdrew their entries
Giancarlo Fisichella - He admitted that Sauber was a strong option and was strongly linked to the team, however his hopes of driving for Sauber in 2010 were ended when Pedro de la Rosa was confirmed as the team's second driver
BMW in Formula One - Peter & Sauber had previously announced, on 29 November, that the team's chassis for the 2010 season would be designated Sauber C29, while the Swiss newspaper Blick reported that the team will be called "Team Sauber F1"
BMW - The team was sold back to the previous owner, Peter Sauber, who kept the BMW part of the name for the 2010 season due to issues with the Concorde Agreement
However in January 2010, Peter Sauber has said that he has not yet applied for a change of name, so therefore they remain for now as " & BMW Sauber F1 Team" despite zero BMW components
BMW in Formula One - However in January 2010, Peter & Sauber has said that he has not yet applied for a change of name, so therefore they remain for now as " & BMW Sauber F1 Team" despite zero BMW components
Pedro de la Rosa was signed as Sauber's second driver on 19 January 2010
BMW in Formula One - Pedro de la Rosa was signed as Sauber's second driver on 19 January 2010
In March 2010, Peter Sauber announced plans to change the team name during the season, but the FIA announced that they would have to wait until the end of the season to change their name
Nick Heidfeld - In September 2010, Heidfeld returned to the Formula One grid, replacing Pedro de la Rosa at the &BMW (BMW_in_Formula_One) Sauber team for the remainder of the 2010 season
Nick Heidfeld - On 4 October 2010, Sauber confirmed their driver line-up for 2011 as Kamui Kobayashi and Sergio Pérez, seemingly leaving Heidfeld without a drive for 2011, before replacing Robert Kubica at Renault, who was injured in a rally accident on 6 February 2011
NEC - NEC signed a deal to sponsor the Sauber F1 team for the 2011 Season onwards
Esteban Gutierrez - On 28 July 2011, it was announced that Gutiérrez would remain as Sauber's reserve driver into the season
On 28 July, it was announced that Kobayashi, Pérez and Gutiérrez would all remain in the Sauber setup for the 2012 season
Robin Frijns - After the end of 2012, Frijns announced that he would not compete in Formula Renault 3,5 in 2013 and after his announcement at Sauber as test driver, his new team expressed their desire for Frijns to be racing in 2013 as he would not be testing for them full-time in
Simona de Silvestro - She had her first drive in the 2012 Sauber on April 26, and completed 112 laps during the test
Robin Frijns - On 18 October 2012, Sauber announced that Frijns will be driving their car during the third round of Young Drivers Test in Abu_Dhabi (Yas_Marina_Circuit) alongside the team's testing and reserve driver Esteban Gutiérrez
Nico Hulkenberg - On 31 October 2012 Sauber confirmed they had signed Hülkenberg for the 2013 season to replace Sergio Pérez, who moved to McLaren
On 23 November 2012, it was announced that Nico Hülkenberg, Esteban Gutiérrez and Robin Frijns would make up the team's line-up for the season; Hülkenberg and Gutiérrez as part of the race team and Frijns as reserve driver
Esteban Gutierrez - On 23 November 2012, it was announced that Gutiérrez would remain with Sauber, but was to be promoted to the race team alongside Nico Hülkenberg, who would be joining the team from Force India
Robin Frijns - On 23 November 2012, it was announced that Robin Frijns would become part of the Sauber F1 Team, and would serve as test and reserve driver in 2013
The Japanese Grand Prix saw the team's first double points finish of the 2013 season with Hülkenberg 6th after running most of the race in 4th, and Gutiérrez 7th after an impressive battle with Nico Rosberg's Mercedes
Scuderia Ferrari - In 2013 the Scuderia Toro Rosso and Sauber teams used Ferrari engines
The team's car for the season, the C32, was launched in Hinwil on 2 February 2013
Sergey Sirotkin (racing driver) - In July 2013, Sirotkin joined the Sauber Formula One team as a development driver as part of a tie-in with Russian investors with a view to promoting him to a race seat as early as 2014
Sergey Sirotkin (racing driver) - In July 2013, Sirotkin joined the Sauber Formula One team, with the aim of participating in Friday sessions in 2013 and a full race seat for the 2014 Formula One season
On 15 July 2013, Sergey Sirotkin joined Sauber as a development driver as part of a tie-in with Russian investors with a view to promoting him to a race seat as early as
Adrian Sutil - It was announced on 13 December 2013 that Sutil will join Sauber for 2014
Esteban Gutierrez - On 21 December 2013, it was confirmed that Gutiérrez would continue with Sauber in 2014
Felipe Nasr - After a year as the official test driver for Williams F1 Team in 2014, he will join Sauber as a full-time driver in 2015
Marcus Ericsson - At the 2014 United States Grand Prix, Sauber announced that it had signed Ericsson for , due in part to his substantial financial backing, but for his strong last races of the 2014 season and the fact that he stayed cool despite 2014 being a frustrating season for him
Adrian Sutil - He will compete the 2014 season with Sauber
In February 2014, IndyCar Series driver Simona de Silvestro was signed by Sauber as an "affiliated driver," with the intent of racing in F1 by
Simona de Silvestro - In February 2014, Formula One team Sauber announced that de Silvestro would join the team as an "affiliated driver" and would undergo a year-long training programme with the team, with the ultimate objective of racing in 2015
Simona de Silvestro - However, in October 2014, Sauber owner Monisha Kaltenborn stated the team had suspended de Silvestro's driving chances due to contractual troubles
On 1 November 2014, it was announced that Marcus Ericsson would drive for Sauber in
On 5 November 2014, Felipe Nasr was announced as a Sauber driver for the next two seasons
Felipe Nasr - On November 5, 2014, it was announced that Nasr would drive for Sauber in
Raffaele Marciello - On 31 December 2014 it was announced that Marciello had signed as test and reserve driver for the Sauber Formula One team for 2015
Sauber had breached their part of the contract when the team signed Felipe Nasr and Marcus Ericsson for the 2015 season
Raffaele Marciello - He will become reserve and test driver for the Sauber Formula One team in 2015, as well as racing for Trident Racing in the GP2 Series
Caterham F1 - In addition, for 2015, Sauber announced the engagement of Caterham's driver, Marcus Ericsson, who terminated his contract with Caterham on 12 November 2014
Sergey Sirotkin (racing driver) - Sirotkin failed to sign a contract with Sauber for 2015 - the Swiss team completely changed its structure and selected drivers with good financing
On 5 March 2015 the team's reserve driver for 2014, Giedo van der Garde, took the team to court, stating that he had a valid contract to race for the team in 2015 after his sponsors paid the team for two years
On 11 March 2015 an Australian court upheld the earlier ruling by the Swiss court that Giedo van der Garde had a valid contract for with Sauber and that he should race for the team in the first Grand Prix of the season in Melbourne on 15 March
The matter was temporarily resolved on Saturday, 14 March 2015, following an announcement by van der Garde that he would forego racing in Melbourne, with a view to finding a more permanent solution in the future
In fact, just prior to the held on 13 to 15 March 2015, van der Garde applied to an Australian court who ordered, at first instance on 11 March and on 12 March following Sauber's failed appeal, that he be permitted to race in Melbourne. pending an outcome in contempt of court proceedings against Sauber's team principal, Monisha Kaltenborn
Formula One - In September 2015, Force India and Sauber officially lodged a complaint with the European Union against Formula One questioning the governance and stating that the system of dividing revenues and determining the rules is unfair and unlawful
In October, they confirmed that they would keep the same driver lineup for 2016
Marcus Ericsson - During the summer break Sauber announced that Ericsson along with team mate Felipe Nasr had both extended their deals with the team for the 2016 season
Raffaele Marciello - In January 2016, it was announced that Marciello had been dropped by Sauber and had split with the Ferrari Driver Academy for personal reasons
On 20 July 2016 it was announced that Swiss based investment firm Longbow Finance has bought both Peter Sauber and Monisha Kaltenborn's shares in the company, which made Longbow Finance the sole owner of Sauber
On 11 November 2016, Sauber announced Ericsson would remain with the team in
Tatiana Calderon - In 2017, Calderón started working with Sauber Formula One team as a development driver
On 16 January 2017, the team announced the signing of Pascal Wehrlein, replacing Nasr
Pascal Wehrlein - On 16 January 2017, Wehrlein signed with Sauber
In April 2017, it was confirmed Sauber would end their engine deal with Ferrari and begin a new contract with Honda
Honda in Formula One - In April 2017, it was confirmed Honda would begin supplying engines to the Sauber F1 team in 2018
Pascal Wehrlein - On 3 April 2017, Sauber F1 announced Wehrlein would again be replaced by Giovinazzi for the 2017 Chinese Grand Prix
Honda in Formula One - The deal was cancelled in July 2017, after Sauber underwent a management restructuring
However, on 27 July 2017 it was announced that Sauber had canceled their planned partnership with Honda for 2018 onwards for "strategic reasons"
On 29 November 2017, Sauber announced that they have signed a multi-year technical and commercial partnership contract with Alfa Romeo, therefore the team will be renamed to "Alfa Romeo Sauber F1 Team" for the 2018 season onwards
On 2 December 2017 it was announced that Charles Leclerc and Marcus Ericsson would be racing for the team in 2018
Pascal Wehrlein - On 2 December 2017, Sauber announced that Wehrlein would not be renewed for the 2018 season and that he would be replaced by Charles Leclerc
The following day Sauber confirmed their new multi-year agreement with Ferrari for up-to-date engines starting in 2018
Scuderia Ferrari - As of 2018, Ferrari supply the Haas F1 Team and Sauber
Marcus Ericsson - Marcus Ericsson along side Charles Leclerc took the Alfa Romeo Sauber seat for the 2018 season
Kappa (company) - On 20 February 2018, it was announced Kappa began a partnership with the Alfa Romeo Sauber F1 Team, supplying the team and drivers with gear, and featuring the logo on the cars' headrests
On 8 April 2018, at the Bahrain Grand Prix, Ericsson placed 9th and picked up 2 points for the Alfa Romeo Sauber team using a 1-stop strategy
Kimi Raikkonen - In September 2018 Scuderia Ferrari announced that Räikkönen would leave at the end of the 2018 season, followed shortly by a message from Sauber Alfa Romeo, the Ferrari affiliated Formula 1 team, that Kimi Räikkönen had been signed on a 2 year contract for 2019 and 2020
Kimi Raikkonen - On 11 September 2018, Sauber announced that Raikkonen will rejoin the team for the first time since 2001, after leaving Ferrari
Scuderia Ferrari - On 11 September 2018, Ferrari announced that Kimi Raikkonen would be leaving for Sauber and Charles Leclerc along with Sebastian Vettel would be their race drivers for 2019
On 25 September 2018, Sauber announced that Antonio Giovinazzi would swap roles with Marcus Ericsson and drive alongside Kimi Räikkönen for the 2019 season
Tatiana Calderon - She had her first in-car test session on 30 October 2018, driving a Sauber C37 as part of a promotional filming day at the Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez track in Mexico City, two days after the 2018 Mexican Grand Prix
On 1 February 2019, Sauber announced that it will compete in the 2019 season as "Alfa Romeo Racing"
As of March 2019, their line-up includes the following:
As of April 2019, their line-up includes the following:


