Author Angie Thomas' book The Hate U Give is about racial violence and is a NYT bestseller.
With local and national buzz surrounding Angie Thomas' debut novel The Hate U Give, which topped the New York Times Bestseller List for nearly two years and was made into a movie last year, it's no wonder her scheduled appearance as a speaker at the Sottile Theatre for the College of Charleston on Mon. Jan. 14 is already sold out.
But fans shouldn't lose hope. The show may be sold out, but there is a chance for a few more excited Charlestonians to get tickets to the show and join the conversation: walk-ups will be seated five minutes before showtime on a first come, first served basis depending on seating availability.
The talk is scheduled for 7 p.m. at Sottile Theatre at 44 George St.
Thomas, a recipient of the 2018 William C. Morris Award, the 2018 Waterstones Children's Book Prize, and winner of the Walter Dean Myers Grant, awarded by We Need Diverse Books, will host a talk called "The Hate U Give: Finding Your Activism and Turning the Political into the Personal" before taking part in a Q&A with attendees.
The Hate U Give was one novel that caused a divide among educational institutions and law enforcement in Charleston regarding its portrayal of police.
Many schools in Charleston, including Wando High School and the College of Charleston, assigned the novel for summer reading. The College picked it as The College Reads! book for entering 2018 freshman while Wando included it in their English I CP summer reading list. Wando's selection of the novel for high school students' summer reading did not go over well with one Charleston police advocate.
In June 2018, John Blackmon, Lodge President of the Charleston-area Fraternal Order of Police, Tri-County Lodge #3, told WCBD News 2 that he felt the novel indoctrinated a sense of distrust for police: "Freshmen, they're at the age where their interactions with law enforcement have been very minimal. They're not driving yet, they haven't been stopped for speeding, they don't have these type of interactions. This is putting in their minds, it's almost an indoctrination of distrust of police and we've got to put a stop to that."
Wando High kept the novel on their reading list with three other books to choose from.
In a press release about Monday's talk, CofC English professor Valerie Frazier described why Thomas' visit is important, connecting a three local incidents that have sparked discussions about latent racism. "As we grapple with the aftershocks and historical impact of slavery, [the shooting of] Walter Scott, the Emanuel Nine tragedy, and, most recently, the controversy over the Charleston Rifle Club's blackballing of Dr. Melvin Brown, it becomes more and more apparent that such dialogue is still needed."


text:
A great addition to our squad
Owen Coyle believes the signing of Sam Gallagher will add a different dimension to his forward options.
ham and Anthony Stokes and gives us a different dimension.
"I think he will do very well for us and I'm delighted to get him on board."
Gallagher could make his Rovers' debut this Saturday when they take on Wigan Athletic at the DW Stadium.
Fans who haven't yet got their tickets for this Saturday's match should note that they'll go off sale at the Roverstore at Ewood on Friday at 4pm. Advance prices are Adults £25, Seniors 65+ £22, Under 18's £15, Under 11's £10 and Under 5's £2.
After that supporters can pay on the turnstiles on the North Stand on Saturday, but fans should be aware that there is a £2 price increase for Adults and Seniors. Matchday prices are Adults £27, Seniors 65+ £24, Under 18's £15, Under 11's £10 and Under 5's £2.
Supporters using the club's official away travel should note that Blues Bar will be open from 11am serving food and drinks.
Fans visiting the DW Stadium can use the Marquee Bar in the North Stand prior to the game.
Wigan v Rovers dafabet specials:
Danny Graham to score the first goal NOW 11/1 (was 9/1)
Rovers to Win 1-0 NOW 11/1 (was 17/2)
Rovers Half-time/Full-time NOW 7/1 (was 11/2)
Rovers to Win and Over 2.5 goals NOW 7/1 (was 11/2)
See dafabet for details T&C's apply, 18+ please gamble responsibly.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
<?php

namespace BattleNet\Warcraft;

use BattleNet\Cache;
use BattleNet\Client;

class Leaderboard
{
    private $client;

    /**
     * Data constructor.
     */
    public function __construct()
    {
        $this->client = new Client('wow');
    }

    /**
     * Get leaderboard for realm.
     *
     * @param string $realm
     * @return array
     */
    public function getLeaderboardRealm($realm)
    {
        return $this->client->fetchData('challenge/' . $realm, [], 'challenge', $this->client->getSeconds(Cache::getLifetimeShort()));
    }

    /**
     * Get leaderboard region.
     *
     * @return array
     */
    public function getLeaderboardRegion()
    {
        return $this->client->fetchData('challenge/region', [], 'challenge', $this->client->getSeconds(Cache::getLifetimeShort()));
    }

    /**
     * Get pvp leaderboard 2v2.
     *
     * @return array
     */
    public function getLeaderboard2V2()
    {
        return $this->client->fetchData('leaderboard/2v2', [], 'rows', $this->client->getSeconds(Cache::getLifetimeShort()));
    }

    /**
     * Get pvp leaderboard 3v3.
     *
     * @return array
     */
    public function getLeaderboard3V3()
    {
        return $this->client->fetchData('leaderboard/3v3', [], 'rows', $this->client->getSeconds(Cache::getLifetimeShort()));
    }

    /**
     * Get pvp leaderboard 5v5.
     *
     * @return array
     */
    public function getLeaderboard5V5()
    {
        return $this->client->fetchData('leaderboard/5v5', [], 'rows', $this->client->getSeconds(Cache::getLifetimeShort()));
    }

    /**
     * Get pvp leaderboard rated.
     *
     * @return array
     */
    public function getLeaderboardRated()
    {
        return $this->client->fetchData('leaderboard/rbg', [], 'rows', $this->client->getSeconds(Cache::getLifetimeShort()));
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Porcellionides buddelundi is a woodlouse found in Portugal and Spain.

