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You are here: Home / TV / Streaming / TV Streaming Services / CBS All Access will be Rebranded Paramount+ in 2021
CBS All Access will be Rebranded Paramount+ in 2021
Published 2020-09-15 By Dennis Restauro
ViacomCBS CEO Bob Bakish appeared on CNBC's "Squawk Box" to discuss some big changes coming to CBS All Access. Early next year, CBS All Access with be rebranded as Paramount+. In July, ViacomCBS announced they were adding over 3500 episodes from MTV, Nickelodeon, Comedy Central, VH1, CMT, Paramount Network, TV Land, Logo, BET, Pop TV, Smithsonian Channel, and more. Next year, when the platform transitions to Paramount+, we can expect to see new Paramount+ originals.
Here are some of the new original shows we can expect:
ViacomCBS also revealed plans for additional new original series for Paramount+:
The Offer – a scripted limited event series from Paramount Television Studios, based on Oscar-winning producer Al Ruddy's extraordinary, never-revealed experiences of making "The Godfather." The 10-episode event series is written and executive produced by Michael Tolkin ("Escape at Dannemora" and "The Player"). Ruddy will also serve as executive producer, and Emmy-winning producer Leslie Greif ("Hatfields & McCoys") will executive produce and be a writer on the series.
Lioness – a spy drama created by Taylor Sheridan ("Yellowstone") with Sheridan, Jill Wagner, David Glasser, David Hutkin, and Bob Yari set to executive produce. Based on a real-life CIA program, LIONESS follows a young Marine recruited to befriend the daughter of a terrorist to bring the organization down from within. The series is produced by Paramount Network and 101 Studios.
MTV's Behind the Music: Top 40 – A reimagination of the Emmy®-nominated series "Behind the Music", which will unlock MTV's vault from the past 40 years for a unique and intimate look at the 40 biggest artists of all time, through their voices and their eyes. The series will be produced by Creature Films and MTV Studios.
The Real Criminal Minds – a true crime docuseries based on the hit CBS Television series, and produced by XG Productions in association with CBS Television Studios and ABC Signature.
The service is also developing a revival of The Game as part of BET's programming on Paramount+ from CBS Television Studios and Grammnet Productions.
These originals will join the other 20,000 TV show episodes and movies currently available on CBS All Access' from brands including BET, CBS, Comedy Central, MTV, Nickelodeon, Paramount Pictures and more. Leading up to the early 2021 rebrand to Paramount+, CBS All Access will expand its content offering to more than 30,000 episodes and movies and continue to develop additional original series across brands including BET, CBS, Comedy Central, MTV, Nickelodeon, Paramount Pictures and more, transforming it into a diversified super service for the ViacomCBS portfolio
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Filed Under: TV Streaming Services Tagged With: news Last Updated 2020-09-15
Copyright © 2022 Grounded Reason LLC, All rights reserved.


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Convert Stereoscopic JPEG format to JPEG bitmap image format.
We have found 2 software records in our database eligible for .jps to .jpg file format conversion.
Whilst you probably can "convert" JPS to JPG format, you most likely will get the exact same picture and not some kind of merged version of the 3D image. So ultimately, jps to jpg conversion is pointless. If you want to properly split the image, you will have to use some dedicated tools for this purpose.
The tables with software actions are a good pointer for what a certain program does with various file types and often may give users a good hint how to perform certain file conversion, for example the above-mentioned jps to jpg. However, it is not perfect and sometimes can show results which are not really usable because of how certain programs work with files and the possible conversion is thus actually not possible at all.


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Whose Children Are These?
From vaccine mandates to enabling life-altering surgery for children, California's public officials are usurping the role of parents.
Larry Sand
California has a long history of "firsts." The Golden State was home to the first computer, the first movie theater, and the first McDonalds. Sadly, the state is now leading the nation in stripping parents of their childrearing authority.
For starters, Governor Gavin Newsom announced a vaccine mandate on October 1, making California the first state to require that public and private school students age 12 or older be fully vaccinated for in-person instruction. (Unvaccinated students will have the option of enrolling in an online school or attending independent-study programs offered by districts.) The mandate will go into effect once the Food and Drug Administration approves vaccines for kids over age 12. Depending on when the expected FDA decision comes down, students will need to get the jab by either January 1 or July 1 of next year. Next up are schoolchildren ages 5 to 11, who will be forced to join the vax club as soon as the FDA greenlights it for them. Newsom recently claimed that so far, 63.5 percent of kids between 12 and 17 had received at least one dose of the vaccine.
Mandate proponents are quick to claim that the Covid vaccine is just the latest addition to a list that includes mumps, measles, and rubella. But unlike those illnesses, Covid does not pose a significant risk to children, and kids are not "super spreaders." Teachers are more likely to catch it in the teachers' lounge than in the classroom.
"It's unconscionable that a society uses its children as shields for adults," says the Hoover Institution's Scott Atlas, an M.D. and former advisor to President Trump. "The children do not have significant risk from this illness."
What effect Newsom's mandate will have on school enrollment remains to be seen, but California public schools have already lost more than 160,000 students, a 2.6 percent decline—the largest enrollment drop in two decades—since the start of the pandemic. A mandate isn't likely to reverse that trend. And since the edict also covers private schools, look for homeschools and micro-schools in California to grow. According to California Globe, immediately following the announcement of the mandate, homeschooling and tutoring inquiries were up dramatically, with some homeschooling sites crashing from the sheer volume of parents searching for information. Many teachers may follow students out the door, since they, too, must be vaccinated.
California parents have more to contend with than just the vaccine mandate, however. Last month, AB 1184, cosponsored by Planned Parenthood, became law. As the California Family Council explains, the law "prohibits insurance companies from revealing to the policyholder the 'sensitive services' of anyone on their policy, including minor children, even though the policy owner is financially responsible for the services." The term "sensitive services" refers to all health care services related to mental or behavioral health, sexual and reproductive health (including abortions), sexually transmitted infections, substance-use disorder, and gender-affirming care. The bill doesn't define "gender affirming care," but according to the University of California, San Francisco, the concept includes hormone therapy and a laundry list of surgeries including vaginectomy, scrotoplasty, voice modification, and others. These procedures can begin when a child is just 12—starting with puberty blockers, paid for under the family's insurance policy. When the statement is sent home, no explanation is offered of any of these procedures. Parents are reduced to bill-paying bystanders.
AB 1184 is similar in tone to AB 2119, which passed in 2018. That law provides that the "rights of minors and nonminors in foster care . . . include the right to be involved in the development of case plan elements related to placement and gender affirming health care, with consideration of their gender identity." The American College of Pediatricians (ACPeds) filed testimony against the bill, urging legislators to reject it. "Children with gender dysphoria believe they are not their biological sex," the group's March 2018 testimony read. "A delusion is a fixed false belief. This bill proposes that foster children with gender dysphoria be socially affirmed into their delusion, and allowed to obtain experimental puberty blockers, and dangerous cross-sex hormones and surgery without parental consent." ACPeds cited various statistics in opposing the bill, including the fact that roughly 88 percent of gender-dysphoric girls and 98 percent of gender-dysphoric boys will, if given time, go on to identify with their biological sex by late adolescence.
While ACPeds did not weigh in on AB 1184, it asserts that puberty blockers may cause mental illness and permanent physical harm, and that cross-sex hormones (testosterone for women and estrogen for men) may disrupt mental health.
Legislative totalitarians in California are usurping the role of parents. Unless they leave the state, parents and other concerned citizens will need to find a way to push back.
Larry Sand, a retired teacher, is president of the California Teachers Empowerment Network.
Photo by Justin Sullivan/Getty Images
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Throwing billions at a failing education system is the California way.
Larry Sand September 14, 2021

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Cryptocurrency regulation can create American super apps – Techdoxx
January 8, 2022 Deepak Gupta	0 Comments
taxpayer
David Donovan leads the Global Financial Services Practice for the Americas for digital consulting Publicis Sapient and is a former executive of Fidelity Investments.
Much of Chinese society has come to rely on so-called super apps like WeChat to perform various tasks, from making a doctor's appointment to calling a taxi and getting a loan, all on one platform.
But those one-stop shops did not take off in the United States. Now, the time may finally be ripe – and the best competitors for super apps come from the world of fintechs, especially platforms dedicated to cryptocurrency.
Cryptocurrencies are rapidly growing in popularity amid sky-high stock prices, record low interest rates and fears of inflation on the horizon, and they could perhaps gain more legitimacy if the US government decides to regulate them fully, a topic Congress is currently exploring.
Dedicated cryptographic platforms like Coinbase or even Paypal, Venmo and Stripe, which have recently added abilities to use cryptocurrencies for payments, could evolve into American versions of super apps, assuming that cryptocurrency issuers can work with regulators to find a compromise between protecting the consumer and creating new financial and investment opportunities. If consumers see cryptocurrency as safe and legitimate – and easy to use – it could become the foundation of super apps.
The bottom line is that people are thinking about finances not just when they go to the bank – if they have access to a bank at all – but when they shop, take a vacation, or pay for a doctor's appointment.
