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How will COVID-19 affect the world of work?
Post author:Adamya Patel
Post Category:Coronavirus / Global / Politics / Society
Every prophet of doom, unless he also happens to be a psychopath, hopes that his predictions will not be borne out.
This is also true for the epidemiologists and virologists who have been warning the world since January that the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus poses a severe threat to public health around the world. The name Coronavirus itself is vicious enough to terrify those who otherwise are fearless in the face of any ball game. Tracing back the origins of the now pandemic, we find that the coronavirus emerged in Wuhan, a city of 11 million people in China's Hubei province, in late 2019. Cases of the disease grew by several thousand per day in China in late January and early February, the peak of the epidemic there. The number of infections appearing each day has since plummeted in China, making the outbreak a global pandemic that has engulfed over 214 countries around the globe.
Besides being a health crisis, the virus has already brought a major downfall in the world economy with the IMF estimating the coronavirus-induced global downturn to be 'way worse' than the financial crisis. As the coronavirus spreads across the globe, it appears to be setting off a devastating feedback loop with another of the gravest forces of our time: economic inequality. Research suggests that those in lower economic strata are likelier to catch the disease owing to their inability to meet the rising drug prices. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), COVID-19 will have far-reaching impacts on labour market outcomes. Beyond the urgent concerns about the health of workers and their families, the virus and the subsequent economic shocks will impact the world of work across three key dimensions.
Initial ILO estimates point to a significant rise in unemployment and underemployment in the wake of the virus. Based on different scenarios for the impact of COVID-19 on global GDP growth, preliminary ILO estimates indicate a rise in global unemployment of between 5.3 million ("low" scenario) and 24.7 million ("high" scenario) from a base level of 188 million in 2019. The "mid" scenario suggests an increase of 13 million (7.4 million in high-income countries). Though these estimates remain highly uncertain, all figures indicate a substantial rise in global unemployment. For comparison, the global financial crisis of 2008-9 increased unemployment by 22 million. While self-employment does not typically react to economic downturns, it acts as a "default" option for survival or maintaining income – often in the informal economy. For this reason, informal employment tends to increase during crises. However, the current limitations on the movement of people and goods may restrict this type of coping mechanism.
Labour supply is declining because of quarantine measures and a fall in economic activity. At this point, a preliminary estimate suggests that infected workers have already lost nearly 30,000 work months, with the consequent loss of income (for unprotected workers). Employment impacts imply large income losses for workers. Overall losses in labour income are expected in the range of between 860 and 3,440 billion USD. The loss of labour income will translate into lower consumption of goods and services, which is detrimental to the continuity of businesses and ensuring that economies are resilient. Working poverty is also likely to increase significantly. The strain on incomes resulting from the decline in economic activity will devastate workers close to or below the poverty line. The growth impacts of the virus used for the unemployment estimates above suggest an additional 8.8 million people in working poverty around the world than originally estimated (i.e. an overall decline of 5.2 million working poor in 2020 compared to a decline of 14 million estimated pre-COVID-19). Under the mid and high scenarios, there will be between 20.1 million and 35.0 million more people in working poverty than before the pre-COVID-19 estimate for 2020.
Who are particularly vulnerable? Epidemics and economic crises can have a disproportionate impact on certain segments of the population, which can trigger worsening inequality. Based on past experience and current information on the COVID-19 pandemic and insights from previous crises, a number of groups can be identified:
• Those with underlying health conditions and older people are most at risk of developing serious health issues.
• Young persons, already facing higher rates of unemployment and underemployment, are more vulnerable to falling labour demand, as witnessed during the global financial crisis.
• Women are over-represented in more affected sectors (such as services) or in occupations that are at the front line of dealing with the pandemic (e.g. nurses). The ILO estimates that 58.6 per cent of employed women work in the services sector around the world, compared to 45.4 per cent of men.
• Unprotected workers, including the self-employed, casual and gig workers, are likely to be disproportionately hit by the virus as they do not have access to paid or sick leave mechanisms, and are less protected by conventional social protection mechanisms and other forms of income smoothing.
• Migrant workers are particularly vulnerable to the impact of the COVID-19 crisis, which will constrain both their ability to access their places of work in destination countries and return to their families.
The extent and severity to which the coronavirus pandemic will impact the fight to end extreme poverty are still unknown, but it is expected that the crisis will devastate the world's most vulnerable people including the world of work. The virus is already disproportionately impacting the poor in wealthy countries, where the most known cases are concentrated. Experts are urging the world to prepare to lend extra support to low-income countries to address the pandemic. COVID-19 cases are more likely to go undetected or to be under-detected in developing countries that have fewer resources available to tackle a pandemic. Countries with large poor populations including Brazil, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Pakistan have confirmed few cases, but have been slow to respond to the threat, according to NPR. Preventative care and health education are less accessible to low-income people who are more likely to have pre-existing conditions, catch COVID-19, and die from it. People living in poverty are also more likely to hold insecure jobs and cannot afford to stay home sick from work.
In times of crisis, International Labour Standards provide a strong foundation for key policy responses that focus on the crucial role of decent work in achieving a sustained and equitable recovery to mitigate the impacts of COVID-19 on the world of work. These standards, adopted by representatives of governments, workers' and employers' organizations, provide a human-centred approach to growth and development, including by triggering policy levers that both stimulate demand and protect workers and enterprises.
Policy responses should focus on two immediate goals: Health protection measures and economic support on both the demand- and supply-side of the associated cause.
• First, workers and employers and their families should be protected from the health risks of COVID-19. Protective measures at the workplace and across communities should be introduced and strengthened, requiring large-scale public support and investment.
• Second, timely, large-scale and coordinated policy efforts should be taken to provide employment and income support and to stimulate the economy and labour demand. These measures not only cushion enterprises and workers against immediate employment and income losses, but they also help prevent a chain of supply shocks (e.g. losses in workers' productivity capacities) and demand shocks (e.g. suppressing consumption among workers and their families) that could lead to a prolonged economic recession.
In such challenging times, many countries have come forward to protect their workers in the workplace with decisive measures to combat the spread of the disease, while ameliorating its pernicious effect on the economy and labour market across the three policy pillars: protecting workers in the workplace, stimulating the economy and labour demand, and supporting employment and income. Some of the policies include: Working arrangements, including telework; Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) advice; Expanded access to paid sick leave; Prevention of discrimination and exclusion. While these measures will no doubt help to contain the pandemic, to respond to the emergency needs it has generated and to pave the way to a gradual recovery, it is clear that more needs to be done. Past crises and the experiences of countries, which have reacted too late in the context of the current COVID-19 crisis, show that preparedness and early action is critical.
The coronavirus pandemic is a test. It's a test of medical capacity and political will. It's a test of endurance and forbearance, for believers a test of religious faith. It's a test, too, of a different kind of faith, in the strength of the ideas humans choose to help them form moral judgments and guide personal and social behaviour. The epidemic forces everyone to confront deep questions of human existence, questions so profound that they have previously been answered, in many different ways, by the greatest philosophers. It's a test of where all humans stand. What is right and what is wrong? What can individuals expect from society, and what can society expect of them? Should others make sacrifices for me, and vice versa? Is it just to set economic limits to fighting a deadly disease? How long will we stay that way? And as the epidemic grows worse and brings the disease within fewer degrees of separation for everyone, we may well find that the notion of loving thy neighbour as thyself becomes far more potent.
At last, I would like to conclude by saying that COVID-19 is something we all face as a community, and thus something that we have to solve as a community, not with weapons, but with goodwill and common efforts.
Adamya Patel
An engineering student troubled by the perils of the mortal world; wishes to make it better one step at a time.
Tags: COVID-19, Poor Countries, society
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Second, the government quickly carried out a plan to contain the spread of the disease. On March 12, a day before the first confirmed cases, President Maduro decreed a health emergency, prohibited crowds from gathering, and cancelled flights from Europe and Colombia. On March 13, Day 1, two Venezuelans tested positive; the government cancelled classes, began requiring facemasks on subways and on the border, closed theaters, bars and nightclubs, and limited restaurants to take-out or delivery. It bears repeating that this was on Day 1 of having a confirmed case; many U.S. states have yet to take these steps. By Day 4, a national quarantine was put into effect (equivalent to shelter-in-place orders) and an online portal called the Homeland System (Sistema Patria) was repurposed to survey potential COVID-19 cases. By Day 8, 42 people were infected and approximately 90% of the population was heeding the quarantine. By Day 11, over 12.2 million people had filled out the survey, over 20,000 people who reported being sick were visited in their homes by medical professionals and 145 people were referred for coronavirus testing. The government estimates that without these measures, Venezuela would have 3,000 infected people and a high number of deaths.
Third, the Venezuelan people were positioned to handle a crisis. Over the past 7 years, Venezuela has lived through the death of wildly popular leader, violent right-wing protests, an economic war characterized by shortages and hyperinflation, sanctions that have destroyed the economy, an ongoing coup, attempted military insurrections, attacks on public utilities, blackouts, mass migration and threats of U.S. military action. The coronavirus is a different sort of challenge, but previous crises have instilled a resiliency among the Venezuelan people and strengthened solidarity within communities. There is no panic on the streets; instead, people are calm and following health protocols.
