text:
System and method for producing white light using LEDs
1. A light system comprising:
a light source that includes at least one white light emitting diode (LED) and multiple color LEDs; and
a spectral feedback control system configured to detect light that is output from the light source and to adjust the light that is output from the light source in response to the light detection.
11 Assignments
A system and method for generating white light involves using a combination of white, red, green, and blue LEDs to produce white light and adjusting the emitted light in response to feedback signals. A light system has a light source that includes at least one white LED and multiple color LEDs and a spectral feedback control system configured to detect light that is output from the light source and to adjust the light that is output from the light source in response to the light detection. The spectral feedback control system may include a color sensor configured to provide color-specific feedback signals, a controller configured to generate color-specific control signals in response to the color-specific feedback signals, and a driver configured to generate color-specific drive signals in response to the color-specific control signals.
Liquid crystal display with temporal black point
DEVICE AND METHOD FOR CONTROLLING THE COLOR POINT OF AN LED LIGHT SOURCE
Koninklijke Philips N.V.
Method for overdriving a backlit display
AC—LED system in single chip with three metal contacts
Epistar Corporation
AC_LED SYSTEM IN SINGLE CHIP WITH THREE METAL CONTACTS
Illumination device and liquid crystal display device provided therewith
High dynamic range images from low dynamic range images
Color enhancement technique using skin color detection
BACKLIGHT DEVICE, AND DISPLAY DEVICE USING THE SAME
Circuit for Controlling Color Sequential Liquid Crystal Display and Method for Controlling the Same
Sitronix Technology Corporation
Control IC for color sequential liquid crystal display
WHITE LIGHT BACKLIGHTS AND THE LIKE WITH EFFICIENT UTILIZATION OF COLORED LED SOURCES
3M Innovative Properties Company
LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY SYSTEM AND METHOD
Liquid crystal display with adaptive width
ILLUMINATION SYSTEM WITH FOUR PRIMARIES
Philips Lighting Holding BV
Liquid crystal display with reduced black level insertion
Technique that preserves specular highlights
Liquid crystal display with filtered black point
Liquid crystal display with colored backlight
Liquid crystal display with modulated black point
Liquid crystal display with adaptive color
Liquid-crystal display apparatus and electronic device
Preparation of multimodal polyethylene
Equistar Chemicals LP
SIGN AND METHOD FOR LIGHTING
Cree Incorporated
Liquid crystal display backlight with level change
LED luminaire with improved life and operation management
Leotek Electronics USA Corporation
Method for reducing enhancement of artifacts and noise in image color enhancement
Method and apparatus for setting a chromaticity coordinate
OSRAM GmbH
AC — LED system in single chip with three metal contacts
Liquid crystal display with illumination control
Liquid crystal display with modulation for colored backlight
BACKLIGHT UNIT
Samsung Display Company Limited
Backlight and display system using same
Thin hollow backlights with beneficial design characteristics
White LED backlight device with color compensation and display device using the same
DISPLAY DEVICE INCLUDING BACKLIGHT UNIT
ADAPTIVE LIGHT SYSTEM AND ASSOCIATED METHODS
Lighting Science Group
Recycling backlights with semi-specular components
Hollow backlight with tilted light source
Hollow backlight with structured films
Liquid crystal display with area adaptive backlight
Solid polyglycol-based biocompatible pre-formulation
C.P. Medical Corporation
Medicus Biosciences LLC
Collimating light injectors for edge-lit backlights
Biocompatible hydrogel treatments for retinal detachment
Control system for active window glass managing the colour of the light in a building
Saint-Gobain Glass France
DISPLAY DEVICE, DISPLAY SYSTEM, IMAGE OUTPUT DEVICE, AND METHOD FOR CONTROLLING DISPLAY DEVICE
NEC Display Solutions Limited
System and methods for operating a lighting device
Backlights having selected output light flux distributions and display systems using same
Display device, display system, video output device, and control method of display device
System for dynamically adjusting circadian rhythm responsive to scheduled events and associated methods
BioLogical Illumination LLC
Biocompatible hydrogel polymer formulations for the controlled delivery of biomolecules
In-vivo gelling pharmaceutical pre-formulation
Methods for treating diseases of the lung
Molding apparatus for molding light emitting diode lamps
Document Security Systems Inc.
Agilent Technologies Incorporated
Backlight device for liquid crystal display and method of fabricating the same
LG Philips LCD Company Limited
LG Display Co. Ltd.
Phosphor based light sources having a non-planar long pass reflector and method of making
Circuit for driving light-emitting diodes
Gilbert Fregoso
Controlling method and system for RGB based LED luminary
Precision illumination methods and systems
Philips Lighting North America Corporation
Method and system for controlling a light source
Method and system for providing backlighting utilizing a luminescent impregnated material
Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited
Systems and methods for controlling brightness of an avionics display
Garmin AT Inc.
Lamp assembly incorporating optical feedback
Gentex Corporation
Effective modeling of CIE xy coordinates for a plurality of LEDs for white LED light control
Apparatus and method for driving self-emitting display device
LG Electronics Inc.
Electronic flame
Tanya D. Chliwnyj, Alex Chliwnyj
High resolution, high brightness light emitting diode display and method and producing the same
Cree Research Inc.
View Dependent Claims (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)
2. The light system of claim 1 wherein the spectral feedback control system is configured to control the color LEDs on a per-color basis.
3. The light system of claim 2 wherein the at least one white LED includes at least one phosphor-converted white LED and wherein the color LEDs include red, green, and blue LEDs.
4. The light system of claim 2 wherein the spectral feedback control system further includes a color sensor configured to provide color-specific feedback signals for use in controlling the colored LEDs on a per-color basis.
5. The light system of claim 4 wherein the at least one white LED is a phosphor-converted white LED.
6. The light system of claim 1 wherein the spectral feedback control system includes a controller configured to control the colored LEDs on a per-color basis to maintain luminance and chrominance characteristics of the light that is output from the light source.
7. The light system of claim 1 wherein the spectral feedback control system includes a color sensor configured to provide color-specific feedback signals.
8. The light system of claim 7 wherein the spectral feedback control system includes a controller configured to generate color-specific control signals in response to the color-specific feedback signals.
9. The light system of claim 8 wherein the spectral feedback control system includes a driver configured to generate color-specific drive signals in response to the color-specific control signals.
10. The light system of claim 1 wherein the spectral feedback control system includes:
a color sensor configured to provide color-specific feedback signals;
a controller configured to generate color-specific control signals in response to the color-specific feedback signals; and
a driver configured to generate color-specific drive signals in response to the color-specific control signals.
11. A method for operating a light system comprising:
providing drive signals to a light source that includes at least one phosphor-converted white light emitting diode (LED) and multiple color LEDs;
detecting light that is generated in response to the drive signals;
generating feedback signals in response to the detected light; and
adjusting the drive signals that are provided to the light source.
12. The method of claim 111 wherein detecting the light includes generating color-specific feedback signals.
View Dependent Claims (13, 14)
13. The method of claim 12 wherein adjusting the drive signals includes adjusting the drive signals for the color LEDs on a per-color basis in response to the color-specific information.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein the drive signals for the color LEDs are adjusted to maintain luminance and chrominance characteristics of the detected light.
15. A light system comprising:
an LCD panel;
a light source, in optical communication with the LCD panel, which includes at least one phosphor-converted white light emitting diode (LED) and multiple color LEDs; and
16. The LCD backlight system of claim 15 wherein the spectral feedback control system is configured to control the color LEDs on a per-color basis.
17. The LCD backlight system of claim 16 wherein the color LEDs include red, green, and blue LEDs.
18. The LCD backlight system of claim 16 wherein the spectral feedback control system further includes a color sensor configured to provide color-specific feedback signals for use in controlling the color LEDs on a per-color basis.
19. The LCD backlight system of claim 15 wherein the spectral feedback control system includes a controller configured to control the color LEDs on a per-color basis to maintain luminance and chrominance characteristics of the light that is output from the light source.
20. The LCD backlight system of claim 15 wherein the spectral feedback control system includes:
Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are typically monochromatic semiconductor light sources, and are currently available in various colors from UV-blue to green, yellow and red. Many lighting applications such as backlighting for liquid crystal display (LCD) panels require white light sources. Two common approaches for producing white light using monochromatic LEDs include (1) packaging individual red, green, and blue LEDs together and combining the light that is emitted from these LEDs to produce white light and (2) introducing fluorescent material into a UV, blue, or green LED so that some of the original light emitted by the semiconductor die of the LED is converted into longer wavelength light and combining the longer wavelength light with the original UV, blue, or green light to produce white light. LEDs produced using the second approach often use phosphor-based fluorescent material and are referred to as phosphor-converted white LEDs.
White light produced by a combination of red, green, and blue LEDs has a wide color gamut but generally has a poor Color Rendering Index (CRI). Although the color gamut of this type of white light source is wide, the light source requires more complex driving circuitry than a phosphor-converted white LED because the red, green, and blue LEDs include semiconductor dies that have different operating voltage requirements. In addition to having different operating voltage requirements, the red, green, and blue LEDs degrade differently over their operating lifetime, which can make color control over an extended period difficult.
Phosphor-converted white LEDs require only a single type of monochromatic LED to produce white light and all of the white LEDs of a multi-LED light source can be driven at the same operating voltage. One shortcoming of phosphor-converted white LEDs is that their spectral power distribution (SPD) is not uniform. This shortcoming results in a relatively poor Color Rendering Index (CRI). In addition, the color generated by phosphor-converted white LEDs tends to vary from its original value over the operating life and with changes in conditions.
What is needed is a white light source that has a high CRI and a wide color gamut that can produce consistent white light over time.
A system and method for generating white light involves using a combination of white, red, green, and blue LEDs to produce white light and adjusting the emitted light in response to feedback signals. The white LEDs are typically phosphor-converted white LEDs. Generating white light using a combination of phosphor-converted white, red, green, and blue LEDs produces white light with an improved CRI and a wide SPD. Adjusting the emitted light in response to feedback allows luminance and chrominance characteristics of the white light to be controlled as the performance of the LEDs change over time.
A light system in accordance with the invention has a light source that includes at least one white LED and multiple color LEDs and a spectral feedback control system configured to detect light that is output from the light source and to adjust the light that is output from the light source in response to the light detection. The spectral feedback control system may include a color sensor configured to provide color-specific feedback signals, a controller configured to generate color-specific control signals in response to the color-specific feedback signals, and a driver configured to generate color-specific drive signals in response to the color-specific control signals.
A method for operating a light system in accordance with the invention involves providing drive signals to a light source that includes at least one phosphor-converted white LED and multiple color LEDs, detecting light that is generated in response to the drive signals, generating feedback signals in response to the detected light, and adjusting the drive signals that are provided to the light source. Color-specific feedback signals are generated from the detected light. The color-specific feedback signals are used to adjust the drive signals for the color LEDs on a per-color basis to maintain luminance and chrominance characteristics of the detected light.
Other aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, illustrated by way of example of the principles of the invention.
FIG. 1 depicts a light system that is used to backlight a liquid crystal display (LCD) panel in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 2 depicts a graph of the spectral power distribution of a phosphor-converted white LED versus the spectral power distribution of red, green, and blue LEDs.
FIG. 3 is an expanded view of the driver from FIG. 1 showing drivers that are specific to the white, red, green, and blue LEDs.
FIG. 4A is an expanded view of the controller from FIG. 1.
FIG. 4B is an expanded view of another embodiment of the controller from FIG. 1 that uses CIE 1931 tristimulus values.
FIG. 5 depicts a process flow diagram of a method for operating a light system in accordance with the invention.
Throughout the description similar reference numbers may be used to identify similar elements.
FIG. 1 depicts a light system 100 that is used to backlight a liquid crystal display (LCD) panel. The light system includes an LCD panel 102, a light source 104, and a spectral feedback control system 106. LCD panels are well known in the field of LCD displays. Although an LCD panel is described, other optical media that allows the transmission of light may be used with the light system.
