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Previous trauma exposure and self-mastery as moderators of psychiatric effects of home isolation during the Covid-19 pandemic: a field study
Michelle Slone1,
Ayelet Pe'er1 &
Flora Mor2
Limiting contagion during the Covid-19 pandemic has necessitated employment of drastic measures ranging from complete lockdown to home isolation and quarantines. This study examined the psychiatric effects of home isolation, the effects of interacting previous traumatic events and the moderating effect of self-mastery as a resilience factor that could mitigate negative effects.
Six hundred forty-five adults aged 18–67 completed an online survey during the first wave lockdown during the Covid-19 outbreak in Israel. Participants completed a demographic questionnaire including measures of strictness of adherence to home isolation, a traumatic life events measure, the Mastery Scale, and the Brief Symptom Inventory. Data was analyzed using Structural Equation Model.
Findings showed positive relations between strictness of home isolation adherence and psychiatric symptoms, and between previous trauma exposure and psychiatric symptoms. A negative relation between self-mastery and psychiatric symptoms emerged. During home isolation, effects of previous trauma exposure on psychiatric symptoms was moderated by self-mastery. Individuals with high self-mastery showed less psychiatric symptoms than those with low self-mastery, at both high and low levels of previous trauma exposure.
Home isolation adherence is associated with significant psychological distress and symptomatology and, thus, should be of great concern for public mental health service providers. The present study offers a new slant on appropriate clinical interventions during this period with a focus on strengthening resilience factors that can moderate mental health decline. Therapy and interventions based on promoting self-mastery could exert a significant effect on lowering psychiatric symptoms during stressful periods of home isolation.
Not relevant.
The Covid-19 pandemic has struck the world with enormous impact in almost every sphere of life from the environmental, community, societal, family to the personal levels. The powerful infectious nature of the virus and high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide [1] has necessitated the employment of drastic measures to limit close contact. The forefront of disease containment measures has ranged from complete national or regional lockdown to home isolation and quarantines across most countries in the world [2]. Although lockdown conditions have varied across countries, most have typically involved home confinement and restrictions on non-essential public activities [3]. These socially and personally restrictive conditions have been correlated with increased psychological distress [2, 4] and negative emotions such as fear, uncertainty, and confusion [5, 6].
The multifarious psychological implications of the new life circumstances involved in the pandemic are now beginning to be understood, particularly the psychological ramifications of lockdown and home isolation. Comprehension of psychological effects is essential to inform and address public mental health related decisions and policies. In light of this significance, the present research examined the mental health effects of home isolation during the month-long lockdown in Israel from April 8th to May 4th 2020. Specifically, the study examined the effects of home isolation on psychological and psychiatric symptoms, the effects of the accumulation of previous traumatic events exposure together with home isolation on symptoms, and the possible interaction of a resilience factor, namely self-mastery, in mitigating negative effects.
Effects of home isolation
Quarantine and home isolation mandates have generated serious concerns about the negative mental health effects of social isolation and loneliness [7]. Prolonged social isolation, defined as the lack of interactions with others [8], may range from complete social isolation with no or very little social contact to home isolation with restricted physical social contact and with or without interpersonal connections through virtual means. Social isolation is known to have alarming short-term and long-term psychological and psychiatric effects [2]. Enforced isolation and quarantines during previous epidemics have been linked to loneliness and mental health problems [9]. Indeed, mandates to self-isolate during the pandemic in the US led to a significant increase in self-reported loneliness, depression and suicidal ideation [10].
Emerging literature during the epidemic shows the development of a variety of psychological disorders such as anxiety, panic, obsessive–compulsive symptoms, insomnia, digestive problems, depression and post-traumatic symptoms [11]. In a cross-nation study of the association between social isolation and mental health among 13,660 older adults using a global online survey, findings confirmed that social isolation is positively associated with psychological distress, although this association varied across countries [12]. An interesting longitudinal study of the effects of confinement in Spain sampled participants at the beginning of the lockdown, one month later and at the lifting of the lockdown [13]. Results revealed sharp increases in depressive symptoms, anxiety and post-traumatic stress as the confinement progressed, with improvement as restrictions eased, but no return to pre-crisis levels. The accumulation of all these findings point to the mental health toll suffered in national attempts to contain contagion, emphasizing the traumatic nature of the pandemic and the necessity for clinical intervention strategies to mitigate psychological distress.
While the negative effects of the pandemic as well as other traumatic experiences are widely documented, studies have shown that even after severely traumatic events, individuals may show surprising resilience [14,15,16]. This evidence supports the conceptualization of the presence of resilience factors as a protective process that alleviates the consequences of risk exposure [17]. Accordingly, wide individual variations between previous trauma experiences and psychological response have been demonstrated across many types of trauma [14, 18].
Much research has contended that individual characteristics can represent risk and protective factors that are integral to the daily stress-and-coping process [19, 20]. Risk factors are associated with vulnerability and increased likelihood of negative outcomes [21], whereas protective or resilience factors are variables or processes that lead to decreased probability of negative outcomes or increased probability of better-than-expected outcomes [22].
During the Covid-19 epidemic, some fledgling research has begun to emerge regarding resilience factors. A study conducted in Japan showed a significant effect for ego-resiliency on reduction of depression and stress levels during the epidemic [23]. Additionally, in a study conducted in Spain during the mandatory home isolation, results showed that vigorous physical activity was associated with higher resilience in terms of greater locus of control, self-efficacy, and optimism [24]. Undoubtedly, further research is crucial to disentangle resilience factors that can mitigate the psychological distress associated with social isolation and offer an avenue to the development of appropriate interventions.
Resilience factors can be conceptualized as variables that moderate between trauma exposure and psychological outcomes [18]. According to this model, given exposure to trauma, a resilience factor would be any variable whose presence at high levels mitigates the expected negative effects of trauma exposure, whereas its non-existence or presence at low levels is associated with negative outcomes. This model has been translated into a useful research paradigm in several studies investigating the risk or protective function of a variety of personal, familial, community and environmental factors in dealing with traumas such as war, armed conflict, terrorism, and indirect media exposure to traumatic events [14, 25, 26].
In line with the above model of resilience, the present study examined the role of self-mastery as a resilience factor that could moderate between the experience of home isolation and quarantines during the Covid-19 pandemic and mental health outcomes. Self-mastery seemed a likely candidate to function as a resilience factor in view of previous research demonstrating the protective effects of high self-mastery in a variety of traumatic circumstances [19, 27].
Self-Mastery refers to a sense of having control over life events [28] and is reflected in a self-perception of strength and the capacity to cope with and overcome obstacles by relying on personal efforts [29]. Strong self-mastery is considered a central management resource in many models of stress [30] that appears to operate by maximizing the use of other resources and actions that promote the achievement of personal goals [31]. Studies have shown an association between strong self-mastery and lower levels of anger and depressive moods [32] and less negative affect [33] and higher levels of positive affect [34]. High self-mastery, together with other positive qualities such as optimism, vitality and positive affect, have been correlated with increased coping with disability among the elderly and lower rates of mortality among the elderly [35].
In its original conceptualization, self-mastery is described as a modifiable trait that can open avenues for therapies [36], thus offering potential implications for clinical intervention. In clinical populations, self-mastery have been found to predict higher self-ratings of health, greater sense of capability and competence, and greater improvements in depression [37, 38].
In order to disentangle some of the aspects of the Covid-19 pandemic as a form of mass trauma associated with major psychological implications on the population, the present study investigated the effects of home isolation on psychiatric symptoms and the role of the accumulation of home isolation together with previous traumatic events on psychiatric symptoms. In addition, the study examined self-mastery as a candidate resilience factor that could mitigate negative psychological effects of home isolation and previous trauma exposure. In view of the above, four hypotheses were proposed.
The first hypothesis predicted a direct positive relation between the strictness of adherence to home isolation and psychiatric symptoms.
The second hypothesis predicted a positive relation between previous traumatic life events and psychiatric symptoms.
The third hypothesis predicted a negative relation between self-mastery and psychiatric symptoms.
The fourth hypothesis predicted that under conditions of isolation, effects of exposure to previous life events on psychiatric symptoms will be moderated by high self-mastery.
The aim of this study was to examine the psychiatric effects of home isolation during the Covid-19 pandemic. Potential moderating factors of self-mastery and previous traumatic events were examined as well. Due to the home isolation regulations, participants completed the study questionnaires online from their homes.
Participants in the study were 645 Israeli adults, 57% women and 43% men, aged 18–67 (mean age 38.88), surveyed during the lockdown at the peak of the first wave of the Covid-19 outbreak in Israel in April 2020. The Israeli government declared a nationwide rigid lockdown during which people were required to stay secluded at their homes for over a month. Participants were recruited by online invitation via a Research Online Survey Service. All participants completed the online survey on the Qualtrics platform from their homes while in home isolation. Participant demographics included marital status (24% single, 67.8% married, 8.2% divorced), socio-economic status (6.8% low, 78.9% average, 14.3% high), and educational level (40.2% completed high-school education, 33.5% Undergraduates, 16.7% Postgraduates, 9.6% other). Four participants did not complete all the questionnaires and, therefore, these respondents were excluded from the study. A demographic questionnaire was compiled in line with the unique circumstances and included questions regarding the specific conditions of home isolation.
Mastery scale
Self-mastery was assessed with the Mastery Scale [28] which measures respondents' general perceived control over life circumstances. Participants are requested to rate seven items (e.g., "I have little control over the things that happen to me") on a Likert scale, from 1 (not at all) to 7 (very much) such that high scores indicate high levels of self-mastery. High test–retest reliability of at least 0.85 and satisfactory internal reliability levels (a = 0.75) have been reported for the scale [39]. In the present study, internal reliability was α = 0.80.
Traumatic life events measure
In the current study, the traumatic life events scale was comprised of the severe trauma events appearing in the Major Life Events Questionnaire [40], such as death of a close friend or relative, divorce, and having an illness or accident requiring hospitalization, with the addition of relevant items from the Political Life Events (PLE) Scale [41] regarding exposure to armed conflict events. Since the study was conducted in Israel, where citizens have been exposed to armed conflict events for decades, seven items of the PLE were included, such as being a victim of a terror attack or witnessing gunshots or the use of other weapons or explosives. Participants rated the impact of all experienced events on a Likert scale of 1 (very little impact) to 5 (very high impact) to produce a summed score. There is no theoretical rationale for calculating an internal consistency score for life events questionnaires, since there is no reason to expect consistency in experiencing discrete events [42]. However, high test–retest reliability has been reported for both the Major Life Events scale (r = 0.72), [40]and the PLE (r = 0.86 to r = 0.94), [42]. In addition, for the Major Life Events scale, self-reports have been found to be highly consistent with interview-based ratings, r = 0.89 [40].
Although national regulations restricted the population to home isolation, variations existed in permitted strictness of adherence. Participants were asked to report their strictness of adherence to home isolation on a scale of 1 (essential services—individuals who left home to work in essential services), 2 (partial isolation—individuals who left home to conduct essential tasks such as shopping for food or medication), or 3 (complete home isolation).
Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI)
Psychiatric symptoms were assessed using the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI; 41) which comprises 53 self-report items rated on a Likert scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 4 (very much). The measure yields a global severity index (GSI) indicating general psychological distress, calculated as the average of all symptoms. In addition, the scale yields 10 symptom subscales – anxiety, depression, somatization, obsessive–compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, psychotic ideation, and one miscellaneous subscale. Items include "feelings of worthlessness", "feeling fearful", "nervousness or shakiness inside", "temper outbursts that you cannot control". In the present study, 9 of the 10 subscales were calculated, excluding the short miscellaneous subscale which includes discrete items. Good reliability and validity measures have been reported for the inventory (α = 0.71 to 0.81) as well as high test–retest reliability (correlations between 0.78 to 0.90) and high concurrent validity with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI; 42). In the current study, the BSI yielded Cronbach's α coefficients of 0.81 for anxiety, 0.86 for depression, 0.86 for somatization, 0.81 for obsessive–compulsive symptoms, 0.83 for interpersonal sensitivity, 0.72 for hostility, 0.75 for phobic anxiety, 0.73 for paranoid ideation, and 0.74 for psychotic ideation.
After receiving authorization from the Tel-Aviv University Ethics committee, respondents received an online invitation to participate in the study from a Research Online Survey Service and, after providing written consent, they were provided with a link to the survey. Exclusion criteria were age below 18 years and incomplete responses to all questionnaires. All participants included in the study completed the full battery of questionnaires that included a demographic questionnaire, the Mastery Scale, Traumatic Life Events Measure, and the BSI. All measures have been translated into Hebrew and are widely used in Israel.
Analyses were conducted by transferring the data to SPSS26 and AMOS software. The statistical analysis used in the present study, was Structural Equation Modeling. Studies have shown that the subscales of the BSI are differentiated and informative as separate measures of different pathologies [43, 44] and that together they reflect a general factor of psychological distress [45]. The use of SEM allows the formation of a latent variable comprised of the nine subscales which reflects general distress. Descriptive statistics are presented as Means and Standard Deviations (SD) or rate (%). Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was conducted using AMOS software. Goodness of fit and the significance of the effects were examined. Accordingly, indices such as Chi-square Mean/Degree of Freedom (CMIN/DF), Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA), Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) and Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index (AGFI) were used. The dependent variable was general distress and the independent variables were home isolation, previous traumatic life events exposure and self-mastery. To examine the moderating effect of previous traumatic events exposure and self-mastery, the interaction of these two variables was included in the model as well.
The following table presents average ratings and standard deviations for each subscale of the Brief Symptom Inventory which is valuable as a descriptive indicator of severity of pathology and psychological distress during Covid-19 home isolation regulations.
Pearson correlations of study variables
Table 1 presents Pearson correlations between the study variables. Results show that while partial isolation was positively associated only with depression, complete isolation was positively associated with all nine pathology sub-scales. Additionally, as expected, self-mastery was negatively associated with all nine pathology sub-scales, and previous traumatic events score was positively associated with all sub-scales of psychiatric symptoms. Finally, the nine pathology sub-scales were highly associated with each other.
