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Everything You Wanted to Know About Appearing in the Supreme Court but Were Afraid to Ask
Book Review: Killers of the Flower Moon
What the President Said
Hearing Objections to Mining Projects: an Enigma Wrapped in Obscurity?
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Swearing-in Ceremony for the Honourable Susan Kiefel AC
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HOME / Has the Human Rights Act 2019 made a difference?
General Articles, Issue 87
BY Paula Morreau
Wednesday 1st December, 2021
Scepticism about human rights within the Australian legal tradition is long held[1] and takes many forms. Concerns abound, for instance, about the functions placed upon the courts by human rights instruments and about increased litigiousness. Some question the need for a human rights statute given the abundance of common law and other statutory protections.
The Human Rights Act 2019 (Qld) ('HRA'), largely based upon, but with some key differences to, the Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities 2006 (Vic) ('Charter'), has sought to address such concerns by, amongst other things, requiring that human rights arguments piggy-back upon existing causes of action and expressly maintaining parliamentary sovereignty in its statutory interpretation provision. As a result, anecdotally, many lawyers query whether the HRA will make any difference at all.
In my view the HRA does make a difference albeit a more nuanced one than some human rights advocates might prefer. By requiring legislators, executive decision-makers, lawyers and judges to turn their minds to human rights in making and reviewing administrative decisions and in interpreting legislation, the HRA makes more visible, and more credible, the rights of those who are vulnerable to government action. There is now a legislative 'hook'[2] for arguments about the impact on an individual of such decisions. There will, I think, be a gradual shift in legal culture and jurisprudence, to one which notices, engages with and respects human rights.
Whilst the HRA's application to tribunals and courts performing administrative tasks is clear, the extent to which the regime will substantively affect outcomes in judicial proceedings is still being played out in Queensland. In a recent landmark decision – Owen-D'Arcy v Queensland Corrective Services[3] – the Supreme Court has delivered its first decision on judicial review and the HRA. In that context, the HRA has important work to do.
A review of Supreme Court cases where the HRA was applied in 2020 and 2021 indicates there has been a careful but steady influence of the HRA upon the judicial function. Human rights arguments have been primarily made by intervenors under the HRA, the Attorney-General and at times also the Queensland Human Rights Commission ('QHRC').
Australian Institute for Progress Ltd v Electoral Commission of Queensland & Ors [2020] QSC 54 (Applegarth J)
This case concerned a challenge to the interpretation of s 274 of the Electoral Act 1992 (Qld) which defines "political donation" for the purposes of the prohibitions contained in s 275 of that Act, against political donations being made by or received from "prohibited donors".
The protagonist, the AIP, was a Queensland "think tank" which proposed to engage in activities (education, advocacy etc.) aimed at promoting a particular political party from an "ideologically centre-right" perspective in the lead up to the recent State election. It received funding from prohibited donors (property developers).
The interpretative issue was whether s 274(1)(b) was to be read as limited to electoral expenditure on behalf of a party, member or candidate rather than, as its plain meaning seemed to suggest, applying to donations made to "another entity" such as the AIP which were gifted to enable them to incur electoral expenditure for the purposes of an election campaign.
Interpretation under the Human Rights Act
Applegarth J commenced with the conventional approach to statutory interpretation including by reference to the "principle of legality",[4] concluding that the construction urged by the AIP was not supported by the text or structure of the Act and would not achieve the Act's evident purpose. Further, the principle of legality did not assist the AIP.[5]
The AIP disavowed reliance upon the HRA, presumably because the AIP was not an individual whose rights the HRA protects.[6] Nevertheless, as Applegarth J found, the task of construction necessarily required effect to be given to s 48(1) HRA, which provides that all statutory provisions must, to the extent possible consistent with their purpose, be interpreted in a way that is compatible with human rights.[7]
Justice Applegarth noted the two aspects to s 48(1)'s command:[8]
consistency with the statutory provision's purpose; and
an interpretation that is compatible with human rights, which, by s 8 HRA means an interpretation that either does not limit a human right or, if it does, limits a human right only to the extent that is reasonable and demonstrably justifiable in accordance with s 13.
It was clear that the prohibition in s 275 was intended to, and did, limit freedom of expression (s 21 HRA) and the right to take part in public life (s 23 HRA) by property developers.[9] Accordingly, the question was whether it did so in a reasonable and demonstrably justifiable way as mentioned in s 13 HRA.
Section 13(1) provides that human rights may be subject "only to reasonable limits that can be demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society based on human dignity, equality and freedom." Section 13(2) HRA sets out factors that "may" be relevant in deciding if a limit is reasonable and justifiable. Applegarth J considered each factor in turn, ultimately concluding the limit was reasonable and justified, indeed, his Honour found the prohibition to be consistent with a free and democratic society, and therefore the interpretation reached under standard approaches to construction was compatible with human rights.[10] His Honour did not therefore need to consider s 48(2).
There was no question in AIP v ECQ that s 275 limited human rights. This will often be the case. In such circumstances, the interpretative approach of Applegarth J, of ascertaining the meaning of the provision under traditional methods, consistent with the Act's purpose, and then applying s 13(2) in order to answer the test for compatibility in s 13(1) was appropriate.
It is consistent with the interpretative approach summarised by Tate JA when appearing as Solicitor-General in an early Charter case in Victoria, as answering the following question: "On the ordinary principles of statutory interpretation, does the statutory provision limit a Charter right in a manner that is unjustifiable?"[11] It is also consistent with the approach of the majority of the Supreme Court of New Zealand under s 6 of the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990[12] in R v Hansen[13] and which found favour in the judgments of Gummow and Hayne JJ, and Bell J in the High Court, in Momcilovic v R.[14]
Whilst a sequential approach will not apply in all scenarios – and it should be recognised that it is less apt where a provision leaves open a number of readings more or less compatible with human rights – the approach adopted in Hansen, and reflected by those members of the High Court in Momcilovic, would appear to be as follows:
Determine the standard meaning of the legislative provision by using standard interpretative principles (including the principle of legality).
Does the provision (in its standard meaning) limit any protected rights? (The principle of legality may have some work to do where the text, purpose and context of the provision leaves open a meaning that does not limit a human right.) If not, adopt the standard meaning, as it will be compatible.
If so, are the limits demonstrably justified in accordance with s 13? If yes, then adopt the standard meaning.
If not, is the provision capable of being interpreted in a more compatible way? If yes, adopt the most compatible interpretation (s 48(2)).
If not, adopt the standard meaning and consider a declaration of incompatibility (under s 53).
My own suggestion, with respect to Step 1, is that the standard approach taken to reach a particular meaning would be informed by the context of the Queensland Parliament's statutory recognition and protection of people's human rights in the HRA. Consistent with the modern approach to statutory interpretation, a clear meaning for any provision should not be reached without regard to context and purpose, which now include that statutory protection. Ambiguity is not the reference point; it may be that recourse to a context of human rights resolves ambiguity, but it may also give rise to it. Quarantining s 48(1) HRA from conventional approaches to interpretation at the first stage of the inquiry under it, in my view, risks the development of an artificial and inconsistent approach to statutory interpretation, whereby protections afforded at common law are more or less protected than those under the HRA. I see the HRA interacting with, being informed by and informing, the development of principles adopted in public law areas with respect to the interpretation and application of statutes and the discretions granted in them.
Ultimately, as McGrath J in Hansen said of the New Zealand equivalent, s 48(1) can be seen to make Queensland's commitment to human rights:
"… part of the concept of purposive interpretation. To qualify as a meaning that can be given under [s 48(1)] what emerges must always be… a reasonably available meaning on that orthodox approach to interpretation. When a reasonably available meaning consistent with protected rights and freedoms emerges the court must prefer it to any inconsistent meaning." [15]
Attorney-General (Qld) v Sri & Ors [2020] QSC 246 (Applegarth J and Dalton J)
In a relatively novel proceeding, the Attorney-General sought urgent injunctive relief at common law to prevent a planned protest on the Story Bridge. The protest organisers had not, rather unfortunately but not unlawfully, engaged in the usual processes under the Peaceful Assembly Act 1992 (Qld) to obtain approval. The protest was billed as an indefinite 'sit in' that would continue to block all lanes of the Story Bridge until, essentially, the police arrested protestors.
Orders in respect of an initial protest were granted on an urgent ex parte basis by Applegarth J on 8 August 2020 and in relation to a postponed similar protest by Dalton J on 12 August 2020. Only the decision of Applegarth J is publicly available. Justice Applegarth considered the disruption to the traffic over the Story Bridge, in circumstances of an unlimited (in timeframe or extent of incursion) sit-in, with the additional features of no COVID-safe plan and inevitable physical interaction with police to be of significance to making the ex parte order.[16] The COVID-related reasons had greater significance to Dalton J.
