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Doug Jones outraises, outspends Tommy Tuberville in third quarter
Brian Lyman
U.S. Sen. Doug Jones may face difficulties getting re-elected. But money won't be one of them.
The incumbent Democrat raised $10.4 million between July 1 and Sept. 30, according to a report filed with the Federal Election Commission (FEC) on Thursday. Jones spent $11.3 million and finished the quarter with $7.9 million on hand.
Former Auburn head football coach Tommy Tuberville, the Republican nominee, reported raising $3.3 million and spending $2.1 million. He finished the quarter with $1.7 million on hand.
The reports do not reflect outside spending done for or against the candidates. Jones has been targeted in television ads by outside groups, including the Club for Growth. The FEC said the conservative group, which also targeted Republicans in the July 14 runoffs in Alabama, spent $1.6 million against Jones between Jan. 1, 2019, and the end of July.
Jones is widely considered an underdog in his race against Tuberville, and the few public polls of the race through early October have shown him down double-digits. The Democratic incumbent is fighting against the Republican lean of Alabama in a presidential election year, and straight-ticket voting that in 2018 heavily favored the GOP in the state.
More:Trends favor Tommy Tuberville in Senate election, but plenty of questions remain
But Jones has benefited from Democratic enthusiasm and consistently outraised Republicans vying to challenge him the early part of the year. He went into the general election campaign with $8.7 million on hand.
The COVID-19 outbreak forced Tuberville and former U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions, the top two candidates in the GOP primary, into an unusually long runoff. Tuberville won on July 14th, but finished the race with about $551,000 on hand.
In his campaign, Jones has emphasized Alabama issues, particularly health care and responding to the COVID-19 outbreak. The incumbent has also waged an aggressive campaign against Tuberville, highlighting his departures from coaching jobs and his avoidance of most media outlets.
More:Doug Jones criticizes Tommy Tuberville over charity, hedge fund
Tuberville has stressed loyalty to President Donald Trump and his socially conservative stands on abortion and gun rights. In recent ads Tuberville has also attacked Jones for his vote against U.S. Supreme Court Justice Brett Kavanaugh and Jones' planned vote against U.S. Supreme Court nominee Amy Coney Barrett. Jones said last month he would not vote for any nominee before Election Day, accusing Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Kentucky, of rushing the process.
Contact Montgomery Advertiser reporter Brian Lyman at 334-240-0185 or blyman@gannett.com.


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Thap Thiang Subdistrict () is a tambon (sub-district) of Mueang Trang District, Trang Province regarded as the administrative center of the province. Thap Thiang has an area of 14.77 km2 (round about 5.70 mi2) and a population of 59,637 people in 2017.

Geography
Neighboring tambons are (from the north clockwise): Na Ta Luang, Ban Pho, Khok Lo, Bang Rak.

History
Thap Thiang has a history of more than 100 years. Its name means 'rest at noon' as King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) had traveled here and rested in the pavilion at noon. Later in 1915, the capital district of Trang moved from Kantang to here.

However, according to historical scrutiny. It was found that King Chulalongkorn never came to Thap Thiang. Therefore, it is believed the name "Thap Thiang" probably means a break for cooking or eating lunch during the noon of the traders who came to trade in the past.

Originally, it was called Tai Phru (ท้ายพรุ), later after the year 1938, the name was changed to Thap Thiang. There are important permanent structures such as Trang Clock Tower, Trang Provincial Hall, Trang Governor's Residence, Dugong Circle, Krapang Surin Public Park, Trang Railway Station, Thumrin Thana Hotel, Trang Hospital.

Administration
The tambon is administered by the city municipality (Thesaban Nakhon) Trang (เทศบาลนครตรัง)

Notable people
Chuan Leekpai: two times Prime Minister
Chiranan Pitpreecha: S.E.A. Write Award poet

References

Tambon of Trang Province

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


What are shingles and what does the shingles treatment involve? Let us take a look at that in the following article.
Shingles are caused by the herpes zoster virus (also known as the varicella zoster virus) and typically leads to the formation of red and patchy skin in certain parts of the body. The skin begins itching and a skin rash develops. The varicella zoster virus is the same virus that causes chickenpox as well. After a person has chickenpox (mostly in their childhood), the virus gets collected in the root of the nerves and remains in a dormant state until many years later when it gets reactivated. After which it travels along sensory nerves into the skin and causes a localized rash like formation that may even develop blisters later.
Shingles pain can be very disturbing and cause a lot of discomfort, therefore administering treatment for shingles is important. Here are a few shingles treatments that you can undertake.
The main reason why shingles are caused is because the immune system has weakened and thereby allowed the herpes zoster virus to attack again. So the first step is to strengthen the immune system. This can be done by increasing the intake of foods that contain vitamin C. Track the different sources of vitamin C like all citrus fruits, leafy vegetables and other fruits.
It is important to keep the area that has developed the shingles rash clean and hygienic. Do this by cleaning it with an anti bacterial soap and warm water twice a day. Do not rub the area as that might potentially spread the infection to other body parts. Pat off excess water and allow it to air dry for faster healing. Use a cold compress to relieve the shingles symptoms of itching and tingling. Alternately, one could also soak in a cool or warm bath for the same effect.
Apply petroleum jelly on the rash for quick relief from the pain and as an aid for treatment.
The chickweed herb is a known remedy for many skin disorders and helps as a shingles treatment at home very effectively.
Take some olive leaves and get their extract. Now apply this extract onto the shingles directly.
Applying oils like virgin coconut oil, peppermint and geranium oil on the shingles will also help bring the same effect.
Spread a liberal amount of raw honey onto the shingles rash. Honey is known to have medicinal properties and treats shingles very effectively.
Applying calamine lotion also has the same soothing effect on the rash.
Consume 3 garlic cloves everyday. Garlic has natural antiseptic and antibacterial properties that'll clear out the shingles.
Eat a pear or its juice in large quantities to clear out the shingles naturally. Pears have the antiviral caffeic acid that helps in the process.
Medication like painkillers and antivirals are used in shingles treatment very often.
If one does not use precautions for shingles they can manifest into a severe rash that can lead to a lot of pain. Shingles treatment then becomes necessary to stop the wound from festering and developing blisters. Having these home remedies should help you treat the shingles effectively and fast. All the best!


Having straight teeth is ideal for your dental wellbeing. Straight teeth keep the buildup of bacteria in your gums and as well as teeth. Adjusted teeth will dependably give you the certainty to grin broadly. Dentists are more than capable of straightening your teeth. To have the best orthodontics, remember these tips.
There are arrays of orthodontics treatment alternatives that makes it important to choose the right one. For this situation, the dental practitioner will be the one to decide the ideal treatment design. This is in the account that the dental practitioner has a better understanding of their adequacy. The existing treatment option includes clear braces, customary metal braces, removable tools invisalign plate and others.
Degree is used to measure the teeth misalignment. This is a component to be utilized as a part of choosing an adequate treatment design. Including the gnawing design, the dental specialist will have to examine and analyze everything. This will allow the dentist to have more data in regards to the degree of teeth misalignment. Utilizing the specialists' discoveries, the dental master will recommend a method that he/she considers to help correct the misalignment.
The orthodontics system ought to be done for meeting particular goals and desires. To meet the patient's expectation, the dental specialists should provide solutions to the client's problem. Hence, you ought to examine with the expert all the more in regards to the issue and your coveted desire subsequent to acquiring the orthodontics and braces treatment. Guarantee the method is done agreeable to you.
It is extremely important to check the dental practitioner's experience in treating orthodontics. Experience is crucial in finding out your dental practitioner's level of skill. Time gives them the chance to commit errors and gain from them all the while. This provides them experience and learning curve in their field. To make sure you have the best orthodontics treatment, make sure your dentist is experienced in the field.
The dental specialists dependably get a reputation following quite a while of serving their customers with dental administrations. Those who neglect to deliver proper dental administration will ruin their established name. This is on the grounds that different people in making the terrible name will utilize the bad reputation of other dentists of their past clients. To secure the best dental administrations, it is fitting to choose an expert with a respectable reputation.
For the specialists to have the fitness of conveying the orthodontics treatment, they should have the required learning and aptitudes. To have these knowledge, a practitioner must experience top notch courses, preparing in a trustworthy foundation for dentistry. It is more astute to pick a specialist that has accomplished more elevated amounts of training in dentistry.