Table 1 Pearson correlations between study variables (N = 645)
Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)
The study hypotheses were tested using a Structural Equation Model (See Fig. 1). The model yielded acceptable goodness of fit indices: \({\chi }^{2}\) (61, N = 645) = 2.42, p < 0.001, GFI = 0.97 (AGFI = 0.95), CFI = 0.988, RMSEA = 0.047. Results showed that all nine sub-scales of psychiatric symptoms loaded highly on the latent variable of general distress (\(\beta\) s ≥ 0.68). The first hypothesis, predicting a direct relation between home isolation and general distress, was confirmed as partial isolation (\(\beta\) = 0.08) and complete isolation (\(\beta\) = 0.14) both positively predicted general distress. The second hypothesis, predicting a direct relation between previous trauma exposure and general distress, was confirmed as well. Greater traumatic exposure positively predicted general distress (\(\beta\) = 0.54). The third hypothesis, which predicted a direct negative relation between self-mastery and general distress, was also confirmed, (\(\beta\) = -0.38).
Structural equation model of home isolation, previous trauma events, self-mastery and the interaction between self-mastery and previous trauma a predictors of general distress. Note. The coefficients represent on the figure are standardized. Goodness of fit indices: χ 2 (61, N = 645) = 2.42, p < .001, GFI = .97 (AGFI = .95), CFI = .988, RMSEA = .047
The fourth hypothesis predicted that under conditions of home-isolation, self-mastery will moderate the effects of exposure to previous life events on general distress. This hypothesis was confirmed as well, as a significant moderating effect of self-mastery on the relation between previous trauma exposure and general distress emerged (\(\beta\) = -0.39). The negative relation between the interaction variable and general distress reflects that the higher the self-mastery score, the more negative (i.e., less positive) is the relation between previous trauma events and general distress.
Examination of the interaction pattern revealed that for those with low self-mastery, the relation between previous trauma events and general distress was positively significant (\(\beta\) = 0.21, p < 0.001), as expected. However, for those with high self-mastery, the relation between previous trauma exposure and general distress was non-significant (\(\beta\) = 0.06, p > 0.05). This means that self-mastery acts as a moderating factor, as the higher the level of self-mastery, the weaker the relation between previous trauma exposure and general distress.
The first hypothesis predicted a direct positive relation between strictness of adherence to home isolation and psychiatric symptoms. This hypothesis was confirmed. The highest level of strict adherence to home isolation was defined as complete seclusion in the home and this category ranged from lone residence in the home or room isolation in institutionalized residential settings to home isolation with the nuclear family. This finding concurs with research evidence showing that social isolation during mandates for home isolation and quarantines can be emotionally debilitating, associated as it is with loneliness and mental health difficulties such as depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress [2, 7].
The unexpected pandemic has spread fear, anxiety, and a sense of insecurity and danger among populations worldwide. Results of this study show that levels of psychiatric symptoms were high across all three levels of home isolation. As can been seen in Table 2, the average ratings for the BSI subscales in the present study range from 1.045 to 1.834 which reflect high levels of psychological distress and symptom profiles. These ratings far exceed the Israeli norms for the BSI which range from 0.46 to 0.94 and are, in general, higher than the US and British norms for the subscales [46]. Descriptive statistics suggest that partial isolation was directly associated only with depression, whereas complete isolation was directly associated with all nine sub-scales of psychiatric symptoms and general distress. Notwithstanding these significant associations, it should be noted that individuals in the complete home isolation group may or may not have engaged in social interactions by digital means, which became very popular during lockdown.
Table 2 Levels of Psychiatric Symptoms
In Israel, psychological distress may be generally elevated due to the prolonged armed conflict circumstances, however, the present ratings indicate an even higher increase in distress although virtually no hostilities occurred during the initial period of the outbreak of the epidemic. This highlights the enormous impact on public health of the Covid-19 pandemic on the Israeli population and its accompanying forced life changes. Similarity in strategies of home isolation employed globally suggest that these elevated levels of a wide variety of distress symptoms may apply to millions of people worldwide.
The second hypothesis predicting a positive relation between pre-isolation trauma exposure and psychiatric symptoms, was confirmed. This aligns with previous research on the negative impact of cumulative trauma exposure on emotional status [18, 19]. This finding is disturbing since it possibly reflects the deleterious effects of the cumulative trauma of previous traumatic exposure in addition to dealing with the pandemic outbreak crisis. Descriptive statistics suggest that higher levels of pre-isolation trauma exposure were related to all sub-scales of psychiatric symptoms and to general distress. The persistence of a full range of emotional difficulties as the pandemic progresses warrants further investigation and emphasizes the importance of identifying possible resilience factors that could mitigate these effects.
The third hypothesis predicting a negative relation between self-mastery and psychiatric symptoms was confirmed and this result aligns with previous studies indicating that strong self-mastery is associated with lower levels of depression [29] and negative affect [33]. Self-mastery has been found to be negatively associated with post-traumatic symptoms in studies of community disasters and armed conflict [19, 30]. Self-mastery and belief in personal capability to solve problems and execute actions required to manage life situations [47] would be a vital factor in coping with a the Covid-19 pandemic. Coping with fundamental life-style changes and habits, restrictions in freedom of movement, and altered working conditions necessitates taking some control over the situation by problem-solving, creativity, innovation and flexibility. These capabilities are embodied in strong self-mastery. Self-mastery could promote perceptions of traumatic experiences as an opportunity to develop strengths and undertake new modes of action [31]. Thus, proactive self-mastery over the new and challenging situation could go a far way in allaying depression, hopelessness, anxiety, and other post-traumatic symptoms.
The fourth hypothesis predicted that under conditions of home isolation, effects of previous trauma exposure on psychiatric symptoms will be moderated by high self-mastery. This hypothesis was also confirmed. Individuals with high levels of self-mastery showed lower levels of psychiatric symptoms than those with low levels of self-mastery, at both high and low levels of previous trauma exposure. For individuals with low levels of self-mastery, those with high levels of previous trauma exposure showed higher levels of psychiatric symptoms than those with low levels of previous trauma exposure. This interaction indicates that, under conditions of isolation, self-mastery alleviates the psychiatric effects of previous trauma exposure.
The moderating effect of self-mastery could be explained by the experience of having more control over life events [28] and greater ability to rely on personal efforts and to cope with challenges and adversities [29]. These abilities could explain the important function of self-mastery as a resilience factor specifically during the pandemic which has spread much uncertainty and fear. The pandemic has necessitated adaptation to different life-styles, changes in daily routine, re-organization of work places and schedules, the development of complex family dynamics, and different modes of social interactions. High self-mastery enables the search for new and innovative problem-solving strategies together with maintenance of feelings of autonomy and self-efficacy. The finding that high self-mastery moderates these symptoms has important clinical implications. Therapy and interventions based on promoting self-mastery could exert a significant effect on lowering these distressing symptoms.
Limitations and conclusions
This study was conducted against a scarce background of research literature on the role of resilience factors in coping with Covid-19 induced stress, necessitating new comprehensions and conceptualizations of the subject at hand. Multiple challenges were involved in conducting the study including recruitment of participants during the lockdown, conceptualizing the pandemic as a new form of trauma, and selection and construction of appropriate measures. There are limitations of bias involved with non-random referral sampling and online sampling methods. Although a generous number of participants were successfully recruited, further research is needed to extend generalization to different populations sectors in Israel for whom isolation may be perceived differently, such as the elderly, individuals without access to the internet or digital technologies, and to other cultures. Additionally, cross-sectional research cannot determine causal relations between variables and studies of the moderating role of resilience factors should be augmented with longitudinal designs. Further, the study was based on single agent self-report and, therefore, should be extended to include multiple agent reports. The home isolation variable was based on a single direct question regarding the level of adherence to home isolation. It would be valuable to expand this measure and to assess levels and types of social contact maintained during lockdown, as well as violations of restrictions and methods of violation.
In addition, this study is limited by its narrow focus on a single potential resilience factor, namely, self-mastery. However, the present study is important in highlighting the benefits of promoting a general resilience factor, in this study self-mastery, rather than focusing on the pathology itself. Results suggest that enhancing self-mastery could prove to be a central therapeutic avenue for dealing with emotional distress raised by the pandemic.
A wide range of other potential resilience factors could be valuable moderators of the psychological distress and psychiatric symptoms associated with the Covid-19 pandemic. Further research should examine a long list of personal, family, and social factors that can mitigate psychological and psychiatric symptoms associated with the pandemic and the stressful circumstances that have arisen in its wake.
The present study could have far-reaching implications. The weakness imbued in examining a sudden, unexpected and worldwide phenomenon could also be construed as a strength in opening understanding of a new form of trauma about which little was heretofore known. The uniqueness and severity of the situations that have emerged with the Covid-19 pandemic necessitate rethinking therapeutic and supportive strategies adapted to the stressful context. This includes home isolation, quarantines and social gathering restrictions which have evolved into significant population challenges. Home isolation, quarantines and the associated experience of loneliness should be of great concern for public mental health service providers. Loneliness has been associated with a wide range of mental health problems, interpersonal issues, substance use, and physical health conditions, including cognitive decline, and significantly elevated morbidity and mortality [48]. The findings of this study provide a rationale for an urgent call for a public health response to the mental health impacts of Covid-19. Diagnostic strategies must be developed to detect particularly vulnerable individuals. To illustrate, a study of the status of psychiatric patients in 12 countries indicated self-reported worsening of psychiatric conditions in two-thirds of the patients assessed with significantly higher scores on scales for general psychological disturbance, post-traumatic stress disorder, and depression [49]. Therapeutic strategies must be developed to reach out to individuals and population sectors affected by Covid-19. Some emergent suggestions have included counselling, befriending, referral to community resources [50] and engagement in physical activity [24, 51].
The present study offers a new slant on appropriate clinical interventions during this period with a focus on strengthening resilience factors that can moderate mental health decline. This demands a rigorous investigation of personal, family and community resilience factors that can be harnessed to address psychological distress during the pandemic. Disentangling the role of risk and resilience factors would expand knowledge of processes operating in pandemic-related psychological distress and provide important indications for treatment and prevention.
Comprehension of the psychological implications of recurrent periods of home isolation and quarantines is emerging during the predicament facing the world at present. This is further complicated by uncertainty regarding resolution of the pandemic and forced lifestyle changes. Together with these challenges, previously unknown opportunities have emerged in the new global situation for innovation, adaptation and development of therapeutic approaches anchored in a solid foundation of research.
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available on Mendeley Data:
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Surtees PG, Wainwright NWJ, Luben R, Khaw KT, Day NE. Mastery sense of coherence, and mortality: evidence of independent associations from the EPIC-Norfolk prospective cohort study. Heal Psychol. 2006;25:102–10.
Pearlin LI, Menaghan EG, Lieberman MA, Mullan JT. The stress process. J Health Soc Behav. 1981;22:337–56.
Angel RJ, Angel JL, Hill TD. Subjective control and health among In, Mexican-origin elders in Mexico and the United States: structural considerations comparative research. Journals Gerontol Ser B. 2009;64:390–401.
Jang Y, Chiriboga DA, Small BJ. Perceived discrimination and psychological International, well-being: The mediating and moderating role of sense of control. J Aging Hum Dev. 2008;66:213–27.
Hobfoll SE, Walfisch S. Coping with a threat to life: a longitudinal study of self-concept, social support, and psychological distress. Am J Community Psychol. 1984;12(1):87–100.
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Slone M. Promoting children's coping in politically violent environments: Suggestions for education. In: Greenbaum C, Veerman P, Bacon-Shnoor N, editors. Protection of children during armed political conflict: A multidisciplinary perspective. Antwerpen: Intersentia; 2006. p. 169–95.
Slone M, Shechner T. Adolescents exposed to 7 years of political violence: differential relations between exposure and its impact for Jewish and Arab Israelis. Child Indic Res. 2011;4(3):529–45.
Urbán R, Kun B, Farkas J, Paksi B, Kökönyei G, Unoka Z, et al. Bifactor structural model of symptom checklists: SCL-90-R and Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) in a non-clinical community sample. Psychiatry Res . 2014;216(1):146–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.01.027 (Available from).
Wieland J, Wardenaar KJ, Fontein E, Zitman FG. Utility of the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) in psychiatric outpatients with intellectual disabilities. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2012;56(9):843–53.
Daoud FS, Abojedi AA. Equivalent factorial structure of the brief symptom inventory (BSI) in clinical and nonclinical Jordanian populations. Eur J Psychol Assess. 2010;26(2):116–21.
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Ingram I, Kelly PJ, Deane FP, Baker AL, Goh MC, Raftery DK, et al. Loneliness among people with substance use problems: A narrative systematic review. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2020;39(5):447–83.
Gobbi S, Płomecka MB, Ashraf Z, Radziński P, Neckels R, Lazzeri S, et al. Worsening of Preexisting Psychiatric Conditions During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11(December)
Razai MS, Oakeshott P, Kankam H, Galea S, Stokes-Lampard H. Mitigating the psychological effects of social isolation during the covid-19 pandemic. BMJ. 2020;369:1–5.
Gobbi E, Maltagliati S, Sarrazin P, Di Fronso S, Colangelo A, Cheval B, Escriva-Boulley G, Tessier D, Demirhan G, Erturan G, Yüksel Y. Promoting physical activity during school closures imposed by the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: Physical education teachers' behaviors in France, Italy and Turkey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(24):9431.
This work was supported by JDC Ashalim-Israel under Grant number 510681414.
We would like to clarify that the third author, Dr Flora Mor, did not personally fund the research. However, she is affiliated with JDC Ashalim—Israel, the organization which funded the research (Grant number 510681414).
School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
Michelle Slone & Ayelet Pe'er
JDC Ashalim-Israel, Eliezer Kaplan St 9, P.O.B.3489, 9103401, Jerusalem, Israel
Flora Mor
Michelle Slone
Ayelet Pe'er
MS contributed to the conception and design, consultation on data analysis, interpretation of results, and writing of the manuscript. AP contributed to the design, recruitment of informants and acquisition of data, data analysis, interpretation, and writing. FM contributed to the conceptualization, assisted in recruitment of informants and data acquisition, and in drafting manuscript. All authors reviewed the manuscript. The author(s) read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Michelle Slone.
This study was approved by the Tel-Aviv University Ethics Committee.
All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects.
Slone, M., Pe'er, A. & Mor, F. Previous trauma exposure and self-mastery as moderators of psychiatric effects of home isolation during the Covid-19 pandemic: a field study. BMC Psychiatry 22, 450 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-04087-8


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← Vibrant Voices Cabaret
Vibrant Voices Cabaret →
Posted on August 25, 2021 by Robert Heller
Atlanta Lyric Theatre
through September 5, 2021
This is one not to be missed. Take your vaccination card and mask and head off to the theatre for a really fun and insane time.
The setting for the show is a theatre fan (Jamie Grayson) who adores musicals and he recalls a 1928 musical comedy called The Drowsy Chaperone. He goes through his collection of old LPs and finds the album which he puts on to play. And as it plays he is transported into the play itself as the characters seem to appear right in his apartment.
The plot is inane, but makes little difference. Janet (Meg Young) is a celebrated showgirl who wants to quit the stage to marry millionaire Robert (Michael Persson) and she just doesn't want to show off any more. But, right out of a typical Mel Brooks kind of scene we meet the show producer, Feldzieg (Jono Davis) who has a load of dough invested which he borrowed from the mob. Jay Alexander and Matthew Blum are the gangsters who have invaded the wedding plans and are disguised as pastry chefs. Emeril they are not. So what's a producer to do?
He hires an egotistic idiotic Latin womanizer to woo Janet and disrupt the wedding plans. Greg Hunter plays Aldolpho. One problem after another arises. Aldolpho woos the wrong woman, and Robert winds up kissing a French gal while he had eye blinders on and never figured out that the Frenchie was actually Janet. Oops! One more thing which could go wrong does so.
The show is a one act production, although the theatre fan does let the audience know as the first LP ends, that this would be an intermission if there were to be one. And, just to make things more insane as he puts on the second LP, it is the wrong show with an entirely different theme. The Chaperone (Kayce Grogam-Wallace) was to keep the bride and the groom apart until they met at the altar. This was during prohibition and it seems that some of the liquids she drank seemed to make her a little sleepy.
The cast of 16 players does a wonderful job, and the finale is just a hoot. I can't tell you how it works out. Back in 2006 it won the Tony for Best Book of a Musical and also for Best Original Score. It also won for Best Musical as well as 9 other Tonys.
The show moves along without intermission for 110 minutes, under the direction of Spencer G. Stephens belting out 11 numbers with great singing and moving choreography by David Rossetti.
The show may not get grabbed so much by the youngsters, but those of us with some more years really enjoyed it. Please know that Covid protocols are being observed in Cobb County and this facility. But, it is for everybody's safety. Easy to get to south of Marietta Square, free parking and really good view from every seat in the house. More info and tickets found at AtlantaLyricTheatre.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Hajj 2013 | Is the Quran the Word of God?
While Saudi authorities have not yet made the official announcement, the 2013 Hajj will probably be starting on October 13. There are many places on the Internet to learn about the Hajj, but one of the most reliable I have found is Ali Gomaa. Ali Gomaa was the 18th Grand Mufti of Egypt, is a leading Islamic scholar and jurist, and taught for many years at Cairo's Al-Azhar University—arguably the top Islamic University in the world. Ali Gomaa has been listed by the Jordanian Royal Islamic Studies Centre as the 10th most influential Muslim in the world out of its list of 500 people.


It's an old joke, but it's one that never gets old.
We should say that it's an old joke that never gets old for people who like puns, and who doesn't? Well, as it turns out, a lot of people don't like puns, and they're the funniest people to tell them to.
What makes puns funny – to people who think they are funny – is the double meaning. "Revolting," for instance can mean two (or more) different things: rising up in rebellion, or extraordinarily unappealing.
Which is exceptionally funny, because "appealing" can mean two or more things, too.
"Appealing" can refer to something or someone that's attractive, or it can refer to a formal effort, legal or otherwise, to reverse a decision that's been made.
You probably wouldn't respond that way if someone told you that former state Supreme Court Justice Allen Loughry – having been convicted two months ago on 10 federal counts of wire fraud, mail fraud, and lying to federal agents – was appealing.
But even that wouldn't really be funny, because what he did isn't funny.
He wrote a book about corruption in West Virginia politics and then used it, apparently, as a manual, thereby further tarnishing the reputation of our state and its citizens.
Loughry has the right to appeal, just as we all do, but he also has the option to confess his guilt and start making reparations for the harm he's done. He could set an example for the rest of us, in case we ever transgress the rules of right behavior.
That would make him more appealing.


text:
The original item was published from 11/21/2016 9:36:15 AM to 1/1/2017 12:00:05 AM.
[ARCHIVED] Plainsboro Preserve Receives Grant for Trail Improvements
The Township recently received a grant from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation to improve nature trails at the Plainsboro Preserve.
"We are extremely thankful to the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation for their generous grant. This grant will allow the Preserve to make trails more pedestrian-friendly, provide ample seating and give better access to handicapped individuals that want to visit the Plainsboro Preserve and Environmental Center", said Plainsboro Mayor Peter Cantu.
The $94,964 Foundation grant will also be used for widening footbridges and boardwalks to better access trails, installing erosion control measures at Maggie's Point and sitting benches made of recycled plastic along scenic trail areas, improving handicapped parking access to Preserve and removing unwanted debris along trails. The Township will also contribute additional funding to support these improvements.
The Preserve improvements are expected to be completed by the fall of 2017.
"We are extremely excited for the Township and congratulate them on receiving this grant from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. New Jersey Audubon looks forward to the ongoing improvements the grant will bring to this already beautiful preserve and nature center", said Eric Stiles, President and CEO of New Jersey Audubon.
The Plainsboro Preserve located at 80 Scotts Corner Road, is collaboration between the Township of Plainsboro, the County of Middlesex, and New Jersey Audubon. Close to 1,000 acres of lands were preserved by the County of Middlesex and the Township of Plainsboro that supports a diversity of habitats and wildlife, with one of the largest lakes in the area. New Jersey Audubon manages the Preserve and Nature Center, providing year round environmental educational opportunities for the local community. The Preserve is a lasting ecological legacy for current and future generations. The Nature Center houses a variety of exhibits, live animals, a reference library, a Nature Store, and several miles of trails.


the value of a move: "I lost one move (by playing a useless stone)"
Here's an example for the latter meaning. The black group is "moving" into the center with , although its individual stones do not of course move from their position.
On SL you can find many pages about moves. Do a search now.
Go players have many terms for different moves.
The contradiction in usage about whether a pass is a move or not reflects the differing status of a pass in different rule sets. The Ing rules, AGA rules, and New Zealand rules treat a pass as a move. The Chinese rules, Japanese rules, and Korean rules do not.
In rules theory parlance, the meaning is more specific. In this context, play is usually used to refer to a move played on the board, and is distinguished from the term "move" in that a move can also be a pass. This usage is not entirely consistent throughout the literature however, and sometimes the usage is reversed (whereby a play can be a pass, but a move refers only to a play on the board). On Sensei's Library, the first convention is generally followed on pages related to rules.


Written by fuah . Date of post: April 24, 2019 February 6, 2019 .
Download eBook Some Like it Cold: Arctic and Antarctic Expeditions (Explorers Club Book) by Neville Shulman across multiple file-formats including EPUB, DOC, and PDF.
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Written by fuah . Date of post: April 22, 2019 February 6, 2019 .
Download eBook Oregon Trail (National Geographic Adventure Classics) by Francis Parkman across multiple file-formats including EPUB, DOC, and PDF.
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Written by fuah . Date of post: April 22, 2019 February 1, 2019 .
Download eBook Paddy Clarke Ha Ha Ha by Roddy Doyle across multiple file-formats including EPUB, DOC, and PDF.
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Download eBook The Opposite of Loneliness: Essays and Stories by Marina Keegan across multiple file-formats including EPUB, DOC, and PDF.
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Written by fuah . Date of post: April 21, 2019 February 6, 2019 .
Download eBook Saga, Vol. 1 by Brian K Vaughan across multiple file-formats including EPUB, DOC, and PDF.
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Written by fuah . Date of post: April 20, 2019 February 1, 2019 .
Written by fuah . Date of post: April 20, 2019 February 6, 2019 .
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Written by fuah . Date of post: April 19, 2019 February 6, 2019 .
Written by fuah . Date of post: April 19, 2019 February 1, 2019 .
Download eBook The Year of the Runaways: A novel by Sunjeev Sahota across multiple file-formats including EPUB, DOC, and PDF.
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text:
Q: Search numbers using elastic search I have some records with id property so I need to search my id field using Elasticsearch. But the user doesn't have exact id so Once the user tries with a partial number if it matches partially should return the result.
For an example, Id is 1234 once I type 12 should return this record
Any idea of how to do string contains (*) behavior for numeric values?

A: if you care about the prefix search ie for id 1234 only when user start the search for 12 it should return id and not for 23, then it will be more performant and can easily be implemented using the perfix query in Elasticsearch.
If you want 1234 even when the user misses beginning char and search for 23, then you can need to create a custom analyzer using n-gram tokenizer, which will create tokens like 12, 23, 34, 123, 234 like so that you can provide infix search as well.
Note: Both prefix queries and n-gram tokenizer are not applicable to a numeric field. you need to store your user id in the text field to make it work.
Working example for n-gram tokenizer as requested in comment
Index def
{
  "settings": {
    "index.max_ngram_diff": 10,
    "analysis": {
      "filter": {
        "autocomplete_filter": {
          "type": "ngram",
          "min_gram": 1,
          "max_gram": 10
        }
      },
      "analyzer": {
        "autocomplete": {
          "type": "custom",
          "tokenizer": "standard",
          "filter": [
            "lowercase",
            "autocomplete_filter"
          ]
        }
      }
    }
  },
  "mappings": {
    "properties": {
      "uid": {
        "type": "text",
        "analyzer": "autocomplete",
        "search_analyzer" : "standard"
      }
    }
  }
}

Index sample doc
{
    "uid" : "1234"
}

**Search query for 12 **
{
    "query": {
        "match" : {
            "uid" : {
                "query" : "12"
            }
        }
    }
}

Result
"hits": [
            {
                "_index": "intdata",
                "_type": "_doc",
                "_id": "1",
                "_score": 0.45532417,
                "_source": {
                    "uid": "1234"
                }
            }
        ]

Similarly, it would return result for 23 , 123, 34 etc

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Possum Kingdom was an alternative rock song by American band Toadies. It was the second single off their 1994 album Rubberneck. The song's origins lie in folklore from the band's native state of Texas. Possum Kingdom Lake is near Fort Worth. Possum Kingdom was to be a continuation from their song I Burn. I Burn was about cult members immolating (sacrificing often by burning) themselves so they could ascend to a higher plane. Possum Kingdom was about one of the people going to the lake to find someone to join him. The music video depicts a murder at the lake, which is expressed in the song. Possum Kingdom peaked at #3 on the Canadian alternative chart; #4 on American Modern Rock chart and #9 on the American Mainstream Rock Tracks charts.


We all have a comfort zone. It's a place where we can feel safe from harm, a place where we can retreat from the frustrations and fears of the real world. It's a place where we can forget, if only temporarily, about the problems that plague us. But it is not a place where we should stay. We need to get out there. We need to act like a pitbull.
I wouldn't necessarily agree with motivational speaker T. Harv Eker in that there is a definite "secret to success." There is no real secret, because there's no such thing as a one-size-fits-all solution. We all have to figure out our own way. I will agree with him, though, in that we should not avoid our problems.
We need to face them. We need to address them. We need to solve them.
As you make your way through life, the hope is that you will continue to gain and develop new skills. You will continue to add new tools to your war chest, so you will be better prepared to tackle new problems as they arise. You won't "win" every time, nor should you. Failures and losses serve as tremendous learning opportunities; they equip you with the experience you need to grow as a person.
A life mantra of "out of sight, out of mind" isn't sustainable. A problem that is ignored doesn't just go away on its own. If anything, it grows and festers, eventually infecting other aspects of your life. It eventually gets even more difficult to address, as it morphs into the Lernaean Hydra. Each time you cut off one head, it grows two more. Instead, you must approach your problems with a sound mind and a carefully thought-out strategy. And you need to take action.
T. Harv Eker is best known as the author of Secrets of the Millionaire Mind . He was born in Toronto and currently resides in Scottsdale, Arizona.


The Changing Eiger – Climate Change in the Alps?
Many thanks to fellow guide Mark Seaton for promting me to dig these photos out. Working in the mountains day … Continue reading The Changing Eiger – Climate Change in the Alps?


This post is the second in the series of posts focused on the conception and implementation of a port in ClojureScript of the game named Tribolo.
In our previous post, we discussed the game, described its rule, and discussed its basic target architecture. This post will use this target architecture to build a much simpler game, a Tic-Tac-Toe, with the goal to make the architecture more explicit.
The Tribolo itself will indeed require several dedicated posts and so the architecture will be distilled through several posts. Building a Tic-Tac-Toe allows us to get the big picture through a Proof-Of-Concept.
To make our POC as useful as possible, our Tic Tac Toe will follow the same basic game mechanics and have the same kind of look and feel that our Tribolo game.
You can try the Tribolo game we want to build at the following address.
You can try the Tic Tac Toe we will build today at the following address.
This is it for the refresher. We will now instantiate this very simple architecture by implementing our Tic Tac Toe, to get a better feel of how it looks like in code.
Tic Tac Toe is a pretty simple game. If you do not know about it, you can find the rules in Wikipedia and try it at following address.
The interesting thing about Tic Tac Toe is that it is quite close to Tribolo. Both are turn based games, both feature a board, both have rules tied to the ownership of the cells of the board by the player, and both our games will feature an undo feature.
All of this makes the Tic Tac Toe a pretty good Proof-Of-Concept for our Tribolo game and its architecture. The only noticeable difference will be the absence of Artificial Intelligence in our Tic Tac Toe.
We will first begin by designing our data structure. The goal is to model our problem, identifying the entities and the relations between them, to help us reason about the code better during implementation.
We identify the following concepts: a cell, a board and a player.
A cell is something that a player can own and is identified by a coordinate (two integers). The game is made of 9 cells, which together form the board.
A turn represents a given state of Tic Tac Toe: the ownership of the cells by the different players, and the next player to play. We will talk of a game as a succession of turn with valid transitions between them.
We can represent cells by their natural identifier on the board, their coordinate x and y. We can use the two keywords :cross and :circle to represent each of our player. Winning cell sets can be represented as sets of coordinates. A game can be represented as a vector of turn.
Choice 1: We could choose to maintain two sets of cells, one for each player. A cell (x,y) being owned by the player P would be represented as (x,y) being in the set of cells associated to player P. Identifying a winner is done by checking if the set of a player includes a winning cell set.
Choice 2: We could choose to model the ownership of the cells the other way around. Each cell would be associated a owner, or :none if not owned. The board could be an associative container from cells to players that own them. Identifying a winner is done by accessing the map for each winning cell set, and check if it is fully owned by a single player.
There are potential variations on this representation as well. We could choose to omit the cells that do not have owners and use nil to represent the absence of owner. Or we could choose to use a vector of vector to hold the owners.
For our implementation, we will follow choice 2 and maintain a board associating cells to their respective owners.
Note: We could have tried the representation described in choice 1 or decided not omit cells that are not owned as well. If you try these representations, you will encounter the need to provide a function to list explicitly all the valid coordinates of the board (for the rendering especially).
You might discover that being more explicit about the valid coordinates allows to have a more generic implementation. For example, you can implement a more exotic Tic Tac Toe where the grid is replaced by a more funky shape. We encourage you to try this option.
Because ClojureScript, Reagent and Fighwheel offer together such a dynamic experience, we will start with the rendering of turn. Doing so will help us have quick feedback on the game logic as we develop it.
A sound choice of architecture dictates us that our view must be independent of the statement management of the game, which we named game store.
The usual solution is to use some form of callbacks to decouple these two parts. Although we could make use of a protocol there, we will use a simpler alternative: a map holding the different callbacks functions.
In the rendering code that follows, this map of function will be referred to as callbacks. It will hold the keywords :on-move, :on-restart, :on-undo to represent each of the actions that can be triggered by the user.
We want the main frame of our game to be composed of a top panel, holding actions like restart game and undo last move, on top of the representation of the game board, a 3 times 3 grid.
We can represent this easily by creating a namespace frame holding a function render that simply delegates the rendering of the different parts to their associated namespaces, panel and board.
Rendering the top panel of the game is pretty straightforward too. We will display two buttons, surrounding a "Tic Tac Toe" title that changes to "Draw Game", "Cross wins" or "Circle wins" when we reach the end of the game.
This code makes use of two callbacks on-restart-event and on-undo-event that are linked do their corresponding button. The caller of the frame will have to provide the associated callbacks in the map callbacks.
This code also makes use of utilities to create a circle arrow or back arrow. This code is not particularly interesting but is included in this Gist for completeness. The same goes for get-title that computes the title of the game available in this Gist.
Although we could have used multi-methods to dispatch to the right rendering function, we choose not to. The number of player is fixed and we did not need any customization points.
To finish the rendering of the board, we need to take care of the cells. As this is a bit tedious to play with SVG, we will skip this part. You can refer to the link to the GitHub repo at the end of the post if you are curious.
We now have everything we need to display our game. It is great time to move to the implementation of the game logic.
The code of the board is rather boring. It merely consists in wrapping operations around the associative container from coordinates to owners. This wrapping is not necessary. We only introduced it to add some assertions and give more specific names.
The turn represents the state of the game at a particular point. It holds both the state of the board and the next player to play. The main function attached to a turn is the ability to compute the next-turn from a turn and a coordinate.
We can easily change these rules by playing with this data alone. For example we could decide that owning all the corners makes you a winner: to do so, we add a set of winning cell containing [0 0], [0 2], [2 0], and [2 2].
Our game logic is done. The rendering is ready to display a turn in our game. We only need to deal with state management and plug all these different parts together.
We are done. Apart from some boring code that we did not listed in this post, the game is now fully functional (pun intended).
Through the implementation of a Tic-Tac-Toe, we went over the basic architecture we will follow to build our Tribolo game. You can find the full implementation of our Tic-Tac-Toe in this GitHub repository.
Now that our architecture is pretty clear and seems working, our next task will be to develop the Tribolo game based on it. This will be the subject of the next posts.


Starting next Monday, the TOS (Technology Solution laundry cart Transportation Benin) will give a new lease of port reforms. This, for the management of inputs and outputs Cotonou port in an automated way. It is through a press conference this morning at the Palace of Congress that the Cotonou TOS announced the actual laundry cart start of business on Monday 1 July 2013.
After several months of suspension, laundry cart the TOS (Technology Solution Transportation Benin) was finally authorized to practice in Benin. She will accompany port reforms by managing automated entry and exit to the port of Cotonou. The trucks will enter or come out of the port now be equipped with a tag with a high-level technology.
The purpose of this operation according to the director of the TOS Bertrand Allard, is to optimize the flow of transportation to the port of Cotonou. Dry ports of Benin will also be taken into account by said operation which starts laundry cart on Monday with a sensitization phase. This will explain the merits of the transaction to carriers, including those working on the port platform pending the setting of the service cost. It will be supported by Steve Tremblay, technical director at the TOS will explain that the company has mobile tags and fixed tags to allow geo locate within laundry cart and even outside the port of Cotonou.
For Theodore Nahum, laundry cart sales manager, marketing and sales, installation of the GPS system takes less than 30 seconds. Carriers do not have to worry. Soon come, their trucks will be equipped with the system in less than 30 seconds. According to him, some customers laundry cart already trust the TOS by giving them the management of their rolling stock. To publicize the products of the TOS, he said that actions are carried out for two years.


Class L just got a whole lot tougher when Xavier moved down from Class LL. The Falcons return a good chunk of their lineup from last year's State Open, New England and NXN Regional championship team. They have a solid top three that should contend for the individual title with William Curran, Peter Schulten and Dillon Selfors. The one question mark is if All New England runner Robbie Cozean will race.
According to his coach Chris Stonier "He's in great shape. He foot was causing him some discomfort but the MRI did not show a stress fracture. I'm going to use this week to assess his foot and then determine which race to have him run."
Without Cozean, they might not defend their regional title, but they have so many other athletes who have stepped up and could help them win, including freshman Eamon Burke (no relation to Xavier great JT) who has settled into the #4 spot.
Bristol Central finished a very respectable 3rd in the 28 team CCC. While they might not be at Xavier's level, they could take that 2nd spot in Class L. They had a 28 second 1-5 man split and a 17:11 average so that puts them in contention for the runner up spot.
Pomperaug boys finally took home the SWC title after four years of taking the runner up spot. They were able to squeeze past perennial SWC power New Milford by four points. The two conference rivals will get their chance once again to battle it out once again for a spot at the State Open. Throw in much improved New Canaan and you have one competitive meet.
According to the CIAC "The Open Meet will be made up of the top two teams from each division decided by points, plus eight additional teams decided by having the fastest team times." Many times, the eight fastest teams come from Class LL, but there should be at least one from Class L to advance to the next week. But that also means there will probably be a good team sitting home next Friday.
Individually, you have the New Milford's Eli Nahom, the SWC Champion vs Andrew Malling of New Canaan with Xavier's pack in the lead group. Nahom is the defending champion and he hasn't been seriously challenged all year, but he knows how to race. Then there is Manning, who was 16th in Class L last year over a minute behind Nahom. Throw in three runners from the Xavier who can work together and want to finish high not just for themselves, but their team and you have a very interesting race.
Do you root for the favorite, who is looking to add to his already extensive resumes? Do you root for the underdog, who last year had no business thinking about being in the winner's circle and just put in a lot of mileage this summer so his dreams can become a reality? Or do you root for Xavier's magical year to repeat itself again and bring an individual gold medal on top of a team gold? There is certainly a lot of drama in this race and one thing is for certain- the good guy will win this race. The only question is, which one?


I found Sirach, a book included in the apocrypha and so only included in some Bibles. Such beautiful imagery along with the proverbs collected here.
If only we would believe this! Jesus melts away all of our sins when we believe and turn to Him. Melts. Them. AWAY.
Have you ever really looked at an early morning frost? How they sparkle in the sun, they looked so lovely and like such a good idea in the beginning. Until you see that if left, they will kill everything they cover. But the sun comes out, warming everything, promising that it is not time yet–and all the frost melts, disappears, evaporates. All of it—like each and every little crystal was a sin –each time we didn't forgive, or assumed, or spewed hate, or didn't rest, or went against God. Gone. Evaporated into thin air. And green grass left behind. Ready to face another day.
What if all peoples believed this? What if we started each day free of our sins and bitterness? What if we looked at each new day as another opportunity to get it right?


text:
Home » Celebrities » La La Anthony salary: How much was La La Anthony paid for Power?
La La Anthony salary: How much was La La Anthony paid for Power?
Power Book II: Ghost episode seven teaser released by STARZ
Power finished in February 2020 with the popular Starz series concluding in spectacular fashion. The final outing saw the bodies piling up as firm favourites were killed off including LaKeisha Grant (played by La La Anthony). Many fans are keen to know how much the star received for her role in Power prior to LaKeisha's untimely demise.
How much was La La Anthony paid for Power?
Television is having a golden age with many contenders joining the scene in the form of new streaming platforms while programmes are going global with language no longer being a barrier to storytelling.
Therefore, the pay scale for television actors now massively varies depending on many factors.
The biggest element is the broadcaster behind the drama – with streaming platforms including Netflix, Apple and Amazon Prime Video having the money to pay its casts more.
Right behind the streamers are cable broadcasters, which in Britain include Sky and UKTV with their various channels.
We will use your email address only for sending you newsletters. Please see our Privacy Notice for details of your data protection rights. Game of Thrones' Lena Headey lands role with Power's La La Anthony
In the USA, cable channels include Starz, HBO, Showtime, among many others which again have more money to pay actors' wages because of viewer subscriptions.
Last place belongs to free, traditional broadcasters who can't afford to pay as much as its rivals and so sees most of its casts earning less.
However, the only exception to this seems to be the amount sitcom stars earn, which has always been high due to the ratings American comedies pull in compared to its drama counterparts.
Power would have seen its cast falling into the middle bracket in terms of cast salaries because the show aired on cable channel Starz.
This is now likely to have changed after the broadcaster launched its global streaming platform Starzplay with people around the world directly able to access content via this new service for a fee.
Therefore, Starz is now becoming a major player in the streaming field like HBO and breaking away from the confines of just cable subscriptions in one country and relying on deals with international broadcasters.
Power has turned its cast into mega-stars and with the advent of Starzplay, the cast could be in line for a pay rise.
Despite starting out as an American crime drama, Power has grown to be a huge success around the world.
The story of James "Ghost" St Patrick (Omari Hardwick) resonated with viewers in many different countries and has established a strong following.
Along with the type of broadcaster, a star's profile at the time of casting would impact on their pay cheque – and in Anthony's case, she was already known to the public prior to landing the part of LaKeisha.
She was a host on MTV's Total Request Live and reality series such as Flavor of Love, For the Love of Ray J, and Charm School with Ricki Lake.
The star eventually branched out into movies like Two Can Play That Game, You Got Served and Think Like A Man.
She also featured in television shows before eventually being cast in Power, so at the time she was hired Anthony would have been a name and so could have got more for her part compared to other lesser-known stars.
Although figures for her Power salary aren't readily available, she is said to have a net worth of an estimated £2.4million ($3million), according to Celebrity Net Worth.
Her role on Power saw her appear in many episodes during the show's six seasons and as she got paid per episode, the part would have led to a significant increase in her wealth.
Variety reported in 2018 television stars on cable shows could make between an estimated £81,000 ($100,000) to £810,000 ($1 million) per episode.
While this is a huge difference, Anthony's star status could have seen her paid somewhere in the middle with her salary increasing with the popularity of Power.
Power seasons 1 to 6 are streaming on Netflix UK and Power Book II: Ghost airs on Starz and Starzplay via Amazon Instant Video weekly
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Townsend House is a self-contained 4-storey office building in London featuring over 26,500 sq. ft. of net leasable space.
The building occupies a prominent position at the junction of Greycoat Place and Rochester Row in the principal commercial area of the Victoria submarket. Served by major public transport stations such as Victoria Station and St. James's Park, the property is located within one of the busiest communications and transportation hubs in London.
There is potential for demolition and redevelopment of the site with increase in gross floor area. The asset also is intended to be redeveloped for office, residential and restaurant uses, subject to planning approval.


text:
package io.rsocket.core;

import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
import io.netty.buffer.ByteBufAllocator;
import io.rsocket.DuplexConnection;
import io.rsocket.RSocketErrorException;
import java.net.SocketAddress;
import java.nio.channels.ClosedChannelException;
import org.reactivestreams.Subscription;
import reactor.core.CoreSubscriber;
import reactor.core.publisher.Flux;
import reactor.core.publisher.Mono;
import reactor.core.publisher.MonoSink;
import reactor.core.publisher.Operators;
import reactor.util.context.Context;
import reactor.util.function.Tuple2;
import reactor.util.function.Tuples;

class SetupHandlingDuplexConnection extends Flux<ByteBuf>
    implements DuplexConnection, CoreSubscriber<ByteBuf>, Subscription {

  final DuplexConnection source;
  final MonoSink<Tuple2<ByteBuf, DuplexConnection>> sink;

  Subscription s;
  boolean firstFrameReceived = false;

  CoreSubscriber<? super ByteBuf> actual;

  boolean done;
  Throwable t;

  SetupHandlingDuplexConnection(
      DuplexConnection source, MonoSink<Tuple2<ByteBuf, DuplexConnection>> sink) {
    this.source = source;
    this.sink = sink;

    source.receive().subscribe(this);
  }

  @Override
  public void dispose() {
    source.dispose();
  }

  @Override
  public boolean isDisposed() {
    return source.isDisposed();
  }

  @Override
  public Mono<Void> onClose() {
    return source.onClose();
  }

  @Override
  public void sendFrame(int streamId, ByteBuf frame) {
    source.sendFrame(streamId, frame);
  }

  @Override
  public Flux<ByteBuf> receive() {
    return this;
  }

  @Override
  public SocketAddress remoteAddress() {
    return source.remoteAddress();
  }

  @Override
  public void subscribe(CoreSubscriber<? super ByteBuf> actual) {
    if (done) {
      final Throwable t = this.t;
      if (t == null) {
        Operators.complete(actual);
      } else {
        Operators.error(actual, t);
      }
      return;
    }

    this.actual = actual;
    actual.onSubscribe(this);
  }

  @Override
  public void request(long n) {
    if (n != Long.MAX_VALUE) {
      actual.onError(new IllegalArgumentException("Only unbounded request is allowed"));
      return;
    }

    s.request(Long.MAX_VALUE);
  }

  @Override
  public void cancel() {
    source.dispose();
    s.cancel();
  }

  @Override
  public void onSubscribe(Subscription s) {
    if (Operators.validate(this.s, s)) {
      this.s = s;
      s.request(1);
    }
  }

  @Override
  public void onNext(ByteBuf frame) {
    if (!firstFrameReceived) {
      firstFrameReceived = true;
      sink.success(Tuples.of(frame, this));
      return;
    }

    actual.onNext(frame);
  }

  @Override
  public void onError(Throwable t) {
    if (done) {
      Operators.onErrorDropped(t, Context.empty());
      return;
    }

    this.done = true;
    this.t = t;

    if (!firstFrameReceived) {
      sink.error(t);
      return;
    }

    final CoreSubscriber<? super ByteBuf> actual = this.actual;
    if (actual != null) {
      actual.onError(t);
    }
  }

  @Override
  public void onComplete() {
    if (done) {
      return;
    }

    this.done = true;

    if (!firstFrameReceived) {
      sink.error(new ClosedChannelException());
      return;
    }

    final CoreSubscriber<? super ByteBuf> actual = this.actual;
    if (actual != null) {
      actual.onComplete();
    }
  }

  @Override
  public void sendErrorAndClose(RSocketErrorException e) {
    source.sendErrorAndClose(e);
  }

  @Override
  public ByteBufAllocator alloc() {
    return source.alloc();
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Which is best? Spot, Center Weight, or Matrix metering?
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Quality products and customer friendly. These are the firm principles our business has been built on.
We have gained a reputation for selling best quality microfibre underwear at unbeatable prices. Our trade mark G3 brand for men and ladies are proving to be extremely popular.
We sell internationally and reach new customers every day who are amazed at the fantastic quality and value for money that we offer.
Our future aim is to add new and diverse products while continuing to maintain the high quality and service our thousands of customers expect.


My iPhone is too big to sit in the little phone holder slot in my handbag, so I thought I'd make it's own special little case. I thought I'd share a quick tutorial on how I make a mobile phone case.
2 coordinating fabrics which work well together - 13" x 4.25"
1 piece of fusible pellon - 13" x 4.25"
Fuse your pellon to the back of one of your pieces of fabric.
Face the right sides together. On one of the short sides add your small piece of folded over elastic in between the 2 right sides. (I forgot this step and had to unpick it later on).
Stitch all around the edges leaving a small opening to turn out the case.
Next step is to fold it over and measure where your button will go. Stretch the elastic and mark it.
Pin it together and stitch both sides and the top of your case - approximately 1/8" from the edge. I started mine from the bottom and stitched both longs sides first and then the top edge last.
And there you have a completed mobile phone case. It's ready for your bag without the worry of scratching your phone screen.
Using this tutorial, you can make it a few inches larger and make it a camera case.
Please let me know if you any part of this tutorial needs clarifying :-) A head cold and 2 kids running around me right now is making concentration difficult.
What a great tutorial. I will have to try one.
Love it! Might have to make one for myself as well.
A great little tutorial and a nice little case :D.
Great tutorial and the fabric is lovely.
Great pattern. Thanks! I tried this tonight and my only question is when did you sew the open end you left to turn it inside out? I ironed it under, pinned it and sewed it with the last step. And my fabrics didn't line up perfectly but I guess I didn't cut or sew something perfectly before I got to the last step. I'd send you my picture but am not sure how to attach it here. Will try again until perfect since it is so simple. Thanks!
I made a camera case following your tutorial and blogged about it in June. I forgot where I'd got the tutorial from until I've just seen Heather's link so I'll go back and link to you.
I love this tutorial. I will try it soon.
hola, me llamo Angeles y es la primera vez que entro en tu blog.