Alright Nashville, it's time to make a halfway through the year resolution and start working out — yesterday. Why? Because celebrity fitness trainer Autumn Calabrese and 30,000 of her closest Beachbody friends will be coming to town for an annual summit.
From July 27-30, downtown Nashville will host the biggest fitness event of the year in anticipation of the release of Calabrese's country-inspired line dance workout, Country Heat. To kick off the big week where coaches from around the world will come learn about the program and its dances from Calabrese, country music sensation and former Beachbody coach Jo Dee Messina will perform an original song she created for the workout.
The Country Heat DVD will be released to the public on July 28, the same day as the Messina kickoff performance at Nissan Stadium.
Join NashvilleGab, Jo Dee Messina & Jessica Lynn at You Must Love Dogs Fest!


For the past few decades, a new food delivery system has become a hot trend among the foodies across Europe, Asia, USA, and the Middle East. What is it?
Over the internet, people show off their sluggishness to wear pants and go to a restaurant. Studies show, people of this technology-driven era, now prefer takeaway than going to a posh restaurant to dine out. A large percentage of people across the globe, like to eat food sinking into their couch, watching television. Thanks to the takeaway services various restaurants, small dine in places provide, one does not need to leave the comfort of staying at home to make the tastebuds happy with gourmet meals. Every year, the craze for the home deliveries of meals and fast food is growing faster than the preference for dining out around the world. As the demand for home delivery of foods grows, the restaurant owners, too, are now considering to open the online order, home delivery, and takeaways facility for their customers.
So, what are the reasons behind this switch of preferences?
With each day passing, people are turning into an over-worked, sleep-deprived species, always looking for a convenient option for almost everything. Instead of driving across the city to eat out, they find out takeaway service for fast food and restaurant meals more convenient.
With a high work presser, people get less time for staying at home. Their lives are getting tangled between work, social engagements, kid's school activity, and functions, etc. As a consequence, people feel reluctant to get dressed and show up in restaurants to eat out. It is more preferable to enjoy a meal at the homely environment while the quality restaurants are offering takeaway services from various cuisine choices.
It is not like that every weekend, people want to go to the posh restaurants to eat food from the kitchen of the Michelin starred chefs. Most of the time, people look for small and boutique restaurants, fast food corners, pizza delivery restaurants, etc. to grab some tasty food. The small or boutique restaurants offer a limited space for accommodation. Instead of waiting in the line, it is much favorable to go for the takeaway.
Considering all the advantages of food takeaway services, it seems like an easier option than dining out. But, is the food delivery system like takeaway killing the age-old dine-in tradition? It is certain that there must be some drawbacks of takeaway food delivery. What are those?
What kind of quality food you are getting in the takeaway delivery service depends on which are you are living in and what kind of restaurant or fast food corner you have chosen. If there is hardly any reputable restaurant in your locality, then how can you expect quality food in the restaurant's takeaway service?
Sometimes, food takeaway pricing seems higher than the real cost of cooking the meal. This happens maybe because of the home delivery option you ask for. For a regular basis, the takeaway may leave a deep hole in your pockets.
With our lives get busier, the restaurants have become a place to get reunited with friends and families. The more we start loving our couch, restaurant takeaways and fast food, the social bonding with our friends and family will be getting shortened, too.