The light source 104 is configured to generate white light in response to applied drive signals. The light source is oriented with respect to the LCD panel 102 such that light is incident on a side surface of the LCD panel as is known in the field of LCDs. Backlighting of LCD panels in general is well known in the field and is not described further herein. The light source depicted in FIG. 1 is made up of multiple light emitting diodes (LEDs), including a mix of LEDs 110 that emit white light (referred to herein as "white LEDs") and LEDs 112 that emit monochromatic light of a particular color (referred to herein as "color LEDs"). In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the white LEDs are phosphor-converted white LEDs. Phosphor-converted white LEDs are well known in the field of LEDs. In one example, phosphor-converted white LEDs combine an LED that emits a blue light with a phosphor such as Cerium activated Yitrium Aluminium Garnet (Y3Al5O12:Ce3+). The blue LED emits a first radiation typically with a peak wavelength of 460 to 480 nanometers (nm). The phosphor partially absorbs the blue radiation and re-emits a second broadband radiation with a peak wavelength of 560 to 580 nm. The combination of the first and second radiations gives off white light. Although phosphor-converted white LEDs are used for the white LEDs, other LEDs that emit white light may be used in conjunction with the color LEDs to produce white light.
In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the color LEDs 112 include a mix of red (R), green (G), and blue (B) LEDs that emit monochromatic colored light in the respective red, green, and blue spectrums. Color LEDs are well known in the field of LEDs. Although the color LEDs in the example embodiment of FIG. 1 are red, green, and blue, other color LED combinations can be used. For example, color mixes that include cyan and amber LEDs can be used instead of, or in addition to, red, green, and blue LEDs. The phosphor-converted white LEDs 110 are used in the light source because they are a relatively efficient source of white light. However, phosphor-converted white LEDs have an SPD that is biased towards shorter wavelengths which results in a relatively poor CRI. The red, green, and blue LEDs are added to the light source to both (1) improve the CRI of the white light that is emitted from the light source and (2) to control and maintain the white light. FIG. 2 depicts a graph of the spectral power distribution of a phosphor-converted white LED versus the spectral power distribution of red, green and blue LEDs.
The white LEDs 110 and color LEDs 112 are typically placed along an edge of the LCD panel 102. As depicted in FIG. 1, the white LEDs and color LEDs are distributed in a repeating pattern of white, red, white, green, white, and blue (W R W G W B as shown in FIG. 1). Although a specific pattern of LED distribution is depicted in FIG. 1, other patterns and/or distributions of LEDs can be used. The details of the patterns and/or distributions of LEDs are specific to the application.
Although there is a mix of white LEDs 110 and color LEDs 112 in the light source 104 depicted in FIG. 1, the light source is predominantly made up of white LEDs. The distribution of LEDs throughout the light source in FIG. 1 is one white LED for every one red, green, or blue LED. In another example, a backlight system for a mid-sized LCD panel (e.g., several inches diagonally) may include a distribution of 10 phosphor-converted white LEDs, 2 red LEDs, 4 green LEDs, and 2 blue LEDs.
Returning to FIG. 1, the spectral feedback control system 106 includes a color sensor 120, a controller 122, and a driver 124. The color sensor is oriented with respect to the LCD panel 102 and the light source 104 to detect light that passes through the LCD panel after being emitted from the light source. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the color sensor is a tri-color sensor that generates color-specific feedback signals that represent color-specific luminance and chrominance characteristics of the detected light. For example, the color sensor provides a set of electrical signals that can be used to represent tristimulus information related to the detected light.
The controller 122 controls the driving of the LEDs 110 and 112 that make up the light source 104. The controller receives color-specific feedback signals from the color sensor 120 and generates color-specific control signals in response to the color-specific feedback signals. The color-specific control signals are generated to produce a desired color from the light source.
The driver 124 translates the color-specific control signals received from the controller into color-specific drive signals that drive the light source 104. For example, the driver produces color-specific drive signals that control the color LEDs 112 on a per-color basis. That is, the driver can control each color LED (e.g., red, green, and blue) separately. The drive signals generated by the driver may involve voltage and/or current changes being applied to the LEDs. Alternatively, time modulation can be used to control the intensity of the light that is emitted from the LEDs. FIG. 3 depicts an expanded view of the driver from FIG. 1. The driver 324 depicted in FIG. 3 includes color-specific drivers 324-1, 324-1, and 324-3 for the red, green, and blue LEDs, respectively, as well as white LED driver 324-4. The color-specific drivers enable the driver to control the color LEDs on a per-color basis.
In operation, the spectral feedback control system 106 of FIG. 1 measures luminance and chrominance characteristics of the light that is output from the light source 104 and then adjusts the output light to a desired color in response to the measurements. Operation of the system is described in detail with reference to FIG. 1. Starting at the driver 124 for description purposes, the driver provides drive signals to drive the LEDs 110 and 112. For example, the driver produces drive signals that are specific to the white LEDs and color-specific drive signals that are specific to the red, green, and blue LEDs. The LEDs of the light source generate light in response to the drive signals and the light travels through the LCD panel 102. The color sensor 120 detects the light that passes through the LCD panel and generates feedback signals in response to the detection. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the color sensor outputs color-specific feedback signals related to the red, green, and blue spectrums. The color-specific feedback signals from the color sensor are received by the controller 122 and used to adjust the light source drive signals to produce white light with the desired luminance and chrominance characteristics. To achieve white light with the desired luminance and chrominance characteristics, the controller generates color-specific control signals in response to the color-specific feedback signals from the color sensor. In one embodiment, color-specific control signals are generated by comparing the color-specific feedback signals from the color sensor with reference color information. For example, the color-specific control signals are generated as a function of the difference between the color-specific feedback signals from the color sensor and the reference color information. Example techniques for generating color-specific control signals are described in more detail below.
The color-specific control signals that are generated by the controller 122 are provided to the driver 124. The driver translates the color-specific control signals into color-specific drive signals. The color-specific drive signals are then applied to the color LEDs 112 of the light source 104. In an embodiment, the driver adjusts the drive signals on a per-color basis to produce white light with the desired luminance and chrominance characteristics.
The process of providing drive signals, detecting the resulting light, generating feedback signals, and adjusting the drives signals in response to the feedback signals is a continuous process. Because of the feedback nature of the process, adjustments in the drive signals can be continually made on a per-color basis to maintain the desired luminance and chrominance characteristics of the white light even though the light emitted from the light source 104 may drift. For example, the red, green, and blue LEDs 112 can be adjusted on a per-color basis to provide white light with the desired luminance and chrominance characteristics. In an embodiment, providing the desired white light involves maintaining the desired white light as the light emitted by the individual color LEDs of the light source drifts.
For the purposes of example, the system 100 depicted in FIG. 1 is a three color ("trichromatic") RGB based system. The colored light of a trichromatic system may be described in terms of tristimulus values, based on matching the three colors such that the colors typically cannot be perceived individually. Tristimulus values represent the intensity of three matching lights, in a given trichromatic system, required to match a desired shade. Tristimulus values can be calculated using the following equations: X=k∑λW x_λRλY=k∑λW y_λRλZ=k∑λW z_λRλ
W={overscore (x)}λ=Pλxλ
W{overscore (y)}λ=Pλyλ
W{overscore (z)}λ=Pλzλ
k=100/τWyλ
The relative spectral power distribution, Pλ, is the spectral power per constant-interval wavelength throughout the spectrum relative to a fixed reference value. The CIE color matching functions, xλ, yλ, and Zλ, are the functions x(λ), y(λ), and z(λ) in the CIE 1931 standard calorimetric system or the functions x10(λ), y(λ), and z10(λ) in the CIE 1964 supplementary standard calorimetric system. The CIE 1931 standard colorimetric observer is an ideal observer whose color matching properties correspond to the CIE color matching functions between 1° and 4° fields, and the CIE 1964 standard colorimetric observer is an ideal observer whose color matching properties correspond to the CIE color matching functions for field sizes larger than 4°. The reflectance, Rλ, is the ratio of the radiant flux reflected in a given cone, whose apex is on the surface considered, to that reflected in the same direction by the perfect reflecting diffuser being irradiated. Radiant flux is power emitted, transferred, or received in the form of radiation. The unit of radiant flux is the watt (W). A perfect reflecting diffuser is an ideal isotropic diffuser with a reflectance (or transmittance) equal to unity. The weighting functions, Wxλ, Wyλ, and WZA, are the products of relative spectral power distribution, Pλ, and a particular set of CIE color matching functions, xλ, yλ, and zλ.
The controller 122 depicted in FIG. 1 can be implemented in many different ways to achieve color-specific control. FIGS. 4A and 4B depict examples of controllers 422 that can be used to adjust the red, green, and blue LEDs on a per-color basis in the light source depicted in FIG. 1. With reference to FIG. 4A, the controller 422 includes a reference value generator 430 and a control module 432. The controller receives color-specific feedback signals in the form of measured tristimulus values in RGB space (R, G, and B) from the color sensor 120 (FIG. 1). The controller also receives input reference tristimulus values. The input reference tristimulus values may be in the form of a target white color point (X ref and Y ref) and lumen value (L ref). A user may enter the input reference tristimulus values through a user interface (not shown) or the input reference tristimulus values could be received in some other manner. The reference value generator translates the input reference tristimulus values to reference tristimulus values in RGB space (R ref, G ref, and B ref). The control module then determines the difference between the measured tristimulus values and reference tristimulus values and generates color-specific control signals that reflect adjustments that need to be made to the drive signals on a per-color basis to achieve the desired color. The color-specific control signals cause the color LEDs to be adjusted, as necessary, to emit light of the desired color. In this way, the luminance and chrominance characteristics of the light source approaches the desired (i.e., reference) luminance and chrominance characteristics.
The alternate system 400B of FIG. 4B is similar to the system 400A of FIG. 4A except that it uses CIE 1931 tristimulus values. The system 400B includes a feedback signal translator 434 that translates measured tristimulus values in RGB space to measured CIE 1931 tristimulus values. Additionally, the reference value generator 430 converts input reference tristimulus values to reference CIE 1931 tristimulus values. The control module 432 then determines the difference between the measured CIE 1931 tristimulus values and the reference CIE 1931 tristimulus values and adjusts the color-specific control signals accordingly.
FIG. 5 depicts a process flow diagram of a method for operating a light system in accordance with the invention. At block 560, drive signals are provided to a light source that includes at least one phosphor-converted white LED and multiple color LEDs. At block 562, light that is generated in response to the drive signals is detected. At block 564, feedback signals are generated in response to the detected light. At block 566, the drive signals that are provided to the light source are adjusted.
Although the light system 100 is described as a backlight for an LCD panel, the light system can be used in any other light application and is in no way limited to backlighting for LCD panels.
Other embodiments of the spectral feedback control system 106 that provide feedback signals and adjust the color LEDs on a per-color basis in response to the feedback signals are possible.
Although specific embodiments of the invention have been described and illustrated, the invention is not to be limited to the specific forms or arrangements of parts so described and illustrated. The scope of the invention is to be defined by the claims appended hereto and their equivalents.
Avago Technologies International Sales Pte Limited (Broadcom, Inc.)
Ng, Kee Yean, Lee, Joon Chok, Lim, Kevin Len Li
GRANTED PATENT
G02F 2001/133614 : the light is generated by p...
G02F 2001/133624 : having a particular spectra...
G09G 2320/0242 : Compensation of deficiencie...
G09G 2320/0666 : for control of colour param...
G09G 2360/145 : the light originating from ...
G09G 3/3413 : Details of control of colou...
G09G 3/3426 : the different display panel...
H05B 33/086 : involving set point control...
H05B 33/0869 : optical sensing means
System And Method For Producing White Light Using Le Ds
Current Assignee: Avago Technologies International Sales Pte Limited (Broadcom, Inc.)
Sponsoring Entity: Avago Technologies ECBU IP Singapore Pte Limited (Broadcom, Inc.)
System And Method For Producing White Light Using A Combination Of Phosphor Converted White Le Ds And Non Phosphor Converted Color Le Ds
Sponsoring Entity: Avago Technologies General IP PTE Limited (Broadcom, Inc.)