References

Porcellionidae
Crustaceans described in 1901
Woodlice of Europe

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Frontiers in Ecology
and Evolution
Behavioral and Evolutionary Ecology
Flexibility in the Migration Strategies of Animals View all 11 Articles
Carlos Alonso Alvarez
Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Spain
James Dale
College of Health, Massey University, New Zealand
Wendy Hood
Auburn University, United States
Open Supplemental Data
Front. Ecol. Evol., 26 February 2019 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2019.00031
Variation From an Unknown Source: Large Inter-individual Differences in Migrating Black-Tailed Godwits
Mo A. Verhoeven1*, A. H. Jelle Loonstra1†, Nathan R. Senner1,2†, Alice D. McBride1, Christiaan Both1 and Theunis Piersma1,3
1Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
2Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
3NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Coastal Systems and Utrecht University, Texel, Netherlands
Variation in migratory behavior is the result of different individual strategies and fluctuations in individual performances. A first step toward understanding these differences in migratory behavior among individuals is, therefore, to assess the relative contributions of inter- and intra-individual differences to this variation. We did this using light-level geolocators deployed on the breeding grounds to follow continental black-tailed godwits (Limosa limosa limosa) throughout their south- and northward migrations over multiple years. Based on repeated tracks from 36 individuals, we found two general patterns in godwit migratory behavior: First, migratory timing in black-tailed godwits varies mostly because individual godwits migrate at different times of the year. Second, individuals also exhibit considerable variation in timing within their respective migratory windows. Although the absolute amount of inter-individual variation in timing decreased over the course of northward migration, individual godwits still arrived at their breeding grounds across a span of more than 5 weeks. These differences in migratory timing among individuals are larger than those currently observed in other migratory bird species and suggest that the selective forces that limit the variation in migratory timing in other species are relaxed or absent in godwits. Furthermore, we could not attribute these individual differences to the sex or wintering location of an individual. We suggest that different developmental trajectories enabled by developmental plasticity likely result in these generally consistent, life-long annual routines. To investigate this possibility and to gain an understanding of the different selection pressures that could be acting during migration and throughout a godwit's life, future studies should track juvenile godwits and other migratory birds from birth to adulthood while also manipulating their spatiotemporal environment during development.
Long-term mark-recapture studies and the rapid development of tracking technologies have revealed the migratory patterns of many avian migrants (Berthold, 2001; Newton, 2008; Bridge et al., 2011). These migratory patterns are always characterized by some degree of variation, such as individuals migrating at different times and toward different destinations (Berthold, 2001; Newton, 2008). Such population-level variation in migratory patterns is the result of both inter- and intra-individual differences (Vardanis et al., 2011; Conklin et al., 2013). The amount of consistent variation among individuals (i.e., inter-individual variation) is subject to selection: only those strategies that ensure survival will remain in the population and over the long-term those strategies that maximize fitness will be selected (Alerstam et al., 2003).
For instance, the timing of arrival on the breeding grounds, in particular, is thought to be under strong selection in migratory birds in order for individuals to procure high-quality breeding territories and breed in synchrony with consistently timed local resource peaks (Alerstam et al., 2003). Inter-individual variation in this component of migration is therefore usually expected to be small (Kokko, 1999; Bety et al., 2004; Both et al., 2006). However, selection can also favor multiple canalized strategies and thus lead to large inter-individual variation within a population. This can happen as a result of fluctuating environmental conditions (e.g., serial residency; Cresswell, 2014) or frequency-dependent processes (e.g., partial and differential migration; Lundberg, 1988; Chapman et al., 2011).
Most environments, however, are neither entirely consistent nor entirely predictable, which can affect the consistency with which individuals are able to perform their migrations (e.g., Studds and Marra, 2011). In addition, an individual can exhibit different migration strategies with increasing experience (e.g., individual improvement; Sergio et al., 2014), because the environment requires flexibility (e.g., nomadism; Pedler et al., 2018), or because the environment allows flexibility (e.g., the absence of carry-over effects; Senner et al., 2014). Differences in an individual's migratory behavior across years (i.e., intra-individual variation) therefore also contribute to migration variation at the population level (sensu Conklin et al., 2013). Thus, the amount of observed variation in migratory behavior within a population can result from (1) differences among individuals, which are consistent, and (2) differences within individuals, which are expected to vary according to the predictability and consistency of the environment and the individual's ability to respond to environmental changes.
A first step toward understanding why migratory patterns vary within populations is to consider the relative contributions of both inter- and intra-individual variation to the amount of variation at the population level (Senner et al., 2015b). To do this, the performances of multiple individuals must be measured across multiple years. These repeated measures allow for the calculation of repeatability (r), which reflects the proportion of population-level variation that can be attributed to inter-individual differences (Nakagawa and Schielzeth, 2010). The non-repeatable fraction (1-r) therefore reflects the contribution of intra-individual variation. However, a high r value—where inter-individual variation is proportionally larger than intra-individual variation—can result from either large variation among individuals, high consistency within individuals, or both (Conklin et al., 2013).
Black-tailed Godwits (Limosa limosa limosa; hereafter "godwits") are long-distance migratory birds that breed in Europe and have a large non-breeding range—a quarter of the population winters north of the Sahara on the Iberian Peninsula (Márquez-Ferrando et al., 2014), while the majority winters south of the Sahara in the Sahel zone of West Africa (Hooijmeijer et al., 2013; Kentie et al., 2017). There is also large variation in the migratory timing of godwits (Lourenço et al., 2011; Senner et al., under review). This is especially true during northward migration: at the population level, variation in departure dates from the African wintering grounds and Iberian stopover sites span more than 10 weeks, and even arrival at the breeding grounds can vary by up to 5 weeks (Lourenço et al., 2011; Senner et al., under review). Inter-individual differences play an unexpectedly important role in this considerable variation—accounting for the majority of observed variation in departure to the north (r = 0.76) and nearly half the observed variation in arrival on the breeding grounds (r = 0.49; (Senner et al., under review).
Because selection determines the amount of variation in migratory timing among individuals, this raises two major questions about godwit migration: (1) Why isn't the role of inter-individual variation small, as it is in most other long-distance migrants (Newton, 2008; Stanley et al., 2012; Conklin et al., 2013)? and (2) What is the source of this surprisingly large amount of inter-individual variation? (Senner et al., under review) address the first question, suggesting that the large variation among individuals in godwits exists because of relaxed selection on migratory timing. This study addresses the second question, investigating the source of inter-individual variation in migratory timing in godwits. We describe the timing of migration and the wintering location of 70 individuals, of which 36 individuals were followed for multiple years. We calculate the repeatability of migratory timing and wintering location to assess whether individuals consistently winter either north or south of the Sahara and to identify the relative contributions of inter- and intra-individual variation to total population-level variation. Then, we use sex and wintering location to explain some, but not all, of the large amount of inter-individual variation. Ultimately, we are unable to account for the remaining variation that occurs between individuals and so we discuss in detail other sources—such as differences in developmental trajectories—that may be contributing to this phenomenon.
Fieldwork occurred from March through July 2012–2017, in our long-term study area in southwest Fryslân, The Netherlands (Senner et al., 2015a). This area, which encompasses 12,000 ha, stretches from 53.0672°N, 5.4021°E in the north to 52.8527°N, 5.4127°E in the south, and from 52.9715°N, 5.6053°E in the east to 52.8829°N, 5.3607°E in the west. In this area we located godwit nests and used the flotation method (Liebezeit et al., 2007) to determine lay dates. To reduce the chance of nest abandonment and increase the chance of capturing an adult, we caught breeding adults toward the end of their incubation period (24 ± 3.84 days after laying). In each of the six field seasons, we outfitted 42–69 individuals with geolocators; this corresponded to 26–61% of all captured adults each year. We used geolocators from Migrate Technology, Ltd: the 0.65 g Intigeo W65A9 model in 2012–2013, and the 1g Intigeo C65 model thereafter.
These geolocators were attached to colored flags and placed on the tibia. The total weight of this attachment was ~3.3 g in 2012–2013 and ~3.7 g in 2014–2017, resulting in a loading factor of 1–1.5% of an individual's body mass at capture. For molecular sexing, we took ~30 μl of blood from the brachial vein of each individual. We were able to use these blood samples to sex 67 of the 70 individuals; we sexed the remaining 3 individuals based on morphological measurements as in Schroeder et al. (2008). In the years following geolocator deployment, we put considerable effort into recapturing godwits carrying geolocators. Recapture probability was nonetheless low; over the course of six field seasons, we managed to recapture 92 out of 305 deployed geolocators. Some geolocators did not record full annual cycles. For this reason, our data contains more tracks of southward migration (n = 117) than northward migration (n = 79; see Table 1 for more details).
Table 1. Summary of the linear mixed effect models evaluating whether the timing of each crossing on both south- and northward migrations was a result of the sex (male/female) or wintering location (north/south of Sahara) of an individual.
Analyzing Geolocator Data
Using package "BAStag" (Wotherspoon et al., 2016) in Program R (R Core Team, 2017), we started with the function "preprocesslight," which automatically detects sunrises and sunsets. We set the threshold light value to 2. Next, we visually inspected the slope of each sunrise and sunset and excluded those slopes that were strongly biased over time, i.e., showed abrupt changes in light level (Rakhimberdiev et al., 2016). We then used package "FLightR" (Rakhimberdiev et al., 2017) to reconstruct the annual schedules of godwits from this light-level data. Detailed examples of this analytical routine using our own godwit data can be found in Rakhimberdiev et al. (2016, 2017). These examples use data from a godwit that wintered north of the Sahara (≥28°N). Our sample also includes birds that wintered south of the Sahara (<28°N), with the only difference between the published examples and our own analyses being that we constrained the spatial extent of the particle filter to 18°W−13°E and 11–57°N instead of the 14°W−13°E and 30–57°N boundaries used by Rakhimberdiev et al. (2016, 2017).
Next, using the FLightR function "find.times.distribution" we estimated when individual godwits crossed certain arbitrary spatial boundaries. For this, we designated eight spatial boundaries which were spaced 4° of latitude apart across the entire godwit migration corridor, from 52 (the breeding grounds) to 20°N (just north of the southernmost African wintering grounds; Figure 1). We used the same eight spatial boundaries for both south- and northward migrations. In our analyses, we excluded the crossing of the spatial boundary at 36°N (the Strait of Gibraltar) because we could not distinguish between birds stopping in northern Morocco and birds stopping in southern Spain. In 26 out of 79 cases, we were also unable to estimate arrival at the breeding grounds (≥52°N) using this method. In these cases, migration and arrival on the breeding grounds coincided with the spring equinox, a period during which it is difficult to reliably estimate latitude from light-level data (Fudickar et al., 2012; Rakhimberdiev et al., 2015). Longitude, however, is much less affected (Rakhimberdiev et al., 2015, 2016), and godwits fortunately migrate from west to east as well as from south to north during their northward migration. For these 26 cases we could therefore use a spatial boundary of 5°E to estimate arrival on the breeding grounds (sensu Rakhimberdiev et al., 2015, 2016). Similarly, in 16 of 79 cases, we were unable to estimate the crossing of 48°N due to the spring equinox, and used a boundary of 0.75°E instead.
Figure 1. Presentation of (A) the entire godwit migration corridor with the breeding location and wintering and stopover locations as identified by satellite transmitters (MAV, AHJL, and TP unpubl. data) and the nine arbitrary latitudinal boundaries used to quantify the variation in migratory timing; (B) the variation among individuals in the timing of southward migration in 2013*, and (C) the variation among individuals in the timing of northward migration in 2014*. Red lines represent females and blue lines represent males. Individuals that crossed the Sahara are shown with purple dots, while individuals that did not cross the Sahara are shown with green dots. Note that the timing of crossing the spatial boundary at 36°N is excluded from the analyses and figures. *Similar graphs for all years, 2012–2017, can be found in Figure S2.
Lastly, we used the FLightR-function "stationary.migration.summary" to provide an overview of the stationary periods occurring throughout an individual's annual schedule. This allowed us to infer whether an individual wintered north (≥28°N) or south of the Sahara (<28°N).
Analyzing Annual Schedules
We first grouped individual godwits according to where they spent the non-breeding period. We considered individuals that crossed the Sahara (<28°N) during migration to have wintered "South" of the Sahara, and individuals that never crossed the Sahara (≥28°N) to have wintered "North" of the Sahara. To determine whether individuals were flexible in their over-wintering behavior, we looked at whether they consistently wintered on the same side of the Sahara from year to year. We also used a binomial Generalized Linear Model (GLM) with wintering area as the dependent variable and sex as the independent variable to test whether the proportion of males and females that crossed the Sahara differed. Because some individuals winter north and others winter south of the Sahara, our sample sizes differed among spatial boundaries (Table 1).
For both south- and northward migrations, we calculated population-level variation in the timing of each crossing of our arbitrary spatial boundaries. We did this by calculating the difference between the earliest crossing and all subsequent crossings, and then calculating the 5 year mean and standard deviation of this difference (Figures 2A,B). We then used a GLM to test whether the amount of variation differed between the spatial boundaries. Our data includes repeated measures of 26 individuals followed for 2 years, nine individuals followed for 3 years, and one individual followed for 4 years. We calculated individual variation in the timing of crossings by identifying the largest difference between the crossings of each individual over the course of the time that they were tracked. Next, we calculated the mean and standard deviation across all individuals (Figures 2C,D) and used a GLM to test for differences in the amount of intra-individual variation among spatial boundaries. When differences among spatial boundaries were found, we used a Tukey post-hoc test with a 95% confidence level to establish how the timing differed between pairs of boundaries. Additionally, we calculated the repeatability of each barrier crossing during south- and northward migration (Figures 2E,F). We did this by including individual as a random effect in the linear mixed model method of the function "rpt," which is part of the R package "rptR" (Stoffel et al., 2017). To evaluate whether individuals consistently shifted their timing earlier or later over the course of our study, we plotted for every spatial boundary the first observed timing of crossing vs. the last observed timing of crossing for each individual godwit (Figure S1).
Figure 2. For both south and northward migrations the spatial boundaries (x-axis) are in chronological order from left to right. (A) Observed population variation during southward migration 2012–2016 and (B) during northward migration 2012–2017. Boxplots show 25, 50, and 75th percentiles; whiskers indicate 5 and 95th percentiles (day 1 = earliest observation for each crossing). (C) Intra-individual variation in the timing of southward migration and (D) of northward migration. Boxplots show 25, 50, and 75th percentiles; whiskers indicate the entire range of values. (E) Individual repeatability of timing on southward migration and (F) on northward migration. Plots show the repeatability estimate and the 95% confidence interval. The different colors are used for visual purposes only.