Applegarth J's original orders contained an injunction against the planned sit-in, but also a broader prohibition against interfering with the traffic on the Story Bridge. This was set aside by his Honour on 10 August 2020. Before Dalton J, the Attorney-General initially sought broad orders in respect of future unknown events. Her Honour declined to grant the broadly described relief but made an injunction specifically tailored to the postponed planned sit-in.
Relevance of human rights
This was a judicial power being exercised at common law. Therefore, ss 48(1) and 58(1) had no relevance and the full extent of how human rights would be considered by courts was unclear.
Applegarth J recognised that the human rights involved – including the democratic right to protest through peaceful assembly – had long been recognised at common law such that a court would pay great heed to them when being asked to stop or restrict them.[17] Reference was made to recent New South Wales decisions in that regard.[18]
As to the balancing of human rights under the HRA, his Honour stated that it is important to recognise that human rights are not absolute; that they are subject to reasonable and justifiable limitations in favour of other persons' rights or demonstrated public good.[19]
The resolution of the application turned upon the specific facts, and the extent of the hazard and threat to the public of the particular proposed protest.[20]
Innes v Electoral Commission of Queensland & Anor [2020] QSC 293 (Ryan J)
This was an application to quash the results of the Sunshine Coast Regional Council election by an unsuccessful mayoral candidate on the basis that the decision to hold the election during a pandemic had breached human rights.
In this case, Ryan J noted that the court did not have the benefit of a contradictor making submissions about human rights. Accordingly, the case was not an appropriate vehicle for reaching solid conclusions about the operation of the HRA.[21] Unlike the other decisions discussed here, the QHRC was not an intervenor and only the Attorney-General made submissions about the HRA.
Justice Ryan noted that human rights do not have free-standing operation, but are protected and promoted in the ways set out in the HRA.[22] These were:
under s 48, when interpreting legislation;
under ss 58 and 59, when considering a claim about a breach of s 58(1) in the context of an independent cause of action in relation to the unlawfulness of the same act or decision; and
by direct application under s 5(2)(a).
As to s 48(1) HRA, her Honour found no ambiguity in the Act, adopting a standard approach to interpretation such that s 48 did not arise for consideration. In doing so, her Honour referred to the approach adopted in a QCAT decision[23] which essentially adopted a (in my view) reductionist view that might be taken from all of the judgments in the High Court in Momcilovic v R, that human rights statutes do not require courts to depart from established understandings of the limits of statutory interpretation.[24]
As to s 58 HRA, her Honour referred to Victorian Supreme Court Justice Bell's decision in PJB v Melbourne Health (Patrick's Case)[25] describing the procedural limb of s 58 of "proper consideration" of human rights. It may be noted that more comprehensive discussion of that obligation can be found in other Victorian cases, of Bare v Independent Broad-Based Anti-Corruption Commission,[26] Castles v Secretary of the Department of Justice,[27] Certain Children v Minister for Families and Children[28] and Certain Children v Minister for Families and Children & Ors (No 2).[29]
This issue was further developed by Martin J in Owen-D'Arcy,[30] discussed below.
In undertaking a review of compliance with the substantive component of s 58(1) by the Electoral Commission under s 59, Ryan J:[31]
first considered whether the decisions or actions by the ECQ were mandated by the statute – here certain decisions were required by law, and therefore s 58(1) was negated: see s 58(2) HRA;
next identified the limits on human rights caused by the decisions or actions – here, her Honour indicated that limits could be found by either actual or potential interference or restriction to any extent; and
lastly considered whether the limits were reasonably and demonstrably justifiable under s 13.
Ultimately, her Honour concluded the decisions around the holding of the election were compatible with human rights in the sense of placing only reasonable and justified limits upon human rights.[32]
As to s 5(2)(a) HRA, Ryan J adopted the intermediate functional approach adopted by courts in Victoria, where human rights will be relevant depending upon the function the court is undertaking. In doing so, her Honour expressly adopted the statement of Bell J in Kracke, that "requiring courts to consider rights which relate to the substance of the proceeding, as well as its process, enhances their legitimacy as institutions of justice with responsibility for interpreting and enforcing human rights."[33]
Like Applegarth J in the common law context in Attorney-General v Sri, Ryan J found that the right to participation in public life (s 23) was a somewhat superfluous consideration as it was already incorporated in, and underpinned, the role of the Court of Disputed Returns as established by the Local Government Electoral Act 2011.[34] Accordingly it was unnecessary to decide whether s 5(2)(a) required the direct application of s 23 HRA in the proceedings. Her Honour considered that right anyway because the task under the legislation at hand required the court to apply and preserve rights which were arguably broader than those expressed in the HRA.[35]
Attorney-General for the State of Queensland v GLH [2021] QMHC 4 (Wilson J)
In a rare, published decision of the Mental Health Court,[36] Wilson J found the regime established by the Mental Health Act 2016 (Qld)('MHA'), as described by Boddice J in Re CMX,[37] to be compatible with the HRA, and the power to impose or remove conditions under a forensic order in particular, capable of being exercised, consistently with its purpose in the MHA, compatibly with human rights.[38]
In doing so, her Honour noted the patient's Aboriginal and Torres Strait cultural rights and needs, and how they were protected under both Acts. Her Honour also considered human rights jurisprudence from Victoria on the test expressly embraced elsewhere in the MHA, of 'unacceptable risk'. Her Honour approached the discretion as to conditions of a forensic order in the same way.
Owen-D'Arcy v Chief Executive, Queensland Corrective Services [2021] QSC 273 (Martin J)
Mr Owen-D'Arcy was convicted of a violent, stabbing murder. Since 2011, he has been classified a maximum security prisoner. Not long after that, he was convicted of offences in the prison environment, including attempted murder of a prison officer.
In January 2013, a Maximum Security Order ('MSO') was first issued, under s 60(3) of the Corrective Services Act 2006 ('CSA'), on the basis of a reasonable belief held by the Respondent that there was a "high risk" of Mr Owen-D'Arcy killing or seriously injuring other persons. MSOs have the effect that a prisoner remains in the Maximum Security Unit, is kept in a single cell for 22 hours per day and has very limited contact with other people.
By statute, the orders may only last 6 months, but extension is permitted under s 61(1) CSA, subject to natural justice being provided. In this case, there had been continuous repeating MSOs for approximately 7 years.
Alongside the MSO, the decision-maker made a No Association Decision ('NAD') prohibiting contact between Mr Owen-D'Arcy and other prisoners.
The application sought to have both the MSO and the NAD set aside on traditional judicial review grounds, namely, a breach of the rules of natural justice, unreasonableness, that there was an improper exercise of power (failure to take into account relevant considerations, taking into account irrelevant considerations) and a no evidence argument. None of these grounds were successful except that of failing to take into account relevant considerations – being Mr Owen-D'Arcy's human rights.
The application also raised additional human rights arguments under s 59 HRA, that:
the MSO breached s 58(1)(a) HRA in that it was incompatible with human rights; and
the NAD breached s 58(1)(b) HRA in that the decision-maker did not properly consider Mr Owen-D'Arcy's human rights.
The relevant human rights
The specific human rights raised by Mr Owen-D'Arcy were:
s 17(b): protection from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment;
s 29: right to liberty and security of the person; and
s 30(1): right to humane treatment when deprived of liberty.
Failure to take into account relevant consideration
The Court held that Mr Owen-D'Arcy's rights provided for in ss 17(b) and 30 HRA were relevant considerations, for the purposes of the Judicial Review Act 1991, with respect to the NAD. In making the NAD (but not the MSO), the decision-maker had not considered the potential impact of the NAD on these rights held by Mr Owen-D'Arcy. Reference to Mr Owen-D'Arcy's "human rights" without further discussion of the specifically relevant human rights was insufficient.[39]
The NAD was declared unlawful and invalid on that basis (the order having lapsed by the time the decision was published).
On the s 59 application, his Honour found that the rights under s 17(b) HRA[40] and s 29 HRA[41] were not engaged. In respect of the former this was due primarily to a lack of evidence reaching the standard contemplated by s 17, and in respect of the latter, because s 29(7) grants a power to release a person unlawfully deprived of their liberty, which could not be countenanced in respect of complaints about conditions where the imprisonment was otherwise lawful. Furthermore, any assessment of the appropriateness of conditions strayed too far from the judicial function. In the course of his reasons, his Honour noted that the HRA does not create but rather reflects the common law right to liberty. And, even if there is a residual liberty at common law, the right in s 29 is only limited if the lawful conditions for the restraint have not been met.
Therefore, the primary right engaged by the application was s 30 – the right to humane treatment when deprived of liberty.[42]
His Honour found both the MSO and the NAD unlawful due to breaches of s 58 HRA. The MSO was incompatible with human rights (that is, not justified under s 13 HRA)[43] and in respect of the NAD, the decision-maker failed to give proper consideration to relevant human rights.[44] The Court made declarations to that effect.
Nature of review under the HRA
This was an important decision in two respects. As already noted, his Honour held that the obligations in s 58 HRA are mandatory considerations for the purposes of traditional grounds of review (including, in particular, relevant and irrelevant consideration grounds).
His Honour also discussed in detail how the Court conducting judicial review should approach a s 59 'piggy-back' argument, dealing with breaches of both the substantive and procedural limbs of s 58(1) of the HRA.
His Honour approached the task on review by taking the following steps, noting there was some overlap:[45]