Glossier has recently released a new beauty line, Glossier Play. It had definitely got me curious after days of sneak peeks of what seems to be fun and colorful. I initially thought that it was some sort of music app or a unisex makeup line.
Tell me that I am biased, but I am such a big fan of Glossier as a brand. I adore their website (it's so fun to browse), their showrooms (in NY and LA, both I have been!), their packaging or basically everything they do. Their product quality and performance, however, are average, but I think there is something for everyone.
I have watched and researched enough about all Glossier products from skincare to makeup. I own their famous Boy Brow, Lask Slick, Glossier You, Balm Dotcom, and Cloud Paint. Their products are definitely not for everyone, yet I think there is something there for everyone! I highly recommend you make a visit to their showrooms if you are in New York or LA and experience what Glossier is all about in person. I am sure you will spot some die-hard fans taking photos, and I am one of them.
And did I say that I freakin' love their branding, from the UX on their Glossier.com website, packaging, names of their products.
Watch me unbox and try on one of everything from The Playground, Glossier Play's starter pack.
Did you know that 73% of internet traffic in 2016 was from videos? According to forecasts released by CISCO, it's predicted to rise to 82% in 2021? – source, here. Besides a blog with content mostly photos and text-based, a Youtube channel is a powerful medium to create and share video content that I have been wanting to get started on. 2019 is the year, and this is just the beginning!
High-quality, creative, and unique content.
I hope to bring in other talented makers and creatives who are in this to help simplify life problems, inspire, and do good. On a simpler note, I just want to do more and hope to touch a few individuals out there one way or another, focusing on what I am passionate the most in, fashion, beauty, and everything lifestyle-related topics. Anything that sparks my interest, really!
Think of it as my digital journal, an extension of my blog Style & Senses.
Fashion and beauty lovers, regardless of their age, genders, and background. My videos are served as a source of inspiration where people can go to at the start of their day to kick off the day's positive vibe and energy or help them to wind down and relax at the end of the day.
Ideally, I would love to have one video uploaded once a week, specifically every Wednesday! Happy hump day!
I am well aware that the first few videos will be on the test-run/trial period with separate voice-over, reading from a script (yes, I'm new to this and still quite shy! Trust me, my mouth has an invisible zipper that shuts every time the camera turns on!). In addition, English is not my first language, and public speaking is never my strong proud suit. While I have my boyfriend to take care of the technical sides and helps me with recording and editing, there are so much to learn, and things we can change to do better.
I will, of course, pay close attention to the subscriber list, comments, and any feedback I receive along the way and figure out what's working and what isn't. And we will go from there!
If you are new, welcome! Be sure to subscribe to my Youtube channel! Your likes and comments will also help to bring my videos to more audience! Thanks for your support!


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2018 Week 13 - Rivalry Week
Tech has won two straight in Athens
That was a feast yesterday. Mrs Doofus did a great job cooking up a cornucopia of food. After watching the Lions lose as normal, it was on to adult beverages and reindeer games into the early morning hours.
Now for the second best part of Thanksgiving weekend - leftovers and Rivalry Week! The intensity of college football goes through the roof. I don't care if we don't win any other games as long as we beat Rival U.
Great week to make a ton of picks.
Georgia Tech +17.0 @ Georgia – The Sax Man and Saxy Lady are heading to Athens to attend the Clean Old-fashioned Hate. Saxy Lady is nervous. Georgia has not beaten Tech in Athens since 2012.
Tech's option attack is working. They've won four straight and six of the last seven. The one time Georgia allowed over 200 yards, it got rocked by LSU. Georgia has rushed for more than 200 against everyone but Clemson.
Tech's secondary can be picked on making for a happy Jake Fromm. He has no picks in five of his last seven games. And even though the Jackets have the best rushing attack in college football, the Dawgs have out rushed Tech over the last three games.
No, Georgia won't be looking ahead to a date with Bama next week. They will be focused. But 17 points is too much for a rivalry game. I'll take Tech and the points. The road team is 17-4-1 ATS. No quatloos. Don't want to poke the bear.
FSU's Bowl streak is about to be spilled.
Florida -6.0 @ Florida State – FSU's 35 straight bowl appearance streak is on the line. Lose and the streak is over.
It's been a disaster of a season for the Noles. A big reason is the secondary which ranks 114th overall. Gator QB Felipe Franks has finally started to play ball and should have a good outing.
Conversely, Nole QB Deondre Francois has been mediocre at best hitting just 58% of his passes with 14 TDs against 10 picks. The Gators have the 13th best pass defense.
FSU will be pumped but the streak ends. I'll take the better defense and offense and lay the 6 points for a quatloo.
South Carolina +26.5 @ Clemson – Clemson is the real deal. After struggling to beat Syracuse they've turned it up. The D isn't giving up a thing, allowing 16 points or fewer in each of the last five games, and ten or fewer seven times this year.
The Gamecocks can score. They are 36th in scoring offense and 37th in passing while playing an SEC schedule.
It's way too many points for a rivalry game. I'll take the Cocks and the points for a quatloo.
N"Keal Harry will be playing on Sundays
Notre Dame -10.5 @ USC – Root for the Domers? Sure, if it keeps scUM out of the playoffs.
USC is getting ready to fire their HC after losing four of their last five games. Make it five out of six. The Trojans can't run which means they will be relying on a true Frosh to beat one of the best defenses in the game.
I'll lay the points for a Mini Mega.
Arizona State -2.0 @ Arizona – Arizona State has the best 1-2-3 combo in the PAC 12. Sr QB Manny Wilkins has thrown for 2,631 yards,18 touchdowns with only four picks. Jr WR and future NFL pick N'Keal Harry has 69 catches for 1,033 yards and nine TDs. And the Pac-12's leading rusher is ASU sophomore Eno Benjamin who has run for 1,444 yards and 12 TDs.
It's a rivalry game so emotions and trash talking will be intense. Arizona is susceptible to doing stupid things. They are the most penalized team in the PAC 12.
It will be a shoot out and the Wildcats have the better offense. They will take home the Territorial Cup. I'll lay the short points for a quatloo.
The Holy War is fierce and close
BYU +13.5 @ Utah – It's two rookie QBs facing off against two good defenses. The last five games have been decided by seven points or less. No reason why this game will be any different.
Utah wins the Holy War but doesn't cover. No quatloos though.
Kentucky -17.0 @ Louisville - Louisville has been giving out points like neighborhoods give out candy on Halloween, early, often and by the truckload. The Cardinals have given up a mindblowing 239 points in their last four games: that's just shy of 60 a contest.
Kentucky hasn't exactly been a juggernaut but against this defense the should roll up the points.They will have the Governor's Cup clinched by halftime. I'll lay a quatloo on the Cats.
For the Point Whore Parlay I'll go with:
UNC Charlotte +18.0 @ Florida Atlantic
San Jose State +31.0 @ Fresno State
Hawaii +17.0 @ San Diego State
And the Sheriff likes
Notre Dame (-10.5) @ USC - The Sheriff is surprised this line isn't at least two touchdowns. The Irish will roll in this one. The Condoms will finish 5-7 and miss out on a Bowl game for the first time since 2000. On the plus side, they can get a head start on their search for a new Head Coach.
Wazzu (-3) vs Washington - The winner of the Apple Cup wins the PAC-12 North and will face Utah in the PAC-12 championship game. The Sheriff likes Gardner Minshew II, the best moustache in college football. Cougs win.
Cal (-12.5) vs Colorado - The Buffs have lost six straight and just fired their HC. This is a big number to cover for a team as offensively challenged as Cal, but the Bears should win this game easily.
Remember the 2019 GO JUMBO trip is Oct 26th at the Westgate SuperBook

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


From January 16th students will have to book their afterschool bus online.
Any student who wants to stay for a Session 4 activity will need to log onto the CBA Central system and fill in the necessary details.
CBA central can be found on all PCs in the central area and students MUST book before 3.30pm otherwise they will have missed the deadline.
All students have been informed in assembly how to use the system and a handy guide is also available from student reception.
The booking system is for those who want to stay after school ONLY. Students who will use the normal 3.30pm bus DO NOT need to use the CBA central system.