Finally, using the R package "lme4" (Bates et al., 2015), we fitted linear mixed effect models for each crossing during both south- and northward migrations. In these models we used the timing of crossing of a spatial boundary as the response variable, and the wintering location (north/south of Sahara) and sex of an individual (male/female) as fixed effects. We also included individual and year as random effects. We assessed whether the fixed effects improved the model significantly by means of a likelihood ratio test. We also calculated the marginal R2 to describe the amount of variance that is explained by the fixed effects using package MuMIn (Barton, 2016), following the method established by Nakagawa and Schielzeth (2013).
Among all individuals (n = 70), 30 females and 26 males crossed the Sahara (80%), whereas 9 females and 5 males did not (20%). The proportion of males and females that crossed the Sahara did not differ (χ2 = 0.53, df = 1, p = 0.47). Of the 36 individuals for which we obtained repeated measures—23 females and 13 males—all 36 were consistent in wintering either north (n = 7) or south (n = 29) of the Sahara over the course of the time they were tracked.
The smallest difference among individuals between the earliest and latest crossings during southward migration was 62 days for the barriers at both 48 and 44°N, whereas the largest difference was 106 days for crossing 20°N (Figures 1B, 2A; Figure S2). During northward migration, the smallest difference was 38 days for crossing 52°N, and the largest difference was 153 days for crossing 28°N (Figures 1C, 2B; Figure S2). The average amount of variation among individuals did not vary among spatial boundaries during southward migration [F(7,832) = 0.96; p = 0.46; Figures 1B, 2A; Figure S2], but did vary during northward migration [F(7,596) = 108.4; p < 0.001; Figures 1C, 2B; Figure S2]. A Tukey post-hoc test with a 95% confidence level found that population-level variation was greatest for crossing 20–32°N (the Sahara), decreased for crossing 40°N (departing the Iberian Peninsula), and was smallest for crossing 44–52°N (France, Belgium, and The Netherlands; Figures 1C, 2B; Figure S2).
Intra-individual differences between years for timing at the same latitude varied from 0–73 days during southward migration (Figure 2C). The biggest differences, 62 and 73 days, occurred when crossing 40°N (Figure 2C). This was due to two individuals stopping over north of this boundary 1 year and south of it the other. The intra-individual differences in timing between those years includes the durations of these stopovers and is deceptively large as a result. During northward migration, intra-individual differences varied from 0 to 42 days (Figure 2D). The biggest difference, 42 days when crossing 40°N, was again the result of an individual stopping over on opposite sides of the boundary in different years (Figure 2D). Thus, the average amount of intra-individual differences did not vary between spatial boundaries during either southward [F(7,252) = 0.70; p = 0.68; Figure 2C] or northward migration [F(7,186) = 0.57; p = 0.78; Figure 2D]. Furthermore, individuals did not consistently shift their timing earlier or later over the course of our study during either southward or northward migration (Figure S1).
Individual repeatability during southward migration varied from 0.1–0.6 and was highest when crossing the Sahara (20–32°N; Figure 2E). During northward migration, repeatability varied between 0.3–0.9 and was again highest when crossing the Sahara (Figure 2F). Repeatability therefore increased over the course of southward migration and decreased over the course of northward migration (Figures 2E,F). This could be the result of individuals wintering south of the Sahara being more consistent in their timing than individuals wintering north of the Sahara. However, the amount of intra-individual variation is non-significantly larger during Sahara crossings (Figures 2C,D); this indicates that the repeatability is higher because inter-individual differences are larger for Sahara crossings, not because these individuals are more consistent.
During southward migration, males departed the Netherlands (52°N) on average 5 d earlier than females (χ2 = 4.47, df = 1, p = 0.03, n = 117; Table 1). This difference held true for the crossing of 48 and 44°N, but not for more southerly boundaries (40–20°N; p > 0.1; Table 1). Whether or not an individual crossed the Sahara did not explain a significant amount of the variation in the timing of southward migration (Table 1). During northward migration, neither the sex of the individual (p > 0.1 for all spatial boundaries; Table 1) nor whether it crossed the Sahara (p > 0.05; Table 1) explained a significant amount of the variation in their timing. Thus, the amount of variance explained by our fixed effects—as indicated by the marginal R2—was never higher than 0.06 (Table 1). The marginal R2 was highest when crossing 44–52°N during both southward and northward migration (Table 1). Not surprisingly, these were the southward migration boundary crossings for which a significant amount of the variation was explained by sex, and the northward migration crossings for which at least some of the variation (p = 0.06; Table 1) was explained by whether an individual crossed the Sahara or not.
We found that the large amount of population-level variation in the migratory timing of continental black-tailed godwits is mostly the result of individual godwits exhibiting consistent differences from one another in the timing of their movements during both north- and southward migration. In addition, we found that a given individual can exhibit considerable flexibility while still adhering to its own particular schedule. These inter-individual and intra-individual differences in timing are large compared to other species of migratory birds (e.g., Alerstam et al., 2006; Vardanis et al., 2011; Stanley et al., 2012; Conklin et al., 2013). This suggests that the selective forces that limit the variation in migratory timing in other species are likely relaxed or absent in godwits (see also Senner et al., under review) and that the unexplained but consistent differences among godwits may be the result of different developmental trajectories.
Population Variation
We found that approximately 80% of black-tailed godwits breeding in Fryslân cross the entirety of the Sahara Desert during migration, whereas 20% do not cross any portion of it, and that this was a consistent behavior across years. Furthermore, although the repeatability in the timing of flights across the Sahara was higher than that of other migratory flights, this was driven by the relative influence of inter-individual variation, which was also highest at this point in the migration. In other words, individual godwits consistently time their Sahara crossings differently from one another. This suggests both that this major ecological barrier is traversable for a long period of time and that other temporal constraints—for example, the availability of resources at sites to the north of the Sahara—do not influence the time at which individuals make this flight (Moore and Yong, 1991; Baker et al., 2004). This is surprising, as the crossing of the Sahara during both south- and northward migrations in most other migratory bird species takes place over a shorter period of time (e.g., Vardanis et al., 2011, max = 64 days; Lindström et al., 2015, max = 33 days; Briedis et al., 2016, max = 25 days; Jacobsen et al., 2017, max = 35 days; Ouwehand and Both, 2017, max = 37 days), although Sergio et al. (2014) found that black kites (Milvus migrans) also cross the Sahara over a 5 month period as a result of the sequential departure from the wintering grounds by different age classes. It is not clear why the Sahara crossing of the other migratory birds appears to be under generally stronger temporal selection, but these species must either face stronger temporal constraints in relation to the crossing itself or during subsequent events in their annual cycle.
Once past the Sahara Desert during northward migration, inter-individual variation in timing decreased toward the breeding grounds and was smallest when crossing the region between 44–52°N (France, Belgium and The Netherlands). Levels of intra-individual variation did not decrease simultaneously, but were smallest when crossing 44°N. As a result, the repeatability of timing for these stages (40–52°N) differed from zero only when crossing 44°N. Individuals are thus relatively consistent in their timing of departure from the Iberian Peninsula (44°N), but not their timing of arrival at the breeding grounds. Given that the intra-individual variation increased for the two most northerly crossings, 48 and 52°N, this is probably due to the flexible adjustment of their migratory schedule in response to environmental conditions encountered en route. For instance, in 2013, a rare spring snowstorm delayed the arrival of godwits to the breeding grounds by an average of 19 days (Senner et al., 2015a).
Both the tightening of migratory schedules toward the breeding grounds (e.g., Hasselquist et al., 2017; Wellbrock et al., 2017) and the flexible adjustment of migratory schedules (e.g., Nuijten et al., 2014; Briedis et al., 2017) have been shown in other migratory bird species. Nonetheless, the arrival of godwits at the breeding grounds spans more than 5 weeks—which is a larger range than that currently observed in other migratory bird species (e.g., Senner et al., 2014; Lindström et al., 2015; Briedis et al., 2016; Jacobsen et al., 2017; Ouwehand and Both, 2017). Potentially, the absence of a strong temporal constraint on arrival at the breeding grounds is what allows godwits to cross the Sahara over such a long period of time. If this is true, other species making similar flights, but over a shorter period of time, may not face stronger temporal constraints for the crossing of the Sahara itself, but rather for their arrival at the breeding grounds. Accordingly, in other species, individuals from different breeding populations wintering in the same region of sub-Saharan Africa depart their wintering areas at different times, and these departure windows are correlated with their breeding-site specific reproductive timing (Briedis et al., 2016; Ouwehand et al., 2016).
The Relative Importance of Intra-Individual Variation
Although each godwit appeared to migrate within its own migratory window, individual godwits also displayed considerable flexibility in their timing of migration within their own specific windows. This degree of flexibility was not the result of directional changes in migratory timing, and is greater than the amount of intra-individual variation reported in other studies (e.g., Conklin et al., 2013, <5 days; Senner et al., 2014, <5 days; Hasselquist et al., 2017, <20 days; Wellbrock et al., 2017, <15 days). The relatively large intra-individual variation during migration can therefore be interpreted as an individual decision that balances migrating at a specific time and leaving when endogenous and exogenous conditions are best (e.g., Senner et al., 2015a). For example, crossing the Sahara is possible over a long period of time, but the right conditions might not present themselves consistently each year at the same time; waiting for the right conditions could thus result in considerable intra-individual variation in the timing of the initial portion of northward migration. If godwits lack a strong temporal constraint during northward migration, this might enable them to exhibit such flexibility without fitness consequences (Senner et al., under review). In this scenario, it is important that godwits be able to reliably predict the conditions characterizing the flight ahead of them (Winkler et al., 2014). However, Senner et al. (under review) found that in three of the 5 years studied, the survival of godwits was reduced while crossing the Sahara during northward migration; this could indicate that godwits cannot always reliably predict the conditions for this crossing or that the Sahara crossing invariably has a survival cost (see also Klaassen et al., 2010).
The Control of Migratory Timing
How can individual godwits consistently depart West Africa at different times? Individual godwits could depart at different times as a result of variation in their speed of migratory preparation or as a result of variation in their condition when they begin preparing for migration. Both options are likely to occur in godwits, through consistent differences in individual and environmental quality (Studds and Marra, 2005; Paxton and Moore, 2015). However, it is highly unlikely that these options could result in a difference of up to 5 months in migratory timing among individuals. Alternatively, unpredictable cues or a less rigid endogenous programme could also lead to variation among individuals within a given year (Aloni et al., 2017). However, if the cue or programme were so variable as to lead to a difference of up to 5 months in a given year, it is improbable that differences in migratory timing among individuals would be consistent across years, as is observed in godwits. For these reasons, we believe that godwits must make use of a predictable cue or have a relatively rigid circannual programme, or that both factors apply (Gwinner, 1989, 1996).
If we assume that godwits, like other migratory birds, use photoperiod to reliably keep track of time, then individual godwits must be responding differently from each other to the same photoperiod cues in order to maintain their differences in migratory timing (Gwinner, 1996). For instance, some godwits begin their northward migrations while day length is still decreasing, whereas others migrate once day length has begun increasing again. Thus, the inter-individual variation in the migratory timing of godwits from the same wintering location must be the result of individually-specific reaction norms to the same environmental stimuli. What might be the source of these large inter-individual differences in reaction norms? They are unlikely to be the result of inheritance or adaptation, as they appear to have no fitness consequences (Kentie et al., 2017; Senner et al., under review). They are also not likely to be the result of inter-individual differences in experience, since godwits did not shift their migration earlier or later over the course of our study. Instead, different developmental trajectories are likely the source. For instance, godwits have shifted their spring staging site through developmental plasticity (Verhoeven et al., 2018), which makes it plausible that the observed individual differences in migration are also the result of different developmental trajectories (Senner et al., 2015b).
Future research should therefore investigate whether differences in developmental trajectories are the source of the large inter-individual differences observed, and whether the variation in migratory timing in other migratory bird species is limited by stronger temporal constraints. To accomplish this, researchers could track godwits and other migratory bird species from birth to adulthood while also performing translocation and delay experiments (Perdeck, 1958; Chernetsov et al., 2004; Thorup et al., 2007). Additionally, researchers could simultaneously perform a captive study during development in which selective disappearance is absent and photoperiod is manipulated (Helm and Gwinner, 2006; Maggini and Bairlein, 2012). All of these experiments should manipulate the spatiotemporal environment during development, thus enabling an evaluation of whether the environment does or does not affect the migratory behavior of juveniles. If it does not, this would be evidence for innate migratory behavior (Perdeck, 1958; Thorup et al., 2007). If it does, this would suggest that environmental variation brings about differences in migratory behavior (Chernetsov et al., 2004; Piersma, 2011; Meyburg et al., 2017). Tracking these individuals into adulthood would then show whether these environmentally-induced differences are plastic or flexible and whether there is selective disappearance as a result of temporal constraints. The combination of these results would allow researchers to discern whether the narrower window of migratory timing in other bird species is the result of stronger innate control, stronger temporal constraints, or both.
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this manuscript will be stored on the University of Groningen data repository and made available by the authors to any qualified researcher upon reasonable request.
All authors designed and carried out the study. MAV, AHJL, and ADM performed the analyses. MAV, AHJL, NRS, and ADM wrote the paper with contributions from all authors.
Funding for geolocators and their analysis was provided by NWO-ALW TOP grant Shorebirds in space (854.11.004) and the Spinoza Premium 2014 of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), both awarded to TP. The long-term godwit research project was funded by the Kenniskring weidevogels of the former Ministry of Agriculture, Nature Management and Food Safety (2012, 2016) and the Province of Fryslân (2013–2017). Additional financial support came from the Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds (through It Fryske Gea), the Van der Hucht de Beukelaar Stichting, the Paul and Louise Cook Endowment Ltd., the University of Groningen, BirdLife-Netherlands, and WWF-Netherlands.
We thank the members of our field crews for recapturing godwits, Eldar Rakhimberdiev for teaching us how to use FLightR, Jos Hooijmeijer for curating our research database and Julie Thumloup, Marco van der Velde and Yvonne Verkuil for their help with the molecular sexing. We are grateful to many farmers, most of whom are organized in the Collectief Súdwestkust, and the conservation management organizations It Fryske Gea and Staatsbosbeheer for cooperation and granting us access to their properties. This work was done under license number 6350A following the Dutch Animal Welfare Act Articles 9 and 11.
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2019.00031/full#supplementary-material
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Keywords: migratory behavior, repeatability, shorebird, developmental plasticity, light-level geolocators
Citation: Verhoeven MA, Loonstra AHJ, Senner NR, McBride AD, Both C and Piersma T (2019) Variation From an Unknown Source: Large Inter-individual Differences in Migrating Black-Tailed Godwits. Front. Ecol. Evol. 7:31. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00031
Received: 16 October 2018; Accepted: 28 January 2019;
Published: 26 February 2019.
Carlos Alonso Alvarez, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Spain
James Dale, Massey University, New Zealand
Wendy Hood, Auburn University, United States
Copyright © 2019 Verhoeven, Loonstra, Senner, McBride, Both and Piersma. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Mo A. Verhoeven, m.a.verhoeven@rug.nl orcid.org/0000-0002-2541-9786
†A.H. Jelle Loonstra orcid.org/0000-0002-5694-7581
Nathan R. Senner orcid.org/0000-0003-2236-2697