Fourth, mass organizing and prioritizing people above all else. Communes and organized communities have taken the lead, producing facemasks, keeping the CLAP food supply system running (this monthly food package reaches 7 million families), facilitating house-by-house visits of doctors and encouraging the use of facemasks in public. Over 12,000 medical school students in their last or second-to-last year of study applied to be trained for house visits. For its part, the Maduro administration suspended rent payments, instituted a nationwide firing freeze, gave bonuses to workers, prohibited telecoms from cutting off people's phones or internet, reached an agreement with hotel chains to provide 4,000 beds in case the crisis escalates, and pledged to pay the salaries of employees of small and medium businesses. Amid a public health crisis - compounded by an economic crisis and sanctions - Venezuela's response has been to guarantee food, provide free healthcare and widespread testing, and alleviate further economic pressure on the working class.
The U.S. government has not responded to the Maduro administration's request to make an exception for Conviasa Airlines, the national airline under sanctions, to fly the Venezuelans stranded in the United States back to Caracas. Given everything happening in the United States, where COVID-19 treatment can cost nearly $35,000 and the government is weighing the option of prioritizing the economy over the lives of people, perhaps these Venezuelans waiting to go home understand that their chances of surviving the coronavirus—both physically and economically—are much better in a country that values health over profits.
Leonardo Flores is a Latin American policy expert and campaigner with CodePink.
Punishing America's Enemies
Denying medicines to Iran and Venezuela is a crime against humanity
By Philip Giraldi - 24. March 2020
Much remains to be learned about the coronavirus, though it is quite possible that it will not be possible to determine how it developed if the various governments that might be involved prove to be uncooperative. The Chinese carefully controlled the information on the virus in its early stages, though they eventually adopted a complete lockdown to prevent its spread that seems to have been successful and might serve as a model for other nations to follow if they can overcome concerns about threats to civil liberties that evolve from placing too much power in the hands of corrupt and ignorant government officials.
Over two weeks ago, I suggested that the current form of corona might have possibly escaped from someone's lab where a weaponized virus was being developed, most likely in China itself, though nations like the United States and Israel which are believed to have significant capabilities in biowarfare as well as a geopolitical motive to unleash the disease on certain countries should not be excluded. I still believe that assessment should be considered as viable particularly as the politicization process involving the virus is now fully in play.
China is now claiming that U.S. soldiers involved in the World Military Games held in Wuhan back in October might have deliberately planted the virus, while President Donald Trump and other Republicans in the U.S. are calling the disease the Wuhan or China virus, implying willful or careless behavior by the Chinese and a clear effort to demonize the Beijing government by exploiting the appearance of the virus as a wedge issue. And one might take note of the fact that the virus has particularly hit both China and Iran, countries that are on Washington's enemy list, which generates additional conspiracy theories.
Donald Trump is not exactly a person overflowing with compassion. When corona virus began to emerge in the U.S. he called it a "hoax" and urged everyone to keep going to work even if ill, precisely the opposite of what was being recommended by most responsible medical authorities. He is now planning to throw $1200 dollars at each American resident whether they need it or not to undo the political damage, a proposal that will cost as much as $500 billion of money that the United States does not have and which it will have to either print or borrow. The money should be going to those who are now unemployed as a result of the virus, a point that surprisingly enough is being made by several Republican Senators.
Hundreds of billions more will go to the usual "victims," banks and large corporations that will use the cash to pay off long terms loans and also to buyback their own stock and raise the value of their shares for investors. That is precisely what happened in 2008, with little to show for the average American.
One of the most truly despicable aspects of the coronavirus is how it is being exploited by Washington to punish countries like Iran and Venezuela, currently the enemy-designates of the inside the Beltway crowd. It would be possible to describe the Trump Administration policy towards both nations as sadistic apart from the fact that the behavior of the president and Secretary of State Mike Pompeo might actually shock the Marquis de Sade.
Venezuela has been denied a $5 billion International Monetary Fund loan to combat the virus based on the seemingly irrelevant and politically motivated argument that it is not clear who represents the legitimate government in the country, whether it is Nicola Maduro, the president, or Juan Guaido, the aspirant to the position of head of state being promoted by Washington. The White House has also declared a "maximum pressure March" directed against the Venezuelan economy, with the health care sector particularly targeted. So, Venezuelans will die and Maduro will undoubtedly continue to run the government, making the position of the Trump Administration demanding regime change both toxic and pointless.
Iran is also seeking a $5 billion IMF emergency loan to cope with the crisis, a request that will almost certainly also be torpedoed by the Trump Administration. Last Thursday Pompeo doubled down on Iran, initiating new sanctions based on the evidence-free allegation that Tehran is behind the recent attacks on U.S. military bases in Iraq. He also confirmed that, as part of the "maximum pressure" policy, all existing sanctions will remain in place, saying "Our sanctions will deprive the regime of critical income from its petrochemical industry and further Iran's economic and diplomatic isolation. The United States will continue to fully enforce our sanctions."
The fact that the Iraqi government and parliament have asked the Americans to close their bases in the country while the U.S. is highly unpopular due to its killing of Iraqi militiamen and soldiers seems to have escaped Pompeo as possible causes of the series of missile strikes. Pompeo also seems oblivious to the fact that remnants of ISIS are active in the areas where the bases are located and have proven quite capable of firing missiles from improvised pick-up truck launchers.
Last week Iran confirmed that it had experienced 988 deaths from the coronavirus and the infected number in the tens of thousands, but many believe that testing has been inadequate and the government may be understating the number of cases for political reasons. Pompeo has repeatedly insisted that Iran will be allowed to buy necessary medicines from abroad, but the U.S-imposed currency exchange restrictions on the activity of the national bank as well as of the country's remaining commercial banks means that there is no mechanism to pay for the drugs and medical supplies so the country is combating the epidemic without many badly needed pharmaceuticals.
Even some congressmen have noticed that there is something fundamentally evil about the U.S. policy. Massachusetts Senator Elizabeth Warren sent a letter to Pompeo and Secretary of the Treasury Steve Mnuchin that included "I am concerned about the vulnerability of the Iranian people to the coronavirus and the potential for Iran's coronavirus cases to worsen the spread of the disease to neighboring countries, including regional allies, and to the rest of the world. Therefore, I seek an assurance that every reasonable effort is being made by the United States to ensure the availability of medicine and other non-sanctionable humanitarian items to the Iranian people to help prevent the further spread of the coronavirus."
Senator Bernie Sanders tweeted "Iran is facing a catastrophic toll from the coronavirus pandemic. U.S. sanctions should not be contributing to this humanitarian disaster. As a caring nation, we must lift any sanctions hurting Iran's ability to address this crisis, including financial sanctions."
Iran's government is admittedly unpopular due to the mishandling of the shoot-down of the Ukrainian airliner and the inability to cope with a deepening economic crisis caused largely by the U.S. imposed sanctions. Given the current signs of weakness and instability in Tehran, there was recently a meeting in the White House discussing whether the U.S. should take the opportunity to attack Iran. It was, fortunately, rejected by a narrow margin when the Secretary of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff strongly opposed the proposal.
Meanwhile the usual Iranophobes in Washington at the Israeli-linked Foundation for the Defense of Democracies (FDD) have seen an opportunity to tighten the screws a bit more and hopefully bring down the Iranian leadership through economic warfare. Their support for increasing sanctions on Iran is a policy designed to inflict the maximum pain on the Iranian people so they will rise up seeking to destroy their government. If that were to occur it would mean a civil war, but the folks at FDD would be hard pressed to even acknowledge the blood on their hands.
Ironically, if the United States were to make a serious effort to actually help the Iranian people by suspending sanctions and helping to expedite medical assistance it might actually produce a genuine thaw in a relationship that has been unnecessarily locked into 1979 and the embassy hostage crisis. Waging war on innocent people should not in any event be what the United States of America is all about. A shift in policies that actually demonstrates that Washington might be interested in saving lives rather than destroying them would be welcomed by most of the world and also by many Americans.
Philip M. Giraldi, Ph.D., is Executive Director of the Council for the National Interest, a 501(c)3 tax deductible educational foundation (Federal ID Number #52-1739023) that seeks a more interests-based U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East. Website is councilforthenationalinterest.org, address is P.O. Box 2157, Purcellville VA 20134 and its email is .
This bullshit has to stop
Washington brings NARCO-TERRORISM charges against Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro
By RT - 26. March, 2020
FILE PHOTO © Global Look Press / Marcos Salgado / Xinhua; REUTERS/Jonathan Ernst
The US has indicted Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro on "narco-terrorism" charges. The play is a familiar one, as Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega was slapped with similar charges before a US invasion 30 years ago.
Maduro and 14 current and former Venezuelan government and military officials were indicted on Thursday by courts in Florida, New York and Washington DC. According to the Justice Department, Maduro and his cohorts conspired with Colombian guerillas to "flood" the US with cocaine, transporting the drug to American shores by air and sea.
US Attorney SDNY✔@SDNYnews
6:16 PM - Mar 26, 2020
"The Maduro regime is awash with corruption and criminality," Attorney General William Barr said at a press conference on Thursday. "This cabal lines their pockets with drug money, and this has to come to an end."
Barr did not provide any evidence of drug seizures, but claimed the US authorities have observed the trafficking operation at work in Central America.