(a) Identification of the decision and the reasons, if any, given for making it.
(b) Identification of any human rights which are relevant to the decision.
(c) Determining whether the applicant has shown that the decision limits those human rights. If that is done, then –
(i) Has the respondent shown that the limits are reasonable: s 13?
(d) Has the respondent made a decision in a way that is not compatible with human rights: s 58(1)(a)?
(e) In making the decision has the respondent failed to give proper consideration to relevant human rights: s 58(1)(b)?
(i) Has the respondent identified the human rights that may be affected by the decision: s 58(5)(a)?
(ii) Has the respondent considered whether the decision would be compatible with human rights: s 58(5)(b)?
Whilst affirming that the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court on review is supervisory (not substitutionary) and unaffected by the merits of the case, his Honour accepted that the Court's role under s 59 HRA, like that provided for in its Charter counterpart, is a more intensive or higher standard of review than traditional grounds provide. Quoting from Bell J's decision in Patrick's Case:[46]
[316] The difference between judicial reviewing for unlawfulness against applicable human rights standards and doing so for unlawfulness against the Wednesbury unreasonableness standard was explained by Lord Steyn in his "justly-celebrated and much-quoted" judgment in R (Daly) v Secretary of State for the Home Department. In his Lordship's view, the proportionality criteria "are more precise and more sophisticated than the traditional grounds of review". Lord Steyn went on to identify certain differences between the two standards of review, of which these are relevant to us:
First, the doctrine of proportionality may require the reviewing court to assess the balance which the decision-maker has struck, not merely whether it is within the range of rational or reasonable decisions. Secondly, the proportionality test may go further than the traditional grounds of review in as much as it may require attention to be directed to the relevant weight accorded to interests and considerations.
[317] It can be seen that, by its very nature as a standard of review, proportionality draws the court more deeply into the facts, the balance which has been struck and the resolution of the competing interests than traditional judicial review. This gives rise to the issue of how the court is to provide effective judicial protection for human rights while at the same time respecting the administrative function of the public authority under its legislation and not drifting into merits review. One important way of addressing that issue is by affording weight and latitude to the acts and decisions of primary decision- makers. (citations omitted)
Compatibility with human rights – s 58(1)(a) substantive limb
His Honour noted that s 8 sets a two-stage enquiry for compatibility[47] and applied the most recently articulated approach taken in Victoria:[48]
first, identify whether any human right is relevant to or engaged by the impugned decision or action of the public authority;
second, determine whether the decision or action has limited that right; and
thirdly, consider whether the limit is under law, reasonable and demonstrably justified having regard to the matters set out in s 13(2).
An applicant bears the onus of establishing the imposition of a limit on human rights and if established, the respondent bears the onus of justifying the limit.[49]
His Honour adopted Ryan J's approach in Innes v ECQ, that an act or decision will limit a human right if it "places limitations or restrictions on, or interferes with, the human rights of a person". His Honour also adopted Victorian authority that the scope of the right should be "construed in the broadest possible way" by reference to the right's "purpose and underlying values." [50] This was consistent with a beneficial approach to construction of the HRA.[51]
As to whether or not a decision is justified under s 13 HRA, his Honour accepted that like its cognate provision in the Charter (s 7(2)) it embodied a proportionality test. In doing so, his Honour adopted the approach taken by Warren CJ in Re Application under the Major Crimes (Investigative Powers) Act 2004 (Vic),[52] which in turn adopted that of Dickson CJ in the Canadian Supreme Court decision of R v Oakes.[53] Under this approach, the Court will be guided by the values and principles essential to such a free and democratic society based on human dignity, equality and freedom.
Further, and consistent with Victorian decisions, the standard of proof placed upon a respondent to justify a limitation is "high", requiring a "degree of probability which is commensurate with the occasion" with evidence that is "cogent and persuasive and make clear to the court the consequences of imposing or not imposing the limit".[54]
Proper consideration – s 58(1)(b) procedural limb
Justice Martin read the procedural limb as having some teeth to it. His Honour indicated that "proper consideration" included, but was not limited to, what was set out in s 58(5), namely, identifying the relevant human rights, and considering whether the decision would be compatible with human rights. Additionally, because of s 58(5), a decision-maker must correctly identify the human rights that may be affected by the decision.[55]
His Honour referred to, and later applied, the test paraphrased by Tate JA in Bare v IBAC:[56]
"... for a decision-maker to give 'proper' consideration to a relevant human right, he or she must: (1) understand in general terms which of the rights of the person affected by the decision may be relevant and whether, and if so how, those rights will be interfered with by the decision; (2) seriously turn his or her mind to the possible impact of the decision on a person's human rights and the implications thereof for the affected person; (3) identify the countervailing interests or obligations; and (4) balance competing private and public interests as part of the exercise of justification."
Whilst his Honour noted that prior decisions could not be reviewed, background matters, including a failure or omission, for example, to obtain a particular report or engage in a defined regime of treatment is part of the background that can be taken into account in considering a breach of s 58(1) HRA.
Here, the evidence was that Mr Owen-D'Arcy's treating psychiatrist had for many years made recommendations for progressive reduction of the restrictions, to provide a path for rehabilitation and progression out of isolation, which had not been taken up. Also, the six-month duration of the decision did not negate the importance of regard to the total length of time Mr Owen-D'Arcy had been in prison. By not taking these matters properly into account, the importance of the purpose of the limitation and the importance of preserving the human right were not balanced.[57]
It can be observed that in finding incompatibility his Honour drew some assistance from authorities dealing with prolonged isolation from the European Court of Human Rights and the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, but with due regard to the institutional setting in which those decisions were made.[58]
[1] Hilary Charlesworth, 'The Australian Reluctance about Rights', (1993) 31 Osgoode Hall Law Journal 195.
[2] A term adopted by the Hon. Michael Kirby AC CMG in speeches and informal discussions, to demonstrate the utility of bills of rights.
[3] Owen-D'Arcy v Chief Executive, Queensland Corrective Services [2021] QSC 273 (Martin J).
[4] AIP v ECQ [2020] QSC 54at [72]-[74].
[5] Ibid, at [82], [93], [104]-[106], [110]-[111].
[6] Section 11 HRA.
[7] AIP v ECQ at [76].
[8] Ibid, at [114]-[117].
[9] [119]-[120].
[10] [121]-[138].
[11] Tate JA, "Statutory Interpretive Techniques under the Charter: Three stages of the Charter - Has the original conception and early technique survived the twists of the High Court's reasoning in Momcilovic?" (Judicial College of Victoria (2014) 2: 43, 53.) Referring to her Honour's submission as Solicitor General in RJE v Secretary to the Department of Justice [2008] VSCA 265. This was the approach ultimately taken by Nettle JA in that case. After Momcilovic, however, Victorian caselaw on the interpretative method has since largely followed the approach of the Court of Appeal in Momcilovic v R (2010) 25 VR 435, and by French CJ and Crennan and Kiefel JJ in the High Court in Momcilovic v R (2011) 245 CLR 1, without resolving whether the justification analysis contained in s 13 HRA / s 7(2) of the Charter is relevant to the interpretative process.
[12] Section 6 BORA: "Wherever an enactment can be given a meaning that is consistent with the rights and freedoms contained in this Bill of Rights, that meaning shall be preferred to any other meaning."
[13] R v Hansen [2007] 3 NZLR 1 at [57]-[62] (Blanchard J), [88]-[92] (Tipping J), [191]-[192], [252] (McGrath J).
[14] Momcilovic v R (High Court) at [168]-[171] (Gummow J, with whom Hayne J agreed, at [280]); [678], [681]-[684] (Bell J).
[15] Hansen at [252].
[16] AG v Sri [2020] QSC 246 at [39].
[17] Ibid, at [3], [20]-[21]
[18] Commissioner of Police v Bassi [2020] NSWSC 710 at [17], Commissioner of Police NSW v Gibson [2020] NSWSC 953 at [23]-[24].
[19] AG v Sri at [27]-[29].
[20] Ibid, at [5], [36].
[21] Innes v ECQ [2020] QSC 293 at [202].
[22] Ibid, at [197].
[23] State of Queensland (Department of Housing and Public Works) v Tenant [2020] QCAT 144 at [176]-[187].
[24] Innes v ECQ at [248]-[249].
[25] PJB v Melbourne Health (Patrick's case) (2011) VR 373.
[26] Bare v ICAC (2009) 24 VR 415 at 260 [235].
[27] Castles v Sec. Dept. Justice (2010) 28 VR 141 at [185]-[186], [221].
[28] Certain Children v Minister for Families & Children [2016] VSC 796 at [190]-[194].
[29] Certain Children v Minister for Families & Children (No. 2) (2017) 52 CR 441 at [174].
[30] Owen-D'Arcy v Chief Executive, Queensland Corrective Services Commission [2021] QSC 273.
[31] Innes v ECQ at [287], [289], [291]-[292].
[32] Ibid, at [203], [301].
[33] At [214]-[230].
[35] At [242].
[36] Given the operation of s 790 of the Mental Health Act 2016.
[37] Re CMX [2014] QMHC 4 at [23].
[38] At [8], [39], [42]-[51].
[39] Owen-D'Arcy at [79].
[40] Owen-D'Arcy at [176]-[192].
[42] Discussed at [235]-[242].
[43] Discussion at [243]-[260].
[44] Owen-D'Arcy at [261]-[266]
[45] At [95].
[46] PJB v Melbourne Health (Patrick's case) (2011) 39 VR 373, 444-445 [314]-[317].
[47] Owen-D'Arcy at [126].
[48] Minogue [2021] VSC 56 (Richards J), Owen-D'Arcy at [132].
[49] Ibid, [128]-[129].
[51] Owen D'Arcy at [118]-[120].
[52] Re Application under the Major Crime (Investigative Powers) Act 2004 (2009) 24 VR 415, 447-449 [144]-[147].
[53] R v Oakes [1986] 1 SCR 103.
[54] Owen-D'Arcy at [104]-[110], [131]-[133].
[55] At [134], [136].
[56] Owen-D'Arcy at [135]-[138]; Bare v IBAC (2015) 48 VR 129, 223 [288] and Castles (2010) 28 VR 141, 184 [185]-[186].
[57] At [101], [252]-[260].
[58] Owen-D'Arcy at [112]-[117], consistent with Momcilovic v R per French CJ.