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PBMC were stimulated with PMA and RNA and protein expression was profiled using the nCounter Vantage 3D RNA:Protein Immune Cell Profiling Assay (input of 50,000 PBMC). Additionally, a subset of protein targets were analyzed by flow cytometry and data from both platforms showed high correlation.
Integrated analysis enables simultaneous quantitation of RNA and protein expression from a single sample and eliminates the need to compare data from different technologies with different outputs.
A THP-1 monocytic cell line was induced to differentiate into a macrophage phenotype with PMA. Cells were then polarized to an M1 or M2 phenotype by 24h culture using IFNγ + LPS, or IL4, respectively. Gene and protein expression was characterized at each stage of differentiation using the nCounter Vantage 3D RNA:Protein Immune Cell Profiling Assay.
RNA:Protein signatures can accurately identify specific immune cell types, allowing you to uncover changes in a heterogeneous cell population in response to external stimuli, such as immunotherapeutic agents, for example.
Measure RNA and intracellular protein levels of cytokines, chemoattractants, and transcription factors for the earliest indications of cell-cell communication and immune differentiation.
Includes 770 RNA probes (from the PanCancer Immune Profiling Panel) and 30 extracellular protein probes related to the detection of immune cells, tumor-specific antigens, and the assessment of immunological response, as well as 3 protein controls for estimation of background and normalization.
Includes 770 RNA probes (from the PanCancer Immune Profiling Panel) and 26 intracellular protein probes related to the detection of chemokines, cytokines, transcription factors, and the assessment of immunological response, as well as 3 protein controls for estimation of background and normalization.
Click here to view RNA:Protein Profiling.
770 gene expression CodeSet (PanCancer Immune Profiling), Antibody mix for 30 Extracellular immunology protein targets. Protein TagSet (R) (no ERCC) for protein target detection. Universal Cell Capture Kit – Cell Surface Compatible, which contains universal cell capture beads, Buffer W and Buffer LH.
770 gene expression CodeSet (PanCancer Immune), Antibody Mix for 26 Intracellular immunology protein targets. Protein TagSet (R) (no ERCC) for protein target detection. Universal Cell Capture Kit - Intracellular Compatible, which contains universal call capture beads, Buffer W, Buffer LH, Buffer PW, Buffer F, and Buffer FD. Compatible with cell suspensions.
Read "NanoString Profiling in Immuno-Oncology"