text:
Malevolent Medea
From Felix Dux
The research cited in Peter Ward's article (20 June, p 28) may challenge James Lovelock's Gaia hypothesis, that the Earth is a self-regulating superorganism, but it falls a long way short of a refutation.
When Lovelock posits feedback mechanisms that keep Earth fit for life, he does not mean fit for any particular form of life or level of biodiversity. Gaia's job is to keep some kind of biosphere going, ruthlessly sacrificing any number of species and ecosystems to serve that aim.
From a Gaian point of view, the most significant thing about Ward's catalogue of planetary crises is that at no point did Earth become uninhabitable. The fluctuations in the climate and chemistry always remained within the bounds that allow life to continue. This is surely what Gaian theory sets out to explain.
Peter Ward's idea that life is self-destructive rather than nurturing – which he anthropomorphises as the mythical character Medea who killed her own children – echoes the dualistic beliefs of the Cathars of medieval France.
The Cathars held that the material world was the creation of an evil god, Rex Mundi, who acted through matter and was the embodiment of power and chaos. The twin of Rex Mundi was a spiritual god who embodied order, peace and beauty. The role of humanity in this system was to redeem the material world.
The second law of thermodynamics tells us that the universe is descending to a state of maximum disorder. The objective of science is to understand the material world by the application of the scientific method: bringing order out of chaos. As science is a collection of ideas, and therefore not material, scientists could be seen as fulfilling the role of humanity as envisaged by the Cathars.
Were the Cathars on the right track with their ideas about the nature of the material world? I have always regarded life as a parasite on the second law that accelerates the descent into chaos.
Politicians seem to regard Gaia as a friend who would see to it that humanity will not be destroyed by its own depredations. Has it not occurred to them that saving the Earth may be best achieved by the disappearance of humanity? They might benefit from an acquaintance with Medea.
Bishops Waltham, Hampshire, UK
Magazine issue 2717 published 18 July 2009