High diving will be one of the most spectacular disciplines of the 2017 FINA World Championships from 28 to 30 July in a very attractive environment on the banks of the Danube river, right in front of the Hungarian Parliament Building. The favourite of the men's event will be defending champion Gary Hunt, but the living legend of this sport is still Columbian Orlando Duque, who won the gold medal at the 2013 FINA World in Barcelona. 42-year-old Duque is eager to achieve a good result in Budapest as well.
Jumping off a 10 meter platform already sounds quite scary for some, but how about doing it from a 27 meter one? That is exactly what competitors of the men's high diving event do.
There are only a few world-class high divers in the world, since it is still a young sport, but Orlando Duque is definitely among them. The Columbian started his career as a diver, and tried some other sports as well, but he did not really like any of them, until he had the opportunity to try high diving.
The Duke (his nickname) fall in love with this extreme sport, and decided to enter the inaugural 2009 season of the Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series. What's more, he finished in first place overall! He has won three silver medals and one bronze medal since then, and 2016 was the first year when he did not stand on the podium in any of the competitions.
Duque has not only been a successful cliff diver, but he is also one of the best high divers in the world. He won the first ever gold medal in this sport at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships in Barcelona ahead of Gary Hunt and Jonathan Paredes. By the way, he has become the Mexican's coach in the meantime…The gold in Barcelona was Columbia's first medal in a FINA WC.
Duque could not repeat this great performance at the 2015 FINA World in Kazan, but his sixth place finish was still a good result as there were 20 participants compared to the 13 athletes of the 2013 event.
"My rivals are water and altitude, and I work hard every day to beat them." - he told deportivocali.co in 2013. What's Duque got to do with the 9-time Columbian champion and two-time Libertadores Cup finalist football club? He has been a big fan of the team since his childhood, but he has had some other special activities as well.
He has appeared on the entertainment show 'Dancing with the Stars' in Colombia, he was featured in the film '9 Dives', in which he jumped off a bridge in Italy from a height of 34 metres, and he is an ambassador for 'Alas para Volar' [Wings to Fly], a charity that helps injured children.
His ambition is to compete at the 2017 FINA World Championships in Budapest, a little more than a month before his 43th birthday. He will not be the top favourite, but we can be sure that he will try to return to the podium after the 2013 event.
The men's high diving competition will take place from 28 to 30 July on the famous Batthány Square in Budapest at the FINA World Championships.


Merijildo M. Garcia, 85, of Safford, passed away March 14, 2016. He was born September 16, 1930 to Reynaldo & Anita Gracia in Solomonville, Arizona….
Hugh David Clonts, 86, entered into rest on March 13, 2016, after an extended illness, surrounded by his family at Mt. Graham Regional Medical Center….


How Fast Submit Blog to 20 Search Engines. How to send your blog to twenty search engine? These services are very important to simplify all the search engines recognize your blog.
Would you services such as Bing, Yahoo and Google to list your blog to their search engine? How very easy, just register your blog in freewebsubmission. This method has been used by thousands of bloggers around the world and they obtain satisfactory results.
Whether the advantages to register your blog on this website? The answer is simple, you'll be reflected when bugs in all 20 search engines in quick time. At first I did not know this, but a best friend, had advised me to submit my blog on this website and I think my blog has started to enroll in all the search engines as most visitors to my blog from around the world and most of the visitors are from the united states.
My blog is still new and I'm still learning about the world of blogs. I want to share all the new bloggers around the world about these tips and I hope, if you read this paper, submit your blog shortly on this website. It does not impose any cost and this service is free of charge. I almost forgot to remind you, if you have submitted your blog on this website, make sure you check your email for the confirmation required by the search engines involved.
You simply input your blog url address and your email and press the button 'submit your site' 'it has been completed. Let me finish on this partnership, I hope these tips help and benefit you. If you have a friend, blogger, recently delivered these tips to them as well. I am happy to share something useful to you and if you have any questions, please leave your comment in the comments below. See you again in the next entry.


Members of the National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) can now enjoy a private offer of up to $500 toward the retail delivery or up to $1,000 toward the fleet delivery3 of most new Chevrolet, Buick, and GMC vehicles. Association members can get an even better deal with Business Choice Offers.
Members of Associated Builders and Contractors, Inc. can now enjoy a private offer of up to $500 toward the retail delivery4 or up to $1,000 toward the fleet delivery4 of most new Chevrolet, Buick, and GMC vehicles. Association members can get an even better deal with Business Choice Offers.
As an automotive manufacturer for the Associated General Contractors of America (AGC), we're extending this private offer of up to $500 toward the retail delivery4 or up to $1,000 toward the fleet delivery4 of most new Chevrolet, Buick, and GMC vehicles. Association members can get an even better deal with Business Choice Offers.
3. Available at participating dealers. Chevrolet City Express and Low Cab Forward receive a $250 Offer for both Fleet and Retail deliveries. Retail Deliveries for all other eligible vehicles receive a $500 Offer. Fleet Deliveries on the Buick Enclave, Chevrolet Traverse, Silverado, Express, Suburban, Tahoe, GMC Acadia, Sierra, Savana, Yukon receive a $1,000 Offer. All other Fleet deliveries receive a $500 Offer. Valid toward the purchase or lease of eligible new or unused 2016, 2017 or 2018 Chevrolet, Buick, and GMC vehicles. This offer excludes Buick Regal, Cascada, LaCrosse; Chevrolet Bolt EV, Camaro, Corvette, Sonic, Spark, SS, Volt, Trax, Impala Limited; and all Cadillac vehicles. Additional General Motors models may be excluded from time to time at General Motors sole discretion. This offer is available with most current General Motors offers. Not compatible with other private offers. Not valid on prior purchases. Incentives are subject to change without notice. Customers must take delivery by 1/2/18. See your dealer for details.
4. Available at participating dealers. Private offer amount varies by model. Chevrolet City Express and Low Cab Forward receive a $250 Offer for both Fleet and Retail deliveries. Retail Deliveries for all other eligible vehicles receive a $500 Offer. Fleet Deliveries on the Buick Enclave, Chevrolet Traverse, Silverado, Express, Suburban, Tahoe, GMC Acadia, Sierra, Savana, or Yukon receive a $1,000 Offer. All other Fleet deliveries receive a $500 Offer. Valid toward the purchase or lease of eligible 2016, 2017 or 2018 model year vehicles. Customer must take delivery by 1/2/18. Not compatible with other private offers. Not valid on prior purchases. Compatible with many current incentives. Incentives are subject to change without notice. NAHB offer excludes Buick Regal, Cascada, LaCrosse; Chevrolet Bolt EV, Camaro, Corvette, Sonic, Spark, SS, Volt, Trax, Impala Limited; and all Cadillac vehicles. ABC and AGC offers excludes Buick LaCrosse, Regal, Cascada, Verano; Chevrolet Bolt EV, Camaro, Corvette, Sonic, Spark, SS, Volt, Trax, Impala Limited; and all Cadillac vehicles. Additional General Motors models may be excluded from time to time at General Motors's sole discretion. See dealer for details.


If you don't spend a lot of time thinking about shares, investments and things like that, you'll probably assume that you're not an investor. That's a reasonable assumption, but we're about to blow your mind—we're pretty sure that everyone is an investor in one way or the other, and "everyone" includes you.
That's true—we don't. But let's take a look at what investing is.
In a nutshell, investing is putting resources (usually money) towards something that you hope will pay off later. If you invest in a business, that business may spend your investment on some kind of improvements that increase its profits, then give some of those profits back to you.
But think for a second about what money is. It's basically just a resource. There's nothing that says money is the only resource you can invest. When you start to think about other resources, you'll start to realise that you've probably been an investor all along.
Imagine you're a gardener for a moment. You might plant some veges, and "invest" water, energy and time. After awhile, you get your return—some delicious fresh vegetables, ready to be chopped and eaten.
Did you go to university or polytechnic? If you did, then you're an investor. Studying is expensive and time-consuming. If you're not surrounded with rich (and generous) family members, you have to live off your student loan and work part-time in order to (barely) pay the bills.
You probably wouldn't do this just for fun! But it may not be about the money either. While people who study do, on average, make more than people who don't, there are lots of other reasons you may study. You may get a lot of personal satisfaction out of working in a particular field. In order to get that "return" of a satisfied feeling, you're investing in studying to work in the field.
The same goes for apprenticeships. Apprentices often get paid minimum wage. In some cases, they could get paid more elsewhere, but they're investing in their future by taking a lower pay and learning a skill that will increase their ability to earn more in future.
Ever pull a late night to impress your boss by getting a project done? Congratulations—you're an investor. There's no immediate gain from you sacrificing your evening, but if it builds your skills and puts you closer to a promotion, you can bet those will pay off.
Eating your vegetables? Exercising? Avoiding fast food? Having a burger every day would be delicious, and getting up to go for a run can be absolutely excruciating. Yet most people don't have burgers every day, and lots of people go for a walk, or a run or to the gym. If you're one of these people, then congratulations again—you're an investor. Every time you drag yourself out of bed and go running, you're investing in future you—even if current you would much rather be in bed.
Looking at your life this way can teach you a lot about investing your money as well. Think about exercising, studying, working late and so on—these things can be mild annoyances from time to time, but they're hopefully not completely horrible. Studying for an exam may be stressful, but overall, peoples' memories of university tend to be pretty positive.
That's the great thing about investing in yourself. It doesn't have to be a complete trade-off. You don't have to exchange total misery now in hopes of a big reward in the future. Rather, you can have it both ways.
You don't have to invest so much money that you can barely make ends meet. In fact, you don't even need to invest so much that you need to make significant changes to your lifestyle. Investing little bits, here and there, lets you have it all—you get a return in the future, but you don't have to sacrifice so much today that your quality of life is a lot lower.
If you're a member of KiwiSaver, you're already investing your money. And with Sharesies, you can really start to invest in a way that works for you.
Just like how there is no typical investor, there is no typical way to invest. It's about doing what's right for you.
Newer PostHow does bitcoin fit with your investment portfolio?
Older PostHow does KiwiSaver work?