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Now showing items 1-20 of 26661
10 Ludgate
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (North Dakota State University, 2012-01-06)
16S Ribosomal RNA and Phylograms: Characterizing Student Reasoning to Learning Outcomes from the American Society for Microbiology Curriculum
Grassie, Chelsey Lee (North Dakota State University, 2017)
The American Society for Microbiology (ASM) has established a suggested curriculum for introductory microbiology courses that includes a focus on evolution. However, no data is published to describe how proficiently students ...
The 1918 Flax Crop
Bolley, Henry Luke, 1865-1956; Bolley, Henry Luke, 1865-1956 (North Dakota State University, 1918)
The 1945 Crop Season in North Dakota
Stoa, T. E.; Moomaw, Leroy; Tiernan, Joe P.; Sturlaugson, Victor; Huber, W. H.; G. N., Geiszler; Martin, Edgar (1946)
1947 Issue of Considerable Interest
1948 Hatchery Summary
Walster, H. L. (North Dakota State University, 1948)
1949 Pig Report
1950 Control Recommendations for European Corn Borer
Colberg, Wayne J.; Munro, J. A. (1951)
1950 Potato Fungicide Experiments
Hoyman, Wm. G. (1951)
1953 Crop Variety Comparisons
Stoa, T. E.; Widdifield, R. B.; Stoa, T. E.; Widdifield, R. B. (North Dakota State University, 1954)
1955 Crop Production Valued at $477 Million
1955 North Dakota Bromegrass Seed Production Down; Crested Wheatgrass Seed Output Increased Over 1954
[1955 North Dakota Winter Rye Report]
1955 Recommendations for Wheat and Durum
Stoa, T. E.; Stoa, T. E. (North Dakota State University, 1955)
1956 Crop Variety Recommendations for North Dakota
Widdifield, R. B.; Stoa, T. E.; Widdifield, R. B.; Stoa, T. E. (North Dakota State University, 1956)
196 Queen's Gate
Shaw, Richard Norman (North Dakota State University, 2011-03-04)
1964 Crop Variety Recommendations and Characteristics for North Dakota
Jensen, L. A.; Jensen, L. A. (North Dakota State University, 1964)
1967 Durum Wheat Crop
1969 North Dakota Brucellosis Eradication Program
Flagg, Dean E.; Spangler, G. W.; Flagg, Dean E.; Spangler, G. W. (North Dakota State University, 1969)
All of NDSU RepositoryCommunities & CollectionsBy Issue DateAuthorsTitlesSubjects