Expanding these encryption and payment applications to integrate with other applications and services would make many diverse tasks more convenient. The bottom line is that people are thinking about finance not just when they go to the bank – if they have access to a bank – but when they shop, vacation or pay for a doctor's appointment, and these apps would help provide financial services. they need a personalized way.
Integrating cryptographic payments into other tasks would also go a long way towards democratizing the world of finance and money, giving poor communities and those with no credit history struggling to open credit cards or borrow more access to financial services.
The Rise of the Super App
WeChat started as a china messaging app in 2011, but in 2013 it also worked as payment platform and soon offered many other services, such as shopping, food delivery, and taxi.
It now offers over a million different services, primarily through applets that companies develop to work within WeChat. AliPay, which also has over a billion users, is similar. These two apps have been credited over the last decade with converting China from a cash-only economy to one heavily reliant on digital payments, skipping the middle stage of debit and credit cards.
The concept was also popularized in Indonesia and elsewhere in the region. The fact that they involve financial services, including payment options, is fundamental and the common thread that runs through many of the super-app services.
But while app usage has exploded in the US and Europe; Big tech players like Apple, Facebook and Google have added payment services; and various payment apps like Venmo and Square have become more popular, super apps haven't come out yet.
This is due in part to data privacy regulations; privacy laws in the US, and especially in Europe, limit data shared between apps, making it difficult to create an ecosystem where applets can automatically integrate with super apps like Alipay.
It also stems from the fact that the US has a well-developed internet ecosystem, with popular social media sites like Facebook and payment sites like PayPal existing before the advent of smartphones, which resulted in each of these platforms. launching separate apps, rather than an app that offers multiple services. Compare this to China, where most of the internet was mobile-first, emerging only after the advent of smartphones. The US market has long been used to separate platforms for separate tasks.
But many analysts point to apps and tech companies adding more services — like TikTok adding purchases, Snapchat integrating game applets, or Apple entering the payment space — and say they super apps will eventually emerge in the US, or at least bigger apps that can do more things. Adding more services to any app and finding a way to keep users on it is also a way to get around the privacy regulations that prevent an app from knowing what its users are doing in another app.
Apps are clearly on their way to becoming bigger and more comprehensive, although the US is unlikely to end up with just one or two dominants, as seen in Asian markets.
The Rise of DeFi
Meanwhile, cryptocurrency has evolved alongside payment apps and super apps over the past decade. What started as a product, Bitcoin, has become a the entire peer-to-peer financial system, known as DeFi, with multiple currencies, including Ethereum and Dogecoin, allowing users to invest, trade, spend and lend money.
But despite its increase popularity, especially during the economic uncertainty imposed by the COVID pandemic, and more traditional financial institutions starting to offer some services related to cryptocurrencies, remains outside the system and the conventional financial sector, with many experts saying it poses high risks. Cryptocurrency issuers have also long resisted regulation as it would defeat their goal of having a decentralized financial product.
But now things are starting to change, with some cryptocurrency platforms expressing an interest in following the regulations.
For example, Coinbase abandoned a plan to offer an interest-earning product, which would allow users to earn interest on currencies lent to others, after the US Securities and Exchange Commission offered no guidance on this and threatened to sue Coinbase if it disclosed it. In fact, Cryptocurrency issuers are realizing that some regulation would give their products more legitimacy and allow more people to use it for more purposes. This occurs when new encryption products come to market recently, including stable currencies, which track the value of traditional currencies.
Regulation of cryptocurrencies, an idea that SEC President Gary Gensler said supporters, along with some in Congress and some in the cryptocurrency industry, may indeed be on the horizon.
Using cryptocurrency to power the first US super app
If cryptocurrency issuers work with government officials to establish regulations that protect consumers without limiting innovation, cryptocurrency is a good bet for what ultimately spurs American superapps.
Think of what could happen if Coinbase worked with the SEC and aligned itself with smart regulation that would validate Coinbase as a viable and certified financial intermediary that users could trust for cryptocurrencies, embracing its new financial products with potentially attractive yields, beyond of its ability to use for daily expenses. Regulation would likely stabilize currencies, making them practical for shopping, rather than just holding potential value. These regulations would also eliminate some of the steps that add friction to current user experiences when it comes to using cryptocurrencies in everyday life, such as long transaction times, high transaction fees and large swings in its value.
A regulatory framework would unlock massive demand for cryptocurrencies, and suddenly there would be many companies – from restaurants to retail – that would like a way to process cryptocurrency payments, encouraging them to integrate with existing cryptocurrency payment applications and making them for them to evolve into super apps. . More people would also make cryptocurrency deposits in these applications instead of using traditional currencies at their banks. This would disrupt the entire economy and financial ecosystem.
Banks have always produced products that they believe the public would you like while the world of cryptocurrencies and DeFi are clearly providing products and services that people need, and millions are already using them, despite their uncertain regulatory and legal status.
Just as ubiquitous, integrated digital payments quickly emerged in China to meet a need – a cash alternative in an underserved market for credit cards – cryptocurrency-based super apps would meet the needs of consumers and businesses looking for a secure and efficient use of cryptocurrencies. instead of or in addition to traditional payment methods.
If cryptocurrency remains an unregulated gray area and its platforms remain isolated from the rest of economic and everyday life rather than evolve into super-applications, the United States will miss the opportunity to build an innovative new mobile and digital financial ecosystem. .
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Q: Add a new column and fill it with a portion of another column in Oracle SQL I want to add a new column in my table and fill it with the last 3 characters from another column, both are varchar, the source column should stay invariate.
I would like to avoid creating temporary columns, instead I would like to learn how to do it in a single query. thank you.

A: It is preferable to use virtual columns
create table t2( col_name varchar2(10) );

insert into t2(col_name) values('hsaJDadkD');

ALTER TABLE t2 ADD (col_name2 GENERATED ALWAYS AS (SUBSTR(col_name,-3))); --virtual column

Select * from T2;

COL_NAME   COL_NAME
---------- --------
hsaJDadkD  dkD

A: I would recommend to use @Kushik Nayak's solution of a virtual column.
If you solve it with a real column, the data will not stay in sync. (That is, if someone changes the old column or inserts new data, your new column will not be correct).
And the real column cannot done in one step, the structure change (DDL) and the data change (DML) are two steps:
ALTER TABLE t ADD col2 VARCHAR2(3);
UPDATE t SET col2 = substr(col1,-3);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


George Barnsley and Sons Ltd. Was founded in 1836. They were in Cornish Place on the Don, and specialised in forge filing and cutting tools for leather workers and shoe makers. They also made a type of folding metric shoe measure (boxwood & brass). George Barnsley was Master Cutler in 1883.
Their factory was situated on Kelham Island, one of the oldest industrial sites in Sheffield. George Barnsley and Son is listed in the 1837 Sheffield directory as a file manufacture situated on Wheeldon Street, The 1849 listing records a move to Cornhill and the 1852 to Cornesh works Cornesh street they had by this time also increased there product range to include steel files, shoe and butchers knives.
Kelham island was first formed in the 1100s when the goit, or mill stream, was created. This stream was diverted to provide water to the Town Corn Mill, which was located near Lady's Bridge.
There are no further records of the site until the appearance of the town armourer in 1637. He owned a workshop and the second waterwheel on the island, and his name was Kellam Homer. By 1674, this second wheel was known as Kellam Wheel. The spelling of Kellam had been altered to Kelham by the early 1800s and the island had been given the same name.
Industries sprang up in the early 1800s in the Kelham area. Kelham Island itself became a host for all kinds of manufacturers.
In 1829, John Crowley bought land on the island and built a small iron foundry called Kelham Iron Works. He made all kinds of iron products – bicycles, corn grinders, lawn mowers, as well as decorative iron works. His business was so successful that he acquired larger premises at Meadow Hall in 1870. The Kelham Iron Works continued until the 1890s when the site was bought by the City.
Crowley's old foundry buildings were demolished and in their place an electricity generating station was built, solely to provide power for the City's new trams. The power station was in operation until the 1930s, and the buildings were used thereafter as storage space and workshops.
Today the name Kelham Island represents an areas centring on the island and Green Lane and is now a conservation area with many listed buildings. The industrial origins are still evident in the medieval industrial street pattern focused around Green Lane and Alma Street. The area contains a number of Sheffield's significant early Victorian industrial developments such as the Green Lane Works and Globe Works.
A. Mowbray Street. This area contains an important group of operational works and workshops, originating from the mid to late 19th century, and centred on the metal trades.
B. Kelham Island and Green Lane. This is an important grouping of large scale works, comprising one of the last remaining cores of metal trades related buildings within the city. Contained within the Kelham Island Conservation Area, it retains much of its early industrial street pattern. Buildings often have grand frontage or gateway ranges, with courtyards surrounded by workshop and warehouses behind.
The Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire is a trade guild of metalworkers based in Sheffield, England.