The State Department offered the $15 million bounty for Maduro, along with rewards of up to $10 million each for information on five Venezuelan political and military leaders.
The indictments – filed against a sitting head of state – are a bold move. Yet Washington has spent more than a year attempting to remove Maduro from power. After Venezuelan opposition leader Juan Guaido declared himself 'interim president' last January, Washington was quick to recognize him as the Latin American country's legitimate leader. Rounds of sanctions against the Maduro government followed, and military action was at one point rumored.
Maduro, however, kept the loyalty of his police and military, and remains in power in Caracas.
The US' chances of actually arresting and prosecuting Maduro are slim, though Barr did say that the Justice Department is "exploring all options" when it comes to apprehending the Venezuelan leader. Short of arranging his kidnapping by the Venezuelan opposition, Barr only said that the US authorities could strike while Maduro and his associates are traveling, itself a remote possibility amid the global Covid-19 pandemic.
The US has indicted only one sitting head of state before Maduro – Panamanian ruler Manuel Noriega, in 1988. As with Maduro, Washington did not recognize Noriega as Panama's legitimate leader at the time.
Once an ally of the US, Noriega was eventually captured by US special forces following an invasion of Panama in 1989, and convicted by a Miami court three years later. When asked on Thursday whether military action could be used to capture Maduro, Barr did not comment.
Hard pass on the Noriega remix? U.S. narcotrafficking charges against Maduro straight out of Panama playbook
By RT - 26. March 2020
"What do you mean, 'You're next'?" © Reuters / Manaure Quintero / Alberto Lowe
The US indictment of Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro and his subordinates on narcotrafficking charges echoes the rationale used to invade Panama and kidnap its leader – and Americans aren't exactly thrilled with the reprise.
The Justice Department's indictment of Maduro and four other senior Venezuelan officials on narcotrafficking charges – and the State Department's offer of up to $15 million as a reward for evidence supporting those charges – reminded so many social media users of the 30-year-old plot to remove then-Panamanian president Manuel Noriega from office that the former CIA asset's name was trending on Twitter on Thursday.
Pablo Arosemena Marriott✔@parosemena
Maduro's indictment marks the second time that the U.S. government has brought criminal charges against a foreign head of state. The last time was in 1989, when federal prosecutors indicted Panamanian Manuel Noriega on drug-trafficking charges and U.S. military forces seized him. https://twitter.com/parosemena/status/1243200138052599813 …
Feds charge Venezuelan President Maduro, other top officials with narco-terrorism https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/article240892976.html …
lnteGritty@lnteGritty
Classic CIA move to justify future coup/kidnapping of Latin-American head of state who annoys them.
AKA "the Noriega". https://twitter.com/nytimes/status/1243186906617335814 …
The New York Times✔@nytimes
Breaking News: President Nicolás Maduro of Venezuela was charged in New York with drug trafficking crimes after an investigation by federal authorities.https://nyti.ms/2WJOxd1
From the charges – conspiring with Colombian guerrillas to "flood the US with cocaine" – to the point man on both initiatives – current special representative for Venezuela Elliott Abrams (branded a "war criminal" by critics) – the two cases are nearly twins. In addition to drug-running, Noriega also helped the US by supporting the Contras in Nicaragua, history that has suddenly become relevant again after the Trump administration quietly sanctioned Nicaragua's government earlier this month.
Not to mention that the US at the very least "turned a blind eye" to Noriega's drug activities.Incidentally, that was Elliot Abrams who most helped cover for Noriega. Abrams, who probably came up with this phony charge against Maduro.https://t.co/EEgBUPtK1Y
— Our Hidden History (@OurHiddenHistry) March 26, 2020
socialistische boomer@SocialistBoomer
Accusing Nicolas Maduro of drug trafficking is stupid af. These people are just building the the case for war — they're thinking: 1) WW2 got us out the depression in 1941 2) Americans supported the overthrow of Noriega in 1989 3) the Bolivarian Revolution must be crushed.
Few who understood the history were thrilled with the idea of pulling a Noriega on Maduro, however. CIA-supported Noriega had actually trafficked cocaine for years before he was charged, and many believed the invasion of Panama had been orchestrated to prevent him from opening his mouth about his relationship with the agency.
Socialism isn't State subsidy for private corp@MaatMHI
Wasn't Noriega running drugs *FOR* the CIA and when it become publicly detrimental to support him they abandon him? The US tries to pretend they were manipulated by military ruler of poor as balls third world country *which the US created* https://www.reuters.com/article/us-panama-noriega-obituary-idUSKBN18Q0NW …
Panama's Noriega: CIA spy turned drug-running dictator
Former Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega was for years a useful tool of the United States, until President George H.W. Bush lost patience with his brutal, drug-running rule and sent nearly 28,000...
See Socialism isn't State subsidy for private corp's other Tweets
Robert A. Stansbury@BetoMetroDos
Replying to @kittyholiday
Noriega had the goods on CIA drug flights to and from Nicaragua via Panama. Of course, he never got his press conference to tell it...
See Robert A. Stansbury's other Tweets
However, the Justice Department has not produced any evidence that Maduro is guilty – and the massive State Department rewards for evidence suggest that Washington is in dire need of proof in the Venezuelan case – making the "Noriega option" for Venezuela even less morally defensible than the invasion of Panama.
Joshua Goodman✔@APjoshgoodman
Deja vu? @AGWilliamBarr and Elliott Abrams, the top @StateDept diplomat for Venezuela, in late 80s pushed for ouster and removal of Panama strongman Manuel Noriega to face US drug charges. Maduro often accuses US of plotting an invasion like one that followed Noriega's indictment
Stephen Oldfield @PhiSteveO
Replying to @SocialistBoomer
The same forces in the US accusing Maduro, worked with the drug cartels in the 1980's bringing in cocaine to American inner cities ( Barry and the Boys--one example), while arming contra's in central America.
These are the same forces wanting to topple Maduro.
See Stephen Oldfield 's other Tweets
Others were more disgusted with the timing of the indictments. "They can't stop coup-ing even during an outbreak!" one shocked user tweeted.
Heather Habsburg@HeatherHabsburg
They're really trying to Noriega him in the middle of a pandemic lmfao https://twitter.com/BNONews/status/1243187614292815872 …
BNO News✔@BNONews
BREAKING: Venezuela's Nicolas Maduro charged with drug trafficking crimes in U.S. federal court - NYT
But some seemed to think invading Panama to snatch up Noriega had been a splendid little war, and pushed for the same in Venezuela.
Villi Wilson @Conservative_VW
Hmm ...
This sounds familiar ...
Maybe Maduro should remember what happened to Manuel Noriega in Panama ...
See Villi Wilson 's other Tweets
Sgt Daniel L McCaughan@DanMcCaughan
Replying to @harleypyrate02
Let's GO GET HIM!
FLASHBACK OPERATION "JUST CAUSE"! We can put him in the same Atlanta cell as Old Pineapple Face!
U.S. Invasion of Panama 1989-1990. Noriega Arrested & Convicted of international racketeering & drug trafficking. #Maduros
See Sgt Daniel L McCaughan's other Tweets
Attorney General William Barr actually affirmed the Noriega comparison as he attempted to dispel the idea that the US had crossed some rubicon by criminally charging a foreign head of state. "We do not recognize Maduro as the president of Venezuela," he reminded reporters after announcing the indictments.
Hinting darkly at Washington's vision for Venezuela's future, Barr added: "Obviously we indicted Noriega under similar circumstances, we did not recognize Noriega as the president of Panama."
One of the waiting 160.000 sealed indictments was opened:
US State Dept offers $15 MILLION REWARD for help arresting Venezuela's Maduro after indictments
Justice Department indicts Venezuela President Maduro on drug trafficking charges
Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro (Associated Press)
By Del Quentin Wilber, Tracy Wilkinson - 26. March 2020
The Trump administration announced a sweeping indictment Thursday of Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro and some of his associates on federal drug-trafficking and related charges, in a major escalation of the U.S.-led campaign to topple Maduro and his socialist government.
Atty. Gen. William Barr outlined the charges at a news conference Thursday morning in Washington. Prosecutors also alleged that Maduro and members of his inner circle conspired with dissident rebels from neighboring Colombia to produce and transport thousands of tons of cocaine to the United States. Maduro and his allies pocketed profits, and the rebels received weapons, the indictment alleges.
"The Maduro regime is awash in corruption and criminality," Barr said. It has "betrayed the Venezuelan people and corrupted Venezuelan institutions. While the Venezuelan people suffer, this cabal lines their pockets with drug money and proceeds of the corruption. This has to come to an end."
The indictment means that Maduro would be subject to arrest if he leaves Venezuela. The U.S. State Department immediately put a $15-million reward on his head.
Barr would not discuss whether the administration might attempt to extradite Maduro -- or extract him in a military operation.
Asked if this action during a global pandemic, which Venezuela is woefully ill-equipped to confront, would be counterproductive, Barr said in fact it might free up humanitarian aid to Venezuelans, which the administration has alleged Maduro's government is blocking.
The Trump administration has sought for more than a year to oust Maduro while the country plunges into economic decay. But the effort has repeatedly floundered. The administration does not recognize Maduro and has thrown its support behind Juan Guaido, head of the opposition.
Charges were also filed against nearly a dozen other other Venezuelan government officials, including the head of the Supreme Court and military commanders, who were allegedly part of a drug-trafficking effort which started more than a decade ago under the government of the late Hugo Chavez.
How many must die for Wall Street?
By Andre Damon - 26. March 2020
Deaths from the global coronavirus pandemic soared past 21,000 on Wednesday, continuing on an exponential trajectory. In the United States, at least 247 new deaths were recorded and the number of new cases grew by over 13,000.
Every day, more than 2,000 people are dying around the world. "It took 67 days from the first reported case to reach 100,000 cases, 11 days for the second 100,000 cases, and just four days for the third 100,000 cases," said Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, the director-general of the World Health Organization.
Within a matter of days, the United States will have more cases of COVID-19 than any other country, including China and Italy, the initial epicenters of the disease. In New York, lines of ill people snake around city blocks, while a makeshift morgue is being constructed outside of New York's Bellevue Hospital. In other New York City hospitals, refrigerated trucks are being used to store bodies in conditions doctors call "apocalyptic."
Experts have repeatedly warned that the United States is at only the beginning of its outbreak and that cases will continue to soar. But already hospitals throughout the country—including those far away from the main centers of infection, such as the Beaumont and Henry Ford Health systems in Detroit—are filled to capacity.
Despite widespread claims that the pandemic afflicts only the elderly, the disease has proven dangerous to broad sections of society. Thirty-eight percent of people hospitalized in the US are between the ages of 20 and 54.
Meanwhile, despite the pleas of health experts, many workplaces throughout the country remain open. It is becoming increasingly clear that the disease is rapidly spreading in American workplaces, many of which do not have even the most basic safety measures in place to protect workers.
Two US Fiat Chrysler workers, including a worker at the Sterling Heights Assembly Plant north of Detroit and another at the Kokomo Transmission Plant in Indiana, have died after becoming infected with COVID-19.
Nine workers in Amazon warehouses have tested positive for the virus. But despite the mounting toll, Amazon has made clear that it will neither shut down warehouses nor provide warehouse workers and delivery drivers with necessary protective equipment.
Even as the pandemic gathers strength, the Trump administration is escalating its campaign for a prompt return to work. Trump, disregarding the warnings of his own health experts, has called for America to be "open for business" by Easter, demanding to see "packed churches all over our country."
In perhaps the most deranged expression of the outlook shared by Trump, the far-right Federalist online magazine, whose content Trump has repeatedly promoted on Twitter, published an article urging its readers to deliberately infect themselves and their children with the virus in order to generate "herd immunity (the better term is community immunity)."
But the denial of the dangers posed by COVID-19 and the urge that lives be sacrificed for the sake of the "economy" extends far beyond Trump and his supporters in the United States.
Trump's points were echoed by his political ally and far-right ideologue Jair Bolsonaro, the president of Brazil, who declared, "The people will soon see that they were tricked by these governors and by the large part of the media when it comes to coronavirus." He called the disease the "little flu."
In Germany, the daily Handelsblatt ran a prominent interview with hedge fund manager Alexander Dibelius, who declared that the "collective shutdown of the economy" is "more frightening than this viral infection."
These demands echoed similar statements among American oligarchs, including former Goldman Sachs executives Lloyd Blankfein and Gary Cohn. Cohn, formerly Trump's chief economic adviser, declared that it was time "to start discussing the need for a date when the economy can turn back on."
Wells Fargo CEO Dick Kovacevic, referring to "healthy workers below about 55," stated, "We'll gradually bring those people back and see what happens. Some of them will get sick, some may even die, I don't know."
Billionaire Tom Golisano, "smoking a Padron cigar on his patio in Florida," complained to Bloomberg News, "The damages of keeping the economy closed as it is could be worse than losing a few more people."
"You have to weigh the pros and cons," he said.
According to researchers at Northwestern University, the "cons" of reopening businesses before the pandemic is under control could be 600,000 lives nationwide.
Under conditions in which the number of cases in much of the United States is doubling every day, and where there is no indication that the pandemic is under control, such proposals are totally reckless, displaying both ignorance and contempt for human life.
Indeed, the "value" of human life has become a major topic of discussion in the American press. The New York Times published an article Thursday headlined, "Shutdown Spotlights Economic Cost of Saving Lives." The article cites former Obama adviser Cass Sunstein, who stated, "A program that saves younger people is better, in this sense, than an otherwise identical program that saves older people."
Another Obama adviser, Ezekiel Emanuel, has repeatedly appeared as a media commentator during the pandemic, despite his having argued in 2014, in an effort to justify cuts to health care, that people should not live past 75 because "society and families—and you—will be better off if nature takes its course swiftly and promptly."
Society's first and only concern must be to contain the pandemic as rapidly as possible. Social distancing measures, such as the closure of schools and workplaces, are a critical element of containing the disease, allowing for testing and contact tracing measures to be put in place, and spreading out cases so they do not overwhelm hospitals.
The United States and much of Western Europe, however, are not carrying out the practices recommended by the WHO. Hospitals throughout the United States are refusing to test all but the critically ill, making it impossible to track down the majority of cases and informing people who have been in contact with those infected.
And with hospitals already at capacity in much of the country, most cases are not being hospitalized, again contrary to WHO guidelines, exposing family members to infection.
In demanding that states lift mandatory quarantine orders, Trump, speaking for finance capital, raises the prospect of employees being compelled to work by means of threats and sanctions. Those who refuse to work in unsafe conditions risk being fired, and thus becoming ineligible for unemployment benefits. Workers will have to face the devastating choice of sacrificing the health of their own families and facing hunger, eviction and homelessness.
Even as the oligarchs demand that workers toil in unsafe conditions, workers are beginning to fight back. A wave of walkouts forced the closure of the Detroit automakers earlier this month. Workers across the logistics industry, including Amazon, have demanded safer working conditions, and postal workers in Brooklyn have reportedly refused to deliver mail. The hashtags #notdyingforwallstreet and #generalstrike have trended across Twitter.
No expense can be spared when it comes to reducing the number of infections and saving lives. The working class must demand that governments and employers take emergency action to address the crisis:
• Close nonessential workplaces! All workplaces not directly involved in medical care and the manufacture of medical products, or vital social necessities, must be shut for the duration of the pandemic! Workers out of work must receive their full income, and all resources must be made available to those affected by school closures, including paid time off and food assistance.
• Safe working conditions! All workers must have a safe work environment and be protected against the spread of the virus.
• Accessible and universal testing! No expense can be spared in making available free testing to all those who show symptoms.
• Free high-quality treatment and equality of care! The most advanced medical care must be made available to everyone, regardless of income or insurance coverage.
• Protect refugees, prisoners and the homeless! Everyone must have access to high-quality and clean living conditions to prevent the spread of the disease.
Workers should form rank-and-file workplace and neighborhood committees to coordinate their activities, mobilize their collective strength, ensure that those who are sick receive social support, and monitor working conditions to ensure a safe environment.
The response to the disease cannot be left to the capitalist politicians, Democrats or Republicans. Their primary concern is to maintain the profits of the ruling elite through the inflation of the stock market.
On Wednesday, White House advisor Larry Kudlow made clear that the $2 trillion "stimulus bill" that will soon be passed by the US Congress is in addition to some $4 trillion in asset purchases, aimed at lifting the values of financial assets. The bill, supported by both Democrats and Republicans, includes tens of billions in direct subsidies to major corporations, and hundreds of billions more in loans.
The claim that society must choose between letting workers die and subjecting them to economic destitution is false. It assumes the permanence of the present capitalist form of social organization, in which the state gives trillions to the corporations but cannot ensure a livable income for workers if they do not work during an emergency.
Millions of lives can be saved if society allocates the necessary social resources to combatting the COVID-19 pandemic and ensuring that all workers have the social support they need to stay home to preserve the safety of their families and the public. Instead of being bailed out with trillions of dollars in public funds, the major banks and corporations should be put under the democratic control of the population to ensure the health and safety of their workforces and all of humanity.
The alternative to the dystopian world of capitalism, in which the "cost" of human lives is measured against the drive for profit, is socialism, a global society based on the reorganization of world economy to meet social need.
It's Official: the US Outsources its Operations to Overthrow President Nicolas Maduro
March 31, 2020 orinocotribune Cliver Alcala, President Maduro, regime change, US Imperialism, US Sanctions, Venezuela, William Barr
In the midst of Venezuela's fight against Covid-19, the Trump Administration has taken a dramatic and unprecedented step in criminal maneuvers seeking to overthrow the Venezuelan government. It's official: The United States opts for the outsourced route of armed violence, relying on a court case without evidence.
By Mision Verdad – March 27, 2020
A false accusation from the main narco-state on the planet
This Thursday, March 26, the attorney general of the United States, William Barr, filed charges for drug trafficking against Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro, the president of the National Constituent Assembly Diosdado Cabello, the Minister of Industry and Production Tareck El Aissami, the minister of Defense Vladimir Padrino López and the president of the Supreme Court of Justice Maikel Moreno.
In the absence of solid evidence, Justice Department prosecutors have appealed to a propaganda product that has been the spearhead of media attacks by the United States and Europe against Venezuela for several years: the non-existent "Cartel de los Soles".
According to the Department of Justice, "since at least 1999, Maduro Moros, Cabello Rondón, Carvajal Barrios and Alcalá Cordones acted as leaders and managers of Cartel de los Soles (…) to facilitate the transport of tons of cocaine into the United States. The "Cartel de los Soles" sought not only to enrich its members and improve their power, but also to flood the United States with cocaine and inflict the harmful and addictive effects of the drug on the users of the United States."
United States Attorney General William Barr. Photo: Susan Walsh / AP Photo
The alleged link with the FARC that has been the leitmotif of Colombia and the United States to accuse Venezuela of being a "sanctuary" for armed groups, is another of the central points of the accusation, including Iván Márquez and Jesús Santrich:
"From around 1999 (…) the FARC leaders agreed with the leaders of the Cartel de los Soles to relocate some of the FARC operations in Venezuela under the protection of the Cartel. Later, the FARC and the Cartel of the Suns sent processed cocaine from Venezuela to the United States through transshipment points in the Caribbean and Central America, such as Honduras. In approximately 2004, the United States Department of State estimated that 250 or more tons of cocaine transited through Venezuela per year. Maritime shipments were shipped north from the Venezuelan coast using fast boats, fishing boats, and container ships."
This is affirmed by the Justice Department, paradoxically suggesting that its drug trafficking prevention system is so ineffective that it cannot stop "fishing boats".
The organic relationship of the United States with drug trafficking has been amply demonstrated:
Antonio Maria Costa, director of the United Nations Office for Drugs and Crime, stated in 2009 that capital from drug trafficking saved the bankrupt banks that caused the 2008 financial collapse, which had its epicenter in the United States.
In 2012, the FBI found evidence that Mexican cartels "used Bank of America accounts to hide money and invest illegal drug proceeds in American racehorses."
That same year, it was also revealed that the Mexican cartel Los Zetas laundered its drug profits at the JP Morgan bank, making direct transfers from Mexico under an amalgam of funds and companies that also placed the authorities' focus on the Wells Fargo bank.
All of these banks continue to function as if nothing had happened.
RELATED CONTENT: Venezuelan Mercenary -Clíver Alcala- Turned Himself in and is on His Way to the Empire
The proven permissiveness (and the logic of direct benefit) of the US financial system and its political elite with respect to international drug trafficking, blurs the accusations against Venezuela and their tone of supposed defense of American public health.
Just two years ago, Colombia broke records in the production and export of cocaine to the United States, figures that coincided with a dizzying increase in the number of consumers in the United States. On this, a DEA report revealed:
"Record levels of illicit cultivation and coca production in Colombia, which was the main source of cocaine seized and analyzed in the United States, has expanded the cocaine market, which has led to an increase in domestic abuse."
The Justice Department tries to hold Venezuela responsible for the flood of cocaine in the United States, even though it has been demonstrated by its own anti-drug agency that the increase in consumption that affects millions of Americans lies in the uncontrolled production of Colombian cocaine.
They are also trying to position Venezuela as a "transit country" for cocaine to the United States, although data provided by the US government itself indicates otherwise.
A report from the Washington Office for Latin American Affairs (WOLA) study center concludes :
"About 90% of all cocaine destined for the United States is trafficked through the Western Caribbean and Eastern Pacific routes, not through the Eastern Caribbean seas of Venezuela."
Cocaine movement in North and South America, 2017. Source: DEA
A fake accusation
As an article from Mision Verdad ran down at the time, the narrative of the "Cartel de los Soles" is above all eccentric and inexplicable.
It has been promoted as a broad and dangerous organization, but there are no conditions to demonstrate it: there is no murderous fight between cartels like in Mexico or Colombia, a stash bearing the mark of this alleged organization has never been seized, neither has it been shown that the logistics of the Venezuelan army are being used to traffic drugs.
The ghostly "Cartel de los Soles" is a product for mass consumption that reinforces the narrative of the hawks and the most extreme sector of the Venezuelan right.
In this same chain of false premises, the Justice Department incurs in a fatal miscalculation: it places Maduro as the "leader" of the "organization" even when he is not a military man, and when he was just beginning his political career in 1999 after Hugo Chávez's victory in 1998.
RELATED CONTENT: Trumps Re-election Campaign at Full Steam: $ 15 Million for President Maduro's Head – Caracas Responds with a Communique
It is totally illogical that Venezuela is a narco-state led by Maduro and Diosdado Cabello. In 2010, according to a Wikileaks leak , the then-US ambassador to Venezuela, Patrick Duddy, wrote to the State Department acknowledging the extradition of drug trafficker Salomon "Big Daddy" Camacho by the Venezuelan authorities.
Venezuela has captured 102 drug lords of different nationalities (the largest proportion comes from Colombia), has reinforced seizures both on the border and by destroying illegal airstrips, and has shot down narco planes in national territory as a systematic anti-drug policy.
The narrative of the Department of Justice fails under the weight of these data.
Financing the assassination: deciding on the intervention routes
In the wake of the Justice Department's fallacious accusation, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo signed an official statement authorizing the offer of "a reward of up to $ 15 million for information related to Nicolás Maduro. The Department also offers rewards of up to $ 10 million each for information related to Diosdado Cabello, Hugo Carvajal Barrios, Alcalá Cordones and Tareck El Aissami."
In this way, it can be deduced that the United States indirectly finances a covert military operation that could lead to the murder or kidnapping of high-level Venezuelan authorities, in a clear act of armed intervention against a sovereign State that contravenes the basic principles of international law.
By way of the facts, the United States makes official the assassination plan that had its most notable antecedent in the failed attack of August 4, 2018, the attempted assassination of President Maduro with drones armed with explosives.
To inclyde the Department of Justice implies additional institutional coverage for the 2015 Executive Order to justify direct aggression against the country's political-military high command, knowing that large-scale armed intervention is out of the equation due to energy positioning and economic interests of China and Russia in Venezuela, and also, for the political cost that would imply declaring war on a country that is fighting a pandemic under conditions of blockade and illegal sanctions.
The idea is to destroy the Venezuelan state by murdering or kidnapping its main leaders under the excuse of defending "national security" of the United States. Exceptionalism on steroids.
Venezuelan presidential guard protects President Nicolás Maduro, in Caracas, on August 4, 2018. Photo: Global Look Press
Another armed plan from Colombia that failed: the key to Clíver Alcalá
On Wednesday March 25, the Minister of Communication and Information Jorge Rodríguez alerted public opinion at a press conference about the "existence of three training camps in the city of Riohacha, Colombia, where the same number of paramilitary groups are training with weapons and explosives to carry out terrorist attacks in Venezuela, with the support of US mercenaries and the support of the government of the US."
The plan was to promote selective assassinations of high-level Venezuelan officials, including the placement and detonation of bombs in Venezuelan military units and centers of political power, with the aim of generalizing a situation of chaos and terror taking advantage of the Covid-19 situation.
But the central objective of the operation was a new attempt to assassinate Maduro.
The three mercenary groups in charge of Juvenal Sequera Torres (implicated in the failed coup of April 30, 2019), Félix Mata Sanguineti and Robert Colina Ibarra, alias "Pantera", had North American advisers and military deserters from February 23 who would take the first line of attack.
The weapons and equipment would go to Riohacha to enter Venezuela, a movement that was frustrated since the Colombian National Police seized on March 23 "26 AR-15 5.56 caliber assault rifles and accessories for this type of weapons such as eight silencers, 36 butts, 45 sight units and 30 laser sights. Likewise, three bulletproof vests, 37 night vision goggles, four binoculars, two communication radios with 43 batteries and 15 helmets, among other elements, were found, "according to a report by W Radio in Colombia.
The intelligence and security services of Venezuela anticipated the events and captured Rubén Darío Fernández Figuera, alias "Búho", who described in his statements the scheme of the operation: three US mercenaries, together with alias "Pantera" and Clíver Alcalá, constituted the directive layer of the actions and were set up as the logistical and operational organizers.
The operation was frustrated before the first of the planned incursions happened.
Alcalá acknowledged through his Twitter account that the weapons seized by the Colombian police were part of the plan and said that with them the "liberation of Venezuela" would begin. He later confessed that they "were part of an agreement between him and Juan Guaidó with American advisers that were intended to be used in an operation against Nicolás Maduro."
The former Venezuelan general has participated in other plans to direct armed incursions from Colombia against Venezuela, assuming a leading position in the creation of a mercenary army fed by FANB defectors last year who were advised by the US military.
Clíver Alcalá defected from the FANB and since then has conspired against the Bolivarian government from Colombia. Photo: Archive
Dragging Colombia to the precipice: the neoliberal and private war
With the offer of "rewards" for the head of Maduro and other leaders, the United States has outsourced the war against Venezuela, taking advantage of the ecosystem of military contractors and irregular groups that live in Colombia, guarding the businesses of multinationals.
Many of the military contractors that are active in Colombia belong to Israel and the United States, which train paramilitary groups in activities to control rural populations with strategic mineral resources.
Thus, in times of health crisis and electoral campaigns, the White House washes its hands, privatizes the war against Venezuela, putting millions of dollars on the table, and saves the political and economic cost of direct intervention.
Accelerating the coup: Maduro's "Noriega-ization"
The devastating global effects of Covid-19 have also shattered expectations of regime change by employing the figure of Juan Guaidó. While the Venezuelan government has taken the measures required by the WHO and recognized by the United Nations system, Guaidó has been left in media anonymity and without a presence on the national and international political scene.
In recent days, the Venezuelan government proposed coordination with multilateral entities to reinforce the national fight against the pandemic, thus pressing for the lifting of the economic blockade imposed by Washington and endorsed by multinational corporations.
With the request for a loan of 5 billion dollars to the IMF, which was quickly denied by that organization through spokesmen, Nicolás Maduro obtained the first support from the European bloc in its demand for international financing. These actions have exposed the US interference policy as a factor that deepens the effects of Covid-19 and that harms Venezuelans.
In light of this reality, the United States has been forced to escalate its pressures against Venezuela, appealing to the mantra of "national security", an aspect that attempts to create a historical mirror dangerously close to the invasion of Panama in 1989 that led to the capture of President Manuel Noriega, also accused of drug trafficking by the United States.
However, the conditions of Panama in 1989 and those of Venezuela in 2020 are very different, due in part to the context of geopolitical alliances that the country has built together with the multipolar order. Noriega had no political or international backing to defend himself against his former North American partner; quite the opposite happens with the government of President Maduro, which has China and Russia among its main strategic allies.
Maduro's international offensive along with his early and timely reaction to the Covid-19 crisis have exasperated the White House, precipitating increasingly erratic measures such as spurring the murder or kidnapping of a head of state and key officials from a government on which millions of people depend to overcome the most dangerous pandemic of the 21st century.
They are wrong again.
Source URL: Medium / Mision Verdad Translated by JRE/EF
India Blacklists U.S. Centers for Disease Control
THE NEW COLONIALISM: CYBER-GOVERNANCE
COVID-19 Coronavirus: A Fake Pandemic?
SARS-CoV-2 a human-created virus says Australian research
Coronavirus: Why You Must Act Now
SARS Could Have Leaked from Bio-weapon Program
The Political Economy of Covid-19 and Africa
Resistance Manifesto
Vom GREAT RESET zum GLOBAL CONCERT
The Hunt for the Origins of the Corona-'Virus'
Klaus Schwab plans Cyber-Chaos with Cyber Polygon
Klaus Schwab plant Cyber-Chaos mit Cyber Polygon
CCP China, USA and the Dark Sciences
Greatest Threat of a Nuclear War
China worked on SARS-CoV-2 since at least 2007