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Gender Mainstreaming is a strategy to press ahead the social equality of women and men. Both genders should have the same chances for their professional, cultural, material and psychosocial development.
As an educational institution the University of Applied Sciences BFI Vienna takes over a significant responsibility for implementing social changes and, hence, has made the support of equalization as highest priority. Gender Mainstreaming is embedded as a cross section subject matter in all departments of the University of Applied Sciences BFI Vienna. Gender know-how, Gender competence and gender sensitivity are constantly being enhanced.
Diversity means literally translated variety and refers to many characteristics which mark a person or a group of people within an organization. The understanding of diversity of the University of Applied Sciences BFI Vienna does not only comprise the basic characteristics based on the legal protection against discrimination (age, gender, skin colour, ethnic-cultural affiliation, sexual orientation, physical and psychic abilities, religion). In the interests of a variety of the variety, diversity also includes other characteristics for the University of Applied Sciences BFI Vienna such as, for example, marital status, social background, organizational form of the study program, etc.
Since the beginning of the year 2013 the working group "Gender Mainstreaming und Diversity Management" along with the GM/DM representative work on a further establishment, spreading and identification of new subjects and responsibilities. The constitution of this working group is intercultural and interdisciplinary. Employees of different hierarchy levels and functional areas are involved.
UniversityandFamily (HochschuleundFamilie)
As one of the first Universities of Applied Sciences in Austria, the University of Applied Sciences BFI Vienna received the certificate "hochschuleundfamilie" from the Federal Ministry of Economy, Family and Youth on November 21, 2012.
The aim of the University of Applied Sciences BFI Vienna is to raise awareness for an understanding and acceptance of the various different facets of life and to indicate practicable alternatives for occupation and study. Concerning compatibility of "hochschuleundfamilie" the University of Applied Sciences BFI Vienna provides support and advice for the students as well the employees.
Establishing Contact
Every case is treated confidentially.
For personal talks on gender and diversity matters the following representatives can be contacted:
Barbara Waldhauser, leader of the working group, GM and Diversity representative, lecturer, barbara.waldhauser@fh-vie.ac.at
Sabine Gössl, personnel development and recruiting, sabine.goessl@fh-vie.ac.at
Michael Thöndl, lecturer, michael.thoendl@fh-vie.ac.at
English Guidelines Expressions and Images (pdf 124.19 KB)


In Thailand, female caddies are as much of a draw to golfers as the golf courses themselves.
They may not tell you colorful stories about the golf club, such as at the Old Course in St. Andrews, because their English probably isn't good enough.
And they probably won't give you exact pacing of the day's pin from the front of the green like at a major championship venue such as Whistling Straits.
But you're not that good anyways, right?
Thailand's female caddies are a big reason why the country is such a popular golf destination - one with a higher repeat-visitor rate than anywhere else in the region.
Your caddie experience in Thailand will be far different - and far less expensive - than anywhere in the Western world of golf. The round will come with a bushel full of foreign nuances you won't come close to enjoying back home, so enjoy the ride.
It starts by pulling up to the clubhouse before your tee time and seeing an army of women waiting for your golf group at the bag drop, all in head-to-toe caddie regalia and ready to pounce on your bags.
It's the first step in a day of spoils. This is how Thailand does golf, and it's tough to ever go back.
Say a brief hello to your assigned caddie and feel out how much English she speaks. Some speak very well, but most don't know much more than your necessary golf terms like "inside left" and "aim at third tree."
Some caddies are better at their reads and their aiming points than others. Golfers who get bent out of shape after one misread or mis-club are missing the point about what golf in Thailand is all about.
A big part of enjoying the Thai caddie service requires you to rethink what a caddie's job is. It's a far cry from the type you'd see on the PGA Tour or at most American or Scottish golf clubs who are there to try and help you score your best - and that's exactly the charm of it.
Once you're used to communication with a slight language barrier and understand they are there to make your round more peaceful - not shoot the course record or tell you about the history of every hole - they become indispensable.
They smile and do all the dirty work like raking traps and filling in divots that help keep the standard of Thai country clubs very high. They even keep score for you. (This is tricky, because sometimes they won't know your missed one-handed 2-foot putt was conceded by your playing partners, and the next thing you know your score is five shots higher than it's supposed to be).
They help keep pace-of-play moving by hunting for lost balls and help keep the courses in excellent shape. When there is a wait on the tee, sometimes they'll give you a quick shoulder rub while another caddie fans your neck.
Makes you wonder why more pros don't employ them, right?
It comes as no surprise I shot some of my best rounds of the year in Thailand, which I attest to my smooth, relaxed swing thanks to the atmosphere. Frankly, my first round back home in Texas without my trusty (and adorable) loopers felt empty - and dare I say it, a little lonely.
Most clubs require caddies, and the cost is added to the green fee. The common charge is 300 bhat (about $10 USD). It's good etiquette to offer them a drink a couple times a round at an on-course service station.
For post-round tipping, 300 bhat is expected for Westerners (locals usually get away with 200-250), while 500 is good for exceptional service and should be given directly to the caddie.
Any golfer has probably heard rumors or read internet posts about Thai caddies doubling as escorts at night. While this does happen from time to time, the vast majority of Thai caddies are caddies only, a profession they take pride in and may do for the majority of their life.
It's a prestigious job for a woman to hold, and it would be very disrespectful to ask if the caddie is available after hours.
Along those lines, it's best not to be too touchy-feely with a caddie. The occasional high-five or shoulder touch is okay, and at my round at Siam Country Club's Plantation Course in Pattaya, my caddie spanked me when I missed a 10-foot putt an inch short.
But that's about the extent of how flirtatious you should get.


GREAT INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY IN MILL CREEK. .976 OF AN ACRE. HOME NEEDS TLC BUT HAS GREAT POTENTIAL. 2 GUEST QUARTERS, ONE FINISHED OUT, ADDITIONAL STRUCTURE COULD BE CONVERTED TO A COMMUNAL BATHROOM. COULD BE USED AS SEASONAL RENTAL INCOME. MAIN HOME NEEDS SOME UPDATES & SOME FINISHES, BUT HAS GOOD BONES, LARGE LIVING, FRNCH DOOR IN MASTER BEDROOM OPENS TO LARGE DECK SO YOU CAN ENJOY YOUR MORNING COFFEE OUTSIDE. 1.5 MILES TO MILL CREEK MARINA.


Pallets are a packaging material often used to store and transport goods from a warehouse to distributor. It is an important part of the materials handling industry used in most aspects of the supply chain. Pallets in Denver can be made from wood, plastic or metal; each comes with their own advantages and disadvantages. Here's a comparison of plastic pallets over wood pallets.
No interruption in delivery due to timber pallet regulations.
More than 10 years life span.
Resistant to chemicals such as acids and alkalis.
Forklifts have a four way entry to pick the pallet up.
Safe to handle; no screws nails, splinters and chipping.
It tends to be the least expensive. This is ideal for those purchasing on a budget.
Easy to repair, as they are made with various boards which can be removed and replaced if broken or as necessary.
Quick and easy to construct.
Can be recycled into mulch and paper.
Wood is strong and robust. It also offers a greater level of security because they boast a high level of friction.
Materials for the pallet can be collected from recycled materials.
By assessing the characters of both plastic and wood pallets, you must've decided which one to buy. But if you're still in a dilemma, it is recommended to consult with a Denver pallets specialist.