This was expanded to include other trades by later acts, most notably steelmakers in 1860. In the same year the Company was given the right to veto any proposed name of a limited company anywhere in the United Kingdom which contains the word "Sheffield". They also supply marks to approved cutlers and promote Sheffield steelware.
The company has been based at Cutlers' Hall (opposite the cathedral on Church Street) since 1638.
The Company of Cutlers is an ancient Sheffield organisation set up 370 years ago to regulate and oversee the emerging cutlery industry. Established by an Act of Parliament and headed by a "Master Cutler," it has since had jurisdiction over the making of cutlery and other metallic cutting implements in and around Sheffield.
Traditionally, the Company granted "marks" to newly qualified apprentices to signify their entitlement to work as independent cutlers (an important means of identification in the days when many people were illiterate); prevented fraudulent use of the "Sheffield" trade mark; and forged links between the business community and universities and colleges in the area.
The Company of Cutlers aims to maintain the high standards of the industry in Sheffield through the granting of awards, such as those for Cutlery and Silverware, Health and Safety and Technical Innovation, by recognising the achievements of local companies. In the modern era, the Master Cutler acts as Sheffield's "Industrial Ambassador", representing the industries of the area both nationally and internationally.
The 'mark' of George Barnsley & Sons Ltd was the 'shoe'.
1896 §Sir Alex. Wilson, Bart.
1924 W. W. Wood, jr.
Mr. Thomas Dunn was the first Dissenter admitted to the office of Master cutler.


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Chick-fil-A is expanding in New York City
Hayley Peterson
Chick-fil-A is opening its second Manhattan restaurant in April.
The two-story, 5-000-square-foot restaurant will be located at the corner of West 46th Street and 6th Avenue near Rockefeller Center.
The new restaurant will be specially designed to service a high volume of customers.
For example, employees will use tablets to take orders from customers while they are standing in line, so meals will be ready once guests reach the counter.
"This process makes the expected wait time just six to eight minutes from the moment guests enter the restaurant to when they receive their food," according to the company.
The new location is sourcing some food locally.
Hollis JohnsonChick fil A's existing New York location.
"The majority of fresh produce for Chick-fil-A's salads will be grown on farms in New York and New Jersey and will be delivered five to six times per week," the company says. "The restaurant's fresh bread will be delivered daily from Automatic Rolls of New Jersey, based in Edison, N.J., and all of the restaurant's flaxseed flour flatbread, used to make Chick-fil-A's low-calorie wrap, will be made and delivered by Brooklyn-based Damascus Bakery."
Chick-fil-A arrived in Manhattan in October of last year with the opening of its first restaurant in the city on West 37th Street and 6th Avenue.
NOW WATCH: How a son turned his dad's food stall into the No. 2 Chinese restaurant in the US
chick-fil-a retail retail-us


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text:
Morocco has seen millennia of human habitation, reaching about as far back as the earliest appearance of Homo Sapiens in Africa, during the later days of the Lower Palaeolithic cultures. Along with Iberia it seems to have provided a refuge for human populations until the ending of the most recent Ice Age. During the first millennium BC, several Phoenician colonies were founded along its coastline, including Chellah (or Sala Collonia, to the south of Rabat), Lixus (now ruins), and Mogador (the colony of Arambys). Rule from Carthage followed, which was replaced by Roman control. Invasions by Vandali and Visigoths cut the final ties with Rome, but both were superseded by Byzantine governance. This in turn was ended by the Arabs, who invaded in 682 in the course of their drive to expand the power of Islam.
Except for the Jews, the inhabitants of Morocco, both Christian and pagan, soon accepted the religion of their conquerors. Berber troops, who themselves had a kingdom in the region for about three centuries until 33 BC, were used extensively by the Arabs in their conquest of Visigoth Spain, which began in 711.
(Additional information from The Phoenicians, Sabatino Moscati (2001), and from External Link: Field Projects - Jebel Irhoud (Department of Human Evolution at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology - dead link).)
3rd cent BC
The Berber kingdom of Mauritania is formed in the third century, although this state is actually located in modern Morocco, not modern Mauritania.
North Africa is separated from Byzantium by the Islamic empire.
The Islamic Idrisids become independent from Arabia.
Idrisid Dynasty (Kingdom of Fez)
AD 788 - 974
The first Arab dynasty to rule over the whole of Morocco was named after Idris, a refugee from the east who was the great-great- grandson of Fatima, daughter of the prophet Muhammad. In 793 Idris was poisoned, apparently by an emissary from the Abassid caliph Harun ar-Rashid, from whose usurpation he had fled. Idris' son made Fex (otherwise shown as Fès or Fes) his capital. This was to become a centre of Islamic and Arab culture throughout the centuries, and the domains around it were usually known as the kingdom of Fez.
Idris I
Refugee from the east.
Idris II
Muhammad ibn Idris
Ali ibn Idris / Ali I
Yahya ibn Muhammad / Yahya I
Yahya ibn Yahya / Yahya II
Ali ibn Umar / Ali II
Yahya ibn Al-Qassim / Yahya III
Yahya ibn Idris ibn Umar / Yahya IV
The Idrisids are overthrown by the Tunisian Fatamids.
Hassan I al-Hajjam
The Idrisids are again overthrown by the Tunisian Fatamids.
Al Qasim Gannum
Abu l-Aish Ahmad
Al-Hasan ben Kannun / Hassan II
Not to be confused with Hassan II of the Alawis, b.1929.
The last Idrisid makes the mistake of switching allegiances back to the Fatamids, and is deposed and executed by the caliphate of Cordoba.
Abdullah Ibn Yasin is now able to lead an army of nomads northwards from the depths of sub-Saharan western Africa towards the major trading city of Sijilmasa in Morocco, immediately to the south of the Atlas Mountains. The city contains 50,000 people and occupies one of the biggest oases in Africa, and it falls to this new army. Immediately, ibn Yasin leads his forces south around the edge of the Sahara to captures the source of Sijilmasa's wealth in gold at Awdaghust. Now they have a virtual monopoly in the Sahara region of this most lucrative trade. Ibn Yasin's followers gain the name 'Almoravids' from a phrase meaning 'Those bound together in the cause of God'.
With their attacks on 'heretics' and the extra territory they are able to continually add to the new kingdom, the Almoravids have effectively conquered southern Morocco by 1062. Not content with remaining in the luxurious but strategically vulnerable Aghmat, the Almoravids return to the Sahara side of the Atlas Mountains and found a new capital for themselves in 1070, Marrakesh. What begins as a collection of tents pitched in the desert quickly becomes an established city.
The only surviving part of Almoravid Marrakech aside from the Bab Doukkalaa gate is this small fragment of the sultan's palace of AD 1110 - the rest being torn down and rebuilt by the Almohads
Abdul-Mumin
Berber leader of the Almohads.
After almost twenty years of laying siege to Marrakech, the Almohads finally break through the city's mighty walls. They begin their reign by tearing down all of the Almoravid mosques in the city, citing that they are not properly aligned with Mecca so they must be rebuilt. All that remains of Almoravid power is in the Balearic Islands which they continue to occupy.
Almohad (Muwahid) Caliphs of Spain & North Africa
The Berber Almoravids had made sweeping conquests of north-western Africa in the mid-eleventh century. They were driven by a conviction that the Muslims of the region were not practising their faith properly, and they wanted to correct that. However, while they were at the height of their power, a new Islamic force was building in the foothills of the Atlas Mountains in the shape of the Berber Almohads. They were just as convinced that the Almoravids were not practising their faith properly, and they also wanted to correct that. The Almoravids, unable to pin them down, began to fear them and were largely trapped inside Marrakech for twenty years while the Almohads besieged and finally defeated them.
The Almohads very quickly took over the rest of the Almoravid empire, drawing much of eastern Algeria, plus Mauritania, and Tunisia into their realm, while also controlling all of Islamic Spain. Almohad Spain was distinguished by intellectual brilliance and by intolerant oppression which was mirrored in Marrakech, where all of the Almoravid mosques were pulled down and rebuilt because they were supposedly not correctly aligned to Mecca. By the early thirteenth century, the Christian kingdoms of Spain, mostly notably Leon, had made large in-roads into the Islamic territories, and the Almohads soon lost most of Spain, abandoned the peninsula, and then were even overthrown in North Africa.
(Information by Peter Kessler, with additional information from the BBC documentary series, Lost Kingdoms of Africa, first broadcast on 5 January 2010, from The Spread of Islam Throughout the World, Idris El Hareir (UNESCO, 2011), from The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume 6, Fascicules 107-108, Clifford Edmund Bosworth (Ed, 1986-87), from The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual, C E Bosworth (2004).)
Abdul-Mumin / Abdelmoumen El Goumi
Commanded Almohads from 1130. Took Marrakech (1147).
The collateral line assumes the Fatamid throne in Tunisia and is no longer considered to be Shiite Imams. The Almohads occupy Tunis, stretching the empire farther east than the Almoravids had done before them. They also encroach into modern Libya, keeping mainly nearer the coast.