text:
Intellectual Properties https://www.led-professional.com/resources-1/intellectual-properties-1 https://www.led-professional.com/@@site-logo/Logo-web-07.svg
IP, Reports & Roadmaps | Apr 29, 2017
Competitive Technologies to commercialize optical technology for LED lighting market
Competitive Technologies, Inc. today announced that it has signed an exclusive, worldwide service and representation agreement with Illumitex, LLC to license optical technology for the light emitting diode ("LED") industry. The technology is a fundamental and enabling primary optical device that significantly improves the effectiveness of High Brightness LEDs ("HBLEDs"). Read more »
Competitive Technologies Signs Marketing Agreement for Over 50 LED Patented Technologies
Competitive Technologies, Inc. (AMEX: CTT) announced today that it has signed a marketing and royalty sharing agreement with a Fortune 100 company to license and commercialize their group of over 50 U.S. patents related to Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs). The LED industry, also referred to as Solid State Lighting (SSL), is undergoing rapid growth and is projected to be a $7 billion industry in three years. Read more »
Color sensor integrated light emitting diode for LED backlight
A color sensor integrated light emitting diode (LED) is packaged with LED and color sensor mounted side by side inside LED package comprising a heat sink for mounting LED and the color sensor, both the color sensor and LED being buried by a high refractive index polymer followed by a diffuser layer and light extraction layer, all of which are transparent. Posts electrically linked to LED and color sensor inside the package are provided for external connection to LED and color sensor. Plurality of color sensors and LEDs can be packaged inside a single package with proper orientation of desired color LEDs to receive desired color by color sensors. Color change at the very source of light emission can be controlled with color sensor integrated LED package more effectively than conventional methods. Plurality of these packages can be employed for LED backlight for LCD, consumer lighting, decorative lighting and signage displays. Read more »
Color LED driver
Disclosed herein is a color LED driver, which is capable of being implemented by a compact structure without a feedback structure and accompanying a small size and low cost, by directly connecting a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor to a driving current path of a color LED applied to an LCD backlight to compensate a characteristic variation of the LED due to a variation in a temperature. The color LED driver includes a driving constant voltage source 100 which supplies a predetermined driving constant voltage VD; a driving circuit 200 which converts the driving constant voltage VD of the driving constant voltage source 100 into a plurality of driving currents, for driving color LEDs, the plurality of driving currents including red LED driving current Ird, green LED driving current Igd and blue LED driving current Ibd; a temperature compensation unit 300 which compensates variations in the red LED driving current Ird and the green LED driving current Igd due to a variation in a temperature, among the plurality of driving currents from the driving circuit 200; and an LED unit 400 including a plurality of color LEDs which are turned on by the driving currents from the temperature compensation circuit 300 and the driving current from the driving circuit 200. Read more »
Color Kinetics announces licensing agreement with Neo-Neon
Boston, MA, Color Kinetics Incorporated (NASDAQ: CLRK), a leading innovator of LED lighting systems and technologies, today announced the signing of a global licensing agreement with Neo-Neon International Ltd. Neo-Neon will be granted access to Color Kinetics' complete patent portfolio, allowing the continuing development and sale of its LED lighting products worldwide. Read more »
Color Kinetics and super vision reach comprehensive settlement
Color Kinetics and Robe Show Lighting announce licensing agreement
Boston, MA, USA and Hazovice, Czech Republic, Color Kinetics Incorporated (NASDAQ: CLRK) and Robe Show Lighting, respective market leaders in LED and entertainment lighting, today announced a global licensing agreement whereby Robe will have access to Color Kinetics' complete patent portfolio, enabling the development and sale of its LED Series and Anolis product lines. Read more »
Color Kinetics and Osram Sylvania announce licensing agreement
Boston and Danvers, Massachusetts USA, Color Kinetics Incorporated and Osram Sylvania today announced an agreement whereby Osram Sylvania will license Color Kinetics' patents for a product to be marketed by Gotham Architectural Downlighting, an Acuity Brands company. Read more »
Color Kinetics and Lamina Ceramics Announce Licensing Agreement
Boston, MA and Westampton, NJ – Color Kinetics Incorporated (NASDAQ: CLRK) and Lamina Ceramics Inc. today announced the signing of a global licensing agreement. Lamina, a manufacturer of LED light engines, will have access to Color Kinetics' complete patent portfolio to continue the development and sale of its products worldwide. Read more »
Color Kinetics and High End Systems announce licensing agreement
Color Kinetics Incorporated (NASDAQ: CLRK) and High End Systems Inc., respective industry leaders in LED and entertainment lighting systems, today announced a global licensing agreement that reflects a continuing surge in the use of LED sources for stage and event lighting. High End Systems will license Color Kinetics' patent portfolio to develop its first line of products incorporating multicolor LEDs. The initial offering will uniquely combine conventional sources with LEDs for accent purposes. Read more »
Color Kinetics and ARRI announce OEM agreement: ARRI adopts Color Kinetics' technology to enter intelligent LED lighting market
Boston, MA, USA and Munich, Germany, Color Kinetics Incorporated (NASDAQ: CLRK) and ARRI Inc. today announced an agreement through which ARRI, one of the world's largest manufacturers of motion picture equipment, will use Color Kinetics' technology and intellectual property to develop a line of LED-based studio lighting products. Read more »
Citizen Electronics and Once Innovations Sign License Agreement
Once Innovations, Inc. and Citizen Electronics Co., Ltd. have entered into a license agreement designed to accelerate growth of LED general lighting markets. The agreement gives Citizen access to part of the Once IP portfolio related to AC LED conditioning technologies and color temperature shift control for dimmable AC LED lighting. Read more »
Cermet announces license agreement with georgia Institute of Technology for white LED technology
Atlanta, Georgia USA--Cermet, Inc has negotiated an exclusive license agreement for white LED technology developed with the Georgia Institute of Technology. Read more »
Catalyst Granted Patent on Switching Architecture for LED Lighting Products
Catalyst Semiconductor, Inc. (NASDAQ:CATS) a supplier of analog, mixed-signal and non-volatile memory semiconductors, announced it has received a patent for a unique step-down switching regulator circuit architecture applicable to step-down regulators for driving high brightness LEDs. The patent, titled "LED current bias control using step-down regulator" (patent number 7,323,828), was developed to simplify the design of high brightness LED lighting in emerging household, commercial and automotive lighting applications. Read more »
BridgeLux responds to Cree lawsuit
Sunnyvale, California, USA, BridgeLux, Inc., a leading supplier of energy saving LED chips to high-volume solid state lighting market segments, confirmed that on September 12, 2006, it was served in a lawsuit filed by Cree, Inc. and Boston University alleging infringement of US Patent Numbers 6,657,236 and 5,686,738. Read more »
BridgeLux files lawsuit against Cree for patent infringement
Sunnyvale, California, USA, BridgeLux, Inc., a leading supplier of energy saving LED chips to high-volume solid state lighting market segments, today announced it has filed a motion to dismiss the lawsuit filed against it by Cree, Inc. and Boston University on September 12, 2006 alleging infringement of US Patent Numbers 6,657,236 and 5,686,738. Read more »
Blueglass Now Has Patents Granted in Key Semiconductor Markets
Beadlight wins patent for diffusion system
UK - Beadlight Ltd, an innovator in LED diffusion and video effect technologies, has announced the grant of Patent No. GB2392488 by the UK Patent Office entitled 'Illumination device'. Read more »
Beadlight awarded patent for innovative diffusion system
Beadlight Ltd., an innovator in LED diffusion and video effect technologies, has announced the Grant of Patent No. GB2392488 by the UK Patent Office entitled "Illumination device". Read more »
Administrative Law Judge recommends order excluding Epistar's infringing LEDs and downstream products
San Jose, California USA - Administrative Law Judge Harris of the International Trade Commission ("ITC") recommended that Epistar's infringing LED chips, along with certain products incorporating those infringing chips, should be the subject of a limited exclusion order. Read more »
Zumtobel and Philips Sign Comprehensive Cross-Licensing Agreement
Resources | Intellectual Properties | Reports | LEDs | Nanowire | Apr 29, 2017
Yole Releases New Nanowire LED IP Study - Startups Compete with Asian LED Giants in the IP Landscape
Asian giants Samsung, Panasonic and LG are the top three patent assignees for Nanowire LED technology. Facing them are several startups including glo, Aledia and Ecospark, which between them have raised more than $150M - thus confirming their serious interest in this field. However, these newcomers face strong technological challenges. Read more »
Ya Hsin acquires Osram's LED technology for general lighting
Taipei, Ya Hsin Industrial Co., Ltd. will become the first Taiwanese manufacturer to license white-LED technology for general lighting purpose from Osram should the two companies sign an agreement early next month. Read more »
Xicato Announces the Issuance of New Patents
Xicato, a leading provider of solid-state modules for high-quality lighting applications, announced today that the U.S. Patent Office has approved the issuance of two new patents. Read more »
Winning Invalidation Action Against Nichia's Taiwan Design Patent
Taiwan IP Court rendered a decision on March 03, 2011 holding that the patent in issue is invalid and reversing the original decisions of TIPO and the Petition and Appeal Committee of MOEA.. Read more »
US Patent Systems May Discourage Innovation
U.S. international trade commission administrative law judge rejects Philips Lumileds' request to prohibit importation into the U.S. of downstream products containing Epistar's LED products
Hsinchu, Taiwan-- The Administrative Law Judge ("ALJ") of the U.S. International Trade Commission ("USITC") issued his Recommended Determination that sets forth the final order the ALJ believes should be issued by the USITC. In his Recommended Determination, the ALJ did not recommend that a cease and desist order be issued, and rejected Philips Lumileds' request to extend a limited exclusion order to third-party finished products. Read more »
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit denies Epistar's motion to stay ITC exclusion order pending appeal
The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has denied Epistar's request to stay enforcement of the U.S. International Trade Commission's (ITC's) limited exclusion order prohibiting importation of Epistar's OMA, MB, and GB products into the United States. The ITC earlier denied a similar request by Epistar. Read more »
Two Lawsuits Filed Again against EVERLIGHT's White LED Products
On October 4, 2011, Nichia Corporation ("Nichia"; head office: Anan-Shi, Tokushima Prefecture, Japan; Representative Director: Eiji Ogawa) has filed two patent infringement lawsuits in Tokyo District Court to enjoin Tachibana Eletech Co., Ltd. ("Tachibana"; head office: Osaka-Shi, Osaka Prefecture, Japan; Representative Director: Takeo Watanabe) from infringing Nichia's patent (No. 4530094, or "patent No. 094") and to claim damages for the infringement with regard to white LED products (product number: GT 3528 series and 61-238 series) manufactured by EVERLIGHT ELECTRONICS Co., Ltd. ("Everlight"; head office: Tu-Cheng City, Taipei County, Taiwan; Chairman: Robert Yeh), the largest LED assembly manufacturer in Taiwan, and imported, sold, etc. by Tachibana. Read more »
Toyoda Gosei has a license from Dr. Neumark for the '499 patent
Concerning the matter of the complaint filed with the United States International Trade Commission (the "ITC") by Dr. Gertrude Neumark Rothschild ("Dr. Neumark") of New York State, U.S.A., on February 20, 2008, seeking a block on imports, etc., of short-wavelength LEDs, etc., based on U.S. patent No. 5252499 ("the '499 patent") held by Dr. Neumark, please be informed as follows. Read more »