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Lotus Film & TV Production together with Communicare Trust has organized the first workshop in April 07, with the support of INOX and private sponsorship.
In May Lotus Film had a photography workshop with the children from Bethesda Life Centre, Santa Cruz.
John Lino and Nalini Elvino de Sousa had a interactive and interesting session with the kids from this home.
The participants learnt the differences between taking photographs indoor and outdoor. They learnt how to make use of the light surrounding them and came out with curious compositions using only mobiles.


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text:
Aristeidis Moraitinis (Greek: Αριστείδης Μωραïτίνης; 1806–1875) was born in Smyrna, Ottoman Empire (now İzmir, Turkey). He was educated in France, but during the reign of King Otto, he was a staunch member of the French Party. He served as the 15th Prime Minister of Greece for a few days in February 1863 during the period between the coup d'état against King Otto and the arrival of the new Danish-born Prince William who would be known in Greece as King George I. Moraitinis was made Prime Minister a second time for a little over a month in 1868. He died in Athens 1875.

References
 John A. Petropulos; Politics and Statecraft in the Kingdom of Greece; Princeton University Press, 1968.

1806 births
1875 deaths
19th-century prime ministers of Greece
Prime Ministers of Greece
Smyrniote Greeks
Speakers of the Hellenic Parliament
Russian Party politicians

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text:
Focus: Swirling Sand Mimics Liquid and Gas
June 29, 2001 •et; Phys. Rev. Focus 7, 31
Sand flowing down a rough slope forms eddies–the first example of spontaneous vortices in a granular material.
Y. Forterre/IUSTI
Rocks and Rolls. As sand flows down a roughened slope, vortices form ridges on its surface. Further study of this unique motion might help explain geological events such as avalanches and landslides.
Is it a liquid, a solid, or a gas? That question puzzles physicists studying the collective motion of small particles–such as sand–because granular materials can act in ways similar to all three states of matter. In a simple experiment presented in the 25 June PRL, researchers observed sand sliding down a rough slope and saw the first example of spontaneous vortices forming in granular matter. Their analysis reveals that sand can display characteristics of both a liquid and a gas simultaneously. The result may help geophysicists make better models and draws a crucial connection between liquid and gas behavior in granular systems.
Video courtesy of Y. Forterre, IUSTI.
Sand flowing down a rough, inclined surface forms rolling vortices.
Grainy motion exists everywhere in nature. Landslides, sandstorms, even the flow of your breakfast cereal into the bowl could be described using the granular flow equation–if such an equation existed. "We still haven't discovered the law of granular flows," says Yoel Forterre, a graduate student at the University Institute of Thermal and Industrial Systems (IUSTI) in Marseille, France. That's because granules moving en masse baffle researchers by behaving like a liquid, a solid, or a gas, depending on the circumstances.
A mixture of liquid-like and gas-like motion appears to govern a new experiment by Forterre and Olivier Pouliquen, also of IUSTI. The set-up consists of a large hopper of sand placed above a rough inclined plane. When the hopper is opened, the sand flows rapidly down the plane like a liquid. When the incline of the plane is steep, a series of periodic ridges forms parallel to the direction of flow. Using a CCD camera, the team observed individual grains of sand slide from ridge tops into the troughs. As the surface particles slid down the ridges, submerged granules pushed their way to the top–a sign of churning vortices inside the flow. Vortices are common in fluids but this is the first time they've appeared spontaneously in granular flows, says Forterre.
To find the cause of the vortices, Forterre and Pouliquen measured the density of the thin layer of flowing sand by shining light through it. They found that the flow material rising to the peaks was less dense than that falling in the troughs, which led to an explanation for the vortices: As the sand flows down the rough slope, the roughness agitates the bottommost grains of sand, increasing their random motion, or "heating" them. As their "temperature" rises, their density decreases until it is less than that of the grains above them. The denser sand on top sinks while light sand on the bottom rises, creating swirling vortices akin to the convection rolls that are common in gases heated from below.
Further study of sand on an incline could help geologists understand landslides and mudflows–cases where rocks and dirt flow down rough surfaces. But Heinrich Jaeger of the University of Chicago thinks it might have even more fundamental implications. Jaeger says this is a rare case where both liquid- and gas-like properties (flow on an incline and convection) appear in the same system, and the experiments may help researchers learn how to apply the two sets of equations and work toward the ultimate laws that little grains obey.
–Geoff Brumfiel
Longitudinal Vortices in Granular Flows
Y. Forterre and O. Pouliquen
Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 5886 (2001)
Synopsis: Nonlinear Forces Explain Elastomer Ridges
A new theory that incorporates nonlinear properties of rubber-like materials correctly describes the shape of the ridge that forms when the material is strongly deformed by an object. Read More »
Focus: Thickening Fluid Gets Even Thicker
Adding long polymers to a fluid that becomes more viscous as it's stirred amplifies the effect, in contrast to results with short polymers. Read More »


So...I've had pot on my mind a lot lately. Why is that, you ask? Well, my neighbor has been smoking pot every night. Sometimes two times a night. The smell comes into my apartment through the bathroom.
Maybe my neighbor is psychic. Because today, I saw "pot-ready thin spaghetti" on sale at CVS. What be this newfangled pasta invention? OK, so it's basically just thin spaghetti cut in half. You just add water to your pot and boil it for a while. Then the pasta soaks up all the water so you don't have to drain it. Cooking it this way even helps make the base for a lovely pan sauce.
When I looked online to see if everyone else has been experiencing this awesomeness, I found a message board where people were actually complaining about its existence! These fancy foodies claimed that you could just break your spaghetti in half (true, I suppose) and that it was an indication of the sad, desperate level of laziness for the common man.
Maybe something's wrong with me, but I'm personally fascinated by this simple concept! I hate draining pasta! And it even saves water. Plus, cooking the pasta this way lends itself to recipes that go the pasta route or the lo mein route. Add chicken and broccoli and you have a nice weeknight dinner.
1 pot, a bajillion possibilities!
Heat a large deep skillet or wok (something with a lid) over medium heat. Cook the chicken breast in olive oil until browned. Remove from pan & set aside.
Stir fry the broccoli with olive oil in the pan for about 5 minutes and remove from pan & set aside.
Turn the heat up to medium-high. Add a drizzle of olive oil, the garlic, spaghetti & water to the skillet/wok and cover. Bring to a boil, and turn the heat down to medium. Let cook for about 8-10 minutes until the water has evaporated and the pasta is al dente.
Add the chicken and broccoli back into the pan. Squeeze the lemon over the pasta and stir. Season with Italian seasoning and salt, and sprinkle with nutritional yeast or Parmesan cheese for a bit of extra oomph. Proceed to carbo load as if you're going to run a marathon tomorrow.


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News • Paris, 29/12/2020
Ahead of the entry into force of the 2021 ICC Arbitration Rules, the International Court of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce has released updates to its Note to Parties and Arbitral Tribunals on the Conduct of Arbitration under the ICC Rules of Arbitration, effective 1 January 2021.
News • Abu Dhabi, 21/12/2020
The International Court of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC Court) and Abu Dhabi Global Market (ADGM) are pleased to announce the opening of a case management office for the ICC Court Secretariat in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (UAE).
ICC announces recommendation for ICC Court President successor
ICC is pleased to announce that Claudia T. Salomon has been recommended for election as President of the ICC International Court of Arbitration with effect from 1 July 2021 putting her on a path to becoming the first woman President of the ICC Court in its almost 100-year history.
ICC unveils revised Rules of Arbitration
The International Court of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce has unveiled revised Rules of Arbitration due to enter into force in January 2021.
ICC Executive Board approves revisions to ICC Rules of Arbitration
A meeting of the ICC Executive Board took place today bringing together the business and chamber executives who make up ICC's most diverse board in the global institution's 100-year history.
Cross-Institutional report reflects advances in gender balance in arbitration
A cross-institutional task force, featuring ICC representation, has released an insightful report on gender diversity in arbitral appointments and proceedings
ICC Hearing Centre reopens doors for physical presence dispute resolution hearings
Having remained open for virtual hearings during the COVID-19 lockdown, the ICC Hearing Centre, has now re-opened its doors to receive guests at its Paris premises, in strict accordance with French regulations regarding COVID-19 measures.
ICC pays tribute to Stephen Bond (1943-2020)
Stephen Bond, former Secretary General of the ICC International Court of Arbitration (1985-1992) passed away in Paris on 29 May 2020.
Arbitral institutions unite in joint statement
The ICC International Court of Arbitration has joined other arbitral institutions from around the world in a message calling for solidarity and cooperation in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic.
ICC Court issues COVID-19 guidance note for arbitral proceedings
The ICC International Court of Arbitration has released a Guidance Note outlining a range of measures to help mitigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on arbitral proceedings.
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Power, reliability and precise design makes the Catler JE 8010 the gold standard of professional juice extractors. High-quality materials guarantees durability and the attention to details minimize its maintenance.
The micro-mesh filter combines with a titanium reinforced blade ensuring up to 50 % more juice extraction than other machines. While the motor is very powerful and handles the hardest fruits effortlessly, it is also very quiet.
The motor speed may be set to 6500 or 13000 rpm. If the centre edge is exposed to higher loads, the Catler's smart chip automatically adjusts the rpm and output of the motor.
The Catler JE 8010 (Gastroback/Breville Commercial Juice Extractor) can be used for all kinds of fruits and vegetables. Like most centrifugals, it isn't designed to handle leafy greens or soft berries. It is simple to use, and the large feeding tube saves time by letting you juice entire apples and oranges.
The super-strong 1200-watt motor can handle just about anything. You can choose low-speed (6500 rpm) or high speed (13000 rpm) to get the best results depending on the produce. which is used for different types of fruits or vegetables. The heavy stainless steel construction ensures that this juicer can stand up to the rigors of commercial use. Finally it is fast and easy to clean, as it is simple to disassemble.