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Preacher Moss
Stand-Up Comedian and Writer
Preacher Moss is clearly the new prototype for the comedian of these times and the times to come. A writer for "The Damon Wayans Show" and "Saturday Night Live," his comedy stylings are distinguished for being sculptured out of the everyday relevance of life and the rare glimpses of truth we value as reality. He…
Comedy & HumorCultural Diversity TopicsLeadershipMotivation & Inspiration
Preacher Moss is clearly the new prototype for the comedian of these times and the times to come. A writer for "The Damon Wayans Show" and "Saturday Night Live," his comedy stylings are distinguished for being sculptured out of the everyday relevance of life and the rare glimpses of truth we value as reality.
He is intellectual, yet humble. He is charismatic and dynamic, but does not have to demand great attention or time because his audiences come to cooperatively listen, laugh and in "special" moments, reflect. Truly this is a rare combination. He is more than a comedian, priding himself on being just a man. Viewed, respected and revered as a man of the people, his words carry life and just as importantly, they carry laughter.
Armed with sincerity, intellect and rare comedic ability, Preacher Moss is the "End of Racism" Comedy and Lecture Tour. "Speaking on Truth," Moss has been playing to the hearts and minds of college students and administrators all over the country. With his insight on "racial understanding vs. racial interaction" he has quickly become the funniest social commentator on the college scene today.
The "End of Racism" is not just the name of the tour, but a commitment that we all share. Preacher moss knows how to deliver the goods on how we see race through race through laughter, respect and the humility of a man who felt the sting of racism for not just blacks, but whites, gays, latinos, as the poor and the underclass of America.
Moss has a notable list of television appearances: NYC Urban Comedy Festival, BET Comicview, Comedy Central, Politically Incorrect, Nightline (ABC), Latino Laugh Festival. He has performed with many artist greats including Maya Angelou, WAR, The Last Poets, Stanley Clarke, George Lopez, Darryl Hammond, Chris Farley, George Wallace, Will Durst, and many more…
An Evening With Preacher Moss
Preacher Moss - From Christianity to Islam
Thank you so much for working with Silver Lake College and myself to make it possible for us to host Preacher Moss yesterday. I have received wonderful feedback."
Jessica Ehmler, Silver Lake College of the Holy Family
Thank you so much for helping us bring Preacher Moss to campus. His presentation was fun and engaging. He connected great with the audience and everybody had a good time.
Andy Herrera, Penn State University Behrend
What a great performer! He expertly weaved funny stories and situations with important lessons about the differences between people. He made the students laugh, but also caused them to think. Between explosions of laughter, I could see the students digesting the information he was presenting to them. After his closing, students continued talking and laughing, but, perhaps, most importantly, they were addressing topics like racism, sexism, and homophobia because of what Preacher Moss had said.
Susan Taylor, Colorado Mountain College- Spring Valley
He is an 'undercover agent for social change.' Preacher Moss' lecture should be recognized as the lecture most likely to spark random acts of intelligence and good vibes.
Jamaal Edwards, Coordinator of Coalition for Change Summit

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Teaching good hand-washing skills actually improves school attendance rates.
School absenteeism causes lots of problems: kids miss out on learning, parents miss work, and sometimes schools lose critical funding. Absences are most commonly caused by illness and typically peak during flu season.
It's well known that hand-washing decreases the spread of many common infections including colds and flu viruses. It's also well known that school kids aren't the best when it comes to washing carefully or often enough. What to do? A group of researchers recently reported on a simple intervention which made a big difference.
Using a study group of 773 school children, ages 4-14, they investigated whether teaching and reminding kids regularly about hand-washing would be more effective than simply providing adequate time and materials (soap and hand sanitizer) to wash. They divided the study population into two groups. Both had plenty of access to soap, water and hand sanitizer but one group also had regular instruction and periodic refreshers on the importance and the technique of washing properly.
The instruction was age-appropriate. For example, finger puppets taught the pre K and K children, while older children had games and demos to drive home the message. The group who were instructed showed a significant decrease in their total absenteeism, and the absenteeism related to illness. The differences between the two groups were highest during the flu season and decreased thereafter.
The researchers concluded that school children could be taught to improve their hand hygiene and that such as improvement would be reflected in better health and decreased absenteeism, which means more time in school. They suggest that the improved attendance would improve students' academic performances.
Provide a short hand hygiene lesson for the students at the beginning of each academic year as well as refresher lessons throughout the year.
Parents may wish to employ these strategies at home as well to help in the battle against contagious diseases.
The study is published in the journal, Pediatrics.