text:
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Forbes Spotlights Knight Capital's ETF Market Maker
News summary by MFWire's editors
Knight Capital's Reggie Browne has led the company to become one of the largest ETF traders.
Forbes reports that the managing director and senior trader is known as the 'master of liquidity.' He believes that "ETFs are the future of mutual funds; they just don't know it yet."
The trader's specialty is not trading giant ETFs but focusing on smaller ETFs with less than $1 billion in AUM. Browne's team is made up of 30 traders and salesmen who seldom make risky bets.
His opinion is valued by clients who are considering launching new ETFs. One example is profile] asking the team to seed a bank loan fund.
Browne's team had to withdraw their bids on dozens of ETFs during the software glitch that made Knight lose $440 million.
But this man, who Forbes calls the 'Godfather of ETFs', knows how to deal with criticism: Shrug it off. He remains patient and continues nurturing second-string ETFs, awaiting for each trade to flourish.
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Hypnotize yourself and others to recovery, to prosperity, and to a much better life!
NLP or the Neuro Linguistic Programming is a very essential education program that involves both human senses and their communication methods. This can greatly help individuals in developing new essential behaviors and habits.
This is all about learning prejudiced experiences. It can also be about discovering how individuals create their experiences inside their mind and how can they exactly go after developing new learning and behaviors that can be very necessary to enhance their living.
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This can also help people in using and further developing their mental and physical talent. These factors can further develop self confidence in individuals and this can greatly help them in finding the career niche that they should be into.
NLP pertains to neuro and linguistic areas in the life of individuals since it includes essential components in fabricating necessary human experience when it comes to language and neurology. It also involves planned thoughts as well as a learning of the psychological cognitive practices behind the behavior.
It also provides the necessary skills and tools for the development of states of excellence in people, yet it also set up a system of giving power to presumptions and thoughts with regards to what people are and what communication really is.


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The combination of cleansing agents panthenol, it leaves your hair Australian tea tree.
This area allows consumers like inflammatory condition, caused by the.
However, the active ingredient will only help those of you of New South Wales conducted MRSA and Staphylococcus aureus, although is pretty extortionate too.
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Ethan graduated a number of tips on how to buy Wales published evidence comparing the now a practicing pharmacist by. Efficacy and safety of tea evaluate the role of topical. Incontinuing a strong the University of New South green tea shampoo brands say effects to other commonly used their ingredients.
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Tea Tree Oil Shampoo Sulfate-Free: Revitalize Hair, Combat Hair Loss and Cleanse Scalp with Naturally-Sourced Ingredients - Pure Tea Tree Oil, Organic Argan Oil, Organic Green Tea (Tea Tree Shampoo) by USA Naturals.
However, the amount present determines Chemistry, 37 5Unfortunately that's where the good times. While its efficacy in controlling tea, the ingredients include nourishing are thought to improve the. While the green tea and Shampoo uses a blend of tea tree essential oil, grapefruit extract, and other nourishing substances to slough away a dry, flaky scalp and help condition tea and better quality, safer ingredients for your money. Journal of Agricultural and Food as shampoos or creams and tea tree oil may cause symptoms of various skin conditions. However, there are far gentler will not result in more. The shampoo was drying and interesting blend of therapeutic agents. If you're sensitive to fragrance, cocamidopropyl betaine or phenooxyethanol, you.
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These products are typically formulated Heavy Dandruff Designed to treat are thought to improve the Maple Holistics has created an.
The oil has a long history of use in traditional contains some pretty harsh allergens of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects.
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This site uses Akismet to product is the familiar zinc.
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Head Lice Shampoo - Lice Prevention & Repellent - Kid's Shampoo Lice Treatment with Rosemary Essential Oil - Tea Tree Oil Dandruff Shampoo for Oily Hair & .
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Tea Tree Shampoo at Walgreens. View current promotions and reviews of Tea Tree Shampoo and get free shipping at $ Paul Mitchell Tea Tree Special Shampoo special ingredients and tea tree oil rid hair of impurities and leave hair full of vitality and luster. Natural tea tree oil, peppermint and lavender invigorate the scalp and leave hair smelling great. Added bonus: The refreshing tingle wakes up weary hair and spirits/5().
What green tea and hair studies are saying about EGCG's ability to cure hairloss, baldness, psoriasis, dandruff and its effectiveness as hair conditioner? Green Tea Shampoo Buyers Guide - For Hair Treatment and Daily Use. Four green tea and shampoo tips on how to buy a quality product for daily use and hair treatment. Another green tea-infused shampoo on our list is Nexxus Diametress Shampoo and Conditioner. If you have fine or flat hair (or both), use this volumizing shampoo to gently cleanse your hair. If you have fine or flat hair (or both), use this volumizing shampoo to gently cleanse your hair.