I don't think so. All Microsoft stuff (Office, Windows, File Explorer, Edge, Internet Explorer) open the way you left them last. If you set Full Screen when you use an app, it should stay that way.
I am sure that for everyone who uses Full Screen, there is another individual that does not. I keep looking for an app that Prevents Full Screen.
I open it full screen but it does not stay that way next time I open it Honest!
Which application? The ones I mentioned behave properly without any special action.
"Create a shortcut to the folder or file and change this"
is there any other method? that seems to be a lot of work.
I am not sure what is wrong with your system. All my Microsoft stuff opens Full Screen or Windowed the way I left it.
Uninstall Office, then run SFC /SCANNOW in an admin command prompt, restart and reinstall Office.
Try this: Make a new, test Windows User Profile (Account). Log into the new Windows Account and test.
any one that can answer my question?
still waiting for the experts to help answer my question.
it does not mention compatible with windows 10??


Facility HoursPlease inquire with your reservation agent...................................Location1 km west of the Main Inn on the west side of the road A relatively new addition to the Ste. Anne's Spa experience is Ste. Anne's Stables. It is home a number of domestic horses and Black Angus cattle. As a guest of Ste. Anne's Spa, we encourage you to enjoy the farm facility in whichever way best suits you; you can use your spa & wellness allowance towards Morning Muck or Grooming Time.


This family recognized good news when they heard it. They eagerly prayed to confess belief in Jesus, ask for forgiveness of sin, and invite Jesus to be their Lord and Savior. Their faces lit up with what I call the Holy Spirit Glow. They hugged each other and me.
"Of course," I said. I gave her a brief course on leading someone to Jesus. "Here is a Spanish tract. Walk him through it and have him pray this prayer." She took the bracelet and ran across the street to her husband. I watched as she pointed to the colors and looked at the tract. In bare minutes, he bowed his head and prayed.
I gave her three Spanish tracts and three additional Liberty Bracelets. Good news travels fast!


Deirdre Ashe, sponsors, and Kathleen Woods, President of the Camogie Association, present Galway's Sarah Dervan with her Liberty Insurance All-Stars award in the Citywest Hotel, Dublin on Saturday night.
DEPARTING Kenny Park last Sunday after two riveting senior hurling semi-finals, the over-riding emotion was sympathy for the gallant players of Cappataggle. For the second year running, they have now fallen at the penultimate stage of the championship by the narrowest of heartbreaking margins.
The Cappataggle camp will be understandably aggrieved that they weren't awarded a free from their last assault on the Liam Mellows posts in a frantic finish which saw the champions admirably hold their nerve, with Tadhg Haran emerging as the hero of the hour with a terrific matchwinner from out the field.
There were a couple of periods during the game when Mellows threatened to pull away, but Cappataggle would simply not surrender. Armed with a huge spirit, they chased lost causes, threw themselves into tackles and inspired by a terrific display from corner forward Jarlath Mannion, had the title holders on the rack near the end.
Despite losing the long-serving Damien Joyce to injury before the break and James Skehill's powerfully hit penalty thwarted by a fine save from his Mellows' opposite number, Kenneth Walsh, Cappataggle's resolve never faltered. James Garvey and Paul Claffey were strong influences in the heart of the defence while the likes of James Egan typified their work-rate.
The introduction of Darragh Dolan also gave them huge impetus as he rattled over three points as Mellows were repeatedly exposed down their left flank. With Mannion also firing over some great scores, it left Cappataggle standing on the brink of a famous breakthrough – a first senior hurling final appearance.
They were 18 points to 17 behind in the 57th minute, but Cappataggle threw everything at the title holders in the subsequent action. They virtually laid siege on the Mellows danger area and two points from Dolan had pushed them in front heading into the dying embers of a mighty contest. It ought to have been better – Skehill and Dan Nevin drove long-range frees wide, while substitute Michael Garvey spurned a decent opportunity after an opposition puck-out went astray.


The official Sony blog posted a video for a new PSN game coming to both the PS3 and Vita, Snapshot. The game follows a robot with a hi-tech camera which allows it to-- you know what? Just take a look at this debut trailer for the game. It will show off what the game is about much more easily than I could explain.
Join SuperPhillip Central's E3 2012 Coverage!