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  Jimmy Wang (Primera ronda)

<ol start="5">
  James Duckworth (Primera ronda)
  Yūichi Sugita (Primera ronda)
  Somdev Devvarman (Cuartos de final)
  Hiroki Moriya (Primera ronda)

Cuadro
 Q = Clasificado (Qualifier)
 WC = Comodín (Wild Card)
 LL = Perdedor con suerte (Lucky Loser)
 r = retirado
 w/o = Victoria por incomparecencia

Cuadro final

Cuadro superior

Cuadro inferior

Referencias
 Cuadro de individuales
 Cuadro clasificatorio

Challenger de Hong Kong 2015

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A military bases race is underway between Russia and the U.S. as each nation seeks to expand its presence in Syria and counter asymmetric threats.
Al Tabaqah was a Syrian military airbase before revolts ended the hold. U.S. also has special operations forces along the Jordan- Iraq- Syria borders in Al Tanf, a crossing where Syrian revolt groups are trained. The U.S. military presence in Deir Ezzour and in Al Tanf have "sandwiched" this area, impairing Iran's efforts to build the bridge connecting Iran with the Mediterranean.


text:
Dances for a Variable Population, Dancing in the Park During COVID Gierre Godley, Rebecca Hite, and Theo Gilbert
Eiko is both subject and facilitator of Danspace Project's 10th annual Platform titled A BODY IN PLACES
Eiko Otake
Monday, February 29, 2016 - 9:00am weekly through March 18, 2016, 12:00pm weekly through March 18, 2016, 3:00pm weekly through March 18, 2016, 6:00pm weekly through March 18, 2016, 9:00pm weekly through March 18, 2016
Saturday, February 20, 2016 - 5:30pm weekly through March 18, 2016
Tuesday, March 1, 2016 - 5:30pm weekly through March 18, 2016
Tuesday, March 15, 2016 - 5:30pm weekly through March 18, 2016, 7:00pm weekly through March 18, 2016
Wednesday, February 17, 2016 - 11:30am weekly through March 16, 2016, 7:00pm weekly through March 23, 2016
Thursday, February 25, 2016 - 7:00pm weekly through March 17, 2016
Friday, March 11, 2016 - 1:00pm weekly through March 17, 2016, 10:00pm daily through March 12, 2016
Saturday, February 20, 2016 - 7:00pm daily through March 12, 2016
Saturday, March 19, 2016 - 7:00pm daily through March 12, 2016
Saturday, March 5, 2016 - 7:00pm daily through March 12, 2016
http://eikoandkoma.org/danspaceprojectplatform
Platform is a month-long curated program of Danspace Project in East Village, New York City. Eiko is both the subject of the 10th annual Platform titled, A BODY IN PLACES and a collaborator of its curators, Director Judy Hussie-Taylor and Program Director Lydia Bell. And as such, Eiko is fully engaged in planning her solo performances, and in exposing/expanding/examining/revealing herself as an artist and as a person.
This is a singular opportunity for Eiko to examine the theme of a body intimately relating to a particular place and to share her concerns with the downtown dance community and audiences at large.
The program will take place February 15 - March 22, 2016.
Check Day to day schedule below:
MON- FRI. Eiko's daily solo Performance
Mon.at 9 am, Tue. at noon, Wed. at 3 pm, Thurs. at 6 pm, Fri. at 9 pm.
Feb. 29 - Mar.18
16 public solo performances and five previews on and off-site around St. Mark's Church in the East Village.
On Mar. 19, she wllll perform at midnight to end the series.
TUE. Weekly Installations by Eiko
Feb 20, Mar.1, Mar.8 Mar.15.
TUE. Weekly Special Event and Talks:Artists Reponses
Feb 20, Paul Chan & Claudia La Rocco
Mar. 1. Poetry readings
Mar.8, DonChristian Jones
Mar 15. Eiko with special guests
WED. Weekly Delicious Movement Workshops taught by Eiko (open to non-dancers).
Feb. 17, 24, Mar. 2, 9. 16.
WED. Weekly Film Series Curated and introduced by Eiko.
Feb. 17, 24, Mar. 2, 9. 16, 23
THURS. Weekly Book Club
at 7 pm
Participants will discuss readings selected by Eiko.
Authors for this week include: Mitsuharu Kaneko and John Dower.
RSVP for each week's book club at danspaceproject.org.
RSVP will be followed up with readings for the week.
Feb 25, Mar. 3, 10, 17. Inquiries to info@eikoandkoma.org
FRI. Mar.11, Conversations Without A Wall: Panels and talks
1-4pm.
FRI-SAT. Mar 11-12. 24-HOUR Exhibition of A Body in Fukushima in the sanctuary of St. Mark's Church.
Mar.11-Mar.12, 10 pm.
Lighting design by Kathy Kaufmann in collaboration with Eiko.
All photographs are by William Johnston and show Eiko in the tsunami and radiation-damaged landscape of post-disaster Fukushima.
TWO SAT. Talking Duets
7-10 pm
Eiko and other invited artists move and engage in spoken discourse.
Feb. 20: Participants: David Brick, Emmanuelle Huynh, John Kelly, Bebe Miller, and Eiko. Moderator: Judy-Hussie Taylor
Mar. 19, Participants: David Brick, Ishmael Houston-Jones, Yvonne Meier, Elizabeth Streb and Eiko. Moderator: Laura Flanders
TWO SAT. The Precarious
7-10pm.
Eight artists performing in places of their choice in St. Mark's Church.
Feb.27: Participants: Beth Gill, Neil Greenberg, Koma, Jimena Paz, Polly Motley, Donna Uchizono, Arturo Vidich, Eiko
Mar.5: Participants: Michelle Boulé, Beth Gill, Neil Greenberg, Koma, Jimena Paz, Arturo Vidich, Geo Wyeth, EIko
The publication of the Platform catalogue, will include commissioned essays, photographs of Eiko's performances in -various places, excerpts from Eiko's past writing, and transcribed conversations between Eiko and invited artists. The catalogue will be available for purchase at all the Platform programs.
Danspace web page will share Eiko's reflections, photos, and videos of performances and activities.
The site will function as the continuation of the printed Platform catalogue.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


NOVA FCSH is committed to improve the quality of its services. Therefore, your opinion is key.
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Fill in all the required fields (marked with a red dot).
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The the opening of academic year 2014-2015 will take place on Wednesday 3 September 2014 at 3 p.m. for members of our academic community. On this day, the Stichting Oude Groninger Kerken will officially present the Van Tuikwerd Fellowship to Dr J.E.A. Kroesen. Due to this festive occasion the opening of the academic year will take place at the Der Aa-kerk.
The opening of the academic year of our Faculty will be preceded by the opening of the PThU from 2 - 3 p.m. The Rector of the PThU, Prof. FG Immink, will give the opening speech and Dr Theo Boer will present the opening lecture. You are cordially invited to attend this opening ceremony as well.
The official programme will be followed by a drinks reception, also at the Der Aa-kerk.


text:
Share this Story: Lewis carries Presbyterian over Gardner-Webb 103-101 in OT
PMN NCAA Basketball
PMN Basketball
Lewis carries Presbyterian over Gardner-Webb 103-101 in OT
CLINTON, S.C. — Francois Lewis had 29 points, including three straight free throws in the final second of overtime as Presbyterian extended its home winning streak to eight games, edging past Gardner-Webb 103-101 on Saturday.
Davon Bell added 21 points for the Blue Hose. Bell also had eight assists for the Blue Hose.
Lewis carries Presbyterian over Gardner-Webb 103-101 in OT Back to video
Cory Hightower had 16 points and seven rebounds for Presbyterian (15-11, 7-4 Big South Conference). Adam Flagler added 13 points.
Presbyterian scored at least 100 points for the fourth time this season (4-0), while Gardner-Webb reached the 100-point mark for the fourth game (3-1).
David Efianayi tied a season high with 26 points and had six assists for the Runnin' Bulldogs (15-10, 6-5). Jose Perez added 23 points. Nate Johnson had 19 points.
Presbyterian takes on Winthrop on the road on Wednesday. Gardner-Webb plays Charleston Southern at home on Wednesday.
For more AP college basketball coverage: https://apnews.com/Collegebasketball and http://twitter.com/AP–Top25