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Home FEATURES State Secretary fails to intervene with 'toxic trains' in region
State Secretary fails to intervene with 'toxic trains' in region
Photo credit: Alain Heeren/Studio040
For years, far more trains carrying hazardous substances have been crossing the centre of Eindhoven than is permitted under the rules. In 2019, the municipality and province sent an urgent letter to the State in vain. Why did the State Secretary not intervene, while he could have?
The 'Basisnet' law for the transport of dangerous goods has been causing problems since its introduction in 2015. Every year, more train freight wagons with flammable, explosive or toxic substances drive through Eindhoven than allowed. This was even the case last year, despite corona. Although the total transport of hazardous substances by rail dropped by five per cent in 2020, there were still more trains on the Brabant route (between Moerdijk and Venlo) than permitted through Basisnet.
The increase in the number of 'toxic trains' evokes feelings of unsafety among local residents, as Studio040 reported earlier. Moreover, Eindhoven, just like many other municipalities, wants to build residential complexes closer to the railway in the coming years. The project 'Knoop XL' is crucial in this respect, for both housing construction and the (international) passenger flows in the Eindhoven station area.
However, nothing has been done with the emergency letter that Eindhoven sent to former State Secretary Stientje van Veldhoven (D66, democrats) two years ago, much to the municipality's disappointment. Shortly before her departure last summer, Van Veldhoven gave instructions to investigate how things could be improved. It is up to her successor to do something with the results of that study.
Discomfort about rerouting
Yet the State Secretary could certainly have intervened if she had wanted to. She could have used a routing decree to (temporarily) prohibit transport on congested routes or to divert it to other routes. However, this is a politically sensitive option.
In 2017, then State Secretary Sharon Dijksma already had the costs and benefits of such a rerouting decision investigated. Researchers from SEO Economic Research in Amsterdam concluded, based on interviews with stakeholders, that it would lead to higher detour costs and lower productivity. The researchers emphasised that the estimated costs of 0.2 to 0.4% of total rail transport in the Netherlands were very uncertain.
In an internet consultation, citizens' organisations and various local authorities were in favour of a bypass decision. Rail transport companies and (chemical) industry associations were opposed. They anticipated too many costs and hassles without safety really being at stake.
Fear of 'unfair competition'
Van Veldhoven ultimately decided against a decision to divert the train, because she feared it would create a waterbed effect by shifting the problem to other routes. Moreover, it could earn her complaints from Brussels, as mandatory detours would force carriers to incur extra costs. That could be seen as state interference and 'therefore' unfair competition.
The spokesperson for the municipality of Eindhoven understands the reluctance to make a diversion decision. Nevertheless, the State Secretary is the only one who can steer freight transport in the right direction, she says. "Clear agreements must be made in advance about the best routes for the transport of hazardous substances. The national government must take structural measures so that the transport of hazardous substances takes place in the urban environment as little as possible."
'Polder' over hazardous substances
The dilemma between freight transport and housing construction has been unresolved for fifteen years. In 2006, former Minister of Transport, Public Works and Water Management Karla Peijs wanted a framework for the transport of hazardous substances by road, rail and water. She expected a sharp increase in that transport, which would be at odds with the building plans of municipalities and provinces.
The Basisnet law had to offer a safe balance between these conflicting interests. That was no easy task. Consultation between municipalities, provinces, the (petro)chemical industry, Rijkswaterstaat and the responsible ministries took about ten years.
For each type of transport, routes have been designated in Basisnet for hazardous substances. By far the largest part of the transport is by pipeline and inland shipping. About six percent goes by motorway and by rail. The latter gave rise to the most discussion from the outset. Transport by rail is visible, tangible and audible, and often passes right through city centres and residential areas.
For example, residents of Hofstraat in Eindhoven suffered from noise and vibration caused by goods trains for years. In 2018, their houses were modified, which reduced the nuisance. However, according to the municipality, local residents are still concerned about the risks of increasing goods transport, including hazardous substances.
Shifting responsibility
To ensure a safe balance between transport and construction, Basisnet relies heavily on risk calculations. The site-specific risk is an imaginary line along the railway (or water or road) that represents the probability that someone will die once in a million years as a result of an accident involving hazardous substances. No homes may be built within that line. In many places in Basisnet this is one metre from the middle of the track.
Group risk is the probability per transport kilometre per year that a group of ten or more people in the vicinity of a transport route will become fatal victims of an accident involving the transport of hazardous substances. The group risk may fluctuate due to the population density at a specific location. The scope of transport (the quantity of hazardous substances) also plays a role in calculating the group risk.
By working with risk calculations, an upper limit on the number of transports in Basisnet seemed unnecessary, as it was assumed that rail transport would become increasingly safe. The risk ceiling would encourage transport companies to take extra safety measures, leaving room for the growth in freight transport. Since the government would adjust the calculation method for risks every five years, the effects of additional safety measures could be included on a regular basis. The safer the railways and rail wagons, the more hazardous substances they could transport, was the idea.
Communicating vessels
The contradiction is that in Basisnet reference quantities are also established per route. On the railways, these refer to numbers of tank wagons (goods wagons for a liquid or gaseous load) with various types of hazardous substances. Reference quantities are not intended as maximum quantities, but are often understood and used as such.
In theory, a too high reference quantity of one substance category on a route can be compensated by a lower quantity of another substance category. A surplus of combustible liquids can, as it were, be set off against a 'shortage' of explosive gases, as long as the sum remains under the risk ceiling. In practice, this does not usually hold true.
In 2018, for example, there were 2.5 to 3.5 times as many trains carrying flammable gas as permitted in and around Eindhoven, and one and a half times as many carrying flammable liquid. This was reported by Studio040 two years ago. Between Eindhoven and Venlo, more ammonia and toxic liquids were transported than was laid down in the reference quantities. So there was no compensation at all between different substance categories. The result: the risk ceiling was exceeded.
Artificially low risk ceiling
Yet this does not immediately mean that safety is at stake. In her Parliamentary Letter of 14 July, State Secretary Van Veldhoven wrote that although the risk ceiling had again been exceeded at various places along the Brabant route in 2020, there were no homes at those locations. In other words: the site-specific risk was not the problem, but the reference quantities.
However, that problem had already been foreseen before the introduction of Basisnet. "Without additional policy, the risk standards were already greatly exceeded on some routes to begin with, and there was already no room for the growth of transport and new construction," wrote Pehr Teulings, secretary of the 'Commissie Transport Gevaarlijke Goederen' (dangerous goods transport committee), in 2013 in trade journal 'Gevaarlijke Lading (dangerous cargo).
Researchers from consultancy firms Berenschot and Antea also concluded in 2017 that the risk ceilings had been formulated too narrowly in advance. One of the assumptions in the calculations was that the Betuwe Route (between Rotterdam and the Ruhr) would be used optimally. The risk ceilings on the other sections (including the Brabant route) were therefore kept artificially low. Between Venlo and Eindhoven, for instance, the reference numbers are zero for some substance categories. One train carrying these substances per year is then officially already one too many.
However, work on the German side of the track began simultaneously at the time of introduction of Basisnet. Capacity on the Betuweroute proved to be much lower than expected (and this will continue for years). The exceeding of standards on other sections could therefore have been foreseen.
Moreover, the forecasts for freight transport growth were lower than actual growth. The risk ceilings were partly based on these forecasts. Especially the growth of LPG transport had not been foreseen. Teulings already pointed this out in 2013. The development of LNG (liquified natural gas) had been poorly taken into account. "Indeed, the first sounds seem to show a situation in which with the widespread entry of LNG, the risk ceilings will soon be reached".
Gambling with group risk
Exceedances of the reference quantities may not have a direct effect on the individual risk, but they can certainly increase the group risk. Whether this has been the case in recent years is unclear. Group risk calculations are time-consuming, as population densities can vary greatly at locations along railway lines. Group risk is therefore not included in the annual Basisnet monitoring reports.
"Although the safety standards for location-specific risk are not at issue according to your analyses, group risk has been significantly exceeded", John Jorritsma wrote as chairman of the Safety Region Brabant-Zuidoost in 2019 to then State Secretary Van Veldhoven. "This safety value was not only introduced to prevent large concentrations of people from being exposed to an excessive safety risk, but also provides a direct indication of the social disruption in the event of a disaster or accident with hazardous substances on the railways.
"The planned intensification of the transport of hazardous substances focuses in particular on substances such as LPG, chlorine and ammonia. The impact of an accident with these types of substances in these quantities is immense. In the event of such accidents, it is virtually impossible to take repressive measures to limit the effects".
After more than fifteen years of preparation, consultation and monitoring, Basisnet is still not working as expected. The collaborative structure between the government, ProRail and the chemical companies has made enforcement too non-committal. Shared responsibility all too often means no responsibility.
Nevertheless, the government is ultimately responsible for the safety of the transport of hazardous substances. In recent years, it has shifted this responsibility onto chemical and rail companies. They are encouraged to find a solution together, but do little to reduce the exceedances of standards.
For instance, chemical companies can limit ad hoc requests for loads of hazardous substances as much as possible and drive according to the timetable established in advance. They can also choose the Betuwe Route as their preferred route. This does not happen often, certainly because the market for the transport of hazardous substances is increasingly taking on the characteristics of a so-called spot market, in which immediate delivery is key.
ProRail can declare a route congested and give one type of transport priority over another. Although there are a few cases each year of clashing timetables (which are resolved through mediation), ProRail has not (yet) issued a structural overload statement. The rail network manager distributes the available capacity well in advance each year, after the transport operators have indicated their expected transport. In this sense ProRail could have foreseen the exceeding of the risk ceiling on the Brabant route in advance.
Municipalities are at a disadvantage
Only the State Secretary could have chosen a different track. She could have raised the risk ceilings on certain sections (which she would have had to do by submitting this to the Lower House). She could also have spread transport better or forced a diversion via the Betuwe line. She did not take advantage of either option, leaving citizens with feelings of insecurity.
The State Secretary sought advice from consultants Berenschot, among others. They studied the bottlenecks of Basisnet in 2017 and reported that the focus of the law is not so much on 'filling the risk ceiling as much as possible with transport movements, but on keeping chemical complexes at home and abroad accessible within the established risk ceiling'. If anything has become clear in the past five years, it is that in order to keep the chemical complexes within reach at home and abroad, the risk ceilings on the Brabant route must be structurally exceeded.
This story was made possible by the Stimuleringsfonds voor de Journalistiek. Dtv, Omroep Venlo, Studio040 and WOS Media work together on local investigative journalism.
Translated by: Bob
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Mustapha Carayol's second goal in five games since arriving on loan saved Leeds United from a third successive away defeat as they drew 1-1 away at Brentford.
Steve Evans' men trailed from the 28th minute after Sam Saunders fired the Bees ahead, but were rewarded for an improved second half showing when Carayol, on as a late substitute, struck an equaliser.
There was disappointment for Leeds, however, as they lost striker Chris Wood to a hamstring injury that looks likely to keep him out of action for a while again after he has only just come back from a previous knock.
Wood was back in the starting line-up for the first time in 2016, but only lasted 19 minutes.
Leeds boss Steve Evans changed formation to accommodate the return of his top scorer with Wood initially partnering Souleymane Doukara up front in a 4-4-2 line-up.
Another change saw Lewis Cook playing on the left in place of Mustapha Carayol while new signing Toumani Diagouraga was on the bench on his quick return to the ground after joining United yesterday.
Wood and Doukara almost combined well early on, but neither side created a clear chance before Mirco Antenucci was brought on to replace Wood.
It remained tight until Brentford came up with an opening goal on 28 minutes when Saunders took advantage of a loose pass by Liam Bridcutt to race forward and with defenders backing off he fired a shot past Marco Silvestri.
Leeds came close to equalising as Antenucci's 25-yard shot was well saved by home keeper David Button.
But it was Brentford who looked more like scoring again when wide man Alan Judge curled a shot just over the bar.
Lasse Vibe hit a free-kick over from just outside the box and it remained 1-0 to half-time.
United did have a big shout for a penalty waved away just before the break as Antenucci went down in the box under a challenge from Harlee Dean.
Antenucci was lively again early in the second half after being found in the box by Cook, but Button was out fast to save at his feet and blocked the follow-up effort by Stuart Dallas.
Doukara tried his luck with a long range effort, but sent the ball just wide before it was time to bring new boy Diagouraga on for Luke Murphy.
Silvestri was called into action again to keep Leeds in the game, saving at the near post from a Vibe shot.
But United carried more threat in attack in this half and Liam Cooper headed over from a corner.
They kept going and were rewarded six minutes from time when Carayol, who had come on as substitute for Dallas, beat Button with a first time shot into the bottom corner from the edge of the box.
Both sides then pushed for a winner, but it ended with honours even and a fair result on the night.
Brentford: Button, Colin, Dean, Barbet, Bidwell, McEachran, Woods, Saunders (Gogia 64), Swift (Yennaris 88), Judge, Vibe (Djuricin 64).
Leeds: Silvestri, Wootton, Bellusci, Cooper, Taylor, Dallas (Carayol 76), Bridcutt, Murphy (Diagouraga 60), Cook, Wood (Antenucci 19), Doukara.