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« Dear Mom & Dad, Thanks! Now it's My Turn
Easy to Sign Up, Hard to Cancel »
What is Your Favorite Headline?
The big game is over and my New England Patiots are the Super Bowl Champions.
Below are 8 different headlines from newspapers in Seattle and New England.
Which one is your favorite?
Do you have a headline that you would have used?
This entry was posted on Wednesday, February 4th, 2015 at 8:57 am	and is filed under Sports. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Both comments and pings are currently closed.
8 Responses to "What is Your Favorite Headline?" - Leave a Reply
scairy says:
Here's two…
Damn Lucky!
Super Blooper
Dan Rangel says:
Last Call – Mainly because The Seahawks had the game in the bag. Their running game was doing pretty well so why throw it? I know you are a Patriots fan but I felt really bad for the team.
Uncle J says:
I like the "Boston Globe" front page. The Patriots DOMINATED three quarters of the game and deserved the victory. That being said, I will always take a lucky break. Just realize how cleaver Belichick is to have practiced the goal line pass play that was intercepted.
Jeff Adler says:
Belichick deserves even more credit – it is not just for practicing the goal line pass play that was intercepted.
According to The Washington Post:
This season, Lynch got the ball five times at the opponent's 1-yard line. He scored just once. Over his career, Lynch has had 36 carries from the opponent's 1-yard line. More often than not, he didn't reach the end zone. He scored on 15 of those carries, or 41.7 percent of the time.
Since 2000, Coach Bill Belichick's first year, New England's defense has been on the field 165 times with its opponent at the 1-yard line. Of those plays, 89 ended in a touchdown (53.9 percent). Four of those plays, including Sunday night, ended in an interception (before Butler, the last Patriots defensive player to make an interception from the 1 was Junior Seau vs. the Browns in 2007). Four other plays ended in a fumble (the last time that happened for New England was against the Colts in 2004).
So – understanding it is not even 50/50 that Lynch scores from the 1-yard line on second down, what was truly brilliant was Belichick NOT calling timeout. If the odds are better than 50/50 that Seattle scores a touchdown on that final drive – Belichick has to call a timeout to preserve time for Tom Brady to tie or win the game after Seattle scores. Belichick seemed to understand it was NOT 50%+ Seattle would score. Consequently, by NOT calling the timeout, he limited Seattle's options – because Seattle had only one timeout left.
When the snap happened for the second down play, there were approximately 26 seconds left in the game. If Seattle had run Lynch on second down and he did NOT score, they would have had to burn their last timeout. This would have put them in a situation where they would have had to pass on third down – with New England knowing that. To avoid that situation, Pete Carroll chose to pass on second down – figuring it was a low risk opportunity to pass against New England's run defenders. To underscore how low risk, I also heard on DC area radio that during the 2014 regular season and playoffs, there were hundreds of passes thrown from the 1-yard line, and the one that Russell Wilson threw in the Super Bowl was the ONLY one that got picked off.
So – perhaps the headline should have been:
Genius Triumphs Over Lucky Breaks
Michael Halberstam says:
Unbelievable ! Yes, it was.
Ed Sugar says:
5 days later and the Pacific Northwest is still in group therapy mode. I moved up here just about a year ago and had no problem jumping on the Seahawk bandwagon, except being a cradle to grave UCLA supporter rooting for a Pete Carroll coached team was a tough pill to swallow. Uncle Petey should have listened to his USC predecessor, the late John McKay, who once quipped "When you pass the ball, three things can happen and only one of them is good."
Looking for the best Super Bowl headline, geez what better place than the New York Post:
http://www.tigerdroppings.com/nfl/new-york-post-headline-takes-shot-at-patriots-super-bowl-win/55318359/
Bo Graham says:
From the pages shown, my favorite is the Globe. But I want to mention 2 other favorites from yesteryear.
In 2004, before the Sox and the Yanks met in the ALCS, the Boston Herald ran a headline that read: "Let's Go Yanks! We Want to Beat You in the ALCS!"
But my all-time favorite sport headline is from Scotland. Glasgow Celtic is a powerhouse of Scottish football (or "soccer", if you prefer). They played and lost ot a second division team, Caledonia Thistle, known as "Calli" to its fans. When Calli beat Celtic, the headline in the Glasgow paper read: "Super-Calli Go Ballistic, Celtic Is Atrocious".
James Wilder says:
Would go for Unbelievable or Back to Glory.


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Brazil Australia Japan United States Tokyo Brazil Olympic Team United States Olympic Team Australia Olympic Team Pedro Barros Cory Juneau Keegan Palmer Sports Skateboarding Olympic games
Aussie skater uncorks 'stealthy' trick for gold in Tokyo
By JOHN LEICESTER - Aug. 05, 2021 04:23 AM EDT
Gold medal winner Keegan Palmer of Australia poses for photos after the men's park skateboarding finals at the 2020 Summer Olympics, Thursday, Aug. 5, 2021, in Tokyo, Japan. (AP Photo/Ben Curtis)
TOKYO (AP) — As the coronavirus pandemic shut down competitions and clouded the future for the Tokyo Olympics, Australian skateboarder Keegan Palmer and his coach were hatching a cunning plan.
On the other side of the planet, far from the skateboarding community that congregates in California, the 18-year-old set to work perfecting a spinning, twisting, acrobatic trick that is very rarely used in bowl competitions because it is so hard.
So hard that for weeks as he trained, he couldn't land it.
But soaring off the steep walls of the Tokyo Games' giant skate bowl, Palmer nailed it.
The reward: a gold Olympic medal around his neck.
"That was all learned in lockdown," he said. "All those tricks that you saw in my run, I put blood, sweat and tears in Australia."
His gold in the men's park event Thursday was the last of four handed out over two weeks in skateboarding's debut as an Olympic sport. And it was the only gold not won by a skater from Japan, breaking the host nation's domination in the three previous events at the Ariake Urban Sports Park.
The silver in the men's park event filled with high-flying tricks went to Pedro Barros of Brazil. It was Brazil's third medal — all silvers — from skateboarding in Tokyo.
Cory Juneau took bronze, the second skateboarding medal for the United States. The first for the Americans, also a bronze, was won by Jagger Eaton in men's street.
Palmer, who was born in the U.S. and moved to Australia with his parents as a toddler, was untouchable with two pulsating runs of tricks and stunts in the eight-man final.
He impressed the judges not only with the difficulty of his spinning jumps off the bowl's walls and ramps but also the way that he strung them together in his seamless 45-second runs.
"We are looking for ways they use the whole park — so every obstacle getting hit, and speed, and then difficulty of tricks," Canadian judge Mike Prangnell told The Associated Press. "He basically checked off all those boxes."
Particularly impressive was the trick that proved to be Palmer's winning secret weapon: the kickflip varial 540.
He worked on it for weeks on a trip to Australia from January to March and uncorked it at the best time — with Olympic gold on the line.
"No one has seen it until this day," Palmer said, "and that was kind of the game plan."
His coach, Alex Donnini, added: "No one knew it was coming. We're really stealthy."
Soaring skyward off a steep wall, Palmer got the board to spin on its axis as he climbed. Then, at the apex of the ascent, he grabbed the board and twisted it so its nose was pointing downward.
As he begun his downward trajectory, with gravity scheming to make him fail, Palmer glued his feet back on the board and spun as he hurtled toward the hard concrete, making one-and-a-half rotations in all during the entirety of the hair-raising stunt.
He landed the board's four polyurethane wheels with the softness of a feather.
The judges were wowed. So were his friends — who were also his opponents in Tokyo.
"What he did today is beautiful because he just put skateboarding to a new level," Barros said.
"He did it effortlessly," Juneau agreed. "It was great to watch."
Prangnell, the judge, said: "In a park competition, that's a very rare trick."
"He was doing some maneuvers that were incredibly difficult that nobody else could do," he told the AP. "In skateboarding, we don't like to say the word 'training.' But you know he definitely has been working on it."
Palmer was the only skater to break the 90-point mark in the competition — and he did so twice in the final.
His 94.04 with his first run put huge pressure on the seven other finalists to go big. Most went too big, with repeated falls, as they tried to catch him.
He then pushed the gold even further out of reach with his third and final run that scored 95.83, and which included the 540 kickflip with added twist.
"I came out swinging," Palmer said. "I put a lot of hard work into it, so I'm just grateful it paid off."