AirCommand I recently added itself to the long list of airshow professionals donating their skills and expertise to the Cecil Field Airshow. The event, to be held April 18th and 19th in Jacksonville, FL is in support of the Alan Henley Foundation — a charitable organization whose sole purpose is to benefit Alan's treatment and his family. Alan Henley is lead pilot for the AeroShell Team. Tragically, he was paralyzed from the chest down while playing with his children at home in July, 2008. AirCommand I will be stationed at show center, serving as show control for the event. More information about this event is available at http://www.cecilfield.aero/index.html.
Read Updates on Alan Henley Here.
The First Annual Branson Air Show will set the stage for the grand opening of the Branson Airport on May 8-10, 2009. As the first privately financed and operated commercial airport in the United States, Branson will kick off it's grand opening by featuring performers such as the USAF Thunderbirds, US Army Golden Knights, Aeroshell Aerobatic Team, Patty Wagstaff, John Klatt — Air National Guard and many more. AirCommand I will serve as show control, housing the airboss, narrators and other operations personnel for the event. For more information on this event go to Bransonairshow.com.
And the airshow at CFB Trenton looks like a go July 4-5, 2009, based on a Canadian Forces web site.
The administration has also formed emergency flying squads to monitor the situation outside the premises of the aero show. Emergency static squads have been established at five strategic points, outside the periphery of the air show.
If you weren't in Sebring last weekend for the Sport Aviation Expo you missed out! It had a dizzying array of LSA models from powered parachutes to the next generation of GA training aircraft to luxury cross country machines. Read on for a preview of some of the articles you can look forward to seeing over the next couple days.
Mr. Bloch joined the Army Air Corps shortly after the United States entered World War II. Serving in the Eighth Air Force as a navigator on B-17 bombers, he flew 31 combat missions over Germany, three of them over Berlin.
After 47 years of service without a single hit, a with the 386th Expeditionary Operations Group here has flown its last combat mission and will be retired to the 309th Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Ariz.
Airmen in the 386th EOG and 386th Expeditionary Aircraft Maintenance Squadron celebrated the retirement of aircraft no. 1847 by dousing the aircraft with a deluge of water from two fire trucks as it taxied in from its final mission.
PHOENIX — The future of Luke Air Force Base is on trial in Maricopa County Superior Court.
The Kentucky Space blog points to a program at the AeroPac Rocket Club that provides mini-grants of $2500 to support student payloads on the organization's ARLISS (A Rocket Launch for International Student Satellites) sounding rockets.
Join award-winning author Mr. William H. Bartsch as he discusses his latest book, "Every Day a Nightmare: American Pursuit Pilots in the Defense of Java, 1941-42," on Thursday, Feb. 26. at 7: 30 p.m. in the museum's Carney Auditorium. A native of Washington, D.C., Bartsch is also the author of two books on air operations in the Philippine campaign of 1941-42, "Doomed at the Start" and "December 8, 1941: MacArthur's Pearl Harbor," and has written numerous articles that were published in Air Power History, The Journal of Military History, The Marine Corps Gazette, and After the Battle. Click here to learn more about this event.
Join the U.S. Air Force Band of Flight for an evening of music as it presents the "Hearts, Heritage and Heroes" concert on Feb. 7 at 7:30 p.m. at the National Museum of the U.S. Air Force. This annual concert showcases various musical selections to celebrate Valentine's Day, Presidents Day and Black History Month. Selections will include favorites such as "America the Beautiful" and "My Funny Valentine." Click here to learn more about this event.
The museum's popular monthly Family Day is scheduled for Saturday, Feb. 21 from 10 a.m. - 3 p.m. Fly away the winter blues with some Arts and AirCraft this month by building a glider created from an egg carton. Visitors can also participate in aviation-related demonstration stations, storytime and an Aerospace Adventure. Activities are located throughout the museum's galleries. Click here for more Family Day information.
A new dynamic exhibit titled "Warrior Airmen," which presents the essential role of Air Force people in Operations ENDURING FREEDOM and IRAQI FREEDOM, recently opened at the National Museum of the U.S. Air Force. The exhibit, which is located in the museum's Cold War Gallery, includes more than 400 artifacts, three dioramas with fully dressed and equipped mannequins, a robot investigating an improvised explosive device, an audiovisual presentation on a 15-foot wide screen and compelling first-hand accounts. Click here to learn more about the "Warrior Airmen" exhibit.
For ticket prices and to confirm show times, visit www.afmuseum.com.
Some of the air show industry's largest warbird aircraft would be dramatically impacted by a new "Large Aircraft Security Program" that has been proposed by the Transportation Security Administration. The deadline for public comments on this proposal is February 27, 2009. ICAS encourages all of its members to familiarize themselves with the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) and make comments prior to the February 27 deadline. Aircraft impacted by this proposed rule would include DC3s, B-17s, B-25s, Skyraiders, some Korean War-era jet fighters, and any other aircraft with a take-off weight greater than 12,500 pounds.
Operators would be required to provide criminal-history-record checks, including the fingerprinting of all flight crews. The names of all passengers would be checked against the government's "No-Fly" list for every flight. Additional screening, similar to that at commercial airports, would be required of all passengers prior to boarding the aircraft, even for a media flight or incentive ride. Administrative and costly third-party security audits would also be required of every aircraft operator.
http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/component/main?main=DocketDetail&d=TSA-2008-0021. To add a comment, click on the top yellow balloon "Add Comments." Fill in your personal information (optional), and type your comments in the "Comments" box or attach a separate document containing your comments. When you are finished, click the "Next Step" button at the bottom of the page. When you are satisfied with your comments, click the "Submit" button at the bottom of the page.
You can also send your comments in via standard mail. Send them directly to Docket Management Facility, U.S. Department of Transportation, 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE, West Building, Ground Floor, Room W12-140, Washington, DC 20590-0001.
Or you can also fax your comments to the Docket Management Facility at (202) 493-2251.
The three geographically based regions of ICAS are planning their midwinter meetings and cordially invite you to participate.
The Northwest Council of Air Shows (NWCAS) Conference will be held February 13 and 14 at the Seattle Airport Marriott Hotel near Seattle-Tacoma International Airport. Details on the schedule and registration options can be found on the NWCAS website at www.nwcas.org.
The Northeast Council of Air Shows (NECAS) will hold its big event on February 20, 21 and 22 at the Clarion Riverside Hotel in Rochester, New York. For more details on the program and registration information, visit the NECAS website at www.necas.org.
The annual conference of the Southwest Air Show Networking region will be held at the Hiller Aviation Museum in San Carlos, California on February 27 and 28. Details on the program can be found at www.swansafety.com.
The United States Marine Corps recently announced the performance schedule for the AV-8B Harrier demonstration. Shows included on the 2009 schedule are MCAS Yuma Open House and Air Show in Yuma, Arizona on March 14; MCAS Cherry Point Air Show in Cherry Point, North Carolina on May 15-17; OC Air Show in Ocean City, Maryland on June 13-14; Quad City Air Show in Davenport, Iowa on June 20-21; the Greater Binghamton Air Show in Johnson City, New York on July 4-5; the Tacoma Freedom Fair Air Show in Tacoma, Washington on July 3-5; the Prairie Air Show in Peoria, Illinois on July 10-12; the KC Aviation Expo in Kansas City, Missouri on August 22-23; the Cleveland National Air Show on September 5-7; MCAS Miramar Air Show in San Diego, California on October 2-4; the Great Georgia Air Show in Peach Tree City, Georgia on October 10-11; the St. Petersburg Airfest in St. Petersburg, Florida on October 23-25; and the Wings over Houston Show on October 31 and November 1.
The MV-22 Osprey will appear on static display at the following events: the Joint Services Open House at Andrews Air Force Base in Maryland on May 15-17; the Indianapolis Air Show in Greenfield, Indiana on June 5-7; and the Fort Worth Alliance Air Show in Forth Worth, Texas on October 24-25.
The opening general session at the 2008 ICAS Convention was widely hailed as the strongest ICAS keynote presentation of the last 20 years. With the help of moderator Miles O'Brien, Major General Bill Anders, USAF (retired) and Colonel Frank Borman, USAF (retired) captivated the audience of ICAS Convention delegates with an entertaining, behind-the-scenes look at their Apollo 8 mission to the moon in December of 1968.
At the convention and in the six weeks since, ICAS received many requests for a DVD recording of that session. ICAS now has a limited supply of DVDs that documents the entire Borman/Anders presentation. To get your copy, send a check for $10 to Opening Session DVD, ICAS, 750 Miller Drive, Suite F-3, Leesburg, Virginia 20175. Or send your credit card information (Visa, Master Card, American Express) with your street address to icas@airshows.org.
With so many different functions and so much information, the new ICAS website (www.airshows.aero) has a lot of nooks and crannies for you to explore, but we'd like to direct your attention to one specific feature that requires your active involvement to live up to its considerable potential as an information resource for all of our members.
In the orange navigation bar at the top of the new home page, there's a button entitled, "Member Forum." Click on it and you'll be transported to a "members only" message board that provides all of our ICAS members with a simple, but effective vehicle for communicating with one another on issues of common concern. Only members can get access to these discussion boards when they log in and that means that you can talk about the business of air shows without fear of spectators or the press seeing what you've written.
We've not publicized the existence of these message boards, so there hasn't been much activity thus far, but it's our expectation that – over time – the Member Forum will become a virtual community that provides many of the same opportunities for member discussion that ICAS members could previously only get at the annual ICAS Convention.
If you don't see a topic that sparks your interest or addresses your specific interest, create a new thread. The software is both very flexible and very intuitive. So, log on and help us get the conversations started.
The staff and leadership of the Vectren Dayton Air Show have agreed to host the 2009 ICAS Academy, to be held on July 16, 17 and 18 in Dayton, Ohio. The management team that will host the 2009 ICAS Academy in Dayton is the same group that helped organize and conduct the first ICAS Academy in July of 2000 in conjunction with the Muskegon Air Fair in Muskegon, Michigan.
As simple as it is effective, the ICAS Academy singles out one air show each year to provide event organizers with a unique opportunity to get a behind-the-curtain look at how an air show is organized, managed and conducted. Participants receive hundreds of pages of important planning documents. Although it is a huge undertaking for the host event, the ICAS members who have participated have found it to be perhaps the single most effective training program that ICAS offers.
Participants arrive on Thursday, spend all day Friday talking with air show organizers, touring the ramp and getting an up-close look at how the show organizes and conducts their event. During the lecture portion of the program, directors with specific expertise about different aspects of the show provide briefings, followed by the opportunity for questions and discussion. On Saturday, Academy participants watch the show from the VIP chalet. This year, Dayton will host the Thunderbirds, the Brazilian Air Force military demonstration squadron, Golden Knights, Sean Tucker, Patty Wagstaff, Tora Tora Tora, and the C-17 demonstration.
The fee to participate in this unique educational program is $265 per individual. The program always sells out and it appears that this year's Academy will be no different. To learn more about the 2009 ICAS Academy and register for the program, contact ICAS headquarters at icas@airshows.org or by phone at 703-779-8510.
In July of 2008, air show performer Alan Henley suffered a serious spinal injury in a household accident in his Birmingham, Alabama home. The accident left Henley paralyzed with a mountain of expenses that are not covered by his family's health insurance. To help defray some of those staggering expenses, Alan's air show friends and colleagues have scheduled a benefit air show for April 18 and 19 at Cecil Field, just outside of Jacksonville, Florida.
Thus far, the event organizers have confirmed the participation of the Aeroshell Aerobatic Team, Steve and Suzanne Oliver, Manfred Radius, Gene Soucy and Teresa Stokes, Matt Younkin, Sean Tucker, Patty Wagstaff, John Mohr, Greg Koontz, Gary Ward, Fred Cabanas, Iron Eagles, Red Thunder, Fowler Cary, Greg Poe, Carol Pilon, Gary Rower, Kent Pietsch, Jim Peitz, Jacquie Warda, Corky Fornof, Red Eagles, E-Team Skydivers, Chuck Vincent, Lee Lauderback, Dale Snodgrass, and Jim "Fang" Maroney.
For more information on the show, visit www.cecilfield.aero.
The Cirrus Design Corporation recently renewed its sponsor relationship with ICAS member and air show performer Patty Wagstaff for the 2009 air show season. An active, visible and passionate advocate for general aviation, Wagstaff flies an Extra 300 in air shows and flies a Cirrus SR22 to manage her extensive travel schedule.
(C) International Council of Air Shows, Inc.
US Airways pilot Chesley "Sully" Sullenberger and the crew from Flight 1549 will be honored by the NFL before the Super Bowl.
Terrafugia Readies For Flight Tests The stories are legion... the 'roadable plane' the vehicle that would cross over a number of barriers to offer the ultimate in transportation versatility. And that's just some talented engineers from MIT are working on... the 21st century version of the 1960s "Aero Car."
Hawker Restorations chief pilot Stu Goldspink took over the controls for the maiden flight. He taxied out on a sunny still afternoon to position G-HHII onto the northern ORP on runway 20 at Weald. After normal engine runs, he lined up and at 13.59 our Hurri Bomber took to the Essex skies once more and a full 63 years since serial number 5403 last flew and a sight not observed for some 67 years at North Weald aerodrome.
The Air Force Thunderbirds will do a pregame fly-over and a Special Operations Command color guard will present the flag for the national anthem.
'Look but don't touch' is usually the mantra of museums… but not at the Air Zoo. During the month of February, visitors will be able to experience a different view of aircraft… from the cockpit.
Earlier today Aviation Week & Space Technology's Guy Norris posted the sad news that Paulo Emanuele, general manager of Airliners.net, died in the crash of his two-seat SIAI-Marchetti SF-260 while attempting takeoff. At the time of this posting, the identity of the second passenger has not been released. I'd be remiss if I didn't point out that in a business meeting in New York today, I learned that some of my colleagues interacted with Emanuele when we were arranging our recently launched affilation with Emanuele's site, where we've started porting some of the news shown here at AviationWeek.com. Airliners.net currently has a beautiful tribute page up in his honor and by every account, there and here, he was a delightful man who lived well. Sympathy to his loved ones, and prayers for him.
Paulo Emanuele, head of popular aviation enthusiasts website, Airliners.net, died yesterday after his aircraft crashed on the runway of Santa Monica Airport.
Leon Kumor and Larry and Susan Walters spent several days in September participating in the National Championship Air Races near Reno, Nev.
They joined crew members of the Jim Good Air Race team in keeping the "Wyoming Wildcatter #77," a WWII Navy SNJ-5, ready for racing in the T-6 class. The airplane and pilot/owner, Jim Good, are based in Casper, Wyo.
In 1930s Russian army was … by the idea of creating huge planes... Still on the photo below you can see one of such planes - a heavy bomber K-7.
The best 13 Airmen were selected from 77 bluesuiters gathered for the Air Force Worldwide Talent Search Jan. 11 through 19 at Lackland Air Force Base, Texas.