Pradeep's Fundamental Physics With Value Based Questions For Class XII by K L Gomber and K L Gogia is a useful book for students of class 12 who wish do well in their board examinations and are really interested in this subject. It comes in a set of 2 volumes and comprises of the Class XII syllabus in detail.
The topics that have been discussed in depth in this book are optics, electromagnetic waves, dual nature of radiation and matter, electronic devices, atoms and nuclei, communication system, electrostatics, communication systems, current electricity and magnetic effects of current and magnetism. Pradeep's Fundamental Physics With Value Based Questions For Class XII is recommended by institutes for its explanations. The terms are very well defined, there are ample illustrations and solved problems and the clear structuring of the book makes the study of physics an enjoyable and easy affair. The authors have explained every detail so explicitly that even the toughest problems seem to be easy and the solutions given for cracking all kinds of problems help students to master the subject well and score high marks in their board examinations.
This book was published by Pradeep Publications in paperback.
The book contains illustrations and in-depth explanations.
It provides solved answers, hints and solutions to problems.
It also has important questions relating to the board examination and the latest questions types and numericals.


I was going to tell you a joke about an egg but it's not all it's cracked up to be a 🐣!! . . . Hippity Hoppity Hop A Happy Easter's here!!!
Jesus said to her, "I am the resurrection and the life. The one who believes in me will live, even though they die." John 11:25 . Blessed Easter everyone!
Yummy cupcakes and personalised water bottles!
Beli Honda Mobilio,LANGSUNG DAPAT HADIAH Diskon cashback MELIMPAH Kelebihan All New Mobilio 2019 : . "Type S terendah sudah dapat Velg Racing terbaru"


Meg's and my journey into the legacy of William Schickel continued this week with a visit (with Jake Hodesh) to Schickel Design in Cincinnati's Over-The-Rhine neighborhood across from Washington Park. Schickel Design is the same company that William Schickel ran, and his father, and his father's father. It's now led by William Schickel's daughter Martha Schickel Dorff, AIA. Her daughter Rebecca Cadena, R.A. works there too, and so, thankfully, Schickel Design will continue another generation.
Unlike William, Martha and Rebecca are licensed architects. Like William, these women have not confined themselves to their degrees and certifications. As the picture above reveals, their work encompasses (but is not limited to) building design, urban planning, painting, sculpture, stained glass, and drawing. What inspired Meg and me in their father/grandfather was the diversity of his work; a seemingly fearless nature toward new and different projects and mediums. It's obvious that a similar openness and curiosity is very alive in Martha and Rebecca as well.
Even on a cold and gray day the studio is full of light and color.


text:
Frank J. Buchman
Cowboy – Horseman – Writer
For the Love of Horses
A Cowboy's Faith
Down the Draw
Hey Neighbor
Contact Frank
Lifelong, Fulltime Bull Rider Now 'On A Roll' Winning Rodeos
Life of a full time rodeo cowboy is far from easy.
There are seeming endless expenses, continuous travel, day-after-day when rides end before the buzzer sounds, injuries and relapse of former wounds, even "almost times" when one kind-of wonders if being a professional bull rider is really what he wants. Yet, deep inside there's no doubt that it truly is.
Then, everything changes when one "gets on a roll."
"Everything is really looking up now. I won at Ponca City, got second at Gardner and Salina, and won Monday at Emporia. I'm back in the game, and it feels good," admitted Brad Harris of Udall.
Brad Harris, Udall, shows his championship bull riding form on the renowned Grey Squirrel of the New Frontier Rodeo Company at Roxbury.
"I've drawn good, rode good, marked high and got some nice checks. That's a lot better than the other way, and I intend to keep it up. I have a full schedule of rodeos and bull ridings in weeks ahead," the fulltime bull rider related.
"It's easy to get down when you get bucked off, and go a spell without winning anything, but I've always wanted to be a cowboy. That's all I've ever done, and riding bulls is what I want to do for a living. There's never been any question about that," contended Harris, as he was driving to his next competition following the Emporia championship.
The lifetime-career-choice got its beginning at junior rodeos where Harris started out riding sheep. "Rodeo got in my blood right there, and before long I was riding calves, graduated to steers, and then bulls," he reflected.
While attending high school at Udall, Harris competed in Kansas High School Rodeos across the state going to the Kansas championship four years. "I qualified for the National High School Rodeo in bull riding two years, but luck wasn't with me either time. I drew too deep, and didn't get any covered," Harris evaluated.
Never daunted from his life's objective, Harris hit the rodeo trail full time upon high school graduation. "I got my PRCA (Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association), CBR (Championship Bull Riding) and PBR (Professional Bull Riding) cards when I turned 18, and I've been living out of two bags ever since," related Harris, now 25.
Competition has taken the bull rider all over the country. "I ride in more than 100 events a year. I've been to every state west of Kansas, and many states east of here, too," Harris tallied.
Qualifying on the majority of his mounts, Harris obviously is endowed with riding ability, but his draws have bucked rank enough to put him in the money most of the time as well.
"Wherever I go anymore, most of the bulls will win me a check when I get them covered. Quality of the bucking bulls has gone through the roof. I don't worry about what contractor is there, because the bulls will be the kind to win on," Harris assured.
Like just about every bull rider, maybe all professionals in the most dangerous sport participated in by man, Harris has had to combat injuries. "I marked an 88 at San Antonio, and then landed on my back, got hit, broke my jaw, punctured my lung and broke some ribs. That really set me back," Harris remembered.
However, Harris remained undeterred, and went to the Dodge Circuit Finals. "I wasn't near ready to get back on, and that really took its toll," the cowboy said.
Health is back now though, and Harris is going full force.
Traveling is hard on the body, and limits dedicated exercise programs. "I'm not on a strict diet, but I stay away from junk food as much as possible. I have a bicycle and ride it to help keep in shape," commented the 5-foot-nine, 140-pound champion.
Looking at his calendar, there's only a few days without bull riding events penciled in, and those days are dedicated to travel.
One competition marked in red is the Flint Hills Bull Blowout set for the Flint Hills Rodeo Arena at Strong City on Saturday night, Sept. 14, sponsored by Flint Hills Genetics and Reyer's Country Store.
"I've won the Flint Hills Bull Blowout one year, and got second another, so I wouldn't miss it for anything. With New Frontier Rodeo Company providing the bulls, and the way the Reyer family goes all out for the contestants, and to make an outstanding show, it's one of the best competitions I enter every year," Harris said.
Traveling alone at the present time, Harris sometimes hauls with other cowboys, depending on the rodeo schedules.
"Realizing that bull riders don't continue winning forever, Harris doesn't even give that a second thought.
"I'm winning now, and I'll keep going. I plan on making the top 15, and the finals in all three associations. That's my objective everyday all year, and it's not going to change," Harris analyzed.
August 24, 2013 / Frank J. Buchman
Hey Neighbor 182
Even Clean Vehicle is Significant
Frank J. Buchman is a rancher in the Kansas Flint Hills, a lifelong horseman who writes about the rural way of life, horses & horsemen, and spirituality.
Terms of Use | Contact Frank
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Muscotah Couple Finds Most Enjoyment Owning And Their Horses
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You are at:Home»Posts Tagged "colonialism"
The Gul Mawaz Khan Memorial Foundation is devoted to forgotten heroes–heroes whose history can bridge the divisions that plague British society today.
Widely misunderstood, but avant-garde, Edward Said has left a legacy of work that continues to hold relevance to thinkers navigating today's muddy waters.
Letter: Dare We Make a Case for Colonialism?
Why are academics so quick to silence anyone who points out the positive side of colonialism? The backlash against Bruce Gilley is anti-intellectualism.