This ebony market may have been held in Tunis in more recent times but it doubtless mirrors such markets going back through centuries of Islamic and pre-Islamic control of the region
Yusuf I abu Yaqub
Son. Died as a result of battle wounds.
Yusuf invades Spain, conquering the region of al-Andalus (Andalusia) and attacking both Catalonia and Valencia. In the following year he establishes a capital at Seville, his second after Marrakech.
Marching across the Straits of Gibraltar with an army to besiege Santarem, Yusuf is wounded by a crossbow bolt fired by the forces of Afonso I of Portugal. He dies soon afterwards, on 29 July 1184. The Christian victory is a major success, and a major blow for the presence of the Almohads in Spain. Yusuf's son and successor is temporarily delayed in his plans for revenge by fighting against the dethroned Almoravids in Africa.
Yaqub al Mansur / Moulay Yacoub
Son. Last strong Almohad ruler.
Fresh from failure in front of the walls of Tomar, stronghold of the Portuguese Templars, Yaqub recaptures Paderne Castle and nearby territory around Albufeira, Portuguese holdings since 1182. This victory and other seizures allow him to return to North Africa in triumph but as soon as he leaves Iberia, the Christians resume the offensive. They take several Islamic cities, including Beja, Silves, and Vera, necessitating another campaign. This time Yaqub returns to inflict a further defeat on them, taking hostages to sell as slaves. Once he leaves Iberia again, the largest Christian army of the period is assembled. Determined to put a halt to this, Yaqub defeats the army which is commanded by Alfonso VIII of Castile, slaughtering thousands of his men.
The death of Yaqub al Mansur means that his vision of building the world's largest mosque remains unfulfilled. To this day, the incomplete mosque still stands, uncapped by a minaret. Al Mansur is the last of the strong rulers of the Almohad dynasty. His successors squabble amongst themselves to see who will succeed him, and the instability that this brings with it allows other Berber tribes to become more powerful. In Spanish Andalusia, the fundamentalist Christian crusade gains the upper hand against their equally fundamentalist Islamic opponents.
Muhammad al-Nasir ibn Yaqub
Muhammad has been fighting off the Banu Ghaniya in their attempts to conquer Tunis. As a result he appoints Abd al-Wahid as his governor there, a plan which eventually backfires when the Hafsids declare independence.
Muhammad suffers a devastating defeat by the Christian Iberians of Aragon, Castile, Navarre, and Portugal at Los Navos de Tolosa. Humiliated, he is forced to give way, and his army never fully recovers from the disaster. In the east, the empire fades as local tribes begin to rebel against Almohad rule. Libya soon falls out of Almohad control. The rebel areas stop paying taxes, so internal expenditure is slowly crippled, and control over more territory is gradually lost, along with domination of the western Mediterranean Sea.
Ongoing battles between the Almohads and the Iberian Christians would end up in North African defeat for the former at the Battle of Los Navos de Tolosa in 1212
Yusuf II Abu Yaqub
Son. Acceded aged 10. No heir.
Yusuf II Abu Yaqub largely leaves the handling of the empire in the hands of his viziers and relatives. The heavy losses suffered by the Almohad army in 1212 have weakened the empire's defences and that, plus the lack of central control, encourages a series of rebellions to break out during Yusuf's reign. The Almohads are hard pressed to put them down and one, led by the Merinids in the south, simply refuses to go away.
Abdul-Wahid I / Abu Muhammad
Great-uncle. Selection disputed. Murdered.
The selection of Abdul-Wahid is disputed by various members of the Almohads. Abdallah Abu Muhammad, the governor of al-Andalus, arrives to clear out the group at court that had forged ahead with the selection, and murders the caliph. His usurpation, whatever the legal implications, triggers a lasting period of instability within the empire which eventually contributes to its downfall. The sons of the powerful governor of Ifriqiyya, Abd-Allah, are some of the few not to fall in line with the usurpation.
Abdallah Abu Muhammad
Brother of al-Nasir (1199). Former governor of al-Andalus.
Yahya Abu Zakariyya
Nephew. Sidelined by opposition for most of his reign.
Having succeeded Abdallah following the latter's untimely death in a bath tub, Yahya has more general support but immediately faces the threat of a pretender named Idris ibn Yaqub. He seizes parts of the empire and a civil war breaks out. Idris calls for support from Ferdinand III of Castile, and the 12,000 knights he receives enables him to conquer Marrakech and exterminate the sheiks who have supported Yahya. Idris rules virtually all of the empire until his death.
Islamic coins such as this Almohad dirham were circulated throughout and beyond their territory, including Spain and even France until the pope banned Islamic coins from Europe
Idris (I) ibn Yaqub
Rival caliph. Gained much of the empire. Died campaigning.
Under Idris, the Almohads effect the abandonment of Spain in order to secure their hold on the rest of the empire. Only the Nasrid kings of Granada remain there in the far south. In the following year, the Almohads lose Tunis after having appointed a governor there in 1207. Now, with the empire looking increasingly shaky, the new Hafsid governor of Tunis, Abu Zakariya, declares independence. Abu Zakariya and his Hafsid dynasty rule the former Roman province of Africa along with the modern Maghreb.
Yahya captures Marrakech while Idris is besieging Cueta. Idris dies on the march back to his capital, leaving Yahya able to re-secure some level of power in the empire. His success is soured by the son of Idris, Abdul-Wahid II, who proclaims himself the rightful caliph. Yahya dies just three years later, leaving Abdul-Wahid II as the sole caliph.
Abdul-Wahid II ibn Idris
Son of Idris. Sole caliph from 1235.
The emir of Tlemcen (located in north-western Algeria) declares his independence from the fragmenting empire. He founds the Zayyanid dynasty which eventually wrests virtually all of Algeria from Almohad control.
Ali ibn Idris
Brother. Killed in an ambush.
The Berber Merinids capture and make Fès their capital. Almohad attempts even to launch a retaliatory strike against Fès come to nothing when Ali's governor dies under mysterious circumstances. By now the Almohads are left only with parts of Morocco.
Abu Hafs Umar 'al-Murtada' ibn Ishaq
Reduced to Marrakech and surroundings.
With his territory reduced to the region around the capital, Marrakech, the Almohad empire is no more. To make matters worse, Umar is forced to pay tribute to the increasingly dominant Merinids. In 1266 he even loses his throne when his cousin usurps his position while he is defending Marrakech from a Merinid siege.
This portrait of Abu Hafs Umar was created during his lifetime and after almost twenty years on the Almohad throne, a considerable period in his unstable times
Abu al-Ula Idris (II) ibn Muhammad
Cousin and usurper. Assassinated by a slave.
The Zayyanids capture Marrakech, ending Almohad rule in Algeria. North Africa breaks up between the Hafsids (at Tunis), Merinids (in Morocco), and the Algerian Abdul-Wadids and Zayyanids. None of them are strong enough to reunite the empire and rule a strong North Africa, so they fight amongst themselves for pockets of territory, and none of them are dominant until the sixteenth century Saadi dynasty comes to power.
Merinid Dynasty / Marinids / Beni Merin (Kingdom of Fez)
AD (1195) 1248 - 1465
The Zenata Berber Merinids occupied territory to the south-east of modern Morocco, from which they were expelled in 1224 by another tribe, the Hilali. Coincidentally perhaps, this coincided with a disputed succession in the Almohad kingdom to the north which served to destabilise that regime and encourage all sorts of opposition. As early as 1145 the Merinids had been engaging in battles against the Almohads, but they were unable to effect any kind of breakthrough until 1169. In that year they began their pursuit of taking Morocco from the Almohads, and perhaps expulsion by the Hilali from their previous territory only served to push them onwards in achieving that aim. Typically, their opposition to the Almohads didn't stop them from also serving under the Almohads, notably at the Battle of Alarcos in Iberia (1195).
Taking their dynastic name from an ancestor, Marin ibn Wartajan al-Zenati, the Merinids moved northwards under the command of Uthman ibn Abd al-Haqq (1217-1240). They took Fez (Fès or Fes) in 1248 under the command of Uthman's brother, Abu Yahya ibn Abd al-Haqq. Fez became the Merinid capital and the takeover marked the beginning of their dynasty - the area they ruled was usually known as the kingdom of Fez. The Merinid leadership renewed the war against the Almohads with the aid of Christian mercenaries in the region. Capturing Marrakech in 1269, they took control of most of the Maghreb towards the end of 1268, including present-day Morocco, Algeria, and part of Tunisia. The Almohads were finished, and the Merinids were now dominant (but not unopposed).
(Information by Peter Kessler, with additional information from The Spread of Islam Throughout the World, Idris El Hareir (UNESCO, 2011), from The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume 6, Fascicules 107-108, Clifford Edmund Bosworth (Ed, 1986-87), from The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual, C E Bosworth (2004), and from External Links: Les Mérinides (Encyclopaedia Universalis - in French), and Historic Monuments (Regional Council of Tourism Fez).)
Abd al-Haqq I
Died in combat against the Almohads.
Uthman ibn Abd al-Haqq / Uthman I
Son. Assassinated by one of his Christian slaves.
Muhammad ibn Abd Al-Haqq / Muhammad I
Brother. Killed by an officer of his own Christian militia.
Abu Yahya ibn Abd al-Haqq
Brother. Death through illness.
The Berber Merinids capture and make Fès their capital. Almohad attempts even to launch a retaliatory strike against Fès come to nothing when Caliph Ali's governor dies under mysterious circumstances. By now the Almohads are left only with parts of Morocco.
The kingdom of Fez under Merinid control made the most of the confused political situation in North Africa by pouncing on the Zayyanids in 1337 and then on the Hafsids in 1347 to briefly recreate the former Alhomad kingdom (click or tap on map to view full sized)
Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd Al-Haqq (I)
With Caliph Umar's territory reduced to the region around the capital, Marrakech, the Almohad empire is no more. To make matters worse, Umar is forced to pay tribute to the increasingly dominant Merinids. In 1266 he even loses his throne when his cousin usurps his position while he is defending Marrakech from a Merinid siege.
North Africa breaks up between the Hafsids, Merinids, and the Algerian Abdul-Wadids and Zayyanids). None of them are strong enough to reunite the Almohad empire and rule a strong North Africa, so they fight amongst themselves for pockets of territory, and none of them are dominant until the sixteenth century Saadi dynasty comes to power.
Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr
Son. Assassinated by a court eunuch.
The accession of Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr is disputed by several of his relatives. Some of them are even backed by the Abdal Wadids in an effort to destabilise Merinid possessions. Desperate for support, Abu Yaqub agrees a treaty with Mohammad II of Granada which cedes almost all Merinid holdings in Iberia to him. Only Algeciras, Guadix, Ronda, and Tarifa are retained (although Guadix would be gained by Granada in 1288, Algeciras and Ronda handed over to Granada in 1295, and Tarifa captured by Sancho IV of Castile in 1292).
Abu Thabit Amir
Son (or grandson). Death through illness.
Abu al-Rabi Sulayman
Brother. Acceded aged 19. Death through illness.
Abu Said Uthman (II)
The future Yusuf I of Granada is defeated at the Battle of Teba. Somewhat desperate to maintain the Granadan position he contacts Sultan Abu al-Hasan ibn Uthman (presumably in 1331). Hasan sends a fleet and an army which arrives in 1333 and within two months the Castilian outpost on Gibraltar has fallen. The combined Granadan and Merinid forces go on to win further victories while in Morocco Hasan builds up a massive invasion army which is intended to undo a century of Christian advances in Iberia.
Abu al-Hasan ibn Uthman
Son. Usurped by his son and imprisoned until at least 1366.
With the Zayyanids now in command of Tunis, the dispossessed Hafsids appeal for help to the Merinids. Only too glad to have an excuse of expanding his Merinid kingdom at the expense of one of his neighbours, Sultan Abu al-Hasan ibn Uthman invades and captures Tlemcen in 1337. With the Zayyanid ruler dead in battle, the Merinids now control Zayyanid territory.
Sultan Abu al-Hasan ibn Uthman launches his grand invasion of Iberia. The Castilian fleet is instantly destroyed off the coast of Gibraltar. Tarifa is besieged but Hasan, believing that the Castilians are no longer a threat at sea, lays up much of his own fleet. Alfonso, though, has sought the help of his uncle, Alfonso IV of Portugal, and the king of Aragon. The fleet this produces cuts the Merinid chain of communications across the straits of Gibraltar. The Christian army then relieves Tarifa at the Battle of Río Salado (or the Battle of Tarifa) on 30 October 1340. The Merinids are thoroughly defeated and a North African ruler never again threatens Iberia. Granada now fights alone.
Sultan al-Hasan takes the opportunity presented to him by the bickering Hafsids and invades Ifriqiyya. Having already captured Tlemcen from the Zayyanids, for a brief period the territories of the former Almohad kingdom are reunited under one ruler. However, Sultan Abu al-Hasan of Fez is defeated in 1348 by Arab tribes who resent his authoritarian attitude. The sultan's son returns to Fez from his governorship at Tlemcen and declares himself sultan. Abu al-Hasan is unable to recapture his throne. The Zayyanids instantly rebel, overthrow their Merinid invaders and retake their kingdom.
Abu Inan Faris
Son. Assassinated by his vizir. Merinids began to decline.
The Merinids again conquer areas of Zayyanid Algeria, but never as completely as before. Any Merinid success is brought to a crashing halt by the murder of Sultan Abu Inan Farais and the subsequent control of the kingdom by his vizir. The dynasty had already begun to decline during Abu Inan Faris' reign, but his murder begins a definite period of instability with the viziers raising several claimants to the throne in succession. King Pedro of Castile supports the third of these, Abu Salim Ibrahim, in a clear show of increasing Spanish influence on North Africa.
Most of the Merinid tombs date from the fourteenth century, although there remain today only modest ruins of them which overlook the Medina of Fez
Shortly after the murder, in 1359, Hintata tribesmen from the High Atlas occupy the kingdom's southern city of Marrakech (Marrakesh), retaining it for almost two centuries until it is conquered by the Saadi. The loss is never rectified by the Merinids, signalling a weakening of the new puppet sultan's power.
Abu Zian as-Said Muhammad ibn Faris
Son. Installed by viziers. Lasted a few months.
Abu Yahya abu Bakr ibn Faris
Brother. Lasted a few months.
Abu Salim Ibrahim
Son of al-Hasan. Installed by viziers. Replaced.
Abu Umar Tachfin
Reigned a few months. 'Reign of the vizirs' ends.
Muhammad ibn Yaqub
Son of al-Hasan. Assassinated by his vizir.
Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz ibn Ali
Son of al-Hasan. Died through illness.
Muhammad as-Said
Young son. Died without gaining the throne in 1373.
Abu al-Abbas Ahmad
Supported by Nasrids of Granada. Died 1393.
Following the instability caused by the death of Abu Faris Abd and his young son, the Merinid empire is partitioned in two: based at Fez (the Merinids) and Marrakech (a splinter state). This division of the Merinid state lasts until reunification is achieved in 1387.
Abu Faris Musa ibn Faris
Interim replacement made by Nasrids of Granada.
Abu Zayd Abd ar-Rahman
Reigned at Marrakech.
Al-Wathiq
Restored to overall control.
Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz ibn Ahmad
Son?
Abu Amir Abdallah
Relationship unknown.
Abu Said Uthman ibn Ahmad
Brother of Abu Faris.
Benefiting from the growing anarchy within the impoverished Merinid kingdom, Henry III of Castile invades Morocco and seizes Tetouan. He massacres half the population and reduces the rest to slavery.
King John I of Portugal seizes Ceuta, marking the beginning of European expansion into Africa. Cueta is never regained by any North African power, remaining a Spanish possession into the twenty-first century.
Abu Muhammad Abd al-Haqq (II)
Son. Acceded aged one. Throat cut during popular revolt.
Edward of Portugal, supported by his brothers, Henry and Fernando, attacks Tangiers with a view to improving his trade and exploration base in North Africa. The attack succeeds but at a cost. Fernando is captured and dies in prison and Edward himself dies of plague the following year.
The Christian conquest of Iberia was a drawn-out process which covered several centuries of combat and slow advance, but in its later days it frequently spilled over into North African kingdoms which were supporting the 'Moors' in southern Iberia
It is a troubled period in the sultanate. The king of Portugal decides to expand his interests along the coastal section of Morocco, so his forces start with the conquest of Alcacer Ceguer in 1458. At the same time there is unrest inside Morocco, demonstrated the following year when Abu Muhammad Abd discovers the extent of the conspiracy by his own Wattasid viziers to secure all power for themselves. He effectively revolts against them. Only two Wattasid brothers survive the massacre and it is they who become the first Watassid sultans in 1472. Before this can happen, Tangiers is conquered by the Portuguese in 1460 and is won and lost on multiple occasions up until 1464. Henry IV of Castile takes Gibraltar in 1462.
Muhammad ibn Ali Amrani-Joutey
Pretender to the Merinid throne. Leader of the Sharifs.
The sultan is murdered in Fez in 1465, and Tangiers is secured by the Portuguese as they benefit from the chaos. while they also seize Arzila in 1471. Muhammad ibn Ali Amrani-Joutey, leader of the Sharifs, is proclaimed sultan in Fez in 1465, but he is overthrown in 1471 by Abu Abdallah Sheikh Muhammad ibn Yahya. Central control of the country is compromised until the former Wattasid viziers (which include the aforementioned Abu Abdallah Sheikh Muhammad ibn Yahya) succeed in fully taking over in 1472.
Wattasid Dynasty / Banu Wattas (Kingdom of Fez)
Like the Merinids, the Wattasids had their origins in the Berber Zenatas. The two families were related, and the Merinids had recruited many viziers from the Wattasids. Unfortunately, mid-fifteenth century Morocco was a troubled place. The Portuguese were expanding their interests along the region's coastal section, which started with the conquest of Alcacer Ceguer in 1458. In the following year the Merinid sultan, Abu Muhammad Abd, discovered the conspiracy by his own Wattasid viziers to covertly secure power for themselves and eventually supplant him and the Merinids. Only two Wattasid brothers survived the subsequent massacre and it was they who became the first Watassid sultans in 1472 after seizing power in 1465. The last Merinid sultan had his throat cut during the popular revolt that extinguished his line's rule of the region.