text:
Monday, January 18, 2021, 12:12 PM e-paper
ICMR to conduct survey to estimate prevalence of COVID-19 infection among Indian population
The survey would be conducted in 69 districts of 21 states and Union Territories, the apex health research body said in a statement on Tuesday.
New Delhi: The Indian Council of Medical Research in collaboration with other key stakeholders is conducting a population-based sero survey to estimate the prevalence of coronavirus infection among the Indian population.
According to an expert associated with the survey, the exercise can help to ascertain if there has been community transmission of the respiratory disease in these areas.
Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Assam and Bihar are some of the states where the survey would be conducted.
The household level cross-sectional survey will cover 24,000 adults distributed equally across four strata of districts categorised on the basis of COVID-19 cases, the ICMR said in a statement.
The move was announced as the death toll due to COVID-19 rose to 2,293 and the total number of cases climbed to 70,756 in the country on Tuesday, according to the Union health ministry data.
As part of the study, people from Red, Orange and Green zones in a district will be tested for COVID-19 at random to check if they have developed antibodies against the infection even though they are asymptomatic or show mild symptoms, the expert said.
"The ICMR, New Delhi, in collaboration with the Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India and National Centre for Disease Control with support from state health departments and key stakeholders, including WHO, India is conducting a community based sero-survey to estimate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Indian population," the statement said.
The survey is coordinated by ICMR's National Institute of Epidemiology (NIE) and National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chennai.
The survey will involve collection of venous blood samples from 400 randomly selected individuals (one per household) from 10 clusters in each district.
"Sera from these individuals will be tested for presence of IgG antibodies using ELISA test developed by ICMR-National Institute of Virology (NIV), Pune. The results of the survey will provide information about spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) in different parts of the country," the ICMR said.
The officials said the study would have started earlier as it was planned to be conducted with the rapid antibody test kits brought from China. But after these test kits showed inaccurate results in some places, the study had to be postponed.
The health ministry said the survey would be conducted in six districts of Maharashtra, including Beed, Jalgaon, Ahmednagar, Sangli; three districts of Rajasthan like Dausa, Jalore; nine districts of Uttar Pradesh like Bareilly, Unnao, Saharanpur, Mau; three districts of Gujarat like Mahisagar, Narmada; three districts of Madhya Pradesh like Ujjain, Gwalior.
Besides the health ministry is also initiating hospital-based surveillance to monitor the trend of infection in all districts.
The survey will be conducted at 10 health facilities (six public and four private) and would test outpatient attendees and pregnant women among the low-risk group, and health care workers among the high-risk population.
At least 100 samples of healthcare workers from selected districts per week and 400 per month would be tested.
Besides, 50 samples each of the outpatient attendees and pregnant women per week and 200 samples per month would be collected, the document stated. Throat and nasal swabs will be collected for RT-PCR tests and samples should be tested in a one-time pool of 25, it said.
Lockdown: From June 1, Goa to get more trains, flights
Panaji: Trains and flights are expected to arrive in Goa in large numbers from June...
Govt in lockdown exit mode limits curbs to containment zones till June 30
New Delhi: The Centre on Saturday took an exit step from the 68-day nationwide...
Delhi-Moscow AI flight returns midway after pilot found COVID-19 positive
New Delhi: An Air India flight from Delhi to Moscow was asked to return midway on...
Skymet announces arrival of monsoon over Kerala, IMD differs
New Delhi: The southwest monsoon has arrived in Kerala before its onset schedule,...
Locusts not hit rabi crops; efforts on to prevent spread before monsoon to save kharif crops
New Delhi: Desert locusts -- the crop destroying insects -- have not impacted rabi...
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text:
Q: 404 Not Found Next.js error on React-Query fetch Here is my situation. I am trying to set up a Next.js project with an Express.js back-end. I did set up the back-end as a regular one not as a custom server according to Next.js documentation. So I am not sure if I am already making a mistake by setting up the back-end as a regular one. I am trying to fetch data from a back-end endpoint http://localhost:3500/api/v1/list using axios and it works well. But when I am trying to implement React-Query on the first load I am getting the right data from the back-end but when it is trying to re-fetch for some reason it is hitting the wrong end-point http://localhost:3600/api/v1/list and getting the 404 Not Found error. It looks like it is switching the port from 3500 to 3600 which is a front-end port. Here you will find the link to the repository and here is the code. Let me know if I am doing something wrong,
page/sell.js
import axios from 'axios';
import { useQuery } from 'react-query';

export default function SellPage({ response }) {
  const { data, isLoading, error } = useQuery('sells', getPosts, {
    initialData: response,
  });

  console.log('data useQuery: ', data);

  if (isLoading) return 'Loading...';
  if (error) return error.message;
  return (

Hello SellPage!!{data.message}

  );
}

export async function getServerSideProps(context) {
  const response = await getPosts();
  console.log('response', response);
  if (!response) {
    return {
      notFound: true,
    };
  }

  return {
    props: { response }, // will be passed to the page component as props
  };
}

async function getPosts() {
  console.log('HOST: ', process.env.HOST);
  const { data } = await axios.request({
    baseURL: process.env.HOST,
    url: '/api/v1/list',
    method: 'get',
  });
  return data;
}

_app.js
import React from 'react';
import { QueryClient, QueryClientProvider } from 'react-query';
import { ReactQueryDevtools } from 'react-query/devtools';

const queryClient = new QueryClient();

function MyApp({ Component, pageProps }) {
  const queryClientRef = React.useRef();
  if (!queryClientRef.current) {
    queryClientRef.current = new QueryClient();
  }
  return (
    <>
      <QueryClientProvider client={queryClientRef.current}>
        <Component {...pageProps} />
        <ReactQueryDevtools initialIsOpen={false} />
      </QueryClientProvider>
    </>
  );
}

export default MyApp;

A: I don't see a next.config.js in your repo,  so I guess the env variables are not bundled in the js and in the end you url looks like localhost: or localhost:undefined which the browser default to the port your client is served.
Try add next.config.js
module.exports = {
  env: {
    HOST: process.env.HOST,
  },
}

SEE: https://nextjs.org/docs/api-reference/next.config.js/environment-variables
Another way is to use public runtime variables
module.exports = {
  publicRuntimeConfig: {
    // Will be available on both server and client
    port: 3500,
  },
};

// Then
import getConfig from 'next/config';

// Only holds serverRuntimeConfig and publicRuntimeConfig
const { publicRuntimeConfig } = getConfig();
console.log(publicRuntimeConfig.port);

SEE: https://nextjs.org/docs/api-reference/next.config.js/runtime-configuration
But note that runtime config would impact optimization and you might get larger bundle in the end so you might want to try build time variables first.

A: if you get 404
i think that you reached out the server but no API's name matched
so try to test the API first on postman or alike
however if  console.log('HOST: ', process.env.HOST);
prints http://localhost:3600  then do the following
in your .env file try to rename PORT TO SERVER_PORT or whatever
HOSTNAME=localhost
SERVER_PORT=3500
HOST=http://$HOSTNAME:$SERVER_PORT

i'm not sure but maybe ur frontend serve bash hold PORT env val as 3600

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


A PLAN to build a multi-million pound racecourse on land between Hyndburn and the Ribble Valley has taken a vital step forward.
The horse racing course is the brainchild of an international business consortium which has financial backers in the Middle East.
If built, it would be sited on fields north east of Altham and south of Simonstone.
If the course gets the go-ahead it would be the first to be built in this country for the past 100 years.
The business consortium also had plans to build a similar facility in Sri Lanka, but has now abandoned a scheme to build one in Shanghai.
And now the consortium which has been having talks with the East Lancashire Economic Partnership and East Lancashire Partnership has narrowed down its options for the site.
Dennis Taylor, chief executive of the partnerships, said: "They are looking at having a number of facilities on the site which would include a five-star hotel with conference facilities.
"They are also looking at the possibility of having a slip-road leading on to the site so they don't clog up the existing roads with people travelling to the racecourse.
"They want to make it as aesthetically pleasing as possible and there will be further consultation about the designs.
"It is hoped that once the plans are in place this will be a real asset to East Lancashire."


I was sent a box of FaceTox and I thought I would tell you all what happened with the product. It's going to a bit of a lengthy post so I'd probably make a drink before reading.
It came round to the week commencing when I was going to use the face mask so I read the instructions and made up the face mask. In the box, you get a bowl, a spatula and enough of the two sachets to make up the face mask. I mixed the face mask up, applied it and left it on for the time that it said on the box. After this time, it had set on my face. It kind of felt like concrete but thats how it was meant to feel. I washed it off which took a while. After washing the mask off, my face felt wonderful.
On Day 2, I did the exact same things as the above and my face felt wonderful yet again. It felt fresh, clean and Facetox did everything that it said on the box such as getting rid of acne and making pores unclogged. My face felt cleansed and felt like it could breathe for the first time in ages. I was expecting great things for the rest of the week whilst using Facetox.
Day 3 arrived and this is when everything went downhill. I applied it like usual and left it on for the normal amount of time but there was more tingling that usual (it tingled quite a bit on the other two days so I didn't take much notice.) I washed it off and my face stung quite a bit. I read the FAQ's and they said that it might be red for a little amount of time but it should go away. I applied moisturisers and left it overnight and it was still stinging quite a bit and was red raw. I applied more and went to the Joe Browns event feeling a little bit unconfident but with Michelle cheering me on I didn't feel too bad.
I kept applying a good few moisturisers and washed daily with a Tea Tree wash as Tea Tree is antibacterial so it would sort itself out quickly. It took a week to completely calm down and heal. FaceTox said it was meant to be for sensitive skin which I thought meant that nothing weird or bad would happen with my skin.
If you do use FaceTox then I'd just be a tad bit careful and make sure that your skin is being okay with it. Sadly I can't really say go and buy it as it made my skin red raw for a while and has put me off recommending it to anyone that I know.
Have you had any bad skin experiences? Let me know!
I hope that you haven't minded this little ramble and that you come back next time to read the next post!


Daisy Mae All Stretched Out Showing Off Her Grey And White Belly.
🙂Hello everyone, I would like to welcome you to my new site, CRYSTAL'S PHOTO-BLOGGING SITE. I would like to give you a sample of what you might see on my site. Also, I will be reblogging sometimes on this sight too. I hope you enjoy the collage I've put together for you in a slideshow.🙂 Although it's only a sample of what I will be putting on this site, each picture means something to me.
Wonderful photo collage ~ love the kitty and now am following you too!
Thank you. Thank you for following me.
Thank you for the follow. much appreciated.
Nice job on the new theme, Crystal! 2 thumbs up!
Same theme new header. How did the post look without the shortcodes?
Looks good to me. Appearance is important.
Thanks. So you like Lodestar as a theme?
Don't like the theme I have. Thinking about Lodestar. What are your thoughts?


Dr. Amit Kapoor shared his views on Creating Shared Value at the 4th India Sustainability Conclave 2016 on July 7-8, 2016 at FICCI, Federation House, New Delhi.
Corporates today have consciously adopted practices that help to create a positive value for the environment and society. The delta they add by means of their sustainability and CSR activities creates a shared value for not only their shareholders, but also for their stakeholders. This session will aim at looking at shared value through the lens of CSR and sustainability. The session will also discuss and debate what constitutes as CSR and Sustainability initiatives, and try to explore the synergistic link between them.


text:
Die Liste der Naturdenkmale in Niedergörsdorf enthält alle Naturdenkmale der brandenburgischen Gemeinde Niedergörsdorf und ihrer Ortsteile, welche durch Rechtsverordnung geschützt sind. Naturdenkmäler sind Einzelschöpfungen der Natur, deren Erhaltung wegen ihres beeindruckenden Aussehen, ihrer Seltenheit, ihren Alter oder ihrer Eigenart sowie ihrer ökologischen, wissenschaftlichen, geschichtlichen, volks- oder heimatkundlichen Bedeutung im öffentlichen Interesse liegt oder den Landschaftsraum prägen. Grundlage sind die Veröffentlichungen des Landkreises Teltow-Fläming, wo durch die entsprechenden staatlichen Behörden per Rechtsverordnung oder Gesetz die Naturdenkmale festgesetzt wurden. Dabei wird durch die Festsetzung in 4 verschiedene Kategorien unterschieden:
 Bäume - "Bäume, Baumreihen, Baumgruppen, Alleen, Relikte natürlicher Wälder"
 Findlinge
 Naturdenkmal nass - "Hohlformen, Quellen/ Salzaustritte, Moore, Moorseen, Feuchtwiesen, natürliche Bachläufe"
 Naturdenkmal trocken - "Erosionsrinnen, Trockentäler, Dünen, Trockenhänge, Heiden, Erdfälle, Trockenrasen"

Legende

Blönsdorf

Bäume

|}

Findlinge

|}

Naturdenkmale Nass

|}

Bochow

Bäume

|}

Naturdenkmale Nass

|}

Danna

Bäume

|}

Naturdenkmale Nass

|}

Naturdenkmal Trocken

|}

Dennewitz

Bäume

|}

Langenlipsdorf

Bäume

|}

Naturdenkmale Nass

|}

Malterhausen

Bäume

|}

Naturdenkmale Nass

|}

Naturdenkmal Trocken

|}

Niedergörsdorf

Bäume

|}

Naturdenkmale Nass

|}

Oehna

Bäume

|}

Naturdenkmale Nass

|}

Rohrbeck

Naturdenkmale Nass

|}

Schönefeld

Bäume

|}

Naturdenkmale Nass

|}

Seehausen

Findlinge

|}

Wergzahna

Bäume

|}

Findlinge

|}

Naturdenkmale Nass

|}

Zellendorf

Bäume

|}

Naturdenkmale Nass

|}

Weblinks

 Beschreibung Naturdenkmale im Landkreis Teltow-Fläming
 Geoportal Landkreis Teltow-Fläming - Auswahl: Naturdenkmale

Einzelnachweise

!Niedergorsdorf
Niedergorsdorf
!Naturdenkmale


I understand that you are thinking of selling your home. Regardless of the reasons why you are selling, our clients usually have one goal: To achieve the best possible price, in the shortest amount of time, with the most favorable terms.
Selling your home can be a stressful and exhausting process – but it doesn't have to be – not when you have a Professional agent who is committed to working in your best interest only.
If you have any questions or you would like clarification about any of these steps, please do not hesitate to contact us.


And just like that folks, Cé La Vi has officially opened its doors for business in Red Bank! After a soft launch over the past week, the latest eatery in Red Bank is ready to deliver some sweet and savory dishes to customers with its grand opening week, which starts today.
Cé La Vi is located on 16 Monmouth Street in Red Bank, NJ.
If you don't know, Cé La Vi is a restaurant located on 16 Monmouth Street in Red Bank, serving breakfast, lunch, and brunch dishes. A cursory look at some of the menu options may make you think about Whipped Creperie, which shouldn't be surprising because it comes to us from the same owners of the popular crepes place a few doors down. In fact, if you have a love for crepes, it takes after many of the offerings from Whipped Creperie!
We stopped by recently to check it out, but you can stay up-to-date about all of its specials and promotions through its Facebook and Instagram accounts. For this visit, we tried out the following menu items below.
Chicken & Waffles – Belgian waffle infused with bacon, topped with homestyle chicken fingers & sausage gravy.
Iced Chai Latte – Black teas, cinnamon & spice, steamed with milk over ice.


GREAT BOOK!! SOME TOUGH LOSSES IN THIS ONE!!
Oh my heart just aches for my book boyfriend Adrian Ring!!! You are just never ever safe in a ZOMPOC of any Kind...and Mr Philbrook dont you think I didn't catch that Talbot reference...I think you and MT may have something up your sleeves...or at least I hope so!!! GREAT STORY, EXCELLENT NARRATION...SUPERB DOWN TO EARTH WRITING AT ITS FINEST!!! I cant wait until the next one!! KEEP THEM COMING CP!!!
I CANT RECOMMEND THIS SERIES ANY HIGHER!! JUST ONE CLICK IT AND THANK ME LATER!!!
everything I'd expect from Philbrook! kept me guessing, little bits of back story of past characters, surprise characters, little more Thomas and a big tease to next chapter of characters. happy, sad excited and angry. roller coaster wouldn't do justice to explain the ability chris has and uses to catapult you through all your emotions then leave you wanting more. greatexperience. cant wait to listen to all again and wait for the next installment.