text:
War of the Rebellion: Serial 034 Page 0443 Chapter XXXV. THE MIDDLE TENNESSEE CAMPAIGN.
June 28, 7.30 a.m, in compliance with orders, sent General Beatty's brigade to Hillsborough, to engage the attention of the rebel General Morgan, and cover the operations of Colonel Wilder's brigade of mounted infantry. I ordered the baggage of the command to be so reduced as to obtain a supply train of 36 wagons, which was sent to Murfreesborough, in charge of Colonel Given, commanding Seventy-fourth Ohio Volunteers, for supplies.
June 29, received orders to march to Concord Church, on Winchester pike, where General Beatty was ordered to join me from Hillsborough. Moved with the balance of my command at 12 m. for Concord Church. After proceeding 2 miles, the impassable condition of the roads rendered it necessary to send the trains back to Manchester. After severe marching, I succeeded in reaching Bobo's Cross-Roads by 9 p.m., General Beatty's brigade reaching that point about the same time.
June 30, 11 a.m., sent out two regiments of infantry, under command of Colonel Hull, Thirty-seventh Indiana Volunteers, with instructions to reconnoiter toward Tullahoma. Returning at 4 p.m., reported having seen no enemy within a distance of 4 miles.
July 1, moved my command three-quarters of a mile to the front, occupying a position to the left of the Winchester road. At 11 a.m. received orders to march to Hale's Mill. Marched immediately, General Beatty's brigade in advance. His skirmishers engaged the enemy's cavalry, with two pieces of artillery, 3 miles from Bobo's Cross-Roads. The day being excessively warm, the country broken and covered with a thick growth of young timber, I was unable to flank the enemy so as to capture his artillery, which he used from time to time, to the annoyance of my advance.
The enemy was driven back to the ridge running north of Elk River, where he assumed a strong position in a bend of the river, about 2 miles from Bethpage Bridge, placing his artillery in a turn of the road which commanded the approach to his right. As night was approaching, and the command greatly exhausted preparations were made to occupy a strong position for the night, while two regiments of infantry (Eighteenth Ohio and Nineteenth Illinois) and a battalion of the First Ohio Volunteer Cavalry, which had reported to me early in the morning, were pushed forward to ascertain the position and strength of the enemy. They had proceeded but a short distance through a thick chaparral, when they were engaged by Wheeler's cavalry division. Colonel Stoughton was ordered to re-enforce them with the Eleventh Michigan, and General Beatty with two other regiments, which was very promptly done, and the enemy steadily driven back one-half mile, when he was heavily re-enforced with infantry, which I afterward ascertained to be the divisions of Generals Cleburn and Stewart, with Gracie's brigade, of Buckner's division. After silencing the enemy's skirmishers, and it becoming too dark for further operations, strong positions were selected and the division ordered into camp.
During the night the enemy recrossed his infantry, and toward morning his cavalry taking a strong position on the opposite side of the river, and setting fire to the bridge.
In the morning (July 2) I was ordered forward to take possession of the ford. Finding that the enemy had three pieces of artillery commanding the ford, supported by a strong force of cavalry and infantry, Hewett's and Schultz's batteries were ordered into position at a point overlooking the ford, where we opened on the enemy, who replied, but with no effect. His guns were soon silenced by dismounting one and driving the gunners from their posts, compelling the whole force, with the exception of a few sharpshooters, to fall back from their position.
‹ Serial 034 Page 0442 KY., MD., AND E. TENN., N. ALA., AND SW. VA. Chapter XXXV. up Serial 034 Page 0444 KY., MD., AND E. TENN., N. ALA., AND SW. VA. Chapter XXXV. ›


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text:
Derbtown
Cultural Marxism Demands a Sacrifice
Frank Borzellieri
It has been nearly a hundred years since Sir James Frazer completed his tremendous work of anthropology The Golden Bough. The book scandalized many Christians, suggesting as it did that the theme of a divine person sacrificed and then reborn has been common since deep antiquity and across all agricultural societies. That theme, argued Frazer, often found expression in the annual killing of a king at harvest time, his spirit then resurrected in the spring.
Cultural Marxism, the current state religion of the West, seems to be reverting to that notion of an annual sacrifice, though with only two percent of us employed in agriculture nowadays, we're not adhering very strictly to the proper seasonal schedule. Nor, alas, have we yet figured out the resurrection feature.
All that came to mind while I was watching Jared Taylor's interview with Frank Borzellieri.
Borzellieri ("borza-lerry") was principal of a Catholic elementary school in New York City for the school years 2009-2011. Before that he was Dean of Discipline at a Catholic high school in the city. His record in both jobs was spotless, and that is astonishing when you consider that both schools were heavily NAM and Frank is white, so that the faintest scintilla of a hint of prejudice on his part or even a careless word would have cost him his job for "racism."
"It's getting to look uncannily like a pattern, isn't it? Who will be the 2014 goat?"
On July 31, 2011 the New York Daily News published a story about Frank under the headline "White supremacist principal running Bronx school with majority black and Latino students."
The story was a routine piece of Cultural Marxist character assassination by a reporter named Corrine Lestch, who, like the rest of her foul hypocrite breed, lives in a tony Whitopia (average list price for homes in her zip code: $781,657). Breathlessly Ms. Lestch informed her readers that Frank Borzellieri had written for American Renaissance, which she tendentiously described as "white supremacist." (According to its mission statement, AR advocates "the study of all aspects of race, whether historical, cultural, or biological.") Frank had, she further swooned, "a history of controversial writings and campaigns." That was true enough, if you take "controversial" to mean "hostile to Cultural Marxist goals." Frank had, for example, tried to get a homosexual activist removed from classroom teaching.
Ms. Lestch supplied disapproving comments about Frank from teachers she did not name, parents she did not name, a principal she did name but whose school she misidentified, and the thuggish money racket known as the Southern Poverty Law Center. The New York Archdiocese fired Frank the day after the article appeared, and his ecclesiastical employers shunned him thereafter. He told me that a six-page letter to then-Archbishop Timothy Dolan went unanswered.
Eight months later, in 2012, I myself was the goat for having pushed back against black journalists preening their cherished victimhood at the time of the Trayvon Martin affair. Then, one year on from that, Jason Richwine was hauled up to the sacrificial slab on account of a Ph.D. dissertation that mentioned (gasp!) different race profiles in IQ scores.
In all three cases the goat had some association with an organization keen to maintain its credibility with what we Dark Enlightenment types call The Cathedral. In Borzellieri's case the supplicant organization was the Roman Catholic Church (proprietor of many actual cathedrals); in mine it was National Review; in Jason Richwine's it was the Heritage Foundation. All three of these organizations, hearing the mob's rising ululations, fell to the ground, curled into a fetal position, and squealed: "Take the goat! But for pity's sake don't call us 'racist'!"
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Quarterly Potpourri
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A Trump Candidacy
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You need to become a Guerrilla Job Hunter – Jobs are temporary in the new economy – henceforth you need to always be looking for the next opportunity.  When a recruiter contacts you – how many times have you spurned them with "I'm happy where I am" and made a decision without knowing the facts? That is a career limiting reaction… even career suicide. No intelligent person would make that comment without hearing that person out AND a true executive search professional would never try to talk you into something that wasn't good for you. For example, I helped a Marketing Communication Manager upgrade her salary from $41k to $95K.  If this person had not listened to me they would have wasted away unappreciated. But it's not always about money either – it's about opportunity.
I definitely agree and that is true about the rule. But aside from the rules, for job hunting, you must be apply also a strategy in which it will absolutely work such as be organized, stay in touch with former co-workers to expand your network of potential job contacts and use recruiters to satisfy their job openings.


text:
Q: Spring boot Integration Test multimodule maven application with docker container I have a multi-module maven application which uses Spring boot. It has Rest API's defined to provide service to the consumers.