Obtain a technology advantage that removes the requirement to find the 18 Upgrade Plans to be able to buy the higher ship upgrades.
Obtain a technology advantage that removes the requirement to find the 18 Upgrade Plans to be able to buy the higher ship upgrades (gameplay and cosmetic upgrades).
Important: You need to progress until Sequence 3 memory 04 to see the effect of this DLC. The plan requirement will be removed from the best ship's upgrades. You still need to get money and resources to be able to buy and equip them.


text:
\section{INTRODUCTION}

Optical resonators comprised of two plane-parallel mirrors (Fabry-Perot
cavities) play an important role in many optical applications and are studied
in great detail, presently \cite{B&W}. The growth of interest to this simple
resonant system in the last decade is related to advances in technology of
small-size optical resonators (microcavities) and possibility to place
structures with material resonances inside the cavity (quantum wells or
quantum dots), whose interaction with the optical mode of the microcavity
gives rise to a number of interesting optical effects \cite{Kavokin}.

Ability of the cavity to amplify various optical effects including the
magneto-optical Faraday and Kerr rotation (see, e.g., \cite{Zap0,Kav1,Kav2})
is highly valuable for the spin noise spectroscopy \cite{Zap,Zap1} gaining,
in the last years, especial popularity as a method of non-perturbative study
of magneto-spin properties of atomic and semiconductor systems \cite%
{Crooker,Os,Mitsui}. In the experiments of this kind (one of which will be
considered below), the above ability of the microcavity makes it possible to
observe the spin-induced gyrotropy noise of a thin inter-mirror gap, whose
detection without microcavity would have been strongly humpered.

The microcavities currently used in experimental studies are, most
frequently, asymmetric. A thorough analysis of their (unusual) polarization
properties is important. In this paper, we study the dependence of the
\textit{optical spin noise} (OSN) spectra \cite{f1,Zap2} on the detuning of
the microcavity photon mode with respect to the exciton resonance \cite%
{Glazov}. Our experiments show that a shift of the photon mode frequency
below the exciton resonance leads to a sharp increase in the  sensitivity of
the polarisation-dependent microcavity reflectivity to fluctuations of the
gyrotropy, which cannot be simply ascribed to the finesse changes. We
attribute this critical behavior to specific phase characteristics of the
used asymmetric Bragg microcavity \cite{Salis,f2}.

\section{EXPERIMENTAL}

In this study, we used the sample described in \cite{Glazov}, representing
an asymmetric $\lambda$-microcavity (15 and 25 periods of GaAlAs/AlAs layers
in the top and bottom mirrors, respectively) with a GaAs single QW
(102/200/102 \hskip1mm \AA \hskip1mm AlAs/GaAs/AlAs) in the center of the
inter-mirror gap. In our experimental setup (Fig. \ref{fig_1}), a
monochromatic beam of tunable laser (1) transmitted through an attenuator
and linear polarizer (2), was focused by lens (4) onto the sample (5) placed
into a closed-cycle cryostat (6) cooling the sample down to $\sim$5 K. The
beam reflected from the sample was directed to a polarimetric detector
comprised of phase plate (9), polarization beamsplitter (Wollaston prism)
(10), and broadband ($\delta\nu$ = 200 MHz) balanced detector (11).

The noise signal from the sample, as a rule, was observed in the presence of
an additional illumination of the spot by a cw red light (photodoping) \cite%
{Glazov,Rapaport2001}, created by a laser diode (8) ($\sim $2 mW, $\lambda
\sim $630 nm). Fluctuations of spin polarization of the carriers
photo-generated in the cavity gave rise to fluctuations of the reflected
beam polarization and appearance of the noise signal at the output of the
photodetector (11). A typical experiment on spin noise spectroscopy \cite%
{Zap,Crooker,Os,Mitsui} implies studying the radio-frequency (RF) spectrum of
this signal as a function of the transverse magnetic field. This spectrum is
detected using a spectrum analyzer and, in the simplest case, has a
Lorentzian shape with its peak shifting linearly with magnetic field.
\begin{figure}[tbp]
\includegraphics[width=.8\columnwidth,clip]{setup-optical-sns-paper.png}
\caption{ Schematic of the experimental setup. }
\label{fig_1}
\end{figure}
Since the task of this paper was to study optical (rather than RF) noise
spectrum, the experiments were performed using a new scheme of the
measurements. The output of the detector was fed not to a spectrum analyzer,
but rather to a short-wavelength radioreceiver (resonant amplifier with an
output detector) tuned to the frequency $\omega $ = 35 MHz. With the aid of
a sound oscillator, the illumination was modulated at the frequency $\Omega $
= 60 Hz. This modulation produced synchronous modulation of the noise with
corresponding periodic signal at the output of the radioreceiver, with its
amplitude proportional to that of the noise at the frequency 35 MHz. With
the use of a lock-in amplifier (Fig. \ref{fig_1}), we recorded the optical
spin noise (OSN) spectrum, i.e., dependence of the above noise signal versus
the wavelength of tunable laser (1). The experiments were performed at zero
magnetic field, because the noise amplitude at the frequency 35 MHz, in this
case, was high enough for its detection (due to the large width of the spin
noise spectrum \cite{Glazov}).

Figure \ref{fig_2} shows the OSN spectra obtained using the above method at
different detunings of the photon mode of the cavity and the exciton
resonance of the QW. Due to spatial gradient of the inter-mirror gap
thickness, the photon mode frequency could be shifted by moving the light
spot of the probe beam at the surface of the microcavity. It is seen from
the figure that the evolution of the OSN spectrum with the photone mode
frequency demonstrates three distinct regimes: (i) For the photon mode
frequencies lying below the exciton resonance (the region of negative
detuning), the OSN spectrum has a shape of a narrow peak with its spectral
position coincident with that of the photon mode. In the spectral region of
the QW exciton resonances (which are already noticeable in the reflectivity
spectrum, see Fig. \ref{fig_2}, upper curves), the OSN spectrum amplitude is
vanishingly small. (ii) As the photon mode frequency approaches those of the
exciton resonances (the region of anti-crossing of the polariton branches),
the amplitude of the OSN spectrum decreases, while its shape deviates from
monomodal, with arising two (or three) peaks. Spectral position of the peaks
is close to position of the photon mode of the microcavity. In the spectral
region of the QW exciton resonances, amplitude of the OSN spectrum remains
small. (iii) When the photon mode frequency starts to exceed those of the
exciton resonances (the region of positive detuning), the OSN spectrum
amplitude falls down to unobservable level. The amplitude of the
reflectivity spectrum for this region of the sample is about 30 - 50 $\%$
lower than for the region with negative detuning. Note that the width of the
photon resonance, in the reflectivity spectrum, for the region with a
positive detuning is by a factor of 3 - 4 larger than for the region with a
negative detuning (the reflectivity spectra of different regions of the
sample are given in \cite{Glazov}).
\begin{figure}[tbp]
\includegraphics[width=.8\columnwidth,clip]{osns-detuning.png}
\caption{ OSN spectra at different relative spectral position of the photon
mode and exciton resonances of the QW (figures in $\protect\mu $m indicate
distance of the light spot from the edge of the sample). The photon mode
frequency varies with position of the probe beam on the sample. Edge -- the
photon mode lies below the exciton resonance of the QW, and the OSN spectrum
has a monomodal shape. In the vicinity of anticrossing of the polaritonic
branches, the spectrum becomes bimodal (300 $\protect\mu $m), then it
decreases in amplitude (700 $\protect\mu $m) and becomes unobservable at
the photon mode frequency above the exciton resonances of the QW. The upper
plots show the reflectivity spectra in corresponding points of the sample.}
\label{fig_2}
\end{figure}
The sharp decrease of the OSN amplitude when passing from negative to
positive detuning, pointed out in item (iii) is inconsistent with the
decrease of the microcavity finesse and looks surprising. The main goal of
this paper is to interpret this unusual behavior of the Kerr-rotation noise.

\section{DISCUSSION}

In what follows, we assume, for simplicity, that the main role in the
formation of the OSN spectra is played by fluctuations of gyrotropy of the
inter-mirror gap as a whole, rather than only of the QW excitons. Since the
transparent cavity material does not have any spectral features in the
studied wavelength range, we may neglect, in our qualitative treatment, the
spectral dependence of the gyrotropy $\delta g$ responsible for the observed
noise signal. This assumption is not indisputable, but the qualitative
agreement of the model calculations with the experimental data evidence in
its favor.