text:
Great British Boltholes: The Kings Head Hotel, Cirencester, Gloucestershire
Jess Wood February 1, 2016 8:00 am
Jess Wood slips away for a romantic winter break in the Cotswolds
Jess Wood slips away for a winter break in the Cotswolds
Why go? Slap bang in the middle of the marketplace of 'The Capital of the Cotswolds', this is a great base for a country getaway to this chocolate-box-pretty area. Perfect if you like your rural breaks with a side-order of bustling market town, The Kings Head Hotel has historic Cirencester (it was second only to London in Roman times) on the doorstep, while being well-located for forays into the surrounding countryside. A recently converted 14th-century coach house featuring 45 rooms, including three categories of suite (Deluxe, Feature, and Indulgence), the hotel has a chic, old-meets-new style.
Ace base: the 45 room Kings Head Hotel is in the heart of Cirencester
Best for: A romantic wintry weekend, with the town's cobbled streets and gastro delights to explore – pubs with roaring fires serving locally-sourced meat – plus some indulgent pampering thrown in, courtesy of the hotel's subterranean dry spa. Tucked away in the hotel's vaulted cellar, this has a hot tub (unfortunately out of action when we visit) and offers an enticing menu of massage, facial and body treatments using Lubatti products and Leighton Denny manis and pedis. There's also a gym and a cosy relaxation room with water beds covered in sheepskin throws to lounge in. Bedazzled by the options, I go for everything rolled into one – aka the Lubatti Pure Luxury Indulgence (£90). 80 minutes of heaven on a heated bed, which combines a facial, a back massage, plus décolleté, foot and hand exfoliation. The therapist and treatment are top-notch. However, with no pool, this isn't the destination for a full-on spa weekend, more of an added bonus to your trip.
The look: This ancient building (in fact, seven buildings that have been combined) has been lovingly renovated – think exposed original brick walls combined with lashings of Farrow & Ball grey, clusters of cool artwork (including graphic pieces by local artist Laurie Plant) and furniture upholstered in colourful velvet). The bar area features a log fire and comfy sofas to snuggle on while flicking through the papers. The rooms are each decorated differently but all feature Nespresso machines (plus fresh local milk in the fridge) and king (or super-king) sized beds with plumpy feather duvets. Our Indulgence suite is the same size as the entire ground floor of our (admittedly bijou) London house, not to mention a generously-sized bathroom with waterfall shower, a free-standing bath and mini Lubatti products. Decorated in soothing grey with grand dark wood furniture, it's hard to tear ourselves away once we've taken in the fireplace, four-poster bed and spacious relaxation area complete with sofa and chairs thoughtfully placed in front of a huge flatscreen TV. If you want to treat yourself, other hot tips include suite 103, which has a copper bath, suites 223 and 222 with wooden beams, and suite 222 which has a balcony.
Cotswolds charmer: a deluxe bedroom at the Kings Head Hotel
I'm hungry: The Restaurant features British comfort food with a twist, and an open robata-style grill so you can watch the chefs in action. Choose from a menu of classic basics – Scotch egg made with black pudding, steak, fish and chips, and kedgeree – or the 'Something Special' option. No prizes for guessing which we go for. I gorge on seared scallops (£10.50), followed by pan-fried halibut with Jerusalem artichoke (£17.50), while The Husband opts for a meat-fest of oak-smoked pigeon breast (£6.50), and roasted partridge with spiced pear and celeriac (£14.50). We just about find room for mulled-wine-poached pear (yup, we have a thing for pears) with nutmeg rice pudding (£5.95) to finish. Wines by the glass start st £4.75. The Kings Head Hotel also has several private rooms for functions and dinners – perfect for a special birthday weekend with extended family or a group of friends. If you're up for a few post-dinner drinks, there's live music on Friday evenings – blues, jazz or acoustic – in the vaulted cellar bar downstairs. Handy if you're too full to leave the premises…
A buffet breakfast is also served in The Restaurant – we opt for room service but it's disappointing, a huge doorstop of toast with a mountain of overcooked scrambled egg dumped on it. Around town, check out the modern British menu at Jesse's Bistro (jessesbistro.co.uk) and the foodie paradise Made by Bob (foodmadebybob.com) – an extensive deli owned by Bob Parkinson, formerly of Bibendum in London, selling the likes of Prestat chocolate and smartly-packaged local preserves, plus a sit-down café.
Oh so pretty: Cirencester has good shopping if you like a browse © Visit England/cotswolds.com/Cotswold District Council
While you're there: If browsing is your thing, Cirencester has some gems. Sheunique (sheuniquevintage.com) is a retro clothes-cum-record-shop tucked away in a back street which yields a 1960s necklace by collectible label Trifari for a bargainous £25, and we also treat ourselves to some vintage cocktail glasses from the Cirencester Antiques Centre (cirencesterantiques.co.uk) opposite the hotel. In keeping with the chi-chi Cotswolds vibe, the nearby Corn Hall has the cool Sue Parkinson boutique (sue-parkinson.com) stocking niche labels like Maison Scotch and Ash.
Once you've spent yourself into a stupor, take a stroll through the splendidly gothic Church of St John the Baptist and the Abbey Grounds behind. You can hit the countryside from here, or check out the town's Roman past at the Corinium Museum (coriniummuseum.org) and the ancient remains of the Amphitheatre (english-heritage.org.uk) on the outskirts of town.
A bit further afield, there are the Cotswold villages of Tetbury, Stroud and Tewkesbury, and you can catch the snowdrops at Colesbourne Gardens (until 28 February; colesbournegardens.com). If you're after a proper Sunday roast in country-pub surroundings, The Bell at Sapperton (bellsapperton.co.uk), a 15-minute drive away, is highly recommended.
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Book now: The Kings Head Hotel, 24 Market Place, Cirencester GL7 2NR (01285 700 900, kingshead-hotel.co.uk). Double rooms cost from £99, Indulgence suites from £234, room only. Wi-Fi is free. The hotel is a ten-minute taxi ride from Kemble rail station.
Info: Cirencester Visitor Information Centre (01285 654180). The Cotswolds (£12.99; Rough Guides) is a handy guide and see cirencester.co.uk and cotswolds.com.
Lead image: © Visit England/cotswolds.com/Cotswold District Council
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This recipe works in combination with: Courgette & Leek Risotto, Vegetable Tagine with Couscous, Vegetarian Bangers & Mash. This recipe features in these meal plans: Veggie Classics 1.
A deliciously cheesy aubergine and pepper bake with a rich tomato sauce.
Preheat the grill and oven. Brush the aubergine and pepper with 1 tbsp oil. Place on a baking tray and grill, turning frequently for 5-10 minutes, or until the aubergine is tender and the pepper is slightly charred.
Meanwhile, heat the remaining oil in a saucepan and gently fry the garlic for 1-2 minutes over a low heat. Add the chopped tomatoes, 2 tbsp water and the mixed herbs. Season with salt and pepper and simmer for 10 minutes, or until the sauce develops a thicker consistency.
Parboil the potato in lightly salted boiling water for 5-6 minutes. Drain and set aside.
Spoon one third of the grilled aubergine and pepper into an ovenproof dish, followed by one third of the tomato sauce and one third of the cheddar cheese. Repeat until all the ingredients are used up. Season with salt and pepper and arrange the cooked potato over the top. Sprinkle on the parmesan cheese.
Bake in the oven for 20 minutes, or until golden. Serve immediately.
A vegetarian version of a classic Italian lasagne featuring aubergine in a rich tomato sauce.
A yellow pepper filled with spiced aubergine, tomato and couscous, baked in the oven and served with a simple salad.
A hearty and filling pasta dish with a beef, tomato and aubergine sauce.


For complete convenience look no further than this Beldray 30L Pedal Bin to keep your home wonderfully tidy.
Ergonomically designed, the bin features a step pedal so you can open the lid even when your hands are full, plus it is much more hygienic.
This is an essential item for any busy kitchen with a fantastic 30 litre capacity and a soft close lid for ease of use every day.
Made with very durable stainless steel, its sleek and shiny finish looks very stylish and will match any setting or decor.
This Beldray kitchen bin ensures effortless clean up every day, with a high-shine stainless steel exterior which will suit any kitchen.
Convenient size – Measuring 29 cm x 65 cm, the bin has a 30 litre capacity to contain all of your rubbish throughout the week and keep your home tidy.
Smart step pedal – So you can quickly throw away any rubbish, it is also much easier to empty the bin, even when it is very full.
Soft close – A soft closing lid function means that this kitchen pedal bin is not only quiet but safer and less messy too.
Delivery was fast. The product was exactly as described. Highly recommended!
Enthusiastically received by my daughter - not too large, unobtrusive. Crawling grandson really likes pressing the pedal. But too little to see the result!


1. Bible Distribution. Each year we spend about $5-10,000 to purchase about 1-2,000 Bibles ($5 each) for those in the rural areas of Ethiopia who have completed the memory of 9 passages of Scripture (that we have chosen), and have recited them to their elders. These are distributed with the oversight of the Burji and Alaba church leaders, and also a national radio program through several church "outposts." When we are there, we often distribute these ourselves and have the joy of listening to them recite a sample passage...it is a GREAT delight to watch their enthusiasm for the Scriptures (which are simply not available in these areas).
2. Bible Teaching. Having the Scriptures is not enough; people must be taught. We have learned through experience that to remove key leaders and send them to a "Bible Training" program far away is more counter productive than anything, since the trained person, upon graduation, prefers to live in the city where the living is more comfortable. So we have switched gears and are now bringing the education to the lay people and rural elders in the villages. We are doing this through technology at different levels.
Solar systems....this is for those churches that have qualified in 3 areas: a) they have planted a "daughter church," showing their seriousness about mission work, b) they have almost all believers owning Bibles, showing their seriousness about the Scriptures, and c) they have a testimony of love and good works in their community, showing integrity in Christian living and the foundation of love in all things. For these churches we have invested about $3,000/church to install a solar-powered loudspeaker system, along with interior lights in the church. From the loudspeaker, the church plays teaching and music for 1-2 hours every morning and evening. The loudspeaker system sounds horrible in our culture, but it is very common in Ethiopian culture. On any given morning and evening (and sometimes all night long!) in the cities where electricity is available, the Muslims and Orthodox folk are blasting teaching, prayers, chants, etc. In the villages where we are installing these solar things, there is no electricity.....so we have no competition :)....as people walk by the church, they hear the teaching/evangelism/music. The church leaders have approved 3 churches as meeting the criteria, so this summer we are hoping to install this system in 3 village churches in Burji. All of these village churches are in Muslim villages. So that is an investment of $9,000 total.
Hand-held MP3 or SD players....this is for the other villages in Burji or Gujiland. Each player apparatus costs about $50, and we need about 30 of them, for a total of $1500.
Broadcast Teaching Material. Where do we get the teaching material? Glad you asked. 1) We are getting material that is already being broadcast via radio, in their national language....via SIM broadcasts from South Africa and via a Lutheran church in Ethiopia that has translated Through the Bible by J. Vernon McGee. Both of these programs have already been previewed by the church leaders and are readily understood and received. The producers have transferred these broadcasts to MP3 already, and I'm getting the SD equipment for them to also transfer the teaching to SD.
I am estimating that the total cost for this teaching material produced by others, including discs, SDs, and transfer labor is about $2000. We already have on hand a CD duplicator to make backup copies in case of deterioration of the original disc.
Administrator of Rural Teaching.. On another note in this regard, we would like to facilitate the hiring of a person for the District who will be responsible to guard/protect/oversee/facilitate this teaching system. This person would be responsible for the maintenance issues of the solar/loudspeaker systems, the distribution/rotation of the broadcast/teaching systems amongst the churches, the replication of damaged CDs/SDs, etc. and general oversight of the teaching program, making more recordings, etc. His salary will be $70/month, $840/year.
3. Clinic. There are always financial needs for the medical clinic, which now has a "Health Center" license. Current needs are for the building of an additional building; cost $11,000. This will house an office, an overnight observation room for seriously sick patients, and a storage room. The office will also serve as a "Diagnostics Room" for EKG and Ultrasound. In addition, we need an ultrasound. One was donated to us, but it will cost us about $7,000 for a maintenance visit and air transport to Ethiopia. It is an older machine, and if it has problems, there is absolutely no way it will get service in Ethiopia. So God has led us to a PPUPS (plug and play ultrasound probe system)...it is truly amazing technology! There are only 2 machines like this. One received FDA approval in 4/07 and the other in 5/09. The entire ultrasound machine is compressed into the probe! It is then attached to a laptop, with attending software....and voila, you have a complete ultrasound machine that will give images, do loops, generate calculations, etc. The cost is only $4,000! And this will save us transport, as we'll carry it in on our persons in July. And any time it needs service, we just carry it out :) Isn't God good to us???!!!! Amazing! It is being used currently in a bush medical work in West Africa, so it's been proven to be durable, etc.
4. Evangelists... We have sponsored 6 Ethiopian evangelists in northern Ethiopia (an Orthodox area). They are doing a WONDERFUL job and have planted 3 churches already. The only problem we are having is the coordinator of the work is not translating their quarterly reports. When we get the reports, they are wonderful stories of God's care, protection, etc., and of the evangelists' faithfulness. This is a 3-year pilot program; we are in the 3rd year. We have a salary-sharing agreement with Ethiopian Sending Churches. Currently, we are paying 80% ($50/month), for a total of $3,600/yr.
Please write if you have any questions, or want more information about any of these items. Thank you for considering the Ethiopian work that God has appointed to us!
As a matter of logistics, all checks should be sent to us at 2691 White House Rd., Nelson, VA 24580. Tax-deductible gifts (minimum $500) can be made payable to Bethel Hill Baptist Church. All other gifts should be made payable to BeckyLynn Black.