With a tough year ahead, grocers are sticking to low-price strategies but it will take more than that to keep hold of shoppers' loyalty.
Horse meat isn't the only issue that has made the start of 2013 difficult for the grocers. Even before the news hit, supermarkets were facing rising food prices and a tight spending environment, and the year was panning out to be a close fought battle.
Consumers tightened their grocery belts over Christmas, carefully buying only what they needed, and discounters such as Aldi and Lidl continued to edge market share away from the big four.
With no obvious economic boost on the horizon, what's the solution for the beleaguered grocery sector? For many, it appears to be 'pile it high and sell it cheap'. One only needs to look as far as Tesco's six-point plan to return its UK business to growth - investment in pricing and promotions was high on the agenda.
The grocery giant felt it had lost the price crown to rivals and aimed to change that. Post-Christmas figures showed the strategy is already paying off, and analysts noted that promotions and discounts, particularly couponing, helped the market leader to gain much needed impetus.
Turnaround plans are working so far for Tesco, and its grocery counterparts aren't holding back either. But is a high reliance on promotional activity a good idea in the long-term?
Promotions are often viewed as a tactic for short-term gain for retailers, but shoppers are becoming increasingly accustomed to bagging deals from a market awash with low-price competition.
There's Sainsbury's Brand Match and Asda's Price Guarantee, a vast number of buy-one-get-one-free offers, multi-buy offers and seasonal deals - it can be difficult to see who, if anyone, is truly benefiting from a highly promotional grocery market.
"I think it is inevitable that we'll see much more price and promotion this year, and it is in no retailer's interest," says Neil Saunders, managing director of analyst Conlumino.
"It will erode margins that are already under pressure. It will help to ease the impact of price inflation for consumers but they will have to be savvy.
It is the branded suppliers, in the main, that are bearing the brunt, observes Roberts. Some categories such as margarine and shower gel are almost constantly on promotion, causing unstable swings in suppliers' market share and discouraging category innovation, according to Roberts. "Promotions are funded by the suppliers and they are getting cheesed off by the retailers' reliance on them. It isn't sustainable and they are encouraging retailers to look at other mechanics," says Roberts.
Several factors have resulted in a recent shift towards a more 'intelligent', targeted approach to promotions. Pleas from suppliers have played a role, as have the recent guidelines on tackling misleading promotional activity outlined by the Office of Fair Trading, which were agreed to in November by all the big grocers except Asda. There is also an element of growing consumer scepticism about deals.
"There is evidence of a more intelligent approach to pricing and promotions, although proof of good practice is patchy," says Howard Langer, head of pricing and promotions at ITIM Retail. So far, he maintains, this is coming through in straightforward pricing with round numbers being used more - so a £2 price tag will increasingly replace the £1.99 tag shoppers have become accustomed to.
Morrisons and Sainsbury's have also been working on making their pricing more transparent by clarifying unit prices, which makes it easier for consumers to compare retailers' prices and get better value. Working with consumer watchdog Which?, at present Sainsbury's is piloting clear unit pricing, which involves providing price per litre or per kilo in stores and online, making comparisons easier. Morrisons will roll out the same approach by the end of the year.
Ultimately, says Roberts, customers want simplicity when it comes to shopping and that is why German discounter Aldi's Everyday Low Price strategy is proving popular with UK consumers.
The supermarket claims that it grew its AB shoppers by 18% over Christmas and, according to Nielsen data in January, it now accounts for 5% of the UK market.
As the big UK supermarkets continue to operate in a highly competitive market, promotional activity will remain the weapon of choice in 2013. But offering value to consumers means more than just offering the lowest price, making it wise to consider shifting the marketing focus to other aspects of a retailer's offer.
Tesco has also learnt that if the quality of stores begins to decline, so do profits, says Roberts. "It is persisting with price and it is a driver," he acknowledges. "But Tesco proves that service and quality are just as important." For this reason, he believes, Morrisons' present ad campaign focuses on product quality and provenance, while Asda is promoting improving quality alongside its roll backs.
It will take a brave retailer to break rank and be the first to step away from promotions, admits Roberts, and no one is expecting that to happen any time soon. However, consumers are becoming choosier about which business gets their hard-earned cash - with low prices across the board almost guaranteed, convenience, service and choice will become ever more important.