Formation of the polarimetric signal detected in our experiment can be
presented in the following way. The linearly polarized beam incident upon
the sample is a superposition of two circularly polarized components $\sigma
_{+}$ and $\sigma _{-}$of equal magnitudes. In the presence of gyrotropy in
the microcavity, positions of resonant features of its reflectivity spectrum
for the $\sigma _{+}$ and $\sigma _{-}$ components of the incident light
appear to be shifted with respect to each other by the quantity proportional
to this gyrotropy. Thus, at $\delta g\neq 0$, the $\sigma _{+}$ and $\sigma
_{-}$ components of the incident beam will experience, upon reflection,
different phase shifts and different amplitude changes. The former
corresponds to polarization plane rotation of the reflected beam, while the
latter manifests the appearance of its ellipticity. Both types of the
polarization changes in the reflected beam can be detected independently. In
particular, if the phase plate (9) (Fig. \ref{fig_1}) is half-wave
(quarter-wave) and is oriented by its axis at the angle $\pi /8$ ($\pi /4$)
with respect to the vertical, the output signal of the balanced detector
(11) will be proportional to the polarization plane rotation angle
(ellipticity) of the reflected beam.
Note that, at a fixed frequency shift of the phase characteristics of reflectivity for the $\sigma_+$ and $\sigma_-$ components of the incident light, the changes in the reflected beam polarization will increase with increasing steepness of frequency dependence of these characteristics.
\begin{figure}[tbp]
\includegraphics[width=.8\columnwidth,clip]{phase-jump.png}
\caption{Dynamics of the complex reflectivity vector of the asymmetric
cavity upon passing through the resonance. (a) -- ideal (ultimate)
asymmetric cavity, (b) -- asymmetric cavity at different absorption in the
inter-mirror gap. The right plots show phase of the cavity reflection
coefficient in the pre- and post-critical regime. }
\label{fig_3}
\end{figure}
Thus, for interpretation of the above experiment, we have to analyze
behavior of the complex reflection coefficient of the microcavity with
variation of optical parameters of the cavity. This kind of analysis has been
performed for interpretation of a number of other experiments (see, e.g.
\cite{Salis,Kav1,Kav2}) and for development of interferometric devices with
specific dispersion chahracteristics \cite{Tr1,Tr2}. The analysis presented
below is aimed at interpretation of our particular spin-noise-related
experiment.

As we have already mentioned, a specific feature of the microcavity used in
our experiment is its asymmetry. The complex reflection coefficient of such
a microcavity reveals a specific critical behavior, which can be
qualitatively explained as follows.

Consider an ultimately asymmetric cavity, with its bottom mirror having
reflectivity exactly equal to unity, while reflectivity of the top mirror is
slightly smaller.
 If the absorption in the inter-mirror gap and top mirror is absent, then the reflectivity module of such a cavity is unity at any frequency of the incident light.
 As can be shown by direct calculations,
the phase of the reflection coefficient is zero (2$\pi $) at frequencies
much lower (higher) than the resonant one, and it rapidly changes from zero
to 2$\pi $ in the vicinity of the resonance whose spectral width is
controlled by the cavity finesse, which, in turn, depends on the top mirror
reflectivity. Thus, upon variation of the incident light frequency, the
complex reflection coefficient can be represented by a  vector which
circumvents a full circle moving over it counter-clockwise from the real
unity (Fig. \ref{fig_3},a).

Let us now assume that the cavity is filled by an absorbing material\textbf{.%
} In this case, at the frequencies far from the resonance, the reflectivity
of the cavity will be controlled by reflectivity of the top mirror and,
since we assume this mirror to be highly reflecting, will be, as before,
close to unity. In the region of the resonance, the reflectivity will reveal
a small dip connected with absorption in the inter-mirror gap. As a result,
dynamics of the complex reflection coefficient, upon passing the resonance,
will differ from that for the above ultimate cavity: the corresponding
complex vector will now circumvent a certain oval lying inside the above
unity circle (Fig. \ref{fig_3},b). If the absorption in the cavity is not
high, this oval will not much differ from the unity circle, and the
increment of the phase of the reflection coefficient, upon passing through
the resonance, as before, will be equal to 2$\pi $. With further growth of
the absorption, the oval will contract to the point of real unity, because,
even at very high absorption in the cavity, the reflectivity far away from
the resonance will be determined by the top highly reflecting mirror. It
follows herefrom that, at some critical value of the absorption, the oval
will pass through the coordinate origin and will appear to be entirely at
the right side of this point (Fig. \ref{fig_3},b). It is seen from Fig. \ref%
{fig_3},b that, after that, the total increment of the phase of the
reflection coefficient, upon passing through the resonance, turns into zero.
This means that the phase, which changes monotonically, in the pre-critical
regime, from 0 to $2\pi $ (Fig.\ref{fig_3}, right plot), will experience, in
the post-critical regime, a relatively small ($< \pi /2$)
sign-alternating change (Fig. \ref{fig_3},b, right plot).

As was already noted, the gyrotropy of the inter-mirror gap gives rise to
mutual shift of the phase of the reflection coefficients for the $\sigma _{+}
$ and $\sigma _{-}$ components of the incident light, with magnitude of the
polarimetric signal being higher for steeper phase characteristics. Since
the phase of the reflection coefficient of the pre-critical cavity (Fig. \ref%
{fig_3},a) is much steeper than of the post-critical one (Fig. \ref{fig_3}%
,b), one can expect that the polarimetric signal of the pre-critical cavity
will be much larger than that of the post-critical one. Besides, the
transition of the cavity through the critical point should be accompanied by
a change of optical spectrum of the polarimetric signal, because this
spectrum (at least, qualitatively) is controlled by the frequency derivative
of the phase of the reflection coefficient. In the pre-critical regime, the
phase is monotonic, which leads to monomodal shape of optical spectrum of
the polarimetric signal. In the post-critical regime, the non-monotonic
dependence of the phase over the detuning should result in the
sign-alternating shape of spectrum of the polarimetric signal.

The property of the asymmetric cavity described above seems to be important
for the following reasons. First, the Bragg microcavity used in our
experiments is essentially asymmetric (15 periods in the top mirror and 25
periods in the bottom one), and the above reasoning is applicable to it.
Second, when spectral position of the photon mode moves towards shorter
wavelengths, absorption in the microcavity increases: this is confirmed by
more than three-fold broadening of the photon-mode-related line in the
reflectivity spectrum. And, finally, third, the observed evolution of the
optical spectra of Kerr rotation from monomodal to sigh-alternating (Fig.
\ref{fig_5}) also correlates with passing of the used asymmetric
microcavity through the critical point.

For all the above reasons, the sharp fall in the OSN amplitude observed in
our experiment can be attributed to passing through the above critical point
of the microcavity. The direct model calculations described in the next
section support this supposition.
\begin{figure}[tbp]
\includegraphics[width=.8\columnwidth,clip]{refl-kerr2.png}
\caption{Right panel: evolution of shape of the Kerr rotation spectra upon
shifting of the photon mode of the cavity towards shorter wavelengths. The
measurements were performed in the pump-probe configuration. The gyrotropy
of the sample was induced by a high-power pulse of circularly polarized
light and was detected by a weak probe light, whose Kerr rotation was
measured as a function of its wavelength. The figure shows the results of
the measurements for different points on the sample: from point 100
$\mu $m to point 700 $\protect\mu $m, position of the photon mode shifts
towards shorter wavelengths. Left panel: the corresponding reflection
spectra.}
\label{fig_5}
\end{figure}

\section{MODEL CALCULATIONS}

Since the angle of incidence of the laser beam, in our experiments, was
small ($\sim $ 5$^{o}$), we will assume the incidence to be normal, in the
model. Let us denote by $r$ the complex reflection coefficient of the
microcavity in the absence of gyrotropy in the inter-mirror gap. With
appearance of the gyrotropy, the reflection coefficients $r_{\pm }$ for the $%
\sigma _{\pm }$ polarizations become different, and $r_{\pm }=r\pm \delta r$%
. The calculations show that, if the beam incident on the microcavity is
polarized vertically, the output signal $S$ of the balanced detector (11)
(Fig. \ref{fig_1}) is given by the relationship
\begin{equation}
S=2|r|^{2}\bigg [\cos ^{2}2\phi +\cos \delta \hskip1mm\sin ^{2}2\phi \bigg ]+
\label{15}
\end{equation}%
\begin{equation*}
+2\sin [4\phi ]\hbox{ Im }\lbrack \delta rr^{\ast }][1-\cos \delta ]+4%
\hbox {
Re }\lbrack \delta rr^{\ast }]\hskip1mm\sin \delta \hskip1mm\sin [2\phi ],
\end{equation*}%
where $\delta $ is the phase shift introduced by plate (9) and $\phi $ is
the angle of tilt of its axis with respect to the vertical. By choosing the
angle $\phi $, the contribution to the signal independent of $\delta r$
(first line in Eq. (\ref{15})) can be vanished. For detecting fluctuations
of the Kerr rotation (ellipticity) of the reflected beam, the phase plate
(9) is chosen half-wave (quarter-wave). In this case, the detected signal
can be presented in the form $S=4\hbox { Im }\lbrack \delta rr^{\ast }]$ $%
(S=4\hbox { Re }\lbrack \delta rr^{\ast }])$.