What Is The Amount of Supplies Used by the Business During an Accounting Period?
Monitor supplies that represent a significant expense to the business.
2 What Is the Adjusting Entry for Unused Supplies?
In business management, inventory is the term commonly used for goods that are incorporated in the manufacture of products or the supply of services; supplies are consumable items used in the running of the business, such as printer paper, toner cartridges and cleaning supplies. The extent to which supplies are monitored and accounted for depends on their relative cost to the business. Some supplies may have a material effect on profits whereas others may have such a small impact that they're not worth monitoring individually.
At the beginning of the accounting period, the business may have some supplies on hand from the previous period. If they are material in amount, they will appear as a current asset in the balance sheet. For example, the balance sheet may show an amount of $1,000 as supplies on hand at the start of the new period.
Supplies purchased during the accounting period are debited to the asset account if they have a significant cost, or directly to the supplies expense account if the company has decided not to track them individually. For example, if the business is invoiced $600 for printer ink and $10 for pencils, the purchase ledger will show a debit to the supplies on hand asset account of $600 and to the office stationery expense account of $10.
It would be time-consuming to make an entry in the accounts every time a supply item is used. At the end of the accounting period, the accounts department will make a physical audit of the supplies that remain unused and their value will be the amount of supplies on hand carried forward to the next period. For example, at the end of the period the value of supplies on hand is $700.
The value of the supplies on hand at the beginning of the period plus the supplies purchased during the period make up the total supplies available to the business during the period. In the example, the business brought forward supplies of $1,000 and purchased an additional $600 during the period, making a total of $1,600. The difference between this amount and the value of the supplies remaining at the end of the period represents the value of the supplies used. As the supplies on hand at the period end are valued at $700, the business used ($1,600 - $700) or $900 of significant supplies during the accounting period.
Adjusting journal entries record the supplies used. Debit the supplies expense account with the value of supplies used and credit the supplies on hand asset account. In the example, debit the supplies expense account and credit the supplies on hand account with $900. Supplies on hand of $700 remain to carry forward to the next period.
Phillips, Isobel. "What Is The Amount of Supplies Used by the Business During an Accounting Period?" Small Business - Chron.com, http://smallbusiness.chron.com/amount-supplies-used-business-during-accounting-period-67247.html. Accessed 21 April 2019.


The RewardStock team checks their credit score at least once a month, if not more frequently. You will be surprised at how quickly your credit score can increase based on responsible credit card usage. Another nice feature of a credit monitoring site is that you can get anticipated (not 100% accurate, but it gives you a good idea) credit score impact of certain factors like opening a new card, paying off a loan, missing a payment, and going bankrupt. It's good to see how everything impacts your credit score.
One final note: you should check your credit score periodically, regardless of whether or not you are applying for credit. This helps ensure you are catching any potentially unauthorized accounts and any unrecognizable flaws. You should also check your credit report on an annual basis. This is a full explanation, in detail, of what accounts you have opened and closed, payment history, opening and closing dates, any potential delinquencies, and more. It is vital that you stay on top of your credit score to ensure that best credit score possible.


Recent highly publicized privacy breaches in healthcare and genomics research have led many to question whether current standards of data protection are adequate. Improvements in de-identification techniques, combined with pervasive data sharing, have increased the likelihood that external parties can track individuals across multiple databases. This article focuses on the communication of identifiability risks in the process of obtaining consent for donation and research. Most ethical discussions of identifiability risks have focused on the severity of the risk and how it might be mitigated, and what precisely is at stake in pervasive data sharing. However, there has been little discussion of whether and how to communicate the risk to potential donors. We review the ethical arguments behind favoring different types of risk communication in the consent process, and outline how identifiability concerns can be incorporated into either a detailed or a simplified method of communicating risks during the consent process.


Hi Everyone – All of the St. Patricks Day Committee would like to wish everyone a Happy New Year !
Its that time of year again where we ask people to get their thinking caps on for this year's Parade.
We have been extremely lucky in the past, that the whole community has been behind us year-on-year and everyone has a part to play in making the Parade a huge success.
Please spread the word and if you have any ideas or suggestions or would like to help out in any way please do not hesitate to contact any of the Committee.


text:
New safety norms for toys
Meant to check use of toxic phthalates
By Savvy Soumya Misra
Published: Friday 30 September 2011
TOY makers use phthalates to make plastic toys supple and chewy. But the chemical also happens to be very toxic and its use in the Indian toy industry remains unregulated. The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has finally drafted standards for phthalates in toys and childcare products so that their use can be regulated. The standards are likely to be notified by September-end.
BIS released the draft standards on April 21, following directions of the Bombay High Court, which had acted on a public interest petition filed by Mumbai non-profit Consumer Welfare Association in 2007. Studies show that phthalates damage male reproductive system, impair lung functioning and affect pregnancy (see 'Pthalates are harmful'). The petition sought stringent regulations for phthalates in toys. BIS was supposed to issue the standards by June 30, but took extension till September. The court had ordered that the standards should be made mandatory within two months of notification.
Phthalates are harmful
DEHP: Banned in toys in many countries. Exposure to it causes asthma and allergy in children. Studies show it interferes with development of reproductive organs; exposure during pregnancy is linked to pre-term birth
DBP: Linked to poor semen quality in men, premature breast development in women and asthma and allergic symptoms in children
BBP: Linked to embryo toxicity, asthma and liver problems
DINP: Linked to pre-natal toxicity, slightly increased rates of skeletal retardation, soft tissue and skeletal malformation, increased liver and kidney weight
DIDP: Repeated exposure damages the liver
DNOP: Causes low, acute eye and skin irritation. Toxic to the liver, thyroid glands, kidney and reproductive system. Found to promote tumour formation in the liver
The new norms will be included in part 3 of the BIS standard for safety requirements of toys (IS 9873), which deals with 'migration of certain elements' (ingestion of elements in toys). "To begin with, we are introducing the phthalates standard for toys. Then parts 1 and 2 of the standards will be taken care of," says an official of the Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion (DIPP), which will enforce the standards. The first two parts of the standard deal with mechanical and physical properties of toys and standards of flammability.
Are these sufficient?
According to the draft regulations, three phthalates—di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP)—should be equal to or less than 0.1 per cent in all plastic toys. The standards for the three other phthalates—diisononyl phthalate (DINP), diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP)—should be less than 0.1, especially in toys and products made for children aged four and below. These include teethers.
The draft has some shortcomings. It contains no regulations for DINP, DIDP and DNOP for toys and products meant for children above four. It makes no distinction between toys and childcare items. Another major shortcoming is that the standards have been set for individual phthalates; there is no limit prescribed for toys with two or more phthalates.
While drafting the regulations, BIS took into account a study by the Centre for Science and Environment, a Delhi non-profit. The 2010 study revealed all toy samples contained at least one or more phthalates. It showed 60 per cent soft toys and 20 per cent hard toys contain more than 0.1 per cent phthalates— the safe limit set by the EU standards (see 'Lethal Games', Down To Earth, January 31, 2010).
Toy makers sceptical
The Toy Association of India (TAI) says the rules may not help curb phthalate use because there is very little infrastructure to test their presence in toys. Scientists at the National Institute of Nutrition, who are preparing a report for the Supreme Court on phthalates and heavy metal content in toys, say the government may not have well-equipped laboratories for testing toys. The DIPP official, however, says the BIS-accredited laboratories are well equipped to do the job. The toy manufacturers also raised concern about the unorganised toy manufacturers. "BIS is setting standards for phthalates, but will someone talk to the unorganised sectors also on how to keep these in check. BIS should also suggest alternatives for phthalates," says Raj Kumar, president of TAI.
News News News Toy Makers Toxins Public Interest … Public Interest … Plastics Plastics Plastics Pesticides And Toxins Pesticides And Toxins Pesticides And Toxins High Court Health Effects Health Effects Health Effects CSE Study Child Health Bureau Of Indian …


This post is the first of a series on an eleven-day trip through the Basque Country in northern Spain. I made this trip together with my boyfriend in June 2012. We stayed in Bilbao for four nights and in San Sebastian for six, using those cities as starting points to explore the area.
I got to this itinerary by first reading the Michelin Green Guide for Spain and writing down what looked interesting. Then I used Google Maps to see how these sights/activities were located relative to each other, drew a route and cancelled out those things that were too far away from that route. After having done that, I used sites like TripAdvisor to refine our planning.
did you rent a car for the days that you took car trips and drive yourself?
We rented a car for two days while we were in Bilbao with Sixt and for one day while we were in San Sebastian with Avis.


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