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Gorillaz Name Album 'Humanz' And Release Three Videos
After quite a bit of teasing, Gorillaz (aka Damon Albarn and Jamie Hewlett), have finally announced a new album.
Major new titles coming this week from: James Blunt, Betty Who, Rick Ross, Steve Hackett, The Jesus & Mary Chain, Trey Songz, Take That, Mark Seymour, Drake and the new So Fresh compilation.
Check Out Chuck Berry's Brand New Song 'Big Boys'
Just one day after the family of Chuck Berry said that details on the late singer's final album would be out "this week", the track list, a release date and the first track were released to fans and the public.
Ed Sheeran To Receive Special Honour At Songwriters Hall of Fame Gala
Ed Sheeran will be honoured with the Hal David Starlight Award at the 2017 Songwriters Hall of Fame Gala later this year (17).
The Who Add More US Dates
The Who have decided that, as long as they are in the U.S. for their Las Vegas residency, why not play a few more shows.
Jazz Musicians Wanted To Open For Miles Electric Band In Melbourne
Bluesfest has opened up a contest for Melbourne's jazz musicians to open for Miles Electric Band at Hamer Hall on April 15, presented by Noise11.com.
Daryl Hall and Trent Reznor Guest On Todd Rundgren Album
Todd Rundgren has gone a whole new route for his upcoming album, White Knight, bringing in a host of guest artists.
Chuck Berry Family Preps Album For Final Release
On Chuck Berry's 90th birthday, October 18, 2016, he announced that he was finalising his latest album, Chuck.
Noise11 Presents Booker T Jones Australian Tour
The legendary Booker T Jones will tour Australia in April for Bluesfest Touring, presented by Noise11.com.
Mariah Carey 'All I Want For Christmas' To Be Made Into Animated Film
Mariah Carey's song All I Want For Christmas Is You will be the basis for a new animated movie.
Morrissey Removes Racist T-Shirt From His Website Store
Morrissey has removed a T-shirt which sparked accusations of racial insensitivity from his online store.
George Michael Painting To Be Auctioned For Charity
Artist Damien Hirst's new painting of late singer George Michael is to be auctioned off for charity on Friday (24Mar17).
Bee Gees Tribute Stayin Alive To Premiere In April
The Recording Academy has announced that Stayin' Alive: A Grammy Salute to the Music of the Bee Gees will air on April 16 on CBS.
Drake Makes Stars Shine For Final London Gig
Drake delivered the most star-studded performance of his tour so far by surprising fans in London on Monday (20Mar17) with appearances by Nicki Minaj, Trey Songz, Skepta, and Giggs.
Albare's Urbanity Registers On American Smooth Jazz Chart
The music of Australia's Urbanity, the jazz collaboration of Albare and Phil Turcio, has started to registered on the American Smooth Jazz chart.
Noise11.com Is Presenting Bonnie Raitt's Australian Tour
Bonnie Raitt will tour Australia in April for Bluesfest Touring, presented by Noise11.com.
Pink Floyd's Nick Mason Has Crashed A $3.7 Million Car
On Sunday, Pink Floyd's Nick Mason crashed his $3.7 million McLaren F1 GTR supercar during a demonstration lap at the Goodwill Circuit in West Sussex, England.
Baby Animals And Screaming Jets Team For Co-Headline Tour
Baby Animals and Screaming Jets will tour Australia together in June and July and decide on the night who goes on first.
Chuck Berry Sales Increase After Death
Sales of Chuck Berry music has predictably increased substantially after the death of the rock and roll pioneer on Saturday.
Chuck Berry Tributes Continue To Flow
A truly amazing number of artists have been speaking out about the passing of the great Chuck Berry. Chuck died at the age of 90.
Eric Clapton Setlist From The First of the Last Farewell Shows
Eric Clapton played the first of two nights at Madison Square Garden in New York on Sunday proving to fans that, even with his ailing body, he can still play the guitar better than practically anyone in the world.
Don Henley To Play His 70th Birthday Concert In Dallas
Don Henley announced a special concert and weekend celebration for this July in Dallas, TX to celebrate his 70th birthday plus a number of new 2017 tour dates.
Adele Scolds Security Guard At Second Melbourne Show
Adele stopped her show in Melbourne, Australia on Sunday night (19Mar17) to tell off a security guard who had been asking fans to sit down.
Watch Gene Simmons Pay Tribute To Chuck Berry
For one of the few times in his career, Gene Simmons has played a full-length solo show.
Pink Floyd To Release 12 Inch 'Interstellar Overdrive' Disc For Record Store Day
To celebrate Record Store Day on Saturday, April 15, 2017, Pink Floyd will be releasing the highly collectable 12" single Interstellar Overdrive.
Robert Forster, Mark Gable Sign Up As Record Store Day 2017 Ambassadors
Record Store Day in Australia has announced their first ambassadors for 2017. In alphabetical order by last name, AMRA is very pleased to welcome the following roster of Australian music identities:
Mel B Files For Divorce
Former Spice Girls star Melanie Brown has filed papers to end her nine-year marriage.
Ed Sheeran Clocks Up Another 35,000 Sales To Top Australian Chart
Ed Sheeran's 'divide' album sold 35,097 copies in Australia last week, more than the rest of the Top 10 sales combined.
Noise11.com Presents Miles Electric Band in Australia
Miles Electric Band, featuring Miles Davies alumni as well as an A-List band of musicians including Darryl Jones from the Rolling Stones, will perform at Melbourne's Hamer Hall in April, presented by Noise11.com.
Alison Moyet To Perform Australian Shows In October
Alison Moyet will return to Australia in October and while she says she won't sing her hit 'Invisible' she will give fans a few from Yazoo.


What a lovely weekend I've had, I hope you've all been enjoying the weekend too?
On Friday night my younger brother flew in for a 2 night stay from China, before jetting off again to Chile. We only see each other a few times a year so it was lovely to be able to have him as our first guest in the house. We invited Sion's sister over and used our Raclette for the first time. This is a Dutch way of entertaining, that involves grilling a variety of bite-sized pieces of meat on a hot indoor grill. You serve them with salads and grilled vegetables and its not unusual to still be cooking morsels two hours after you started!
On Saturday while Sion was working we had a leisurely time shopping for Easter treats, having lunch and doing boring, but necessary, business paperwork! We rewarded ourselves with a huge pan of paella, which I was sure would feed the five thousand - instead it only served three!
The best thing of all though is that this is only going to be a three day working week for us. On Thursday we are heading to Warwickshire for a 2 night stay in a country hotel four poster bedroom. While it is tempting to spend the 2 days lounging around, pretending to be lady of the manor, we should probably try to visit a few towns and attractions. We will be staying near Coventry so if you have any suggestions for what we could do, please leave a comment.
Looks like you had a fun weekend.
Carrie i am loving the ideas of the inside grill!! how fantastic is that!! i am super jealous about your weekend away!!


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Q: Why do Apple laptops have very strong performance regardless of whether it is plugged in or not? Gaming laptops throttle a heck ton when on battery while MacBooks don't. Why is that?

A: Apple invests significant research and development resources for the purpose of creating state-of-the-art performance scaling and battery efficiency in its products. It's one of their top priorities across their entire product line if you look closely. There are entire teams of engineers, along with their commensurate engineering managers, project managers, and QA departments, who get paid to do nothing but think of and implement better ways of squeezing the most performance out of the least amount of battery power (and lowest heat dissipation), all day, every day. These are some of the brightest people in the world all coming together for one shared purpose.
Apple also has a key advantage in being able to cross-pollinate solutions between product lines, as these share much of their low-level software and, more recently, a significant amount of hardware. For example, an innovation in the xnu kernel that allows sufficiently low power consumption to allow the Apple Watch to have an always-on display can be reused to let the MacBook Pro turn off a significant amount of its electronics when there are no user-visible changes being drawn on-screen, allowing a significant energy savings without compromising performance.
To your specific point of good game performance on battery, there are many, many contributing factors. One in particular is dynamic frequency scaling and clock gating: Apple spends significant engineering effort on tuning algorithms that will raise & lower CPU and GPU voltage, and enable & disable CPU and GPU cores, to precisely meet instantaneous demand for these resources. So when you need responsiveness, you can quickly get it, and when you don't, much of the silicon quickly turns off and saves power, allowing you to run on battery for half the day instead of burning through it in an hour.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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James Morrison's gospel trumpet
This year has seen the legendary Australian jazz musician James Morrison release a gospel album. James Morrison Live at Edge is a contemporary take on classic gospel hymns.
Forming his first band at nine and touring since the age of 17, James continues to perform all over the world including England, Europe and the USA, and has performed with musical giants like Dizzy Gillespie, B.B. King, Ray Charles, Cab Calloway, Woody Shaw and George Benson. James has received the Order of Australia for his service to the arts in Australia.
James is currently performing at the Sydney Opera House with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra and Kristjan Jarvi before heading off to Norway, The Netherlands, Lithuania and Belgium. You can keep up to date via James' Facebook page.
James Morrison Live at Edge was mastered by Matthew Gray and is now on iTunes.