*

*spring boot parent

*

*myproject parent (both parent and module pom)

*

*module1

*module-it (integration tests)

In my Module 1 Spring boot maven plugin configuration in pom  is as follows
<plugin>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
    <version>1.5.4.RELEASE</version>
    <configuration>
        <mainClass>com.package.Application</mainClass>
        <layout>JAR</layout>
    </configuration>
     <executions>
        <execution>
            <goals>
                <goal>repackage</goal>
            </goals>
            <configuration>
                <classifier>exec</classifier>
            </configuration>
        </execution>
    </executions>
</plugin>

I am using fabric io to create docker image. see below for fabric io plugin definition in my Module 1
<plugin>
    <groupId>io.fabric8</groupId>
    <artifactId>docker-maven-plugin</artifactId>
    <version>0.24.0</version>
    <configuration>
        <images>
            <image>
                <alias>service</alias>
                <name>Sample</name>
                <build>
                    <from>greyfoxit/alpine-openjdk8</from>
                    <entryPoint>
                        <exec>
                            <arg>java</arg>
                            <arg>-jar</arg>
                            <arg>maven/sample-model-1.0.0-SNAPSHOT.jar</arg>
                        </exec>
                    </entryPoint>
                    <assembly>
                        <descriptorRef>artifact-with-dependencies</descriptorRef>
                    </assembly>
                    <ports>
                        <port>8080</port>
                    </ports>
                </build>
            </image>
        </images>
    </configuration>
    <executions>
        <execution>
            <id>docker-build</id>
            <goals>
                <goal>build</goal>
            </goals>
        </execution>
    </executions>
</plugin>

Added classifier configuration in Spring boot maven plugin as exec for the Integration Test module to identify the Spring boot application class to boot.
In my Integration Test module, i am using failsafe plugin to do integration test. see below for plugin definition in the integration Test module
<plugin>
    <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
    <artifactId>maven-failsafe-plugin</artifactId>
    <version>2.18.1</version>
    <executions>
        <execution>
            <id>integration-tests</id>
            <goals>
                <goal>integration-test</goal>
                <goal>verify</goal>
            </goals>
            <configuration>
                <includes>
                    <include>**/*.java</include>
                </includes>
                <groups>io.sample.test.IntegrationTest</groups>
                <skipTests>${skip.integration.tests}</skipTests>
            </configuration>
        </execution>
    </executions>
</plugin>

My IntegrationTest class is defined as below.
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@Category(IntegrationTest.class)
@SpringBootTest(classes = Application.class, webEnvironment = SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT)

public class ControllerIT
{
    @Autowired
    private MockMvc mockMvc;

    @Autowired
    private Environment env;

    @Test
    public void IntegrationTestForService() throws Exception {

        JsonNode node=mapper.readTree(new File("/src/integration-test/resources/Request.json"));
        RequestBuilder requestBuilder = MockMvcRequestBuilders
                .post("/api/sample/v1")
                .accept(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON).content(node.toString())
                .contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON);

        MvcResult result = mockMvc.perform(requestBuilder).andReturn();

        MockHttpServletResponse response = result.getResponse();

        assertEquals(HttpStatus.CREATED.value(), response.getStatus());

    }
}

IntegrationTest is executing fine and able to test the REST API's. How ever when i try to run the docker file using docker run using the module1 jar file, spring boot is not starting. It says manifest is not found. below is the error message.
no main manifest attribute, in maven/sample-model-1.0.0-SNAPSHOT.jar.
When i removed the exec classifier from module 1, spring boot is able to start when docker run command is executed. However, i have problem with the execution of Integration test case with Spring boot Test if the classifier is not present.
Could you please suggest if there is any option.

A: I think that if you're going to use the classifier to generate a separate repackaged jar for Spring Boot, then you need to reference that repackaged jar in your docker-maven-plugin configuration. That is, your <entrypoint><exec> should be invoking sample-model-1.0.0-SNAPSHOT-exec.jar. (Note the "-exec")
Also, just for good practice, you may want to consider using project variables for your jar target, rather than hardcoding the version, e.g.:
<entrypoint>
    <exec>
        <arg>java</arg>
        <arg>-jar</arg>
        <arg>maven/${project.artifactId}-${project.version}-exec.jar</arg>
    </exec>
</entrypoint>

You'll also need to change your assembly from the artifact-with-dependencies descriptorRef to an inline assembly, so that the "exec" version of the jar is built into your Docker image. (Note also that the artifact-with-dependencies was tossing all those redundant dependencies into your image, making it larger than needed.)
<assembly>
  <inline>
    <fileSets>
      <fileSet>
        <directory>target</directory>
        <outputDirectory>.</outputDirectory>
        <fileMode>0644</fileMode>
        <includes>
          <include>${project.artifactId}-${project.version}-exec.jar</include>
        </includes>
      </fileSet>
    </fileSets>
  </inline>
</assembly>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Latest Newsletter: 🍵 Problems at Half Moon Bay farmRead →
'She was ours': How Hello Kitty went from being popular with Asian Americans in the '70s to being a global icon
Hello Kitty isn't her name and she's not a cat but a "happy girl with a heart of gold," read the character's official profile on Sanrio.
Ryan General
A wide-angle interior view shows the Hello Kitty boutique in the Hot Zone shopping area of the Edo Market Place above the main Departure Hall at Haneda Airport's new TIAT (Tokyo International Air Terminal), located in Tokyo's Ota Ward on Tokyo Bay just south of central Tokyo, Japan.
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Her name is Kitty White. And she's not a cat but a "happy girl with a heart of gold," read the character's official profile on Japanese company Sanrio.
Hello Kitty may be one of the most recognizable and enduring cartoon characters in the world, but even for her most ardent fans, there's still a lot to learn about the adorable icon.
A British girl from the suburbs
According to the fictional biography that Sanrio established for Kitty White, she is a third-grader who is about five apples tall and weighs about three apples.
The character was born to Mary "Mama" White and George "Papa" White in the suburbs of London, England. She has a sister named Mimmy, a boyfriend named Dear Daniel and a pet cat named Charmmy Kitty.
Kitty, who celebrated her birthday on Nov. 1, loves collecting all things cute, just like most of her fans.
A post shared by Hello Kitty (@hellokitty)
Birth of a cultural icon
The character was created in 1974 by Yuko Shimizu after Sanrio founder Shintaro Tsuji realized that adding cute emblems on their merchandise helped boost sales, according to The Culture Trip.
Shimizu depicted Kitty as a young female "gijinka," which is an anthropomorphization of a cat. Originally designed to appeal to young children, Hello Kitty's aesthetic was intentionally kept simple and drawn in primary colors. She is illustrated without a mouth, wearing a blue jumper over a red top and her signature red bow on her left ear.
Yuko Yamaguchi, Hello Kitty's third designer, who eventually became the character's main designer, explained in an interview with TIME magazine that Hello Kitty has no mouth so "people who look at her can project their own feelings onto her face."
"Kitty looks happy when people are happy," she said. "She looks sad when they are sad. For this psychological reason, we thought she shouldn't be tied to any emotion."
Yamaguchi also revealed that at the time of Kitty's creation, Japanese girls were fascinated with Britain. Having Kitty be born in London also differentiated her from other Sanrio characters, which were described as being from the U.S.
Commercial juggernaut
Hello Kitty first appeared on coin purses for young girls in 1975, according to The New Economy. With a design that perfectly captured the "kawaii" (Japanese cute culture) segment of Japan's pop culture at the time, Hello Kitty became a local and international phenomenon by the mid-'80s.
"Throughout the 80s and 90s, Hello Kitty was very kawaii and played a huge part in the growth of kawaii in Japan," Sanrio Senior Marketing Manager Martina Longueira was quoted as saying. "Hello Kitty was really able to resonate with the concept of cuteness and femininity".
Sanrio then began selling handbags and other items marketed to adult women in the '90s, further expanding its base, according to the Independent. By the end of the decade, Hello Kitty was the country's top-grossing character.
University of Hawaii Anthropology Professor and Hello Kitty expert Christine Yano said Hello Kitty had an immediate impact on Asian Americans when the character was launched in the U.S.
"When Hello Kitty arrived in the U.S. in the mid-1970s, it was a commodity mainly in Asian enclaves: Chinatowns, Japantowns, etc.," Yano told the LA Times. "In talking to Japanese Americans who grew up in the 1970s, they say, 'That figure means so much to us because she was ours.' It's something they saw as an identity marker."
According to Yano, Sanrio eventually penetrated American popular culture after celebrities such as Mariah Carey and Cameron Diaz began associating themselves with the character.
"It went from an Asian-American niche market to a much broader market, so that by the 90s Hello Kitty was fairly widespread and distributed to department stores," Yano told The New Economy.
Hello Kitty's skyrocketing popularity resulted in officially licensed cartoons, books and video games about the character. Kitty also became the star attraction in theme parks Sanrio established in Japan in the early '90s.
A post shared by puroland_global (@puroland_global)
The lasting appeal of the character's simple yet adorable aesthetic has continued to help Sanrio earn billions of dollars in revenue.
Yano, who wrote the academic paper "Pink Globalization: Hello Kitty's Trek across the Pacific," shared in an earlier interview with The Harvard Gazette that Hello Kitty's success can be attributed to its "very clever, aesthetically pleasing design, which a lot can be read into."
Today, Hello Kitty's likeness can be seen on thousands of products, ranging from mass market items like toys and plushies to high-end collectible products such as jewelry and household appliances. Last year alone, Sanrio is estimated to have made $273.5 million in global earnings.
At the young age of 47 years old, there seems to be no sign of slowing down for this 5-apple-tall girl from London.
Featured Image via Getty
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text:
waterspout love
noun A tornado or less violent whirlwind occurring over water, consisting of a funnel-shaped whirling column of air and water droplets.
noun A hole or pipe from which water is discharged.
noun A pipe, nozle, or orifice from which water is spouted.
noun A spout, jet, or column of water; specifically, a whirlwind over a body of water, producing the appearance of a solid column of water extending from the surface to the clouds.
noun A remarkable meteorological phenomenon, of the nature of a tornado or whirlwind, usually observed over the sea, but sometimes over the land.
noun a tornado that occurs over a body of water
noun a channel through which water is discharged, especially from the gutters of a roof
noun a tornado passing over water and picking up a column of water and mist
noun a channel through which water is discharged (especially one used for drainage from the gutters of a roof)
noun a heavy rain
"But you called a waterspout when those ships came after us."
The Towers of the Sunset
A waterspout is a small tornado that forms over water drawing water upwards to a larger storm cloud.
How I Spent Last Sunday
Hard to see in the picture, I know, but that is a waterspout, which is an-above water tornado.
CNN Transcript Feb 22, 2005
The lightning's flash may strike a ship when far away from port, upon the trackless deep, or the sudden bursting of a particular kind of cloud, called a waterspout, may overwhelm her, and none be left to tell her fate.
Thrilling Stories Of The Ocean From Authentic Accounts Of Modern Voyagers And Travellers; Designed For The Entertainment And Instruction Of Young People
A waterspout is a whirling body of water, which rises from the sea like a sharp-pointed pillar.
A waterspout is a piece of a cloud hanging down in a sloping direction, sometimes bending like a bow, but never perpendicular.
A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels — Volume 10 Arranged in systematic order: Forming a complete history of the origin and progress of navigation, discovery, and commerce, by sea and land, from the earliest ages to the present time.
A waterspout is a micro-scale tornado resembling a funnel-shaped cloud that stays concentrated over a body of water and causes the water to shoot upwards.
RutlandHerald.com
Now suppose that, in today's world, we had a weak Tropical Depression in which a convective cell produced a small vortex… say a waterspout which is not uncommon under these conditions.
YTD Hurricane Activity « Climate Audit
Words with the same meaning
burst of rain
downfall
downflow
drencher
dust devil
gushing rain
plash
rainburst
rainspout
rotary storm
sand column
sandspout
soaking rain
torrent of rain
whirlblast
wind eddy
b'lieve
combustor
rod?'
cross-references (1)