Calculation of the OSN spectrum was started from calculation of the
reflection coefficient $r$ entering into (\ref{15}) and was performed using
the standard transfer matrix technique \cite{B&W}, with the QW
susceptibility $\varepsilon (\omega )$ taken in the model of independent
electron-hole pairs:
\begin{equation}
\varepsilon (\omega )=\varepsilon _{b}+C\ln (\omega _{0}-\omega +\imath
\gamma ),  \label{2}
\end{equation}%
where $\omega _{0}$ = 1.516 eV is the lowest frequency of transition between
the 2D electron and hole sub-bands of the QW, $\gamma $ = 0.001 eV is the
damping constant, and $\omega $ is the optical frequency. The parameters $%
\varepsilon_b $ = 34 and $C$ = 3 were chosen to obtain a qualitative agreement
between the experimental and calculated reflectivity spectra \cite{f3}

At the next step, the permittivity of the inter-mirror gap $\varepsilon $
 was privided
with a small increment $\varepsilon \rightarrow \varepsilon +\delta
\varepsilon $ ($\delta \varepsilon /\varepsilon \ll 1$) corresponding to
noise fluctuation of the gyrotropy $\delta g$, and the corresponding change
of the reflection coefficient $\delta r$ was calculated. After that, the OSN
spectrum of the Kerr rotation (ellipticity) was calculated using Eq. (\ref%
{15}) at $\phi $ = $\pi /8,\delta =\pi $ ($\phi =\pi /4,\delta =\pi /2$) in
the range of the optical frequencies $\omega /\omega _{0}\in \lbrack
0.98,1.02]$. The results of the calculations are given in Fig. \ref{fig_4},
which shows a family of
the phases of reflection coefficients
 (a), the OSN spectra of the Kerr rotation
 (b), and the reflectivity spectra (c) at
different frequencies of the photon mode. The photon mode was shifted by
changing the cavity width within the range of 6\%. It is seen from Fig. \ref%
{fig_4} that, at the frequency of the photon mode below $\omega _{0}$, the
resonant absorption of the microcavity is small, and it lies in the
pre-critical regime. This is indicated by monotonic behaviour of the phase
(Fig. \ref{fig_4},a) varying within the interval from 0 to $2\pi $. In this
case, the OSN spectra have a monomodal shape and large amplitude (Fig. \ref%
{fig_4},b). As the frequency of the photon mode approaches $\omega _{0}$,
the absorption in the microcavity increases, the cavity passes through the
critical point, and the phase of the reflection coefficient becomes
sign-alternating (Fig. \ref{fig_4},a). It is also seen from Fig. \ref{fig_4}%
,b, that the shape of the OSN spectrum becomes, in this case, bimodal, and
its amplitude decreases. After passing through the critical point, the
reflectivity spectrum broadens by a factor of 3-4 and slightly drops in
amplitude, while the amplitude of the noise spectrum decreases dramatically.
Thus, the evolution of the calculated OSN spectra is characterized by three
regimes listed in the end of Section "Experimental". Qualitative agreement
between the behavior of the calculated and experimental OSN spectra confirms
the validity of our model.
\begin{figure}[tbp]
\includegraphics[width=1.\columnwidth,clip]{simulation.png}
\caption{The calculated phase of the reflection coefficient (a), OSN spectra
(b), and reflectivity spectra (c) of the asymmetric microcavity with QW at
different spectral position of the photon mode. The QW permittivity was
taken in the form $\protect\varepsilon (\protect\omega )=\protect\varepsilon %
_{b}+C\ln (\protect\omega _{0}-\protect\omega +\imath \protect\gamma )$,
with spectral position $\protect\omega _{0}$ corresponding to the center of
the shown spectral range.}
\label{fig_4}
\end{figure}

\section{CONCLUSIONS}

We have studied the behavior of the Kerr rotation noise spectrum of light
reflected from an asymmetric Bragg $\lambda $-microcavity with an embedded
GaAs quantum well for different detunings between the photon mode and
exciton resonances. The Kerr rotation noise has been found to
exibit an unusual critical dependence on the detuning\textbf{.} At negative
detunings, the OSN spectrum shows a relatively high amplitude and monomodal
shape. When passing to positive detuning, the shape of the spectrum is
getting more complicated, and the amplitude of the signal sharply drops. The
effect is explained by the fact that the phase of the reflection coefficient
of the used asymmetric cavity, when passing to positive detuning, shows
critical change of its steepness. The results of this paper show that the
cavity-enhancement of the Kerr (or Faraday) rotation in an asimmetric
microcavity may strongly depend on its phase characteristic. This critical
dependence of convertion of intra-cavity girotropy to the polarisation-plane
rotation may be highly important for experimental studies of spin noise and
other effects of cavity enhanced optical anisotropy.

\section{Acknowledgements}

The financial support from the Russian Ministry of Education and Science
(contract No.11.G34.31.0067 with SPbSU and leading scientist A. V. Kavokin)
is acknowledged. This work has been partially funded by Skolkovo Institute
of Science and Technology (Skoltech) in the framework of the SkolTech/MIT
Initiative. It was carried out using the equipment of SPbU Resource Center
"Nanophotonics" (photon.spbu.ru).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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Did you try to reach out to a chat rep? Maybe they can help with the pricing issue?
It sounds like a clearance item? If so, that is why the coupon would not work.


text:
A Georgia Employer Agrees to Pay $47K After Allegedly Failing to Accommodate a Worker's Lung Disease and Elevate Risk of Contracting COVID-19
As we enter the holiday season this year, one thing for which we can be thankful is that most of us generally can celebrate the season with many fewer restrictions as compared to two years ago. Even as COVID-19 has dissipated from its 2020 worst, the virus (and complications from it) remains a reality for many people. That includes people who have one or more COVID-connected disabilities that require a workplace accommodation. If you're one of those people and your employer denied you the accommodation you need, you should get in touch with a knowledgeable Atlanta disability discrimination lawyer to discuss what the legal system can do for you.
Last year, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission sued a Newton County pharmaceutical manufacturing employer in a first of its kind: an action against an employer for an alleged failure to accommodate a worker's disability that was related to COVID-19. Recently, the EEOC announced that the employer had agreed to settle the case.
R.M., the employee in the case, was a health, safety, and environmental quality ("HSE") manager at the company's facility located about 50 miles east of Atlanta. In early March 2020, the manager's doctor diagnosed her with obstructive lung disease. The doctor recommended that the manager work from home and take frequent breaks while working.
Shortly after that took place, the COVID-19 pandemic hit Georgia. As part of its measures to deal with the pandemic, the employer placed all its workers on schedules where they worked from home four days per week and on-site one day. The employer lifted its COVID-19 measures on June 1, meaning that all staff resumed working on-site five days per week.
The manager sought a disability accommodation based on her lung disease and an elevated risk of contracting COVID-19. She asked to work from home two days per week and to take extra breaks when working on-site. The employer rejected this request, even though it allegedly allowed other HSE managers to work from home.
Three months after R.M. made her request, the employer fired her.
According to the EEOC, what the employer did amounted to both illegal disability discrimination and retaliation. The employer ultimately settled the case, agreeing to pay the manager $47,500.
When COVID-19 Is (and Isn't) a Disability Under the ADA
The settlement is a reminder of the fact that COVID-19 or COVID-related conditions are not always disabilities that trigger the Americans with Disabilities Act, but they potentially may be. As the EEOC explained last December, a bout of COVID-19 that inflicts "mild" symptoms — a/k/a that presents like an ordinary cold or flu — and causes no other consequences, won't constitute a disability under the ADA.
However, if a worker develops "long COVID" or whose COVID causes issues like heart palpitations, shortness of breath, chest pain, etc., lasting several months, then that worker very possibly has a qualifying disability under the ADA. Additionally, you can qualify for accommodation under the ADA if you, like the worker in the Newton County case, have an existing condition that elevates your risk of contracting COVID-19.
The manager's case is a reminder that disabilities can come in many forms and, when a worker has one or more, the law requires that the worker's employer provide reasonable accommodations unless doing so would impose an undue hardship on the employer. As an employer, it is important to ensure all of your policies and practices are compliant with the ADA. As a worker, it is important to understand your rights under the law and your options if your employer doesn't meet its statutory obligations. The skilled Atlanta disability discrimination attorneys at the law firm of Parks, Chesin & Walbert are here to help. We have the knowledge and the hands-on experience to help employers and employees to understand their rights and responsibilities. Contact us through this website or at 877-986-5529 to schedule a consultation.
Posted in: Discrimination and Employment Discrimination


text:
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