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Le Pratt & Whitney J58 (ou JT11) est un moteur à réaction conçu pour propulser les avions à hautes performances Lockheed A-12 Oxcart et Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird. C'est le premier réacteur au monde capable de maintenir la postcombustion pendant de longues durées, et le premier réacteur américain qualifié pour une vitesse supérieure à Mach 3.

Description

Le J58 présente la particularité de passer progressivement d'un fonctionnement de turboréacteur à celui d'un statoréacteur, au fur et à mesure de l'augmentation de la vitesse : ainsi à Mach 3, seuls 20 % de la puissance sont fournis par la partie turboréacteur tandis que les 80 % restants viennent de la partie statoréacteur. Ce fonctionnement est rendu possible grâce à des dérivations de flux après le  du compresseur basse-pression : seule une partie de l'air passe par le turboréacteur, l'autre étant mélangée au flux sortant juste avant la post-combustion. Il ne s'agit cependant pas d'un système de double flux classique car cette dérivation n'est effective que pour certaines plages de fonctionnement.

Un cône d'entrée d'air mobile permet également de limiter la vitesse du flux d'air entrant à des vitesses subsoniques. Le réacteur consomme environ  de carburant par minute à puissance maximale, et la température en sortie de tuyère atteint . Un système spécifique composé de deux moteurs Buick Wildcat V8 (fournissant ) permettait d'atteindre la vitesse de  nécessaire pour le démarrage.

Le J58 consomme un carburant spécialement mis au point dans le cadre du projet du Lockheed A-12 Oxcart. Désigné JP-7, il a une température d'inflammation élevée permettant de le stocker sans risque dans les réservoirs soumis à de fortes températures lors des vols à grande vitesse. En contrepartie, pour l'allumage du moteur ou de la postcombustion, du triéthylborane doit être injecté dans la chambre de combustion : ce produit s'enflamme spontanément au contact de l'air et déclenche la combustion du JP-7.

Conception
Pratt & Whitney avait déjà été chargé de développer un prototype de moteur à hautes performances destiné au bombardier North American XB-70 Valkyrie et codé J-91 (ou JT-9). En parallèle, la firme commença, dès 1956, à étudier sur ses fonds propres un moteur plus petit : Le JT-11 (qui sera rapidement dénommé J-58). Rapidement, le projet fut cofinancé par l'US Navy, qui souhaitait développer une version améliorée du North American A-5 Vigilante.

Le cahier des charges stipulait que le moteur devait pouvoir fournir  de poussée () au niveau de la mer, postcombustion allumée. Un tel niveau de puissance dépassait de façon sensible les performances des moteurs de l'époque, dont la technologie était limitée au niveau du taux de compression primaire. Pour pallier ce handicap, deux solutions technologiques furent envisagées : l'extension des solutions de postcombustion d'une part, et l'emploi de la technologie des statoréacteurs d'autre part. Finalement, les deux solutions furent intégrées dans le J-58, dont les premiers essais sur banc débutèrent en 1957.

Pratt & Whitney envisageait alors deux versions du moteur : Une version militaire et une version civile, dont la plage d'utilisation était différente (altitude plus faible et puissance maintenue plus longtemps). Enfin, parallèlement au développement du J-58, Pratt & Whitney étudiait un moteur fonctionnant à l'hydrogène (modèle 304) et destiné au projet CL-400 « Suntan », qui fut abandonné en raison des difficultés techniques à surmonter.

Lorsque Lockheed commença à travailler sur le Lockheed A-12 Oxcart, les prototypes du J-58 totalisaient  de fonctionnement, ce moteur était donc le choix le plus crédible. La collaboration entre Lockheed et Pratt & Whitney fonctionna de façon très efficace et le projet avança rapidement. De très nombreuses modifications furent rapidement apportées au moteur, parmi lesquelles :
 Le nombre d'étages du compresseur passa de 8 à 9 ;
 Le circuit de postcombustion fut modifié de façon à pouvoir fonctionner en permanence et sur toute l'étendue du domaine de vol ;
 De nombreuses modifications dans les veines de dérivation.

En effet, il apparut rapidement que, en raison de l'encombrement du moteur (imposé par les contraintes liées à la cellule), un véritable goulet d'étranglement serait constitué à partir d'un nombre de Mach élevé, empêchant le moteur d'utiliser l'air en provenance de la veine d'aspiration. Pour résoudre cette problématique, six veines de dérivation furent mises en place, conduisant l'air prélevé dans le  du compresseur directement aux chambres de combustion, qui étaient ainsi refroidies tout en faisant bénéficier le moteur d'un accroissement de poussée. Dans les faits, ces veines de dérivation, fixes, permettaient à la partie postérieure du moteur de fonctionner comme un véritable statoréacteur.

Toutes ces modifications affectèrent le développement du moteur, lequel prit du retard par rapport au développement de la cellule. De fait, les premiers vols de l'A-12 furent effectués, alors que l'appareil était équipé de Pratt & Whitney J-75, pratiquement deux fois moins puissants que le J-58, mais parfaitement éprouvés. Le J-58 ne prit l'air qu'en , soit neuf mois après le premier vol de l'A-12. Pour plus de sûreté, le vol se fit avec une motorisation mixte : le J-58 en nacelle droite et un J-75 en nacelle gauche.

L'intégration du J-58 à la cellule de l'A-12 ne se fit pas sans soucis. Le premier d'entre eux était qu'il était impossible de le démarrer. Les veines d'alimentation et l'entrée d'air principale ne pouvant fournir suffisamment d'air au moteur, celui-ci avait tendance à aspirer ce qui lui manquait par la tuyère, et donc à aspirer de l'air par où il aurait dû en souffler ! L'ajout de veines additionnelles en amont du compresseur, ainsi qu'une modification des entrées d'air, permirent de résoudre peu à peu ce problème.

Un autre problème qui se présenta était relatif à l'ingestion de débris. L'énorme puissance d'aspiration du J-58 amena de très nombreuses pannes dues à l'absorption de débris sur les pistes, d'outils, etc. Chacun de ces incidents entraînant des réparations se chiffrant en plusieurs centaines de milliers de dollars, de très nombreuses précautions furent prises : rideaux de protections, balayage systématique de la piste et inspections avant le démarrage permirent de réduire peu à peu la survenue de ces pannes.