Up for your perusal is this nice fingernail, toenail clippers and file set with black carrying case. I bought these for myself. However, they are nice enough to give away. Both of the clippers have a slightly raised texture on the base, for a firmer grip.
The entire set is black. Good for man, woman or child. Don't use these for cats and dogs though. They have their own clippers, which are better suited for the anatomical needs.
You can't beat it for the buck.


text:
Janice Lukes Eyes Review for Sidewalk & Bike Lane Snow Removal
As crews near the end of a citywide plow operation following last week's dump of snow, one Winnipeg councillor believes the time is right to examine how service can be improved for those on foot and two-wheels.
Janice Lukes is inviting locals to give feedback on her website about the city's clearing of sidewalks and bike routes, which make up the city's active transportation network.
"Changing a policy is not easy, but if it's for the betterment of mobility in our city then that's what we must do," she said Monday.
"We can't hibernate in the winter. We need to be active. The money it saves us on healthcare alone is significant."
Lukes says although the city's policies around active transportation have evolved, there's been a dramatic increase in peoples' desire to walk and bike year-round.
That's why she questions how conducive current snow removal standards are to active transportation during winter.
For example, she points to the fact clearing of sidewalks and bike routes are tied to the priority level of adjacent streets.
Is that correct? In some cases, absolutely. In others, not so," she said.
Mark Cohoe, chair of advocacy group Bike Winnipeg, calls the policy car-centric and says it results in a "hit or miss" clearing of bike paths and unpredictability for cyclists.
"Those (priority) routes aren't necessarily the routes that people are taking by bike," he said Monday.
Having a periodic review of the city's snow clearing policies as they relate to accessibility is critical, says Allen Mankewich, spokesperson for the Manitoba League of Persons with Disabilities.
"In order to enjoy all aspects of the community as everyone else does, we need to be able to get around," he said.
"A lot of people tend to not go out as much in the winter if they do have mobility issues."
Lukes said the feedback collected would be discussed during a series of upcoming sessions, brought to experts, and the city's active transportation advisory committee.
"It's time for a new look," she said.
"Do we up the budget? Do we reallocate what's in the budget we have?"
Winnipeg Metro
By: Stephanie Taylor Metro Published on Mon Dec 21 2015
Twitter link: https://janicelukes.ca/?p=4264


text:
Biotechnology - Micro-/Nanotechnology
Determining Drug Transport across the Placental Barrier
By Jenna Flogeras
Organ-on-a-chip technology allows for the study of caffeine transport across the placenta to the fetus during pregnancy.
Many of us routinely rely on natural caffeine sources—coffee, tea, and cocoa—to start and propel us through the day. Food and beverages containing synthetic caffeine are popular alternatives, especially in the form of sugary energy drinks. A less conspicuous source of the stimulant is prescription and over-the-counter drugs, which sometimes contain caffeine as an adjuvant to enhance the medication's effectiveness. As such, caffeine is widely consumed by the general population, including by pregnant women.
Because pregnant women metabolize caffeine more slowly than non-pregnant women, how caffeine consumption affects the fetus is a cause for concern. Fetuses lack the primary enzyme in the liver for caffeine metabolization, so the amount of caffeine transported across the placental barrier depends on the metabolization capability of the mother. This fact has led health authorities, including the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), to develop recommendations restricting caffeine intake during pregnancy, but the potential effects of maternal caffeine intake on the fetus, either before and after birth, have so far been undetermined.
To investigate this global health issue, Prof. Nicole N. Hashemi from Iowa State University and her colleagues have developed a drug testing platform to study caffeine transport across the placental barrier in vitro. Previous studies have addressed this problem using in vivo or ex vivo research methods, yielding inconsistent results and demonstrating other drawbacks, such as ethical constraints and failure to replicate the entire physiological structure of the placenta, which differs from that of other mammals.
Using organ-on-a-chip technology to replicate the placenta is a difficult task because the organ's existence is temporary, developing only during pregnancy and changing its structure and functionality over the course of the gestational period.
Hashemi and her colleagues have developed a placenta-on-a-chip system to accurately represent the maternal interface and the fetal interface in a human placenta. The design allows for co-culturing of endothelial and trophoblast cells in the microchip, which are the two most prominent cell lines in the human placental barrier. The microfluidic device develops confluent layers of endothelial and trophoblast cells, placental hormones, and other microphysiological properties.
Although several challenges must be overcome to further develop the model, this study acts as a proof of concept to verify that caffeine is transported across the placenta in vitro, warranting further studies that perfuse different caffeine concentrations across the placental barrier. Their model also provides a platform for examining the safety of drugs administered to pregnant women.
"Now that we have this model developed, we can use it to study the effects of different levels of caffeine and other drugs consumed by a mother on a fetus and its underdeveloped organs," states Rajeendra Pemathilaka, a doctoral student in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Iowa State University and first author of the publication.


Items where Subject is "Production, Industrial Economics > Other Extractive Industries"
Mahfud, Najib (2013) Pengaruh likuiditas dan efisiensi operasional terhadap profitabilitas pada PT. Permata Bank Tbk periode 2003-2012. Diploma thesis, UIN SUNAN GUNUNG DJATI.
This list was generated on Fri Apr 19 07:20:31 2019 WIB.


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Since its inception, a commitment to ethical production, sustainability, and community empowerment have been crucial parts of the brand's ethos.


text:
Home News & Analysis Haringey Council commits £20m to Pantheon's latest secondaries fund
Haringey Council commits £20m to Pantheon's latest secondaries fund
Pantheon Global Secondary Fund V is targeting $2.5bn and has been deployed across 11 deals.
Chelsea Stevenson
The Haringey Council has approved a £20 million ($30 million; €27 million) commitment to Pantheon Global Secondary Fund V, according to documents from its March board meeting.
Pantheon Global Secondary Fund V is in market with a $2.5 billion target. It had collected $1.1 billion as of January. Other limited partners include the Ventura County Employees Retirement Association, which committed $50 million.
Fund V has been deployed across 11 deals as of 7 January. The deals give the fund significant exposure to younger-vintage private equity funds – about 43 percent of the investments are from 2009 to 2011-vintage years and an additional 40 percent are from 2011 onward.
The Haringey Council is the local pension scheme for the London Borough of Haringey. The pension allocates 3.8 percent of its total investments to private equity, as of October 2014, according to PEI's Research and Analytics division. It has £961.7 million of assets under management.


GREAT BUY TO LET INVESTMENT OR HOME BY THE SEA - This second floor flat is situated directly on St Leonards promenade, with the beach, an array of shops, galleries, cafes and restaurants on your doorstep. Boasting an open plan living space, one double bedroom and bathroom, the flat is accessed from Undercliff at the rear of Marine Court. The desirable seafront location, with local amenities, bus routes and Warrior Square station with direct routes to London all within walking distance, means this property wouldn't just make a brilliant investment. It would also make a great first purchase or second home by the seaside.


text:
package com.animbus.music.tasks;

import android.content.Context;
import android.database.ContentObserver;
import android.database.Cursor;
import android.net.Uri;
import android.os.Handler;
import android.provider.MediaStore;
import android.support.annotation.NonNull;
import android.util.Log;

import com.animbus.music.media.Library;
import com.animbus.music.media.objects.Album;

public class AlbumsTask extends Loader<Album> {

    public AlbumsTask(Context context, Object... params) {
        super(context, params);
    }

    @Override
    protected Album buildObject(@NonNull Cursor cursor) {
        Album album = new Album();
        album.setID(cursor.getLong(cursor.getColumnIndex(MediaStore.Audio.Albums._ID)));
        album.setTitle(cursor.getString(cursor.getColumnIndex(MediaStore.Audio.Albums.ALBUM)));
        album.setAlbumArtistName(cursor.getString(cursor.getColumnIndex(MediaStore.Audio.Albums.ARTIST)));
        album.setAlbumArtPath(cursor.getString(cursor.getColumnIndex(MediaStore.Audio.Albums.ALBUM_ART)));
        Log.i("AlbumsTask", "Loaded ID " + album.getID());
        return album;
    }

    @Override
    protected Uri getUri() {
        return MediaStore.Audio.Albums.EXTERNAL_CONTENT_URI;
    }

    @Override
    protected String getSortOrder() {
        return MediaStore.Audio.Albums.DEFAULT_SORT_ORDER;
    }

    @Override
    protected ContentObserver getObserver() {
        return new ContentObserver(new Handler()) {
            @Override
            public void onChange(boolean selfChange) {
                super.onChange(selfChange);
                update(Library.getAlbums());
            }
        };
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: rails button_to :disabled => true still displays the button I would like to display a button but in a disabled state,to show the user that they already saved an item.
I currently used something like:
<%= button_to 'Save', :disabled => item.is_saved? %>

The generated html looks like:
<form class="button-to" action="/results/save_item/748?class=buttons&disabled=true" method="post">

<div><input type="submit" value="Save">
<input type="hidden" value="+TKyrnA9idfmCkwDycLjHIkSLNou6NMt8R4TI73RezU=" name="authenticity_token">
</div>
</form>

This disables the action by setting the disabled=true option.
However, the button is still displayed.
Is there a way to show the button in a disabled state if the condition is true?
thanks

A: <% if item.is_saved? %>
  <%= button_to 'Save' %>
<% end %>

A: You have to specify URL first or let it empty. In your case :disabled is a param[:disabled].
<%= button_to 'Save', {}, :disabled => item.is_saved? %>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange