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Velammal Hospital - Paediatrics
Paediatrics is a branch of medicine that deals with the care of children and adolescents.
Department of Paediatrics was started in Dec 2011 with one unit consisting of 20 beds and over 7 years it has grown to the present status of 90 beds with 3 units of 30 beds each.
The faculty in our department are 3 Professors, 1 Associate professor, 6 Assistant Professors, 7 Senior Residents, 11 Junior Residents.
Dr. G. Mathevan MD., DCH
HOD, Paediatrics
Details of the Department / Way of Treatments done in the department:
Our department has 3 paediatric units, NICU and PICU. Each unit is headed by a professor and consists of one associate professor, two assistant professor, one senior resident and intern doctors as per the MCI requirements.
The department has NICU with 16 beds and PICU with 10 beds each headed by a professor and assisted by assistant professor and junior resident.
The outpatient department has 4 examination rooms, a seminar room / demonstration room, immunization room and specialty clinic room.
The patients are admitted to the ward by admitting units. Sick patients are admitted to PICU and NICU. One assistant professor, Junior resident and intern doctor of that particular unit are on duty for 24 hours. Patients are seen and evaluated at outpatient from 8:00AM to 4:00 PM. After 4:00 PM till 8:00 AM, the patients are received at emergency department and attended by paediatrician and junior resident on duty. The associate professors and professors are readily available for consultation/personal attendance wherever required.
The department provides facilities of consultation for all paediatric patients who are examined, investigated and treated on out-patient basis. The needed patients are admitted to the ward/PICU as required. The patients are admitted to the special wards also. In general wards, there are no bed charges. Patients are required to procure the necessary drugs. The food (2 meals and breakfast) is provided free of cost. Some common drugs are provided free of cost from the pharmacy of the hospital.
Lab investigations, CT scans, MRIs, echocardiography, etc are charged at reasonable and subsidized rates.
As per the National Immunisation schedule, all Immunization are carried out free of cost on all Wednesdays between 9:00 AM and 3:00 PM. Approximately 35 – 40 babies are immunized every week.
The department also runs various specialty clinics by the faculty in the department OPD between 9 AM to 1PM.
Department consists of highly experienced and qualified faculty members. All the other specialty and super specialty consultations including physiotherapy, rehabilitation and speech therapy are available under one roof. The institution has very sophisticated back up laboratory services, radio diagnosis including CT scan and MRI.
The undergraduate teaching and guidance is excellent and the results over the years have been very good.
Automated Refractometer.
Our neonatology department has a well equipped NICU with warmers, ventilators (including HFOV) , CPAP, phototherapy, pulse oximeters, multipara monitors and incubator. Our NICU is divided as 8 bedded level III unit and 8 bedded level II unit.
We are doing surgeries of all neonatal and paediatric surgical cases, comprehensive post operative care is given to all operated neonatal and paediatric surgical cases. 24 hour laboratory and blood bank facilities are available in our medical college hospital.
The Department of Paediatrics offers comprehensive primary well-child and ill-child care as well as consultation. The division provides medical care for children, including newborns in both inpatient and outpatient settings, including: Immunization clinic, Well baby clinic (Growth monitoring and development), Allergy and asthma clinic, Endocrinology and obesity, Hematology, and Nephrology, and child guidance clinic.
We have dedicated ENT and Medical Gastroenterology team for removal of foreign body. We have paediatric endoscopes and removed many foreign bodies from both respiratory & GI treat successfully.
A multidisciplinary team of general paediatricians, neonatologist, paediatric surgeon, subspecialty consultants, paediatric nurses, nutritionists and social workers also provide general paediatric care and coordination of subspecialty services to children with special needs due to chronic illnesses and multiple handicaps.
Major Surgery / Patients treated so far:
Patients with severe pneumonia, septic shock, envenomations, cardiac arrhythmias, renal failure, seizure disorders, meningitis, dengue shock syndrome and inborn errors of metabolism have been treated successfully.
Patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, oesophageal atresia, anorectal malformation, coarctation of aorta, intestinal obstruction have been operated and discharged successfully.
Our paediatrics department have a very good expert team of doctors.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Sarm Heslop: Concern grows for British woman who vanished from her boyfriend's boat
Sarm Heslop had been staying on her boyfriend's catamaran when she disappeared in the middle of the night earlier this month.
By Becky Cotterill, home news correspondent
Thursday 18 March 2021 23:04, UK
Image: Ms Heslop had moved to the Caribbean to pursue her dream of becoming a chef
Friends of a British woman who disappeared from a boat in the Caribbean are desperate for news of her whereabouts.
Sarm Heslop, from Southampton, was last seen on 7 March when she was aboard her American boyfriend's catamaran in the US Virgin Islands.
The 41-year-old and her partner Ryan Bane had gone out for dinner earlier that evening before returning to the boat, anchored off Frank Bay in St John.
But in the early hours of the morning, Mr Bane says he woke up to find she had vanished.
Image: Friends are growing increasingly worried for Ms Heslop's safety
Police divers have been searching local waters for any sign of Ms Heslop, but so far with no luck - and her friends are now growing increasingly worried for her safety.
"It's completely out of character," said Andrew Baldwin, who is a long-time friend of Ms Heslop. "She would not leave her possessions just sat on the boat.
"She has friends locally in the Caribbean, she has friends in England; she would've reached out and asked for help if she needed it."
More from UK
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Ms Heslop is understood to have moved to the Caribbean for love and to follow her dream of becoming a chef on her boyfriend's boat.
Another friend, Flora Pickard, who met Ms Heslop through the the sailing community, said at first she thought her friend had gone out to celebrate.
She said: "At first, I didn't believe it, I was like she's probably gone out partying somewhere and we'll hear from her in a couple of days.
"But it's been over a week, reality is hitting and hitting hard. But no one is giving up."
Image: Sarm Heslop was last seen aboard her boyfriend's catamaran
According to Mr Bane's lawyer, his client had called the Virgin Islands Police Department (VIPD) at around 2.30am on 8 March, after he discovered his girlfriend was missing.
He added: "Mr Bane then immediately met members of the VIPD on shore in St John.
"He is devastated that Sarm is missing and is praying that she is found safe."


Select the Turbo Class of choice. Once the payment has gone through, you will be able to access the Turbo specific coaching information on this site when you log in.
The current cycle of turbo classes has now come to an end. New classes will be advertised for an autumn term start.


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Get the kids off the streets and clear the road!
Master Ian has his learner's permit and he's working on getting his twenty hours to qualify for the driver's test. No street will be safe for the next six months. Ian has a fine driving record behind the wheels of the yard tractor and ATV, so general opinion around Penguin Hall is that he will present less of a threat to the wheeling public than say, that retired couple down the block that has refused to acknowledge the presence of the recent stop sign in our neighborhood. Ian studied hard for the written portion of the test and passed with a solid 100%. There is no doubt that he will be as diligent or more, about the requirements of the driving portion. Mr. Hall was overheard to say, "Keep yer eyes on the road and the tank filled up. Remember, as long as the wing's not on fire and the cockpit's not full of smoke, everything will be fine." Sound advice.
You wanna go where everybody knows your name...
Slamming into the future, face backwards
"(Watch that you don't) Deck the Halls"!
Oh, look honey; it snowed...(again)
According to Andy "WarHall"
It's On!!!


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COVID-19 update, Monday, August 3
by Steve Hymon , August 3, 2020
Good morning. It's been a while since we've perused the headlines and looked at where things stand at Metro. I had some time off and have been busy with some other work. But with lots going on, I'll try to get these post up more often.
•Metro's current messaging is "we're here for you," which I think neatly sums up the current state of affairs of our region. With COVID-19 cases surging this summer, we're continuing to focus on providing essential trips that we know people need.
Metro is here for your essential trips during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. We continue to run modified service to help you travel when necessary and our top priority remains safety. https://t.co/CHEM7oyjqj pic.twitter.com/UcCsTQzBLZ
— LA Metro (@metrolosangeles) August 2, 2020
This pic sums up 2020 pretty well:
A post shared by LA Metro (@metrolosangeles)
•With feedback from riders and based on staff observations, Metro added more trips to several bus lines on July 27. Please see this post for more info.
•We know that ridership increased in June to an estimated average of about 518,000 on weekdays — still far below the almost 1.2 million average weekday boardings we had pre-pandemic. We'll have the July numbers fairly soon and they'll probably be similar or a bit lower than June due to the virus surge.
Now let's get to some notable transit news from recent times:
•The NY Times ran an article Sunday headlined "Is the Subway Risky? It May Be Safer Than You Think." Excerpt:
In countries where the pandemic has ebbed, ridership has rebounded in far greater numbers than in New York City — yet there have been no notable superspreader events linked to mass transit, according to a survey of transportation agencies conducted by The New York Times.
Those findings could be evidence that subways, commuter railways and buses may not be a significant source of transmission, as long as riders wear masks and train cars or buses never become as intensely crowded as they did in pre-pandemic rush hours.
If the risks of mass transit can be addressed, that could have sweeping implications for many large American cities, particularly New York, where one of the biggest challenges in a recovery will be coaxing riders back onto subways, buses and suburban trains — a vast system that is the backbone of the region's economy.
The article also cites studies that have been done in Paris, Austria and Tokyo that found no virus clusters tied to local transit systems.
That's the good news. But the article dedicates much space to experts who are skeptical to declare transit — or anything — safe from the virus. The article notes, correctly, that 131 transit workers in New York have died of COVID-19 and that officials in New York have not been able to determine whether the March and April surge there was tied to transit.
There are more than 600 reader comments and they, too, tilt toward skepticism over the article. Many readers say that while most riders in New York are wearing face coverings, enough are not that it's worrisome. Others worry about what happens if ridership in NY increases.
AlI think it's safe to say that the American transit industry is well aware of all concerns and we're trying to keep frontline staff as safe as possible, strengthen cleaning and air circulation and educate riders to the point that face coverings are worn by everyone. We know that many people still rely on transit for essential trips and we're trying our best to provide those in the same way other essential services — grocery stores, for example — are keeping their doors open and trying to offer as many mitigations as possible.
•In an article that appeared last week at Streetsblog LA, local transit experts Martin Wachs and Brian Taylor argue that transit agencies should plow the money they do have these days into bus and rail service rather than future projects. It's a matter of equity, they argue. Excerpt:
Elected officials may also argue for pushing ahead with planned rail and highway projects because construction creates jobs. But it takes years to get big new projects started, while funding expanded transit operations maintains and grows employment locally and almost immediately.
Wachs and Taylor note that transit riders and transit front-line workers tend to be people of color. These are certainly issues that will likely be in play in our region and around the country (and world) in the coming months.
•Nice article and video of essential workers in action in the LAT with the A (Blue) Line in South L.A. included.
•The New York MTA is facing a $16-billion deficit through 2024 due largely to the ongoing pandemic, an 80 percent drop in ridership and increased costs. Unless the federal government provides billions, cuts to service, projects and the workforce are likely, reports the NYT.
Of course, the New York MTA is by far the nation's largest transit agency but the fact is most agencies around the country, including LA Metro, are facing deficits of some order (ours is over $1 billion) because of the coronavirus. Congress is working on another stimulus
•Directly related from the person who oversees San Francisco Muni:
.@sfmta_muni eliminated half -40- of our lines@GoldenGateBus cut half its service to SF@SFBART facing $billion loss@Caltrain may end service completely
Finances worsen as we gut our reserves + CARES funds run out this fall
This is public transit's reality in America
— Jeffrey Tumlin 🏳🌈 (@jeffreytumlin) July 15, 2020
•Caltrain commuter rail service in the Bay Area — their equivalent of Metrolink — could be facing a shutdown in service if funds aren't found to operate the service. Officials in San Francisco declined last week to put a sales tax measure on the November ballot, meaning Caltrain needs to scramble for money to replace the loss of fares. The railroad has seen a 90 percent drop in ridership at times due to the pandemic and the loss of many white collar riders who may not come back due to telecommuting or the option of driving, reports the Mercury News.
•Speaking of commuting, at least some workers have the luxury to consider whether they really need to live in hot job markets when their commute is little more than between bed and laptop (and one can fit into the other), reports the Wall Street Journal.
That picks up on a theme I've seen elsewhere during the pandemic: the idea that people will flee the expensive big urban areas for parts of the country where housing and land are more affordable. My three cents: in the coming decades there will be a revival of many small farming towns and maybe even family farming or small towns.
In the West, we've seen some small towns that were once dependent on resource extraction turn into outdoor-minded destinations. Not quite the same thing as back-to-the-farm as these towns tend to be heavily reliant on second homes and tourism, meaning the locals tend to get priced out. But our region was already a stretch in terms of affordability for many people and the pandemic can be the proverbial straw.
•On the equity front, I highly recommend the interactive "1619 Project" that ran in the NYT last year on the 400th anniversary of the introduction of slavery to the United States. As has been noted in many places, there are wide differences in the ways that Americans are taught are own history — and many events are omitted or whitewashed, pun intended.
Tagged as: coronavirus, COVID-19, messaging, New York MTA, New York subway, ridership
Metro Bike Share LA Relief program offers reduced cost passes for the month of August
Service Advisory: buses replace C Line (Green) service between Crenshaw and Redondo Beach this weekend
streetguy says:
Metro should reconsider some of their large rail projects. I would look at converting the planned east san fernando valley light rail project to an enhanced bus rapid transit project. It would save Metro nearly $1 billion dollars and connect to the already very popular orange line busway. It can be done cheaper and with less impacts while servicing front line workers much sooner than 2028.
Uhh, that decision has pretty much been made final and have fun convincing people in the valley who voted for both Measure R and M that they will need to be duped out of a rail line again because of "money reasons." Also, the Orange Line will be converted to rail at some point, and Metro is already (very slowly) starting that process.
Also, I don't think you're seeing the bigger picture with the Van Nuys Rail Line. It can and WILL be expanded beyond its initial build, believe that.
This whole thing will come to an end within 12 To 18 months. While what the long term effects will be remains to be seen, one thing is for sure, people WILL ride again.
I'm from the valley and I feel for the people around me. Metro has left us behind before but I want to get something that will work best for us.
The long term effects of COVID-19 remains to be seen and it looks like Metro is doing the smart thing and pausing projects that aren't already "shovel-ready". I'm not sure what the status of the east san fernando valley project is. As far as I can tell the environmental document hasn't been finalized yet even though it was supposed to be completed in 2019. It hardly seems final.
But I TOTALLY agree with you. The people WILL ride again but WHAT will people ride? I think the future is going to look very different and it is a time for Metro to be innovative. I have heard about the Orange Line conversion. I think the Orange Line model is great! Start off with a Median Running BRT and convert to LRT at a more appropriate time.
Anyways I'm just thinking out loud on the internet (covid has given me a lot of free time). I know Metro has their plans and I'm glad this blog exists to shed some light on them.
theotherhollywood says:
Until LA Metro's ventilation systems are up to par with New York's, how about instructing bus drivers to leave windows open for fresh air? In June the New York TImes reported on a study of an outbreak after an outdoor event in China where most of the people infected rode a bus together with an infected person — the fresh air at the event saved lives, as did open windows on the bus. No one sitting by a window got sick except the unlucky person sitting right next to the carrier. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/06/health/virus-reopenings.html


Mixed use properties comprising commercial and residential elements are understandably an attractive prospect for investors. Typically the investor will acquire the freehold and then grant leases of the commercial units whilst disposing of the residential element. To avoid a direct contractual relationship with residential tenants, investors often distance themselves further by selling the residential space to a developer under one long lease with the developer in turn selling each residential dwelling by way of a long sublease.
The freehold investor however will remain responsible for providing the repair and maintenance services of the structure and common parts of the building. The freeholder will invoice the tenant in accordance with the service charge provisions of the lease and the tenant will invoice the residential subtenant under the provisions of the sublease. Whilst there is no issue in this downward recovery of service charge from the end-user residential subtenant, the mechanism by which a landlord may apportion service charge to the residential subtenant has in fact been the subject of recent scrutiny by the Upper Tribunal.
In the case of Windermere Marina Village Ltd v Wild , a lease of a residential dwelling provided for a variable service charge to be paid by the tenant rather than a fixed proportion. The lease further provided for the landlord's surveyor to determine the amount of service charge. The First Tier Tribunal held that this provision was void under section 27A(6) of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1954 which renders void any agreement in the lease of a dwelling that the apportionment of service charge will be determined in a "particular manner" (for example, by a third party whose decision shall be final and binding).
Although the Windermere service charge dispute case involved a cause of action being brought by tenants under a direct contractual relationship with the landlord, it was nevertheless applied by the Upper Tribunal in Gater v Wellington Real Estate Limited and LCP Commercial Limited  where no such direct contractual relationship existed between the tenants and the head landlord. In this case the freeholder, Wellington Real Estate Limited, sought to distance itself from the residential element of the development by adopting the structure discussed above. The lease between the freeholder and the intermediate landlord (LCP Commercial Limited) contained an obligation to pay a fair amount of service charge as determined by the freeholder's surveyor. The sublease between the intermediate landlord and residential subtenants imposed an obligation to pay a fixed proportion of the service charge payable by the intermediate landlord to the freeholder.
Following an exponential increase in service charge demand, the residential subtenants sought an application of the First Tier Tribunal to determine a fixed apportionment of service charge allocated to the intermediate landlord under the head lease as opposed to a fair proportion. On appeal, the Upper Tribunal applying Windermere held that the existing service charge provision in the head lease was void whether in this case it was expressed to be final and binding or not. The subtenants were given leave to apply to the First Tier Tribunal for determination of the intermediate landlord's service charge obligation under the head lease.
These cases highlight the need for investors of developments containing a residential element to be extra vigilant that any agreements with residential tenants provide appropriate mechanisms for applying fixed apportionment of service charge.


Most of us have unused space in our yards, even when we think we don't. One typically underutilized area is on the side of narrow lot homes. These areas often serve only as rarely-used passageways, filled with utility boxes and AC units and ignored in landscaping plans. However, places like the narrow side of the house shown in this photo have actually proven to be perfect spots for adding storage.
For this location, Historic Shed built a custom shed with bi-fold doors that allowed it to fit the very narrow space between the house and fence. The shed was constructed of cypress, a naturally rot resistant Florida wood, ensuring that it will outperform an earlier pine shed that the owners has bought from a northern company that had rotted. Outfitted with shelves and hooks, the shed holds yard tools and potting equipment.


FDA Guidance on Bioequivalence and Bioavailability Requirements for INDs and NDAs - MWA CONSULTING, INC.
This guidance provides recommendations to sponsors and/or applicants planning to include bioavailability (BA) and bioequivalence (BE) information for drug products in investigational new drug applications (INDs), new drug applications (NDAs), and NDA supplements (referred to as the NDA BA and BE Draft Guidance). This guidance contains advice on how to meet the BA and BE requirements set forth in 21 CFR part 320 as they apply to dosage forms intended for oral administration. The guidance may also be applicable to non-orally administered drug products when reliance on systemic exposure measures is suitable to document BA and BE (e.g., transdermal delivery systems and certain rectal and nasal drug products). The guidance should be helpful for applicants conducting BA and BE studies during the IND period for an NDA and also for applicants conducting BE studies during the post-approval period for certain changes to drug products that are the subject of an NDA.


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Rocles (Allier) – francuska gmina w regionie Owernia
 Rocles (Lozère) – francuska gmina w regionie Langwedocja-Roussillon
 Rocles (Ardèche) – francuska gmina w regionie Rodan-Alpy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Melbourne's Best Burger Food Truck Is Coming To Brisbane!
Ahhhh burgers, how we love thee. Especially burgers that have been deemed worthy of "best burger ever" by the snobbiest of Melbourne food snobs. And, especially burgers that come from a food truck and thus make restaurant worthy attire null and void. Which brings us to the most important tid bit of info: Melbourne's best burger food truck is coming to Brisbane!
Mr Burger is making tracks for Brisbane, and we're pretty darn excited, if you couldn't tell already.
What's in store? Cheese burgers cooked to perfection, loaded fries, milk shakes and doubled up patties. There's even a vego option, which we love.
Oh boy, this is gonna be good. To find out more make sure you check out their website, and watch this space as the details come in.


EVERYONE who donated to an alleged cancer fundraising scam will have their money refunded.
Yesterday Lucy Victoria Wieland, 27, was charged with one count of fraud for dishonestly obtaining property from another.
She faced Townsville Magistrates Court and received bail.
Police will allege Wieland lied about having stage five ovarian cancer and created a GoFundMe page which raised nearly $55,000.
A GoFundMe spokeswoman said the campaign was reported to their team, the user was banned, and all donors would be refunded.
"We are already working with local law enforcement to assist in the investigation," she said.
"In general, if someone fabricates a medical diagnosis or other circumstances in hopes of raising money, their behaviour will ultimately be reported and appropriate action will be taken.
"We have a community of over 50 million users - when a story is shared and the community sees something they think might not be right, they tell us, and our team investigates."
The spokeswoman said if an alleged fraud took place on GoFundMe, donors were protected and donations were refunded.
"Our team works with law enforcement to report issues and assists them in investigations," she said.
"It important to remember that misuse is extremely rare on our platform."
GoFundMe said all donors should feel confident in making a donation.
"Campaigns with any misuse make up less than one tenth of one per cent of all campaigns," the spokeswoman said.
"GoFundMe is the safest place to give and users are fully protected."


AMG Specialty Hospital – Edmond and Mercy Campus' seek a PRN Registered Dietician for planning therapeutic diets and implements preparation and service of meals for patients in the hospital. Responsible for dietary staff and its performance as well as ensuring the dietary department is in compliance with the Department of Public Health. Assures patients receive proper diets as ordered.
Apply by emailing your resume to: phenning@amgedmond.com OR FAX your resume to ATTN. P. Henning at 405-341-8361.
At least one to two years related experience and/or training; or equivalent combination of education and experience.
Continuing Education of minimum hours every year to sustain credentials.
AMG Specialty Hospital – Edmond and Mercy Campus' are Long Term Acute Care hospital campuses that specialize in the management of complex medical needs.
Learn more about the quality care we provide by visiting our website at: www.amgedmond.com OR www.amgmercy.com .
AMG Specialty Hospital – Edmond and Mercy Campus' are an equal opportunity employer.


We are less concerned here with organization models of change and more focused on multi-organization approaches implemented in communities and entire industries. Merrelyn Emery conducts workshops calls "Search Conferences" relying upon the pioneering work of the late Fred Emery. Throughout this presentation we will examine ways this TD approach is different from others on the TD Gameboard.
At the beginning level, you need to learn some basic terminology and some of the history. If you are familiar with basic concepts please proceed to the Masters Level of this Gameboard Square. There is also an advanced Ph.D. level for those who want to move to more cutting edge issues and concerns.
Learning Organization - Participative Design for Participative Democracy (PDPD) focuses upon building a learning organization (1993: 2).
A learning organization is one structured in such a way that its members can learn and continue to learn within it. The organizational structure itself is an environment for continuing education (Emery, M. 1993: 2).
The Emery approach to learning organization, however, differs from the stakeholder learning models presented in TD Gameboard Square 10. Participants in the Emery TD approach build a democratically-participative "learning planning community" (M. Emery, 1993: 242).
Organizational Democratization - First, the Emery method focuses on creating learning organizations that center around concepts and practices of organizational democratization, as a way to break out of the vicious cycle of deskilling, apathy, and dissociation. Dissociation is the opposite of association; apathy comes from not being in charge of the work you are responsible to perform; deskilling is a result of the over-application of the division of labor, such that each person is responsible for only a very narrow and repetitive task (thereby not being able to multi-skill or to be knowledgeable of the big picture). Industrial democracy experiments by Emery and Thorsrud in Norway between 1969 and 1975, applied the results of experiments by Trist and Bamforth (1951) where the relation between the social system and the technical system of coal mining were studied. In Norway industrial democratization took placed at the national level. fred Emery applied the result of the Norway experiments to Australia, beginning in 1969.
Design Principle 1 and Design Principle 2 - Second, the methodology centers on training stakeholders to a multi-organizational system in two design principles known as DP1 and DP2 (Emery, M. 1993: 3).
DP1 - the redundancy of parts, results in an organization built on the one person one shift unit, where responsibility for co-ordination, control and outcome is located one level above where the work is being done.
DP2 - the redundancy of functions, results in an organization built on self-managing groups who hold responsibility for their own work, their own co-ordination and control.
Search Conference - Third, the Emery approach is rooted in the early experiments with Search Conference participative planning designed by Fred Emery and Eric Trist in 1958, and to democracy experiments in Norway and Australia in the 1970s (Emery, M. 1993: 11).
In the first phase of a TD change, participants learn DP1 and DP2, open systems theory and other strategies for redesigning participation for a more participative democracy. Here we concerned with multi-organization change approaches of the Emerys, not with single organization work. At the community or industry level, the first phase includes nominations (Jury System) to the main Search Conference. "The jury system is expected to yield a valid representation of what the community feels and thinks or wants in terms of justice, fair play and decency" (F. Emery in M. Emery, 1993: 207). As in the American tradition of the jury system, a cross section of the community is assembled, and it is these people that engage in the main TD Search Conference. It is the Search Conference participants who design and implement the actual change projects in the network of organizations (and for large programs, networks of communities). While the procedures differ, the assembly of a cross section of the community, that has a stake in bringing about change is similar in some ways to the TD community development approach. Both focus on social justice.
There are several differences. First, in community development (as practiced by Alinsky followers), the point is to disrupt the target system and bring them into negotiation. Second, the jury system of the Emery approach, is sampling of people is more stratified, and less a matter of who is willing to pay the consulting fee to bring in the community development activists. Third, the community development approach has a wider focus on what constitutes participative democracy. For example. for F. Emery, governance of the firm is outside the board room: "I do not think" says F. Emery, "that the functions of the board are best served by increasing management participation on the board. That sort of participation (by workers) threatens too many other wider and longer term social interests" (additions mine, F. Emery as cited in M. Emery, 1993: 190). Emery looked at workers councils and other forms of worker control, and decided they were a failure. I need to point out that other approaches, particularly the more postmodern (e.g. Theatrics and Spectacle) and critical theory ones, do not share this view. Views on what constitute democratic action and participation vary. Sol Alinsky, for example, would march a band of poor people, church and non-governmental leaders into a corporate board meeting, or onto the font lawn of a CEO's home, in order to get them to negotiate. Finally, the Emery approach, more than the community development approach takes an ecological approach, looking at infrastructure, ecology, and community.
The Search Conference approach took shape in the 1970s (M. Emery, 1993: 15) and includes an environmental of such facets as current and most desirable future for the network of organizations (and stakeholders). Data is collected by participants on changes taking place in the environment (extended social field) of the network of organizations. The Search Conference by the 1970s became a way to teach participants a tool kit of concepts (e.g. DP1, DP2, open systems, environmental scan, future scenarios, PDPD, 6 psychological requirements for effective work, etc.). Participants also learn to do their own qualitative research, learn skills in large and small group dialog, and how to operate without (bureaucratic) hierarchy according to democratic not laissez faire scripts (See Genotypes below).
The main phases of the participative design workshop are (1) analysis, (2) redesign, and (3) implementation.
A jury system is used to determine who becomes part of the main Search Conference. A Jury System is constructed by having Emery-trained consultants conduct introductory workshops to teach the basic principles of PDPD. A steering group is formed that collects nominations of people from various organizations and groups in a community who will be invited to become the participants in the Search Conference. A "deep slice" team of stakeholders is systematically selected to represent a cross section of the entire transorganizational system of stakeholders. This is done to break away for dependency on the status quo (usually bureaucratic) pattern of relationships (M. Emery, 1993: 19, 21).
Genuine democracy requires widespread and contextualized conceptual and practical understanding if it is to stand a chance against the force of autocracy (p. 21).
Autocracy (or bureaucracy) - is correlated with increased quarrelling, hostility, scapegoating damage to equipment, and reduced creativity, initiative, commitment to, and time spent on, the task.
Laissez-Faire (non-structure) - is characterized as an absence of leadership, rules and procedures that has the consequences of people being lost and inadequate, and degenerates into a situation of stronger members relieving the anxiety by ridiculing weaker and (perceived) less competent members (scapegoating).
Democracy - produces more vitality, creativity, cooperation, commitment to, and time spent on, the task that autocracy or laissez-faire. The consequence and pre-requisite for democratic to be effective is trust.
Trist and Bamforth (1951) applied this genotype to the English coal mining operations, by showing how the fashion of industrialization had redesigned the work system such that miners were working according to DP1, using one-man, one-skill per job designs. This path to industrialization destroyed what Trist and Bamforth believed to be a more productive system of multi-skilling that miners had traditionally used. Replacing DP2 with DP1 resulted in greater absenteeism (i.e. withdrawal) and more accidents.
PDPD Example: "Engines of Democracy" by Charles Fishman -- There is a surprisingly well done article on participative democracy in a US workplace (yes, a US workplace!) in the October 1999 issue of FAST COMPANY that Joel Diemer alterted me to (press here). This plant has no time clock. Workers leave to go to their kids' band concerts and Little League games. Every technician has an email address and Internet access, voice mail, business cards, and a desk shared with one teammate. The plant manager -- the boss -- sits in an open cubicle that's located right on the factory floor: Engines float by, just 20 feet away.
More Secrets of NMSU (press here) i.e. who trained Weisbord?
Now that you have some basic Emery TD terminology and a some of the history, here are some of the finer points. At this level you can begin to compare and contrast the Emery approach to TD with other Gameboard methods, noting similarities and differences.
Exert or Participative STS - First, in the early days of STS, the focus was on DP1 versus DP2, and in moving away from Laissez-Faire and Bureaucracy. The move to Participative Design came with the recognition that early versions of STS were based upon bringing in expert consultants to assess the social and technical systems and make recommendations to the clients (M. Emery, 1993: 14). This is analogous to what people had done in the Scientific Management movements since Frederick Taylor in the early 1900s. As we will see in the non-Emery approaches to TD, the expert model of doing STS analysis, while tempered with participation from an action research tradition, remained a less democratic and more expert-oriented alternative (Please familiarize yourself with the Action Research and Non-Emery TD methods for contrasts to the Emery TD approach). Emerys have stayed focused upon disabusing participants of the idea that social scientists know more about the systems than the people who work in them. Consistent with the stakeholder model of TD (learning organization), the Emerys want to pool the knowledge and ideas of participants together in ways that facilitative transformation of the network of organizations (Compare TD Emery with TD stakeholders/ Learning Organization). This is the definition of participative design, to move away from expert-dependency.
Democratic participation in the Emery model relates to the Jury System.
Traditional STS or Democratic Governance - Second, the work in Norway and Australia to be more democratic, deviated from the work in other parts of Europe, Canada, and particularly the U.S. Building upon the Lippit and White (1939) experiments, Emerys advocate moving immediately away from Laissez-Faire, and helping participants make a choice between Bureaucracy and Democracy (and between DP1 and DP2). Since the 1970s, the Emerys have distanced themselves form the Norway (and Sweden) experiments in industrial democracy, because of what M. Emery (1993: 15) calls the the bandwagon effect of "offering a grab bag of competing ideas, speculations and practices sometimes drawn indiscriminately form the academic melting pot and flung back into the fire beneath." Emerys prefer more rigor, cohesion, and scholarship that they believe other TD approaches are undertaking. Industrial Democracy included everything form advisory committees, joint works council, to co-determination. Emerys preferred to take a more limited approach to democracy focusing on participation in the Search Conference, making the participants the experts in the analysis of problems and choices, and limiting democracy to choices on how the work got done (not on policy, investments, and overall strategy). In short the focus was more on multi-skilling (with self managed groups) instead of the fashion since Taylorism, and reignited by reengineering (and even TQM) of deskilling (i.e. see TD reengineering, for summary of finding one best way and downsizing to remove all flexibility and adaptive potential and other democratic alternatives developing in the US). In short, PDPD reduced industrial democracy to "the more that a group manages itself the more it is democratic" (M. Emery, 1993: 16). Participants use the Search Conference design to develop and implement ideas to improve the social and to a lesser extent the technical system.
2. Throughput (transform resources avialable to them).
3. Output (export some resources to the environment).
6. Information input, negative feedback, and a coding process. (to maintain steady state).
7. The steady state and dynamic homeostasis (and a tendency toward growth to ensure survival).
10. Equifinality (many paths to same end).
The controversy between the Emerys and the Katz & Kahn approach to defining "open systems theory" centers on how to interpret von Bertalanffy (1956). Katz and Kahn (1966) limit their focus to an organic metaphor (opposed to the mechanistic) that looks at inputs, throughputs, outputs, and feedback loops as defining qualities of open systems. Emery ant Trist (1965) focused on how it is "the causal texture of the environment" that is changing under the impact of technological change and at an ever-increasing rate, resulting in what they call "turbulence" as the "ground moves." Another reason for the marginalization of the Emery and Trist approach to open systems in mainstream and traditional organization theory work, was the Katz and Kahn approach fit more neatly with Terreberry's turbulent environment interpretation of the "dynamic- complex" environment dimensions popularized by Duncan (1972), the interorganizational (dyad) work of Levine and White (1961), and the "environmental uncertainty" legacy of Thompson (1967). The Katz and Kahn approach was more metaphoric allowing for more focus on symbolic aspects of the environment such as complexity and uncertainty measures popular at the time. You did not actually have to enter any "real" environment and look at ecosystems, communities, infrastructure, racial and ethnic demographics. For example, the Katz and Kahn open system is mostly about exchange and energy, where the system aims to, maximize its ratio of imported to expended energy. There is also a stronger focus on differentiation and integration which fit more closely with the Lawrence and Lorsch model of organization and environment. Katz and Kahn presented a more psychological (social psychology) theory of the firm than did the Emery and Trist model of open systems, which was more of a learning model, where there was a material condition, called an ecosystem. For many generations organization theory avoided looking at animals, plants, seasons, and other aspects of ecology (and with it those pesky ecologists). Environment in organization theory became defined as uncertainty, complexity, etc. but it was not about Nature. The Emery approach, by contrast, to open systems became normative, seeing most organizations and environments as L22 or turbulent, and in need of more democratic processes of governance. The organic metaphor of Katz and Kahn allowed organization theory to avoid dealing with the whole thorny issue of democratic governance embedded in the Emery TD methodology and still stay with the STS analysis of work flows, transactions, and reducing variances and costs. The organization theory pundits never read authors such as Steve Pepper or Charles Sanders Peirce (see Ph.D. section). For the Masters level, we need to define differences in the environment that emerge from the Emery and Trist approach.
L11 - Refers to processes within the organization and its internal interdependencies. The organization is the systems, with a history, character, and distinctive competence and ideals.
L21 - The organization learns from its environment and how to exchange (and transact) with its environment. Areas of transactional interdependencies form from the direction of the environment impinging upon the organization.
L12 - The organization makes plans to effect and change its local environment, and enters into exchange and transaction relationships with its environment. Transactional interdependencies are such that the organzition is actively changing the causal texture of tis environment.
L22 - The environment presents constraints and opportunities, and the causal texture is the interdependencies within the environment itself.
Random Placid Environment - the organization (L11)pursue goals and noxiants (goods and bads) in a randomly distributed environment to just grab with is there without much concern for strategies, such as figuring out how to out-maneuver other organizations, doing the same thing. The goods and bads are relatively unchanging in this causal texture.
Clustered Placid - Goals and noxiants in the environment are more lawfully distributed, making some strategic behavior more meaningful than other, and allowing for learning to occur. The goods and bads while relatively unchanging are more clustered (e.g. cycles of seasons matter to some industries).
Distributed Reactive - This is a more complex causal texture of the environment, where for example oligarchy moves us beyond principles of pure competition (equal access to information and other resources is no longer a reality). Organizations not only compete for the same resources, but develops specialized (problem solving) and expert knowledge to reduce the variety of the environment (standardizing interchangeability), and this gives rise to more (DP1) bureaucratic structures with power concentrated at the top of the hierarchy. Linear planning works here. The down side is hierarchy, resistance to change, and fragmented knowledge.
Turbulent Environment - the turbulent environment is an interorganizational field where dynamic processes arise from the field itself. In our current language, we call them chaos and complexity effects that are autochthonous processes. Autochthonous, in Greek myth, means "children of the soil" and these are gods that shake the ground, resulting in potential catastrophe (flood, avalanche) to Gaia (Mother Earth), who is the off spring of Chaos. While there are some discernable patters in chaos, the transorganizational network had difficuluty sorting out non0linear patterns from the noise, and dealing with the dynamic interactive effects which exceed the ability of single organizations to cope or to make meaningful predictions. One way to get control over the dynamism, uncertainty, and non-linearity is to engage in open systems (puzzle solving) thinking and planning in DP2 designs, such as Search Conferences or learning organizations that makes TD and adaptive planning and coordinated webs of action possible.
The assumption of the emery approach is that organizations can evolve to deal with the more turbulent field, but many remain stuck in strategies and forms suited for an disturbed reactive environment which is long gone. Emery and Trist (1965)conclude that hen all the members of a turbulent field work together they can effect control mechanisms to tame the chaos and relevant areas of uncertainty. Individual organizations, not working in networks of relationships, have difficulty adapting successfully.
Towards a Social Ecology: Contextual Appreciations of the Future in the Present by Frederick Edmund Emery, E. L. Trist - 1975 - classic (press here). Summary (press here).
For essay relating Contextualism to Narrative Inquiry (press here) for The Narrative Method of Inquiry by Richard Giovannoli.
See article 1201 The social engagement of social science - a Tavistock anthology, Vol III. Edited by Eric Trist, Fred Emery and Hugh Murray (with Beulah Trist, Asst Editor) Reviewed by Louis E Davis in Human Relations September 1998 Volume 51, Number 9 (click here) for table of contents.
Any serious study of the Emery approach to TD would include a review of the works of Charles Sanders Peirce to understand abduction theory, and the work of Steven Pepper to learn the differences between contextualism and other world hypotheses.
Emery theory is Rooted in Pragmatism of Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914) and contextualism of Stephen C. Pepper (1942: 232-279). Press here for summary table of four world hypotheses (orgnaicism, mechanism, formism, and contextualism) plus one more that is not part of Emerys' approach (press here) and consult TD squre for more on this.
(press here) for an overview of Pierce triadic sign model of icon, index and symbol by van Shooten's paper "Building a framework for developing interaction models: Overview of current research on dialogue and interactive systems." 1999. See secont on icon, index, symbol.
(press here) for Pierce and theories of the Self.
(press here) for brief biography. For a more extensive bio (press here).
Also (press here) for hypertext editions of his writings.
The Emerys and colleagues describe themselves as contextualists and use abduction as opposed to deduction/induction (See M. Emery, 1994: 2; 1997: 11). Deduction/induction both begin with a priori hypothesis.
Abduction - For Peirce - Abduction "makes its start from the facts, without, at the outset, having any particular theory in view� abduction seeks a theory. Induction seeks for facts� (Cited in Sebeok & Umiker-Sebeok "You Know My Method, (pp. 24-25). Recall that logical deduction seeks to verify a priori formal theory, while induction or grounded theory focuses on generating theory from in situ observations. Examples of formal theory from which deductive hypotheses are tested are Weber's ideal types of authority (bureaucratic, charismatic and feudalistic), Marx's labor process and surplus value theories, and Durkheim's typology of mechanistic and organic social solidarity (Source Boje, 1999 Sage Book on Narrative Analysis, Chapter 3 - in process). Peirce (1955: 155-6) writing between 1896 and 1908 explained it this way.
At each stage of his long investigation, Kepler has a theory which is approximately true, since it approximately satisfies the observations � and he proceeds to modify this theory, after the most careful and judicious reflection in such a way as to render it more rational or closer to the observed fact� Kepler shows his keen logical sense in detailing the whole process by which he finally arrived at the true orbit. This is the greatest piece of Retroductive [abductive] reasoning ever performed.
(Source Boje, 1999 Sage Book on Narrative Analysis, Chapter 3 - in process).
Emery theory is rooted in Contextualism - Emery and Trist's (1965) work and the work of the Emery's since has been storngly influenced by Steven Pepper's (1942) concept of contextualism. For Pepper, contextualism is the historic event in the present. Events are to be explained within the context of their occurrence. Organizational life is complex, with interconnected events and continuously changing patterns. - To see chart (press here). Source: "Narratology and the Death of Stories" - David M. Boje. Paper for presentation to the Ohio Discourse Conference. May, 1999; "A Postmodern Perspective on Narrative Research of Organization Life" - John T. Luhman & D. Boje - paper under review.
Luhman and I (1999) argue that each of these world hypotheses have been a way to narrate organizations with metaphoric �images of organizations� since the mechanical apparatus of Hobbes� Leviathan and Newton�s mechanistic science in the 17th century.
Machine metaphors have been popular in OT since the industrial revolution. Each technology becomes a discourse to read and fashion organizations, from Frederick Taylor�s scientific management to more recent machine models of TQM, and reengineering. Formist (ideal type typologies centered on bureaucracy) images of organization have been the icons of formal Weberian readings of organization theory. Henri Fayol (1916: 70) based his fourteen commandment-principles of management and his five basic managerial functions on an organic metaphor of the firm (the living tree). Contingency theory sought to appropriate mechanistic and organic into yet another formalism. For more on mechanistic/organic (press here).
I need to stress that using an organic metaphor does not read life into story. Work by Best and Kellner (1999: 17) agrees with my position that OT continues to endorse biological fallacy, when now complexity, chaos and cyber-capitalism theorists �wrongly dissolve the boundaries between natural and social systems.� The new metaphors applied from the new information technologies blur distinctions between body and machine and are quite trendy (press here) for more on complexity chaos..
Contextualism may be less familiar to you. The root-metaphor for contextualism is �historic event � alive in the present� (Pepper, 1942: 232). Pragmatist philosophers, in particular James, Dewy, and Peirce focus upon the lived experience, in which change and novelty are a given (Pepper, 1942: 234-5). We are caught up in intrinsic complexity, interconnected networks of events with �continuously changing patterns� (p. 233). Each event has a structural (or semiotic) order to be explored and a network of diffuse strands to be traced. Contextualism models are represented in the systems theory approach of organization theory. Fred and Merrelyn Emery (1993), for example, adopt contextualism metaphors as fundamental to any knowledge of organizations and its interactions with an environment that is everywhere turbulent since the 1960s. Contextualism is viewed by Fred and Marilyn Emery, as foundational to open systems and ecological adaptation theories (M. Emery, 1994: 2; 1997: 11).
I elaborate because there is a strand of connection between the Microstoria (Italian) work I am doing in postmodern storytelling and the Emerys' since both rely on Peirce for abduction and a related theory of contextualism (from William James)- See Boje (2001).
Between macro logical-deduction and grounded theory-induction is the abduction method of microstoria analysis (Boje, 2001).
Best Application of Emery model to TD situations - It was my privilege to chair a dissertation by Rosanna Alvarez (1999), and to have Merrelyn Emery serve on that committee. Out of their collaboration cam a paper (2000) which i think is a breakthrough in qualitative methodology for deriving a quantitative picture of the relationships between an organizational and its environment, based upon collecting Search Conference data. The sample was a series of 13 searches to plan the USDA-Forest Service regions. The research assumes that the Forest Service operations in a Type IV or turbulent environment in which networking of stakeholders using a Search Conference method would effect more control. The Search Conference participants learned the basic tools, such as DP1, DP2, open systems, the causal texture of environment, etc. In addition they were taught the F. Emery ideal values of Homonomy, Nurturance, Humanity, and Beauty and how these are applied in passive maladaptive or active maladaptive ways. Data from the Searches was collected to analyze the occurrence of adaptive and maladaptive strategies in the future planning scenarios the participants constructed (desirable future and most probable future scenarios, and most probable task environment).
The method of taking qualitative texts and converting them to causal path numbers through content analysis, building typologies, and developing ways to measure the Geisser index on concomitance. The index of concomitance is similar to a correlation, but derived from patterns in the qualitative data, rather than from numeric scales. Causal linkages are identified and assembled, by hand, into clusters using frequencies as a guide. Each of these clusters is then translated into a scale using the common occurrences of each variable in the cluster. I saw Rosanna doing this analysis, and believe me it is not for the faint hearted; it is a highly logical rigorous and exhausting method. The results revealed a set of active adaptive, passive, and maladaptive scenarios constructed in the searches. The analysis suggests that there were still DP1 outcomes in the more maladaptive scenarios. There was also a maladaptive scenario of Dissociation within a globalized economy that was thought to contribute to the post probable future scenario of a bureaucratic (DP1) technological fix. A more positive result is the Nurturance for natural resources, and the focus in the scenarios on Humanity that is not sustain at the system levels, and what could be done to derive less bureaucratic organization.
DP2 seems to be the main recommendation for all (or most) situations.
STS says J.C. Spender "is unsuitable as the basis for a theory of the firm because it adopt[s] too naive a view of social systems and ignor[es] economic interactions" (p.55). (press here). Reference: Spender, J.C., "Making Knowledge the Basis of a Dynamic Theory of the Firm," Strategic Management Journal 17, Winter (1996): 45-62.
David Collins (1998) Book - see Deprogramming below: "Systems think as one of the dominant models in organizational analysis represents a unitary modeling of organizations"
Systems theory depends upon an "organic" metaphor imported from biology, but not as rigorously worked out and applied in less exact ways.
Czarniawska (1997) System becomes a gross metaphor.
Open systems metaphor of input-throughput, output, feedback cycles, differentiation, and integration is a reductionist set of categories.
Environment is rather disembodied and benign (abstract rather than live). It is not about "living systems."
System, particularly in Katz and Kuhn (1966) is abstract analytic construct, a metaphor that displaces/simulates "real."
Open systems theory is a gross simplification of multiplicity of incoherencies, fragmentations, and pluralities.
People programmed/scripted by their assumed system role in fictive system.
REIFICATION- treating human subjective creation ("system") as abstract object.
9. Transcendental systems -- "absolutes and inescapable unknowables"
Knowledge Work and STS - Michael W. Stebbins and A. B. (Rami) Shani (press here) The Journal of Systemic Knowledge Management, February, 1998 Explores non-routine systems design from STS perspective. Includes a brief discussion of non-routine systems and an examination of alternative methods for diagnosing and redesigning organizations composed of knowledge workers.
Role of Information Technology in Managing Organizational Change and Organizational Interdependence 1993, Yogesh Malhotra (press here). Ties to Emery & Trist. Note he mixes Katz & Kahn open system theory in which would not be regarded as appropriate by Emery disciples.
Alvarez, Rossana, c. & Merrelyn Emery (2000). From action research to system in environments: A method. Systemic Practice and Action Research. Vol. 13 (5): 683-703.
Bertalanffy, L. von (1956). General Systems Theory. General Systems, Vol. 1: 1-10.
Boje, David M. (1999a). Narratology and the Death of Stories - Paper for presentation to the Ohio Discourse Conference May, 1999.
Boje, David M. and Luhman, John (1999). �Narrativism: A fifth world hypothesis.� New Mexico State University, working paper.
Boulding, Kenneth E. (1968). "General systems theory -- the skeleton of science," pp. 3-10 in Walter Buckley (ed.), Modern Systems Research for the Behavioral Scientist. Chicago: Aldine.
Duncan, R.B. (1972). Characteristics of Organizational Environments and Perceived Environmental Uncertainty.
Emery, Fred E. and Eric L. Trist (1965). The causal texture of organiztional envoronments. Human Relations, Vo.. 18 (1): 21-32.
Emery, Merrelyn (1993). Participative Design for Participative Democracy. Center for Continuing Education, Australian National University. First published, 1989.
Emery, Merrelyn (1994). �The search conference: state of the art.� Unpublished paper, Center for Continuing Education. Australian National University.
Emery, Merrelyn (1997). �Open systems is alive and well.� Paper presented to the ODC division of the Academy of Management Meetings, Boston (August).
Katz, Daniel & Robert L. Kahn (1966). The Social Psychology of Organizations. NY: John Wiley.
Relationships. Administrative Science Quarterly, 5 (1961), 583- 601.
Lippit, Ronald, & Ralph K. White (1943). The social climate of children's gorups. Ch XXVIII of Child Behaviors and Development, Roger G. Barker, Jacob S. Kounin & Herbert F. Wright ()eds.), London: McGraw-Hill.
Peirce, Charles Sanders (1955). Philosophical Writings of Peirce. Edited by Justus Buchler. First published in 1940. NY: Dover Publications, Inc. See in particular Chapter 2, "Abduction and Induction" with writing of Pierce on the topic between 1896 and 1908.
Pepper, Stephen C. (1942). World Hypotheses: A Study in Evidence. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Pondy, Louis R. (1976, August). Beyond Open System Models of Organization. This ground-breaking paper became Pondy and Ian Mitroff (1979) published in B. Staw (ed.) Research in organizational behavior, Vol. 1. 3-39. Greenwich, CT: JAI.
Terreberry, Shirley (1968). The evolution of organizational environments. Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 12 (4): 590-613.
Thompson, J.D. (1967).Organizations in Action: Social Science Bases of Administrative Theory. NY: McGraw-Hill.
Press to return to TD Game Board or dfor a TD narrative.


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HomeBritain's Great Rivers: Then & Now
Britain's Great Rivers: Then & Now
Britain's Great Rivers: Then & Now is a TV show on British national television from Channel 5 with an average rating of 3.7 stars by TelevisionCatchUp.co.uk's visitors. We have 28 episodes of Britain's Great Rivers: Then & Now in our archive. The first episode of Britain's Great Rivers: Then & Now was broadcast in September, 2021. Did you miss an episode of Britain's Great Rivers: Then & Now but don't you wan't that to happen in the future? Please set an alarm and add Britain's Great Rivers: Then & Now to your favourites, so we can remind you by email when there's a new episode available to watch. For free!
Series 1, Episode 6 - The River Avon
The Severn is Britain's longest river and has the world's second largest tidal range. Its history includes the Romans, Welsh-English border skirmishes, the world's first iron bridge, a connection to Darwin and its importance to Shrewsbury, Worcester, Gloucester and Bristol.
Series 1, Episode 5 - The River Severn
Series 1, Episode 4 - The River Stour
Arising in the North Downs in the Garden of England and winding 57 miles to its estuary in the English Channel, the Stour has been a gateway to Britain for thousands of years. It has witnessed the arrival of invasion fleets, immigrants, and new ideas that have had a profound effect on British history.
Series 1, Episode 3 - The River Trent
Britain's third longest river flows 170 miles from its source in Staffordshire to its confluence with the Ouse in Lincolnshire, where it forms the Humber.
Series 1, Episode 2 - The River Tyne
Following the flow of the Tyne from the convergeance of two tributaries near the village of Warden, to the North Sea. Historians reveal the Roman foundations on which Newcastle upon Tyne is founded.
Series 1, Episode 1 - The River Clyde
The story of the river Clyde, from its probable source somewhere in the Lowther Hills of Lanarkshire to its estuary in the Firth of Clyde. Its history includes the invaders who made use of it, and how the Clyde was the lifeblood of the city of Glasgow and the home of a world-famous ship-building industry.
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Editor's Note: I asked Tyler to write about the curious ritual of burying time capsules and then digging them up again. Most of these mummified knickknacks were, in their time, the garbage-de-mode but instead they are entombed, exhumed, and then opened in public time capsule ceremonies. It's interesting! Especially as the cherry-on-top to a week of Throwaways - unfortunately, Tyler wanted to talk about something else entirely.
When I was 7 ½ I made a time capsule: A cool blue tin padded with Kleenex, it was originally meant as a coffin for my teddy bear hamster. But instead of preserving Turbo's legacy in the nearby woods, I buried my own. In it was a strand of my hair, a chunk of pirate, a wheat penny, an unfinished Gimp bracelet, and a Yomega Saberwing. I displayed these objects across the tin carefully because I wanted to be remembered as a neat person.
About three months later I dug it up. Everything was coated in a fine layer of dirt, strewn to one corner, and my yo-yo's brain was dead. You can imagine how devastated I was.
All throughout the first grade I had a nose-picking problem. The problem was finding a good hiding spot to wipe them once they were out in the world. Left to my limited devices, I retired them to the bottom of my school desk.
I was prolific. Not only that, I worked often at it because I sat in the corner back row of my class. I knew who was looking and when, and I'd be lying if I didn't admit that the power got to my head.
In fact, I got downright careless by the time spring came. One day my good friend dropped his pencil and it rolled underneath my desk. He went after it on all fours. The moment he looked up and saw those green stalactites, I knew our friendship was over or, at the very least, fundamentally different.
One of my favorite day trips as a child was to a free-admission amusement park in Elysburg, Pennsylvania. There was a haunted house attraction that I would frequent several times in a day because I usually vomited on roller coasters.
During one of these times, I went on with my father and a hot dog, which I concealed inside my cargo short pocket. There was a point in the ride where an animatronic aboriginal-zombie popped up from some bush, and my plan was to throw my hot dog at his face to impress my father with my aim.
When that part of the ride came, I threw it just before realizing that it was actually a man in a costume. He didn't make a noise when I hit him, and my father didn't see me throw it in the dark. At this point I began feeling sick.
When the cart pulled up to the end, the employee operating the machine came up to my father, leaned in close to his ear, and murmured something. Both of them looked at me, and then the man handed my father the hot dog, which didn't look any different since I last saw it.


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An Intriguing Absence - 3 Questions to Making Social Combat Work
My favorite roleplaying system to run is Legend of the Five Rings (L5R): a fantasy samurai setting where characters find themselves fighting just as hard in the political ring as the martial fields. I find myself naturally drawn to systems where the pen is at least as mighty as the sword. Because of this, I was naturally drawn to L5R's social combat: intrigue scenes. So I quickly was drawn to Fantasy Flights newest edition of the game. Characters in L5R have to rely heavily on their social skills as well as combat prowess in these scenes where progress toward predetermined political or social goals is tracked mechanically, similar to progress in a combat encounter. This is the feature that drew me to L5R, but I recently realized that in my year and a half of GMing it, I have almost never used the social system, and now I have to know why. Is this an inherent flaw in the idea of a mechanically-heavy social encounter? A flaw in the specific rules L5R uses? Or my failure as a GM?
1) What's The Point?
In any roleplaying system, by the time combat begins, the players already know their objective; the question the players are answering is how not what. Typically the heroes will win; it is simply a matter of how much damage they will take, what price they will pay, and how they accomplish their goal. This allows combat to give player choice in a way that structures without hindering the GM's ability to let the world respond to them.
Social combat should ask the same questions. The purpose of social combat is not to seek an end result but rather to ask questions about a known end. Who will the players owe a favor to? How many different weaknesses of their enemy did they uncover? How many of their own weaknesses did they reveal in the process? Starting a social scene by trying to determine the player's next course of action is like rolling initiative before knowing if there is even a monster in the room. L5R even pushes players towards this end by having players decide beforehand what their goal in the scene is. Both social and martial combat aims to answer how and if players are successful, not what players are successful in doing.
2) Breaking Plot Armor
Asking the incorrect questions in social combat leads this to become a tool to take control of characters out of the GM's hand. The main reason why physical combat is so mechanical is that the GM doesn't govern the physics of the world, just people in it. In many social situations, player success is determined by the people in the world, not the world itself and it's mechanics. NPC's can choose to be unreasonable but they can't always choose not to be on fire. The more interesting parts of roleplaying are watching players decide what kind of deals to make and what kind of solutions to take. Any social combat should support this goal while still leaving its questions open ended. Social combat needs to be more than rolling to see how a character reacts to something said to them. Players should be asked to problem solve not simply to construct what they are saying.
3) Social Battlefields
Of course, the tools that we can use in our systems are only as good as the setting that we put them in. One game that does this well is another one of my favorite roleplaying games, Urban Shadows. The heavy focus on political factions, not individuals, is what makes this stand out to me as opposed to the L5R intrigue system. Urban Shadows continually focuses on the setting as the true main character of the story. The landscape of a game of Urban Shadows sets a political battleground that presents players with multiple options. Social combat often wants to track how successful you are at convincing a political leader to assist you without accounting for options to go around them like working with that political leader's enemies. Players need to be given the space to choose which characters they want to work with.
L5R's equivalent "battlefield" needs to present the players with more options than the standard "what do you say to the one person I told you to talk to". This is why these systems work better when the subject matter involves vying for political control. L5R's intrigue system has a scope that is a bit too small. Focusing on individuals rather than groups and individuals' roles within those groups. L5R and several systems have the capability of this but don't give the necessary backdrop often enough to support it. Focusing on this bigger picture gives the players more options to attack a problem without being overly restrictive with rules.
More codified social conflict rules can give a game system a lot of strength, however I feel like they can be really hard to use. It's harder to set a stage where talking your way out is actually the correct answer. However, a lot of my most memorable sessions don't revolve around a large combat encounter. Rather, they are centered on my players coming up with unique manipulations of the characters in the story. A lot of the community inherently associates story heavy systems with rules light systems. This leaves ideas for mechanically heavy story-driven games unexplored. I believe that the correct implementation of this kind of system could make a really unique and interesting system that we are currently missing out on.
Bo Quel is a Legend of the Five Rings Fanatic From Virginia. He plays and GMs several systems where he focuses on telling enriching stories and making characters that are memorable. He also is the GM/Host of Secondhand Strife, an L5R RPG actual Play Podcast.
Picture provided by the writer.
토토사이트 link
great work man i would like to congratulate you on this effort
I would love to know how your Intrigues have worked in game. I love the potential of intrigue scenes, but hate how poorly written they are in the 5e book.


It's not easy to qualify for the World Surf League's Championship Tour. It's estimated that there is somewhere in the neighborhood of 23 million surfers on the planet; out of that, a grand total of 32 will qualify for a full-time spot on the Championship Tour.
Consider that a kid coming out of high school with NBA dreams has about a 0.03 percent chance of playing pro ball. But in pro surfing, the chance that one will qualify for the tour plummets to a measly 0.0000014 percent. The side-by-side comparison illuminates two points: First, kids, stay in school. Second, when surfers in our community do join the elite ranks of the WSL Championship Tour, it deserves to be heralded for the nearly impossible accomplishment that it is.
Of all the local boys, Tanner Gudauskas stands the best chance at qualifying for the Championship Tour. Currently ranked 19th on the Qualifying Series, he needs to finish ninth or better.
"For me, it has been a personal goal to requalify onto the Tour since falling off in 2010, but it has taken me a long time to actually face the challenge head on and give it my 100 percent effort," said Tanner.
There's an outside chance that Tanner could be joined on tour by older brother, Pat, who needs to finish second or better at Sunset to qualify. Sitting 30th in the Qualifying Series rankings, he has considerably more work to do if he wants to rejoin the tour. But after spending a few years on tour, he knows what it takes to get the job done.
A surprise name in the qualification conversation has been 18-year-old Griffin Colapinto. Coming off a statement-making third place finish at a contest in Brazil, he kept the pedal to the metal at the recent Hawaiian Pro, where he made an unexpected quarterfinal appearance, earning himself an equal ninth place result. Griffin is currently ranked 26th on the Qualifying Series and needs a fourth place finish or better at Sunset to graduate.
In the last few years, San Clemente has become a preferred haunt for world tour surfers looking to relocate. Thanks to its proximity to Lower Trestles, the Orange County-based surf industry and the Los Angeles International Airport, it's an ideal jumping off point. As such, there are a couple transplants worth keeping an eye on.
Last winter, 23-year-old Evan Geiselman, who originally hails from Florida but has a residence in San Clemente, almost drowned while surfing Pipeline. This year, he came back with a renewed sense of purpose and now only needs to finish 17th at Sunset to join the Championship Tour. If he makes it, it will be one of the most inspiring stories in surfing in recent times.
Another one to watch is Keanu Asing. Born and raised in Hawaii, he spends the offseason in San Clemente training with his girlfriend, who's an MMA fighter. Asing's already on the Championship Tour and could "double qualify" if he wins Sunset.
There's still a lot of surfing left and anything can happen at Sunset, but with a little luck, San Clemente will have some hometown heroes to cheer for next year on the WSL Championship Tour.


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Do you wake up with neck pain every morning, or suffer an injury, leading to your current neck pain?
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Neck pain affects about 14% of the population per year. Neck pain is more common in women, older patients, those involved in both mentally and physically stressful jobs, and current smokers. The causes of neck pain are varied, but the most common cause is facet mediated pain (> 60% in studies and as high as 90% in some patient populations). The facet joints are small joints located in the back of the neck which ultimately limit the neck's movement in rotation or extension.
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text:
La Lega Nazionale B 2011-2012, campionato svizzero femminile di seconda serie, si concluse con la promozione di Rapid Lugano e Thun.

Partecipanti

Classifica finale

Legenda:
      Promosso in Lega Nazionale A 2012-2013.
 Ammesso al girone di relegazione.
 Retrocesso subito in Prima Lega 2012-2013.

Note:
Tre punti a vittoria, uno a pareggio, zero a sconfitta.
 Lo Zuchwil 05 si è ritirato prima dell'inizio del campionato.

Calendario

Girone di relegazione

Legenda:
      Relegato in Prima Lega 2012-2013.

Note:
Tre punti a vittoria, uno a pareggio, zero a sconfitta.
I punti sono comprensivi della metà di quelli conseguiti nel girone di qualificazione, arrotondati per difetto se dispari.

Calendario

Collegamenti esterni

2012 2


I'm an Excelsior State-based creative who specializes in Brand, Graphic Design, and Web Development. I help Individuals, Startups and Small Businesses launch their unique style and message online.
It's simple, I love to Design.
My process is pretty simple. I have a Four Step approach to identify problems, generate solutions, and develop a unique strategy for your business.
Define/Refine your story. We'll work together to discover your vision.
Time to put that game plan into action! Your story starts to take its form.
Let's bring those designs to life! This is where the magic happens.
We have lift-off! Your business is ready to join the online.


text:
package MyGame.OtherNameSpace;

import java.nio.*;
import java.lang.*;
import java.util.*;
import com.google.flatbuffers.*;

public class TableBT {
  private TableAT a;

  public TableAT getA() { return a; }

  public void setA(TableAT a) { this.a = a; }

  public TableBT() {
    this.a = null;
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Great Review from Writer's Digest!
November 12, 2014 / Benjamin Gorman
"From the moment God, sitting in a diner, hears Joan Osborne's 'What If God Was One of Us?' and says, 'I hate this fucking song,' the reader knows this isn't just any run-of-the-mill book. Sum is a funny, funny, funny, fast-paced and insightful commentary on religion, social mores and, most importantly, human relations. Even God has marital problems.
"The author gives his audience credit for intelligence, not spelling out or explain too much, but also salting in explanations of various gods and religious beliefs smoothly enough so it doesn't slow down the narrative. The acceptance of other gods and religious eras is refreshing and he uses it masterfully, weaving together a good plot on top of great character development. To top it off, the voice is spot-on. Funny, knowing and sarcastic.
"A refreshing and needed book in an era of aggressive religiosity, the book also makes the reader examine religious belief. Atheists and agnostics will enjoy it immensely, but anyone with an open mind will appreciate it and look at the deeper meaning; how much of our belief in a 'superior being' exists inside our heads? Or is simply a product of our era? Readers aren't getting the book if one of God's final statement's to Joe ('Don't trust people who tell you things will work out for the best.') doesn't have them laughing and nodding with appreciation. Things worked out for God, but just barely.
"Overall, a book that hits its marks and hits them well. A serious, deep treatment wrapped in hilarity."
-Writer's Digest
Judge, 22nd Annual Writer's Digest Self-Published Book Awards
November 12, 2014 / Benjamin Gorman/ Comment
22nd Annual Writer's Digest Self-Published Book Awards, Book Review, glowing review, Good review, great review, judge's commentary, review, The Sum of Our Gods, Writer's Digest
A Great Review from Markus Indie Book Reviews
August 23, 2014 / Benjamin Gorman
Markus Book Reviews says, "...an entertaining read from start to finish." "...what's really great about this book is that behind the silliness and absurdity are issues that are real and hard-hitting."
"The dark humor is just to my liking."
Read the full review here!
August 23, 2014 / Benjamin Gorman/ Comment
Book Review, Indie Author, Markus Book Reviews, Markus Indie Book Reviews
"Humorous and thought provoking" says The Masquerade Crew
June 09, 2014 / Benjamin Gorman
"Humorous and thought provoking" The Sum of Our Gods by @teachergorman
June 09, 2014 / Benjamin Gorman/ Comment
Cover Wars, Excerpt, Scavenger Hunt, The Masquerade Crew, Tweet Exchange
NW Book Festival, July 26th
I'll be signing copies of the novel at the 6th Annual NW Book Festival!Mark your calendars and tell a friend: Saturday, July 26, 2014 11:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Pioneer Courthouse Square, Portland, OR (corner of SW Morrison and SW Sixth Avenue)
Indie Author, Northwest, NW Book Festival, Poineer Courthouse Square, Portland
Interview on Carry On Harry!
April 25, 2014 / Benjamin Gorman
I was interviewed on The Carry On Harry Talk Show, a great show out of Singapore. The host, Harry Johal, asks good questions and brings a lot of energy to his show. I think the interview went very well. Check it out here and let me know what you think!
April 25, 2014 / Benjamin Gorman/ Comment
Carry On Harry, Interview, Singapore, Talk Show
Interview on Funemployment Radio!
February 11, 2014 / Benjamin Gorman
Today I was interviewed on Funemployment Radio, a great podcast out of Portland. The hosts, Greg Nibler and Sarah X. Dylan, were both wonderful and made me feel very comfortable. I needed that because I was nervous as all get out! Here's the episode. Click on the link below to go to the page where you can download the episode. I'm on from about the 47 minute mark through to the end, but I encourage everybody to listen to the whole thing because Greg and Sarah are great at what they do. Shout-out to my friend Jon Bernard who turned me on to the show and contacted them before I did to tell them they should have me on. I owe you a beer at the Funemployment Listening Party on the 22nd, Jon! http://funemploymentradio.com/2014/02/11/funemployment-radio-episode-1040/
And here's proof that I really was there:
February 11, 2014 / Benjamin Gorman/ Comment
BestsellerBound Recommends...
I was interviewed by the website BestsellerBound Recommends. They asked fun questions like: Favorite breakfast food? When I was a kid, my parents didn't let us have sugary cereal, so I feel very adult when I get to have a bowl of Captain Crunchberries because I'm a grown-ass man and I can do what I want! Most days I rush off to work and I'm lucky to grab a granola bar and a soda before my first class starts.
For more, click here.
If you have a site and would like to be a stop on the blog tour, click here.
Irresistible Reads Tours: A Book Tour Blog
Interviewed by Morgen Bailey
Here's my interview with UK book blogger Morgen Bailey. It also includes an excerpt from the book and a synopsis, so send it to a friend who is wondering if she/he will like the novel! http://morgenbailey.wordpress.com/2013/11/23/author-interview-no-694-with-multi-genre-writer-benjamin-gorman/
Praise for The Sum of Our Gods
"For readers with a high tolerance for irreverence and the hope that humanity will be able to make our own way in the universe, The Sum of Our Gods is a thoughtful and entertaining read." – Karen Eisenbrey, author of "Hat" in the anthology Heathers coming soon from Pankhearst.
"It is brave, imaginative, original, humorous, irreverent, well-written and well-paced. I thoroughly enjoyed it. …God-spotting has never been such fun." –Mark Fleming, author of The Call of the Siren. (Read Mark Fleming's complete review here.)
"This was hysterical. ...Such irreverence. I could get behind gods like these. ...Verily, you made me laugh. All hail Ixtab. (You can't be too careful, right?)" -Cass McMain, author of Sunflower, blogging at http://cassmcmain.com/
"My first feeling from the diametrical perspective was the ease in which the writing must have flowed, but it soon became clear that a lot of thought and effort went into it. …A full metal jacket of stars." -Daniel Manning, author
I'm still looking for reviewers who are interested in reading a free copy, so if you write reviews of indie-books for a blog, a newspaper, or a periodical, drop me a line at writergorman@gmail.com
Goodreads reviews for The Sum of Our Gods


I've been working with clients to create, improve and personalize theirs spaces and homes for about 20 years.
I'm an Interior Designer, a HSR Certified Professional home stager and interior redesign organization serving the Bergen, Passaic, Rockland, Sussex, Morris counties and surrounding area. I have a bachelor's degree in Interior Design and I also completed the most comprehensive and intensive home staging and redesign certification courses in North America provided by the Home Staging Resource.


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text:
E3 2016: Zelda Producer on Why Breath of the Wild Doesn't Have a Female Protagonist
Princess Zelda was considered.
By Alex Osborn
Updated: Jun 15, 2016 12:44 am
Posted: Jun 15, 2016 12:24 am
The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild doesn't feature the option to play as a female hero, and series producer Eiji Aonuma has come forward to explain why.
In an interview with GameSpot at E3 2016, Aonuma acknowledged the rumors of a female Link, noting the team "did discuss as a staff as to what would be possible if [they] took that route."
But instead of further exploring the possibility of a female Link, the team considered making Zelda the hero. "We thought about it and decided that if we're going to have a female protagonist it's simpler to have Princess Zelda as the main character," he said.
Aonuma went on to explain why the team ultimately decided against this idea, saying, "if we have princess Zelda as the main character who fights, then what is Link going to do? Taking into account that, and also the idea of the balance of the Triforce, we thought it best to come back to this [original] makeup."
What do you make of Aonuma's response? Do you think Breath of the Wild should have featured a female Link or Princess Zelda as the protagonist? Let us know in the comments, and for more the Nintendo's upcoming Wii U title, which will be the "same experience" on NX, check out our hands-on preview.
Alex Osborn is a freelance writer for IGN. You can follow him on Twitter and subscribe to him on YouTube.
ESRB: Everyone 10+
Wii UNintendo Switch
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2d ago - In almost every way, this is the Harry Potter RPG I've always wanted to play.
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Note to self, DON"T scare the Ker cross. Very bad results.
As always being myself, I decided to scare a poor ghoul, I sadly chose the wrong victim, miss Astraera. At the time I did not know she was part Ker and part fury, a mistake I quickly learned. As always I just stood there like a statue when she walked by, I did a very good sounding Banshee screech... Okay I may be made of stone, but dagger heals on certain parts of a male hurts still! What happen after that was slightly blurry, but Archie, the little rat who ran for it when she reacted told me what happen.
After that I decided a walk was needed, as sore as it was. Being a prankster can be a deadly job, and being a Angel doesn't help the matters either.
With the people fearing that I will send them back in time and such, pranks end badly at times. I guess that's what being what I am does to people.... Ugh, Cheshira found out my I-coffin number, must replace that, don't need a billion text from the stalker, what is it with her thing about this 'Con' anyway?
That is a cliffhanger! I want to read more! So intresting!