Enfin, la complexité du système de positionnement des entrées d'air entraîna de nombreux décrochages en vol. Schématiquement, au sol, le cône d'aspiration est positionné le plus en avant possible, et il recule proportionnellement à la vitesse de l'appareil. Dans certaines phases de vol, il se trouvait que le moteur, ne pouvant aspirer suffisamment d'air, s'éteignait. Cette extinction, outre le fait de projeter la tête du pilote (casquée) sur le tableau de bord, entraînait une violente embardée de l'appareil. De plus, il apparut que l'extinction d'un moteur entraînait des conditions très favorables à l'extinction de l'autre moteur ! De fait, la procédure qui fut adoptée consistait, en cas d'extinction, à couper également l'autre moteur puis à les redémarrer successivement. Le remplacement du système pneumatique de contrôle des entrées d'air par un système électronique plus fiable permit d'abaisser la fréquence de survenue de ce problème, qui n'a toutefois jamais totalement disparu.

Signalons également que de nombreux systèmes du moteur durent être reconsidérés afin d'obtenir une meilleure fiabilité. La puissance de calcul des ordinateurs de l'époque ne permettant pas de simuler avec précision les contraintes appliquées aux éléments dans les différentes phases de vol, des améliorations successives affectèrent notamment les arbres de transmission, les boîtiers de contrôle et le système d'alimentation en carburant.

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Turboréacteur à cycle variable
 Statoréacteur
 General Electric YF120
 General Electric YJ93
 Toumanski R-15

Liens externes
  : Excellente vidéo expliquant en détails le fonctionnement de ce moteur.
  Le J-58 sur le site du musée de l'USAF

Turboréacteur à simple flux
J58

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Sometimes I find myself at a page containing the last part of an office before the final blessing. Rather than having to flip back to a page containing the final blessing, this divider keeps it handy and is the last divider in the group of red-bordered dividers kept in a group and moved day by day in the Ordinary/Weekly Psalter pages 935 - 1141.
The next group of dividers are for the special feast/memorial days in the back sections BDP. They are all on black-bordered tabbies.


text:
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You are here: Department of Bioscience » About Bioscience » Henrik Balslev » Research outputs » Use of Medicinal Plants Among Thai Ethnic Groups
Henrik Balslev
Use of Medicinal Plants Among Thai Ethnic Groups: A Comparison
Use of Medicinal Plants Among Thai Ethnic Groups : A Comparison. / Phumthum, Methee; Balslev, Henrik.
In: Economic Botany, Vol. 73, No. 1, 03.2019, p. 64-75.
Phumthum, M & Balslev, H 2019, 'Use of Medicinal Plants Among Thai Ethnic Groups: A Comparison', Economic Botany, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 64-75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-018-9428-0
Phumthum, M., & Balslev, H. (2019). Use of Medicinal Plants Among Thai Ethnic Groups: A Comparison. Economic Botany, 73(1), 64-75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-018-9428-0
Phumthum M, Balslev H. 2019. Use of Medicinal Plants Among Thai Ethnic Groups: A Comparison. Economic Botany. 73(1):64-75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-018-9428-0
Phumthum, Methee and Henrik Balslev. "Use of Medicinal Plants Among Thai Ethnic Groups: A Comparison". Economic Botany. 2019, 73(1). 64-75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-018-9428-0
Phumthum M, Balslev H. Use of Medicinal Plants Among Thai Ethnic Groups: A Comparison. Economic Botany. 2019 Mar;73(1):64-75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-018-9428-0
Phumthum, Methee ; Balslev, Henrik. / Use of Medicinal Plants Among Thai Ethnic Groups : A Comparison. In: Economic Botany. 2019 ; Vol. 73, No. 1. pp. 64-75.
@article{4f7de18a9862413097346c81040a68c4,
title = "Use of Medicinal Plants Among Thai Ethnic Groups: A Comparison",
abstract = "Thailand has a large rural population that uses traditional medicinal plants extensively. The country is also the home of many groups of ethnic minorities. But even if much ethnobotanical research has been done in many parts of the country, most studies focused on a single village or a few; only a few of the studies were concerned with comparing the ethnobotanical information among groups or regions of the country. This makes it relevant to compare ethnobotanical knowledge among different ethnic groups in Thailand, including both the rural Thai majority and the various minorities. For our comparison, we collected data about the use of medicinal plants from 64 books, journal articles, scientific reports, and theses published from 1990 to 2014. The data covered 16,789 use reports from 2187 plant species used in 121 villages inhabited by 26 ethnic groups, including rural Thais living in all regions of Thailand. The data were compared using the Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) and clustering analysis. We found that villages inhabited by the same ethnic group often used different plant species while villages in same region had higher similarity of used species for treatments in the same use category, irrespective of which ethnic group that inhabited them. Clustering diagrams showed that similarity in the use of plants was not larger for villages inhabited by the same ethnic groups or from the same regions. So, it appeared that each village had, at least in part, developed its own ethnomedicinal knowledge.",
keywords = "Comparative ethnobotany, Thai hill tribes, Thai rural population, PEOPLE, COMMUNITIES",
author = "Methee Phumthum and Henrik Balslev",
journal = "Economic Botany",
T1 - Use of Medicinal Plants Among Thai Ethnic Groups
T2 - A Comparison
AU - Phumthum, Methee
AU - Balslev, Henrik
N2 - Thailand has a large rural population that uses traditional medicinal plants extensively. The country is also the home of many groups of ethnic minorities. But even if much ethnobotanical research has been done in many parts of the country, most studies focused on a single village or a few; only a few of the studies were concerned with comparing the ethnobotanical information among groups or regions of the country. This makes it relevant to compare ethnobotanical knowledge among different ethnic groups in Thailand, including both the rural Thai majority and the various minorities. For our comparison, we collected data about the use of medicinal plants from 64 books, journal articles, scientific reports, and theses published from 1990 to 2014. The data covered 16,789 use reports from 2187 plant species used in 121 villages inhabited by 26 ethnic groups, including rural Thais living in all regions of Thailand. The data were compared using the Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) and clustering analysis. We found that villages inhabited by the same ethnic group often used different plant species while villages in same region had higher similarity of used species for treatments in the same use category, irrespective of which ethnic group that inhabited them. Clustering diagrams showed that similarity in the use of plants was not larger for villages inhabited by the same ethnic groups or from the same regions. So, it appeared that each village had, at least in part, developed its own ethnomedicinal knowledge.
AB - Thailand has a large rural population that uses traditional medicinal plants extensively. The country is also the home of many groups of ethnic minorities. But even if much ethnobotanical research has been done in many parts of the country, most studies focused on a single village or a few; only a few of the studies were concerned with comparing the ethnobotanical information among groups or regions of the country. This makes it relevant to compare ethnobotanical knowledge among different ethnic groups in Thailand, including both the rural Thai majority and the various minorities. For our comparison, we collected data about the use of medicinal plants from 64 books, journal articles, scientific reports, and theses published from 1990 to 2014. The data covered 16,789 use reports from 2187 plant species used in 121 villages inhabited by 26 ethnic groups, including rural Thais living in all regions of Thailand. The data were compared using the Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) and clustering analysis. We found that villages inhabited by the same ethnic group often used different plant species while villages in same region had higher similarity of used species for treatments in the same use category, irrespective of which ethnic group that inhabited them. Clustering diagrams showed that similarity in the use of plants was not larger for villages inhabited by the same ethnic groups or from the same regions. So, it appeared that each village had, at least in part, developed its own ethnomedicinal knowledge.
KW - Comparative ethnobotany
KW - Thai hill tribes
KW - Thai rural population
KW - PEOPLE
KW - COMMUNITIES
JO - Economic Botany
JF - Economic Botany
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Less than a month, the average price of petrol in the country increased from 10.85 UAH/liter to 15.6 UAH/liter. What prompted the Ukrainian drivers to think, so the benefits of LPG, as they say. Wholesale prices to reach almost 30 thousand UAH/t in retail is more than 17 UAH/liter, writes UBR.
To radical measures, like the dismantling of gas installations, the situation has not yet resulted. But the companies who install LPG, decreased significantly. Even those who had traveled to Gaza, he decided to wait to travel until the petrol. But with the settings of LPG you have to be careful not to be too clever by half. Otherwise the whole system can fail.
Completely dismantle the gas installation is also not a good idea, experts say. Because the input system is a frame, it is necessary to do the plugs on these places. And the dismantling, removal highways and the electronic control unit involves additional costs. In other words, drivers are in no hurry to say goodbye to LPG, especially ahead of the winter season, and this increased fuel consumption.
Although, experts say, if the price of gas will reach the mark of UAH 17-18 (price above 15 UAH/liter experts have called for critical business) then install LPG, for example, "small car" will no longer make sense because of too long payback.
As for engines with high volume or commercial vehicles on petrol, the LPG will be relevant, experts say. "Such situations are temporary and in two-three weeks, gas prices will go down, it happens every year," – said the Director of the network interrupter HUNDRED PROFIGAS Yuri Volkovenko.
We will remind, at the same time, the head of Department on work with clients "Profiles" Evgeny Ustimenko believes that the petrol in Ukraine will fall in price. "To normalize the situation it is necessary about two weeks before it would sail-drive, rastavitsa and get to the speakers. All will be well and 9.5 UAH/liter. will again, you just have to wait a bit," — said the expert.


text:
Geijera salicifolia, commonly known as glasswood, green satinheart or scrub wilga, is a species of shrub or tree in the family Rutaceae and is native to Australia, New Guinea and New Caledonia. It has narrow elliptic to egg-shaped leaves, small white flowers in loose groups and oval to more or less spherical fruit, each containing a shiny black seed.

Description
Geijera salicifolia is a shrub or tree that typically grows to a height of , sometimes with hairs on the branches, flowers and lower surface of the leaves. The leaves are narrow elliptic to egg-shaped,  long and  wide on a channelled petiole  long. The flowers are arranged in loose groups  long, the sepals  long and the petals  long. Flowering occurs from September to November and the fruit is oval to more or less spherical,  long containing a shiny black seed.

Taxonomy
Geijera salicifolia was first formally described in 1834 by Heinrich Wilhelm Schott in his book Rutaceae - Fragmenta Botanica.

Distribution and habitat
Glasswood grows in rainforest, including dry rainforest, and woodland from sea level to an altitude of  and occurs in New Guniea, New Caledonia and Australia. In Australia it is found from Coen in Queensland south to the Budderoo National Park in New South Wales and west to the north-east of the Northern Territory.

Conservation status
This wilga is classified as of "least concern" under the Queensland Government Nature Conservation Act 1992 and the Territory Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 1976.

Gallery

References

salicifolia
Sapindales of Australia
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of Queensland
Flora of the Northern Territory
Flora of New Caledonia
Flora of New Guinea
Taxa named by Heinrich Wilhelm Schott
Plants described in 1834


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The debtor must apply for bankruptcy under chapter 7 in the area where she or he is long-term citizen. If the debtor is running a service in a specific area, he or she need to apply for bankruptcy in its primary workplace or principal assets. In general, the primary function of the chapter 7 bankruptcy laws is to assist the debtor to get relief from all the financial obligations that he or she presently owes. In this process, the bankruptcy court appoints a trustee, who further proceeds with the treatment of liquidating all the properties and properties of the debtor. The money thus gathered is then used to settle the claims of the different financial institutions on priority basis, if any. The of chapter 7 bankruptcy laws provide an opportunity for the debtors to get a clean slate for their financial life, as the bankruptcy code concerning the exact same, liquidates all the assets and properties of the debtors after allowing the exemptions, in order to settle the claims of the creditors in a nearby region. This way|By doing this|In this manner}, the court brings the desired financial obligation relief for the debtor.


"A soldier's life is terrible hard", says Alice.
"I wouldn't be king for a hundred pounds", says Alice.
"One of the sergeants looks after their socks," says Alice.
"He's much to busy a-signing things," says Alice.
"Well, God take care of him, all the same," says Alice.
"Sure to, dear, but it's time for tea," says Alice.
Christopher Robin went all the way to Buckingham Palace and didn't see the King. Not much use going to the palace if you don't see the King. But he asked the right questions didn't he? "Will we see the King?" "Doesn't he know about me?" Let's not be distracted, as Alice was, by socks and supper. Let's be visionary! Let's see the King! That's what the reading from John's Revelation leads us to think about.
John was carried away in the Spirit and saw the city of God! What a sight!
I'd like to share with you some thoughts about the city of God, about the city in the new heavens and the new earth, and our vision for the city of God, here and now.
As Buckingham Palace was, the city of God is the place where the King is! It was important to Alice and Christopher Robin that the King lived in Buckingham palace. That was the point of their being there. Without the monarch, the palace is just another fancy building – no different from any other.
Notice the importance of the city's foundation " 14 The wall of the city had twelve foundations, and on them were the names of the twelve apostles of the Lamb. … 19 The foundations of the city walls were decorated with every kind of precious stone. The first foundation was jasper, the second sapphire … " The foundations were apostleship (that's what apostles do – build and lay foundations). The foundations are precious. We proclaim the faith built on sure foundations – the chief of which is Jesus Christ, the chief cornerstone, as He is called.
As well, though, the Old Testament texts prophecy of the city of God to come – the "new Jerusalem".
Let's look forward to the that great day when we shall see Him in his great glory, when we shall be part of the great city and kingdom of city of God, beautiful, pure, glorious and holy. Indeed, the proclamation of the kingdom, is one of the characteristics of God's people. Let's observe the work of God in building his city, his kingdom in our midst.
Just as we can have a vision for the city of God which is to come, let's have a vision for the glory and holiness of Jesus to be seen in his Church here and now. A vision for the glory and beauty of the Church is an excellent thing. Like Christopher Robin, do we want to see the King? Do we want to see the glory of Jesus revealed in the church, in us, as well as his beauty and compassion?.


With provocative explorations of intriguing concepts like transhumanism, inter-species evolution, and the madness inflicted by a runaway creation complex, H.G. Wells' literary classic The Island of Dr. Moreau was a curious sensation when it was first published back in 1896.
Now an ambitious new two-part comic book miniseries announced during IDW Publishing's Friday panel at WonderCon in California seeks to reinvent and reimagine Wells' frightening cautionary tale for a modern generation.
Written by IDW founder and Diablo House writer/co-creator Ted Adams, then united with savage art by Locke & Key artist/co-creator Gabriel Rodríguez, The Island of Dr. Moreau beaches itself in comic shops this July, colored by Nelson Dániel and lettered by Robbie Robbins.
The two-issue offering strives to remain faithful to Wells' plotline, dialogue rhythms, and Victorian-era setting, but the creative team decided to replace the main character of Edward Prendick (the bizarre island's original castaway witness) with a fresh creation named Ellen Prendick. Her addition allows Adams and Rodriguez to re-examine and dissect a new rendition of one of the world's seminal sci-fi stories via the mind and gaze of a more dynamic character, thereby delivering a refreshing female point of view on the accursed domain's disturbing hybrids.
Check out our primal preview for IDW's H.G. Wells' The Island of Dr. Moreau in the full gallery below, then let us know if your summer vacation plans include a trip into the horrors of this exotic island getaway.


text:
МТК ( — ) — професійний угорський футбольний клуб з міста Будапешт. Найтитулованіший футбольний клуб країни (23-кратний чемпіон Угорщини та 12-кратний володар Кубка Угорщини з футболу) засновано 16 листопада 1888 року.

Золотим періодом команди вважається час до Другої світової війни. Серед відомих футболістів: Нандор Хідегкуті, Міхай Лантош, Карой Шандор та Дьєрдь Орт.

Після приходу соціалістичної влади команда не раз змінювала назву: у 1950-му на «Текстиль», 1951 — «Будапешт Бастія», 1952 — «Будапешт ВЛ». У 1956 році команді повернули історичну назву.

Клуб двічі вибував з вищого дивізіону чемпіонату Угорщини: у 1981 та 1994 роках. Проте, команда затримувалася там лише на один рік обидва рази. Востаннє до МТК прийшло нове керівництво, і футбольна команда виділилася в окреме товариство й отримала назву «Футбольний клуб МТК».

Титули та досягнення
 Чемпіон Угорщини (23): 1904, 1908, 1914, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1929, 1936, 1937, 1951, 1953, 1958, 1987, 1997, 1999, 2003, 2008
 Кубок Угорщини (12): 1910, 1911, 1912, 1914, 1923, 1925, 1932, 1952, 1968, 1997, 1998, 2000
 Суперкубок Угорщини (2): 2003, 2008
 Кубок Митропи (2): 1955, 1963
 Фіналіст Кубка володарів Кубків (1): 1964

Виступи в єврокубках

Посилання
 Офіційний сайт

Джерела
 МТК: досье . Sports.ru

Футбольні клуби Угорщини
Футбольні клуби, засновані 1888


Not all drug warnings are created equally. At least that is what new research from a doctor at the University of Chicago shows. According to MedPage Today, his data confirms that the attention people pay to drug warnings from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) can vary greatly.
The researcher examined 49 studies that were published over a 20-year period and conducted extensive interviews with doctors and patients to gather results on how fast and to what extent the studies' warnings were heeded by doctors. What they found was astounding.
The first thing they noticed was that similar warnings against drugs received different responses depending on the severity of the danger. For instance, they saw that while the use of Avandia dropped after warnings of cardiovascular events, the use of long-acting beta-agonists (LABAs) without inhaled controller medications did not decrease after warnings.
They also found that warnings aimed for certain age groups spilled into other age groups. For example, after warnings for antidepressant use in children, decline in adult use followed as well.
The most disturbing discovery was that most physicians do not heed warnings about increased monitoring of patients taking certain medications. For example, glucose testing for patients on antipsychotics did not change after the FDA warned to watch for hyperlipidemia and diabetes in those patients.
The Dallas drug injury lawyers with Ferrer,Poirot & Wansbrough urge citizens to educate themselves on medications recommended to them by a doctor before taking anything. If you have been injured from taking a drug at no fault of your own, contact an experienced attorney today.