Despite being accepted by the nobility, the Wattasid sultans only controlled northern Morocco. This was territory which formed the kingdom of Fez (Fès or Fes) which was centred on that city. The south was dominated from 1509 by the Saadi dynasty, which eventually replaced the Wattasids. The period from 1465 to 1472 was unstable, with the last of the Moroccan possessions in Al Andalus being lost. Ceuta had already been lost to Portugal, and the Spanish and Portuguese campaigned constantly in Morocco. Nevertheless, good commercial relations were maintained with the Iberians.
(Information by Peter Kessler, with additional information from Reconnaissance au Maroc, Journal de route du voyage entrepris par Charles de Foucauld au Maroc en 1883-1884, Charles de Foucauld (four volumes, 1888, in French), from Reviving the Islamic Caliphate in Early Modern Morocco, Stephen Cory (2014), and from The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual, C E Bosworth (2004).)
Abu Abdallah Sheikh Muhammad ibn Yahya
One of the two survivors from the 1459 massacre.
The Wattasids are progressively tarnished by two treaties. The Treaty of Alcáçovas of 1479, also known as the Peace of Alcáçovas-Toledo, is signed between the joint kingdom of Castile and Aragon on one side and King Afonso V and Prince John II of Portugal on the other. It ends the Castillian War of Succession by recognising Isabella as queen of Castile, renouncing Spanish claims to the Portuguese throne and, most importantly for Morocco, it divides the Atlantic and its coastal territories into zones of influence. The Portuguese are now unopposed in their attempts to dominate the kingdom of Fez.
The marriage in 1469 of royal cousins Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile eventually brought stability to both kingdoms but also presaged an era of Spanish dominance in world affairs
The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 effectively divides half the known world between the Spanish and Portuguese, ignoring all other European powers in the process, so they ignore the treaty in return. It serves to confirm Portuguese domination in Morocco, amongst many other places, and effectively dooms the Wattasids in the eyes of the populace as appeasers to the colonial aggressors.
Abu Abd Allah al-Burtuqali Muhammad
Son. Ruled the north only (Fez).
Abu al-Hasan Abu Hasan Ali
Brother. Ruled the north only (Fez).
Brother. Ruled the north only (Fez). Captured by the Saadi.
The ruling Wattasids of the north have finally become worried enough to take action against the growing dominance in the south of the Saadi. Unfortunately for them it is entirely the wrong action. They launch a military attack and fight an indecisive battle. Following this the Saadi refuse to recognise the Wattasids as being the supreme power in Morocco and instead firmly position themselves as rivals. The Wattasids have to sign the Treaty of Tadla, which recognises Saadi governance over the south.
The Saadi are going from strength to strength. Now they expel the Portuguese from Agadir, Arzila, Azafi, and Azamor. Having already received permission from Sultan Abu Abd Allah al-Burtuqali Muhammad to carry out this military campaign in the south, they now have the local support and backing to take power in Marrakesh.
Nasir ad-Din al-Qasri Muhammad
Restored. Ruled the north only (Fez). Killed.
Saadi ruler Mohammed ash-Sheikh defeats the Wattasids to take control of Fez, heartland of the northern kingdom of Fez. In the same year he is able to seize Tlemcen, ending Zayyanid rule there. Wattasid Sultan Abu al-Abbas Ahmad is forced to seek refuge with the Ottoman beylerbey in Algiers. The Saadi effectively control the north.
Abu al-Hasan Abu Hasun Ali
Restored as regent. Briefly claimed Fez.
Sultan Abu al-Abbas Ahmad returns with Ottoman support from Algiers and re-takes Fez. Backed up by janissaries he holds the north, but only briefly. Mohammed ash-Sheikh launches a fresh offensive and the Battle of Tadla in September 1554 is the result. Abu al-Abbas Ahmad is defeated and killed, ending Wattasid attempts to regain power. Mohammed ash-Sheikh enters Fez as the permanent Saadi capital but the victory earns him the enmity of the Ottomans.
Saadi Dynasty / Saadite / Bani Zaydan (Kingdom of Fez)
The Saadi claimed descent from Mohammad via the descendants of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Muhammad's daughter, Fatima Zahra, just as the preceding Idrisid dynasty had done. They originated in the Tagmadert area (or Tagumadert) of the Draa river valley in modern south-western Morocco, although the precise location is now a matter of some debate. The original meaning of the Saadi name is also a matter of debate, although it may derive from the Bani 'Zaydan', the shurafa (sharif) of Tagmadert.
This dynasty of regional chieftains grew in power in a Morocco that was rather destabilised by the murder of the last of the Merinids and a seizure of northern territories by the Portuguese. They grew in influence to rule the south of Morocco from 1509, and recognised the authority of the Wattasids in the north until 1528. By this time the Wattasids had grown worried enough about them to launch an unsuccessful attack on them. In 1554 Sultan Mohammed ash-Sheikh removed the Wattasids from power and reunited the region.
Before conquering Marrakech in the centre of what is now Morocco, Taroudant in the farther south of the region served as the Saadi capital. Marrakech was where they buried their nobility in the late sixteenth century, although these 'Saadi Tombs' were lost until 1917. Today they are a major regional tourist attraction. During the dynasty's period in charge, two of its most important achievements were ousting the Portuguese from Morocco and defending the country against the Ottomans, almost as great a menace to local rulers as the Portuguese. The Saadi saw themselves as ruling so that they could ensure their subjects would follow Islam properly, much as their Almohad and Almoravid predecessors had done before them. This dynasty was not a Berber one from north-western Africa - it was Arabic - but from 1511 it received support from the Sous Berbers.
(Information by Peter Kessler, with additional information from Reconnaissance au Maroc, Journal de route du voyage entrepris par Charles de Foucauld au Maroc en 1883-1884, Charles de Foucauld (four volumes, 1888, in French), from Reviving the Islamic Caliphate in Early Modern Morocco, Stephen Cory (2014), from the Illustrated Dictionary of the Muslim World, (various editors, Marshall Cavendish, 2011), and from External Link: Archaeomagnetic intensity data from the Saadien Tombs (Marrakesh, Morocco), late C16th AD (downloadable PDF), Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol 8, European Geosciences Union (2006).)
Abu Abdallah al-Qaim
Established principality in Tagmadert (southern Morocco).
Ahmad al-Araj
Son. Ruled southern Morocco only. Recognised from 1528.
Ahmad al-Araj has already won the support of the Sous Berbers (in 1511) and the Hintata tribes around Marrakech (in 1524). Now the ruling Wattasids of the north have finally become worried enough to take action against the growing dominance in the south of the Saadi. Unfortunately for them it is entirely the wrong action. They launch a military attack and fight an indecisive battle. Following this the Saadi refuse to recognise the Wattasids as being the supreme power in Morocco and instead firmly position themselves as rivals. The Wattasids have to sign the Treaty of Tadla, which recognises Saadi rule over the south.
The Djemaa el-Fna market place in Marrakech would have been as familiar to the Saadi sultans who seized the city in 1541 as it is to tourists today - although the square was actually used for executions, shortly after the city was founded in AD 1070
The Saadi are going from strength to strength. Now they expel the Portuguese from Agadir, Arzila, Azafi, and Azamor. Having already received permission from Wattasid Sultan Abu Abd Allah al-Burtuqali Muhammad to carry out this military campaign in the south, they now have the local support and backing to take power in Marrakech.
Mohammed ash-Sheikh
Brother. Ruled all of Morocco after 1554. Assassinated.
Despite the support of the Ottoman sultan for Khayr al-Din Barbarossa and his exploits in securing Algiers, it is only now that his son, Hasan Pasha, becomes the first official governor of the regency to be appointed by Constantinople. Algiers is now the main base for the ongoing Ottoman war against Spain in the Mediterranean and for operations against Morocco.
Mohammed ash-Sheikh defeats the Wattasids to take control of Fez, heartland of the northern kingdom of that name. In the same year he is able to seize Tlemcen, ending Zayyanid rule there. Wattasid Sultan Abu al-Abbas Ahmad is forced to seek refuge with the Ottoman beylerbey in Algiers. The Saadi effectively control the north.
Wattasid Sultan Abu al-Abbas Ahmad returns with Ottoman support from Algiers and re-takes Fez. Backed up by janissaries he holds the north, but only briefly. Mohammed ash-Sheikh launches a fresh offensive and the Battle of Tadla in September 1554 is the result. Abu al-Abbas Ahmad is defeated and killed, ending Wattasid attempts to regain power. Mohammed ash-Sheikh enters Fez as his permanent capital but the victory earns him the enmity of the Ottomans.
Mohammed ash-Sheikh continues to refuse to give his allegiance to the Ottoman sultan. Instead, he forms an alliance with the Spanish. As a result, Hasan Pasha is appointed beylerbey of Algiers for the second time so that he can deal with the problem. He arranges to have ash-Sheikh assassinated by one of his own bodyguards and then invades the country early in 1558. His forces meet those of the Moroccans at the Battle of Wadi al-Laban (Oued el Leben, the 'river of milk') to the north of Fez, which results in a stalemate. Hasan is forced to retreat when he receives news that the Spanish are preparing to assault Oran.
The Battle of Wadi al-Laban took place in 1558 between the Ottoman beylerbey of Algiers and the sultan of Morocco, and the area today is part of an environmental improvement programme
Abdallah al-Ghalib
Son. Died.
Abu Abdallah Mohammed (II)
Son. Deposed by his uncle. Drowned.
Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik (I)
Uncle. Seized throne with Ottoman support. Died.
With Sultan Abu Abdallah Mohammed II having been deposed by his uncle, Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I, he seeks support from the Portuguese and their young king, Sebastian. On 4 August 1578 the Battle of Alcácer-Quibir (to the Portuguese) or Ksar El Kebir (to the Moroccans - Alcazar in English) is fought in northern Morocco. The outcome is defeat for the deposed sultan and the death of King Sebastian. With no heir, this leaves the Portuguese facing a succession crisis at home. Abu Abdallah drowns while trying to escape, and the victorious Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I actually dies of natural causes during the battle, although the news is only released to his people afterwards.
Ahmad I al-Mansur
Brother. Last of the great Saadi rulers.
Ahmad I is the most famous of the Saadis. A contemporary of Elizabeth I of England, he is responsible for building the El Badi Palace in Marrakech. His death robs the country of a strong ruler and anarchy sets in, with rival rulers claiming the throne, most notably the Alawi in the east, and the rest of the state being divided between the late sultan's sons.
A Saadi invasion hastens the decline of the Songhai empire. The Songhai forces are routed at the Battle of Tondibi by the Saadi gunpowder weapons despite vastly superior Songhai numbers. Gao, Timbuktu, and Jenne (Djenné), are sacked and the Songhai are destroyed as a regional power. The Saadi take over control of Mali while the Songhai themselves retreat to the Dendi region of what is now Niger and reform a smaller kingdom.
Civil war follows the death of Ahmad I al-Mansur and quickly results in fractures appearing in the state's control. The main Saadi ruler of Morocco is largely based in Marrakech, but a splinter faction lead by his brother soon governs a limited territory from its base at Fez, holding only local power now and during the reign of Zidan Abu Maali. Salé also splits away, gaining a minor ruler of its own (one Sidi al-Ayachi). At the same time, the Alawi begin to increase their power in southern Morocco.
Zidan Abu Maali
Son. Ruled Morocco except Fez.
Abou Fares Abdallah
Brother. Seized Marrakech and Fez from his brother.
Mohammed esh Sheikh el Mamun
Brother. Ruled splinter state of Fez.
Although they may have lost most their empire thanks to Morocco's invasion of 1591, the Dendi kings of Lulami have not given up hope of reclaiming their lost lands. The residents of one of their most important former cities, Jenne (Djenné), now rebel against their Saadi governors and the Dendi kingdom supports them. The Saadi eventually recover the city but little in the way of support is provided from Morocco itself. The city is soon abandoned to the Fulbe and Tuareg nomads, and the Bamana of Jenne soon leads an independent state based around the reduced city.
Son. Ruled splinter state of Fez.
Abd el Malek
Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik (II)
Son? Ruled Morocco except Fez.
Marrakech and Fez are brought back under central control, but many other territories remain outside Saadi control, especially in the south. Even the Ottomans have taken a slice in the form of Oujda, while various outlying tribes and warlords refuse to obey the Saadi.
The city of Oujda is located on Morocco's far north-eastern border with Algeria, making it an ideal target for Ottoman seizure in the early seventeenth century as Saadi power was weakening
The country's fragmentation is further increased when Muhammad I seizes power in Tafilalt, in the central eastern region of the country. He is regarded as the founder of the Alawi dynasty.
Al Walid ben Zidan
Son of Zidan. Assassinated
Mohammed esh Sheikh es Seghir
Mohammed esh Sheikh es Seghir makes a concerted effort to restore control over the entire region. Now, in 1641, Sidi al-Ayachi at Salé is attacked, His self-proclaimed republic of the same name (also known as the republic of Bou Regreg) is swept away when he is killed in battle.
c.1640s
Just like the Saadi before him, Muhammad II of the Alawi begins his empire-building by uniting the Draa river valley and the Sahara region of Morocco under his rule. In the meantime the Saadi are attempting to maintain their hold on power whilst attending to region duties such as deposing the Dendi king in 1639 at the request of his brother.
Ahmad el Abbas
Murdered in Marrakech.
The last Saadi sultan is overthrown when Marrakech is conquered by the Alawi dynasty. Alawi leader, Muhammad, does not yet rule all of Morocco, but the only serious opposition is not in a position to prevent him from becoming the de facto power in the country.
Alawi / Alaouite Dynasty (The Western Kingdom & Western Sahara)
The modern constitutional kingdom of Morocco is located on the north-west African coastline, in territory that contains large stretches of desert and rugged mountainous terrain. It is neighboured by Algeria to the east, and the disputed territory of Western Sahara to the south, beyond which lies Mauritania. It also controls the southern straits of Gibraltar, making it the closest point in Africa to Spain. The kingdom has its capital at Rabat, although its best-known city (and largest) is Casablanca, rivalled perhaps by Marrakech. The name, Morocco, derives from the latter city via the Spanish 'Marruecos' and the Portuguese 'Marrocos'.
The Alawi (Alaouites) were natives of southern Morocco. Following the death of Saadi Sultan Ahmad I al-Mansur in 1603, the Alawi initially ruled only in Tafilalt (in the central eastern region of the country), along with some parts of southern Morocco. Their opposition to the Saadi rulers was a cause of the country slipping into anarchy over the next half a century. Completing a process begun by his father, Mulay Al-Rashid, second sultan of the Alawi, united the country under a single ruler in 1666-1670 and ended any opposition, albeit with a smaller kingdom than before. The dynasty claims the same line of descent as the tenth century Fatamids of what is now Tunisia, from Ali ibn Abi Talib (the Rashidun caliph of 656-661) and his wife, Fatima.
The kingdom's alternative name is 'The Western Kingdom', which is simply a comment on its geographical location in relation to the users of that name, the North African nations of the Mediterranean coast. Morocco is a blend of Arabic and indigenous Berber influences, but its proximity to Spain has allowed a good degree of European influence to seep in too. Its relations with and early twentieth century control by France has made French the dominant European language after Arabic and Berber.
The Western Sahara is a mainly desert territory that is located between modern Morocco and Mauritania. It is the subject of a decades-long dispute between Morocco and the Algerian-backed Polisario Front. The territory is phosphate-rich and is believed to have offshore oil deposits. Most of it has been under Moroccan control since 1976. Western Sahara fell under Spanish rule in 1884, becoming a Spanish province in 1934. A gradual increase in national consciousness and anti-colonial sentiment during the subsequent decades led to a guerrilla insurgency by the Spanish Sahara's indigenous inhabitants, the nomadic Saharawis, in the early 1970s. The Polisario Front was set up on 10 May 1973 and established itself as the sole representative of the Saharan people. Some 100,000 refugees still live in Polisario's camps in Algeria, and Western Sahara's political position is still uncertain.
(Information by Peter Kessler, with additional information from Morocco Since 1830: A History, C R Pennell (2000), and from External Links: BBC Country Profiles, and Administrative Divisions of Countries (Statoids.com).)
Muhammad I / Moulay Ali Cherif
Seized Tafilalt from the Saadi.
Moulai / Moulay Muhammad II
Son. Ruled Tafilalt. Gained full independence in 1659.
Just like the Saadi before him, Muhammad II begins his empire-building by uniting the Draa river valley and the Sahara region of Morocco under his rule.
The last Saadi sultan is overthrown when Marrakech is conquered by the Alawis. Muhammad does not yet rule all of Morocco, but the only serious opposition is not in a position to prevent him from becoming the de facto power in the country.
The city of Fez formed the first capital of the Alawi Moroccans, here showing the El-Chorfa gate looming over the medina at the city's heart
Moulay Muhammad II
Ruled much of Morocco from 1659.
Internal feuding breaks out into open hostility when Muhammad II is opposed by his half-brother, Moulay Al-Rashid. Muhammad II is killed, allowing Al-Rashid to secure power and proclaim himself sultan of Morocco in the same year.
Mawlay / Moulay Al-Rashid
Half-brother. Proclaimed sultan of Morocco 22.10.1664.
Al-Rashid takes Fes, ending the possible rule of Saadi survivors there. Then he takes the coastal area of the country, the Sus and the Anti-Atlas areas, securing his control of Morocco. In 1670, weakened by Morocco's internal wars, the Alawi retreat from the Songhai empire.
Muhammad I
Unknown. Another half-brother?
Al-Harrani, Abu'l Abbas Ahmad I
Often missing from lists. Possible half-brother or uncle?
Ismail Ibn Sharif
Half-brother of Moulay Al-Rashid. Joint ruler.
Ismail Ibn Sharif 'Warrior King'
Former joint ruler (1672-1684).
Ismail Ibn Sharif begins the process of creating a unified Moroccan state in the face of opposition by Berber tribes and colonising forces. He starts with defeats of the Ottomans in 1679 and 1682, continues in 1684 by seizing the port of Tangier from the English (which they had commanded since 1661), and in 1689 he drives the Spanish out of Larache. The Ottomans are defeated again in 1695-1696.
Abdalmalik is the heir of Ismail Ibn Sharif until, shortly before his father's death, he falls out of favour. Ismail is succeeded upon his death by Ahmad II instead, although this causes further trouble in 1728.
Abu'l Abbas Ahmad II
Son. Overthrown by his own wives and Abdalmalik.
Abdalmalik
Half-brother. Usurper who reigned very briefly.
Restored. Deposed on the day of his death.
Abdallah bin Ismail as-Samin
Half-brother. Deposed.
Abdallah is deposed for the first of three times by various of his brothers as they fight for control of Morocco.
Brother. Deposed.
Restored.
Mohammed II
Half-brother of Ali. Deposed.
Al-Mostadi
Zin al-Abidin / Zein el Abdin
Half-brother of Al-Mostadi. Deposed.
Mohammed III ben Abdallah
Mohammed ben Abdallah is the first world leader to recognise the independence of the newly-proclaimed United States, later providing some support to US vessels in Moroccan waters.
Protected from the Barbary pirates of Algiers during the American Revolution, thanks to its alliances with Morocco and France, American shipping loses that protection from 1784 and the end of the Treaty of Alliance. Subsequently, US merchant shipping continually falls foul of successive pirate raids in the Mediterranean, launched from Morocco and Algiers. Despite diplomatic efforts, large payments of tribute are demanded for the release of captured American crews, and the US regularly pays up to a million dollars a year to ensure the safe passage of its ships.
The somewhat colourful view of the Barbary pirates masked their relentless pursuit of captures and their accumulation of wealth at the expense of innocent merchantmen
Although Yazid gains the throne following his father's death, he is only one of six claimants for that throne, with another brother, Slimane emerging victorious from the resultant civil war in 1795.
Son. Killed.
Half-brother. Proclaimed sultan.
Slimane / Sulaiman
Having recommissioned its navy in 1794, the USA is becoming increasingly reluctant to pay tribute to ensure the safe passage of its merchant ships in the Mediterranean. The pasha of Tripoli demands fresh tribute of the new government of Thomas Jefferson which is refused, so Tripoli declares war on the USA. Morocco and Algiers do not join Tripoli in the conflict. The small but highly modern American navy defeats Tripoli's vessels in a number of naval skirmishes during the First Barbary War, until Tripoli agrees peace terms and the US buys back its captured seamen.
The Second Barbary War is fought by the USA in response to renewed pirate raids while it has been preoccupied with the War of 1812. A squadron of US ships captures several Algerian vessels and, after negotiations, the dey of Algiers agrees to return American captives and vessels in return for a large one-off final payment. Although this concludes the war, it does not conclude the piracy threat, so the following year, Britain sends a 'diplomatic mission' that is eventually forced to bombard Algiers for nine hours on 27 August 1816. The dey loses many of his corsairs and shore defences, and the threat of organised Barbary piracy is ended once and for all.
Abderrahmane / Abd el Rahman
Nephew. Son of Hisham.
Algiers is annexed by France and created a colony. Sultan Abderrahmane supports the resistance movement against this occupation, encouraging Algerian Islamic scholar Abd-el-Kader to fight the European invaders. The sultan is also called upon by the inhabitants of the Algerian city of Tlemcen to invade and protect it from the French. This he does, and his nephew, Prince Moulay Ali, is named caliph of Tlemcen.
The Spanish-Moroccan War, or African War, begins with a disagreement over the Spanish-controlled coastal city of Ceuta. The Moroccan forces accept defeat after the Battle of Tetuan and Spain gains a further enclave, increasing the size of Ceuta in the process.
Mohammed IV
Hassan I
Nephew. Son of Prince Abbas.
Spain creates a protectorate of its Moroccan coastal territories, showing no sign of relinquishing its hold on them. A large swathe of this territory is the Western Sahara, a mainly desert region that is located between Morocco and Mauritania.
Abdelaziz / Abdul Aziz
Son. Deposed following concessions by France. Died 1943.
As a progression of the increasing colonial hold over Morocco, France and Spain carve out zones of influence in the country. France's sphere of influence is recognised by Great Britain but this provokes a strong reaction from the German empire which also wants a slice of the action. A looming crisis in 1905 is resolved at the Algeciras Conference in 1906. For his part in 'allowing' the French to gain a foothold, Abdelaziz is overthrown in 1908 by his brother, but he too struggles to improve the situation in Morocco's favour.
Abdelhafid / Abdul Hafid
Elder brother and rival sultan. Abdicated.
Under the terms of the Treaty of Fez, a French Protectorate is established in Morocco which consists of the territory between the Corridor of Taza (between the Rif Mountains and Middle Atlas Mountains in the north of the country) and the River Draa. A small protectorate of northern territories near the Straits of Gibraltar remains under Spanish control, and Spain also gains protective powers over the northern and southern Sahara zones. Colonists pour into the country, buying up the best land, modernising its infrastructure, and exploiting its resources. The Moroccan tribes war amongst each other, some having sided with the French from the first instance, but eventual agreement is reached and a joint Franco-Moroccan administration is created. Abdelhafid is not included in France's plans so he is encouraged to abdicate.
A Berber uprising in the Rif Mountains is led by Abd el-Krim. This leads to the declaration of the 'Republic of the Rif'. The uprising is eventually suppressed by French and Spanish troops. The French move the court from Fez to the more secure Rabat, and this remains the country's capital from this point onwards.
Mohammed V
Son. Deposed. Exiled to Madagascar 1953-1955. Restored.
Western Sahara becomes a Spanish province. A gradual increase in national consciousness and anti-colonial sentiment during subsequent decades leads to a guerrilla insurgency by the Spanish Sahara's indigenous inhabitants, the nomadic Saharawis (in the early 1970s).
The Moroccan cause receives a boost with the foundation of the Istiqlal Party (the Independence Party), which presses for independence with discrete support from the United States. It is the Istiqlal Party that subsequently provides most of the leadership for the nationalist movement.
France exiles Sultan Mohammed V in 1953 to Madagascar. The unpopular Mohammed Ben Aarafa is selected as his replacement, sparking active opposition to the French and Spanish protectorates. In Oujda, Moroccans attack French and other European residents in the streets in one of the most notable acts of the unrest. France is forced to give way and allow Mohammed V to return in 1955, and negotiations that lead to Moroccan independence get underway in the following year.
Mohammed Ben Aarafa
Distant relative and French puppet king. Abdicated.
Restored. First king of Morocco in 1957.
Morocco gains independence from France and Spain in 1956, ending the protectorates, but not reclaiming the two coastal enclaves from Spain despite the full restoration of the sultanate of Morocco. The following year, Sultan Mohammed drops his traditional title in favour of calling himself malik, or king of Morocco. Mohammed also captures Spanish Sahara during the Ifni War (which is known as the Forgotten War in Spain - Ifni is officially handed over to Morocco in 1969).
The return of Mohammed V to Morocco in 1955 from his exile in Madagascar was a symbol of the country's growing independence, with full independence being granted in 1956
Son. Died July.
The Sand War is fought against Algeria when Morocco claims portions of western Algerian territory. The war quickly bogs down into a stalemate which remains unresolved until an agreement is reached in 1972. In the same year, 1963, Morocco holds its first general elections.
With parliament suspended by the king since 1965, an attempt is made to depose him in this year. The intent is to establish a republic but the cause fails.
Having claimed the non-self-governing territory of Spanish Sahara as its 'Southern Provinces', Morocco now annexes the territory despite protests by Algeria, and it soon becomes known as the Western Sahara. This prompts the region's inhabitants to launch a guerrilla war which lasts until a ceasefire is agreed in 1991. Various subsequent attempts to conduct a peace process fail to break the political deadlock.
Mohammed VI Ben Hassan
Son. Born 1963.
A wave of popular protests against a deeply unpopular and dictatorial government in Tunisia forces the president to flee the country, paving the way for fresh elections and a new start. The protests strike a chord in Arabs across North Africa and the Middle East, and similar protests are triggered in Bahrain, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Syria and Yemen. Morocco's protests are much less forceful than in some places, with the king enjoying a strong following amongst his people. Force is not used to quell the protests, with the police being told to keep a low profile, and constitutional reform is promised by the king.
Crown Prince Moulay Hassan
Son. Born 2003. Heir apparent, to succeed as Hassan III.