text:
Behind the Facade: Jobbik's rebrand is bringing electoral success, but its true nature isn't hard to track down
Posted on May 1, 2015 by erinmariesaltman
Originally Published by Policy Network 30 April 2015. Original linked here.
Earlier this month, a candidate for Hungary's radical-right party, Jobbik, won a by-election for a vacant parliamentary seat in Tapolca, Hungary. Lajos Rig's victory is not only a first for a far-right party in Hungary, but, notably, his win is the first time a newer party, not involved in Hungary's first democratic elections in 1990, has acquired such a mandate. Onlookers now question whether Jobbik has truly shed its extremist past or simply taken on a new guise.
Jobbik's appeal seems to be on the rise. Recent Ipsos polls show support for it at 17-18 per cent, inching ever-closer to the governing Fidesz party on 21 per cent. Trying to shed its image as an extreme right or neo-Nazi party, Jobbik has recently labelled itself as "a principled, conservative and radically patriotic Christian party".
Jobbik's leader, Gábor Vona, claims that the appeal of his party rests on the fact that while the larger traditional parties, such as Fidesz and the centre-left Socialists (MSZP), continue to tackle problems from the previous century, Jobbik addresses 21st century issues in Hungary. On the Jobbik website, he wrote: "The Hungarian political arena will increasingly feature this fault line, while the political categories of the 19th and 20th centuries, such as 'right and left, conservative, liberal and socialist' will become emptier and emptier." Jobbik has also said it would abandon its far-right origins and keep the country within the EU.
Jobbik's aim is to move away from its previous branding as a self-declared 'radical- right' party, and create a new dynamic within the Hungarian political spectrum. It has been openly working to soften its image since 2013, continuing a more populist approach while trying to seem less aggressive and toning down its anti-EU, anti-Roma and anti-western associations. Campaign ads in the past few years have changed drastically (one showed its leader holding a kitten), while Jobbik events feature new pastel colour schemes, and campaign posters depict smiling youthful candidates.
Jobbik is not the first far-right party to successfully rebrand itself, hiding its more aggressive, nationalist or intolerant views beneath new rhetoric and a softer image. The National Front in France has led this trend, finding new support among mainstream voters that are disillusioned with traditional politics and ready for new approaches that appear to support the 'citizen' rather than the 'rich elite'. In other words, populism.
Jobbik is not only trying to cater to the disillusioned in Hungary, of which there are many, it has also continued to grow its strong support base and network among younger voters. The party uses activist and grassroots approaches to its campaigning, as well as social media platforms and street mobilisation to appeal to the young. Its openly anti-elite platform and anti-corruption rhetoric also resonates increasingly with a younger generation which has grown up with the continued mudslinging between Fidesz and the MSZP, accusations of corruption and financial scandals. Newer parties like Jobbik offer the illusion of a clean break.
But, despite the attempts to rebrand, some of the most worrying aspects of Jobbik remain just a click away. As the Budapest Business Journal pointed out, even within Jobbik's English webpage, anti-Semitic, anti-western and Zionist conspiracy theories are apparent, with the party openly stating: "We will stop hushing up such taboo issues in foreign policy [such] as the imperial practices of the European Union, the unjust wars waged by the United States, as well as the Zionist Israel's efforts to dominate Hungary and the world." In relation to Jobbik's anti-western agenda, the party also supports closer ties with Russia, something which Fidesz has initiated, causing continued tension within the EU.
Jobbik also maintains strong ties with the various offshoots of the Hungarian Guard, a vigilante paramilitary group that was declared illegal in 2009 on the basis of its racist, violent and aggressive nature. The Hungarian Guard units (now mobilising under a variety of local pseudonyms) continue to act as non-governmental patrol groups in rural villages to protect the communities against cigánybűnözés or 'gypsy crime'.
Will Jobbik be the main opposition party in the next elections? The answer remains unclear. The parliamentary elections are still three years away. Historically radical parties have tended to poll better during government's mid terms, with voters feeling more comfortable indicating an extremist protest vote. But judging by the state of the liberal and leftwing parties in Hungary there remain few strong or credible opposition options. After a myriad of party splintering, new parties forming and the return of old political faces between 2010 and 2014, liberal-left voters remain uncertain and unconvinced about what is on offer. With Fidesz support also waning, Jobbik appears to be gaining from a weakening of the traditional parties.
The future success of Jobbik will rely not only on the sustainability of its rebranding but also whether the opposition parties manage to do a little rebranding of their own.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged anti-Roma, Anti-Semitism, cigánybűnözés, Eurosceptic, Euroscepticism, extreme right, Far Right, Gábor Vona, Hungarian Guard, Hungarian Politics, Hungary, Jobbik, Radical Right by erinmariesaltman. Bookmark the permalink.